United States
I4\ Environmental Protection
11 -«| m m Agency
User Manual: Sanitary Surveys
for Marine Waters with
Recreational Uses
EPA-820-B-21-001
July 2021
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Executive Summary
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) developed sanitary surveys and a corresponding app,
Sanitary Survey App for Marine and Fresh Waters, to help managers of recreational waters in states,
territories, tribes, and local jurisdictions identify and synthesize recreational water and watershed information-
including water quality data, pollutant source data, and land use data—so they can improve water quality for
swimming. The intent is to provide states, territories, tribes, local governments, non-governmental
organizations (NGOs), citizen science, environmental groups, and the public a technically sound and
consistent approach to identify pollution sources, collect information on potential harmful algal bloom (HAB)
events and to share information.
The marine sanitary surveys consist of two surveys, a routine and an annual survey, to assist with short-term
and long-term beach water quality assessments. The Marine Routine Sanitary Survey is typically done when
water quality samples are taken and collects current day data and captures the methods used to collect data
during the survey. The Marine Annual Sanitary Survey is better for long-term assessments and collects
information about factors in the surrounding watershed that might affect water quality. The annual survey
includes, for example, information on septic tanks in the contributing watershed and land use information.
This user manual provides guidance for completing the marine routine and annual sanitary surveys in EPA's
app and in paper format.
The sanitary survey provides valuable information that can be used to identify and address water quality
issues. State public health and environmental programs can use the sanitary survey data to understand what's
happening in their watersheds and to characterize potential human health risks from exposure to poor water
quality. Managers can then use the risk information to rank their recreational waters and help determine
appropriate priorities for monitoring of water quality, notifying the public, and other activities. Managers can
also use the sanitary survey to help identify sources of contamination that should be considered for
remediation to reduce human health risks at swimming areas. The sanitary survey provides a documented
historical record of water quality for the recreational waterbody and the watershed. It serves as a baseline to
which future assessment of the overall health of the recreational water and watershed can be compared, and it
enables states, territories, tribes and local governments to perform long-range water quality and resource
planning. The tool will help managers of recreational waters collect and share pollutant data for watershed
assessments, use the data in models to predict water quality, and better enable them to remediate bacterial
pollution sources and to identify potential HAB events in recreational waters. Surveys can also be used for
other purposes such as documenting conditions when new recreational areas open, at the beginning of the
swimming season, or when waterbodies have been identified as problem areas. Sanitary surveys are a valuable
tool for identifying and testing research hypotheses. While the surveys were initially developed for use in
EPA's Beach Program, they can be used to assess water quality for any waterbody (lakes, rivers, streams, and
marine beaches) including gathering data on harmful algal blooms.
Sanitary survey information can be useful to a variety of audiences. Program managers of beaches and other
recreational waters and public health officials use the information and it can be a valuable benefit for
stormwater program managers, wastewater facility managers, other local officials, nongovernmental
organizations, academic researchers, and others.
For more information on sanitary surveys for recreational waters and the EPA's Beach Program, please visit
our sanitary survey web page at https://www.epa.gov/beach4ech/sanitarv-survevs-recreational-waters. You
can send questions via the Contact Us link there.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction 6
1.1 Types of Surveys 6
1.2 Organization 7
1.3 Disclaimers 7
2. Types of Sanitary Surveys for Recreational Waters 8
2.1 Background 8
2.2 Surveys 8
3. Steps for Conducting a Sanitary Survey 10
3.1 Seek the Assistance of Professional Staff 10
3.2 Make an Initial Assessment of a Swim Area 10
3.3 Make an Initial Assessment of the Contributing Watershed 10
3.4 Determine the Purpose and Identify the Appropriate Survey 11
3.5 Use Trained Staff 11
3.6 Collect Data 11
3.7 Document All Observations and Data Sources 12
3.8 Consider Health and Safety 12
3.9 Record Data for the Annual Sanitary Survey 13
3.10 Record Management 13
3.11 Next Steps 13
4. Data Elements for the Marine Routine Sanitary Survey 15
4.1 Intro: Beach Location Information 15
4.2 Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) Requirement 16
4.3 Part 1: Weather & General Beach Conditions 17
4.4 Part 2: Water Quality 24
4.5 Part 3: People/Bather Load 31
4.6 Part 4: Potential Pollution Sources 32
5. Data Elements for the Annual Sanitary Survey 39
5.1 Part 1: Basic information 39
5.2 Part 2: Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) Requirement 39
5.3 Part 3: Description of Land Use in the Watershed 39
5.4 Part 4: Weather Conditions and Physical Characteristics 44
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Table of Contents
5.5 Part 5: Beach Dimensions 46
5.6 Part 6: People/Bather Load 47
5.7 Part 7: Beach/Shoreline Cleaning 47
5.8 Part 8: Information on Sampling Location 48
5.9 Part 9: Water Quality Sampling 48
5.10 Part 10: Modeling and Other Studies 53
5.11 Part 11: Advisories/Closings 54
5.12 Part 12: Potential Pollution Sources 54
5.13 Part 13: Description of Sanitary Facilities and Other Facilities 55
5.14 Part 14: Description of Other Facilities 55
6. References 56
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1. Introduction
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) developed sanitary surveys for recreational waters and a
corresponding app, Sanitary Survey App for Marine and Fresh Waters, to help states, territories, tribes, local
jurisdictions and others monitoring and assessing water quality to identify and synthesize recreational
waterbody and watershed information including water quality data, pollutant source data, and land use data.
The intent is to provide a technically sound and consistent approach to identify pollution sources, collect
information on potential HAB events, and to improve water quality for swimming.
Sanitary survey information can be useful to a variety of audiences. Local beach and program managers and
public health officials use the information and it can be a valuable benefit for stormwater program managers,
wastewater facility managers, other local officials, local nongovernmental organizations, academic
researchers, and others.
The EPA Sanitary Survey App for Marine and Fresh Waters was developed to make it easier to collect and
share sanitary survey data and use the data to develop predictive models for making timely decisions. Users
can complete surveys without the need for WiFi or Internet access and all their data are uploaded and stored
in a central location on the EPA GeoPlatform at no cost. Data can only be accessed and viewed by the
individual who submitted it but can downloaded in multiple formats and shared. The GeoPlatform includes
tools such as data analysis for analyzing trends in water quality over time.
The marine surveys are tailored to the marine beach environment. The surveys include detailed questions on
winds, tides, and other characteristics that affect marine beaches. EPA reviewed existing marine surveys and
consulted with experts to determine what topics would be appropriate for marine beaches. A different set of
surveys, the Freshwater Sanitary Surveys for Recreational Waters, is more appropriate to use with freshwater
recreational waters. While paper versions of the marine sanitary surveys are also available, we encourage
broad adoption and use of the app. Instructions for accessing the app can be found at https://www.epa.gov/
b each-tech/sanitary- survey s-recreati onal - waters.
1.1 Types of Surveys
EPA developed two sanitary surveys—the Marine Routine Sanitary Survey and the Marine Annual Sanitary
Survey—to assist with short- and long-term beach assessments of marine recreational waters. The Marine
Routine Sanitary Survey is performed at the same time that water quality samples are taken. It collects current
day data and captures the methods used to collect the data. The Marine Annual Sanitary Survey is better for
long-term assessments and records information about factors in the surrounding watershed that might affect
water quality at the beach. This survey includes, for example, information on septic tanks in the contributing
watershed and land use information. Both surveys include paper and electronic (i.e., app) versions to help
document the information collected during the survey.
The marine sanitary surveys provide valuable information that can be used to support a variety of purposes,
including the following:
Characterize risk and prioritize beaches and other recreational waters. State public health and
environmental programs can use the data collected with the sanitary surveys or the Sanitary Survey App
for Marine and Fresh Waters to understand what's happening in their watersheds and to characterize
potential human health risk from exposure to poor water quality. Managers of recreational waters can then
use the risk information to rank their beaches and other recreational waters and help determine appropriate
priorities for monitoring of water quality, notifying the public, and other activities.
Identify appropriate remediation. Managers of recreational waters can use the sanitary survey to help
identify sources of contamination that should be considered for remediation efforts to reduce human health
risks at swimming areas.
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• Facilitate waterbody and watershed planning. The sanitary survey makes it easier to document the
historical record for the recreational waterbody and its surrounding watershed. The data can serve as a
baseline for future assessments of recreational waters and associated watersheds and enables recreational
managers and city/county planners to do long-range water quality and resource planning. The tool will
help managers collect and share pollutant data for watershed assessments.
• Develop predictive models. Managers of recreational waters can use sanitary survey data (e.g., bacteria
levels, source flow, turbidity, rainfall) to develop models to predict daily water quality, if desired and
appropriate.
• Support other uses. Surveys can be used for other purposes such as documenting conditions when new
recreational areas open at the beginning of the swimming season, or when waters have been identified as
problem areas. Also, surveys are a valuable tool for identifying and testing research hypotheses.
1.2 Organization
This user manual is intended to be used as a reference for completing the marine routine and annual sanitary
surveys in EPA's app and in paper format.
• Section 2 describes the marine sanitary surveys and provides background information on the sanitary
survey process.
• Section 3 describes steps to consider in preparing to conduct a sanitary survey.
• Sections 4 and 5 provide detailed information on how to complete each type of survey.
- The data elements for the Marine Routine Sanitary Survey are in Section 4.
- The data elements for the Marine Annual Sanitary Survey are in Section 5.
- The subsection numbers correspond with the numbered sections of the survey.
Screen shots of the app's Marine Routine Sanitary Survey are provided in this manual. Due to the length and
the level of detail in the Marine Annual Sanitary Survey, the screen shots for that survey are not included
here. For information on how to access and use the EPA Sanitary Survey App for Marine and Fresh Waters
go to https://www.epa.gov/beach-tech/sanitarv-survevs-recreational-waters.
1.3 Disclaimers
The user manual is a companion document for the Marine Routine Sanitary Survey and Marine Annual
Sanitary Survey. It is intended to provide supplemental discussions, examples and additional references that
may be helpful to program managers of recreational waters and others as they conduct sanitary surveys. The
user manual does not impose any legally binding requirements on EPA, states, territories, tribes, or the
regulated community. It is informational only and thus does not establish additional requirements for EPA's
BEACH program or other programs. The document may be revised from time to time.
Reference herein to any specific commercial products, process, or service by trade name, trademark,
manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or
favoring by the United States Government. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not
necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government and shall not be used for advertising or
product endorsement purposes.
With respect to this document, neither the United States Government nor any of their employees makes any
warranty, express or implied, including the warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose,
or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any
information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately
owned rights.
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2. Types of Sanitary Surveys for Recreational Waters
2.1 Background
Because marine beaches are dynamic systems, they need to be gauged frequently for short- and long-term
health risks. EPA has developed two types of sanitary surveys —the Marine Routine Sanitary Survey and the
Marine Annual Sanitary Survey—to assist with short- and long-term assessments. The Marine Routine
Sanitary Survey is typically conducted during routine monitoring when collecting water quality samples, and
it supports the annual survey. Both surveys are included in the Sanitary Survey App for Marine and Fresh
Waters.
2.2 Surveys
The sanitary survey offers two approaches to collect and assess information. The surveys are briefly
described here and fully described in Sections 4 and 5.
Routine Sanitary Survey
The Marine Routine Sanitary Survey is designed to be used each time a water sample is collected
during regular bacterial monitoring to supplement information collected during water quality
sampling. The survey will help to provide useful information on water quality to support the annual
surveys. The Marine Routine Sanitary Survey is used to help identify underlying conditions in the
recreational water that can be observed frequently (e.g., wind speed and direction, wave height,
rainfall) and that can contribute to microbiological contamination of the recreational waters and
beach areas. The app also collects information on potential harmful algal blooms. This survey
includes questions on survey methods used to gather data.
Over time, collecting additional data with every sample will aid those looking for correlation
between conditions in the recreational water and water quality (i.e., fecal indicator bacteria [FIB]
levels), leading to the development of predictive models. The data could help show whether bacteria
levels correlate to other parameters or observable conditions at a beach. Before you conduct your
first Marine Routine Sanitary Survey, do an initial assessment of the beach or waterbody. Review all
available information, including historical data and knowledge, uses, and possible sources of
bacterial contamination. EPA recommends that you do at least one routine sanitary survey before the
start of the swimming season.
Annual Sanitary Survey
The Marine Annual Sanitary Survey requires the same type of information collected for the Marine
Routine Sanitary Survey plus area maps, annual and seasonal trends, and additional information on
potential sources of contamination. This survey expands geographically to include the contributing
watershed and surrounding shoreline.
Ideally, an annual survey should be done on each swim area once a year to determine the condition
of the water, locate potential pollutant sources, and determine whether there are other issues that can
affect water quality. This survey can be performed at the end of the swim season, before the next
season begins. That way, you can determine whether you should make any changes to your
monitoring program before the next season starts.
In addition, a sanitary survey should be conducted as part of any proposal to expand or develop a
recreational swim area or when a newly proposed activity would significantly alter the water quality in an
existing recreational swim area. Managers should use the findings of the survey as an important
consideration in key operational decisions to proceed with development. In some states, such as Maryland, a
permit for operating a bathing beach may not be issued unless the sanitary survey demonstrates that the
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beach does not represent a public health risk (Code of Maryland Regulations [COMAR] 26.08.09.03).
EPA has provided a comprehensive, detailed sanitary survey that gives states, territories, tribes, and localities
a consistent way to share and compare the results of their investigations. In some cases, you might want to use
only portions of the survey or tailor it to better fit your program's needs. For a more detailed discussion of the
sanitary survey's purpose, consult Section 3.4.
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3. Steps for Conducting a Sanitary Survey
3.1 Seek the Assistance of Professional Staff
Before you begin preparing to conduct a sanitary survey, if possible, consult a public health official or a
registered sanitarian. EPA recommends that a public health official or registered sanitarian from a state, tribal,
or local agency maintain primary responsibility for overseeing the performance of annual sanitary surveys at
the beach. Lifeguards or citizen volunteers can help complete or gather information for the Marine Routine
Sanitary Survey at the same sampling stations at which they perform bacterial monitoring for a state, tribal, or
local agency. Volunteers should be properly trained in completing the survey forms and in using the methods
chosen to collect information for the survey (Section 3.5).
3.2 Make an Initial Assessment of a Swim Areas
The next step in preparing to conduct a sanitary survey is to make an initial assessment of all swim areas to
identify at which ones a sanitary survey should be conducted. During this assessment, compile known data on
swim areas with past problems and those that have and have not been sampled for microbial analysis.
3.3 Make an Initial Assessment of the Contributing Watershed
The watershed, basin, or land area contributing runoff to a swim area can vary widely depending on the
nearby area. For some beaches, for example the contributing area could be simply the area from the dunes
down to the shoreline. There might be a stream, river, or storm drain nearby that is contributing drainage
from a large land area. Some beaches might receive poorer quality water from a different location through
longshore or nearshore currents; in such cases, you might want to investigate the direction from which water
entering the system is coming. During the initial assessment, you might not be sure about whether an area is a
contributing area. The sanitary survey process can be used to investigate further and rule something out or
confirm that it is contributing drainage to the swim area.
As part of the initial assessment, you should consider information from other Clean Water Act programs that
might provide relevant water quality data and information on potential sources of pollutants affecting the
swim area.
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). The NPDES permit program controls
water pollution by regulating point sources that discharge pollutants into waters of the United States.
Industrial, municipal, and other facilities must obtain permits if their discharges go directly to surface
waters. For more information on the NPDES permit program, visit https://www.epa.gov/npdes.
Nonpoint Source Management Program (Clean Water Act section 319). The Clean Water Act section
319 Nonpoint Source Management Program helps focus state, tribal, and local government nonpoint
source efforts. Under section 319, states, territories, and tribes receive grant money that supports a wide
variety of activities, including monitoring to assess the success of specific nonpoint source
implementation projects. For more information on the section 319 Nonpoint Source Management
Program, visit https://www.epa.gov/nps 3 10-grant-prograiii-states-and-territories.
Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) program. States develop TMDLs for waterbodies that are listed as
water quality-limited or impaired because of pollution, including fecal contamination. A TMDL
identifies the pollutant sources and the necessary reductions in those sources to meet water quality
standards. For more information on the TMDL program, visit https://www.epa.gov/tmdl.
Clean Water Act section 305(b) water quality reports. Under section 305(b) of the Clean Water Act,
states are required to submit a biannual report to EPA that provides water quality information
(including information on 303 [d]-listed waters) to the public. The information the states provide serves
as the basis for EPA's National Water Quality Inventory Report to Congress. This document
characterizes the water quality, identifies widespread water quality problems of national significance
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and describes various programs implemented to restore and protect waters throughout the United
States. For more information on 305(b) reports, visit https://www.epa.gov/waterdata/national-water-
qualitv-inventorv-report-congress.
3.4 Determine the Purpose and Identify the Appropriate Survey
After the swim areas have been assessed and identified for a sanitary survey, determine the purpose of the
survey (e.g., to characterize risk and prioritize waters, support planning for the recreational waterbody and the
watershed, develop predictive models), and develop a plan. The plan should have goals and timelines to
identify sources, gather data, conduct monitoring, analyze results, develop a sanitary survey report, and
discuss next steps. EPA developed two surveys (Marine Routine Sanitary Survey and Marine Annual Sanitary
Survey) on the basis of how frequently the surveys would be performed and what resources would be available
to the manager of recreational waters. For a detailed description of the surveys and their uses, consult Section
2.2.
The sanitary survey will help you to determine the following:
1. An approach to address all the data elements necessary to complete the surveys and best describe
the conditions at a beach.
2. Which data elements are currently collected through an existing monitoring plan and which
additional data elements need to be collected.
3. The equipment and supplies needed to collect the data.
4. The agencies or groups responsible for collecting and analyzing the data.
Sections 4 and 5 provide descriptions of the survey data fields. Depending on the purpose of collecting
information you will want to consider tailoring these surveys to best fit your program's needs. Not all the
questions on the surveys are applicable to all recreational waters. You might want to collect specific data for
your swim area that are not included on the surveys.
3.5 Use Trained Staff
The staff members who perform the sanitary surveys should be adequately trained in sampling procedures,
equipment use, completing the surveys, and health and safety precautions before they begin to perform them.
EPA recommends that relevant quality assurance (QA) documentation (e.g., QA project plan, sampling and
analysis plan, standard operating procedures [SOPs]) be distributed to all participants during training. The
training should stress the importance and relevance of the sanitary surveys in helping to identify potential
sources of contamination, how to conduct quality control (QC) activities, and how to follow the protocols
specified in the SOPs. The quality of information produced by the sanitary surveys depends on the quality of
the work that the field staff and others involved in the beach program perform. Follow-up or continuing
training should be held as needed for as long as the sanitary surveys are performed.
3.6 Collect Data
Now that you have identified the beaches to survey and the data to be collected, it's time to collect data.
Gather maps and use tools like global positioning system (GPS) units to identify the locations of beach
sampling stations, pollutant sources, and watershed uses. The Sanitary Survey App for Marine and Fresh
Waters will automatically geolocate your beach or pollution sampling location in the field.
Sources of maps and other geographic data include the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), county/state offices,
online companies (e.g., Google Earth), and others. You can download USGS topographic maps for your water
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shed by visiting https://www.usgs.gov/core-science-svstems/national-geospatial-program/topographic-maps.
Think about other sources of data for your beach and watershed, such as local or state universities or other
government offices. Sources of data might vary depending on your beach location and the level of interest in
your region. For more ideas on where to find data, consult Section 5.3.
Collect water quality data and other parameter data at a beach to complete the Marine Routine Sanitary
Survey and meet the data needs you identified for the Marine Annual Sanitary Survey.
3.7 Document All Observations and Data Sources
No field data collection is complete without basic information on who collected the data and when.
Sometimes basic field observations that might seem insignificant turn out to be very important, but they won't
be useful unless you document them. Also, other personnel will likely use the data you collect in the future,
and your documentation will be essential to their ability to understand the data.
3.8 Consider Health and Safety
Health and safety should be a key consideration for all volunteers and others engaged in surveying and
monitoring. The fact that surveying and sampling might focus on areas near combined sewer overflows
(CSOs) and sanitary sewer overflows (SSOs) and might be conducted during periods of beach closure
suggests that the risk of potential exposure to pathogenic agents will be higher than that of recreational beach
users. Heightened awareness of personal protection is the responsibility of every member of the survey team.
The effective use of basic personal protective equipment and supplies can significantly limit exposure to
potentially contaminated waters. For example:
• Limit exposure of any open wounds to survey site waters.
• Carry a hand sanitizer and use it immediately after working at each survey location. (Use care
when collecting samples not to make any contact with the inside of the sample containers.)
• Wear latex, nitrile, or other protective gloves; rubber boots; and safety glasses when contact is
required or during sampling to minimize the potential for direct exposure to surface waters that are
potentially contaminated.
• Carry a spray bottle with dilute bleach solution as part of your survey supplies for immediate
disinfection if accidental exposure occurs.
• Practice good personal hygiene.
- Avoid direct hand-to-mouth, -nose, or -face contact in the field.
- Avoid eating, drinking, or chewing gum during site surveys. Delay drinking or consuming
snacks and meals until you have removed all personal protective equipment and washed your
hands and face thoroughly.
- Promptly shower and wash your clothing with hot water after a day of surveying.
Although your survey activity might not entail longer or closer contact with surface water than the exposure
of bathers, fishermen, or others, surveys might be required in less desirable areas or during beach closures
mandated by measured exceedances of recreational standards.
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3.9 Record Data for the Annual Sanitary Survey
After you have collected your data, you can use the Marine Routine Sanitary Survey data to complete the
Marine Annual Sanitary Survey. All field data should be entered onto the paper form or the app and stored
electronically. It is important to provide all data to and consult with a sanitarian or public health official when
analyzing the data and assessing the effects of a pollutant source on a beach.
3.10 Record Management
Everything should be well documented, including identification of the person who enters the data and the
person who completes the survey, sources of information, and so forth. The Sanitary Survey App for Marine
and Fresh Waters makes data collection and download in several file formats easy, and data storage free.
However, if using the paper surveys, copies of completed paper surveys should be collected, scanned into an
electronic format, and stored together, if possible. EPA suggests storing the survey data in a locally accessible
database.
3.11 Next Steps
Analysis of survey results. Although you will perform some analyses while conducting the sanitary survey
(the annual survey in particular), after you are finished with the surveys, you should thoroughly go through
the survey results and develop a Sanitary Survey Report (described next). For the Marine Routine Sanitary
Survey, you should evaluate the results at the end of the swim season (which might be done as part of the
Marine Annual Sanitary Survey), and periodically throughout the season. Evaluating the survey results during
the swim season can help you identify trends that you should be aware of, such as "rainfall over 0.5 inches
correlates with high bacteria counts," or "algae growth has become worse and needs to be dealt with." You
should also evaluate whether you are collecting appropriate data, whether your methods of data collection
need to be adjusted, or both.
Sanitary Survey Report. A written Sanitary Survey Report is needed to integrate the data into a
comprehensive information analysis. This report should include a compilation of all data collected, an
analysis of those data using recognized statistical techniques to determine adverse pollution conditions,
conclusions as to the appropriate monitoring strategy and frequency, and recommendations for necessary
follow-up actions such as remediation efforts or further investigations.
Resource allocation and beach assessment. Analyzing the sanitary survey data will help you determine data
trends and correlations with bacteria sample results. It will provide you with more information to identify
pollutant sources and their contribution to water quality impairment. That information, in turn, will help you
decide on future allocation of resources and possible remediation needs, and help you to more effectively
prioritize swim areas for monitoring frequency and resource allocation.
The sanitary survey can help you determine the best frequency of monitoring (e.g., daily, biweekly, weekly,
monthly); the number of samples that should be collected (e.g., one sample collected every 500 meters); and
the types of remediation activities that should be performed at your recreational area (e.g., educate pet owners,
improve plumbing at public restrooms).
Remediation steps. The results of the sanitary survey will help a manager of recreational waters identify
persistent problems, sources of pollutants, and the magnitude of pollution from those sources. The manager
will have a documented record of the pollutant sources to use to propose management actions, enforcement,
and options to control sources. After the source and extent of pollutants are determined, appropriate
remediation activities can be planned with the assistance and collaboration of federal, state, and local
programs.
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Modeling. Data from sanitary surveys might help a manager of recreational waters identify factors that
correlate with bacteria counts in the water. It might be possible to develop a predictive model using these data.
A predictive model can benefit a beach monitoring and notification program by allowing managers of
recreational waters to make advisory decisions on the basis of predicted high levels of pathogens before people
become exposed. An example of a predictive model that is relatively easy to develop is the rainfall advisory
model that statistically correlates the bacteria results with rainfall data collected during the routine sanitary
survey.
EPA has conducted research and developed guidance on predictive tools. Predictive Tools for Beach
Notification Volume I: Review and Technical Protocol summarizes modeling approaches and associated
considerations. The guidance document, Six Key Steps to Developing and Using Predictive Tools at Your
Beach, provides a simple, straightforward approach to developing a predictive model for a beach. These
documents can be found at https://www.epa.gov/beach4.ech/models-predicting-beach-water-qualitv.
Sharing information. As part of the sanitary survey process, you might choose to electronically store the
survey data locally and/or on the EPA GeoPlatform when you use the EPA Sanitary Survey App for Marine
and Fresh Waters. This approach will make it easier for you to share your data with other counties, agencies,
and states.
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4. Data Elements for the Marine Routine Sanitary Survey
This section describes the data fields for the Marine Routine Sanitary Survey. While it contains screen shots
to show how to collect data using the app, it also contains information that could be useful in collecting
information using the paper surveys. For each data field, it gives an example of the data followed by a
detailed description and an explanation of methods that you can use to collect the data. Section 5 describes the
data fields for the Marine Annual Sanitary Survey.
The Marine Routine Sanitary Survey should be filled out each time a water sample is taken for bacterial
analysis. The information in this survey is primarily information that can be gathered locally at the
recreational water.
4.1 Intro: Beach Location Information
This section collects information on swim area identification and location. If you are using the EPA Sanitary
Survey App for Marine and Fresh Waters app, there are only a few required fields (designated with a red
asterisk [*]) that must be completed to submit data collected (e.g., beach name, surveyor name and affiliation,
time and date of survey). The remaining fields are voluntary; fill in the ones most useful to your program.
Start the survey by selecting the waterbody type being surveyed and then provide basic information about the
beach or waterbody, such as the name, ID, surveyor name, surveyor affiliation and location. The Beach IDs
you use should include the ones you submit to EPA for the PRAWN database, https://watersgeo.epa.gov/
beacon2/Beacon. html. If you have a separate ID for other purposes, you may list that as well. Include the
Sampling Station ID and Water Quality Exchange (WQX) Organization ID (https://www.waterqualitydata.us/
portal/) when possible (Figure 1). In th q EPA Sanitary Survey App for Marine and Fresh Waters, links are
available to specific databases to search for these IDs. The app does not autopopulate this information, so you
will need to manually enter this information.
Manne Routine Survey. General . . V.
Users ^
Intro: Beach Location
Information
Fill in what you can. Required fields have a red asterisk.
Beach Name *
If available, enter the beach name as it is labeled on the
sampling location map (below).
Beach ID
Beach ID is a unique identifier assigned by EPA to beaches
receiving BEACH Act grants. To search for Beach ID. go to the
Beacon 2.0 website and enter the Beach Name.
Sampling Station ID
Sampling Station ID is a unique identifier assigned by state/
tribal program in WQX as monitoring location identifiers,
including those for beaches in the BEACH Act program To
search for Sampling Station ID. go to Water Quality Portal.
Marine Routine Survey_General
Users ^
WQX Organizational ID
The Water Quality Exchange (WQX) Organization ID is
required for all organizations submitting data through the
WQX Web. This ID is unique from any previous STORET Org
IDs. To determine if your organization has a WQX Org ID,
search the 'Organization ID' field in the Water Quality Portal
at wwr Qufli'ty fVw'-
Surveyor Name *
Surveyor Affiliation *
Manne Routine Survey .General %
Date & Time of Survey *
Q Wednesday, December 9,2020
Q
© 8:47 AM
Sampling Location
Allow the Survey 123 application to access your device s
location or click on the map to mark your location Use the
map with your device to select a location. The coordinates
will be calculated from this point.
<> 38°4'N 77'50'W
Date & Time of Survey *
[3 Wednesday, December 9, 2020
© 8:46 AM
Figure 1. Marine Sanitary Survey Beach Location Information Screen
Sample Point Longitude
Calculated from map.
77°5004.0"W
Sample Point Latitude
Calculated from map.
38°03'40.2"N
15
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Identifying your site or sample location is easy in the EPA Sanitary Survey App for Marine and Fresh Waters
app because the app automatically pinpoints your location in the field even without a WiFi connection
(Figure 2). Your current location is shown by an arrow on the map and by the latitude and longitude
coordinates calculated.
To change your location, click on the map shown in the Sampling Location section of the survey. To change
the location, enter the new location in the search field or scroll through the map to the designated point. To
confirm the location, select the checkmark (•/) at the bottom right corner of the page.
< Sampling Location v^S
Allow the Survey 123 application to access your device's location
or click on the map to mark your location. Use the map with your
device to select a location. The coordinates will be calculated
from this point.
Enter beach or
waterbody name
earch location or map coordinate
Current location
Note: To change
location, move the
arrow.
Confirm location
Figure 2. Search for Sampling Location
4.2 Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) Requirement
Most agencies should already have Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) procedures for performing
monitoring. These procedures should be updated, as needed, to include QA/QC procedures for performing
sanitary surveys. States, territories, tribes, and local agencies should use the information in this document and
follow their agency-specific QA/QC procedures for data collection, entry, and analysis when performing
sanitary surveys. App users are required to certify that sanitary survey data are collected using an approved
QAPP and provide a link or submit a copy of the approved QAPP in order to submit their sanitary survey
data to the GeoPlatform (Figure 3).
16
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X Marine Routine Survey_General ..Nl
Users VST*
Quality Assurance Project
Plan (QAPP) Requirement
A Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) is Tier
2 data that is required in conjunction with
submitting data through this application. You
must attest that the data collected in this
survey using an approved QAPP.
Will the data collected use an approved
QAPP? *
Yes No
Please Provide a Link to the Approved QAPP *
A link is preferred but if you do not have a link, you can send
your QAPP to EPA SanitarvSurvevADD@eDa gov. Include in
the field below "QAPP will be emailed to EPA."
Figure 3. Quality Assurance Requirement to Submit Data
4.3 Part 1: Weather & General Beach Conditions
Air temperature
Example
75 degrees Fahrenheit (°F), 24 degrees Celsius (°C)
Description
Air temperature, in combination with other conditions and situations, such as timing (e.g., after significant
rainfall) or a particular wind direction, can increase of the likelihood of higher levels of microorganisms at
certain times.
Methods
Liquid-in-glass thermometers are the most common types of thermometers because they are easy to read and
inexpensive to manufacture. Highly accurate electrical thermometers measure temperature by measuring the
electrical resistance of some material. Because the resistance of these materials changes with temperature,
the resistance can be measured and calibrated to the temperature.
Temperature measurements are typically taken at 1.5 meters above grassy surfaces. Ideally, the thermometer
should be housed in an instrument shelter that is away from materials that might absorb heat and prevent an
accurate air temperature reading. All air temperature readings are conducted in the shade to prevent sunlight
from warming the liquid in the thermometer. Instrument shelters should allow air to flow through freely to
ensure that the air in the shelter is not warmed by the shelter itself
17
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Report air temperature in the Fahrenheit or Celsius
temperature scale, specifying which one was used (Figure
4a).
Wind speed and direction
Example
East at 5 knots or light breeze
Description
A description of the wind speed and direction using the
Beaufort Wind Scale at www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/
beaufort.html might provide valuable information
concerning the actual or potential effect of pollutant
transport to the area.
Methods
Wind is difficult for forecasters to measure because wind
speed and direction can vary quickly and abruptly over
short distances, especially in cities and other areas with
many obstaictions.
An anemometer is the main instrument used to measure the
speed of the wind. It consists of three or four hemispheri c
cups, mounted on each end of a pair of horizontal arms,
which lie at equal angles to each other. A vertical shaft that
the cups turn passes through the center of the arms and a
train of wheel-work counts the number of turns the shaft
makes. From the number of turns made in any given period,
the velocity of the wind during that period is calculated.
Aerovanes are commonly used at many weather stations
and airports to measure wind direction and speed. The tail
orients the instalment into the wind for direction, while the
propellers measure the wind speed.
If you do not have the necessary equipment to measure
wind speed and direction, you can provide data from a
weather app or nearby weather station, ideally one within a
5-mile radius of the beach. If you use a nearby weather
station, note in the survey the distance to the station (Figure
4a).
Wind direction is always reported as the direction from
which the wind is coming. In other words, a north wind
pushes air from the north to the south. When reporting wind
speeds, always provide the units (e.g., miles per hour
[mph], kilometers per hour [km/hr], knots) (1 knot =1.15
mph.) (Figures 4a and 4b). Also record whether wind is
onshore or offshore. Onshore winds are those that blow
from a body of water and move in the direction of the land
(also known as sea breezes). Offshore winds are those that
originate on land and blow toward a body of water (also
known as land breezes) (Figure 4a).
Marine Routine Survey_General
Users
v^S =
Part 1: Weather & General
Beach Conditions
Weather Conditions
Weather Observations
Survey the weather using the method of your choice. If
necessary, you may use the National Weather Service as your
source.
Air Temperature
Air Temperature Unit
Select the unit used to measure the air temperature.
°C °F
Air Temperature Result
Displays two previous entries together.
Method for Air Temperature
Liquid-in-glass Electronic
thermometer
Weather report
from local weather
station
thermometer
Weather report
from local airport
Weather app
Wind Speed
Wind Speed Unit
mph
m/s
knots
Other
km/hr
ft/s
Other
Wind Speed Result
Displays two previous entries together.
Wind Flow
onshore
offshore
Figure 4a. Weather & General Waterbody Conditions
18
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Simple estimates of wind speed can also be useful. The
sanitary survey technician can estimate whether there was
no or relatively little wind, medium wind speeds (5-15
knots), and high wind speeds (more than 15 knots). At
beaches, wind can be the driving agent for resuspension of
particles along the beach, often causing resuspension of
fecal contamination and bacteria attached to sediment.
Rainfall
Example
72+ hours. Rainfall amount was 1.2 inches.
Description
Bacterial contamination at swimming areas can result from
rain events. CSO discharges can occur during heavy rainfall
events and can reach swimming areas, causing
contamination problems. In addition, nonpoint source
pollution can be caused by rainfall or snowmelt moving
over and through the ground and carrying natural and
human-made pollutants into the receiving water.
Rainfall measurements can be used in models to predict
bacterial contamination in recreational waters during
rainfall events (USEPA 1999a). It is also important to
document the time since the last measurable precipitation
because an antecedent rain event can have a strong effect on
the contamination levels observed. For example, using 24-
hour storm totals can be helpful if the FIB contamination to
an area is surmised to be strongly caused by storm water
(non-point source) runoff.
Rain intensity should also be noted. Rain events that are of
short duration but high intensity can cause higher runoff
than longer rain events of low intensity, possibly correlating
more with increased bacteria levels in the water. Rain
intensity can be noted by using hourly intervals, or hour
totals for rainfall events, and this information can be found
through the use of radar-based data such as that available on
https://www.wunderground.com/ and other database
websites. Weather apps are also another source of rainfall
data.
Methods
Record the amount of rainfall in inches or centimeters, and
the time (24, 48, 72, or more hours) since the rainfall event
occurred. If rainfall is measured using a rain gauge near the
sampling stations (weather station or airport), record the
distance from the rain gauge in miles. Also note the
intensity of the rainfall (e.g., misting, light rain, steady
rain), and how it occurred over the duration of the storm
(Figure 4b). If two storms occurred back to back, indicate
the relative amounts of rainfall if known, along with the
Marine Routine Survey_General
Users
Wind Direction
Direction from which the wind is coming.
N
NE
E
SE
S
SW
w
NW
Method for Wind Speed
Wind vane for
direction
Wind sock for
direction and
speed
Anemometer for
Aerovane for wind
direction and
speed
wind speed
Weather report
from local airport
Weather report
from local weather
station
Weather app
Beaufort Scale
Other
Last Rain Event
How recent was the last rain?
0-24 hours
24-48 hours
48-72 hours
72+ hours
Last Rainfall Total
Enter total measured rainfall.
Last Rainfall Total Unit
Choose unit for last rainfall measurement.
Inches
Centimeters
Last Rainfall Result
Displays two previous entries together.
Intensity of Last Rain
Select one.
Misting
Light Rain
Moderate Rain
Heavy Rain
Other
Method for Rainfall
Rain gauge
Weather report
Weather app
Other
What is the distance to the gauge or station
when recording the rainfall amount?
What units is the distance measurement in?
Kilometers
Miles
Figure 4b. Weather & General Waterbodv Condi-
tions—Continued
19
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duration of the storm for each (include this information in
Weather Observations). You can use websites such as
https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/ to gather very specific rainfall
estimates for any location in the United States. You can also
obtain rainfall data from your local weather station or from
wunderground at https://www.wunderground. com/
wundermap/.
Sky conditions
Example
Partly cloudy (3/8 to 4/8 coverage)
Description
The predominant/average sky condition is described by
using octants (eighths) of the sky covered by opaque (not
transparent) clouds. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA) uses the following scale:
Sky condition
Cloud
coverage
Clear/Sunny
0/8
Mostly clear/Mostly sunny
1/8-2/8
Partly cloudy/Partly sunny
3/8-4/8
Mostly cloudy/Considerable cloudiness
5/8-7/8
Cloudy
8/8
Method
Estimate the weather or provide information from a nearby
weather station at https://www.wunderground.com/ or a
weather app (Figure 4c).
Wave height and intensity
Example
Normal intensity, 1-2 feet in height (estimated).
Description
Waves are the main source of energy that causes beaches to
change in size, shape, and sediment type. They also move
marine debris between the beach and the offshore zone.
Waves are generated by the wind blowing over water.
Waves formed where the wind is blowing, which are often
irregular, are called wind waves. As these waves move
away from the area where the wind is blowing, they sort
themselves out into groups with similar speeds and form
regular patterns known as swells.
w Marine Routine Survey.General V
A Users VS —
Sky Condition
Describe the predominant/average sky condition.
Sunny (No Clouds)
Mostly Sunny (1/8
to 2/8 Coverage)
Partly Sunny (3/8 to
1/2 Coverage)
Mostly Cloudy (5/8
to 7/8 Coverage)
Cloudy (Total
Coverage)
Method for Weather Conditions
Visual observations
Other
Beach Conditions
Wave Intensity
What are the waves like right now. Normal wave intensity is a
wave 1 -2 feet in height (estimated).
Calm (no waves)
Normal (1*2 ft high,
estimated)
Rough (>2 ft high,
estimated)
Wave Height
Wave Height Unit
How tall are the waves?
Meters
Feet
Wave Height Value Typ<
a
Is wave height measured or estimated?
Measured
Estimated
Method for Wave Height
Visual examination
Graduated stick
of wave height
and ranging pole
Other
Figure 4c. Weather & General Waterbodv Condi-
tions—Continued
20
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The three main characteristics of waves are the height, the
wavelength, and the direction from which they approach.
Wave height is the vertical distance from the wave's crest
to the trough. Wavelength is the time, measured in seconds,
between two successive wave crests. Wave direction is the
direction from which the waves approach.
Method
Wave height is measured by carrying a graduated stick or a
ranging pole (a pole with measured sections in red and
white) out into the water to just seaward of where the waves
are breaking and then recording where the wave crest and
the following wave trough cut the stick. The difference
between the two is the wave height. Alternatively, you can
estimate the wave height. Such estimates should be made
in the units with which you are most comfortable. Often it
is best to have two observers independently estimate wave
height and then compare their results. Measure or estimate
the height of at least five separate waves, and then take the
average. Also note on the survey the wave intensity (e.g.,
calm, normal, rough) (Figure 4c).
Tides
Example
High tide, ebb tide
Description
Tides are the periodic rise and fall of a body of water
resulting from gravitational interactions among the sun,
moon, and earth. Noting the tidal phase gives a point of
reference for other pieces of information that you are
collecting.
There are two main approaches for fecal indicator bacteria
(FIB) monitoring at tidally influenced beaches and
estuaries. The first approach is to consistently sample on an
ebb tide, i.e., the period between high water and the
succeeding low water, to remove the variability associated
with tide from the sampling framework (Figure 5). The
guidance for this sampling approach is to sample on the ebb
tide (falling from high tide to low tide) within 3 hours of
approaching the actual low tide time (Figure 5 depicts a
diurnal tide fluctuation, with the shaded areas highlighting
the optimal sampling window). This sampling window is
the case where FIB concentrations in the water are typically
the most representative of the immediate land-water
interface because dilution from the effects of high tide has
been minimalized. A second approach is to conduct random
sampling, i.e., without regard to tide, with sampling
conducted at roughly the same time each day. This ensures
that sampling is conducted over the wide array of tidal
influence and that one portion of the tidal cycle does not
influence sampling more than another. This second
w Manne Routine Surv
A Users
III
o
c
O
>¦»
Tides
Select the t>de
High Tide-the
Low Tide • the
highest level of the
lowest level of the
tide (high water)
tide (trough)
Neap Tide •
Spring Tide -
observed high
tides are higher
and low tides are
lower than average
(occurs when
moon is at new
phase & full phase)
observed high
tides are a little
lower and low tides
are a little higher
than average
(occurs during the
first and third
quarter moon,
when the moon
appears "half full"
Other
Tidal Currents
Select the currents.
Ebb Current • an
Flood Current • an
outgoing tide
incoming tide
Other
Reference Point
Describe the reference point (e.g.. time [hours] smce last
high tide)
Tide Orientation
is the tide moving towards or away from the beach?
Figure 4d. Weather & General Waterbody Condi-
tions—Continued
21
-------
approach might also be easier from a logistical standpoint.
Methods
NOAA (and its predecessor organization) has been tracking tides in U.S. marine waters since the 1800s. In the
past, tides were measured using mechanical devices to record water levels. NOAA now uses measurement
devices that collect data every 6 minutes and transmit by satellite to NOAA headquarters.
Information on tides can be obtained from NOAA's Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and
Services, https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/. or from your local weather service.
Observe tides during sampling or obtain tidal information from NOAA or local weather service and report
tidal information in Part 1 of the Marine Routine Sanitary Survey (Figure 4d).
High tide
Ebb tide
Flood tide
X
TZ
Low tide
12:00
18:00
24:00
6:00
12:00
18:00
Time of Day
Figure 5. Recommended sampling window for a beach with a diurnal tide
Longshore current speed and direction
Example
Current is moving toward the east at approximately 5 centimeters per second.
Description
A longshore or littoral current is in the surf zone and runs parallel to the shore as a result of waves breaking at
an angle on the shore. The current speed and direction are critical parameters that help to identify the actual or
potenti al effect of pollutant transport to the area, and to predict potential unhealthy conditions from known
outfalls in the vicinity of the beach.
Methods
A number of models are available to accurately measure longshore current speed. They require several
measured parameters and meters to capture the varying current speeds.
It might be possible to estimate the longshore current speed and direction using a stick, line, ball, and watch. A
practical and inexpensive technique for measuring the longshore current speed is described here, adapted from
the Education Program at the New Jersey Sea Grant Consortium ( ittp://niseagrant.org/wp-content/
22
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iii)Ioads/2014/03/lon»shore current.pdf). You'll need a meter
stick (or other measuring device), an orange or two, a watch
with a second hand, and at least two people.
Procedure
1. Measure off and draw a 10-meter line in the sand parallel to
the waterbody.
2. Position one person at each end of the line you have drawn.
One person should assume the role of timekeeper and have
a watch with a second hand.
3. Throw an orange (or a piece of driftwood) into the water,
just behind the line of breakers, approximately 2 meters
upstream of the beginning of your line. Note: The longshore
current is closer to the shore than you might expect! All
persons should watch the orange as it moves.
4. When the orange passes the beginning of the line, the
timekeeper starts timing.
5. When the orange passes the person stationed at the end of
the line, that person tells the timekeeper to stop timing.
Record the time.
6. If time permits, repeat this process so you can calculate the
average of the two (or three) trials. You can repeat it in a
different area along the beach as well.
7. Using the formula of speed = (distance / time), calculate the
speed of the longshore current for all trials, and then
calculate the average of the longshore current.
8. This procedure is not foolproof. If the orange does not move
after a few minutes, try again. If you can't get this to work
at all, it might be because of weather conditions, or there
might not be a longshore current at all.
To measure direction, you can observe the direction the orange
flows in the above procedure. Alternatively, you can use a dye
tablet. For this, place the dye tablet into the water (this can be
done at the same time you place the orange in the water for the
above procedure). The observers on the beach watch and record
the direction in which the dye moves. Current direction,
recorded in degrees, is the direction toward which the current is
moving (as in 0 to 180 degrees, 0 being north, 45 east, 90 south,
and 135 west). If a current is going from north to south, the
current direction is recorded as south or south-going; similarly,
a current going from east to west is recorded as west or west-
going. (This is the opposite of wind direction, which is recorded
as the direction from which the wind is blowing.)
Measurements of speed and direction can be repeated at several
different places along the beach to determine if the current
speed and direction are the same or if they vary. Report
measurements in Part 1 of the Marine Routine Sanitary Survey
(Figure 4e).
In addition, satellite imagery might be available for you to use
to detect the movement of a plume along the beach.
Mar»oe Routine Survey Genera ^
User, ^ =
Longshore Speed
See User Manual on how to estimate longshore speed.
Longshore Speed Unit
mph
m/s
km/hr
ft/s
Longshore Direction
N
E
S
W
NE
SE
SW
NW
Method for Longshore Current Speed
Stick with fishing
reel with water Ball and tether
balloon on end
Other
Method for Longshore Current Speed
Stick with fishing
reel with water Ball and tether
balloon on end
Other
Longshore Comments
Describe longshore currents.
Rip Currents
Are there rip currents present?
Yes
No
Rip Current Notes
Describe the rip currents.
255
Weather Observations
Additional weather observation notes here.
Figure 4e. Weather & General Waterbody Condi-
tions—Continued
23
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4.4 Part 2: Water Quality
Bacteria samples collected
Example
Sample Point: 1-A
Sample ID: 100002
Parameter: Enterococcus
Comments: Grab sample collected at knee depth
Description
FIB have been used as an indicator of the possible
presence of pathogens in surface waters and therefore as
marks of the risk of disease, because of epidemiological
evidence of gastrointestinal disorders from ingesting
contaminated surface water. Contact with contaminated
water can lead to ear or skin infections, and ingesting and
inhaling contaminated water can cause respiratory
diseases. The pathogens responsible for these diseases can
be bacteria, viruses, protozoans, fungi, or parasites that
live in the gastrointestinal tract and are shed in the feces of
warm-blooded animals. Enterococci are one of the most
commonly used indicators of fecal contamination and,
therefore, are termed fecal indicator bacteria or FIB.
Methods
EPA recommends the following approved culture methods
and validated qPCR methods for recreational waters.
• EPA Method 1600 or any equivalent method that
measures culturable enterococci
• EPA Enterococcus spp. qPCR Method 1609.1
Chapter 4 of the National Beach Guidance and Required
Performance Criteria for Grants - 2014 Edition (USEPA
2014) provides more information on the recommended
EPA's methods for testing recreational waters. Approved
microbiological analytical methods, Other microbiological
CWA methods and information on the alternate test
procedure (ATP) program can be found at: https://
www, epa. gov/cwa-methods.
Guidance on sampling is in section 4.3 of the National
Beach Guidance. EPA's general recommendation for all
beaches is that samples be taken at knee depth. However,
local conditions will dictate the sampling depth selected
for a beach.
Marine Routine Survey_General
Users
vjgS —:
Part 2: Water Quality
Bacteria
In this section you can list bacteria samples collected at
the beach and potential pollution sources, if applicable
can be recorded in Part 4, Potential Pollution Sources.
Multiple samples can be recorded in this section.
Number of records is limited to lO.
Are water samples being collected for
analysis?
• Yes No
To record bacteria samples, click the arrow (~) below to
expand the Bacteria Samples section if necessary.
~ Bacteria Samples
Sample Point
Sample Number
Date & Time of Sample
I I Thursday, December 10. 2020
© 4:31 PM
Sample Point GeoLocation
Use the map with your device to select a location for the
water quality sampling. The coordinates will be calculated
from this point.
O
<> 38°47 N 77°8'W - 4.7 m
•0
Sample Point Longitude
Calculated from map.
77°07'45.0"W
Sample Point Latitude
Calculated from map.
38°46'57.7"N
Parameter
Fecal indicator bacteria being measured.
E. Coli
Enteroccoci
Fecal coliform
Other
Sample Comments
Provide additional information on the sample.
Appropriate sampling procedures should be determined
for a monitoring program on the basis of the sampling
design, the availability of facilities and equipment, and
how the samples will be processed. In addition, it is
important to use consistent procedures and take careful
notes in the field when collecting samples. Additional
information about EPA-recommended SOPs for sample
Press the arrow below to add additional
locations.
U 1of1
Figure 6. Water Quality - Bacteria Section
24
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collection, handling, and subsequent analysis can be found
in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and
Wastewater (APHA 2018).
States that want to use culture methods other than the
currently approved methods at 40 CFR part 136 must go
through EPA's Alternate Test Procedure (ATP) program.
Figure 6 shows the Bacteria section of the app's Marine
Routine Sanitary Survey.
Water temperature
Example
68 °F, 20 °C
General Water Quality
Water Temperature
Water Temperature
(C or F)
Unit
Select the unit used to
What was the water
measure the water
temperature at time of
temperature.
sampling?
°C
°F
Water Temperature Result
Displays two previous entries together.
Description
This parameter is measured for use in taking temperature-
dependent measurements such as pH and conductivity.
Water temperature can also be important in assessing the
quality of potential habitat for aquatic species and for
some less-desirable pathogenic organisms.
Methods
With relative ease, you can measure water temperature by
using multiprobes or other handheld electronic
measurement devices or by using simple, graduated
thermometers. The accuracy of common, widescale
thermometers and electronic instruments can be verified
with simple ice-point (0 °C or 32 °F) and boiling point
(100 °C or 212 °F) measurements. If the ice point and
boiling point do not register correct temperatures, the
results for the two measurements can be plotted on simple
graph paper to translate field measurements to corrected
values. Electronic meters can be professionally calibrated
if the manufacturer's specifications do not include
calibration procedures.
Local and regional water temperatures for recreational
beaches are also generally broadcasted on NOAA
Weatherband radios and local radio stations. Water
temperature ranges can be expected to be in the 60s, 70s,
and 80s (in Fahrenheit) during the recreational swimming
seasons (Figure 7a).
Multiprobes are electronic instalments used to measure an
array of parameters (e.g., dissolved oxygen [DO], pFI,
temperature, conductivity, turbidity) in situ (in place) by
special sensors. Multiprobes are usually portable,
handheld devices that are used to collect instantaneous
water quality measurements during focused
environmental investigations; they can also be deployed
for extended periods for specialized studies to capture the
diurnal (24-hour) quality cycle. Multiprobes are favored
for routine environmental investigations because they can
Method for Water Temperature
Multiprobe
Graduated
thermometer
Report from NOAA
weatherband radio
Water Color
Clear
Brown
Red
Electronic meter
Report from local
radio station
Other
Blue
Green
Other
Water Color Change
Has the water color changed since the last visit?
Yes No
Don't know
Water Odor
Select the best description of the smell.
None Septic
Algae Sulfur
Other
Odor Notes
Describe more about the water odor.
Figure 7a. Water Quality - General Water Quality
Section
25
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collect data for parameters like DO and pH, which have
extremely limited holding times, and they don't call for the
transport and use of field chemistry test kits or necessitate the
disposal of waste reagents or spent samples after
measurement. (Field test kits often use acids or other toxics
that require specialized disposal or pretreatment before
disposal.)
For larger counties or regional coordinators, using
multiprobes can be a cost-effective way to gather a large
amount of information relatively quickly. Because
multiprobes are reasonably portable and are subject to
calibration, the uncertainty and subjectivity associated with
measurement are highly controlled. Some jurisdictions or
regional survey programs might already include the use of
multiprobes.
Color
Example
Red
Description
Red water color can indicate an algal bloom is present.
Method
As you walk around the beach, note the water color and/or
change in color on subsequent sampling visits on the survey
(Figure 7a).
Odor
Example
Sulfur, septic, other (diatomaceous earth, sewage)
Description
An odor given off by a waterbody can indicate pollution,
such as sewage, is present.
Method
As you walk around the beach, note whether there is any
detectable odor on the survey (Figure 7a).
Measured pH
Measured Oxidation Reduction Potential
(ORP)
Measured Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
How did you measure turbidity?
Observed Measured
Water Turbidity Measurement Type
What method was used to measure the turbidity of the water?
Simple visual
observation
Titrimetric test kit
Other
Visual test kit
Nephelometer/
Turbidimeter
Salinity
0-5 ppt 5-15 ppt
15-40ppt Conductivity
Measured Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
Measured Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
Water Quality Values & Measurements
Describe other measurements taken and report values.
Water Quality Comments
Enter additional water quality observations hore.
~ Water Quality Images
Press the "+" button below to add additional
images.
Add Images to Document Water Quality
Uso your device's camera to take a photo, or upload an
existing photo.
csj a
Describe Image
Add explanatory notes about this image.
pH
Example
pH = 6.5
Description
pFT is a measure of how acidic or basic water is. The range
goes from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. pH values less than 7
u
1 of 1
Figure 7b. Water Quality -General Water Quality
Section — Continued
26
-------
indicate acidity, while values greater than 7 indicates a base (Figure 7b). Since pH can be affected by
chemicals in the water it is an important indicator of water that is changing chemically. pH is reported in
"logarithmic units". Each number represents a 10-fold change in the acidity/basicness of the water (USGS
2020).
Methods
You can measure pH using one of the following:
- Simple pH strips
- Field test kits
- Handheld electronic meters (the description for multiprobe is in the previous section under the methods
listed for water temperature)
Common pH strips of a range expected for recreational waters are generally accurate enough for routine
surveys. For more information on pH visit https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/ph
-and-watcr.
Oxidation Reduction Potential
Example
ORP = +340mV or Eh = +340mV
Description
Oxidation is the process of liberating electrons or gaining oxygen. Examples of oxidation include conversion
of elemental iron to rust, elemental sulfur to sulfate, and elemental hydrogen to water. Reduction is the process
of gaining electrons resulting in the charge on some atomic unit in the species to be reduced. Oxidation-
reduction potential (ORP) or redox potential is a measure of the intensity or activity of an aqueous
environment or soil to mediate reactions of important elements in biological systems (e.g., O, N, Mn, Fe, S,
and C) and other metallic elements (USEPA 2017a).
Methods
ORP measurements should be conducted in a fashion that prevents the addition or loss of any potential
oxidants or reductants. Results could be compromised by exposing the sample to air or allowing hydrogen
sulfide (H2S) to off-gas from anoxic samples. Like dissolved oxygen measurements, ORP measurements
should be conducted in situ or by using a flow-through cell evacuated of air (consult the SESD Operating
Procedure for Field Measurement of Dissolved Oxygen (USEPA 2017b)). Good results are commonly
obtained with the use of an overtopping cell where the environmental media is pumped into the bottom of a
narrow cup (generally field fabricated from a sample container) containing the instrument sensors. The sensors
are continually flushed with fresh media as the cup is allowed to overflow. Caution should be exercised at very
low flow rates where the media in the cup could potentially re-oxygenate.
When using multi-parameter probes for ORP measurements, the general guidelines for probe deployment
described in the SESD Operating Procedure for Field Measurement of Dissolved Oxygen (USEPA 2017b) and
the SESD Operating Procedure for In-situ Water Quality Monitoring (USEPA 2018) apply.
ORP probes must be operated and maintained in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. Reference
electrodes in multi-parameter probes may require regular filling or replacement. Single parameter ORP
electrodes may require regular filling and operation in an upright position to assure that proper salt bridge flow
is maintained. Platinum electrode surfaces are easily contaminated and polishing or cleaning of the electrodes
should be performed as recommended by the manufacturer.
Measurements should be recorded to the nearest mV. Report the method used to measure the ORP in the Water
Quality Comments field (Figure 7b).
27
-------
ORP is a temperature sensitive measurement, but ORP instruments are not temperature compensated.
Consequently, the media temperature should always be recorded at the same time as the ORP is recorded
(https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-07/docuiiients/field measurement of pi nil"1' jf.r2.pdf)
(USEPA 2017a). Likewise, as ORP is often pH dependent, pH should also be recorded at the time of ORP
measurement. More information on measuring ORP can be found at https://www.epa.gov/qualitv/field-
measurement-oxidation-reduction-Dotential.
Total Dissolved Solids
Example
1,000 mg/L
Description
Total dissolved solids (TDS) is the sum of all the substances, organic and inorganic, dissolved in water. Most
of the dissolved solids in water is made up of inorganic salts such as calcium, magnesium, sodium as well as a
small amount of organic matter. Total solids are measured in milligrams per liter (mg/L) (Figure 7b).
Methods
To measure TDS, a sample of water is taken and analyzed in a lab. In shallow waters, carefully wade into the
center current to collect the sample. Use a boat to sample deep sites. Try to maneuver the boat into the center
of the main current to collect the water sample.
Turbidity
Example
Clear or 0 NTU (nephelometric turbidity units)
Description
Turbidity is a measure of the cloudiness of water and is also measured in situ. It is an aggregate property of
the solution. Turbidity is not specific to the types of particles in the water. They can be suspended or colloidal
matter, and they can be inorganic, organic, or biological. At high concentrations, turbidity is perceived as
cloudiness or haze or an absence of clarity in the water.
Methods
The most common instrument for measuring scattered light in a water sample is a nephelometer. A
nephelometer measures light scattered at a right angle (90°) to the light beam. Light scattered at other angles
can also be measured, but the 90° angle defines a nephelometric measurement. The light source for
nephelometric
measurements can be one of two types to meet EPA or International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
specifications. EPA specifies a tungsten lamp with a color temperature of 2,200-3,000 K (Kelvin). The unit of
measurement for the EPA method is the NTU. The ISO specifies a light-emitting diode (LED) with a
wavelength of 860 nanometers and a spectral bandwidth less than or equal to 60 nanometers. The unit of
measurement for the ISO method is the formazin nephelometric unit (FNU). A description of multiprobes,
which are available with turbidity sensors, is in this section under Water Temperature.
Turbidity is not the same as total suspended solids (TSS), and in some cases it may be useful to have both
measurements at a beach. However, turbidity is much easier and less time consuming to measure. Some
agencies use TSS and turbidity measurements as proxies for one another. However, to do this you need to
perform a side-by-side comparison of the two to demonstrate equivalency because they are not strongly
correlated in all waterbodies.
28
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Report whether turbidity was Observed (clear, slightly turbid or opaque) or Measured and the method used to
report turbidity (Figure 7b).
Salinity and conductivity
Example
Salinity: 5 parts per thousand (ppt); Conductivity: 5 Siemens per meter (S/m)
Description
Salinity is a measurement of the salt content in water. Typically, salinity is measured in ppt or %o.
Conductivity is the measure of the ability to conduct electricity. Conductivity is generally measured in (S/m),
but it can also be reported in microsiemens (|iS) or millisiemens (mS) per centimeter (|iS or mS/cm). The two
measures can be calculated from each other, if you know the water temperature (Figure 7b).
Method
You can use physical and chemical methods to measure salinity. Typically, physical methods are quicker and
more convenient than chemical methods. Three common physical methods are hydrometer, conductivity
meter, or refractometer. The chemical methods determine chlorinity (the chloride concentration), which is
closely related to salinity. Conductivity is typically measured with a conductivity meter.
A hydrometer measures the specific gravity (the ratio of the mass of a liquid to the mass of an equal volume
of pure water) of liquids. Hydrometers are calibrated for different reference and sample temperatures to
account for changes to the density of a liquid changes with changes in temperature. To measure salinity with a
hydrometer, a sample of water is taken and a hydrometer is used to measure the specific gravity and
temperature of the water, and this information is converted into a salinity measure using a hydrometer
conversion
table.
You can use a conductivity meter to measure the electrical conductivity in a sample of water. Conductivity is
an approximation of salinity—a salty solution that is full of charged particles conducts electricity.
Conductivity can be converted into a measure of salinity that is dependent on the temperature of the water.
A refractometer measures how light bends as it passes through a material. In water, the amount of bending is
related to how much salt is dissolved in the water. When using a refractometer, a sample is placed on an
optical prism in the sample window. As light shines through the sample, it is bent according to the salinity of
the water, and it casts a shadow on the scale that can be read directly through the eyepiece. Using a refracto-
meter is a cheap, consistent, and reliable way to measure salinity in water samples, and because they require
little calibration.
Some multiprobes also have the ability to measure salinity or conductivity in addition to other parameters.
Instructions for using a multiprobe will be specific to the instrument, and you should follow the
manufacturer's instructions. When using a multiprobe, regular calibration is required.
Estimate the salinity range or measure conductivity and report methods used in the Water Quality Comments
field (Figure 7b).
29
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Dissolved oxygen
Example
5 milligrams per liter (mg/L)
Description
Dissolved oxygen (DO) is the measure of the amount of gaseous oxygen (02) in aqueous solution, and it can
significantly affect the health of aquatic organisms. Concentrations of DO in a waterbody vary over time and
can be affected by a number of physical, chemical, and biological factors. During the day, oxygen is produced
by photosynthesis of aquatic plants, and concentrations fall at night when photosynthesis ceases. On a given
day, the amount of sunlight can affect the amount of DO produced in the waterbody. DO concentrations can
vary by depth. For instance, in estuaries in the late spring and summer, vertical stratification occurs as a result
of warmer, fresher waters flowing over colder, saltier waters. This stratification can limit the transfer of
oxygen between the upper and lower layers. Stratification can be affected by changing seasons or storms,
allowing oxygen-rich, surface water to mix with the oxygen-poor, deep water. Because of this variation, it is
important to sample year-round to get an accurate picture of DO concentrations in the waterbody you are
sampling. It is useful to sample at approximately the same time of day so that measurements can be more
easily compared. Consider taking samples at different depths.
Method
DO can be measured with a meter or test kit. To use a test kit, a water sample is collected and titrated using
the Winkler method. If titration is not done in the field, the sample should be fixed in the field and measured
in a lab within 8 hours. Measuring DO with a meter (or probe) is a much more straightforward process; each
meter should be calibrated according to the manufacturer's instructions. As discussed in the temperature
section, many multiprobe devices can measure DO concentrations along with other parameters. A multiprobe
should be calibrated regularly to ensure accurate DO measurements.
Report the dissolved oxygen concentration measured and the method used in General Water Quality section of
the survey (Figure 7b).
Total suspended solids
Example
100 mg/L
Description
Total suspended solids (TSS) is the amount of materials suspended in the water column.
Method
To measure TSS, a sample of water is taken and analyzed in a lab. In the lab the sample is filtered, and the
remaining residue on the filter is weighed to determine the total solids. Samples should be preserved at 4 °C
and measured within 7 days. More detail about methods for preserving and measuring TSS are in EPA
Method 160.2 flittps://!9ianuarv2017snapshot.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-06/documents/160 2.pdf
[USEPA 1999b]) or Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 2540 SOLIDS
published by the American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, and Water
Environment Federation (APHA 2018). TSS is not the same as turbidity, and if one measure is to be replaced
by the other, a side-by-side assessment of the two should be conducted to assess equivalency.
Other water quality measurements
Report other water quality parameters measured and values in the Water Quality Measurements and Values
field. Methods used to measure each parameter can be recorded in Water Quality Comments (Figure 7b).
30
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Water quality images
Add images to document the conditions at the beach during
sampling (Figure 7b).
4.5 Part 3: People/Bather Load
Example
200 people total, 50 people in the water
Description
The sanitary survey should include a discussion of the
effects of people/bather load on recreati onal areas,
particularly for recreational areas with poor water
circulation. If there is poor water circulation, a high number
of people in the water can cause significant elevation in
bacterial counts for E.coli and enterococcus bacteria. High-
use areas with poor water circulation might also indicate a
need for increased monitoring of FIB and might require that
you pay attention to the potential for blue-green algae
blooms.
Methods
When performing the Marine Routine Sanitary Survey,
count the number of people. If you perform the count in the
morning when the number of people is low or zero, note
that on the survey and try to obtain people/bather density
data from the lifeguards or park gate. Lifeguards often
maintain records of people/bather density throughout the
day. You can also use gate or visitor numbers for the swim
area if available.
Mjrin# Routine Sur
User*
Part 3: Bather Load (# Beach
Users)
Are there bathers or recreators (swimmers,
boaters, waders, etc.) present at the beach or
water body?
m Yes No
Total People in Water
Total People At
Beach
AutopopuUted from
previous two crrtnej
Total People Out of
Water
Total Number of
Boats
To report activities observed at the beach, click the arrow
(~ ) below to cxpAnd the Activities section if necessary.
Number of records is limited to lO
~ List of Activities Seen (optional)
Press the "+* button 6e/ow to add additional
records.
Activities Type
Select an activity from tHe W*t_ or choose "Olher* to specify
additional activities.
Swimming
Wading
Sunbathing
Surfing
Paddle Boarding
Parasailing
Diving/Snorkeling
Fishing
Boating
Other
Approximate number of people
participating in this activity.
The following are some examples of methods for estimating
people/bather load:
• Count by hand the number of people . Count the total
number of people and estimate the number of people in
the water as a percentage of the total number of people.
If the beach or swim area is large, choose a
representative area to use to count the number of people
and
extrapolate the number to the entire area using the size
of the representative area as it compares to the total size.
• Take photos and count the number of people in them.
Make sure to note how much of the area each photo
covers. If possible, try to cover the entire area using
photos, but make sure the photos do not overlap and that
people are not counted twice. Photos will also provide
information on the proximity of people to the beach.
• Count people or take photos from a helicopter or plane
flying overhead.
• Count the number of cars at nearby parking lots and use
that number to estimate people/bather load.
• Count the number of visitors by using a laser counting
Comments and Observations about this
activity.
Press the "~ " button below to add
information for another activity.
Limited to 10 per survey.
I0D
1 of 1
>
< 5 of 6
Bather Load Comments Or Observations
Describe notable bather activities tHat could affect water
quality For example, babes «r» disposb'e diapers m water.
Method for Numbers of People Participating
in Various Activities
Counting by
surveyor
Photos
Other
Counting by
lifeguards
Turn styles
<
>
Figure 8. People/Bather Load Section
31
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X Marine Routine Survey.General % —
Users VS —
device. Laser counting devices have been used at
beaches in Encinitas, California, to count the number of
people visiting a beach. The devices can be installed
alongside stairwells leading to the beach. To tally
visitors, the counters use a laser beam that is directed
across the stairwells or narrow paths leading to a beach.
Each person walking through the beam registers 0.5 on
the counter to count a person arriving and departing as
one visitor. The laser counter has its limitations. All
beach entrances need to have a counter, and entrances
need to be clearly defined. Laser counters would not
work at a beach where the main beach entrance is
several blocks long or where visitors can access the
beach from several other areas or side streets. Also,
people who walk past several times are counted as more
than one person. Cell phone data can also be used for
counting beach visitations (Merrill et al., 2020).
The following data should be recorded when counting
attendance (Figure 8):
• Number of people on the beach or shoreline.
• Number of people in the water (e.g., swimming, diving,
fishing, surfing).
• Number of people not recreating in or on the water.
You might also want to record the types of activities in
which people are engaged (e.g., swimming, boating,
sunbathing) and the number of people engaged in each
activity (Figure 8).
4.6 Part 4: Potential Pollution Sources
The person performing the Marine Routine Sanitary Survey
should identify visible sources of pollution up to 500 feet
from the water boundary and, if possible, quantify the
sources. Photos may be taken with or uploaded into the
EPA Sanitary Survey App for Marine and Fresh Waters to
document discharge sources, algae, HABs and animal
images (Figure 9a).
Sources of pollutants
Example
A storm drain's discharge is brown and has a bad odor. The
discharge is to the east of the designated beach area, about
500 feet away from the swim area.
Description
Visible sources, including rivers, estuaries, outfalls,
discharges (such as storm drains), and ponds, might carry
contaminants that affect recreational water quality. Ground
water, usually not visible, might also be a pollutant source.
32
Part 4: Potential Pollution
Sources
In this section, identify visible sources of
pollutants up to 500 feet from the beach or
waterbody boundary and, if possible, quantify
the sources. Use the arrow to expand and
collapse sections.
~ Discharge Sources
Press the "+" button below to add additional
records.
Discharge Source Type
River
Wetland
Pond
Outfall (e.g. stormwater, sewer, drain)
Septic (leaking pit latrines, leaking septics,
etc)
Runoff (e.g. impervious surfaces)
Other
Discharge Source Name
50
Discharge Source Amount
Indicate the volume discharged from this source.
High
Medium
Low
Figure 9a. Potential Pollution Sources
-------
Investigating ground water as a pollution source is not
addressed in this sanitary survey. The level of investigation
of potential pollution sources will vary depending on the
resources available for the investigation and on priorities.
Documenting the river or stream discharge (or the volume
of water passing a certain point per unit time) of the
waterbody and the concentration of contaminant or FIB
allows managers to calculate an approximate load for that
period. Measuring the discharge and the concentration of
these sources can provide information about the magnitude
of the potential pollutant loads carried by these sources to
the swim area. It is important to have information on both
the concentration in a stream and the stream discharge
because with that information a total load per day can be
calculated.
Marine Routine Survey_General
Users
—
Discharge Flow Rate
Measure velocity in outfall pipe or straight section of the
stream or reach that has a stable bottom.
Discharge Flow Rate Unit
Enter the Units the Discharge Flow Rate is measured in.
Discharge Flow Rate Result
Displays two previous entries together.
Methods
Identify visible sources that are affecting the water up to
500 feet from the sampling station (Figure 9a). If visible
sources are suspected of affecting water quality, you might
collect bacteria samples from these sources and take
discharge measurements, estimate discharge, or find
discharge measurements from the USGS or another agency.
Document the name of each visible source and the
corresponding velocity or flow rate on the Marine Routine
Sanitary Survey. In the Comments/Observations section,
add additional notes such as whether the visible sources
occur only in conjunction with specific weather conditions.
If you take bacteria samples from any pollutant sources,
indicate that on the routine survey. Also note if those
samples are included in the water quality table on the
survey (Figure 6).
Discharge or Flow Measurement. Discharge from a
stream, river or manmade structure (e.g., outfall) is
sometimes called flow. A discharge measurement is a
combination of a velocity measurement and a cross-
sectional area measurement. It is important to measure the
flow of the potential pollutant sources (Figure 9b).
Velocity. Measure velocity in a straight section of the
discharge source. Velocity can be measured using a velocity
meter (sometimes called a flow meter). It is important to stand
downstream and to the side of the velocity meter when
taking measurements and to operate the meter properly.
Discharge Source Volume
Enter the volume discharged by the source.
Discharge Source Volume Unit
Enter the Units the volume was measured in.
Discharge Source Volume Result
Displays two previous entries together.
Discharge Source Characteristics
Describe any additional characteristics.
Add Images to Document Discharge
Source
Use your device's camera to take a photo, or upload an
existing photo.
Co] Q
Describe Image
Add explanatory notes about this image.
Current velocity meters are available as mechanical or
electronic units. A current velocity meter consists of a
sensor or current meter, the support system for the sensor,
and a counter. The signal from the sensors or current meter
is processed or read by the counter. Many factors should
be considered when selecting the proper current measuring
equipment. In general, you should know if you will be
1 of 1
+
Figure 9b. Potential Pollution Sources—Continued
33
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measuring current from an overhead structure or while
wading. It also helps to know the approximate speed of the
water to be measured because specialty meters are
available for very slow currents, and those are most likely
what is present in recreational waters. Training and
experience are necessary to operate current velocity meters
consistently and to select appropriate stream reaches for
taking measurements.
Velocity estimates can be obtained using an orange or a
floating ball and a stopwatch. The measurement is the time
it takes the floating object to travel downstream a pre-
measured (and pre-marked) distance (e.g., 10 meters).
Consult the procedure given earlier for longshore current
speed measurement,
USGS stream flow data for the stream of interest might be
available from the USGS's National Water Information
System (NWIS). The NWIS is a comprehensive and
distributed application that supports the acquisition,
processing, and long-term storage of water data. Data for a
large network of rivers and streams are available for
stream levels, stream flow (discharge), reservoir and lake
levels, surface-water quality, and rainfall. The data are
collected by automatic recorders and manual field
measurements at installations across the nation. For more
information, visit http://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/sw.
National Hydrography Dataset (NHD) is another resource
that might be useful. The NHD is a comprehensive set of
digital spatial data that encodes information about
naturally occurring and constructed bodies of water, paths
through which water flows, and related entities. The data
support many applications, such as making maps, model
ing the flow of water, and maintaining data. The NHD is
the culmination of cooperative efforts of EPA and the
USGS. For more information, visit http://nhd.usgs.gov/
index.html.
Volume is another way to document the amount of
discharge from a pollutant source. This is often how
information from a wastewater treatment plant is reported
and recorded on a Discharge Monitoring Report.
Estimated amount is used if you aren't able to measure the
flow or volume of a discharge to the beach. In this case,
you can enter a general amount of high (H), medium (M),
or low (L) to indicate the significance of the discharge.
This information could be useful for making relative
comparisons over a swim season, as long as the people
making the measurements have the same idea of what
constitutes high, medium, and low.
Tide pools present
Example
Yes. One tide pool is present measuring 1 meter by 3 meters;
18 inches deep at deepest point (Figure 9c).
Did you collect samples and complete the
Bacteria Samples section in Part 2?
Ves
No
Method for Identifying Potential Sources of
Discharge
How did you identify the source of discharge?
WWTP
Notification/Report
Other
Visual observation
Method for Flow Velocity or Volume
How did you measure the flow/velocity or volume?
Mechanical flow
meter
Electric flow meter
USGS Gauging
Station
Orange (float) and
stopwatch
Are tide pools present?
• Yes
If yes, how many:
WWTP
Notification/Report
Other
No
Tidal Pools Average size (include unit):
Floatables and Debris
Are floatables present in the water?
• Yes No
Select the floatables found (examples below)
in the water:
Street litter (e.g.,
cigarette filters)
Food-related litter
(e.g., packaging,
containers)
Medical items
(e.g., syringes)
Sewage-related
(e.g., condoms,
tampons)
Building materials
(e.g., wood,
siding)
Fishing related
(e.g., fishing line,
nets, lures)
Household waste
(e.g., household
trash, plastic bags)
Other
Method for Determining
Floatables Present
Visual observation
Cleanup event
results
Other
Figure 9c, Potential Pollution Sources—Continued
34
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Description
Tide pools are areas where water is left behind when the ocean
recedes at low tide. They can be big or small, shallow or deep,
and sandy or rocky depending on the type of beach. Tide pools
can be formed in either rocky depressions or along sandy
beaches.
Method
Visiting the beach at low tide, you might see tide pools left
when the tide went out. You should note whether tide pools
are common at your beach and whether people recreate in
them. In some cases, seaweed and wrack in the tide pools can
serve as a substrate for FIB growth, and if possible, you
should quantify it.
Report if tidal pools are present, how many are at the
waterbody being sampled and approximate size of pools
(Figure 9c). Additional information on tidal pools can be
recorded in the Comments or Observations field.
Floatables present
Example
Yes, floatables are present in the water. Types found include
trash such as household waste and medical items (Figure 9c).
Description
Floatable debris causes problems because it can easily come
into contact with aquatic animals, people, boats, fishing nets,
and other objects. Communities also lose money when
recreational beaches need to be closed or cleaned up, and the
fishing industry and recreational and commercial boaters
spend thousands of dollars every year to repair vessels
damaged by floatable debris (USEPA 2002). Floatable debris
also can be a source of bacterial contamination to swim areas.
Types of floatables present in water include street litter (e.g.,
cigarette butts, filters, and filter elements), medical items (e.g.,
syringes), resin pellets, food packaging, beverage containers,
sewage-related items (condoms, tampons, applicators), pieces
of wood and siding from construction projects, fishing
equipment (e.g., nets, lures, lines, bait boxes, ropes, and rods),
household trash, plastic bags and sheeting, and beverage yokes
(six-pack rings for beverage containers) (USEPA 2002).
Methods
Record the types and amount of floatable debris (Figure 9c).
For further guidance on measuring floatable debris, consult
EPA's Assessing and Monitoring Floating Debris (U SEP A
2002) at https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018-12/
documents/assess-monitor-floatable-debris.pdf.
Is there debris or litter present on the beach?
• Yes No
Select the Amount (%) of Beach Debris/Litter
on Beach:
None
Moderate
(21%-50%)
Low (1%-20%)
High (>50%)
Select the debris/litter found (examples
below):
Street litter (e.g.,
cigarette filters)
Medical items
(e.g., syringes)
Building materials
(e.g., wood,
siding)
Household waste
(e.g., household
trash, plastic bags)
Oil/Grease (e.g.,
oil slick)
Other
Food-related litter
(e.g., packaging,
containers)
Sewage-related
(e.g., condoms,
tampons)
Fishing related
(e.g., fishing line,
nets, lures)
Tar/Oil (e.g., tar
balls)
Natural Debris
(algae, tree limbs,
etc.)
Method for Determinng Amount or Type of
Debris/Litter
Visual observation
Other
Cleanup event
results
Algae
Is algae present in the nearshore water and/or
beach?
Yes
Don't know
No
Select the Amount (%) of Algae in Nearshore
Water:
None
Moderate
(21%-50%)
Low (1 %-20%)
High (>50%)
Select the Amount (%)of Algae on Beach:
None Low (1%-20%)
Moderate
(21%-50%)
High (>50%)
Method for Determining Amount & Color of
Algae in Nearshore Water & Beach
Visual observation Other
Figure 9d. Identify debris and presence of algae
35
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Amount and type of beach debris/litter
Select the Types of Algae Found:
Select all that apply.
Example
Low (l%-20%) amount of beach has litter present. Types of
litter found are street litter, household waste, and tar.
Description
Beach debris or litter can cause problems similar to those
caused by floatable debris (described above) because they can
easily be washed into the water and affect wildlife. In addition,
the presence of certain materials, such as medi cal waste and
sewage-related items, on the beach can pose an immediate
health hazard to beachgoers and can be a source of bacterial
contamination to the beach.
Methods
Record the types of beach debris or litter observed, along with
the percentage of the beach length that has each type of debris
or litter. Specify additional types of debris or litter not already
provided on the survey in the "Other" field (Figure 9d).
Periphyton
(Attached to rocks,
stringy)
Free floating (No
obvious mass of
materials)
Select the Color of Algae Found:
Select all that apply. If Other is selected, a comment field will
appear.
Light Green Bright Green
Dark Green Yellow
Brown Other
Is the nearshore water discolored?
Yes No
Don't know
Is the nearshore water discolored?
• Yes No
Don't know
Globular (Blobs of
floating materials)
Other
Amount of algae in nearshore water/beach
Example
Low (1%-2Q%) amount of water along shoreline has algae
present. Type of algae found is free floating. Color is bright
green.
Description
Algae can be a nuisance. Decaying algae can produce a foul
odor that can deter people from visiting. Algae also have been
suspected of harboring fecal indicator bacteria, which can lead
to beach closures (Whitman et al.„ 2003).
Methods
Record the amount of algae found in the nearshore water and
covering the beach (Figures 9d and 9e). The survey has
separate fields for algae in the nearshore water and for algae
on the beach itself. The types of algae present, if known,
should be recorded along with the color of the algae. If algae
are known to be harmful, indicate that on the survey and
describe the algae. Additional information can be given, if
needed, in Comments or Observations.
Presence of a harmful algal bloom
Example
Yes. A harmful algal bloom (HAB) is present.
Description
An algal bloom is a large accumulation of algae—either
If Yes, Specify Color Found
Clear Green
Dark Red Brown
Yellowish Other
Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs)
Is there presence of a harmful algal bloom?
• Yes No
If yes, describe:
Method for Identifying HABs in Neashore
Water and Beach
Field guide or
internet site for
taxonomic
identification
Other
Are there mats or scum
in nearshore waters?
mats-floating
foam
scum
none
Attach Photo.
Co)
Q
Figure 9e. Potential Pollution Sources—Continued
36
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microscopic species or the larger, multicellular species. A
HAB is visible to the human eye and can affect aquatic
species, pets, wildlife, and humans. HABs can have a variety
of effects on the environment and humans. In some cases,
algae might not be toxic but can discolor water, form piles on
beaches, or cause drinking water and fish to taste bad. HABs
can cause depletion of oxygen in the water column or clog the
gills of aquatic organisms, leading to death of aquatic species.
HABs can also be a nuisance for people trying to recreate in
or on the water. Some HAB species are toxic and can kill
aquatic organisms or cause illness to humans, pets, or wildlife
when they come into contact with or ingest water containing
the HAB. HABs can appear as scum, mat, or filamentous
mass in the waterbody (Figures 9e and 9f).
Method
Although it is not possible to determine whether an algal
bloom is toxic through observation, or whether enough
biomass has accumulated to cause oxygen depletion, visual
monitoring for algal blooms is the first step in identifying an
HAB. NOAA provides resources on marine HABs at https://
oceanservice.noaa.gov/hazards/hab/. If HABs are identified,
EPA has resources including a Lvanotoxins Preparedness and
Response Toolkit and communications materials.
In addition, research programs such as NOAA's Ecology and
Oceanography of Harmful Algal Bl ooms (ECOHAB)
Program collect data used to predict H AB development for
coastal states.
Presence of wildlife and domestic animals
Example
Gulls (20) on the beach (on sand below high tide line) and 20
gulls in the water.
Description
The presence of wildlife and domestic animals at swimming
areas affects water quality. Waste from these animals,
whether entering the water directly from waterfowl droppings
or indirectly from runoff carrying waste from dogs and other
animals, can cause bacteria concentrations to rise to the point
where recreational standards are exceeded, resulting in
closure. Data like the types and numbers of animals present at
the swimming area could be used to help identify major
sources of bacterial contamination and potential best
management practices (e.g., pet owner education, better trash
management to reduce available food sources on the beach or
shoreline) that could be used to reduce the amount of animal
waste reaching the water.
Methods
Record both the types and number of animals present.
Determine the presence of animals through visual
Are there dead fish or other dead wildlife
deaths present with bloom?
Yes No
Have any illnesses (e.g., itchy throat, cough,
gastrointestinal) been reported by local or
state health department?
Yes
Don't know
No
Is algal toxin monitoring conducted?
Yes No
Don't know
Have algal species been identified?
Yes No
Don't know
Presence of Wildlife &
Domestic Animals
Are wildlife and domestic animals present?
• Yes No
Specify which animals are present
Select all that apply. Additional fields will appear to enter
more information.
Geese
Shorebirds
Pigeons
Dogs
Rodents
Gulls
Ducks
Turtles
Horses
Other
Method for Determing Presence of Wildlife
and Domestic Animals
Counting using
hand-held counter,
and if necessary,
binoculars
Other
Presence of Dead Birds
Are dead birds present?
• Yes
No
Select the species that were found dead on
the beach
Select all that apply. Additional fields will appear to enter
more information.
Common Loons
Ring-billed Gulls
Long-tailed ducks
Horned Grebes
Other
Herring Gulls
Double crested
cormorants
White-winged
scoter
Red-necked
grebes
Method for Determining Number of Dead
Birds
Visual observation
Other
Method for Identifying Dead Birds
Field guide or
internet site for
taxonomic
identification
Other
Figure 9f. Potential Pollution Sources—Continued
37
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observation. Use binoculars and a handheld counter to keep
track of the number of animals present. Record both the
types and number of animals present on the beach. Next,
count the number of animals that are actually in the water. If
you can note the proximity of the animals to the water (e.g.,
below high tide line, above high tide line), this can be useful
information. Note the presence of any types of animals not
already listed on the survey in the Other field. Note in the
Comments or Observations
Presence of Dead Fish
Are dead fish found in the waterbody or at the
beach?
Yes
No
Specify the Number of Dead Fish Found on
Beach
0
field the number of each type of animal present in the water,
on the beach or shoreline, and in the air (Figure 9f).
Method for Determining Number of Dead
Fish
Visual observation
Other
Presence of dead birds
Example
Common loons (2), long-tailed ducks (1)
Description
Bird die-offs indicate problems in water quality.
Methods
As you conduct the sanitary survey, look for any dead birds
or scat on the shore or in the water. If you find dead birds
but can't identify the species, write a description of the bird
and take a photo if possible (Figure 9f).
Presence of dead fish
Example
4 dead fish floating at the shoreline
Description
Fish die-offs indicate problems in water quality.
Methods
As you conduct the sanitary survey, look for any dead fish
on the shore or in the water. If you can't identify the species,
write a description of the fish and take a photo if possible.
Note the location of any dead fish, especially as it relates to
the swimming area in the Comments or Observation field
(Figure 9g).
Method for Identifying Dead Fish
Field guide or
internet site for
taxonomic
identification
Other
Method for Identifying Dead Fish
Field guide or
internet site for
taxonomic
identification
Other
Images
Algae, HABS, & Animal Images
Press the "+" button below to add additional
images.
Add Images to Document Algae, HABs,
and/or Animals
Use your device's camera to take a photo, or upload an
existing photo.
CSJ Q
Describe Image
Add cxplonotory notes about this image.
1 Of 1
Potential Pollution Sources Additional
Comments or Observations
+
^ 6 of 6
Figure 9g. Potential Pollution Sources—Continued
38
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5. Data Elements for the Annual Sanitary Survey
This section includes descriptions of the types of data you should consider collecting if you are conducting a
Marine Annual Sanitary Survey. Information that could be useful in completing the annual survey either using
the paper surveys or the app are provided. Due to the length and the level of detail in this survey, screen shots of
the annual survey are not included in this section. Make sure that you document all sources of information,
including dates that data were collected or recorded. In addition, if you used the Internet to obtain information
(such as maps), note the most recent date for the web page.
5.1 Part 1: Basic information
In the first section of the Marine Annual Sanitary Survey, list the basic information about your beach, such as the
name, ID, and location. The Beach IDs you use should include the one you submit to EPA for the Program
tracking, beach Advisories, Water quality standards, and Nutrients (PRAWN) database. If you have a separate
ID for other purposes, you may list that as well. Also include dates of the beach season. In the EPA Sanitary
Survey App for Marine andFresh Waters, links are available to specific databases to search for these IDs. You
must enter the IDs in the appropriate fields because the app does not autopopulate this information. Required
fields (designated with a red asterisk [*]) must be completed in order to submit data collected using the app.
5.2 Part 2: Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) Requirement
Most agencies should already have Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) procedures for performing
monitoring. These procedures should be updated, as needed, to include QA/QC procedures for performing
sanitary surveys. States, territories, tribes, and local agencies should use the information in this document and
follow their agency-specific QA/QC procedures for data collection, entry, and analysis when performing sanitary
surveys. App users are required to certify that sanitary survey data are collected using an approved QAPP and
provide a link or submit a copy of the approved QAPP in order to submit their sanitary survey data to the EPA
GeoPlatform.
5.3 Part 3: Description of Land Use in the Watershed
Current land use in watershed and overall development
As described in EPA's National Beach Guidance and Required Performance Criteria for Grants - 2014 Edition
(USEPA 2014), you can use beach characterization data, including surrounding land uses, to evaluate potential
risk and rank beaches. Pollutant loadings into nearby swimming beaches and other surface waters generally
increase as a watershed becomes more developed and more impervious surfaces are created. Using
environmentally sound land use planning techniques and implementing controls can help reduce the impacts of
development on beaches.
Land use maps, aerial photos of the watershed, or other geographic data can usually be obtained through a city,
county, or state planning department. In addition, NOAA maintains a coastal land cover database (https://
coast, noaa. gov/ digital coast/data/ ccapregi onal. html). Some land use and land cover (LULC) data are also
available from the USGS for the conterminous United States and Hawaii, although coverage is not complete for
all areas. The website for LULC information is https://www.usgs.gov/land-resources/eros/lulc. Websites like
Google Earth at https J/www, google, com/earth/ can also be helpful in providing maps. When using these types
of sources, make sure to note the most recent date on which updates were made to the webpage and when
updates are expected.
39
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You can use the information provided by these sources to estimate the percentage of various land uses, including
residential, industrial, commercial, and agricultural, in the watershed. You can also use it to visually confirm
locations of potential pollutant sources like wastewater treatment plants and concentrated animal feeding
operations (CAFOs). In addition, you can use this information to determine the overall percentages of developed
and undeveloped area in the watershed, including the percent of impervious cover.
In addition, you should consider conducting site visits throughout the watershed to verify or update land use data
and maps and to collect visual data in unknown areas or areas suspected of being sources of contamination.
Beach Uses
You can use beach use information to identify potential sources of pollutants. For example, if small oil or gasoline
spills are often noted, you can investigate nearby motorized boats as a potential source of bacterial contamination.
You can determine uses through direct observations of activities that occur and services offered (e.g., boat rentals).
The uses included on the Marine Annual Sanitary Survey are swimming, boating, fishing, surfing, windsurfing,
diving, kayaking, jet skiing, beachcombing, vehicular traffic, kiteboarding, and other. Select the uses that occur at
your waterbody, and describe them further, if necessary, in the Comments section. Describe any uses not listed on
the survey in Other. In addition, if the Marine Routine Beach Sanitary Survey was conducted, you can summarize
the results from Part 3, People/Bather Load, collected over the course of the season.
Mapping
You can use maps and other geographic information to help identify potential impacts in the swim area within the
watershed or along adjacent shoreline. Geographic information can help you determine the proximity of
pollutant sources to the swim area. Even simple maps like those obtained from places such as Google Earth can be
useful. Attach copies of any maps you have to the Marine Annual Sanitary Survey or list the locations of the files if
hard copies are not available. Document land use in the watershed by uploading photos.
You can obtain topographic maps from USGS directly or through a retailer. Information on downloading these
maps is on USGS's website at https://www.usgs.gov/core-science-SYSt.ems/natlonal-geospat.ial-program/
topographic-maps. Topographic maps provide an indication of geographic boundaries and contours that
influence stormwater flow and, ultimately, pollutant loads to recreational waters. You can use topographic maps to
delineate surface watershed boundaries, if this has not been done already.
Detailed maps of survey areas are valuable to understanding the annual surveys and to ensuring the consistency
and continuity of the annual survey program. Maps help you to document specific conditions about waterfront and
adjacent properties being developed, which can include pollutant sources or pollutant management controls.
Graphic representations of key features help future surveyors verify and document the effects of nearshore
development activities and pollutant control or sanitation enhancements from one year to the next.
Local governments maintain maps of their jurisdictions in their planning and zoning offices. You should note on
such maps the key features identified in the survey, including:
• Primary (central) GPS locations for survey reaches or sub-reaches (permanent structural markers such as
buildings [addresses], light poles, or utility poles might serve as references to the location of GPS measure-
ments because some GPS measurement devices have greater resolution than others).
• Locations of water sampling and physical measurement stations.
• Location and direction of any digital photos (to serve as an index).
• Locations of significant potential sources (e.g., CSO/SSO or other discharge conveyances or apparent
stormwater runoff, marinas, docks with recreational watercraft).
• Surrounding development and land uses, including any active construction.
• Permanent or temporary sanitary facilities for swimmers and beach patrons.
40
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A map of sufficiently small scale should provide an opportunity to make notations regarding most features or
perspectives for most of the detailed observations on the Marine Annual Sanitary Survey.
The survey includes a list of possible items to include on the map, such as pollutant sources, marinas, sanitary
facilities, and bounding structures. Check if the things on the list that are applicable to your swim area are on the
map, and in the Other field add any additional items that are not on the list.
Erosion/accretion measurements
High water levels, storms, wind, ground water seepage, surface water runoff, ice, and frost are important factors
that cause beach erosion. The extent and severity of the problem is worsening with global sea level rise. Shoreline
hardening structures such as jetties and seawalls intended to protect against storm waves can actually accelerate
beach erosion and reduce the capacity of beaches to absorb storm energy. Erosion can result in public losses to
recreational facilities, roads, public works, and homes along the shore.
Recent research has examined the effect of beach erosion and accretion on the redistribution of enterococci, and
some ongoing research has indicated that the movement of sand by erosion and accretion has the potential to
redistribute enterococci.
To determine whether a beach is eroding or accreting over time, and whether you need to implement an erosion
control plan, you can take measurements from a fixed object behind the beach, such as a building or parking lot,
to the high watermark, and compare changes over time. The high watermark is the highest point that waves reach
on the day the measurement is taken. It can usually be identified as the line on the beach between where it is wet
and where it is dry or by a line of debris (e.g., seaweed, shells). If there is more than one line of debris on the
beach, use the line closest to the waterbody because other debris lines farther from the beach might be the result of
previous storms (UNESCO 2005).
Two people are needed to perform this measurement. For beaches at least one mile long, choose at least three
points along the beach for the erosion/accretion measurements. You can add additional points as needed. For
instance, you can take measurements directly in front of and adjacent to man- made bounding structures to study
their effects (UNESCO 2005).
At the first point (point A), select the fixed object and record a description of it on the sanitary survey. In addition,
take pictures of both the high watermark location and a corresponding fixed object and record a description of
these photos on the sanitary survey. One person should stand at the high watermark and lay the tape measure on
the ground. The other should stretch the tape measure to the fixed object and pull the tape measure taut. One of
the persons should record on the distance in feet or meters on sanitary survey. Then proceed to the next point,
repeating the measurement and recording corresponding information on the sanitary survey. Finally, the two
people should measure the distances between sampling points (UNESCO 2005) and record them on the sanitary
survey. A GPS device might also be used to take these measurements.
The University of Minnesota Extension Service's website provides examples of some best management practices
that can be used to reduce erosion at beaches: https://extension.uiiin.edu/water/shoreland-properties.
Bounding structures
Alterations of the coastal environment can be made by installing man-made shoreline hardening (bounding)
structures like jetties, groins, piers, and seawalls/bulkheads. Alterations affect coastal dynamics and have far-
reaching effects on coastal ecosystems, hydrodynamic and tidal regimes, and sediment transport rates. Usually,
shoreline hardening structures are placed in environments to counteract erosion in sediment-deficient areas or to
deter accretion in dynamic areas such as inlets. Adjacent downdrift areas typically experience increased erosion
after these structures have been installed (NPS 2016).
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Groins are perpendicular structures used to maintain updrift beaches or to restrict longshore sediment transport.
Jetties, another type of perpendicular hard structure, are normally placed adjacent to tidal inlets to control inlet
migration and to minimize sediment deposition in the inlet. Seawalls, bulkheads, and revetments are shore-
parallel structures designed to protect the beach in front of a property or properties. Structures like breakwaters,
headlands, sills, and reefs are designed to alter the effects of waves and stop or alter natural coastal changes (NPS
2016). Piers are designed more for recreational use but can alter the beach area as well.
Shoreline hardening and circulation control structures can affect water circulation, and this can affect FIB
concentrations. Features such as breakwaters or groins can promote non- uniform distribution of FIB (Bertke
2007). For example, Bordalo (2003) reports significant differences in bacterial water quality and in temperature
and salinity for two beaches separated by a 250-meter-long jetty. A schematic drawing showing the beach and
relevant features is presented in Figure 10. Observed trends at both beaches (response to rainfall events, diurnal
variation in FIB density, variations with tidal cycle) were similar, but one beach had consistently higher FIB
density. The beach with the consistently higher density was confined on both sides by jetties, whereas the other
beach was described as more open to the ocean. Higher densities in the confined waters can be explained by
reduced dilution from the inhibition of mixing by the jetties.
On a Lake Michigan beach, breakwaters are also believed to influence mixing, retaining FIB (and other
pollution) originating from terrestrial sources (beach sands, runoff) and carried in longshore currents at Chicago
beaches (Whitman and Nevers 2008). Among the 23 Lake Michigan beaches studied by these researchers, E. coli
densities exhibited similar time variation at all beaches but three during a 5-year study; it was surmised that the
physical features of the three beaches, particularly the presence of breakwaters, caused the different temporal
fluctuations observed at those beaches.
100 m
Open beach
Porto
Ourigo beach
Pastoras beach
Primary
indicator
source
River Douro
jufp watershed.
Spain
Africa
Porto
sewage outfall
. Douro
Atlantic Ocean
Source: Bordalo 2003
Figure 10. Illustration of beach features promoting non-uniform indicator density in
parts of a beach.
42
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The mobilization of FIB from sands and sediments is related to waves which, in turn, are related to the beach
physical configuration. Yamahara et al. (2007) used an N-way ANOVA to determine which factors influenced
presence/absence and density of enterococci and E. coli in beach sands at multiple beaches along the California
coast. Among other factors, presence and density were most influenced by wave action and presence of a source.
Sheltered beaches (low wave action) with a FIB source had the highest sand enterococci densities among beaches
studied.
Groin extensions and jetties can cause or exacerbate adverse water quality by enclosing beaches. In some cases, a
beach area already suffers from poor circulation, and a groin extension exacerbates the problem (e.g., Cabrillo
Beach in southern California). In some cases the jetty or groin extension can actually cause the enclosure (e.g.,
Baby Beach in Dana Point, California). Enclosed beaches have been noted as a significant problem for water
quality (Largier and Taggart 2006), and are the locations of the greatest beach water quality issues in the State of
California. Some states such as Rhode Island have existing controls on the building of further future shoreline
hardening structures. State policy makers have noted the adverse impacts of these structures on water quality and
wave action that is primarily responsible for natural sand movement along the coast.
Shoreline hardening structures retain shore-based pollution through trapping and attempts to promote circulation
may assist the manager. Contaminated groundwater contributed to areas with reduced circulation due to shoreline
hardening structures degrades coastal water quality and may require promotion of advective mixing and diffusion
in the beach boundary layer.
Due to the strong impacts of shoreline hardening structures on beach water quality, take photos of shoreline
hardening structures. Record corresponding descriptions of the pictures on the sanitary survey form in the Photos
section. In areas where groins and jetties have created enclosed beaches note the collection or trapping of materials
along the beach where the public is recreating. Examples may be collection or trapping of seaweed wrack, surface
scums or mats of algal, areas where trash and debris has collected, to name a few. During periods where materials
are trapped at the beach, note wind speed and direction and alongshore flow of water. Take photos of bounding
structures.
Beach materials/sediments
Beaches can be characterized by the types of materials or sediments present. Sediment type can correlate to
bacteria densities at some beaches. Changes in the types of materials or sediments present over time (e.g., from
fine grain to coarse sand) can indicate erosion problems. If beach nourishment projects are undertaken, the grain
size of the replacement sand should match as closely as possible the existing sand grain sizes to avoid problems
like beach narrowing.
Simple, subjective observations (e.g., " very sandy") can be used to describe the materials or sediments present at a
beach. This is adequate for most beaches.
If you have the time and resources, collecting sediment samples and sending them to a lab for analysis will provide
better data. If you do this, the following is a simple procedure for collecting samples (recommended by Richard
Whitman of the USGS, 2006).
1. Choose up to three plots that are 1 square meter in dimension. Plots should be approximately 1 meter
beachward (i.e., away from the water) from the waterline. If the sediments at your beach are fairly
uniform, one plot is likely enough.
2. Describe the locations of the plots and note them on a diagram or photo so that they can be revisit ed in
the future.
3. Within each plot, collect five equally sized sediment samples—one from each corner of the square
plot and one from the center of the square. Composite the samples into one pre- labeled bottle or bag.
4. Send the samples to a lab to analyze the sediment size. The lab should determine the mean grain size
diameter, and the uniformity coefficient.
43
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Grain size is classified on the Udden-Wentworth scale with the following sizes for each type of sand: very coarse
sand = 1-2 millimeter (mm), coarse sand = 0.5-1 mm, medium sand = 0.25-0.5 mm, fine sand = 0.125-0.25
mm, and very fine sand = 0.0625-0.125 mm. One commonly used term is sugar sand. Sugar sand is
approximately 0.15-0.2 mm, similar to fine sand.
Shellfish growing areas
States that have shellfish growing areas will typically have a shellfish sanitation monitoring program. The
Interstate Shellfish Sanitation Conference typically oversees these programs. You should determine whether a
shellfish growing area is near your swim area because data collected for that area might also be applicable to your
swim area. If shellfish growing areas and swimming beaches overlap, the shellfish and beach programs should
consider combining efforts to address pollution sources affecting both resources.
On the Marine Annual Sanitary Survey you should include information about the general size of the area,
proximity to the swim area, type of harvest, summary of closures and advisories, and any other information that
might correlate to health risk to swimmers. Cite and attach relevant summary reports if they exist. Certain types
of shellfish can be problematic to human health because of the risk of cuts and scrapes on shell exteriors and the
potential for Vibrio spp. infections, especially during warm months, so documenting oyster growing areas in
proximity to high-use recreational areas is necessary.
Photos
Photos are a good way to document conditions for the recreational waterbody and the watershed. Take some
general photos showing the overall water and shoreline condition and the locations of fixed objects. These photos
can be used as reference points to determine whether changes have occurred from year to year. In addition, take
photos of beach use, bounding structures, sediments, habitat, sampling locations, pollutant sources, evidence of
pollutants (such as pluming from creeks and streams, runoff, and mysterious pipes, evident in aerial photos),
sanitary facilities, and other facilities. Upload or attach relevant photos to the survey.
Habitat
Changes in the types of habitats present over time can indicate erosion problems. For example, if dunes are
starting to disappear, beach restoration efforts might be needed to slow the erosion process. Special measures
might be needed to maintain critical habitat for a threatened species, such as the piping plover (Charadrius
melodus).
Record on the sanitary survey the types of habitat present (e.g., dunes, wetlands, river/stream, forest, park, urban
area, boardwalk, or protected habitat or reserve).
5.4 Part 4: Weather Conditions and Physical Characteristics
One or more weather parameters might correlate with bacteria densities in the water. For this part of the survey,
you should closely examine the data you have collected over the previous season(s), if applicable, and look for
trends and possible correlations with the bacteria sample results. For example, once you display the data
graphically, you might notice that bacteria counts are usually high when the water temperature is at its highest. Or
perhaps bacteria sample results at certain sample points at one beach are higher than at other sample points,
possibly because a current typically moves from west to east along the shore.
In addition, if sky conditions (such as sunny or cloudy) were observed using the Marine Routine Sanitary Survey,
you should examine the survey results to determine the typical sky condition for the beach. You can also examine
44
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sky conditions from the routine survey along with the bacteria sampling results to determine whether there is any
correlation between the sky conditions and the sampling results. Indicate when there is a correlation between
weather and bacteria concentrations.
The results of the Marine Routine Sanitary Survey can be used to calculate the average, typical, or maximum
measurements of air temperature, water temperature, and wind speed and direction during swim season. If those
data are not available, the National Weather Service website or other websites might be a source of data. The
following is a list of Internet sources that you can use to access historical weather data.
• NOAA
https://tldesandcurrents.noaa.gov/historic tide tables.html
This website provides tides and tidal current data from 2008 to the present.
• NOAA-NCDC
https://www.weather.gov/timeline. This website contains records for weather stations in the United States
ranging from 1800 to two or three months ago. The database is searchable by state and city. It gives results
as .pdf files showing scanned monthly logs with a daily account of temperature extremes (participating
locations) and precipitation, snow, and snow depth. Data are available for the thousands of sites that are a
part of the cooperative observing network in the United States. This information is free online.
• NOAA-National Weather Service
https ://www. weather, gov/. The National Weather Service site provides locations of weather stations and
weather radio information. Archived data for the previous year are available.
Winds
Recent research has examined the effect of wind speed and direction on bacteria concentrations, and some
studies have shown that there is a correlation between onshore wind speed and concentrations of bacteria in a
water quality sample. Onshore winds can prevent pollutants from moving away from the beach area or bring
submarine effluents toward the shore. More information about collecting information on wind speeds and
direction is in Section 4.
Waves
As part of the annual survey, you should describe the typical wave conditions during the beach season.
Correlation with bacteria levels. The mobilization of FIB from sands and sediments is related to waves which,
in turn, are related to the physical configuration of the waterbody. Yamahara et al. (2007) used an /V-way
ANOVA to determine which factors influenced presence/absence and density of enterococci and E. coli in
beach sands at multiple beaches along the California coast. Among other factors, presence and density were most
influenced by wave action and presence of a source. Sheltered beaches (low wave action) with a FIB source had
the highest sand enterococci densities among beaches studied. Pollutants from stormwater and other effluent
outfalls can be carried as waves travel toward the shore, and wave action can resuspend bacteria that have been
deposited in the sand layer.
Tides
Water movement from tidal fluctuations can cause erosion, transportation and deposition of sediment, and
redistribution of associated microorganisms (WHO 2003). Water quality at swim areas can be related to tidal
extent and manifestation, and tidal river/stream discharges. Forinstance, during high tide, the swimming zone is
moved onshore, where more human activities take place, and this can affect bacteria concentrations in area
45
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waters. In a 2005 study, Boehm and Weisberg found that during spring-ebb tides bacteria levels can be higher;
during tidal events, enterococci densities were found at beaches with no obvious point source. This study points to
several potential sources for enterococci, including beach sands and sediments, decaying plant material, and
polluted ground water—all of which were affected by the strength of the spring tides. You should also note how
tidal flow is manifested and whether the tides create a cross-current. Information on whether tidal rivers or streams
discharge near the beach and the relationship of tidal flow to known point or nonpoint pollution sources can also
provide information that can be useful in beach management decisions.
Tide pools
Tide pools are areas where water is left behind when the ocean recedes at low tide. They can be big or small,
shallow or deep, and sandy or rocky depending on the type of beach.
Because of the lack of movement of water in and out of tide pools, they could harbor bacteria for longer periods.
At some beaches, tide pools are popular playing areas for small children, so you should note whether tide pools
are common at your beach and whether people recreate in them.
Longshore and nearshore currents
Review data from the prior beach season(s) and determine the significance of longshore currents, cross currents,
and nearshore currents. Examine the current data alongside the bacteria sample results at each sample point to
determine whether there might be a correlation between the currents and bacteria concentrations at certain sample
points. For more information on measuring currents or data sources, a description of currents is in Section 4.
5.5 Part 5: Beach Dimensions
Beach length or dimensions
Comparing beach dimensions over several years can provide information on how local development might be
affecting the beach. For instance, uncontrolled development near the beach can prevent natural dune restoration,
which in turn can decrease the width of the beach. Beach length measurements can be used to help identify
sampling locations and other features. Beach dimensions can also be useful in calculating how much sand will be
needed for a beach nourishment project. In addition, beaches that are receiving funds from the EPA's BEACH Act
grant must provide beach length data to EPA.
Two people are needed to measure the length of the section of beach to which the sanitary survey applies. Note on
the sanitary survey the fixed objects or beach formations that will be used as boundaries for the length of beach
(e.g., lifeguard chair to lifeguard chair, edge of building to inlet). Before using objects like lifeguard chairs, make
sure they are actually fixed objects and are not moved from year to year. In addition, take pictures of the
boundaries and record descriptions of these photos on the sanitary survey. To measure the beach, one person
should stand at one end of the beach and lay a tape measure on the ground. The second person should stretch the
tape measure to the other end of the beach or as far as it will allow. If the beach is longer than the length of the
tape measure, take incremental beach length measurements in a field notebook. Add the incremental
measurements and record them on the sanitary survey.
Enter on the sanitary survey the three previously made beach width measurements (distance from fixed object to
high watermark) for the erosion/accretion measurements for width Zl, width Z2, and width Z3. Average the three
measurements and enter the value on the survey for width (average) (UNESCO 2005).
Alternatively, you can take GPS readings to determine beach length or dimensions, or you can estimate the
distances by pacing the beach. Make sure you document on the survey the method you use to calculate beach
length or dimensions.
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Date and description of the last beach rehabilitation
Beach rehabilitation can help restore major habitats and reduce pollutant sources. Major rehabilitation could
include projects such as planting beach grass and erecting fences to protect dune ecosystems, removing litter,
dredging, adding sand, and conducting beach nourishment. In Part 12, Potential Pollutant Sources, list other types
of rehabilitation and physical structures, such as constructing bathroom facilities.
5.6 Part 6: People/Bather Load
It is important for the manager of recreational waters to know the number or approximate number of people using
the swim water. You can collect the people/bather load numbers using several different approaches to determine
annual, seasonal, and daily cycles. Numbers of people should best be measured during times of the day when
people are most likely to be at the recreational water. Lifeguards in many counties routinely collect daily counts
during swimming season, and, therefore, might have data that are of use in the survey. County health departments
or beach program managers might also have historical beach attendance data that could be used in the annual or
routine surveys. For details on how to measure the number of people, consult Section 4.5.
Numbers of people should be reviewed alongside bacteria sample results to determine whether there is any type of
correlation between beach use and bacteria concentrations. Evaluate each sample point separately because one
sample point might be more affected by the number of people than the others. Describe any trends detected or any
particular days when there might have been a correlation between these data sets.
5.7 Part 7; Beach/Shoreline Cleaning
Cleanup activities
Beaches are typically cleaned using mechanical cleaners, volunteers (e.g., Adopt-a-Beach programs, county- or city
-sponsored beach cleanup days), or both. Mechanical beach cleaners groom the sand by mechanically raking and
sifting it, and they can be used to remove both large and small pieces of debris. This process might or might not be
followed by leveling of the sand. Beach grooming without leveling has been shown to significantly reduce the
amount of bacterial contamination during dry-weather events. Mechanical beach cleaning can be performed daily
during the early morning or late evening.
Municipalities, counties or other organizations might sponsor beach cleanup events one or more times a year.
In this part of the survey, note the frequency of any cleaning activities and give a short description of any
activities performed. Also list any particular type of equipment that was used, if known.
Amount and types of floatables
Estimate what types of floatables are found in the water. Include the types of floatables found, including tar, oil or
grease, trash, plastic, or medical waste. This type of information might be available from routine surveys or other
documentation of this type of activity.
Amount and types of beach debris/litter
Review the results of the routine survey, or other documentation of this type of activity, and estimate how
frequently debris or litter is found and whether it is causing a problem. Note which types of debris or litter are
found, including tar, oil or grease, trash, plastic, or medical waste. Any known source of debris should also be
noted.
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5.8 Part 8: Information on Sampling Location
Sampling point descriptions
Describe the sampling locations, including details about each sample point. List the time of day that samples are
usually taken. EPA recommends that water quality samples be taken in the middle of a typical swimming area.
Samples can be taken at a point corresponding to each lifeguard chair, or every 500 meters. If a swimming area
is more than 5 miles long, take samples at the most populated/used areas of the beach and spread out along the
length of the swim area (USEPA 2014).
You can use measurements and landmarks to identify specific locations and to ensure future consistency in
sample collection. A more precise way to identify your sampling location is to take a GPS reading and record the
coordinates.
Collect samples in the morning, if possible, to ensure that the holding times are met and that the laboratory has
the maximum time to process the samples.
Hydrometric network
A hydrometric network is the network of monitoring stations that collect data such as flow and rainfall. Check if
flowmeters or rain gauges are in place in the watershed, and note their locations and owners. NOAA might be
able to provide rainfall data (for website information, consult Section 4.3). However, you might want to operate
your own rain gauge or weather station so that it is in the immediate vicinity of your swim area. You could also
coordinate with a local university that might be interested in these data or might have a rain gauge or weather
station of its own.
Flow data might also be available from the USGS NWIS (http://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/sw). The NWIS is a
comprehensive and distributed application that supports the acquisition, processing, and long-term storage of
water data. Data are available for stream levels, stream flow (discharge), reservoir and lake levels, surface-water
quality, and rainfall. The data are collected by automatic recorders and manual field measurements at
installations across the nation.
The NHD might also be useful (http://nhd.usgs.gov/index.html). The NHD is a comprehensive set of digital
spatial data that encodes information about naturally occurring and constructed bodies of water, paths through
which water flows, and related entities. The data support many applications, such as making maps, modeling the
flow of water, and maintaining data. The NHD is the culmination of the cooperative efforts of EPA and USGS.
5.9 Part 9: Water Quality Sampling
Laboratory information
Use this section to provide the name of the laboratory that analyzes the water samples. List the approximate
distance from waterbody to the laboratory and how long it takes to get the samples to the lab.
Sampling and analysis plan, equipment maintenance and calibration procedures
Note on the survey whether a sampling plan or a sampling and analysis plan exists. Review the plan to determine
whether it adequately describes sampling and analysis procedures for this waterbody. If any new equipment will
be used, update the sampling plan with information on the new equipment, and train staff appropriately.
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Before the swim season, managers of recreational waters and their staff should review the sampling plan and
equipment maintenance and calibration procedures (if applicable). Keep these documents on-hand so that before
each sampling event field staff can review them as needed. Review these documents during the Marine Annual
Sanitary Survey, and if there are any changes in factors such as amount or duration of use, number of swimmers,
new sources, or equipment used, make any adjustments in the sample plan or equipment maintenance and
calibration procedures.
Duration and identification of algal species
Algae in marine waters range from single-celled forms (microalgae) to seaweed (macroalgae). Cyanobacteria are
of particular concern because of their ability to produce toxins. They have some characteristics of algae and some
of bacteria (WHO 2003).
Macroalgae
Although not generally harmful to human health, macroalgae can be a nuisance at some marine beaches, affecting
the visual appearance of the beach by reducing transparency, discoloring water, forming scum on the surface of
the water or beach, and causing odors (WHO 2003). Cladophora species have been found in the nearshore water
and on beaches themselves. Cladophora species have been reported to have a foul odor that can deter people from
visiting affected swimming beaches. Explain whether macroalgae are growing or commonly found at this beach
and how extensive their coverage is.
Field personnel can reference websites with electronic field guides on marine algae. The Smithsonian website
includes a marine flora bibliography that provides references to regional guides. For more information, visit
http://botanv.si. edu/proi ects/ aluae/biblio.htm.
Current and historical amounts of macroalgae:
• Indicate if algae is present during the swim season.
• Record on the Annual Sanitary Survey the amount (%) of algae found in the nearshore water and macroalgae
present on the beach. This should be measured as the percentage of the length of the beach that has algae
present. In the Comments or Observations section, record the type of algae present, if known.
• Select the type of algae present, if known, or note the color(s) of algae seen.
• Review the results of the Marine Routine Sanitary Survey for previous years and summarize them on the
Annual Sanitary Survey to determine whether there are any long-term issues and whether there is a correlation
between the presence of algae and bacterial sample results.
• Take or upload photos to document the presence of algae in the nearshore or at the beach.
Microalgae
Although the risk is generally low at most marine beaches, certain types of algae can be a risk to human health.
Certain type of marine cyanobacteria can cause cyanobacterial dermatitis (i.e., swimmer's itch) or other types of
skin irritation (WHO 2003). Exposure to Pfiesteria has been shown to increase the risk of developing a clinical
syndrome that causes difficulty in learning and higher cognitive function (WHO 2003). Blooms of Nodularia
spumigena (a cyanobacteria) have not been shown to affect humans. However, they have poisoned ducks, cattle,
and sheep, so it is possible that humans, especially small children, could be affected (WHO 2003). Dinoflagellates
of the genera Alexandrium, Gymnodinium, mdPyrodinium cause paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). PSP causes
neurological symptoms that can result in paralysis or death through respiratory arrest (Lewitus et al. 2012).
Diatoms of Pseudo-nitzschia produce domoic acid which causes amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) in humans.
ASP can be life-threatening and can result in gastrointestinal and neurological disorders within 24-48 hours of
eating toxic shellfish (Lewitus et al. 2012). A recent incident of PSP occurred in Alaska in 2020, resulting in the
death of an individual (Food Safety News 2020). Alexandrium and Pseudo-nitzschia cause most of the blooms in
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California (NOAA no date). On the annual survey state whether any visible microalgal blooms were observed
during the beach season and include the type of bloom, dates, species, and effects, if known.
Harmful algal blooms (HABs)
Algae can cause HABs in marine waters and can affect nearby beaches. Summarize on the Marine Annual
Sanitary Survey whether any HABs occurred over the past year and how they affected the beach water quality
and recreational activities.
On the annual survey state whether any HABs were observed during the swim season and include the type of
bloom, dates, species, and effects, if known. State whether the bloom was determined to be toxic or harmful and
add images to document HABs. Consult Section 4.6 for more details.
Dangerous aquatic organisms
You might want to list any other aquatic organisms that were found near the swimming area, such as jellyfish, sea
nettles, and so forth. These are not known to affect bacteria concentrations or water quality in general, but this can
be useful information from a public safety standpoint. Describe the location of where these organisms were found
(e.g., swimming area, beach near swimming area, downshore of swimming area).
Historical presence of wildlife and domestic animals
You can determine the presence of animals at the recreational area by visual observation. This should be
performed routinely (during the Marine Routine Sanitary Survey). Use binoculars and a handheld counter to keep
track of the number of animals present. Record on the Marine Annual Sanitary Survey both the types and number
of animals present at the beach. Note in the Other field the presence at the beach of any types of animals not
already listed on the survey. Also note in the Comments or Observations field the number of each type of animal
present in the water, on the beach or shoreline, and in the air. Review the results from the Marine Routine
Sanitary Survey conducted during prior seasons and summarize them on the Marine Annual Sanitary Survey.
Determine how often animals were found at the beach and whether their presence can be correlated with bacteria
sampling results. Also include a discussion of whether any fecal droppings were actually seen or are a common
occurrence. If routine surveys were not performed and there are no historical data, note the current presence of
any wildlife and domestic animals. If wildlife management areas are near the beach, indicate this and describe on
the survey.
Note whether any dead birds or animals have been found on the beach, particularly near the swimming area.
Describe the suspected cause of death and attach any photos.
Bacteria samples collected at the beach
Managers of recreational waters should compile FIB concentrations—E. coli or enterococcus or both (USEPA
2012)— and calculate trends, geometric mean, annual/seasonal averages, minimum concentration, and maximum
concentrations to assist in measuring the beach water quality. Bacteria concentrations should be compared to
previous years' data to determine whether any significant changes have occurred or whether any trends can be
detected. Bacteria data should be examined alongside all other data collected, including weather, rainfall, algae,
debris, wildlife, flow, and water quality. Consider doing a statistical analysis on data correlation. Describe where
samples are collected, relative to any potential pollution sources. If samples are collected from pollution sources
(such as an outfall or river), describe this on the survey.
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Water quality
Water quality data (including water temperature, pH, rainfall, turbidity, and conductivity) should be compared to
previous years' data. You should also examine data alongside bacteria results to determine whether there are any
correlations between bacteria concentrations and water quality results. The following paragraphs give more
details on specific water quality parameters.
Water temperature
• You can measure water temperature with relative ease using one of the following:
- A multiprobe
- Other handheld electronic measurement device
- Graduated thermometer
The accuracy of common, widescale thermometers and electronic instruments can be verified with simple ice
point (0 °C or 32 °F) and boiling point (100 °C or 212 °F) measurements. If the ice point and boiling point do
not register correct temperatures, you can plot results for the two measurements on simple graph paper to
translate field measurements to corrected values. Electronic meters can be professionally calibrated if the
manufacturer's specifications do not include calibration procedures (USGS 2006). A description for multiprobe
is in Section 4 under the methods used for water temperature.
• Local and regional water temperatures for recreational beaches are generally broadcast on NOAA
Weatherband radios and local radio stations. Temperature ranges can be expected to be in the 60s, 70s,
and 80s (in degrees Fahrenheit) during the recreational swimming seasons.
pH
• You can measure pH using one of the following:
- Simple pH strips.
- Field test kits.
- Handheld electronic meters (a description for multiprobe is in the previous section under the
methods listed for water temperature).
- Common pH strips of a range expected for recreational waters are generally accurate enough for
routine surveys.
Rainfall
• You can measure rainfall using a rain gauge near the sampling station(s). You can purchase relatively
inexpensive rain gauges that can also provide historical rainfall records.
• You can obtain rainfall measurements from another agency (e.g., NOAA, https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/
temp-and-precip/us-maps/) or from a local weather station (e.g., a local airport) or weather app. The
distance from the airport to the sampling station should be noted, and whether they are in the same
watershed. Record on the Annual Sanitary Survey the amount of rainfall in inches or centimeters and the
time from the previous rainfall event. The websites listed under Weather Conditions could also be a
source of rainfall data. More information about sources of precipitation data is available in Section 4.
Turbidity
• You can use simple, subjective observations (e.g., "slightly turbid, clear") to describe the turbidity of
nearshore waters.
• You can use test kits (using a visual or titrimetric test method), such as the LaMotte test kit for turbidity,
for interpreting turbidity results. The results from using this method are reported in Jackson turbidity
units (JTU). Visual methods use reagents to react with a substance in the sample, causing a change in
color. The concentration of the substance can be determined using the included color comparators or
color sheets.
Titrimetric methods use a titrant solution that is added to the sample in precise quantities until a color
change indicates a completed reaction. The amount of titrant added is used to determine concentration.
• There are three common methods using instruments to measure turbidity:
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- Instruments can measure the attenuation of a light beam passing through a sample. In the attenuation
method, the intensity of a light beam passing through turbid sample is compared with the intensity
passing through a turbidity-free sample at 180° from the light source. This method is good for highly
turbid samples.
- Instruments can measure the scattered light from a light beam passing through a sample. The most
common instrument for measuring scattered light in a water sample is a nephelometer, which measures
light scattered at a right angle (90°) to the light beam. Light scattered at other angles can also be
measured, but the 90° angle defines a nephelometric measurement. The light source for nephelometric
measurements can be one of two types to meet EPA or ISO specifications. EPA specifies a tungsten
lamp with a color temperature of 2,200-3,000 K. The unit of measurement for the EPA method is the
NTU. The ISO specifies an LED with a wavelength of 860 nanometers and a spectral bandwidth less
than or equal to 60 nanometers. The unit of measurement for the ISO method is the formazin
nephelometric unit, or FNU (APHA 2018).
- Portable turbidimeters are available for use in the field. Water is first collected in the vial provided in
the turbidimeter kit and then placed in the turbidimeter to obtain measurements. The results, provided in
NTUs, are based on comparisons to known turbidity standards (also provided in the kit) through
instrument calibration. Also refer to the information on multiprobes given in the previous section under
the methods for water temperature.
Conductivity
• A conductivity meter is commonly included in several types of multiprobes. Conductivity is measured
electronically primarily, using a device called the Wheatstone bridge that measures the conductance across
two electrodes. Also refer to the information on multiprobes given in the previous section under the
methods for water temperature.
• Conductivity is highly correlated with the concentration of dissolved solids in the water column. It is one
way to measure the overall health of a lake because aquatic organisms require a relatively constant
concentration of the major dissolved ions in the water. Levels too high or too low can limit survival,
growth, or reproduction.
• By measuring conductivity (how easily electric current passes through the seawater), scientists can obtain a
measurement of that water sample's salinity because electric current passes much more easily through
water with a higher salt content. If you know the conductivity of the water, you can calculate how much salt
is in the water.
Salinity
• Salinity is measured in one of several ways—with a hydrometer, a refractometer, or by using a conductivity
meter and translating the measure of conductivity into to salinity. Some multi-probes can be used to
measure salinity.
• If salinity measures are routinely taken, note if there is any correlation to bacteria concentrations at the
sampling site. Some types of bacteria may be affected by water column salinity. For instance, the rate of
growth of E. coli can be slowed in saline environments. Enterococcus is less likely to die off in saline
waters.
Dissolved Oxygen
• Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations can be affected by wave and tidal actions. Movement of water can
lead to a higher concentration of DO in the waterbody.
• You can measure DO with a test kit or oxygen meter. More information about measuring DO is in Section
4.
Total Suspended Solids
• Total suspended solids (TSS) is a measure of solids suspended in water. These materials can be soils from
erosion, silt, decaying plant and animal matter, and other materials discharged into a waterbody (e.g., via
runoff). Solids are measured by filtering a sample of water and weighing the residue.
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5.10 Part 10: Modeling and Other Studies
In this section on the Marine Annual Sanitary Survey you provide details on predictive models used at your swim
area. You can also provide information on other studies that have been done that provide information related to
water quality, including quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA), microbial source tracking (MST), tests for
optical brighteners, smoke testing for sanitary sewer cross connections, and results of visual screening for
pollutants. If other studies were done, summarize those as well.
Predictive models
Predictive models are used to estimate FIB concentrations (USEPA 2010; Gonzalez et al. 2012). They are based on
single or multiple correlations between hydrologic meteorology or other data with FIB counts. In most cases,
several years of data have been used to develop a good model. These correlations are useful information in a
sanitary survey because they might provide information on sources of contamination on or near the beach that
could be remediated. The usefulness of models to predict FIB counts is mostly in the models' timeliness. Culture
methods for analyzing bacteria samples currently take at least 18 hours to analyze, and models can predict bacteria
counts—or the likelihood of an exceedance of the water quality standard—more quickly so that timely decisions
can be made. Predictive models do not replace the need for sampling. Successfully managed beach programs that
use models continually verify their models, and models might change as remediation efforts take place or as
conditions change.
If your swim area already has had a model developed for it, you should collect information on the type of model,
how it was developed, how it is applied to the beach, the frequency of use, and results from its application. If the
model used is a rainfall advisory, investigate and document how this advisory was developed and how the rainfall
threshold level was determined. If you are not using models but have plans to use them in the future, describe your
plans in the Comments/Observations field.
Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA)
QMRA can be used to predict the illness risk to beachgoers from pathogens attributed to nonpoint sources at
recreational waters. If a QMRA has been done on your beach you should summarize the conclusions from the study
in the Marine Annual Sanitary Survey and consider the results as you review other pollution source data.
Microbial source tracking (MST)
MST methods are sometimes used to help identify nonpoint sources responsible for the fecal pollution of water
systems. MST tools are now being applied in developing TMDLs as part of Clean Water Act requirements and in
the evaluation of the effectiveness of best management practices.
MST might be a useful tool for managers of recreational waters too. MST can be used to detect and quantify
specific types of fecal contamination to a beach, estuary, or other waterbody. The studies need to be done over a
range of conditions, and it is important to make measurements of markers that are relevant for use in your
geographic area.
Selection of MST tools and approaches are dependent on the goals of the study and the availability of technical and
financial support. If MST has been done at your beach you should summarize the conclusions from the study in the
Annual Sanitary Survey and consider the results as you review other pollution source data.
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Optical brighteners
Optical brighteners are often used in commercial or retail products such as detergents and personal care products.
Excess product is typically flushed down the drain, so the presence of optical brighteners in water can indicate
human sources of contamination (i.e., from an illicit discharge/straight pipe or graywater, or malfunctioning septic
system) (Maine Healthy Beaches Program 2010). A beach or program manager can determine whether a test for
optical brighteners would be useful at a beach. If a test for optical brighteners has been done you should summarize
the results in the Annual Survey and consider them as you review other pollution source data. Optical brightener
data should be treated with care because specific compounds can cause false positive readings. Therefore, newer
approaches such as that presented by Cao et al. (2013) should be used to ensure that false positives have been
appropriately assessed.
Smoke testing for sanitary sewer cross connections
Smoke testing can be used to find leaks in sewer systems responsible for inflow and infiltration that could lead to
high flows during storm events. It can be used to find cross connections between sanitary and storm sewers. During
the test, smoke-filled air is forced through a sewer system, and leaks are detected by points where the smoke
escapes. Leaks can be from things such as broken pipes, cracks in pavement, and improper connections. You can
check with your public utilities whether smoke testing has been done for the sewer system near your beach.
Visual screening
A visual inspection of the recreational area can provide useful information for managing the area. You can walk or
drive around the area to inspect for pollution sources and issues. Take notes and photos of what you find and make
sure they are documented, as appropriate. This type of inspection could also provide details about what types of
issues might need future investigation.
5.11 Part 11: A dvisories/Closings
Advisory and closing data from the previous season provide useful information about water quality and potential
sources of contamination. Managers of recreational waters should maintain records of this information in a central
file to facilitate compiling advisory and closing data from previous swim seasons and comparing those data with
data from the current swim season.
By finding out the number of days the swim area was under advisory or closed during a season, a manager of
recreational waters can determine whether overall water quality at a swimming beach is improving or declining.
Bacteria levels can be compared to the 2012 Recreational Water Quality Criteria statistical threshold values or
beach action values recommendations to determine if there were exceedances. In addition, a manager of
recreational waters can determine whether the dates the swim area was under advisory or closed during a season
correlate with conditions, such as rain events, elevated water temperatures, pollutant discharges, high winds, or
high wildlife counts. The manager of recreational waters should be able to obtain notes on the beach conditions
during sample collection from previous routine sanitary surveys conducted. Multiple advisories and closings can be
reported in the table in the Marine Annual Sanitary Survey.
5.12 Part 12: Potential Pollution Sources
The most important objectives of the beach sanitary survey are to identify sources that affect the swim area,
determine their exact location, and measure or calculate the source contribution. The manager of recreational waters
should compile potential pollution information from previously completed Marine Routine Sanitary Surveys. The
manager of recreational waters should also use mapping tools; review the topographic map and the detailed map
developed for the Annual Sanitary Survey to determine what nearby sources (e.g., landfills, marinas, bathhouses)
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might be affecting recreational water quality; and add this information, along with corresponding latitude and
longitude data, to this part of the Marine Annual Sanitary Survey. The manager of recreational waters, with the
assistance of a sanitarian or public health official, should then estimate the percent annual contribution and peak
contribution amounts for each potential pollution source. This information will be very useful for prioritizing the
potential sources for further investigation.
Potential pollution sources are listed in Section 11 of the Annual Sanitary Survey form. Some resources might be
useful in helping you locate pollution sources. For example, you can access the Permit Compliance System and
Integrated Compliance Information System databases (PCS-ICIS) to find dischargers in the watershed. You can
check for other state and county documents that might contain information on things like dischargers, industries,
and utilities in the area. You can walk or drive around the entire watershed, looking for signs of pollution and
potential sources of discharge. You can use the aerial photos on map sites like Google Earth.
Identify whether the source is a high, medium, or low contributor to beach pollution. If possible, determine when
the source contributes to beach bacteria pollution; the frequency of occurrence; the amount of contamination; and
how it is influenced during dry, wet, and storm conditions. Depending on the source, this information might be
available from city, county, or state reports, or you might be able to estimate contributions until further
investigations can be done to quantify the pollutants. Consult Section 3.3 for links to Clean Water Act programs
with potential sources of pollutants affecting the water.
5.13 Part 13: Description of Sanitary Facilities and Other Facilities
You should examine the sanitary facilities (bathhouses and portable sanitation units) to determine whether they
could be a source of pollutants to the water. Note the number of toilets, showers, sinks, and the like to determine
whether the facilities are adequate to accommodate the average and peak people/bather loads. Note their condition,
their general location, and their distance from the beach and the water line.
5.14 Part 14: Description of Other Facilities
If other facilities, such as restaurants, play areas, or parking lots that could be a source of pollutants are present,
document and photograph them as well. You can consult with a sanitarian, city official, or public health official to
access the plans and layouts of any sewer lines in the area to determine their original intended capacity.
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6. References
APHA (American Public Health Association). 2018. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and
Wastewater, 2540 SOLIDS, Public Health Association, Washington, DC.
Bertke, E.E. 2007. Composite analysis tor Escherichia coli at coastal beaches. Journal of Great Lakes Research
33:335-341.
Boehm, A.B., and S.B. Weisberg. 2005. Tidal forcing of enterococci at marine recreational beaches at fortnightly
and semi-diurnal frequencies. Environmental Science and Technology 39(15):5575—5583.
Bordalo, A. A. 2003. Microbiological water quality in urban coastal beaches: The influence of water dynamics
and optimization of the sampling strategy. Water Research 37:3233-3241.
Cao, Y., M. Sivaganesan, J. Kinzelman, A.D. Blackwood, R.T. Noble, R.A. Haugland, J.F. Griffith, and
S.B. Weisberg. 2013. Effect of platform, reference material, and quantification model on enumeration of
Enterococcus by quantitative PCR methods. Water Research 47(1):233-241.
Food Safety News (FSN). 2020. Alaska resident dies of paralytic shellfish poisoning. July 12. . Accessed
March 2020.
Gonzalez, R.A., K.E. Conn, J. Crosswell, and R.T. Noble. 2012. Application of empirical predictive modeling
using conventional and alternative fecal indicator bacteria in eastern North Carolina waters. Water Re-
search 46(18):5871-5882.
Google Earth. No date. Google Earth homepage, . Accessed June 2020.
Largier, J., and M. Taggart. 2006. Improving Water Quality at Enclosed Beaches: A Report on the Enclosed
Beach Symposium and Workshop (Clean Beaches Initiative), . Accessed June 2020.
Lewitus, A.J., R.A. Horner, D A. Caron, E. Garcia-Mendoza, B.M. Hickey, M. Hunter, D.D. Huppert, R.M.
Kudela, G.W. Langlois, J.L. Largier, E.J. Lessard, R. RaLonde, J.E.J. Rensel, P.G. Strutton, V.L. Trainer,
and J.F. Tweddle. 2012. Harmful algal blooms along the North American west coast region: History,
trends, causes, and impacts. Harmful Algae. 19: 133- 159.
Maine Healthy Beaches Program. 2010. Municipal Guide To Clean Water: Conducting Sanitary Surveys to Im
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