DRAFT
DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE
EPA/600/R-11/038A
March 2011
Freshwater Biological Traits Database
NOTICE
THIS DOCUMENT IS A PRELIMINARY DRAFT. THIS INFORMATION IS DISTRIBUTED SOLELY FOR THE
PURPOSE OF PRE-DISSEMINATION PEER REVIEW UNDER APPLICABLE INFORMATION QUALITY
GUIDELINES. IT HAS NOT BEEN FORMALLY DISSEMINATED BY THE U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY. IT DOES NOT REPRESENT AND SHOULD NOT BE CONSTRUED TO REPRESENT ANY AGENCY
DETERMINATION OR POLICY.
Global Change Research Program
National Center for Environmental Assessment
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, DC 20460

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DISCLAIMER
This document is an internal draft for review purposes only. It has not been subjected to peer
and administrative review and does not constitute U.S. Environmental Protection Agency policy.
Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation
for use.

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ABSTRACT
The Freshwater Biological Traits Database currently contains traits data for 3857 North
American macroinvertebrate taxa, and includes habitat, life history, mobility, morphology and
ecological trait data. These data were compiled for a project on climate change effects on river
and stream ecosystems that was conducted by the Global Change Research Program in the
National Center for Environmental Assessment in the US F.PA Office of Research and
Development. The traits data were gathered from multiple sources. Data gathering efforts
focused on data that were published or well-documenlcd, accessible, appropriate for the regions
being studied, in a standardized format that could be analyzed or easily converted to a format
that could be analyzed, and ecologically rele\ ani lo the gradients being considered. The database
has been made accessible online to facilitate I'uiiIkt research This is intended to be a 'living'
database, and researchers are encouraged lo conliibiilc data and provide suggestions or feedback
on how the database can be expanded and impim ed upon in the future.
Preferred citation:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). (2011) Freshwater Traits Database. Global Change Research
Program, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC; EPA/600/R-11/038. Available from the
National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA, and online at htto://www.epa. gov/ncea.

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PREFACE
The report and database were prepared by Tetra Tech, Inc. and the Global Change
Research Program (GRCP) in the National Center for Environmental Assessment of the Office
of Research and Development at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). They
are intended for resource managers and scientists working in freshwater ecosystems who are
interested in species traits, biological indicators, bioasscssnicni. Momonitoring, and climate
change. The database is intended to be modified and augmented In scientists and resource
managers with data and research results.

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AUTHORS, CONTRIBUTORS, AND REVIEWERS
The Global Change Research Program, within the National Center for Environmental
Assessment, Office of Research and Development, is responsible for publishing this report and
database. The document and database were prepared by Tetra Tech, Inc. under Contract No.GS-
10F-0268K, U.S. EPA Order No. 1107. Dr. Britta Bierwagen served as the Technical Project
Officer. Dr. Bierwagen provided overall direction and technical assistance, and she contributed
as an author.
AUTHORS
Center for Ecological Sciences. Tetra Tech. Inc.. Owings Mills. MP
Jen Stamp, Anna Hamilton, Liejun Wu, Jeffrey While
U.S. EPA
Britta G. Bierwagen
REVIEWERS
U.S. EPA Reviewers
Wayne Da\ is (Ol-1). Lilian I lei uer (RI')). Raehael Novak (OW/OST), Lester Yuan
(ORD \Ci:.V now ow OST)
Other Re\ iewers
ACKNOWLEDGE I.M S
Liejun Wu and Jeffrey White from Tetra Tech set up the online database. The authors
would like to thank staff in state offices who contributed data, reviewed triats, and assisted with
the development of the traits database. We also thank D. Carlise at the USGS for his input on the
database. The comments of EPA reviewers substantially improved this report.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract	iii
Preface	v
Authors, Contributors, and Reviewers	vi
1.	Introduction	1
2.	Methods	1
3.	Results	9
4	Recommendations	14
5	Literature Cited			15
Appendices
A LIST OF COLD AND WARM WATKU PIU.I KULNCE TAW
B DATA INTEGRATION RULES
C TRAITS GAP ANALYSIS
D LIST OF TRAITS AND ASSOCIATED Yll.TADATA
E INSTRUCTIONS FOR USING THE ON UNI. DATABASE
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Summary of the traits and trait states in the Maine, North Carolina and Utah
Climate Change Traits tables (modified from Poff et al. 2006)	

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1. Introduction
The Freshwater Biological Traits Database was compiled as part of a project conducted by the
Global Change Research Program in the National Center for Environmental Assessment in the
US EPA Office of Research and Development on climate change effects on river and stream
ecosystems (USEPA 2011). For this project, long-term trend analyses were performed on
biomonitoring data from Maine, North Carolina, Ohio and Utah to examine whether biological
responses to changes in temperature and hydrology could l">c delected. One component of these
analyses involved compiling and analyzing traits data for North American macroinvertebrate
taxa found in lotic systems. Advantages of using traits data for these types of analyses are that
they are less susceptible to taxonomic ambiguities or inconsistencies in long-term datasets; they
can detect changes in functional community characteristics; and they vary less across
geographical areas, which allows for larger-scale trend analyses across regional species pools.
Because it took substantial effort to gather the traits data into one place, and because we would
like to save other researchers from ha\ing to undergo similar efforts, we have integrated the traits
data that were gathered for this project into one database and ha\ e made it accessible online.
2. Methods
Data gathering efforts focused on data that were published or well-documented, accessible,
appropriate lor the regions being studied, in a standardized format that could be analyzed or
easily coin cried lo a format that could be analyzed, and ecologically relevant to the gradients
being considered The data search re\ ealed that traits data compilations in North America have
been at smaller scales and are less comprehensive than the European efforts (i.e. Euro-limpacs
Consortium: www.fresh w aterecology.info - The Taxa and Autecology Database for Freshwater
Organisms), but nevertheless show promise. In 2006, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)
published a database of lotic invertebrate traits for North America (Vieira et al., 2006). This
database represented the first comprehensive summary of traits for North American invertebrate
taxa and the first effort to compile this trait information in a web-accessible database. The trait
information was gathered from over 3,000 keys, texts, peer-reviewed publications and reports on
North American aquatic invertebrates.
1

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Another important source of trait information for North American lotic insect taxa is the Traits
Matrix that was published in Poff et al. (2006). The Traits Matrix provides information on 20
traits (in 59 trait states) that span four broad categories of trait groups (life history,
morphological, mobility and ecological) for 311 taxa from 75 families. The traits information in
the Traits Matrix was cross-referenced with the USGS (Vieira et al., 2006) traits database
described above. An older series of publications was also included in the traits database: the U.S.
EPA series on environmental requirements and pollution tolerance of Ephemeroptera,
Plecoptera, Trichoptera and Common Freshwater Chironomidae (Surdick et al., 1978; Beck et
al,. 1977; Harris et al., 1978; Hubbard et al.; N7S) Trait information in these publications was
compiled from general literature searches. The Lreshwater Biological Trails Database described
herein contains information on 362 Plecoptera la\a. 24<) Trichoptera ta\a. 21S Chironomidae
taxa and 396 Ephemeroptera taxa from this series of |">uMicalions.
Also included in the database are thermal optima and tolerance data that were generated from
weighted average or generalized linear model calculations that were performed on biomonitoring
data from Maine, IS oil h Carolina. I tali, and Ohio (I S I-PA 2d I I), as well as from Oregon
(Yuan, 2i )()(•>). Idaho (Brandt. 2<)i)|). and the Lahontan/Sierra Nevada region of California
(Herbst and SilldorlV. 2<)()7) Weighted a\ eraue inference is a simple, robust approach for
estimating the cental tendencies of different taxa. or in our case, optima and tolerance values
(terBraak and Loom tin	Lor the climate change pilot study analyses in Maine, North
Carolina and I tali, the guidelines of Yuan (2006) were used to calculate optima values based on
instantaneous waler-temperature measurements and occurrences of organisms. Optima values for
Utah and Maine were deri\ ed from weighted-average inferences. The lists for Utah were
supplemented with weiuhted-a\ erage inferences derived from data sets from Idaho (Brandt,
2001) and Oregon (Yuan, 2006). Maximum-likelihood inferences were used in North Carolina
because North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources (NCDENR)
abundance data are categorical (1 = rare: 1-2 specimens, 3 = common: 3-9 species, 10 =
abundant: >10 species). To improve model performance, optima values were calculated only for
taxa occurring in >9 sites or samples.
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These tolerance data were used to derive lists of cold- and warm-water-preference taxa in Maine,
North Carolina and Utah. Because the methods used to derive the thermal optima values and the
specific characteristics of the data sets (e.g., range of collection dates, station locations,
elevation) varied, an arbitrary ranking scheme was developed to make results more comparable
across data sets. Taxa in each state were assigned rankings ranging from 1 to 7 based on
percentiles within each data set. Initially, taxa with ranki 11 us .1 ( 40th percentile) were
designated as cold-water taxa and taxa with rankings >5 ( M)lh percentile) as warm-water taxa.
Thermal optima values were not available for all taxa. so literature. primarily the traits matrix in
Poff et al. (2006) and the USGS traits database (Vieira el: al. 200(->). were used as a basis for
making some additional initial designations.
After making initial cold- and warm-water designations, the lists in each state were refined based
on case studies and best professional judgment from regional advisory groups. Thermal tolerance
values, which were calculated using the methods described aho\ e (Yuan 2006), were also taken
into consideration. We thought these additional considerations were necessary because some taxa
occurred with greater frequency in warm- or cold-water habitats but were not present exclusively
in one or the other I or example, some taxa initially designated as cold-water taxa also were
present at sites that had the hottest recorded water temperatures. During the refinement process,
these taxa were remo\ ed from the cold-water list Also, taxa were occasionally removed from the
lists because regional taxonomists did not think that the literature-based designations were
appropriate lor their region The cold-water-preference lists in Utah, Maine, and North Carolina
consisted of 33, 39. and 32 taxa. respectively. The warm-water-preference lists in Utah, Maine,
and North Carolina consisted of I (\ 40 and 27 taxa, respectively. Lists of the cold and warm
water taxa can be found in Appendix A. The relatively low number of taxa on the Utah warm-
water-preference list was partially a consequence of the need to use a family-level OTU for
Chironomidae because of inconsistencies in the long-term data set that arose from a change in
taxonomic laboratories.
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These lists of cold- and warm-water taxa are included in region-specific traits tables that were
compiled for the Maine, North Carolina and Utah climate change pilot study analyses (USEPA
2011). Also included in these tables are information on traits related to life-cycle features (life-
cycle duration, reproductive cycles per year, aquatic stages), resilience or resistance potentials
(dispersal, locomotion, resistance forms), physiology and morphology (respiration, maximum
size), and reproduction and feeding behavior (reproduction, food, and feeding habits). Table 1
contains a list of the traits that were included the climate change traits tables, which were
modeled after the Poff et al. 2006 Traits Matrix. These Hails were selected because we felt that
they would be of greatest relevance to the climate change pilot studies, which focused on
biological responses to changes in temperature and hydrology.
Data from multiple sources were incorporated into the Maine. North Carolina and Utah climate
change traits tables. Main sources were the I S(iS traits database (2006) and the I'off et al. trait
matrix (2006), which were available in an electronic format and were imported directly into the
database. TheEPA's 1970s publications had to he hand-entered. Quality assurance procedures
were performed on in",, of these entiies, and the data entry error rate was less than 5%. To
maintain consistency and standardization across the multiple data sources, data integration rules
were de> eloped These rules are described in detail in the 'Data Integration Rules' documents
(Appendix li) ITlbrts were also made to identify gaps in each traits data set. Results of these
'traits gap" analyses can he found in the "Traits Ciap Analysis' documents (Appendix C).
Although species-level data were a\ ailahle in each of the state databases, genus-level or higher
operational taxonomic units (OTl s) were used in the Maine, North Carolina and Utah climate
change traits tables. This was due to the taxonomic ambiguities in the long-term data that had
resulted from factors such as changes in taxonomic keys and changes in taxonomic labs.
Previous research has shown that traits analyses utilizing genus and family levels have been
successful at characterizing aquatic communities for bioassessment purposes (Vieira et al., 2006
cites Doledec et al., 1998, 2000; and Gayraud et al., 2003) and that congeneric species typically
have similar functional trait niches (Poff et al., 2006). Species-level identification is typically not
necessary for traits-based analytical approaches used in biomonitoring programs, is more costly
4

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and error prone and may result in taxonomic ambiguities because individuals are not identifiable
to the same taxonomic level (Vieira et al., 2006; who also cites Moulton et al., 2000).
5

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Table 1. Summary of the traits and trait states in the Maine, North Carolina and Utah Climate Change Traits tables (modified from
Poffetal. 2006).
Trait Category
Trait
Trait States

Voltinism
semi\ oltine ( 1 generation/yr), univoltine (1 generation/yr),

hi- or multi\ oltine (>1 generation/yr)

Development
last seasonal, slow seasonal, nonseasonal
Life history
Synchronization of emergence
poorly synchronized (w k). well synchronized (d)

Adult life span
\ cry short ( c 1 wk), short ( 1 mo), long (>1 mo)

Adult ability lo exit
absent (not including emergence), present

Ability to sun i\ c desiccation
absent, present

Dispersal (adull)
low ( 1 km llight before laying eggs), high (>1 km flight
before laying eggs)

Adult living strength
weak (e.g. cannot fly into light breeze), strong
Mobility
Occurrence in drift
rare (catastrophic only), common (typically observed),
abundant (dominant in drift samples)

Maximum crawling rate
very low (<10 cm/h), low (<100 cm/h), high (>100 cm/h)

Swimming ability
none, weak, strong

Attachment
none (free-ranging), some (sessile, sedentary)
Morphology
Armoring
none (soft-bodied forms), poor (heavily or partly sclerotized),
good (i.e. some cased caddisflies, hard-shelled organisms)

Shape
streamlined (flat, fusiform), not streamlined (cylindrical,

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Resource acquisition/
preference
Respiration
Size at maturity
Rheophily
Habit (primary)
Functional feeding group
(primary)
round or bluff)
tegument, gills, plastron or spiracle (aerial)
small ( ^ mm). medium (9-16 mm), large (>16 mm)
deposilional. dispositional and erosional, erosional
hiiiroW'Ci". climber, sprawler, swimmer, dinger, diver, skater
collector-filterer, col lector-gatherer, predator, shredder,
scraper, piercer, herbi\oiv. parasite

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Table 1. continued...
Trait Category
Trait
Trait States

Temperature optimum
numeric \ alue deiived from weighted average calculation

Temperature tolerance
numeric \ alue derived from weighted average calculation

Rank of temperature optimum
scores range from 1 (lowest optima values) to 7 (highest
optima values), based on percentile of optimum value
Temperature
Rank of temperature tolerance
Rank of temperature opti mum-
scores range from 1 (narrowest tolerance ranges) to 7 (widest
temperature ranges), based on percentile of tolerance value
combi nation of the optimum and tolerance ranks, values

tolerance
range from l-l to 7-7.
cold or warm designations were made by Jen Stamp of

Temperature indicator
Telia Tech. based on weighted average or maximum
likelihood calculations, literature, best professional judgment
and case studies.
Enrichment Tolerance
Tolerance
\ a lues range from 0 (most intolerant) to 10 (most tolerant)

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3. Results
The Freshwater Biological Traits Database is under development, but a prototype that contains
draft and test data is currently available online for demonstration purposes only. The database
currently has 11,912 unique records for 3,857 different taxa and includes location, habitat, life
history, mobility, morphology and ecological trait data, along with tolerance calculations for
temperature and flow. A list of traits and metadata can be found in Appendix D. Levels of
taxonomic resolution vary, as do data types (i.e. binary, allegorical, text notes entries).
During this development/review/enhancemenl phase. Tetra Tech is hosting the web site, which
can be accessed using the following link:
http://traits.tetratech-ffx.com/index.cliii
Username: Traits
Password: Alogon2<) I <)
Instructions on how to conduct data searches can he found in Appendix E.
Listed below are brief descriptions of the 14 data sources that have been integrated into the
database at this time These data sources are available for download online on the Data Source
page.
• Vieira, N.K.M.. N.I.. PoIT. D.M. Carlisle, S.R. Moulton II, M.K. Koski, and
B.C.KondralielT. 2(106. A database of lotic invertebrate traits for North America:
U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 187. Available at:
http://pubs.water.usgs.gov/dsl87
Description: In 2006, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) published a database of lotic
invertebrate traits for North America. This was a collaborative effort between the USGS
National Water-Quality Assessment Program and Colorado State University. This

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database represented the first comprehensive summary of traits for North American
invertebrate taxa and the first effort to compile this trait information in a web-accessible
database. The trait information was gatheredfrom over 3,000 keys, texts, peer-reviewed
publications and reports on North American aquatic invertebrates. Traits were grouped
into four general categories: ecology, morphology, behavior or physiology. Trait states
were established based on the types of information available in the literature and were
expressed in categorical, binary and quantitative terms. / he traits could be mutually
exclusive (only one or the other) or co-occurring lmore than one trait state is appropriate
and is therefore listed). Species-level resolution was used, but the focus and quality
assurance efforts were concentrated on genus and family-level trait summaries.
•	Poff, N.L., J.D. Olden, N.K.M. Vieirsi. D.S. l-'inn. M.P. Simmons, and B.C.
Kondratieff. 2006. Functional (rail niches of North American lotic insects: traits-
based ecological applications in light of phvlogenclic relationships. Journal of the
North American Benthological Society 25(4):730-755 (Trait Matrix, Appendix)
Description: Ihe I rails \ lairix in the . \ppemlix of this journal article provides
information on 20 trails tin 5'J irait siaiesj that span four broad categories of trait groups
(life history, morphological, mobility and ecological) for 311 taxa from 75 families. Each
Iran has anywhere from 2 lo (> n an siaies. Each taxonomic unit is assigned to only one
trail slate, bused on liieruiure und expert opinion. The traits information in the Traits
Matrix wus cross-rejerenceil wnh ihe USGS (Vieira et al. 2006) traits database. This
database is in a formal iliai can be readily analyzed.
•	USEPA GCR1' Maine. North Carolina and Utah Climate Change Traits Tables
(USEPA 2010)
Description: These tables were compiledfor the Maine, North Carolina and Utah
climate change pilot study analyses. The focus of these analyses was to look for
biological responses to changes in temperature and hydrology. Data from multiple
10

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sources are incorporated into these data sets. Main sources include the USGS traits
database (2006) and the Poff et al. trait matrix (2006).
Rankin, E. T. and C.O. Yoder. 2009. Temporal Change in Regional Reference
Condition as a Potential Indicator of Global Climate Change: Analysis of the Ohio
Regional Reference Condition Database (1980-2006).
Description: This report was prepared by the Inlwesi Biodiversity Institute for the
USEPA GCRP Climate Change Pilot Pro/eel (I 'SI J'. I 20/0). Appendix Table 2 of the
report contains thermal optima and current optima data {referral io as Weighted
Stressor Values (WSVs) in this document) for macroinvertebraies iii headwater and
wadeable streams, and were ca/cii/aieil using ()/no 1.1'. 1 data. In addition to weighted
average values, general tolerance and fiinciionalJeeihng group assignments specific to
Ohio were included in the database entries. hsh data are also available in Appendix
Table 2 but have not yet been incorporated inio the I resliwaier Biological Traits
Database.
Brandt. Darren. 2001. Temperature Preferences and Tolerances for 137 Common
Idaho Macroinverlebrale Taxa. Idaho Department of Environmental Quality.
Coeur d'Alene. II).
Description: Thermal opt una and tolerance data for were obtainedfrom Idaho DEQ.
Data were derived horn Idaho DEQ bioassessmentprogram samples collectedfrom
water bodies i/iroiighoiii Idaho. Included in this report is a list of cold water obligate
taxa, which are based on Idaho's water quality criterium for cold water taxa (which is
not to exceed a daily average stream temperature of 19°C).
Herbst, D. and E.L. Silldorff. 2007. Development and Evaluation of Tolerance
Values for Lahontan Region Invertebrates- Preliminary Analysis Summary

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Description: Thermal optima data for 99 taxa were provided by David Herbst and Erik
Silldorff of the Sierra Nevada Aquatic Research Laboratory - University of California
(see pages 9-11 of report). Data were derivedfrom summer sampling events in the
eastern Sierrra Nevadas. Taxa were designated as 'thermal sensitive' if the optima
values were < 13°C and 'thermal tolerant' if the optima values were > 17°C.
•	Huff, D.D., S.L. Hubler, Y. Pan and D.L. Drake. Detecting Shifts in
Macroinvertebrate Community Requirements: Implicating Causes of Impairment
in Streams. 2008. DEQ06-LAB-0068-TU. Oregon Department of Environmental
Quality, Watershed Assessment, and Portland State I niversity, Portland, OR.
Description: Thermal optima and tolerance data Jor 234 taxa w ere provided by Shannon
Hubler of Oregon DEQ. These dam were derived from Oregon DEQ data from a wide
range of wadeable stream types and span all <>J ihe ma/or ecoregions in Oregon.
•	Yuan, Lester. 2006. Kslimation and Application of Macroinvertebrate Tolerance
Values. Report No. KPA/600/P-04/II6I-". National Center for Environmental
Assessment. Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. W ashington. D.C.
Description: Thermal optima values from Table C-l in Appendix C of this report were
entered into ihe database. Ihese data w ere derivedfrom EMAP-West samples that were
collected in 2000-2001.
•	U.S. EPA 1970's series on environmental requirements and pollution tolerance of
aquatic macroinvertebrates
Description: Trait information for this series was compiled from general literature
searches (it does not include exhaustive surveys of the literature, only major sources).
Data are grouped into broad categories such as general habitat, specific habitat,
12

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turbidity, current, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, seasonal distribution, timing of
emergence, and geographical distribution (by EPA region). Each page has a species
profile that summarizes the range of environmental conditions under which the species
has been found (values and ranges reflect the experimental and observational bias of
each study), along with the sources from which the information was gathered. These
publications were intended to provide a baseline to which further information could be
added as further research was conducted and more information became available. Some
might consider the information in these publications to he outdated. However, there have
been very few comprehensive efforts to gather this injormaiion (especially that compile
and publish it in one place and in a consistent format) and the comprehensive
bibliographies and documentation arc wry valuable. Electronic copies of this
publication are not available and hanl copies are difficult and expensive 10 obtain. To
obtain lists of citations for the primary hieraiiire linn were reviewed jor these
publications, you will need to reference the hard copies. This series is comprised of 4
publications:
o Beck. W.M. Jr. 1977. Environment;!! Requirements and Pollution Tolerance
of Common l-'rcshwaler Chironomidae. Report EPA-600/4-77-024. U.S. EPA,
W ashington. D.C. 260 p.
Description: Injormaiion on 216 Chironomidae taxawere taken from this
publication am! inc/mleil in the online database.
o Harris. T.l... and T.M. Lawrence. 1978. Environmental Requirements and
Pollution Tolerance of Trichoptera. Report No. EPA-600/4-78-063. U.S. EPA,
Washington, D.C. 316 p.
Description: Information on 240 Trichoptera taxa were taken from this
publication and included in the online database.
13

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o Hubbard, M.D., and W.L. Peters. 1978. Environmental Requirements and
Pollution Tolerance of Ephemeroptera. Report No. EPA-600/4-78-061. U.S.
EPA, Washington, D.C. 468 p.
Description: Information on 396 Ephemeroptera taxa were taken from this
publication and included in the online database.
o Surdick, R.F., and A.R. Gaufin. 1978. Knvironmeiital Requirements and
Pollution Tolerance of Plecoptera. Ueporl No. KPA-600/4-78-062. U.S. EPA,
Washington, D.C. 423 p.
Description: Information on 3(>2 I'/eco/'iera taxa were taken from this publication
and included in the online database.
4. Recommendations
Further improvements lo the chiliihase arc encouraged and can be made in phases. These include
adding fish and periphyton data, along with more functionality (i.e. new queries, automated
import function. interacti\ e map) The automated import function in particular is important
because in order for this database to reach its full potential, researchers will need to actively
contribute to it We also recommend further exploring possibilities for collaborating with other
organizations on the Freshwater liiological Traits Database. USGS has expressed an interest in
partnering on the project, and opportunities may also exist with European researchers who are
involved with the online Taxa and Autecology Database for Freshwater Organisms
(http://www.freshwaterecology.info/).
14

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5. Literature Cited
Beck, W.M. Jr. 1977. Environmental Requirements and Pollution Tolerance of Common
Freshwater Chironomidae. Report EPA-600/4-77-024. U.S. EPA, Washington, D.C. 260 p.
Brandt, Darren. 2001. Temperature Preferences and Tolerances for 137 Common Idaho
Macroinvertebrate Taxa. Idaho Department of Environmental Quality. Coeur d'Alene, ID.
Doledec, S., B. Statzner and V. Frainay. 1998. Accurate description of functional community
structure: identifying stream invertebrates to species-level ° Bulletin of the North American
Benthological Society 15: 154-155.
Doledec, S., J.M Olivier and B. Statzner. 2000. Accurate description of the abundance of taxa
andtheir biological traits in stream invertebrate communities— effects of taxonomic and spatial
resolution:Archiv fur Hydrobiologie 148: 25 43
Euro-limpacs Consortium: Freshwaterecology.inlb - The Taxa and Autecology Database for
Freshwater Organisms. Available from www.freslmatcrecology.info (Version 3 2 - 08/2008)
Gayraud, S., B. Statzner, P. Bady, A I laybach. I' Scholl. P I sseglio-Polatera andM. Bacchi.
2003. Invertebrate traits for the biomonitori ng of large European rivers: an initial assessment of
alternative metrics. Freshwater Biology 4S 2<>45 2<)M
Harris, T.L., and T.M I .aw icnce I l^7S. En\ ironmental Requirements and Pollution Tolerance of
Trichoptera. Report \o. l-PA-wio 4-7S-063. I S l-PA, Washington, D.C. 316 p.
Herbst, D and I- I. SilklorlV 2<)()7 I )e\ elopment and Evaluation of Tolerance Values for
Lahontan Region ln\ei tebrates- Preliminary Analysis Summary. Sierra Nevada Aquatic
Research I .ahoratory I ni\ersity of California. II p.
Hubbard. M I). and W.I. Peters N7K I jivironmental Requirements and Pollution Tolerance of
Ephemeroptera Report No I'PA-Mio 4-7S-I)61. U.S. EPA, Washington, D.C. 468 p.
Huff, D.D., S I. I lubler, Y. Pan and D.L. Drake. Detecting Shifts in Macroinvertebrate
Community Requirements Implicating Causes of Impairment in Streams. 2008. DEQ06-LAB-
0068-TR. Oregon Department of I jivironmental Quality, Watershed Assessment, and Portland
State University, Portland. OR
Moulton, S.R., II, J.L. Carter, S.A. Grotheer, T.F. Cuffney and T.M. Short. 2000. Methods
foranalysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory—Processing,
taxonomy,and quality control of benthic macroinvertebrate samples: U.S. Geological Survey
Open-File ReportOO-212, 49 p.
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Poff, N.L., J.D. Olden, N.K.M. Vieira, D.S. Finn, M.P. Simmons, and B.C. Kondratieff. 2006.
Functional trait niches of North American lotic insects: traits-based ecological applications in
light of phylogenetic relationships. Journal of the North American Benthological Society
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