EPA/600/R-18/215 | September 2018
www.epa.gov/homelarid-security-research
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
&EPA
Decontamination of Materials
Contaminated with Spores of
Bacillus	anthracisAmes and Vollum
Strains Using Low Concentrations
of Hydrogen Peroxide Vapor
Office of Research and Development
Homeland Security Research Program

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EPA/600/R-18/215
September 2018
REPORT
Decontamination of Materials
Contaminated with Spores of
Bacillus anthracis Ames and
Vollum Strains Using Low
Concentrations of Hydrogen
Peroxide Vapor
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711

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Disclaimer
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), through its Office of Research and
Development's (ORD's) National Homeland Security Research Center (NHSRC), funded,
directed and managed this work through Contract Number EP-C-15-002, Task Order 0017, with
Battelle. This report has been peer and administratively reviewed and has been approved for
publication as an EPA document. The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and
do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Agency. Mention of trade names or
commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use of a specific
product.
Questions concerning this document or its application should be addressed to:
Mr. Joseph Wood
National Homeland Security Research Center
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Mail Code E343-06
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
919-541-5029
l

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Acknowledgments
Contributions of the following individuals and organization to this report are gratefully
acknowledged:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Project Team
Joseph Wood (Principal Investigator)
Anne Mikelonis
Leroy Mickelsen
US EPA Technical Reviewers of Report
Lukas Oudejans
Doris Betancourt
US EPA Quality Assurance
Eletha Brady-Roberts
Battelle
William Richter
Michelle Sunderman
Zach Willenberg
The National Caucus and Center on Black Aging, Inc.
Joan Bursey (Technical editing and Quality Assurance review)
11

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Executive Summary
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) Homeland Security Research Program
(HSRP) is helping protect human health and the environment from adverse impacts resulting
from the release of chemical, biological, or radiological agents. With an emphasis on
decontamination and consequence management, water infrastructure protection, and threat and
consequence assessment, the HSRP is working to develop technology and information that will
help detect the intentional introduction of chemical, biological, or radiological contaminants in
buildings or water systems; contain these contaminants; decontaminate buildings, water systems,
other infrastructure and the outdoor environment; and facilitate the treatment and disposal of
material resulting from restoration activities.
In the decontamination of buildings contaminated with Bacillus anthracis (Ba) spores using
fumigation techniques, it may be challenging to reach the desired gas concentration without
specialized equipment, modifications, or expertise. Thus, fumigating at relatively low levels may
allow for contractors to provide decontamination services with less specialized equipment. This
advantage may be critical to increasing the nation's decontamination capacity in the event of a
wide area release of Ba spores.
In this study, the decontamination efficacy of low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide vapor
(HPV) was evaluated on common building materials (glass, bare pine wood, carpet, painted
wallboard paper, unpainted concrete, and ceiling tile) contaminated with Ba spores. All testing
was conducted using both Ba Ames and Vollum strains concurrently to allow for direct
comparison of the two strains. Decontamination efficacy was quantified based on the logio
reduction (LR) in viable spores, calculated from difference in spores recovered from positive
controls and test materials.
Summary of Major Findings
Low concentrations (or levels) of HPV (e.g., 10-50 parts per million (ppm)) were effective in
decontaminating all materials tested in the study except for unpainted concrete. Moreover, the
glass, ceiling tile and painted wallboard paper materials were more amenable to decontamination
by low concentrations of HPV compared to unpainted concrete, carpet, and wood. Even with
using extended contact times (and hence higher dosages of HPV), the number of occurrences in
which unpainted concrete, carpet, and wood were successfully decontaminated (complete
inactivation of spore population or >6 log reduction) in the study was much less than the glass,
ceiling tile, and painted wallboard materials. Although there were still several instances in which
the carpet and wood materials were successfully decontaminated.
The results of the study may be summarized in terms of the minimum contact times needed to
achieve effective decontamination of each material, for each experimental condition; refer to
Tables ES-1 and ES-2. Contact times needed for effective decontamination generally decreased
with increased HPV concentration. For example, at the higher concentration of 222 ppm (Test 1),
only 15 minutes were required to decontaminate glass effectively; in contrast, at the 10-ppm
level, 4-12 hours were required for effective decontamination of glass, depending on the strain
and relative humidity (RH) level. With the Vollum strain of Ba on glass, ceiling tile, and painted
wallboard paper, successful decontamination occurred in 2-16 hours for the 10-50 ppm HPV
concentrations evaluated. In some experiments, however, effective decontamination may not
have occurred for a material.
in

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In terms of the HPV dosage requirements to achieve effective decontamination, again the results
varied by material. For example, no more than 100-200 ppm*hours were required for effective
decontamination in most of the tests for glass, painted wallboard, and ceiling tile. In some tests,
the wood and carpet materials were successfully decontaminated with doses as low as 120-200
ppm*hours. However, there were a few tests in which successful decontamination was not
achieved for wood and carpet when using the highest dose of 1200 ppm*hours.
While elevated RH has been shown to improve Ba spore inactivation with nearly all sporicidal
fumigants, some debate still exists whether elevated RH is needed for HPV decontamination.
From the statistical analysis of the study results, when assessed as a main effect, the RH level
appeared to be a non-significant factor. However, when comparing the effect of RH by strain,
significant differences were observed and varied by material type. As an example, for a given
HPV concentration and strain, we found that the number of occurrences of successful
decontamination always increased with increasing RH. In addition, the effect of increasing RH
appears to have had more of an impact on the Ames strain.
Lastly, the data generated from this evaluation suggest that the resistance to inactivation by HPV
is not significantly different for the two Ba strains that were used in the investigation.
iv

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Table ES-1. Minimum Time (Hours) Demonstrating Effective Decontamination for Ames
Strain

Test
1
Test
2
Test
3
Test
4
Test
5
Test
9
Test
6
Test
7
Test
8
Average HPV
PPm
222
9-10

25-26


44-50

average % RH
38
58
76
33
62
92
26
60
77

Time (hours)
Glass
0.25
12
8
8
4
6
6
1
2
PW* Paper
0.5
>20
8
>12
>12
2
>12
1
2
Ceiling Tile
2
12
8
>12
4
6
2
4
4
Pine Wood
3
12
>20
>24
>24
>48
>24
16
24
Carpet
0.25
>20
>20
>24
16
20
>24
20
8
Concrete
>3
>20
>20
>24
>24
>48
>24
>24
>24
*Painted wallboard.
A ">" denotes that effective decontamination was not achieved at any time point, with the longest contact time listed
Table ES-2. Minimum Time (Hours) Demonstrating Effective Decontamination for Vollum
Strain

Test
1
Test
2
Test
3
Test
4
Test
5
Test
9
Test
6
Test
7
Test
8
Average HPV
PPm
222
9-10

25-26


44-50

average % RH
38
58
76
33
62
92
26
60
77

Time (hours)
Glass
0.25
8
4
8
4
2
4
4
2
PW Paper
1
16
8
6
4
6
6
4
4
Ceiling Tile
1
8
8
8
6
6
2
4
4
Pine Wood
2
>20
>20
>24
>24
>48
24
16
24
Carpet
>3
>20
20
>24
24
20
24
20
12
Concrete
>3
>20
>20
>24
>24
>48
>24
>24
>24
A ">" denotes that effective decontamination was not achieved at any time point, with the longest contact time listed
V

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Contents
Acknowledgments	iii
Executive Summary	iii
1.0 Introduction	1
2.0 Procedures	2
2.1	Test Matrix	2
2.2	Biological Agents	3
2.3	Test Materials	3
2.4	Inoculation of Coupons	5
2.5	Test Chamber and Procedures	6
2.6	Coupon Extraction and Biological Agent Quantification	9
2.7	Decontamination Efficacy	10
2.8	Statistical Analysis	11
2.9	Surface Damage	11
3.0 Quality Assurance/Quality Control	12
3.1	Equipment Calibration	12
3.2	QC Results	12
3.3	Operational Parameters	13
3.4	Audits	14
3.5	QA/QC Reporting	15
3.6	Data Review	15
4.0 Summary of Results and Discussion	16
4.1	Comparing the Effect of Material and Strain on Decontamination Efficacy	27
4.2	Effect of HPV Dose on Efficacy 	30
4.3	Effects of Relative Humidity on Efficacy 	30
4.4	Surface Damage to Materials	31
4.5	Summary	31
5.0 References	33
vi

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Figures
Figure 2-1. Coupon Types	4
Figure 2-2. Liquid Inoculation of Coupon Using a Micropipette	5
Figure 2-3. Bubbler Method 	6
Figure 2-4. Generator Method, Configuration 1	7
Figure 2-5. Generator Method, Configuration 2	7
Figure 2-6. Generator Method, Configuration 3	8
Figure 2-7. Representative Graph of Temperature, RH, and Fumigant Stability (Test 7)	8
Tables
Table ES-1. Minimum Time (Hours) Demonstrating Effective Decontamination for Ames 	v
Table ES-2.	Minimum Time (Hours) Demonstrating Effective Decontamination for Vollum ... v
Table 2-1 Decontamination Test Matrix	2
Table 2-2. Test Materials	4
Table 3-1. Summary of Average Recovery (Percent) of Spores from Positive Controls 	143
Table 3-2. Actual Fumigant Conditions for Tests 	144
Table 3-3. Performance Evaluation Audits	14
Table 4-1.	Minimum Time (Hours) Demonstrating Effective Decontamination for Ames .... 27
Table 4-2.	Minimum Time (Hours) Demonstrating Effective Decontamination for Vollum . 17
Table 4-3. Summary of Efficacy Results for Test 1 (222 ppm)	18
Table 4-4. Summary of Efficacy Results at 10 ppm and Medium RH	19
Table 4-5. Summary of Efficacy Results at 10 ppm and High RH	20
Table 4-6. Summary of Efficacy Results at 25 ppm and Low RH	21
Table 4-7. Summary of Efficacy Results at 25 ppm and Medium RH	22
Table 4-8. Summary of Efficacy Results at 50 ppm and Low RH	23
Table 4-9. Summary of Efficacy Results at 50 ppm and Medium RH	24
Table 4-10. Summary of Efficacy Results at 50 ppm and High RH	25
Table 4-11. Summary of Efficacy Results at 25 ppm and High RH	26
Table 4-12. Number of Succesful Decontamination Instances for Ba Ames	27
Table 4-13. Number of Succcesful Decontamination Instances for Ba Vollum	28
Table 4-14. Significant Effects Based on Logistic Regression Model	29
Table 4-15. Minimum HPV Dose Required for Effective Decontamination	30
Table 4-16. Number of Succesful Decontaminations by RH	31
vii

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Table A-l.	Inactivation of B. anthracis Ames Spores using low level HPVa	1
Table A-2.	Inactivation of B. anthracis Ames Spores using low level HPVa (Continued)	2
Table A-3.	Inactivation of B. anthracis Ames Spores using low level HPVa (Continued)	3
Table A-4.	Inactivation of B. anthracis Ames Spores using low level HPVa (Continued)	4
Table A-5.	Inactivation of B. anthracis Ames Spores using low level HPVa (Continued)	5
Table A-6.	Inactivation of B. anthracis Ames Spores using low level HPVa (Continued)	6
Table A-7.	Inactivation of B. anthracis Ames Spores using low level HPVa (Continued)	7
Table A-8.	Inactivation of B. anthracis Ames Spores using low level HPVa (Continued)	8
Table A-9.	Inactivation of B. anthracis Ames Spores using low level HPVa (Continued)	9
Table A-10. Inactivation of B. anthracis Vollum Spores using low level HPVa (Continued)... 10
Table A-l 1. Inactivation of B. anthracis Vollum Spores using low level HPVa (Continued)... 11
Table A-12. Inactivation of B. anthracis Vollum Spores using low level HPVa (Continued)... 12
Table A-13. Inactivation of B. anthracis Vollum Spores using low level HPVa (Continued)... 13
Table A-14. Inactivation of B. anthracis Vollum Spores using low level HPVa (Continued)... 14
Table A-15. Inactivation of B. anthracis Vollum Spores using low level HPVa (Continued)... 15
Table A-16. Inactivation of B. anthracis Vollum Spores using low level HPVa (Continued)... 16
Table A-17. Inactivation of B. anthracis Vollum Spores using low level HPVa (Continued)... 17
Table A-18. Inactivation of B. anthracis Vollum Spores using low level HPVa (Continued)... 18
List of Appendices
Appendix A Detailed Test Results	A1
Appendix B Efficacy Results Figures	B1
Appendix C Details on HPV Dose Requirements for Effective Decontamination	CI
Appendix D Detailed Statistical Analysis	D1

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Abbreviations/Acronyms
ASTM	American Society of Testing and Materials
Ba	Bacillus anthracis Ames or Vollum
BBRC	Battelle Biomedical Research Center
BSC	biological safety cabinet
CFU	colony forming unit(s)
CI	confidence interval
cm	centimeter(s)
°C	degree(s) Celsius
DNA	Deoxyribonucleic Acid
DF	degrees of freedom
E-beam	electron beam
EPA	U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
H2O2	hydrogen peroxide
HPV	hydrogen peroxide vapor
h	Hour
HC1	Hydrochloric acid
HSRP	Homeland Security Research Program
HVAC	heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
kGy	kilogray(s)
LAL	Limulus Amebocyte Lysate
LR	Logio reduction
PE	performance evaluation
PW	painted wallboard
l_ig	microgram(s)
|xL	microliter(s)
mg	milligram(s)
mL	milliliter(s)
mil	thousandth of an inch
min	minute(s)
mm	millimeter(s)
l_im	micrometer(s)
L	liter
NA	not applicable
NHSRC	National Homeland Security Research Center
ORD	Office of Research and Development
PBS	phosphate buffered saline
PBST	PBS + 0.1% Triton X-100
PCR	polymerase chain reaction
ppm	part(s) per million
QA	quality assurance
ix

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QAPP
Quality Assurance Project Plan
QC
quality control
QMP
Quality Management Plan
RH
relative humidity
rpm
revolution(s) per minute
s
second(s)
SD
standard deviation
SE
standard error
SFW
sterile filtered water (cell-culture grade)
TSA
technical systems audit

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1.0 Introduction
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) Homeland Security Research Program
(HSRP) is helping protect human health and the environment from adverse impacts resulting
from the release of chemical, biological, or radiological agents. With an emphasis on
decontamination and consequence management, water infrastructure protection, and threat and
consequence assessment, the HSRP is working to develop technology and information that will
help detect and contain these contaminants; decontaminate buildings, water systems, or other
infrastructure and outdoor environments; and facilitate the disposal of material resulting from
said restoration activities.
In the decontamination of buildings contaminated with Bacillus anthracis (Ba) spores using
fumigation techniques, it may be challenging to reach the desired gas concentration, temperature,
or relative humidity (RH) targets without special equipment, modifications, and/or expertise.
Thus, fumigating at or near ambient temperatures and RH levels, and the use of lower fumigant
concentrations (or levels), may allow for less experienced personnel to provide decontamination
services and with less specialized equipment. This advantage may be critical in increasing
decontamination capacity in the event of a large release of Ba spores.
In this investigation, the decontamination efficacy of hydrogen peroxide vapor (HPV) was
evaluated using common building materials: glass, bare pine wood, carpet, painted wallboard
paper, unpainted concrete, and ceiling tile. While the first experiment in the study was conducted
at a more typical HPV concentration (250 parts per million [ppm]) to allow for some comparison
to previous literature (Rogers et al. 2005; Rastogi et al. 2009; US EPA 2010; US EPA 2011), the
remainder of the nine experiments utilized relatively low concentrations of HPV (10-50 ppm).
The present study builds on previous research (Wood et al. 2016) that initially demonstrated low
concentrations of HPV were effective for Ba spore inactivation, with the present study focusing
on the additional experimental elements described below.
Testing was conducted with spores of Ba, using both Ames and Vollum strains. All testing was
conducted with both strains concurrently (inoculated separately on coupon materials, however)
to allow for direct comparison. While there is a large body of research and data for the
decontamination of materials contaminated with the Ames strain, few efficacy data are available
for the Vollum strain. One of the objectives of this study was to fill that data gap and assess the
importance of strain variation.
In addition to HPV concentration, building material type, and Ba spore strain, other test variables
that were examined as part of this study included contact time and RH. Each experiment
consisted of exposing inoculated coupons to a constant HPV concentration, with coupons
withdrawn from the test chamber at five pre-determined time points. Having five contact times in
each experiment allowed for determining the minimum contact time needed for effective
decontamination for a given HPV concentration and RH level. In addition, as testing proceeded,
it became clear that the glass, painted wallboard, and ceiling tile materials were being effectively
decontaminated at shorter contact times compared to the unpainted concrete, wood, and carpet
materials. Because of this difference, beginning with the fourth experiment, we segregated these
materials into two groups, with each group having its own set of five contact times.
Further, while elevated RH has been shown to improve Ba spore inactivation with nearly all
sporicidal fumigants, some debate still exists whether elevated RH is needed for HPV
1

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decontamination. Thus, another objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different RH
levels on HPV decontamination efficacy.
Decontamination efficacy was determined based on the logio reduction (LR) in viable spores
recovered from the inoculated samples, with and without exposure to HPV. A decontaminant or
fumigant technology is effective via AO AC 966.04 if a 6 LR or greater is achieved on the
materials tested for a given set of fumigation conditions (fumigant concentration, temperature,
contact time, and RH(US EPA, 2010).
2.0	Procedures
This section provides an overview of the procedures used for the bench-scale evaluation of low
concentration HPV to inactivate Ba Ames and Vollum on six material types.
2.1	Test Matrix
The test matrix for the decontamination tests is shown in Table 2-1. Each test was performed
using six material types inoculated with Ba Ames and another set of the same six material types
inoculated with Ba Vollum. Testing was conducted at ambient temperature and low (26-38%)
medium (59-62%), or high (76-92%) average RH levels. Note in each the first three tests, all
materials shared the same contact times. After that, the materials that were harder to
decontaminate (wood, carpet, unpainted concrete) were exposed to longer contact times.
(Specifically, one of the aims was to see if we could achieve effective decontamination for
unpainted concrete by extending the contact time.) Lastly, various equipment was used to
generate the HPV; this is further discussed in Section 2.5.
The first test was meant to be conducted at a vendor's EPA antimicrobial label requirements for
use as a sterilant for both porous and nonporous materials (US EPA, 2012), to tie back to
previous testing. Following Test 1, all tests thereafter used a target HPV concentration of either
10, 25, or 50 ppm, paired with different RH levels.
Table 2-1 Decontamination Test Matrix
Test
Number
Equipment
Target
HPV
Level
(ppm)
Temp
(°C)
RH
Easy1 Material ,,2.. , . .
„ ' , Difficult2 Material
Contact Times „ , , ...
,, , Contact Times (h)
(h)
1
Generator
250
23
Low

0.25,0.50,1,2,3
2
Bubbler
10
23
Medium

4, 8, 12, 16, 20
3
Bubbler
10
23
High

4, 8, 12, 16, 20
4
Generator
25
23
Low
2,4,6,8,12
8,12,16,20,24
5
Generator
25
23
Medium
2,4,6,8,12
8,12,16,20,24
6
Generator
50
23
Low
2,4,6,8,12
8,12,16,20,24
7
Generator
50
23
Medium
1,2,4,5,6
8,12,16,20,24
8
Generator
50
23
High
1,2,4,5,6
8,12,16,20,24
9
Bubbler
25
23
High
1,2,6,8,12
8,12,20,24, 48
Materials
Glass,
Painted
Wallboard
Paper,
Ceiling
Tile, Pine
Wood,
Carpet,
Unpainted
Concrete
1	Glass, Painted Wallboard Paper and Ceiling Tile
2	Pine Wood, Carpet, Unpainted Concrete
2

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2.2	Biological Agents
The virulent Ba Ames (Ames-Lot B21) and Vollum (Vollum-Lot BAV-1) spores used for this
testing were prepared from qualified stocks at the Battelle Biomedical Research Center (BBRC,,
West Jefferson, OH) using a BioFlo 3000 fermenter (New Brunswick Scientific Co., Inc.,
Edison, NJ). The spore lot was subjected to a stringent characterization and qualification process
required by the Battelle standard operating procedure for spore production. Specifically, the
spore lots were characterized prior to use by observation of colony morphology, direct
microscopic observation of spore morphology, and size and determination of percent refractivity
and percent encapsulation. In addition, the number of viable spores was determined by colony
count and expressed as colony forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL). Theoretically, once plated
onto bacterial growth media, each viable spore germinates and can yield one CFU. Variations in
the expected colony phenotypes were recorded. Endotoxin concentration of each spore
preparation was determined by the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) assay to assess whether
contamination from gram-negative bacteria occurred during the propagation and purification
process of the spores. Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted from the spores and
DNA fingerprinting by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was done to confirm the genotype. This
work was confirmed by an independent third party. The virulence of the original spore lot was
measured by challenging guinea pigs intradermally with a dilution series of spore suspensions,
and virulence was expressed as the intradermal median lethal dose. In addition, testing of the
original spore lot was conducted for robustness of the Ames strain spores via hydrochloric acid
(HC1) resistance.
The Ba Ames and Vollum stock spore suspensions were prepared in sterile filtered water (SFW)
at an approximate concentration of 1 x io9 CFU/mL and stored at 2 to 8 degrees Celsius (°C).
This suspension medium was chosen to be consistent with previous work conducted with the
U.S. EPA.
2.3	Test Materials
Decontamination testing was conducted using common building materials (glass, bare pine
wood, carpet, painted wallboard paper, unpainted concrete, and ceiling tile). Information on
these materials is presented in Table 2-2, and a picture of each is presented in Figure 2-1.
Material coupons were cut to uniform length and width (Table 2-2) from larger pieces of stock
material. Materials were prepared for testing by either sterilization via electron beam (E-beam)
irradiation at -200 kilograys (kGy; E-beam Services Inc., Lebanon, OH) or autoclaved at 121 °C
for 15 minutes (min). E-beam-irradiated material coupons were sealed in 6 mil (0.006 inch)
Uline Poly Tubing (Cat. No. S-2940, Uline, Chicago, IL), and autoclaved coupons were sealed in
sterilization pouches (Cat. No. 01-812-50, Fisher, Pittsburgh, PA) to preserve sterility until the
coupons were ready for use. Sterilization was intended to eliminate contamination by
endogenous microorganisms.
3

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Figure 2-1. Coupon Types from Left to Right: Glass, Painted Wallboard Paper, Ceiling
Tile, Bare Pine Wood, Unpainted Concrete, and Carpet
Table 2-2. Test Materials
Material
Lot, Batch, or ASTM No., or
Observation
Manufacturer/
Supplier Name
Location
Approximate Coupon Size,
Width x Length x Thickness
Sterilization
Technique
Glass
C1036
Brooks Bro tliers,
Columbus, OH
1.9 centimeters (cm) x 7.6 cm x
0.2 cm
Autoclave
Bare Pine
Wood
Generic Molding
Commercial
lumber retailer
1.9 cm x 3.8 cmx 0.2 cm
E-Beam
Carpet
Shaw Swizzle EcoWorx, Style:
10401 Color: Jacks
Shaw Industries,
Dalton, GA
1.9 cm x 3.8 cmx 0.2 cm
E-Beam
Painted
Wallboard
Paper
Roller painted on one side
using Martin Senour Paints.
One primer (#71-1185) and two
finish (flat. #70-1001) coats
United States
Gypsum
Company,
Chicago, IL
1.9 cm x 3.8 cm x 0.2 cm
E-Beam
Unpainted
Concrete
ASTM C 90 cinder block
Wellnitz
Columbus, OH
1.9 cm x 7.6 cm x 0.2 cm
E-Beam
Ceiling
Tile
Armstrong!® B513, classic fine
textured
Armstrong,
Columbus, OH
1.9 cm x 3.8 cm x 0.2 cm
E-Beam
4

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2.4 Inoculation of Coupons
Test (exposed to HPV) and positive control (not exposed to HPV) coupons were placed on a flat
surface within a Class II biological safety cabinet (BSC) and inoculated with approximately 1 x
108 CFU of viable Ba Ames or Vollum spores per coupon. A 100 microliter (uL) aliquot of a
stock suspension of approximately 1 >< 109 CFU/mL was dispensed using a micropipette applied
as 10 |iL droplets across the coupon surface (see Figure 2-2). This approach provided a more
uniform distribution of spores across the coupon surface than would be obtained through a single
drop of the suspension.
Figure 2-2. Liquid Inoculation of Coupon Using a Micropipette
Although application of the inoculum onto each material was uniform, the behavior of the
inoculum droplets was not. Droplets beaded on the surface of the glass (nonporous material)
while they soaked into the other porous materials after producing a liquid bead for a short period
of time. The difference in the behavior of the inoculum droplets on each material could lead to a
variance in microorganism distribution across coupons; however, this effect was not studied in
this evaluation. After inoculation, the coupons were transferred to a Class III BSC and left
undisturbed overnight to dry under ambient conditions, approximately 22 °C and 40% KM.
The number and type of replicate test coupons and positive controls used for each experiment,
for each material and Ba strain is as follows:
•	Three test coupons per material, timepoint, and strain
•	Five positive controls for each material and strain (inoculated with Ba but not exposed to
I-IPV)
•	One laboratory blank (not inoculated and not exposed to HPV) for each material
•	One procedural blank (not inoculated and exposed to I-IPV) for each material.
On the day following inoculation, coupons intended for decontamination (including blanks) were
transferred into the test chamber and exposed to the HPV using the apparatus and application
conditions specified in Section 2.5. Control coupons remained in the BSC III chamber where
they were dried and collected for processing after the last contact time.
5

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2.5 Test Chamber and Procedures
Decontamination testing was conducted inside a 498 liter (L) custom acrylic compact glove box
(Plaslabs, Lansing, MI). The test chamber was outfitted with three low-speed mixing fans and
two patch panels on the walls to allow for the required plumbing and electrical connections. All
testing was conducted at ambient laboratory temperatures and was not controlled. Fixed
humidity point salts or Drierite® were utilized to adjust RH prior to the initiation of an
experiment. Temperature and RH inside the test chamber were measured using an MX1101
temperature and humidity data logger (Onset, Bourne, MA) and data were recorded every minute
for the duration of the experiment. HPV concentration was measured using an ATI B12 2-wire
gas transmitter (Analytical Technology, Inc., Collegeville, PA) and was connected to a CNI-822
process controller (Omega Engineering, Norwalk, CT) which allowed for automatic control of
concentration within the test chamber, and data were recorded every minute during the
experiment using the associated iLOG software. The test chamber was hard-ducted to the facility
exhaust system, but during each test, valves on both the
exhaust and supply were closed to create a sealed
enclosure. Once the final contact time had concluded, the
exhaust and supply valves were opened to allow for any
residual fumigant to be removed.
Generation of the HPV fumigant was achieved using
either a bubbler method or with the use of a commercial
generator, depending on the target concentration. A stock
solution of 35% aqueous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) Cat #
HPV-AQ was used as the starting material for both
methods (Bioquell, Horsham, PA). Figure 2-3 illustrates
the bubbler method, which used a fritted impinger
connected to a small air circulating pump. Test chamber
air was circulated through the pump and supplied to the
impinger which created bubbles when immersed into a 1
L bottle containing the H2O2 stock solution. This pump Figure 2-3. Bubbler Method
was controlled by the Omega CNI-822 using the ATI B12
ppm data. This method was used for fumigant concentrations up to 25 ppm. Higher
concentrations were attempted using this method but resulted in excessive humidity and
condensation on chamber walls, skewing the concentration data.
Test Chamber
Bubbler
~
Pump
6

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The commercial generator method utilized a STERIS 1000ED HPV generator (STERIS Corp.,
Mentor, OH). These types of commercial generators typically target much higher concentrations
(e.g., 200-400 ppm) and use higher flow rates, resulting in the need for three separate
configurations of the generator, test chamber, and a third class III BSC chamber, which were
used to achieve lower targeted concentrations. These are discussed as follows. Figure 2-4 shows
the generator configured in a daisy chain approach that allowed for increased chamber volume to
be able to target concentrations at or above 200 ppm.
Test Chamber
Class III BSC
Figure 2-4. Generator Method, Configuration 1
Figure 2-5 shows the commercial generator, configuration 2, in which the generator was
connected primarily to the class III BSC. A higher-than-target ppm was generated in this
chamber. The test chamber used the Omega controller to turn the pump placed inside this BSC
III on and off to draw HPV vapor from the primary BSC III chamber to the test chamber. This
method allowed for concentrations ranging from 1 to 200 ppm and was used during testing for 25
and 50 ppm concentrations.
Test Chamber
Figure 2-5. Generator Method, Configuration 2
A representative graph of the test chamber conditions (Test 7) data collection can be seen in
Figure 2-6. The generator we used continually dries and catalytically breaks down the HPV
atmosphere returning to the generator. This can be seen in the figure by the drying effect from
approximately 79% RH down to the mid 50% range. Later in the run, as the desiccant within the
7

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generator began to be saturated, the RH began to rise again. Test runs lasting longer than 24
hours were therefore run in a third configuration shown in Figure 2-7. In this approach, the HPV
was supplied to the class III BSC but then it was exhausted through the facility heating,
ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system. This approach allowed for laboratory air to be
supplied to the STERIS generator so that the desiccant was not challenged by the high RH
conditions.
The method for achieving the target RH varied by HPV generation method. As stated previously,
the commercial generator continuously dried the returning atmosphere from the test chamber to
avoid high humidity levels (which would potentially result in condensation on chamber walls).
Test runs that utilized the commercial generator resulting in high RH levels required the use of
saturated salts during the run to re-humidify the test chamber. The bubbler method increased RH
whenever the pump was active. Tests using this method with low RH target levels utilized
Drierite to pre-dehumidify the test chamber prior to initiation of testing. This pre-
dehumidification step is also a standard procedure used by commercial generators. Tests were
limited with this method in general to approximately 24 hours (h) before condensation would
begin to form on the chamber walls. Once the condensation began to form, HPV concentrations
decreased and caused the pump to run continuously.
Test 7 Parameters
90.00
80.00
70.00
60.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
•Temp °C
4HM
MNMHPfr
H202
-------

Class III BSC
Test Chamber


[Pum^

p C



Figure 2-7. Generator Method, Configuration 3
2.6 Coupon Extraction and Biological Agent Quantification
Spore extraction from coupons was achieved by placing test, positive control, and blank coupons
in 50 mL polypropylene conical tubes containing 10 mL of sterile phosphate buffered saline plus
0.1% Triton X-100 (PBST). The vials were capped, placed on their side and agitated on an
orbital shaker for 15 min at approximately 200 revolutions per minute (rpm) at room
temperature.
The number of residual viable spores was determined using a dilution plating approach.
Following extraction, the extract was removed, and a series of tenfold dilutions was prepared in
SFW. An aliquot (0.1 mL) of either the undiluted extract and/or each serial dilution was plated
onto tryptic soy agar (TSA) in triplicate and incubated for 18 to 24 hours at 37 ± 2 °C. Colonies
were counted manually, and CFU/mL was determined by multiplying the average number of
colonies per plate by the reciprocal of the dilution, for plates ranging between 25-250 CFU for
diluted samples and 0-250 CFU for undiluted samples. Dilution data representing the greatest
number of individually definable colonies were expressed as arithmetic mean ± standard
deviation (SD) of the numbers of CFU observed. Laboratory blanks controlled for sterility and
procedural blanks controlled for viable spores inadvertently introduced to test coupons. The
target acceptance criterion for extracts of laboratory or procedural blanks was zero CFU.
After each decontamination test, the test and control chambers were thoroughly cleaned (using
separate steps involving bleach, ethanol, water, then drying).
9
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2.7 Decontamination Efficacy
The mean percent spore recovery from each coupon was calculated using results from positive
control coupons (inoculated, not decontaminated), by means of the following equation:
Mean % Recovery = [Mean CFUpc/CFUspike] x 100	(1)
where Mean CFUpc is the mean number of CFU recovered from five replicate positive control
coupons of a single material, and CFUspike is the number of CFU spiked onto each of those
coupons. The value of CFUspike was known from enumeration of the stock spore suspension. One
aliquot of the stock suspension was plated and enumerated on each day of testing to confirm
CFUsPike concentration. Spore recovery was calculated for Ba Ames or Vollum on each coupon,
and the results are included in Section 4 and Appendix A.
The performance or efficacy of the fumigant was assessed by determining the number of CFU
remaining on each test coupon after decontamination. Those numbers were compared to the
number of CFU extracted from the positive control coupons.
The number of viable spores of Ba Ames or Vollum in extracts of test and positive control
coupons was determined to calculate efficacy of the decontaminant. Efficacy (in terms of LR) is
defined as the extent to which viable spores extracted from test coupons after decontamination
were less numerous than the viable spores extracted from positive control coupons. The
logarithm of the CFU abundance from each coupon extract was determined, and the mean of
those logarithm values was then determined for each set of control and associated test coupons,
respectively. Efficacy of a decontaminant for a test organism/test condition on the z'th coupon
material was calculated as the difference between those mean log values, i.e.:
Efficacy (LR) = (log10 CFUctj) - (log10 CFUttj)	(2)
where logio CFUcy refers to the j individual logarithm values obtained from the positive control
coupons and logio CFUtij refers to the j individual logarithm values obtained from the individual
corresponding test coupons, and the overbar designates a mean value. In tests conducted under
this plan, there were five positive controls (i.e.,7 = 5) and three corresponding test coupons for
each coupon material. A decontaminant or fumigant technology is considered effective via
AOAC 966.04 if a 6 LR or greater is achieved (US EPA 2016).
In the case where no viable spores were found in the extracts of any of the three test coupon
replicates after decontamination, a CFU abundance of 1 was assigned, resulting in a logio CFU
of 0 for that material. This situation occurred when the decontaminant was highly effective, and
no viable spores were found on the decontaminated test coupons. In such cases, the final efficacy
on that material was reported as greater than or equal to (>) the value calculated by Equation 2.
The variances (i.e., the square of the SD) of the logio CFUcy and logio CFUtij values were also
calculated for both the control and test coupons (i.e., S2c,, and 5%), and were used to calculate
the pooled standard error (SE) for the efficacy value calculated in Equation 2, as follows:
SE =	(3)
where the number 5 again represents the number j of coupons in the control and 3 in the test data
sets. Each efficacy result is reported as an LR value with an associated 95% confidence interval
(CI), calculated as follows:
10
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95 % CI = Efficacy (LR) ± (1.96 x SE)
(4)
In some cases, the significance of differences in efficacy across different test conditions and Ba
strain was assessed based on the 95% CI of each efficacy result. Differences in efficacy were
judged to be significant if the 95% CIs of the two efficacy results did not overlap. This
comparison is not applicable when the two efficacy results being compared are both reported
with LRs as > some value (complete inactivation).
2.8	Statistical Analysis
A binary response based on LR in spores was the primary endpoint. For this endpoint, a trial was
recorded as a success if either: 1) the LR was greater than or equal to 6, or 2) the logio recovery
was equal to or less than the average control recovery (complete inactivation). The proportion of
tests that were successful and the 95 percent Clopper-Pearson confidence intervals (Clopper and
Pearson, 1934) were computed by strain (Ames or Vollum), material, contact time, RH, and
HPV concentration.
A logistic regression model was fitted to the full data set to test whether the proportions of
successes were significantly associated with any effects included in the model. The logistic
regression model included main effects for strain (Ames or Vollum), material, dose (defined as
contact time times HPV concentration, i.e., ppm*hours), and RH; the model also included all
two-factor interactions and the three-factor interaction for dose, strain, and material. An implicit
assumption in the analysis was that the effect of dose is the same for any concentration and time
used to achieve it.
For comparisons, results may be presented in terms of an odds ratio. The "odds ratio" is defined
as the ratio of probability of successful decontamination (> 6 LR or complete kill) to the
probability of unsuccessful decontamination. When the odds ratio is greater than one, a higher
odds ratio implies greater odds of successful decontamination for the level 1 of the factor
compared to level 2. For odds ratios less than one, there are greater odds of successful
decontamination for level 2 of the factor compared to level 1. An odds ratio equal to one
indicates the odds of successful decontamination are approximately the same for both levels of
the factor. All statistical analyses were performed using SAS (version 9.4; Cary, NC). All results
are reported at the 0.05 level of significance. Further details on the statistical analysis methods
and results are found in Appendix D.
2.9	Surface Damage
The physical effect of the HPV on the materials was qualitatively monitored during the
evaluation. This approach provided a visual assessment of whether the test condition changed the
appearance of the test materials compared to positive controls. The procedural blank was visually
compared to a laboratory blank coupon when testing was completed.
11
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3.0 Quality Assurance/Quality Control
Quality assurance (QA)/quality control (QC) procedures were performed in accordance with the
Testing and Evaluation (T&E II) Program Quality Management Plan (QMP), Version 1 and the
T014 quality assurance project plan. The QA/QC procedures and results are summarized below.
3.1	Equipment Calibration
All equipment (e.g., pipettes, incubators, biological safety cabinets) and monitoring devices (e.g.,
Vaisala thermometer/hygrometer and ATI HPV sensor) used at the time of the evaluation were
verified as being certified, calibrated, or validated.
3.2	QC Results
QC efforts conducted during decontaminant testing included positive control samples, procedural
blanks, laboratory blanks, and inoculation control samples.
All positive control results were within the target recovery range of 5 to 120% of the inoculated
CFU amount for the Ba Ames strain. The Ba Vollum strain exhibited relatively lower recovery
for most materials, for most of the tests (75% of Vollum positive control recoveries were < 5%
of the inoculated level), with recoveries ranging from 3.4 to 13% on glass, 4.3 to 47.4% on
painted wallboard paper, 0.1 to 1.5% on ceiling tile, 0.5 to 5.3% on pine wood, 0.7 to 13.4% on
industrial carpet, and 0.8 to 10.5% on unpainted concrete. The positive control recovery results
are summarized in Table 3-1.
While occasional low recoveries of bacterial spores from porous surfaces is not uncommon, the
generally high percentage of low recoveries for Vollum was a new trend not seen before with the
Ames strain. (Further research may be warranted to help explain this phenomenon.) Testing
proceeded in these cases, with the implication that depending on the recovery, complete
decontamination of a material may have occurred without achieving > 6 LR. Finally, all
procedural and laboratory blanks met the criterion of no observed CFU for both strains.
12
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Table 3-1. Summary of Average Recovery (Percent) of Spores from Positive Controls
Average ± SD Ames % Recovery

Test 1
Test 2
Test 3
Test 4
Test 5
Test 6
Test 7
Test 8
Test 9
Glass
38±13
37±1
59±7
57±9
47±8
36±7
55±5
15±7
42±7
PW Paper
84±4
83±7
79±9
72±25
63±12
63±8
66±13
41±16
64±9
Ceiling Tile
43±11
30±12
31±4
38±7
37±6
26±6
40±5
25±12
14±2
Wood
28±10
27±9
18±12
22±11
23±11
10±2
24±12
15±4
21±21
Carpet
79±30
89±8
92±8
73±9
87±3
75±5
69±7
50±7
92±9
Concrete
15±9
100±27
39±25
19±24
14±4
12±8
25±14
11±4
27±15
Average ± SD Vollum % Recovery

Test 1
Test 2
Test 3
Test 4
Test 5
Test 6
Test 7
Test 8
Test 9
Glass
13±5
6±3
8±2
4±1
4±2
3±0.1
9±1
9±3
6±3
PW Paper
47±61
17±26
5±0.3
6±1
4±0.5
5±1
6±1
6±2
7±1
Ceiling Tile
2±2
0.3±0.1
0.1±0.0
0.7±0.4
0.4±0.2
0.4±0.3
0.3±0
0.4±0.1
0.9±1
Wood
5±2
2±1
0.5±0.1
4±2
4±3
4±0.4
1±1
5±1
3±2
Carpet
13±1
6±0
8±1
4±1
0.9±1.0
4±1
5±2
10±2
5±1
Concrete
2±3
0.8±1
10±5
2±1
0.01±0
1±0.8
2±2
3±3
6±4
Inoculation control samples were taken from the spore suspension on the day of testing and
serially diluted, plated, and counted to establish the spore density used to inoculate the samples.
The spore density levels met the QA target criterion of 1 x io9 CFU/mL (±1 log) for all tests.
3.3 Operational Parameters
The temperature, RH, and HPV concentration during each test were monitored as described in
Section 2.0. For some tests, the RH was passively controlled by using Drierite or saturated salt
solutions as described in Section 2.5. This method allowed for consistent targeted starting
conditions for RH but ultimately the RH varied somewhat during a test due to the dynamic
nature of constantly adding moisture to the system through use of 35% HPV or the continuous
drying effect of the generator. Readings were taken once every minute for the duration of the
contact time. The actual fumigation parameters for each test are shown in Table 3-2 and reported
as the average value ± SD. Due to commercial equipment issues in Tests 1 and 8, the HPV
concentrations temporarily dropped below the target range. Test 1 had a target concentration of
250 ppm but average actual measurement was 222 ppm due to a low flow alarm which caused
the equipment to cease operation mid-testing. Upon finding this error, the system was reset and
the run continued. Test 8 again used the commercial generator, but targeted high RH conditions.
The target concentration was 50 ppm but an actual concentration of 44 ppm HPV resulted. As
the desiccant in the commercial generator was approaching saturation level, the vaporization of
HPV became less efficient causing the HPV concentrations to decrease. To remedy this issue, the
generator return line was disconnected, which allowed for room air (lower RH) to be introduced
into the system. Instead of returning to the generator, the excess HPV concentration was vented
through the facility exhaust system to stabilize the HPV concentration in the Class III BSC and
test chamber.
13
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Table 3-2. Actual Fumigant Conditions for Tests
Test
Number
Target
HPV
PPm
Avg. HPV
ppm*
Temperature
PC)
RH (%)
Contact Time
(hours)t
Target
Actual*
Easy1
Materials
Hard2
Materials
1
250
221.6 ±30.9
23.0 ±0.0
Low
38.1 ±4.3
0.25,0.50,1,2,3
2
10
10.4 ±0.6
23.6 ±0.3
Medium
58.5 ±9.1
4, 8, 12, 16,20
3
10
9.3 ±1.0
27.4 ±0.8
High
76.1 ±5.4
4, 8, 12, 16,20
4
25
25.7 ±1.4
22.9 ±0.1
Low
32.6 ±22.4
2,4,6,8,12
8,12,16,20,24
5
25
25.5 ±1.0
23.9 ±0.1
Medium
62.4 ±23.9
2,4,6,8,12
8,12,16,20,24
6
50
50.3 ±1.51
23.5 ±0.3
Low
25.9 ±1.9
2,4,6,8,12
8,12,16,20,24
7
50
50.0 ±1.1
23.8 ± 3.9
Medium
60.1 ±3.9
1,2,4,5,6
8,12,16,20,24
8
50
43.5 ±12.6
23.0 ±0.4
High
76.9 ±5.5
1,2,4,5,6
8,12,16,20,24
9
25
25.2 ±1.6
23.8 ±0.4
High
91.6 ± 6.3
1,2,6,8,12
8,12,20,24,48
1	Glass, Painted Wallboard Paper and Ceiling Tile
2	Pine Wood, Carpet, Concrete
* Data reported as average ± SD.
t Contact time did not deviate from target during any test.
3.4 Audits
3.4.1 Performance Evaluation Audit
Performance evaluation (PE) audits were conducted to assess the quality of the results obtained
during these experiments. Table 3-3 summarizes the PE audits that were performed.
No PE audits were performed for confirmation of the concentration and purity of Ba Ames or
Vollum spores because quantitative standards do not exist for these organisms. The titer
enumerations and the control and blank test coupons support the spore measurements.
Table 3-3. Performance Evaluation Audits
Measurement
Audit
Procedure
Allowable
Tolerance
Actual
Tolerance
Volume of liquid from
micropipettes
Gravimetric evaluation
± 10%
t 0.04% to 2.33%
Time
Compared to independent clock
± 2 s/h
0 s/h
Temperature
Compared to independent calibrated thermometer
± 2 °C
t 0.42 to 0.52 °C
Relative Humidity
Compare to independent calibrated hygrometer
± 10%
t 0.42 to 0.99%
3.4.2 Technical Systems Audit
Observations and findings from the TSA were documented and submitted to the laboratory
technical lead for response. TSAs were conducted on July 11, 2017, to ensure that tests were
being conducted in accordance with the appropriate QAPP and QMP. As part of the audit, test
procedures were compared to those specified in the QAPP, and data acquisition and handling
procedures were reviewed. None of the findings of the TSA required corrective action.
3.4.3 Data Quality Audit
14
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At least 10 % of the data acquired during the evaluation were audited. Data were reviewed in 5
separate batches from May 2017 through Feb 2018. A QA auditor traced the data from the initial
acquisition, through reduction and statistical analysis, to final reporting to ensure the integrity of
the reported results. All calculations performed on the data undergoing the audit were verified.
Only minor issues were noted with the data, mostly data transcription errors that were corrected.
3.5	QA/QC Reporting
Each assessment and audit was documented in accordance with the QAPP and QMP. For these
tests, findings were noted (none significant) in the data quality audit, and no follow-up corrective
action was necessary. The findings were mostly minor data transcription errors requiring some
recalculation of efficacy results, but none were gross errors in recording. QA/QC procedures
were performed in accordance with the QAPP.
3.6	Data Review
Records and data generated in the evaluation received a QC/technical review before they were
utilized in calculating or evaluating results and prior to incorporation in this report.
15
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4.0 Results and Discussion
The decontamination efficacy of HPV was assessed against virulent spores of Ba Ames and
Vollum strains. A total of nine tests were conducted with contact times ranging from 0.25 to 48
hours. Each test was performed using six material types inoculated with Ba Ames and an
additional set of coupons of the same materials were inoculated with Ba Vollum. Testing was
conducted at ambient temperature (~ 23 °C) and low (26-38%), medium (59-62%), and high (76-
92%) RH levels. The first test was conducted at an HPV-generation equipment vendor's label
requirement (target of 250 ppm for 90 minutes) to tie back to previous testing using more typical
levels of HPV. Following Test 1, all tests proceeded with using target HPV concentrations of
either 10, 25, or 50 ppm, paired with different RH levels. All nine tests utilized five contact
times.
Overall results of the study are summarized in Tables 4-1 and 4-2, which show the minimum
contact times needed to achieve effective decontamination of each material for each
experimental condition. Contact times for effective decontamination generally decreased with
increased HPV concentration. For example, at the higher concentration of 222 ppm (Test 1), only
15 minutes were required to effectively decontaminate glass; in contrast, at the 10-ppm level, 4-
12 hours were required for effective decontamination of glass, depending on the strain and RH
level. With the Vollum strain on glass, ceiling tile, and painted wallboard paper, successful
decontamination occurred in 2-16 hours for the 10-50 ppm HPV concentrations evaluated. In
some experiments, effective decontamination may not have occurred for a specific material(s) at
the longest contact time evaluated; these results are displayed in Tables 4-1 and 4-2 as greater
than the longest contact time tested.
The results for each individual test are summarized via Tables 4-3 to 4-11. Additional detailed
decontamination efficacy results, showing the average CFU recovery from each material for both
positive controls and test coupons, for all tests, are found in Appendix A. Further, Appendix B
provides graphical representations of the decontamination efficacy results (LR) for each test.
This chapter also discusses decontamination efficacy as a function of some of the variables that
were tested in the study. Statistical results are also presented when applicable to indicate whether
test variables significantly affected efficacy.
16
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Table 4-1. Minimum Time (Hours) Demonstrating Effective Decontamination for Ames
Strain

Test
1
Test
2
Test
3
Test
4
Test
5
Test
9
Test
6
Test
7
Test
8
Average HPV
ppm
222
9-10
25-26
44-50
Average % RH
38
58
76
33
62
92
26
60
77

Time (hours)
Glass
0.25
12
8
8
4
6
6
1
2
PW Paper
0.5
>20
8
>12
>12
2
>12
1
2
Ceiling Tile
2
12
8
>12
4
6
2
4
4
Pine Wood
3
12
>20
>24
>24
>48
>24
16
24
Carpet
0.25
>20
>20
>24
16
20
>24
20
8
Concrete
>3
>20
>20
>24
>24
>48
>24
>24
>24
A ">" denotes that effective decontamination was not achieved at any time point, with the longest contact time listed
Table 4-2. Minimum Time (Hours) Demonstrating Effective Decontamination for Vollum
Strain

Test
1
Test
2
Test
3
Test
4
Test
5
Test
9
Test
6
Test
7
Test
8
Average HPV
ppm
222
9-10
25-26
44-50
Average % RH
38
58
76
33
62
92
26
60
77

Time (hours)
Glass
0.25
8
4
8
4
2
4
4
2
PW Paper
1
16
8
6
4
6
6
4
4
Ceiling Tile
1
8
8
8
6
6
2
4
4
Pine Wood
2
>20
>20
>24
>24
>48
24
16
24
Carpet
>3
>20
20
>24
24
20
24
20
12
Concrete
>3
>20
>20
>24
>24
>48
>24
>24
>24
A ">" denotes that effective decontamination was not achieved at any time point, with the longest contact time listed
The efficacy results for Test 1 are shown in Table 4-3, in terms of the LR ± the 95% confidence
interval (CI). Note that the actual average HPV concentration of 222 ppm was below the
vendor's registered fumigation condition of 250 ppm, due to equipment malfunction.
Nevertheless, for the glass, ceiling tile, and wallboard materials, effective decontamination
occurred with contact times -1-2 hours, in a range mostly consistent with the vendor's
registration requirement of a 90-minute contact time. However, for the wood, carpet, and
unpainted concrete, effective decontamination occurred in only three instances (out of 30) under
17
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the Test 1 conditions. These results are generally consistent with a previous EPA study (US
EPA, 2010).
Table 4-3. Summary of Efficacy Results (LR) for Test 1 (222 ppm HPV) and Low RH
Against B. anthracis Ames and Vollum.
Test 1
Material
Contact
Time
(h)
Ba Ames
Efficacy
95%
CI
Ba Vollum
Efficacy
95%CI
Glass
0.25
7.02
1.20
6.52
1.02
0.5
4.37
3.51
4.34
2.73
1
6.74
1.75
7.03
0.21
2
7.63
0.16
7.03
0.21
3
7.63
0.16
5.36
1.68
Wallboard
Paper
0.25
5.55
2.74
2.90
2.96
0.5
8.00
0.02
2.55
0.71
1
4.68
3.27
7.42
0.38
2
8.00
0.02
7.42
0.38
3
8.00
0.02
7.42
0.38
Ceiling Tile
0.25
1.84
0.39
5.44
1.07
0.5
3.26
0.61
4.83
1.18
1
6.99
1.39
5.95
0.40
2
7.70
0.10
5.95
0.40
3
7.70
0.10
5.95
0.40
Pine Wood
0.25
3.47
3.96
2.47
0.75
0.5
2.05
0.29
3.05
0.99
1
3.70
1.16
5.43
2.29
2
4.40
1.69
6.08
1.02
3
6.61
1.75
5.01
1.83
Industrial
Carpet
0.25
7.23
1.40
1.02
0.18
0.5
5.16
4.04
0.30
0.46
1
4.03
3.85
2.32
0.07
2
4.67
3.22
4.94
2.10
3
4.74
3.14
4.55
0.27
Unpainted
Concrete
0.25
0.32
0.59
1.06
1.07
0.5
0.36
0.23
1.58
1.42
1
0.35
0.43
2.92
0.65
2
0.59
0.22
4.52
2.74
3
0.58
0.26
2.59
0.68
Results highlighted in yellow represent effective decontamination but not complete inactivation. Results
highlighted in green represent complete inactivation.
18
-------
Table 4-4. Summary of Efficacy Results (LR) at 10 ppm and Medium RH against B.
anthracis Ames and Vollum.
Test 2
Material
Contact
Time
(h)
Ba Ames
Efficacy
95% CI
Ba
Vollum
Efficacy
95% CI
Glass
4
2.68
0.43
3.47
3.85
8
3.91
1.63
6.79
2.16
12
7.62
0.01
6.79
0.19
16
6.11
1.69
6.79
0.19
20
7.62
0.01
6.79
0.19
Wallboard
Paper
4
0.55
0.92
2.41
1.86
8
2.89
1.46
5.83
1.25
12
3.75
4.22
5.83
2.34
16
5.91
4.02
7.00
0.42
20
3.81
1.29
7.00
0.80
Ceiling Tile
4
0.86
0.23
2.38
0.47
8
3.31
0.56
5.49
0.14
12
6.89
1.56
5.49
0.14
16
7.48
0.20
5.49
0.14
20
7.48
0.20
5.49
0.14
Pine Wood
4
2.39
0.65
2.44
0.89
8
4.32
3.07
3.69
2.58
12
7.44
0.15
4.61
1.66
16
7.44
0.15
5.56
1.22
20
7.44
0.15
5.56
1.22
Industrial
Carpet
4
0.04
0.05
0.23
0.07
8
0.68
0.06
1.04
0.08
12
1.65
0.24
4.06
0.64
16
1.66
0.21
3.83
0.08
20
2.09
0.16
5.51
1.39
Unpainted
Concrete
4
1.18
0.25
0.95
0.80
8
0.99
0.24
0.44
0.75
12
1.26
0.49
1.36
0.63
16
1.53
0.26
2.24
0.74
20
1.49
0.13
1.29
0.73
Results highlighted in yellow represent effective decontamination but not complete inactivation.
Results highlighted in green represent complete inactivation.
-------
Table 4-5. Summary of Efficacy Results (LR) at 10 ppm and High RH against B.
anthracis Ames and Vollum.
Test 3
Material
Contact
Time
(h)
Ba Ames
Efficacy
95%CI
Ba Vollum
Efficacy
95%CI
Glass
4
7.17
1.19
6.83
0.11
8
7.78
0.05
6.83
0.11
12
7.78
0.05
6.83
0.11
16
7.78
0.05
6.83
0.11
20
7.78
0.05
6.83
0.11
Wallboard
Paper
4
3.43
2.67
5.33
2.62
8
6.90
1.97
6.67
0.02
12
7.90
0.05
6.67
0.02
16
7.90
0.05
6.67
0.02
20
7.90
0.05
6.67
0.02
Ceiling Tile
4
3.84
0.22
2.58
0.37
8
6.99
1.00
4.89
0.11
12
7.50
0.05
4.89
0.11
16
7.50
0.05
4.89
0.11
20
7.50
0.05
4.89
0.11
Pine Wood
4
2.24
0.53
2.36
1.54
8
3.23
1.06
2.83
0.20
12
3.12
1.76
5.61
0.10
16
3.55
0.77
5.10
1.00
20
3.42
0.78
4.34
1.26
Industrial
Carpet
4
0.24
0.03
0.90
0.15
8
1.45
0.32
2.18
0.05
12
1.00
0.16
3.59
0.08
16
2.32
0.22
5.15
1.65
20
2.67
0.69
6.83
0.03
Unpainted
Concrete
4
-0.02
0.47
1.30
0.29
8
1.36
1.38
4.26
2.68
12
1.06
0.55
2.68
0.51
16
1.35
0.71
2.78
0.86
20
1.36
0.66
5.26
1.70
Results highlighted in yellow represent effective decontamination but not complete inactivation.
Results highlighted in green represent complete inactivation.
20
-------
Table 4-6. Summary of Efficacy Results (LR) at 25 ppm and Low RH against B. anthracis
Ames and Vollum.
Test 4
Material
Contact
Time
(h)
Ba Ames
Efficacy
95%
CI
Ba Vollum
Efficacy
95%
CI
Glass
2
1.82
0.63
5.85
1.39
4
3.56
1.43
5.39
1.19
6
4.64
1.09
5.82
1.46
8
7.73
0.06
6.56
0.11
12
5.58
2.31
6.56
0.11
Wallboard
Paper
2
0.36
0.50
1.51
0.94
4
0.86
0.27
4.90
1.74
6
1.06
0.29
6.67
0.08
8
2.20
0.57
6.67
0.08
12
2.99
0.77
6.67
0.08
Ceiling Tile
2
1.94
0.15
2.32
0.33
4
2.77
0.22
4.51
1.22
6
2.63
0.10
5.17
1.04
8
3.98
0.37
5.68
0.30
12
3.94
0.09
5.68
0.30
Pine Wood
8
2.88
0.65
3.63
1.67
12
3.03
0.45
4.26
0.82
16
2.22
0.31
3.93
0.88
20
2.98
0.71
5.38
1.19
24
4.20
1.57
3.50
1.17
Industrial
Carpet
8
1.21
0.12
2.02
0.61
12
0.80
0.08
2.05
0.36
16
2.11
0.26
2.60
0.18
20
2.28
1.07
5.49
1.95
24
2.34
1.07
4.94
1.62
Unpainted
Concrete
8
0.47
0.57
2.01
0.56
12
0.73
0.61
3.60
2.40
16
1.10
1.58
2.22
0.80
20
0.64
0.61
2.58
0.40
24
0.57
0.45
2.30
0.28
Results highlighted in yellow represent effective decontamination but not complete inactivation.
Results highlighted in green represent complete inactivation.
21
-------
Table 4-7. Summary of Efficacy Results (LR) at 25 ppm and Medium RH against B.
anthracis Ames and Vollum.
Test 5
Material
Contact
Time
(h)
Ba Ames
Efficacy
95%CI
Ba Vollum
Efficacy
95%CI
Glass
2
4.34
3.20
5.56
1.81
4
7.60
0.07
6.48
0.19
6
7.60
0.07
6.48
0.19
8
7.09
1.00
6.48
0.19
12
7.60
0.07
6.48
0.19
Wallboard
Paper
2
2.87
1.79
2.35
0.55
4
4.05
2.11
6.58
0.04
6
3.85
1.15
6.58
0.04
8
3.80
1.35
6.58
0.04
12
5.18
0.26
6.58
0.04
Ceiling Tile
2
4.16
2.05
2.22
0.69
4
6.88
1.19
4.95
1.02
6
6.14
1.34
5.46
0.25
8
6.78
1.39
5.46
0.25
12
7.49
0.06
5.46
0.25
Pine Wood
8
2.92
1.30
4.94
1.65
12
4.94
2.34
5.54
1.71
16
3.95
0.28
4.86
1.63
20
4.66
2.59
5.18
2.40
24
3.07
1.33
5.29
2.20
Industrial
Carpet
8
5.70
4.25
0.89
0.43
12
2.34
0.57
2.53
0.36
16
6.22
3.23
3.26
0.76
20
7.87
0.01
4.42
1.40
24
7.87
0.01
5.71
0.35
Unpainted
Concrete
8
0.50
0.16
1.91
0.68
12
0.65
0.25
3.06
2.58
16
0.55
0.37
2.19
0.41
20
0.64
0.17
2.03
0.46
24
0.55
0.17
1.74
0.36
Results highlighted in yellow represent effective decontamination but not complete inactivation.
Results highlighted in green represent complete inactivation.
22
-------
Table 4-8. Summary of Efficacy Results (LR) at 50 ppm and Low RH against B. anthracis
Ames and Vollum.
Test 6
Material
Contact
Time (h)
Ba Ames
Efficacy
95%CI
Ba Vollum
Efficacy
95%CI
Glass
2
5.57
2.17
5.96
0.99
4
5.94
1.63
6.47
0.01
6
7.61
0.07
6.47
0.01
8
7.61
0.07
5.47
1.96
12
7.61
0.07
6.47
0.01
Wallboard
Paper
2
1.51
0.41
3.20
0.11
4
1.86
1.13
4.65
0.61
6
1.90
0.92
6.62
0.10
8
2.44
0.54
6.62
0.10
12
4.01
0.92
6.62
0.10
Ceiling Tile
2
6.94
1.00
5.49
0.22
4
5.71
1.76
5.49
0.22
6
6.17
1.33
5.49
0.22
8
7.45
0.11
5.49
0.22
12
7.45
0.11
5.49
0.22
Pine Wood
8
2.89
0.82
4.34
2.11
12
3.15
1.10
5.70
1.55
16
1.83
0.37
5.89
1.19
20
3.57
1.28
5.89
1.19
24
2.95
2.20
6.49
0.04
Industrial
Carpet
8
0.48
0.05
1.06
0.09
12
1.53
0.30
3.30
0.24
16
1.91
0.39
5.17
1.46
20
2.01
0.13
5.22
1.30
24
2.99
0.24
6.53
0.07
Unpainted
Concrete
8
0.18
0.21
1.90
0.35
12
0.47
0.29
3.51
2.43
16
0.79
0.43
2.06
0.36
20
0.74
0.56
2.74
0.53
24
0.87
0.44
2.86
0.37
Results highlighted in yellow represent effective decontamination but not complete inactivation.
Results highlighted in green represent complete inactivation.
23
-------
Table 4-9. Summary of Efficacy Results (LR) at 50 ppm and Medium RH against B.
anthracis Ames and Vollum.
Test 7

Contact
Ba Ames

Ba Vollum

Material
Time (h)
Efficacy
95%CI
Efficacy
95%CI

1
7.71
0.04
2.12
0.13

2
7.71
0.04
5.39
0.31
Glass
4
7.71
0.04
7.08
0.04

5
7.71
0.04
7.08
0.04

6
7.71
0.04
7.08
0.04

1
7.79
0.08
1.80
0.13
Wallboard
Paper
2
7.79
0.08
5.71
2.25
4
5.05
3.21
6.35
1.00
5
5.71
0.69
6.86
0.05

6
4.32
1.15
6.86
0.05

1
3.63
0.94
2.38
0.16

2
5.42
0.66
3.79
0.05
Ceiling Tile
4
7.58
0.05
5.61
0.05
5
7.58
0.05
5.61
0.05

6
7.58
0.05
5.61
0.05

8
2.17
0.53
2.43
0.52

12
4.10
3.26
3.66
1.22
Pine Wood
16
6.22
2.17
6.14
0.21

20
4.24
3.04
6.14
0.21

24
7.32
0.18
5.63
1.02

8
1.49
0.17
3.54
0.71
Industrial
Carpet
12
2.51
0.27
3.95
0.68
16
4.96
2.83
5.50
0.67
20
6.08
1.84
6.04
0.79

24
5.67
2.18
6.78
0.74

8
0.83
0.35
1.78
0.38
Unpainted
Concrete
12
0.83
0.42
2.07
0.64
16
0.62
0.22
1.96
1.26
20
1.04
0.27
2.57
1.46

24
0.78
0.34
2.23
0.12
Results highlighted in yellow represent effective decontamination but not complete inactivation.
Results highlighted in green represent complete inactivation.
24
-------
Table 4-10. Summary of Efficacy Results (LR) at 50 ppm and High RH against B.
anthracis Ames and Vollum.
Test 8
Material
Contact
Time
(h)
Ba Ames
Efficacy
95% CI
Ba Vollum
Efficacy
95% CI
Glass
1
5.81
2.33
5.65
1.11
2
7.00
0.16
6.77
0.13
4
7.00
0.16
6.77
0.13
5
7.00
0.16
6.77
0.13
6
7.00
0.16
6.77
0.13
Wallboard
Paper
1
2.65
1.90
1.14
0.35
2
7.42
0.21
2.13
0.94
4
6.55
1.73
6.59
0.10
5
7.42
0.21
6.59
0.10
6
7.42
0.21
6.59
0.10
Ceiling Tile
1
1.70
0.30
0.92
0.12
2
4.98
2.22
1.83
0.12
4
7.21
0.18
5.49
0.07
5
7.21
0.18
5.49
0.07
6
7.21
0.18
5.49
0.07
Pine Wood
8
2.81
0.44
5.96
1.19
12
3.99
3.00
5.96
1.19
16
3.64
1.81
4.31
0.72
20
3.67
0.64
5.25
1.30
24
7.00
0.11
6.57
0.08
Industrial
Carpet
8
6.03
2.98
4.97
0.50
12
7.55
0.05
6.83
0.66
16
7.55
0.05
6.83
0.45
20
7.55
0.05
6.83
0.49
24
7.55
0.05
6.83
0.51
Unpainted
Concrete
8
0.78
0.40
2.60
0.41
12
0.77
0.20
2.58
0.08
16
1.38
0.53
3.28
0.08
20
0.85
0.25
2.90
0.08
24
0.80
0.41
2.54
0.08
Results highlighted in yellow represent effective decontamination but not complete inactivation.
Results highlighted in green represent complete inactivation.
25
-------
Table 4-11. Summary of Efficacy Results (LR) at 25 ppm and High RH against B.
anthracis Ames and Vollum.
Test 9
Material
Contact
Time
(h)
Ba Ames
Efficacy
95%CI
Ba Vollum
Efficacy
95%CI
Glass
1
0.97
0.10
1.67
0.39
2
1.88
0.49
6.19
1.21
6
7.56
0.07
6.79
0.21
8
7.56
0.07
6.79
0.21
12
7.56
0.07
6.79
0.21
Wallboard
Paper
1
1.72
0.19
1.10
0.14
2
6.08
3.28
1.76
0.33
6
7.75
0.05
6.91
0.04
8
7.75
0.05
6.91
0.04
12
7.75
0.05
6.91
0.04
Ceiling Tile
1
0.34
0.25
1.02
0.39
2
1.07
0.24
1.88
0.40
6
7.09
0.06
5.82
0.38
8
5.92
2.31
5.82
0.38
12
7.09
0.06
5.82
0.38
Pine Wood
8
2.35
0.95
4.20
0.42
12
2.27
0.49
2.91
1.81
20
2.22
0.33
3.53
0.91
24
2.76
1.24
4.09
1.14
48
4.86
2.30
4.08
2.37
Industrial
Carpet
8
2.04
0.28
4.07
0.24
12
2.00
0.46
4.59
0.23
20
7.91
0.52
6.78
0.42
24
7.91
0.34
6.78
1.00
48
7.91
0.90
6.78
0.30
Unpainted
Concrete
8
1.45
0.16
2.23
0.32
12
0.87
0.12
2.77
0.48
20
1.26
0.04
4.36
0.10
24
1.71
0.04
3.42
0.10
48
1.83
0.04
4.53
0.10
Results highlighted in yellow represent effective decontamination but not complete inactivation.
Results highlighted in green represent complete inactivation.
26
-------
4.1 Comparing the effect of material and strain on decontamination efficacy
Overall study results can also be summarized in terms of the number of instances (out of the five
contact times) in which successful decontamination (complete inactivation or >6 LR) occurred
for each experiment, material, and strain. These results are displayed in Tables 4-12 and 4-13.
Decontamination results vary by material and strain, and so it is important to know which
materials and strains are problematic to decontaminate or inactivate, respectively.
As these tables show, the number of successful decontaminations was highest for the glass,
ceiling tile, and painted wallboard paper materials for both Ames and Vollum strains. These
materials were effectively decontaminated in 63, 55, and 46 out of a potential 90 instances (2
strains X 5 contact times X 9 experiments), respectively. (Note that for ceiling tile, while there
was routinely complete inactivation, the efficacy never exceeded 6.0 due to the lower recovery
from positive controls.) After the first three tests, it was evident that the wood, carpet, and
unpainted concrete materials were being decontaminated much less effectively. Therefore, these
materials were exposed to the same HPV concentrations, but at longer contact times (compared
with the other materials, in the same experiment) beginning with Test 4. Even with exposure to
HPV at these longer contact times, the carpet, wood, and unpainted concrete were effectively
decontaminated in only 28, 12, and 0 instances, respectively. The highest efficacy achieved for
unpainted concrete during the study was 5.3 LR (Test 3 for Vollum). The results showing that
unpainted concrete was difficult to decontaminate effectively is consistent with previous findings
when testing peracetic acid and aqueous hydrogen peroxide fogging (Richter et al., 2018).
Comparing the two strains, out of a total of 270 efficacy results for each strain (9 tests X 6
materials X 5 contact times), there were 97 instances of successful decontamination for Ba Ames
and 107 instances for the Vollum strain.
Table 4-12. Number of Successful Decontamination Instances for Ba Ames by Test and
Material

Test 1
Test 2
Test 3
Test 4
Test 5
Test 9
Test 6
Test 7
Test 8
Total











Average
HPV ppm
222
10
9
26
26
25
50
50
44

average %
RH
38
58
76
33
62
92
26
60
77


Number of Successful Decontamination Instances
Glass
4
3
5
1
4
3
3
5
4
31
PW Paper
3
0
4
0
0
4
0
2
4
17
Ceiling Tile
3
3
4
0
4
2
3
3
3
26
Pine Wood
1
3
0
0
0
0
3
2
1
7
Carpet
1
0
0
0
3
3
0
1
5
16
Concrete
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Total
12/30
9/30
13/30
1/30
11/30
12/30
9/30
13/30
17/30
97
* Results shown are the number of effective decontamination instances (out of five time-points) for each test
27
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Table 4-13. Number of Successful Decontamination Instances for Ba Vollum by Test and
Material

Test 1
Test 2
Test 3
Test 4
Test 5
Test 9
Test 6
Test 7
Test 8
Total











Average
HPV ppm
222
10
9
26
26
25
50
50
44

average %
RH
38
58
76
33
62
92
26
60
77


Number of Successful Decontamination Instances
Glass
3
3
5
2
4
4
3
3
4
32
PW Paper
3
2
4
3
4
3
3
3
3
29
Ceiling Tile
3
4
4
2
3
3
5
3
3
29
Pine Wood
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
2
1
5
Carpet
0
0
1
0
1
3
1
2
4
12
Concrete
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Total
10/30
9/30
15/30
7/30
12/30
13/30
13/30
13/30
15/30
107
As discussed in Section 2.8, statistical analysis was performed by converting all LR data into a
binary response with the endpoint being a success if LR > 6.0 or if complete inactivation
occurred. Table 4-14 shows results from the logistic regression model which was fitted to the full
data set to test whether the proportion of success was significantly associated with the Ba strain,
material, dose (concentration x time), and RH. The Wald test statistic, the degrees of freedom
(DF), and the p-value are shown in the table; the Wald statistic is the appropriate statistic when
using a logistic model. The presence of a statistically significant three-factor interaction
complicated interpretation of the results, as all results for one of the three factors must be
interpreted with respect to the levels of the other two factors. While the main effects for strain,
average RH, and dose were not statistically significant, the two factor interactions involving
these factors are statistically significant: these factors do impact the probability of a successful
decontamination, but the successful decontamination is dependent on the strain, the material, and
the dose.
Based on the parameters of the logistic model, the effect of material type was significant, but the
significance varied compared against the other materials. With respect to the effect of strain,
using the full logistical regression model, the results showed that Ba Ames and Vollum were not
significantly different (p-value = 0.99) from each other relative to successful decontamination.
When assessing the two-factor interactions of material and RH level, the odds ratio for Ames
compared to Vollum showed significance and decreased with dose for all materials except glass
(which increased) and concrete (slight increase). Refer to Appendix C for the full results of the
statistical analyses.
28
-------
Table 4-14. Significant Effects Based on Logistic Regression Model Fitted to Full Dataset
Effect
DF
Wald Test Statistic
p-value
Strain
1
0.0001
0.9943
Material
5
33.0119
<0001*
Avg. RH
2
0.4301
0.8065
Strain*Material
5
22.6643
0.0004*
Strain*Avg. RH
2
12.0131
0.0025*
Material*Avg. RH
10
44.0611
<0001*
Dose*Material
5
88.5148
<0001*
Dose*Avg. RH
2
18.1219
0.0001*
* Effect is statistically significant at or below the 0.05 level; DF = degrees of freedom
29
-------
4.2 Effect of HPV Dose on Efficacy
The overall results of the study may also be summarized and interpreted in terms of the
minimum dose of HPV (in ppm*hours) demonstrating effective decontamination. These results
are summarized by material and Ba strain in Table 4-15. More detailed individual dosage
requirements for each test (per given HPV and RH level), material, and strain combination are
found in Appendix C. The HPV dose was shown to have a significant effect on the odds of
successful decontamination when material or RH was factored (refer to Table 4-14).
For the glass, painted wallboard, and ceiling tile materials, dosages as low as 100-200
ppm*hours were all that were needed for effective decontamination in most of the tests. In some
tests, the wood and carpet materials were successfully decontaminated with doses as low as 120-
200 ppm*hours, although there were a few tests that required > 1200 ppm*hours for successful
decontamination. In general, successful decontamination using lower dosages of HPV were
associated with higher RH levels, as well as with the Vollum strain, although there were
exceptions. In an actual decontamination scenario using HPV, these results may be helpful to
officials in determining target dosage levels based on the presence of materials.
Table 4-15. Minimum HPV Dose Required for Effective Decontamination

Range in Minimum Dose
Range in Minimum Dose

Demonstrating Effective
Decontamination for
Demonstrating Effective
Decontamination for

Ames Strain
Vollum Strain

(ppm*Hours)
(ppm*Hours)
Glass
50-200
40-200
PW Paper
50 ->1200
80-300
Ceiling Tile
80 - >600
80-222
Pine Wood
120->1200
444- >1200
Carpet
>200 - >1200
200 - 1200
Unpainted Concrete
>200 - >1200
>200 - >1200
4.3 Effects of Relative Humidity on Efficacy
When assessed as a main effect by the statistical analyses, the RH level appeared to be a non-
significant factor. However, when comparing average RH by strain, significant differences were
observed, and the differences varied by material type. These effects are illustrated in Table 4-16.
As Table 4-16 shows, the number of successful decontaminations always increased with
increasing RH (for a given HPV concentration and strain). This effect was most pronounced
when comparing Tests 4 and 5 (25 ppm HPV, RH increased from 33% to 62%). The effect of
increasing RH appears to have more of an impact on the Ames strain.
30
-------
Table 4-16. Number of Successful Decontaminations by RH

Test 2
Test 3
Test 4
Test 5
Test 9
Test 6
Test 7
Test 8
average HPV
(ppm)
10
25
50
average RH %
58.5
76.1
32.6
62.4
91.6
25.9
60.1
76.9

Number of Successful Decontaminations
Ames Total
9
12
1
11
12
10
13
17
Vollum Total
9
14
7
12
13
13
14
15
* Results shown are the number of successful decontamination results per test.
4.4	Surface Damage to Materials
At the end of each decontamination test, the procedural blanks were visually compared to the
laboratory blanks, and test coupons were visually compared to positive controls to qualitatively
assess any aesthetic impact the low-concentration HPV may have had on each material type.
Based on the visual appearance of the decontaminated coupons, there were no apparent changes
in the color, reflectivity, or roughness of the six material surfaces after being exposed to the low
concentrations of the sporicidal fumigant.
4.5	Summary
This investigation focused on finding efficacious conditions (e.g., minimum contact times) for
inactivating Ba Ames and Vollum strains on a variety of building materials when using relatively
low concentrations of HPV. In addition to Ba strain and material, other test variables included
were HPV concentration, contact time, and RH level. These independent variables were adjusted
to assess their effect on decontamination efficacy.
In general, fumigating at or near ambient temperatures and RH levels, with the use of lower
fumigant concentrations, would allow for personnel and contractors to provide decontamination
services with less specialized equipment. This advantage may be critical in increasing the
decontamination capacity of the nation in the event of a large release of Ba spores, in which
numerous buildings and other infrastructures may become contaminated.
The data generated from this evaluation suggest that the resistance to inactivation by HPV is not
significantly different for the two Ba strains that were used in the investigation. The side-by-side
31
-------
data with both strains provide evidence indicating that the Ames data may be representative of
the Vollum strain when using HPV for decontamination.
Low concentrations of HPV (e.g., 10-50 ppm) were effective in decontaminating all materials
tested in the study except for unpainted concrete. Moreover, the glass, ceiling tile and painted
wallboard paper materials were more amenable to decontamination by low concentrations of
HPV compared to unpainted concrete, carpet, and wood. Even using extended contact times (and
hence higher dosages of HPV), the number of occurrences in which unpainted concrete, carpet,
and wood were successfully decontaminated in the study was much less than the glass, ceiling
tile, and painted wallboard materials. That said, there were in fact several instances when the
carpet and wood materials were successfully decontaminated.
Contact times required for effective decontamination generally decreased with increased HPV
concentration. For example, at the highest HPV concentration tested (222 ppm), only 15 minutes
were required to effectively decontaminate glass; in contrast, at 10 ppm, 4-12 hours were
required for effective decontamination of glass, depending on the strain and RH level. In terms
of HPV dosage requirements, only 100-200 ppm*hours were required for effective
decontamination in most of the tests for the glass, painted wallboard, and ceiling tile. In some
tests, the wood and carpet materials were successfully decontaminated with doses as low as 120-
200 ppm*hours, although there were a few tests that required > 1200 ppm*hours for successful
decontamination of wood and carpet.
While elevated RH has been shown to improve Ba spore inactivation with nearly all sporicidal
fumigants, some debate still exists whether elevated RH is needed for HPV decontamination.
From the statistical analysis of the study results, when assessed as a main effect, the RH level
appeared to be a non-significant factor. However, when comparing the effect of RH by strain,
significant differences were observed and varied by material type. For example, the effect of
increasing RH appears to generally have had more of an impact on the Ames strain. In addition,
for a given HPV concentration and strain, it was found that the number of occurrences of
successful decontamination always increased with increasing RH.
32
-------
5.0 References
ASTM International. Standard Practice for Maintaining Constant Relative Humidity by Means of
Aqueous Solutions, ASTME104-02. October 2006.
Clopper CJ, Pearson E. The Use of Confidence or Fiducial Limits Illustrated in the Case of
Binomial. Biometrika Vol. 26, 404-413. 1934.
Rastogi, VK, Wallace, L, Smith, LS., Ryan, SP, Martin, B. Quantitative Method to Determine
Sporicidal Decontamination of Building Surfaces by Gaseous Fumigants, and Issues Related
to Lab oratory-Scale Studies. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 75, 3688 -
3694. 2009. DOL10.1128/AEM.02592-08.
Richter WR, Wood JP, Wendling MQS, Rogers JV Inactivation of Bacillus anthracis Spores to
Decontaminate Subway Railcar and Related Materials via the Fogging of Peracetic Acid and
Hydrogen Peroxide Sporicidal Liquids. Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 206,
800-806.2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.11.027.
Rogers JV, Sabourin, CL, Choi, YW, Richter, WR, Rudnicki, DC, Riggs, KB, Taylor, ML,
Chang, J. Decontamination Assessment of Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus subtilis, and
Geobacillus stearothermophilus Spores on Indoor Surfaces Using a Hydrogen Peroxide Gas
Generator, Journal of Applied Microbiology, Vol. 99, 739-748. 2005. DOI:
org/10.1111/j. 1366-2672.2006.02686.X.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Determining the Efficacy of Liquids and Fumigants in
Systematic Decontamination Studies for Bacillus anthracis Using Multiple Test Methods.
Report 600/R-10/088, December 2010.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Systematic Investigation of Liquid and Fumigant
Decontamination Efficacy against Biological Agents Deposited on Test Coupons of Common
Indoor Materials. Report EPA/600/R-11/076, 2011.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Vaprox Hydrogen Peroxide Sterilant - Amendment to
Add Aseptic Food Processing Use. EPA Pesticide Label Reg. No. 58779-4, 2012.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2016 AOAC Use Dilution Method for Testing
Disinfectants. Revised 08/11/2016.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Quality Assurance Project Plan for the Determination of
Effective Hydrogen Peroxide Vapor Fumigation Conditions, Version Final. January 2017.
(Available upon request by contacting EPA).
Wood JP, Calfee MW, Clayton M, Griffin-Gatchalian N, Touati A, Ryan S, Mickelsen L, Smith
L, Rastogi V. A Simple Decontamination Approach Using Hydrogen Peroxide Vapour for
Bacillus anthracis Spore Inactivation. Journal of Applied Microbiology, Vol. 121, 1603-
1615. 2016. doi: 10.1111/j am. 13284
33
-------
34
-------
Appendix A
Detailed Test Results
Efficacy results for low level HPV against Ba Ames and Vollum on six material types are shown in
Tables A-l through A-18. Zero CFU were observed on all laboratory and procedural blanks.
Table A-l. Inactivation of B. anthracis Ames Spores using low level HPVa
Test Concentration
. , , Equipment
Number (ppm)
Temp
CO
%RH
Inoculum
(CFU/coupon)
Contact
Time
(hours)
Material
Mean Recovered B. anthracis
(CFU/coupon)
Positive c
„ , lb 1 est Coupon
Control
Efficacy ±
CI'




0.25


2.29 ± 3.79 x 101
7.02 ± 1.20




0.50
1.00
Glass
4.55
1.61 x
107
4.98 ± 8.59 xlO5
1.56 ± 2.69 xlO2
4.37 ± 3.51
6.74 ± 1.75




2.00
3.00

0.00 ±0.00
0.00 ±0.00
>7.63 ±0.16
>7.63 ±0.16




0.25


7.53 ± 6.54 xlO5
3.47 ±3.96




0.50
1.00
2.00
Pine
Wood
3.34 ±
1.14 x
107
3.04 ± 1.38 xlO5
3.32 ± 5.46 xlO4
1.09 ± 1.72 xlO4
2.05 ±0.29
3.70 ± 1.16
4.40 ± 1.69




3.00


1.56 ± 2.69 xlO2
6.61 ± 1.75




0.25


4.50 ±7.62x10'
7.23 ± 1.40




0.50
1.00
2.00
Carpet
9.38 ±
3.57 x
107
2.06 ± 3.56 xlO6
5.87 ± 6.99 xlO5
5.76 ± 5.80 xlO4
5.17 ±4.04
4.03 ±3.85
4.67 ±3.22
STERIS
1000ED
23.0
38.1
±4.3

3.00


4.29 ± 4.04 xlO4
4.74 ±3.14
±
0.04
1.19E+08
0.25


2.29 ± 3.93 xlO4
5.55 ±2.74



0.50
Painted
Wallboard
1.00 ±
0.05 x
0.00 ±0.00
>8.00 ±0.02




1.00
7.19 ± 7.87 xlO4
4.68 ±3.30




2.00
Paper
10s
0.00 ±0.00
>8.00 ±0.02




3.00


0.00 ±0.00
>8.00 ±0.02




0.25


1.15 ± 1.28 xlO7
0.32 ±0.59




0.50
1.00
2.00
Unpainted
Concrete
1.79 ±
1.09 x
107
6.92 ± 1.26 xlO6
8.65 ± 7.15 xlO6
4.11± 0.49 xlO6
0.36 ±0.23
0.35 ±0.43
0.59 ±0.22




3.00


4.26 ± 1.18 xlO6
0.58 ±0.26




0.25


8.75 ± 6.57 xlO5
1.84 ±0.39




0.50
1.00
Ceiling
Tile"
5.15 ±
1.30 x
3.93 ± 2.90 xlO4
4.50 ± 7.62 x 101
3.26 ±0.61
6.99 ± 1.39




2.00

107
0.00 ±0.00
>7.70 ±0.10




3.00


0.00 ±0.00
>7.70 ±0.10
a Data expressed as the mean (± SD) of the logs of the number of spores (CFU) observed on individual samples and decontamination efficacy (log reduction).
b Positive Controls = samples inoculated, not decontaminated.
c Test Coupons = samples inoculated, decontaminated.
11 CI = confidence interval (± 1.96 SE). Results highlighted in yellow signify > 6 LR and green signifies complete inactivation.
A-l
-------
Table A-2. Inactivation of B. anthracis Ames Spores using low level HPVa (Continued)
Test Concentration .. . , Temp n/I,TT Inoculum
Number	(ppm)	Equipment (0Q %RH (CFU/coupon)
Contact
Material
Mean Recovered B. anthracis
(CFU/coupon)	Efficacy ±
(hours)

Positive
Controlb
Test Coupon0
CI"
0.25


1.06 ± 0.65 xlO5
2.68 ±0.43
0.50

4.14 ±
0.13 x
107
4.47 ± 7.22 xlO4
3.91 ± 1.63
1.00
Glass
0.00 ±0.00
>7.62 ±0.01
2.00

3.34 ± 5.49 xlO2
6.11 ± 1.69
3.00


0.00 ±0.00
>7.62 ±0.01
0.25


1.74 ± 1.53 xlO5
2.39 ±0.65
0.50

2.93 ±
0.94 x
107
3.60 ± 3.93 xlO4
4.32 ±3.07
1.00
2.00
Pine
Wood
0.00 ±0.00
0.00 ±0.00
>7.44 ±0.15
>7.44 ±0.15
3.00


0.00 ±0.00
>7.44 ±0.15
0.25


8.89 ± 0.72 xlO7
0.04 ±0.05
0.50
1.00
2.00
Carpet
9.77 ±
0.87 x
107
2.04 ± 0.20 xlO7
2.34 ± 0.95 xlO6
2.28 ± 0.99 xlO6
0.68 ±0.06
1.65	±0.24
1.66	±0.21
3.00


8.18 ± 2.62 xlO5
2.09 ±0.16
0.25


5.20 ± 4.58 xlO7
0.55 ±0.92
0.50
1.00
2.00
Painted
Wallboard
Paper
9.13 ±
0.82 x
107
1.02 ± 1.71 xlO6
4.15 ± 6.89 xlO6
4.67 ± 8.08 xlO5
2.89 ± 1.46
3.75 ±4.22
5.91 ±4.01
3.00


4.79 ± 5.55 xlO4
3.81 ± 1.29
0.25


7.74 ± 4.03 xlO6
1.18 ±0.25
0.50
1.00
Unpainted
Concrete
1.10±
0.29 x
10s
1.18 ± 0.46 xlO7
7.65 ± 4.97 xlO6
0.99 ±0.24
1.26 ±0.49
2.00

3.51 ± 1.92 xlO6
1.53 ±0.27
3.00


3.52 ± 0.62 xlO6
1.49 ± 0.13
0.25


4.26 ± 0.88 x 106
0.86 ±0.23
0.50
1.00
Ceiling
Tile"
3.33 ±
1.31 x
2.11 ± 2.01 xlO4
7.83 ± 13.4 x 101
3.31 ±0.56
6.69 ± 1.56
2.00
107
0.00 ±0.00
>7.48 ± 0.20
3.00


0.00 ±0.00
>7.48 ± 0.20
10.42 ±0.60
Bubbler
23.6
±
0.26
58.5
±
9.12
1.10E+08
" Data expressed as the mean (± SD) of the logs of the number of spores (CFU) observed on individual samples and decontamination efficacy (log reduction).
b Positive Controls = samples inoculated, not decontaminated.
c Test Coupons = samples inoculated, decontaminated.
11 CI = confidence interval (± 1.96 SE). ). Results highlighted in yellow signify > 6 LR, and green signifies complete inactivation.
A-2
-------
Table A-3. Inactivation of B. anthracis Ames Spores using low level HPVa (Continued)
Test
Number
Concentration
(PPm)
Equipment
Temp
(°Q
%RH
Inoculum
(CFU/coupon)
Contact
Time
(hours)
Material
Mean Recovered B. anthracis
(CFU/coupon)
Positive „ , „ c
Control* Test Coupon
Efficacy ±
CI"






4.00


2.29 ±3.79x10'
7.17 ± 1.19






8.00
12.00
16.00
20.00
Glass
6.06 ±
0.74 x
107
0.00 ±0.00
0.00 ±0.00
0.00 ±0.00
0.00 ±0.00
>7.78 ± 0.05
>7.78 ± 0.05
>7.78 ± 0.05
>7.78 ± 0.05






4.00


7.33 ± 2.51 xlO4
2.24 ±0.53






8.00
12.00
16.00
Pine
Wood
1.86 ±
1.20 x
107
1.66 ± 1.90 xlO4
5.84 ± 7.87 xlO4
5.03 ± 4.90 xlO3
3.23 ± 1.06
3.12 ± 1.76
3.55 ±0.77






20.00


7.35 ± 7.81 xlO3
3.42 ±0.78






4.00


5.31 ± 0.03 xlO7
0.24 ±0.03






8.00
12.00
16.00
Carpet
9.35 ±
0.85 x
107
3.85 ± 2.62 xlO6
9.57 ± 2.78 xlO6
4.70 ± 2.02 xlO5
1.45 ±0.32
1.00 ±0.16
2.32 ±0.22






20.00


3.39 ± 3.41 xlO5
2.67 ±0.69
3
9.29 ± 1.02
Bubbler
27.4 ±
0.84
76.1
±
5.43
1.02E+08
4.00
8.00
Painted
Wallboard
Paper
8.04 ±
0.97 x
107
4.60 ± 7.97 xlO6
3.44 ± 5.94 xlO2
3.43 ±2.67
6.90 ± 1.97






12.00
16.00
0.00 ±0.00
0.00 ±0.00
>7.90 ± 0.05
>7.90 ± 0.05






20.00


0.00 ±0.00
>7.90 ± 0.05






4.00


4.13 ± 2.54 xlO7
-0.02 ±0.47






8.00
12.00
16.00
Unpainted
Concrete
3.94 ±
2.56 x
107
4.74 ± 4.09 xlO6
3.78 ± 2.57 xlO6
2.77 ± 3.60 xlO6
1.36 ± 1.38
1.06 ±0.56
1.35 ±0.71






20.00


2.51 ± 3.13 xlO6
1.36 ±0.67






4.00


4.88 ± 2.28 xlO3
3.84 ±0.22






8.00


1.18 ± 1.86 x 101
6.99 ± 1.00






12.00
16.00
20.00
Ceiling
Tile"
3.19 ±
0.38 x
107
0.00 ±0.00
0.00 ±0.00
0.00 ±0.00
>7.50 ±
0.05
>7.50 ±
0.05
>7.50 ±
0.05
" Data expressed as the mean (± SD) of the logs of the number of spores (CFU) observed on individual samples and decontamination efficacy (log reduction).
b Positive Controls = samples inoculated, not decontaminated.
c Test Coupons = samples inoculated, decontaminated.
11 CI = confidence interval (± 1.96 SE). ). Results highlighted in yellow signify > 6 LR, and green signifies complete inactivation.
A-3
-------
Table A-4. Inactivation of B. anthracis Ames Spores using low level HPVa (Continued)
Test Concentration _
. , Equipment
Number (PPm)
Temp
(°Q
%RH
Inoculum
(CFU/coupon)
Contact
Time
(hours)
Material
Mean Recovered B. anthracis
(CFU/coupon)
Positive „ , „ c
Control* Test Coupon
Efficacy ±
CI"




2.00


1.42 ± 1.72 xlO6
1.82 ±0.63




4.00
6.00
Glass
5.41 ±
0.81 x
106
1.41 ± 2.39 xlO5
3.23 ± 3.49 xlO3
3.56 ± 1.43
4.64 ± 1.09




8.00

0.00 ±0.00
>7.73 ± 0.06




12.00


3.98 ± 6.69 xlO3
5.58 ±2.31




8.00


3.56 ± 2.60 xlO4
2.88 ±0.65




12.00
16.00
20.00
Pine
Wood
2.05 ±
1.05 x
107
2.10 ± 1.25 xlO4
1.21 ± 0.63 xlO4
3.01 ± 2.35 xlO4
3.03 ±0.45
2.22 ±0.31
2.98 ±0.71




24.00


1.50 ± 2.57 xlO4
4.20 ± 1.57




8.00


4.38 ± 1.00 xlO6
1.21 ±0.12




12.00
16.00
20.00
Carpet
6.97 ±
0.83 x
107
1.12 ± 0.15 x 107
5.81 ± 2.51 xlO5
8.79 ± 8.40 xlO5
0.80 ±0.08
2.11 ±0.26
2.28 ± 1.07
4 25 7 ± 1 41 STERIS
i.4i 1000ED
22.9 ±
0.05
32.6

24.00


8.03 ± 8.37 xlO5
2.34 ± 1.07
±
22.4
9.50E+07
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
12.00
Painted
Wallboard
Paper
6.81 ±
2.34 x
107
3.73 ± 3.61 xlO7
9.81 ± 3.33 xlO6
5.92 ± 2.74 xlO6
5.53 ± 4.33 xlO5
1.24 ± 1.49 xlO5
0.36 ±0.50
0.86 ±0.27
1.06 ±0.29
2.20 ±0.57
2.99 ±0.77




8.00


4.26 ± 3.26 xlO6
0.27 ±0.44




12.00

7.86 ±
5.14 x
107
2.51 ± 2.20 xlO6
0.53 ± 0.49




16.00
Unpainted
Concrete
3.29 ± 2.83 xlO6
0.90 ± 1.54




20.00

2.91 ± 1.85 xlO6
0.44 ±0.48




24.00


2.84 ± 0.34 xlO6
0.37 ±0.26




2.00


4.17 ± 1.14 xlO5
1.94 ± 0.15




4.00
6.00
8.00
Ceiling
Tile"
3.58 ±
0.65 x
107
6.35 ± 2.66 xlO4
8.33 ± 1.17 xlO4
4.48 ± 3.28 xlO3
2.77 ±0.22
2.63 ±0.10
3.98 ±0.37




12.00


4.10 ± 0.46 xlO2
3.94 ±0.09
' Data expressed as the mean (± SD) of the logs of the number of spores (CFU) observed on individual samples and decontamination efficacy (log reduction).
b Positive Controls = samples inoculated, not decontaminated.
c Test Coupons = samples inoculated, decontaminated.
11 CI = confidence interval (± 1.96 SE). ). Results highlighted in yellow signify > 6 LR, and green signifies complete inactivation.
A-4
-------
Table A-5. Inactivation of B. anthracis Ames Spores using low level HPVa (Continued)
Test Concentration .. . , Temp n/I,TT Inoculum
Number	(ppm)	Equipment (0Q %RH (CFU/coupon)
Contact
Material
Mean Recovered B. anthracis
(CFU/coupon)	Efficacy ±
(hours)

Positive
Controlb
Test Coupon0
CI"
2.00


5.38 ± 5.12 x 104
4.34 ±3.20
4.00
6.00
Glass
4.01 ±
0.65 x
107
0.00 ±0.00
0.00 ±0.00
>7.60 ± 0.07
>7.60 ± 0.07
8.00

1.18 ± 1.86x101
7.09 ± 1.00
12.00


0.00 ±0.00
>7.60 ± 0.07
8.00


1.48 ± 2.47 xlO5
2.92 ± 1.30
12.00
16.00
20.00
Pine
Wood
1.99 ±
0.95 x
107
3.20 ± 4.65 xlO3
2.20 ± 0.85 xlO3
7.16 ± 9.40 xlO3
4.94	±2.34
3.95	±0.28
4.66 ±2.59
24.00


1.04 ± 1.72 xlO5
3.07 ± 1.33
8.00


1.07 ± 1.85 xlO6
5.70 ±4.25
12.00
16.00
Carpet
7.36 ±
2.14 x
5.11 ± 5.36 xlO5
2.94 ± 5.10 xlO4
2.34 ±0.57
6.22 ±3.23
20.00

107
0.00 ±0.00
>7.87 ±0.01
24.00


0.00 ±0.00
>7.87 ±0.01
2.00


4.23 ± 4.50 x 105
2.87 ± 1.79
4.00
6.00
8.00
Painted
Wallboard
Paper
5.33 ±
1.05 x
107
3.70 ± 3.22 xlO4
3.73 ± 6.12 xlO4
5.31 ± 8.66 xlO4
4.05 ±2.11
3.85 ± 1.15
3.80 ± 1.35
12.00


3.78 ± 1.68 xlO2
5.18 ±0.26
8.00


3.56 ± 6.49 xlO6
0.50 ±0.16
12.00
16.00
Unpainted
Concrete
1.17 ±
0.38 x
107
2.62 ± 0.99 xlO6
3.57 ± 1.91 xlO6
0.65 ±0.25
0.55 ±0.37
20.00

2.60 ± 0.53 x 106
0.64 ±0.17
24.00


3.20 ± 0.69 xlO6
0.55 ±0.17
2.00


4.77 ± 8.08 xlO4
4.16 ±2.05
4.00
6.00
8.00
Ceiling
Tile"
3.11 ±
0.49 x
107
2.29 ±3.79x10'
7.82 ± 8.36 x 101
4.50 ±7.62x10'
6.88 ± 1.19
6.14 ± 1.34
6.78 ± 1.39
12.00


0.00 ±0.00
>7.49 ±0.06
25.5 ±0.98
STERIS
1000ED
23.9 ±
0.05
62.4
±
23.9
8.50E+07
a Data expressed as the mean (± SD) of the logs of the number of spores (CFU) observed on individual samples and decontamination efficacy (log reduction).
b Positive Controls = samples inoculated, not decontaminated.
c Test Coupons = samples inoculated, decontaminated.
11 CI = confidence interval (± 1.96 SE). ). Results highlighted in yellow signify > 6 LR, and green signifies complete inactivation.
A-5
-------
Table A-6. Inactivation of B. anthracis Ames Spores using low level HPVa (Continued)
Test
Number
Concentration
(PPm)
Equipment
Temp
(°Q
%RH
Inoculum
(CFU/coupon)
Contact
Time
(hours)
Material
Mean Recovered B. anthracis
(CFU/coupon)
Positive „ , „ c
Control* Test Coupon
Efficacy ±
CI"






2.00


2.21 ± 3.66 xlO3
5.57 ± 2.17






4.00

4.09 ±
2.12 ± 1.89 xlO2
5.94 ± 1.63






6.00
Glass
0.75 x
107
0.00 ±0.00
>7.61 ±0.07






8.00

0.00 ±0.00
>7.61 ±0.07






12.00


0.00 ±0.00
>7.61 ±0.07






8.00


3.30 ± 4.68 xlO4
2.89 ±0.82






12.00

1.10±
0.22 x
107
3.25 ± 5.21 xlO4
3.15 ± 1.10






16.00
20.00
Pine
Wood
1.95 ± 1.55 xlO5
1.49 ± 2.35 xlO4
1.83 ±0.37
3.57 ± 1.28






24.00


3.41 ± 5.79 xlO5
2.95 ± 2.20






8.00


2.81 ± 0.27 xlO7
0.48 ±0.05






12.00
16.00
20.00
Carpet
8.46 ±
0.58 x
107
2.84 ± 1.89 xlO6
1.24 ± 0.74 xlO6
8.52 ± 2.33 xlO5
1.53 ±0.30
1.91 ±0.39
2.01 ±0.13


STERIS
1000ED
23.5 ±
0.28
25.9

24.00


9.31 ± 4.06 xlO4
2.99 ±0.24
6
50.3 ± 1.51
±
1.93
1.13E+08
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
12.00
Painted
Wallboard
Paper
7.11 ±
0.94 x
107
2.61 ± 1.56 xlO6
3.98 ± 6.18 xlO6
2.20 ± 2.86 x 106
3.88 ± 4.22 xlO5
1.57 ± 1.84 xlO4
1.51 ±0.41
1.86 ± 1.13
1.90 ±0.92
2.44 ±0.54
4.01 ±0.92






8.00


8.27 ± 1.13 xlO6
0.18 ±0.21






12.00
16.00
20.00
Unpainted
Concrete
1.40 ±
0.91 x
107
4.48 ± 2.08 xlO6
2.51 ± 2.10 xlO6
3.29 ± 3.51 xlO6
0.47 ±0.29
0.79 ±0.43
0.74 ±0.56






24.00


2.06 ± 1.54 xlO6
0.87 ±0.44






2.00


1.18 ± 1.86 x 101
6.94 ± 1.00






4.00
6.00
Ceiling
Tile"
2.89 ±
0.71 x
3.78 ± 5.17 xlO2
7.81 ± 10.70 xlO2
5.71 ± 1.76
6.17 ± 1.33






8.00

107
0.00 ±0.00
>7.45 ±0.11






12.00


0.00 ±0.00
>7.45 ±0.11
" Data expressed as the mean (± SD) of the logs of the number of spores (CFU) observed on individual samples and decontamination efficacy (log reduction).
b Positive Controls = samples inoculated, not decontaminated.
c Test Coupons = samples inoculated, decontaminated.
11 CI = confidence interval (± 1.96 SE). ). Results highlighted in yellow signify > 6 LR, and green signifies complete inactivation.
A-6
-------
Table A-7. Inactivation of B. anthracis Ames Spores using low level HPVa (Continued)
Test Concentration ..
. , , Equipment
Number (ppm)
Temp
(°Q
%RH
Inoculum
(CFU/coupon)
Contact
Time
(hours)
Material
Mean Recovered B. anthracis
(CFU/coupon)
Positive „ , „ c
Control* Test Coupon
Efficacy ±
CI"




1.00


0.00 ±0.00
>7.71 ±0.04




2.00
4.00
5.00
Glass
5.20 ±
0.47 x
107
0.00 ±0.00
0.00 ±0.00
0.00 ±0.00
>7.71 ±0.04
>7.71 ±0.04
>7.71 ±0.04




6.00


0.00 ±0.00
>7.71 ±0.04




8.00


2.09 ± 2.24 xlO5
2.17 ± 0.53




12.00
16.00
20.00
Pine
Wood
2.31 ±
1.14 x
107
1.16 ± 1.88 xlO5
0.67 ± 1.17 xlO3
3.19 ± 3.56 x 104
4.10 ±3.26
6.22 ±2.17
4.24 ±3.04




24.00


0.00 ±0.00
>7.32 ±0.18




8.00


2.19 ± 0.79 xlO5
1.49 ± 0.17




12.00
16.00
20.00
Carpet
6.59 ±
0.70 x
107
2.27 ± 1.31 xlO5
1.66 ± 2.13 xlO4
5.77 ± 9.13 xlO2
2.51 ±0.27
4.96 ± 2.83
6.08 ± 1.84
7 50 0 ± 1 10 STERIS
1000ED
23.77
60.07

24.00


1.95 ± 2.94 xlO3
5.67 ± 2.18
±
3.86
±
3.86
9.53E+07
1.00


0.00 ±0.00
>7.79 ± 0.08




2.00
Painted
Wallboard
Paper
6.31 ±
1.24 x
107
0.00 ±0.00
>7.79 ± 0.08




4.00
5.00
1.53 ± 2.65 xlO5
2.22 ± 2.71 xlO2
5.05 ±3.21
5.71 ±0.69




6.00


1.43 ± 2.33 xlO4
4.32 ± 1.15




8.00


3.38 ± 1.75 xlO6
0.83 ±0.35




12.00
16.00
20.00
Unpainted
Concrete
2.35 ±
1.32 x
107
3.53 ± 1.47 xlO6
4.96 ± 0.19 xlO6
1.96 ± 0.67 xlO6
0.83 ±0.42
0.62 ±0.22
1.04 ±0.27




24.00


3.78 ± 1.98 xlO6
0.78 ±0.34




1.00


2.56 ± 3.74 xlO4
3.63 ±0.94




2.00

3.83 ±
0.51 x
107
2.33 ± 2.19 xlO2
5.42 ±0.67




4.00
5.00
Ceiling
Tile"
0.00 ±0.00
0.00 ±0.00
>7.58 ±0.05
>7.58 ±0.05




6.00


0.00 ±0.00
>7.58 ±0.05
' Data expressed as the mean (± SD) of the logs of the number of spores (CFU) observed on individual samples and decontamination efficacy (log reduction).
b Positive Controls = samples inoculated, not decontaminated.
c Test Coupons = samples inoculated, decontaminated.
11 CI = confidence interval (± 1.96 SE). ). Results highlighted in yellow signify > 6 LR, and green signifies complete inactivation.
A-7
-------
Table A-8. Inactivation of B. anthracis Ames Spores using low level HPVa (Continued)
Test Concentration _
. , Equipment
Number (PPm)
Temp
(°Q
%RH
Inoculum
(CFU/coupon)
Contact
Time
(hours)
Material
Mean Recovered B. anthracis
(CFU/coupon)
Positive „ , „ c
Control* Test Coupon
Efficacy ±
CI"




1.00


1.21 ± 2.10 xlO3
5.81 ±2.33




2.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
Glass
1.27 ±
0.47 x
107
0.00 ±0.00
0.00 ±0.00
0.00 ±0.00
0.00 ±0.00
>7.00 ±0.16
>7.00 ±0.16
>7.00 ±0.16
>7.00 ±0.16




8.00


2.04 ± 1.88 xlO4
2.81 ±0.44




12.00
16.00
20.00
Pine
Wood
1.04 ±
0.30 x
107
3.66 ± 5.41 xlO4
1.35 ± 1.33 xlO4
3.68 ± 4.32 xlO3
3.99 ±3.00
3.64 ± 1.81
3.67 ±0.64




24.00


0.00 ±0.00
>7.00 ±0.11




8.00


1.21 ± 2.10 xlO4
6.03 ±2.98




12.00
16.00
20.00
Carpet
3.61 ±
0.50 x
107
0.00 ±0.00
0.00 ±0.00
0.00 ±0.00
7.55 ±0.05
7.55 ±0.05
7.55 ±0.05
8 43.50 ±12.61 ™
22.98
76.91

24.00


0.00 ±0.00
7.55 ±0.05
±
0.43
±
5.45
7.17E+07
1.00


3.96 ± 4.26 xlO5
2.65 ± 1.90


2.00
Painted
Wallboard
2.92 ±
1.15 x
0.00 ±0.00
>7.42 ± 0.21




4.00
1.45 ± 2.49 xlO2
6.55 ± 1.74




5.00
Paper
107
0.00 ±0.00
>7.42 ± 0.21




6.00


0.00 ±0.00
>7.42 ± 0.21




8.00


1.58 ± 1.32 x 106
0.78 ±0.41




12.00
16.00
20.00
Unpainted
Concrete
8.02 ±
2.60 x
106
1.34 ± 0.35 xlO6
4.67 ± 5.05 xlO6
1.14 ± 0.51 x 106
0.77 ±0.20
1.38 ±0.53
0.85 ±0.25




24.00


1.50 ± 1.24 xlO6
0.80 ±0.41




1.00


3.45 ± 1.46 xlO5
1.70 ±0.30




2.00

1.76 ±
0.85 x
107
1.90 ± 2.48 xlO3
4.98 ± 2.22




4.00
5.00
Ceiling
Tile"
0.00 ±0.00
0.00 ±0.00
>7.21 ±0.18
>7.21 ±0.18




6.00


0.00 ±0.00
>7.21 ±0.18
' Data expressed as the mean (± SD) of the logs of the number of spores (CFU) observed on individual samples and decontamination efficacy (log reduction).
b Positive Controls = samples inoculated, not decontaminated.
c Test Coupons = samples inoculated, decontaminated.
11 CI = confidence interval (± 1.96 SE). Results highlighted in yellow signify > 6 LR, and green signifies complete inactivation.
A-8
-------
Table A-9. Inactivation of B. anthracis Ames Spores using low level HPVa (Continued)
Test Concentration ..
. , , Equipment
Number (ppm)
Temp
(°Q
%RH
Inoculum
(CFU/coupon)
Contact
Time
(hours)
Material
Mean Recovered B. anthracis
(CFU/coupon)
Positive „ , „ c
Control* Test Coupon
Efficacy ±
CI"




1.00


3.95 ± 0.52 xlO6
0.97 ±0.10




2.00

3.67 ±
6.18 ± 4.24 xlO5
1.88 ±0.49




6.00
8.00
Glass
0.61 x
107
0.00 ±0.00
0.00 ±0.00
>7.56 ±0.07
>7.56 ± 0.07




12.00


0.00 ±0.00
>7.56 ±0.07




8.00


1.42 ± 1.70 xlO5
2.35 ±0.95




12.00
16.00
20.00
Pine
Wood
1.84 ±
1.82 x
107
9.54 ± 6.01 xlO4
8.68 ± 2.97 xlO4
4.80 ± 7.97 xlO4
2.25 ± 0.49
2.22	±0.33
3.23	± 1.24




24.00


2.66 ± 3.77 xlO3
4.86 ±2.30




8.00


7.67 ±2.23x105
2.04 ±0.16




12.00

8.07 ±
0.81 x
107
8.19 ± 2.03 xlO5
2.00 ±0.12




16.00
20.00
Carpet
0.00 ±0.00
0.00 ±0.00
7.91 ±0.04
7.91 ±0.04

23.77
91.64

24.00


0.00 ±0.00
7.91 ±0.04
9 25.22 ±1.64 Bubbler
±
0.40
±
6.33
8.80E+07
1.00
2.00
Painted
Wallboard
Paper
5.65 ±
0.77 x
107
7.57 ± 3.07 xlO5
3.50 ± 6.06 xlO4
1.89 ± 0.19
6.08 ±3.28




6.00
8.00
0.00 ±0.00
0.00 ±0.00
>7.75 ± 0.05
>7.75 ± 0.05




12.00


0.00 ±0.00
>7.75 ± 0.05




8.00


7.85 ± 3.16 xlO5
1.45 ±0.28




12.00
16.00
20.00
Unpainted
Concrete
2.36 ±
1.36 x
107
3.42 ± 2.19 xlO6
1.59 ± 1.58 x 106
4.55 ± 2.71 xlO5
0.87 ±0.46
1.26 ±0.52
1.71 ±0.34




24.00


5.94 ± 5.06 xlO5
1.83 ±0.90




1.00


6.07 ± 2.51 xlO6
0.34 ±0.25




2.00

1.26 ±
0.22 x
1.13 ± 0.46 xlO5
1.07 ±0.25




6.00
Ceiling
Tile"
0.00 ±0.00
>7.09 ± 0.06




8.00

107
1.14 ± 1.98 x 103
5.92 ±2.31




12.00


0.00 ±0.00
>7.09 ± 0.06
' Data expressed as the mean (± SD) of the logs of the number of spores (CFU) observed on individual samples and decontamination efficacy (log reduction).
b Positive Controls = samples inoculated, not decontaminated.
c Test Coupons = samples inoculated, decontaminated.
11 CI = confidence interval (± 1.96 SE). Results highlighted in yellow signify > 6 LR, and green signifies complete inactivation.
A-9
-------
Table A-10. Inactivation of B. anthracis Vollum Spores using low level HPVa (Continued)
Test Concentration ..
. , , Equipment
Number (ppm)
Temp
(°Q
%RH
Inoculum
(CFU/coupon)
Contact
Time
(hours)
Material
Mean Recovered B. anthracis
(CFU/coupon)
Positive „ , „ c
Control* Test Coupon
Efficacy ±
CI"




0.25


1.18 ± 1.86 x 101
6.52 ± 1.02




0.50

1.17 ±
1.54 ± 2.45 xlO4
4.34 ±2.73




1.00
2.00
Glass
0.48 x
107
0.00 ±0.00
0.00 ±0.00
>7.03 ±0.21
>7.03 ±0.21




3.00


2.56 ± 3.09 xlO2
5.36 ± 1.68




0.25


2.71 ± 3.69 xlO4
2.47 ±0.76




0.50
1.00
2.00
Pine
Wood
4.43 ±
2.09 x
106
1.04 ± 1.53 xlO4
1.03 ± 1.79 xlO3
1.18 ± 1.86 x 101
3.05 ±0.99
5.43 ±2.29
6.08 ± 1.02




3.00


5.45 ± 9.14 xlO2
5.01 ± 1.83




0.25


1.20 ± 0.40 xlO6
1.02 ± 0.18




0.50
1.00
2.00
Carpet
1.20 ±
0.12 x
107
7.69 ± 5.32 xlO6
5.74 ± 0.62 xlO4
1.09 ± 0.95 xlO3
0.30 ±0.46
2.32 ±0.07
4.94 ±2.10
STERIS
1000ED
23.0
38.1
±4.3

3.00


3.78 ± 2.22 xlO2
4.55 ±0.27
±
0.04
8.97E+07
0.25


7.18 ± 6.92 xlO5
2.90 ± 2.96



0.50
Painted
Wallboard
Paper
4.25 ±
5.44 x
107
1.22 ± 1.48 xlO5
2.55 ±0.71




1.00
2.00
0.00 ±0.00
0.00 ±0.00
>7.42 ± 0.38
>7.42 ± 0.38




3.00


0.00 ±0.00
>7.42 ± 0.38




0.25


1.56 ± 2.07 xlO5
1.06 ± 1.07




0.50
1.00
2.00
Unpainted
Concrete
1.92 ±
2.78 x
106
1.33 ± 2.23 xlO5
8.33 ± 2.67 xlO2
4.00 ± 6.93 xlO3
1.58 ± 1.42
2.97 ±0.65
4.52 ±2.74




3.00


2.10 ± 1.15 x 103
2.59 ±0.68




0.25


1.18 ± 1.86 x 101
5.44 ± 1.07




0.50

1.38 ±
1.43 x
106
3.37 ±3.29x10'
4.83 ± 1.18




1.00
2.00
Ceiling
Tile"
0.00 ±0.00
0.00 ±0.00
>5.95 ±0.40
>5.95 ±0.40




3.00


0.00 ±0.00
>5.95 ±0.40
' Data expressed as the mean (± SD) of the logs of the number of spores (CFU) observed on individual samples and decontamination efficacy (log reduction).
b Positive Controls = samples inoculated, not decontaminated.
c Test Coupons = samples inoculated, decontaminated.
11 CI = confidence interval (± 1.96 SE). Results highlighted in yellow signify > 6 LR and green signifies complete inactivation.
A-10
-------
Table A-ll. Inactivation of B. anthracis Vollum Spores using low level HPVa (Continued)
Test Concentration ..
. , , Equipment
Number (ppm)
Temp
(°Q
%RH
Inoculum
(CFU/coupon)
Contact
Time
(hours)
Material
Mean Recovered B. anthracis
(CFU/coupon)
Positive „ , „ c
Control* Test Coupon
Efficacy ±
CI"




4.00


2.06 ± 3.56 xlO6
3.47 ±3.85




8.00

6.81 ±
3.03 x
106
0.67 ± 1.15 x 103
5.69 ±2.17




12.00
16.00
Glass
0.00 ±0.00
0.00 ±0.00
>6.79 ±0.19
>6.79 ±0.19




20.00


0.00 ±0.00
>6.79 ±0.19




4.00


1.31 ± 1.84 x 104
2.44 ±0.89




8.00
12.00
16.00
Pine
Wood
1.84 ±
1.33 x
106
0.97 ± 1.59 xlO4
2.67 ± 4.05 xlO2
2.29 ± 3.79 x 101
3.69 ±2.58
4.61 ± 1.67
5.56 ± 1.22




20.00


2.29 ±3.79x10'
5.56 ± 1.22




4.00


3.93 ± 0.55 xlO6
0.23 ±0.07




8.00
12.00
16.00
Carpet
6.70 ±
0.28 x
106
6.10 ± 0.94 xlO5
8.78 ± 6.70 xlO2
9.98 ± 1.51 xlO2
1.04 ±0.08
4.06 ±0.64
3.83 ±0.08

23.6
58.5

20.00


1.00 ± 1.45 xlO2
5.51 ± 1.39
2 10.42 ±0.60 Bubbler
±
0.26
±
9.12
1.15E+08
4.00
8.00
12.00
Painted
Wallboard
1.95 ±
2.99 x
0.93 ± 1.60 xlO6
4.48 ± 5.01 x 101
1.11 ± 1.92x 103
2.41 ± 1.86
5.83 ± 1.26
5.83 ±2.34




16.00
Paper
107
0.00 ±0.00
>7.00 ± 0.42




20.00


0.00 ±0.00
>7.00 ± 0.42




4.00


4.62 ± 3.26 xlO4
0.95 ±0.80




8.00
12.00
16.00
Unpainted
Concrete
0.90 ±
1.47 x
106
1.45 ± 1.20 xlO5
1.39 ± 0.28 xlO4
2.32 ± 2.06 xlO3
0.44 ±0.75
1.36 ±0.63
2.24 ±0.74




20.00


1.91 ± 1.25 xlO4
1.29 ±0.73




4.00


1.62 ± 1.18 x 103
2.38 ±0.47




8.00
12.00
16.00
Ceiling
Tile"
3.25 ±
1.23 x
105
0.00 ±0.00
0.00 ±0.00
0.00 ±0.00
>5.49 ±0.14
>5.49 ±0.14
>5.49 ±0.14




20.00


0.00 ±0.00
>5.49 ±0.14
" Data expressed as the mean (± SD) of the logs of the number of spores (CFU) observed on individual samples and decontamination efficacy (log reduction).
b Positive Controls = samples inoculated, not decontaminated.
c Test Coupons = samples inoculated, decontaminated.
11 CI = confidence interval (± 1.96 SE). Results highlighted in yellow signify > 6 LR, and green signifies complete inactivation.
A-ll
-------
Table A-12. Inactivation of B. anthracis Vollum Spores using low level HPVa (Continued)
Test
Number
Concentration
(PPm)
Equipment
Temp
(°Q
%RH
Inoculum
(CFU/coupon)
Contact
Time
(hours)
Material
Mean Recovered B. anthracis
(CFU/coupon)
Positive „ , „ c
Control* Test Coupon
Efficacy ±
CI"






4.00


0.00 ±0.00
>6.83 ±0.11






8.00
12.00
16.00
Glass
6.90 ±
1.99 x
106
0.00 ±0.00
0.00 ±0.00
0.00 ±0.00
>6.83 ±0.11
>6.83 ±0.11
>6.83 ±0.11






20.00


0.00 ±0.00
>6.83 ±0.11






4.00


1.19 ± 1.83 x 104
2.36 ± 1.54






8.00

4.19 ±
1.21 x
6.33 ± 2.03 xlO2
2.83 ±0.20






12.00
Pine
Wood
0.00 ±0.00
>5.61 ±0.10






16.00

105
1.18 ± 1.86 x 101
5.10 ± 1.00






20.00


5.59 ±5.04x10'
4.34 ± 1.26






4.00


8.69 ± 2.55 xlO5
0.91 ±0.15






8.00
12.00
16.00
Carpet
6.91 ±
6.16 x
106
4.51 ± 0.32 xlO4
1.73 ± 0.24 xlO2
2.22 ± 1.92 xlO2
2.18 ±0.05
3.60 ±0.08
5.16 ± 1.65



27.4 ±
0.84
76.1

20.00


0.00 ±0.00
>6.84 ±0.03
3
9.29 ± 1.02
Bubbler
±
5.43
9.13E+07
4.00


3.47 ± 6.00 xlO3
5.33 ±2.63





8.00
12.00
16.00
20.00
Painted
Wallboard
Paper
4.71 ±
0.31 x
106
0.00 ±0.00
0.00 ±0.00
0.00 ±0.00
0.00 ±0.00
>6.67 ± 0.03
>6.67 ± 0.03
>6.67 ± 0.03
>6.67 ± 0.03






4.00


4.39 ± 1.50 xlO5
1.30 ±0.29






8.00
12.00
16.00
Unpainted
Concrete
9.57 ±
4.80 x
106
1.14 ± 1.70 xlO4
2.39 ± 2.33 xlO4
3.61 ± 5.33 xlO4
4.26 ± 2.68
2.68 ±0.51
2.78 ±0.86






20.00


2.89 ± 3.90 xlO2
5.26 ± 1.70






4.00


2.44 ± 1.93 xlO2
2.58 ±0.37






8.00
12.00
16.00
Ceiling
Tile"
8.02 ±
2.16 x
104
0.00 ±0.00
0.00 ±0.00
0.00 ±0.00
>4.89 ± 0.11
>4.89 ± 0.11
>4.89 ± 0.11






20.00


0.00 ±0.00
>4.89 ± 0.11
" Data expressed as the mean (± SD) of the logs of the number of spores (CFU) observed on individual samples and decontamination efficacy (log reduction).
b Positive Controls = samples inoculated, not decontaminated.
c Test Coupons = samples inoculated, decontaminated.
11 CI = confidence interval (± 1.96 SE). Results highlighted in yellow signify > 6 LR, and green signifies complete inactivation.
A-12
-------
Table A-13. Inactivation of B. anthracis Vollum Spores using low level HPVa (Continued)
Test Concentration _
. , Equipment
Number (PPm)
Temp
(°Q
%RH
Inoculum
(CFU/coupon)
Contact
Time
(hours)
Material
Mean Recovered B. anthracis
(CFU/coupon)
Positive „ , „ c
Control* Test Coupon
Efficacy ±
CI"




2.00


4.50 ±7.62x10'
5.85 ± 1.39




4.00
6.00
Glass
3.77 ±
1.10 x
106
4.48 ± 5.05 x 101
5.63 ±9.58x10'
5.39 ± 1.19
5.82 ± 1.46




8.00

0.00 ±0.00
>6.56 ±0.11




12.00


0.00 ±0.00
>6.56 ±0.11




8.00


0.96 ± 1.60 xlO4
3.63 ± 1.67




12.00
16.00
20.00
Pine
Wood
3.83 ±
1.64 x
106
3.78 ± 4.11 xlO2
0.92 ± 1.13 xlO3
4.48 ± 5.05 x 101
4.26 ±0.82
3.93 ±0.88
5.38 ± 1.19




24.00


5.10 ± 8.06 xlO3
3.50 ± 1.17




8.00


4.22 ± 3.34 xlO4
2.22 ±0.74




12.00
16.00
20.00
Carpet
0.91 ±
1.22 x
107
3.15 ± 1.90 xlO4
7.78 ± 1.78 xlO3
3.12 ± 5.38 x 102
2.25 ± 0.55
2.80 ± 0.45
5.69 ± 1.99
4 25 7 ± 1 41 STERIS
i.4i 1000ED
22.9 ±
0.05
32.6

24.00


2.34 ± 3.47 xlO2
5.14 ± 1.62
±
22.4
8.63E+07
2.00
4.00
Painted
Wallboard
Paper
4.80 ±
0.95 x
106
4.64 ± 7.16 xlO5
3.00 ± 2.60 xlO2
1.51 ±0.94
4.90 ± 1.74




6.00
8.00
0.00 ±0.00
0.00 ±0.00
>6.67 ±0.08
>6.67 ±0.08




12.00


0.00 ±0.00
>6.67 ±0.08




8.00


1.50 ± 1.49 xlO4
2.01 ±0.56




12.00
16.00
20.00
Unpainted
Concrete
1.28 ±
0.75 x
106
3.04 ± 2.80 xlO3
1.45 ± 2.04 xlO4
3.20 ± 1.58 xlO3
3.60 ±2.40
2.22 ±0.80
2.58 ±0.40




24.00


5.50 ± 1.07 xlO3
2.30 ±0.28




2.00


2.32 ± 0.58 xlO3
2.32 ±0.33




4.00
6.00
Ceiling
Tile"
5.84 ±
3.32 x
4.48 ± 5.05 x 101
1.18 ± 1.86 x 101
4.51 ± 1.22
5.17 ± 1.04




8.00
105
0.00 ±0.00
>5.68 ±0.30




12.00


0.00 ±0.00
>5.68 ±0.30
" Data expressed as the mean (± SD) of the logs of the number of spores (CFU) observed on individual samples and decontamination efficacy (log reduction).
b Positive Controls = samples inoculated, not decontaminated.
c Test Coupons = samples inoculated, decontaminated.
11 CI = confidence interval (± 1.96 SE). Results highlighted in yellow signify > 6 LR, and green signifies complete inactivation.
A-13
-------
Table A-14. Inactivation of B. anthracis Vollum Spores using low level HPVa (Continued)
Test Concentration .. . , Temp n/I,TT Inoculum
Number	(ppm)	Equipment (0Q %RH (CFU/coupon)
Contact
Material
Mean Recovered B. anthracis
(CFU/coupon)	Efficacy ±
(hours)

Positive
Controlb
Test Coupon0
CI"
2.00


1.90 ± 3.27 xlO2
5.56 ±1.81
4.00
6.00
8.00
Glass
3.31 ±
1.42 x
106
0.00 ±0.00
0.00 ±0.00
0.00 ±0.00
>6.48 ±0.19
>6.48 ±0.19
>6.48 ±0.19
12.00


0.00 ±0.00
>6.48 ±0.19
8.00


2.45 ± 3.95x 102
4.94 ± 1.65
12.00
16.00
20.00
Pine
Wood
3.30 ±
2.35 x
106
1.23 ± 2.11 xlO2
2.23 ± 3.29 xlO2
1.46 ± 2.52 xlO3
5.54 ± 1.71
4.86 ± 1.63
5.18 ±2.40
24.00


0.71 ± 1.23 xlO3
5.29 ±2.20
8.00


7.18 ± 3.10 xlO4
0.89 ±0.43
12.00
16.00
20.00
Carpet
0.80 ±
1.02 x
106
1.54 ± 0.20 xlO3
5.32 ± 6.92 xlO2
0.89 ± 1.26 xlO2
2.53 ±0.35
3.26 ±0.76
4.42 ± 1.40
24.00


0.00 ±0.00
>5.71 ±0.35
8.00


2.34 ± 1.71 xlO4
2.35 ±0.55
12.00
16.00
20.00
Painted
Wallboard
Paper
3.84 ±
0.43 x
106
0.00 ±0.00
0.00 ±0.00
0.00 ±0.00
>6.58 ±0.04
>6.58 ±0.04
>6.58 ±0.04
24.00


0.00 ±0.00
>6.58 ±0.04
8.00


7.77 ± 5.53 xlO3
1.91 ±0.68
12.00
16.00
Unpainted
Concrete
6.00 ±
4.40 x
105
5.87 ± 6.59 xlO3
3.10 ± 1.47 xlO3
3.06 ±2.58
2.19 ± 0.41
20.00

4.75 ± 2.79 xlO3
2.03 ± 0.46
24.00


8.35 ± 1.69 xlO3
1.74 ±0.36
8.00


3.18 ± 4.09 xlO3
2.32 ±0.33
12.00

3.35 ±
1.85 x
105
1.18 ± 1.86 x 101
4.65 ± 1.03
16.00
20.00
Ceiling
Tile"
0.00 ±0.00
0.00 ±0.00
>5.46 ±0.25
>5.46 ±0.25
24.00


0.00 ±0.00
>5.46 ±0.25
25.5 ±0.98
STERIS
1000ED
23.9 ±
0.10
62.4
±
23.9
9.03E+07
" Data expressed as the mean (± SD) of the logs of the number of spores (CFU) observed on individual samples and decontamination efficacy (log reduction).
b Positive Controls = samples inoculated, not decontaminated.
c Test Coupons = samples inoculated, decontaminated.
11 CI = confidence interval (± 1.96 SE). Results highlighted in yellow signify > 6 LR, and green signifies complete inactivation.
A-14
-------
Table A-15. Inactivation of B. anthracis Vollum Spores using low level HPVa (Continued)
Test
Number
Concentration
(PPm)
Equipment
Temp
(°Q
%RH
Inoculum
(CFU/coupon)
Contact
Time
(hours)
Material
Mean Recovered B. anthracis
(CFU/coupon)
Positive „ , „ c
Control* Test Coupon
Efficacy ±
CI"






2.00


1.18 ± 1.86 x 101
5.96 ± 1.00






4.00
6.00
Glass
2.96 ±
0.01 x
106
0.00 ±0.00
0.00 ±0.00
>6.48 ±0.01
>6.48 ±0.01






8.00

3.34 ± 5.77 xlO2
5.47 ± 1.96






12.00


0.00 ±0.00
>6.48 ±0.01






8.00


1.13 ± 1.00 xlO3
4.34 ± 2.11






12.00
16.00
20.00
Pine
Wood
3.13 ±
0.35 x
106
0.78 ± 1.34 xlO2
2.29 ± 3.79 x 101
2.29 ± 3.79 xlO3
5.70 ± 1.55
5.89 ± 1.19
5.89 ± 1.19






24.00


0.00 ±0.00
>6.49 ± 0.04






8.00


3.01 ± 0.29 xlO4
1.06 ±0.08






12.00
16.00
20.00
Carpet
3.47 ±
0.75 x
106
1.84 ± 0.74 xlO3
1.34 ± 2.03 xlO2
6.69 ± 6.60 x 101
3.30 ±0.24
5.17 ± 1.46
5.22 ± 1.30


STERIS
1000ED
23.5 ±
0.28
25.9

24.00


0.00 ±0.00
>6.53 ±0.07
6
50.3 ± 1.51
±
1.93
8.67E+07
8.00
12.00
Painted
Wallboard
Paper
4.28 ±
1.13 x
106
2.62 ± 0.24 xlO3
1.56 ± 1.84 xlO2
3.20 ±0.11
4.65 ±0.62






16.00
20.00
0.00 ±0.00
0.00 ±0.00
>6.62 ±0.10
>6.62 ±0.10






24.00


0.00 ±0.00
>6.62 ±0.10






8.00


1.23 ± 0.50 xlO4
1.90 ±0.35






12.00
16.00
20.00
Unpainted
Concrete
1.12 ±
0.64 x
106
3.29 ± 2.86 xlO3
8.69 ± 3.41 xlO3
2.12 ± 1.55x 103
3.51 ±2.43
2.06 ±0.36
2.74 ±0.53






24.00


1.37 ± 0.58 xlO3
2.86 ±0.37






8.00


0.00 ±0.00
>5.49 ±0.22






12.00
16.00
20.00
Ceiling
Tile"
3.59 ±
2.28 x
105
0.00 ±0.00
0.00 ±0.00
0.00 ±0.00
>5.49 ±0.22
>5.49 ±0.22
>5.49 ±0.22






24.00


0.00 ±0.00
>5.49 ±0.22
" Data expressed as the mean (± SD) of the logs of the number of spores (CFU) observed on individual samples and decontamination efficacy (log reduction).
b Positive Controls = samples inoculated, not decontaminated.
c Test Coupons = samples inoculated, decontaminated.
11 CI = confidence interval (± 1.96 SE). Results highlighted in yellow signify > 6 LR, and green signifies complete inactivation.
A-15
-------
Table A-16. Inactivation of B. anthracis Vollum Spores using low level HPVa (Continued)
Test Concentration .. . , Temp n/I,TT Inoculum
Number	(ppm)	Equipment (0Q %RH (CFU/coupon)
Contact
Material
Mean Recovered B. anthracis
(CFU/coupon)	Efficacy ±
(hours)

Positive
Controlb
Test Coupon0
CI"
1.00


9.31 ± 2.22 xlO4
2.12 ± 0.13
2.00

1.20 ±
0.11 x
107
5.55 ± 3.85 x 101
5.39 ± 0.31
4.00
5.00
Glass
0.00 ±0.00
0.00 ±0.00
>7.08 ±0.04
>7.08 ±0.04
6.00


0.00 ±0.00
>7.08 ±0.04
8.00


6.57 ± 4.30 xlO3
2.43 ±0.52
12.00

1.59 ±
1.03 x
106
1.48 ± 2.36 xlO3
3.66 ± 1.22
16.00
20.00
Pine
Wood
0.00 ±0.00
0.00 ±0.00
>6.14 ± 0.21
>6.14 ± 0.21
24.00


1.18 ± 1.86 x 101
5.63 ± 1.02
8.00


2.07 ± 1.51 xlO3
3.54 ±0.38
12.00
16.00
20.00
Carpet
6.26 ±
2.34 x
106
1.02 ± 0.92 xlO3
5.59 ±5.04x10'
5.63 ± 9.58 x 101
3.95 ±0.64
5.50 ± 1.26
6.04 ± 1.46
24.00


0.00 ±0.00
>6.78 ±0.12
1.00


1.18 ± 0.28 xlO5
1.80 ±0.13
2.00
4.00
Painted
Wallboard
7.29 ±
1.03 x
0.92 ± 1.60 xlO3
1.18 ± 1.86 x 101
5.71 ±2.25
6.35 ± 1.00
5.00
Paper
106
0.00 ±0.00
>6.86 ±0.05
6.00


0.00 ±0.00
>6.86 ±0.05
8.00


1.59 ± 0.85 xlO4
1.80 ±0.71
12.00
16.00
Unpainted
Concrete
2.35 ±
2.74 x
106
7.88 ± 2.32 xlO3
1.02 ± 0.22 xlO4
2.07 ±0.68
1.96 ±0.67
20.00

3.11 ± 2.56 xlO3
2.57 ±0.79
24.00


5.96 ± 3.12 xlO3
2.23 ± 0.74
1.00


1.76 ± 0.55 xlO3
2.38 ±0.16
2.00

4.14 ±
0.52 x
105
6.67± 0.00 x 101
3.79 ±0.05
4.00
5.00
Ceiling
Tile"
0.00 ±0.00
0.00 ±0.00
>5.61 ±0.05
>5.61 ±0.05
6.00


0.00 ±0.00
>5.61 ±0.05
50.0 ± 1.10
STERIS
1000ED
23.77
±
3.86
60.07
±
3.86
1.29E+08
" Data expressed as the mean (± SD) of the logs of the number of spores (CFU) observed on individual samples and decontamination efficacy (log reduction).
b Positive Controls = samples inoculated, not decontaminated.
c Test Coupons = samples inoculated, decontaminated.
11 CI = confidence interval (± 1.96 SE). Results highlighted in yellow signify > 6 LR, and green signifies complete inactivation.
A-16
-------
Table A-17. Inactivation of B. anthracis Vollum Spores using low level HPVa (Continued)
Test Concentration .. . , Temp n/I,TT Inoculum
Number	(ppm)	Equipment (0Q %RH (CFU/coupon)
Contact
Material
Mean Recovered B. anthracis
(CFU/coupon)	Efficacy ±
(hours)

Positive
Controlb
Test Coupon0
CI"
1.00


3.37 ±3.29x10'
5.65 ±1.11
2.00
4.00
5.00
Glass
6.09 ±
1.90 x
106
0.00 ±0.00
0.00 ±0.00
0.00 ±0.00
>6.77 ±0.13
>6.77 ±0.13
>6.77 ±0.13
6.00


0.00 ±0.00
>6.77 ±0.13
8.00


2.29 ± 3.79 x 101
5.96 ± 1.20
12.00
16.00
20.00
Pine
Wood
3.75 ±
0.74 x
106
2.29 ±3.79x10'
2.89 ± 2.22 xlO2
6.69 ± 6.60 x 101
5.96 ± 1.20
4.31 ±0.72
5.25 ± 1.30
24.00


0.00 ±0.00
>6.57 ±0.08
8.00


8.90 ± 6.96 x 101
4.97 ±0.41
12.00
16.00
20.00
Carpet
6.85 ±
1.66 x
106
0.00 ±0.00
0.00 ±0.00
0.00 ±0.00
>6.83 ±0.08
>6.83 ±0.08
>6.83 ±0.08
24.00


0.00 ±0.00
>6.83 ±0.08
1.00


3.25 ± 1.97 xlO5
1.14 ± 0.35
2.00
Painted
Wallboard
Paper
3.99 ±
1.15 x
106
5.87 ± 4.82 xlO4
2.13 ±0.94
4.00
5.00
0.00 ±0.00
0.00 ±0.00
>6.59 ±0.10
>6.59 ±0.10
6.00


0.00 ±0.00
>6.59 ±0.10
8.00


3.05 ± 1.37 xlO3
2.60 ±0.50
12.00

1.88 ±
1.90 x
106
4.27 ± 4.47 xlO3
2.58 ±0.66
16.00
Unpainted
Concrete
6.11 ± 1.07 x 102
3.28 ±0.45
20.00

1.52 ± 0.62 xlO3
2.90 ± 0.49
24.00


3.55 ± 1.56 xlO3
2.54 ± 0.51
1.00


3.73 ± 0.75 xlO4
0.92 ±0.12
2.00

3.11 ±
0.61 x
105
4.54± 0.89 x 102
1.83 ±0.12
4.00
5.00
Ceiling
Tile"
0.00 ±0.00
0.00 ±0.00
>5.49 ±0.07
>5.49 ±0.07
6.00


0.00 ±0.00
>5.49 ±0.07
43.50 ± 12.61
STERIS
1000ED
22.98
±
0.43
76.91
±
5.45
7.07E+07
" Data expressed as the mean (± SD) of the logs of the number of spores (CFU) observed on individual samples and decontamination efficacy (log reduction).
b Positive Controls = samples inoculated, not decontaminated.
c Test Coupons = samples inoculated, decontaminated.
11 CI = confidence interval (± 1.96 SE). Results highlighted in yellow signify > 6 LR, and green signifies complete inactivation.
A-17
-------
Table A-18. Inactivation of B. anthracis Vollum Spores using low level HPVa (Continued)
Test Concentration ..
. , , Equipment
Number (ppm)
Temp
(°Q
%RH
Inoculum
(CFU/coupon)
Contact
Time
(hours)
Material
Mean Recovered B. anthracis
(CFU/coupon)
Positive „ , „ c
Control* Test Coupon
Efficacy ±
CI"




1.00


1.54 ± 1.01 xlO5
1.67 ±0.39




2.00

7.01 ±
3.80 x
106
2.29 ± 3.79 x 101
6.19 ± 1.21




6.00
8.00
Glass
0.00 ±0.00
0.00 ±0.00
>6.79 ±0.21
>6.79 ±0.21




12.00


0.00 ±0.00
>6.79 ±0.21




8.00


2.22 ± 1.35 xlO2
4.20 ± 0.42




12.00
16.00
20.00
Pine
Wood
3.69 ±
2.31 x
106
3.01 ± 4.37 xlO4
1.90 ± 2.13 xlO3
1.00 ± 1.56 xlO3
2.91 ± 1.81
3.53 ±0.91
4.09± 1.14




24.00


2.82 ± 2.81 xlO3
4.08 ±2.38




8.00


5.78 ± 3.17 xlO2
4.07 ±0.32




12.00

6.23 ±
1.59 x
106
2.11 ± 1.95 xlO2
4.59 ±0.48




16.00
20.00
Carpet
0.00 ±0.00
0.00 ±0.00
>6.78 ±0.10
>6.78 ±0.10

23.77
91.94

24.00


0.00 ±0.00
>6.78 ±0.10
9 25.22 ±1.64 Bubbler
±
0.40
±
14.52
1.24E+08
1.00
2.00
Painted
Wallboard
Paper
8.19 ±
0.78 x
106
6.64 ± 1.98 xlO5
1.64 ± 1.12 xlO5
1.10 ± 0.14
1.76 ±0.33




6.00
8.00
0.00 ±0.00
0.00 ±0.00
>6.91 ±0.04
>6.91 ±0.04




12.00


0.00 ±0.00
>6.91 ±0.04




8.00


4.04 ± 0.65 xlO4
2.23 ± 0.24




12.00
16.00
20.00
Unpainted
Concrete
7.78 ±
4.42 x
106
1.17 ± 0.15 x 104
3.56 ± 2.72 xlO2
5.62 ± 4.90 xlO3
2.77 ±0.23
4.36 ±0.42
3.42 ± 1.00




24.00


2.11 ± 0.84 x 102
4.53 ±0.30




1.00


6.33 ± 1.34 xlO4
1.02 ±0.39




2.00

1.09 ±
1.48 x
106
8.89 ± 2.31 xlO3
1.88 ±0.40




6.00
8.00
Ceiling
Tile"
0.00 ±0.00
0.00 ±0.00
>5.82 ±0.38
>5.82 ±0.38




12.00


0.00 ±0.00
>5.82 ±0.38
" Data expressed as the mean (± SD) of the logs of the number of spores (CFU) observed on individual samples and decontamination efficacy (log reduction).
b Positive Controls = samples inoculated, not decontaminated.
c Test Coupons = samples inoculated, decontaminated.
11 CI = confidence interval (± 1.96 SE). Results highlighted in yellow signify > 6 LR, and green signifies complete inactivation.
A-18
-------
Appendix B
Efficacy Results Figures
Test 1 (200 ppm Low RH)
9.00
* *
a 6.00
5 5.00
m 3.00
-1 2.00
0.00

V ^ "ft* ^
<• W A.1

V 1/
O rv«<^ r*5 q» <
Material / Contact Time
"G°'C
IB. anthracis Ames
¦ B. antliracis Vollum
* complete inactivation
Figure B-l. Summary of efficacy results at 200 ppm and Low RH against B. anthracis Ames and Vollum.
B-l
-------
9.00
8.00
a 700
•2 6.00
s 5.00
£ 4.00
3.00
1-1 2.00
1.00
0.00
Test 2 (10 ppm Medium RH)
* _ * tT * ? 	T—*—*	*—*—*	
t fe J* b - t I i i Tiii
|| J_| II # |, 1, 1, T Ir | |

tI 1U	ii ji 1J i 11 1 TILL U i
L
¦11 T T Jill ill!
r

tII llll 1 I III T II



11 JXLn I l_l_l_ 11111 ¦ 1
i
i
I
1		
IJJJIT 1 IliJMJI| 1 III _i
tT tt tT I
¦I
II1111 III 1II11111111I I
1
i
1111
IJ
- - O v < < \> \p r\^	\P c$	\?	V * J x?
^ s&
^^-V.SP/V3 a $° Au A°/9>.^.^° \v \°/F/^\\\VkV $r ^,\VA\r
V . .
& <$? jP
G O c° g° g
IB. antliracis Ames
¦ B. antliracis Vollum
* complete inactivation
Material / Contact Time
Figure B-2. Summary of efficacy results at 10 ppm and Medium RH against B. anthracis Ames and Vollum.
Test 3 (10 ppm High RH)
.vV\.<0 n ,fc >$>»*>OvbV% $«> o»
£y^->lp

s$> *& y$>
-------
Test 4 (25 ppm Low RH)
9.00
3 6.00
k 5.00
£ 4.00
3.00
3*
e- «J® Jb /V -v J^> SV -,*0 ^ \V v^5 *0/ \0 r>^ qy1 *^5 \V \p r® or*	\?
^ ^ ^ ^ O
o c c cw
Material / Contact Time
IB. anthracis Ames
¦ B. anthracis Vollum
* complete inactivation
Figure B-4. Summary of efficacy results at 25 ppm and Low RH against B. anthracis Ames and Vollum.
9.00
Test 5 (25 ppm Medium RH)
3 6.00
5 5.00
^ N.^	N.^	L&a&c&<&r& l&c&
w K\ K\ J\ >/V vO * ~ SV SV
j? j? j? j? _<& ,*& <& <&

Material / Contact Time
IB. anthracis Ames
¦ B. anthracis Vollum
* complete inactivation
Figure B-5. Summary of efficacy results at 25 ppm and Medium RH against B. anthracis Ames and Vollum.
B-3
-------
9.00
Test 6 (50 ppm Low RH)
a 6.00
k 5.00

/V J® ^ /V	<<^	Jb \V	vb rfc ^V r>^	\V ^Jp r^
w ^ ^ ^ G cPtr CP
C G G G -C'
Material / Contact Time
IB. anthracis Ames
¦ B. anthracis Vollum
* complete inactivation
Figure B-6. Summary of efficacy results at 50 ppm and Low RH against B. anthracis Ames and Vollum.
9.00
Test 7 (50 ppm Medium RH)
a 6.00
5 5.00
aa 4.00
<*> -<& -<£	-& -&	> >\>v0nv j? *y **>
<$>* # &> # Oo y^r	^e^vo'%\v^,yc>y,
<^& & &	GGGG
V X? ^ V
.<& <& .J&
<0 <0- vy
¦> _c> _c> _c>
Material / Contact Time
crvwvrzfysysyfyr
IB. antliracis Ames
¦ B. antliracis Vollum
* complete inactivation
Figure B-7. Summary of efficacy results at 50 ppm and Medium RH against B. anthracis Ames and Vollum.
B-4
-------
Test 8 (50 ppm High RH)
*—*—*
3 6.00
,2 4.00
IB. anthracis Ames
¦ B. antliracis Vollum
* complete inactivation
& & & & &0sg^0V^°Vg^^	cfy"
Material / Contact Time	G G G G

Figure B-8. Summary of efficacy results at 50 ppm and High RH against B. anthracis Ames and Vollum.
Test 9 (25 ppm High RH)
3 6.00
a 5.00
1.00
0.00
ri 111 n i
mmmm
I I V FFI I llll I I
IB. antliracis Ames
¦ B. antliracis Vollum
* complete inactivation

Material / Contact Time
Figure B-9. Summary of efficacy results at 25 ppm and High RH against B. anthracis Ames and Vollum.
B-5
-------
B-6
-------
Appendix C
HPV Dose Requirements for Effective Decontamination
Table C-l. Minimum dose in ppm*hours demonstrating effective decontamination for
Ames strain

Test 1
Test
2
Test
3
Test
4
Test
5
Test
9
Test
6
Test
7
Test
8
Range
Average
HPV
PPm
222
9-10

25-26


44-50


Average
% RH
38
58
76
33
62
92
26
60
77


Minimum Dose in ppm*hours
Glass
56
120
80
200
100
150
300
50
100
50-200
PW
Paper
111
>200
80
>600
>600
50
>1200
100
100
50->1200
Ceiling
Tile
444
120
80
>600
100
150
100
200
200
80 - >600
Pine
Wood
666
120
>200
>600
>600
>1200
>1200
800
1200
120 ->1200
Carpet
56
>200
>200
>600
400
500
>1200
1000
400
>200-
>1200
Concrete
>666
>200
>200
>600
>600
>1200
>1200
>1200
>1200
>200-
>1200
Table C-2. Minimum dose in ppm*hours demonstrating effective decontamination for
Vollum strain

Test 1
Test 2
Test 3
Test 4
Test 5
Test 9
Test 6
Test 7
Test 8
Range
Average
HPV
PPm
222
9-10

25-26


44-50


average
% RH
38
58
76
33
62
92
26
60
77


Minimum Dose in ppm*hours
Glass
56
80
40
200
100
50
200
200
100
40-200
PW
Paper
222
160
80
150
100
150
300
200
200
80-300
Ceiling
Tile
222
80
80
200
150
150
100
200
200
80-222
Pine
Wood
444
>200
>200
>600
>600
>1200
1200
800
1200
444-
>1200
Carpet
>666
>200
200
>600
600
500
1200
1000
600
200 -
1200
Concrete
>666
>200
>200
>600
>600
>1200
>1200
>1200
>1200
>200-
>1200
C-l
-------
Appendix D
Detailed Statistical Analysis
Introduction
This report contains the statistical analysis of B. anthracis Ames (BaA) and B. anthracis Vollum
(BaV) decontamination data for different decontamination conditions (contact time, HPV
concentration, Average RH) on a variety of materials. The study design is presented in Text
Table 1. Data were collected in support of EPA Task Order 14 study conducted at the Battelle
Biomedical Research Center (BBRC).
Text Table Dl. Study Design
Test
Number
Equipment
Test
Organism
HPV
ppm
Temp
(°C)
Average
RH
Easy1
Material
Contact
Times
(h)
Difficult2
Material
Contact
Time (h)
Material
1
STERIS
Ba Ames
200
23
Low
0.25,0.50,1,2,3
Glass,

(direct)
and vollum





PW
2
Bubbler

10
23
Medium
4, 8, 12, 16, 20
Paper,
3
Bubbler

10
23
High
4, 8, 12, 16, 20
Ceiling
Tile,
Pine
Wood,
Carpet,
Concrete
4
STERIS
(dual
chamber)

25
23
Low
2,4,6,8,12
8,12,16,20,24
5
STERIS
(dual
chamber)

25
23
Medium
2,4,6,8,12
8,12,16,20,24
6
STERIS
(dual
chamber)

50
23
Low
2,4,6,8,12
8,12,16,20,24

7
STERIS
(dual
chamber)

50
23
Medium
1,2,4,5,6
8,12,16,20,24

8
STERIS

50
23
High
1,2,4,5,6
8,12,16,20,24


(single
pass)







9
Bubbler

25
23
High
1,2,6,8,12
8,12,20,24,
48

1 Glass, PW Paper anc
Ceiling Ti
e
2 Pine Wood, Carpet, Concrete
Statistical Methods
A binary response based on log reduction in spores was the primary endpoint. For this endpoint,
a trial was recorded as a success or pass if either: 1) the log 10 reduction was greater than or
equal to 6, or 2) the log 10 recovery was equal to or less than the average control recovery
(complete kill). The proportion of tests that pass and 95 percent Clopper-Pearson confidence
D-l
-------
intervals were computed by strain (Ames or Vollum), material, contact time, relative humidity,
and HPV concentration.
A logistic regression model was fitted to the full data to test whether the proportions of successes
are significantly associated with any effects included in the model. The logistic regression model
included main effects for strain (Ames or Vollum), material, dose (defined as contact time times
HPV concentration), and relative humidity; the model also included all two-factor interactions
and the three-factor interactions for dose, strain, and material. An implicit assumption in the
analysis is that the effect of dose is the same for any concentration and time used to achieve it.
Results
Text Table 2 contains the proportions of tests that pass for each strain, material, contact time,
relative humidity, and HPV concentration with 95 percent Clopper-Pearson confidence intervals.
The joint tests for all effects included in the logistic regression model are presented in Text Table
3. A joint test for an effect of interest is a test that the values of the parameters associated with
that effect are zero. As can be seen in Text Table 3, the main effect for material was statistically
significant; the two-factor interactions for strain and material, strain and average RH, material
and average RH, dose and material, and dose and average RH were also statistically significant
as well as the three-factor interaction for dose, strain, and material. Odds ratios were calculated
for each effect conditional on the values of the other effects. Figure D1 through Figure D20
present plots of the odds ratios. In these figures, the lines extend to different doses based on the
range of doses studied for a given condition; the lines are constrained so as not to extrapolate the
odds ratio outside the studied ranges.
Conclusions
Presence of a statistically significant three-factor interaction complicates interpretation of the
results, as all results for one of the three factors must be interpreted with respect to the levels of
the other two factors. While the main effects for strain, average RH, and dose are not statistically
significant, the two-factor interactions involving these factors are statistically significant.
Therefore, these factors do impact the probability of a complete kill, but that impact is dependent
on the level of another factor. For example, the effect of average RH is dependent on the strain,
the material, and the dose.
For all conclusions, a higher odds ratio greater than one is indicative of greater odds of a
complete kill for level 1 of the factor compared to level 2. For odds ratios less than one, there are
greater odds of a complete kill for level 2 of the factor compared to level 1. An odds ratio equal
to one indicates the odds of a complete kill are approximately the same for both levels of the
factor. The odds are defined as the ratio of probability of complete kill to the probability of an
incomplete kill.
From Figure Dl, the odds ratio for bare pine wood is roughly constant at slightly less than one
for all levels of dose; thus, the odds ratio does not depend on dose. For bare pine wood, the odds
D-2
-------
of a complete kill are greater for Vollum than for Ames. The odds ratio for carpet decreases from
approximately 10 to approximately 0.1, indicating that at low dose the odds of a complete kill are
greater for Ames while at high dose the odds of a complete kill are greater for Vollum. The odds
ratio for unpainted concrete is slightly increasing as dose increases but is always less than one,
indicating for all levels of dose the odds of complete kill are greater for Vollum than for Ames.
For ceiling tile and painted wallboard paper, the odds ratio is steeply decreasing from between 1
and 10 to between 10"2 and 10"10, indicating that at low dose the odds of a complete kill are
greater for Ames while at high dose the odds of a complete kill are greater for Vollum. The steep
decrease indicates that the ratio between Ames and Vollum decreases as dose increases; the
decreasing ratio results in increasing discrepancy between the two strains. Finally, for glass, the
odds ratio increases from less than 1 to approximately 100. In this case, the odds of a complete
kill are greater for Vollum at low dose but greater for Ames at high dose. The increasing slope
indicates the ratio is greater at higher dose. For all materials, the odds ratio is greatest at the
medium RH and least at the low RH. This ratio does not indicate that the probability of a
complete kill is greatest for the medium RH, only that the ratio of the odds for Ames to Vollum
is the greatest, showing the greatest discrepancy between the two odds.
The odds ratios comparing the different materials vary (Figure D2 - Figure D16). For most
comparisons, the odds ratio decreases with increasing dose; increasing odds ratios can be
transformed to decreasing by reversing the order of the levels and taking the reciprocal of the
odds ratio. Thus, the discrepancy between the two materials increases as dose increases. For a
few cases, the odds ratio is flat with respect to dose: for Ames on bare pine wood compared to
unpainted concrete, for Ames on carpet compared to unpainted concrete, and for Ames on ceiling
tile compared to glass. For one case, the odds ratio is increasing with increasing dose: Ames on
glass compared to painted wallboard paper. For cases where the odds ratios decrease with
increasing dose, the rate of decrease varies between Ames and Vollum. In most cases, the rate of
decrease is faster for Vollum than for Ames, indicating the discrepancy between the two
materials gets larger faster for Vollum.
The odds ratios for high RH compared to low RH (Figure D17), high RH compared to medium
RH (Figure D18), and low RH compared to medium RH (Figure D19) increase with dose. Rate
of increase is relatively constant for all strain and material combinations. For each material, the
odds ratio is greater for Ames than it is for Vollum. For bare pine wood and unpainted concrete,
the odds ratio for high RH to low RH increases from less than 1 to greater than 1 as dose
increases, indicating that at low dose the odds of a complete kill are greater for low RH while at
high dose the odds of a complete kill are greater for high RH. For all other materials, the odds
ratio is always greater than 1, indicating greater odds of a complete kill at high RH compared to
low RH. Again, comparing high RH to medium RH, for bare pine wood and unpainted concrete,
the odds ratio increases from less than 1 to greater than 1; for all other materials, the odds ratio is
always greater than 1. Comparing low RH to medium RH, the odds ratio decreases from greater
than 1 to less than 1 for carpet and unpainted concrete. For these materials, the odds of a
complete kill are greater for low RH at low dose and are greater for medium RH at high dose.
The odds ratio is strictly less than 1 for all other materials, indicating greater odds of a complete
kill at medium RH compared to low RH.
D-3
-------
Figure D20 investigates the interactions between material, strain, and RH based on a fixed
change in dose. The odds ratio for dose compared to a 100-unit increase is greater than 1 for all
materials, strains, and RH levels. Thus, the odds of a complete kill are greater as dose increases.
The largest odds ratios are observed for ceiling tile and painted wallboard paper, indicating the
greatest effect of increasing dose on the odds of a complete kill for these materials. The odds
ratio increases as average RH increases.
D-4
-------
Text Table D2. Summary of Kill Proportions by Strain, Material, Contact Time, Average RH and HPV
Concentration
Strain
Material
Contact
Time
Average
RH
HPV
PPm
Kills/
Trials
Proportion of
Kills
(95 Percent
Confidence
Interval)
Ames
Bare Pine Wood
0.25 h
Low
200
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Ames
Bare Pine Wood
0.5 h
Low
200
0/3
0.00 (0.00,0.71)
Ames
Bare Pine Wood
12 h
High
10
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Bare Pine Wood
12 h
High
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Bare Pine Wood
12 h
High
50
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Ames
Bare Pine Wood
12 h
Low
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00,0.71)
Ames
Bare Pine Wood
12 h
Low
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00,0.71)
Ames
Bare Pine Wood
12 h
Medium
10
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Bare Pine Wood
12 h
Medium
25
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Ames
Bare Pine Wood
12 h
Medium
50
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Ames
Bare Pine Wood
16 h
High
10
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Bare Pine Wood
16 h
High
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Bare Pine Wood
16 h
Low
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00,0.71)
Ames
Bare Pine Wood
16 h
Low
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00,0.71)
Ames
Bare Pine Wood
16 h
Medium
10
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Bare Pine Wood
16 h
Medium
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00,0.71)
Ames
Bare Pine Wood
16 h
Medium
50
2/3
0.67 (0.09, 0.99)
Ames
Bare Pine Wood
lh
Low
200
0/3
0.00 (0.00,0.71)
Ames
Bare Pine Wood
20 h
High
10
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Bare Pine Wood
20 h
High
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Bare Pine Wood
20 h
High
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Bare Pine Wood
20 h
Low
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
D-5
-------
Text Table D2. Continued.
Strain
Material
Contact
Time
Average
RH
HPV
ppm
Kills/
Trials
Proportion of
Kills
(95 Percent
Confidence
Interval)
Ames
Bare Pine Wood
20 h
Low
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Bare Pine Wood
20 h
Medium
10
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Bare Pine Wood
20 h
Medium
25
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Ames
Bare Pine Wood
20 h
Medium
50
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Ames
Bare Pine Wood
24 h
High
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Bare Pine Wood
24 h
High
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Bare Pine Wood
24 h
Low
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Bare Pine Wood
24 h
Low
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Bare Pine Wood
24 h
Medium
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Bare Pine Wood
24 h
Medium
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Bare Pine Wood
2 h
Low
200
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Bare Pine Wood
3 h
Low
200
2/3
0.67 (0.09, 0.99)
Ames
Bare Pine Wood
48 h
High
25
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Ames
Bare Pine Wood
4 h
High
10
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Bare Pine Wood
4 h
Medium
10
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Bare Pine Wood
8 h
High
10
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Bare Pine Wood
8 h
High
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Bare Pine Wood
8 h
High
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Bare Pine Wood
8 h
Low
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Bare Pine Wood
8 h
Low
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Bare Pine Wood
8 h
Medium
10
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Ames
Bare Pine Wood
8 h
Medium
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
D-6
-------
Text Table D2. Continued.
Strain
Material
Contact
Time
Average
RH
HPV
ppm
Kills/
Trials
Proportion of
Kills
(95 Percent
Confidence
Interval)
Ames
Bare Pine Wood
8 h
Medium
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Carpet
0.25 h
Low
200
2/3
0.67 (0.09, 0.99)
Ames
Carpet
0.5 h
Low
200
2/3
0.67 (0.09, 0.99)
Ames
Carpet
12 h
High
10
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Carpet
12 h
High
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Carpet
12 h
High
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Carpet
12 h
Low
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Carpet
12 h
Low
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Carpet
12 h
Medium
10
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Carpet
12 h
Medium
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Carpet
12 h
Medium
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Carpet
16 h
High
10
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Carpet
16 h
High
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Carpet
16 h
Low
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Carpet
16 h
Low
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Carpet
16 h
Medium
10
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Carpet
16 h
Medium
25
2/3
0.67 (0.09, 0.99)
Ames
Carpet
16 h
Medium
50
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Ames
Carpet
1 h
Low
200
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Ames
Carpet
20 h
High
10
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Carpet
20 h
High
25
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
D-7
-------
Text Table D2. Continued.
Strain
Material
Contact
Time
Average
RH
HPV
ppm
Kills/
Trials
Proportion of
Kills
(95 Percent
Confidence
Interval)
Ames
Carpet
20 h
Low
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Carpet
20 h
Low
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Carpet
20 h
Medium
10
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Carpet
20 h
Medium
25
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Carpet
20 h
Medium
50
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Ames
Carpet
24 h
High
25
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Carpet
24 h
High
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Carpet
24
h
Low
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Carpet
24 h
Low
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Carpet
24 h
Medium
25
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Carpet
24 h
Medium
50
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Ames
Carpet
2 h
Low
200
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Ames
Carpet
3 h
Low
200
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Ames
Carpet
48 h
High
25
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Carpet
4 h
High
10
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Carpet
4 h
Medium
10
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Carpet
8 h
High
10
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Carpet
8 h
High
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Carpet
8 h
High
50
2/3
0.67 (0.09, 0.99)
Ames
Carpet
8 h
Low
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Carpet
8 h
Low
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
D-8
-------
Text Table D2. Continued.
Strain
Material
Contact
Time
Average
RH
HPV
ppm
Kills/
Trials
Proportion of
Kills
(95 Percent
Confidence
Interval)
Ames
Carpet
8 h
Medium
10
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Carpet
8 h
Medium
25
2/3
0.67 (0.09, 0.99)
Ames
Carpet
8 h
Medium
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Ceiling Tile
0.25 h
Low
200
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Ceiling Tile
0.5 h
Low
200
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Ceiling Tile
12 h
High
10
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Ceiling Tile
12 h
High
25
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Ceiling Tile
12 h
Low
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Ceiling Tile
12 h
Low
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Ceiling Tile
12 h
Medium
10
2/3
0.67 (0.09, 0.99)
Ames
Ceiling Tile
12 h
Medium
25
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Ceiling Tile
16 h
High
10
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Ceiling Tile
16 h
Medium
10
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Ceiling Tile
1 h
High
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Ceiling Tile
1 h
High
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Ceiling Tile
1 h
Low
200
2/3
0.67 (0.09, 0.99)
Ames
Ceiling Tile
1 h
Medium
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Ceiling Tile
20 h
High
10
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Ceiling Tile
20 h
Medium
10
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Ceiling Tile
2 h
High
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Ceiling Tile
2 h
High
50
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
D-9
-------
Text Table D2. Continued.
Strain
Material
Contact
Time
Average
RH
HPV
ppm
Kills/
Trials
Proportion of
Kills
(95 Percent
Confidence
Interval)
Ames
Ceiling Tile
2 h
Low
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Ceiling Tile
2 h
Low
50
2/3
0.67 (0.09, 0.99)
Ames
Ceiling Tile
2 h
Low
200
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Ceiling Tile
2 h
Medium
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Ceiling Tile
2 h
Medium
50
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Ames
Ceiling Tile
3 h
Low
200
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Ceiling Tile
4 h
High
10
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Ceiling Tile
4 h
High
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Ceiling Tile
4 h
Low
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Ceiling Tile
4 h
Low
50
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Ames
Ceiling Tile
4 h
Medium
10
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Ceiling Tile
4 h
Medium
25
2/3
0.67 (0.09, 0.99)
Ames
Ceiling Tile
4 h
Medium
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Ceiling Tile
5 h
High
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Ceiling Tile
5 h
Medium
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Ceiling Tile
6 h
High
25
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Ceiling Tile
6 h
High
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Ceiling Tile
6 h
Low
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Ceiling Tile
6 h
Low
50
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Ames
Ceiling Tile
6 h
Medium
25
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Ames
Ceiling Tile
6 h
Medium
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
D-10
-------
Text Table D2. Continued.
Strain
Material
Contact
Time
Average
RH
HPV
ppm
Kills/
Trials
Proportion of
Kills
(95 Percent
Confidence
Interval)
Ames
Ceiling Tile
8Hr
High
10
2/3
0.67 (0.09, 0.99)
Ames
Ceiling Tile
8Hr
High
25
2/3
0.67 (0.09, 0.99)
Ames
Ceiling Tile
8Hr
Low
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Ceiling Tile
8Hr
Low
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Ceiling Tile
8Hr
Medium
10
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Ceiling Tile
8Hr
Medium
25
2/3
0.67 (0.09, 0.99)
Ames
Glass
0.25Hr
Low
200
2/3
0.67 (0.09, 0.99)
Ames
Glass
0.5Hr
Low
200
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Ames
Glass
12Hr
High
10
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Glass
12Hr
High
25
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Glass
12Hr
Low
25
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Ames
Glass
12Hr
Low
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Glass
12Hr
Medium
10
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Glass
12Hr
Medium
25
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Glass
16Hr
High
10
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Glass
16Hr
Medium
10
2/3
0.67 (0.09, 0.99)
Ames
Glass
lHr
High
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Glass
lHr
High
50
2/3
0.67 (0.09, 0.99)
Ames
Glass
lHr
Low
200
2/3
0.67 (0.09, 0.99)
Ames
Glass
lHr
Medium
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Glass
20Hr
High
10
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
D-ll
-------
Text Table D2. Continued.
Strain
Material
Contact
Time
Average
RH
HPV
ppm
Kills/
Trials
Proportion of
Kills
(95 Percent
Confidence
Interval)
Ames
Glass
20 h
Medium
10
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Glass
2 h
High
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Glass
2 h
High
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Glass
2 h
Low
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Glass
2 h
Low
50
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Ames
Glass
2 h
Low
200
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Glass
2 h
Medium
25
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Ames
Glass
2 h
Medium
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Glass
3 h
Low
200
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Glass
4 h
High
10
2/3
0.67 (0.09, 0.99)
Ames
Glass
4 h
High
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Glass
4 h
Low
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Glass
4 h
Low
50
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Ames
Glass
4 h
Medium
10
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Glass
4 h
Medium
25
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Glass
4 h
Medium
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Glass
5Hr
High
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Glass
5Hr
Medium
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Glass
6Hr
High
25
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Glass
6Hr
High
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Glass
6Hr
Low
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
D-12
-------
Text Table D2. Continued.
Strain
Material
Contact
Time
Average
RH
HPV
ppm
Kills/
Trials
Proportion of
Kills
(95 Percent
Confidence
Interval)
Ames
Glass
6 h
Low
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Glass
6 h
Medium
25
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Glass
6 h
Medium
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Glass
8 h
High
10
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Glass
8 h
High
25
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Glass
8 h
Low
25
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Glass
8 h
Low
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Glass
8 h
Medium
10
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Glass
8 h
Medium
25
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Painted Wallboard Paper
0.25 h
Low
200
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Ames
Painted Wallboard Paper
0.5 h
Low
200
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Painted Wallboard Paper
12 h
High
10
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Painted Wallboard Paper
12 h
High
25
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Painted Wallboard Paper
12 h
Low
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Painted Wallboard Paper
12 h
Low
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Painted Wallboard Paper
12 h
Medium
10
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Ames
Painted Wallboard Paper
12 h
Medium
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Painted Wallboard Paper
16 h
High
10
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Painted Wallboard Paper
16 h
Medium
10
2/3
0.67 (0.09, 0.99)
Ames
Painted Wallboard Paper
1 h
High
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Painted Wallboard Paper
1 h
High
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
D-13
-------
Text Table D2. Continued.
Strain
Material
Contact
Time
Average
RH
HPV
ppm
Kills/
Trials
Proportion of
Kills
(95 Percent
Confidence
Interval)
Ames
Painted Wallboard Paper
1 h
Low
200
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Ames
Painted Wallboard Paper
1 h
Medium
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Painted Wallboard Paper
20 h
High
10
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Painted Wallboard Paper
20 h
Medium
10
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Painted Wallboard Paper
2 h
High
25
2/3
0.67 (0.09, 0.99)
Ames
Painted Wallboard Paper
2 h
High
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Painted Wallboard Paper
2 h
Low
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Painted Wallboard Paper
2 h
Low
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Painted Wallboard Paper
2 h
Low
200
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Painted Wallboard Paper
2 h
Medium
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Painted Wallboard Paper
2 h
Medium
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Painted Wallboard Paper
3 h
Low
200
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Painted Wallboard Paper
4 h
High
10
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Painted Wallboard Paper
4 h
High
50
2/3
0.67 (0.09, 0.99)
Ames
Painted Wallboard Paper
4 h
Low
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Painted Wallboard Paper
4 h
Low
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Painted Wallboard Paper
4 h
Medium
10
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Painted Wallboard Paper
4 h
Medium
25
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Ames
Painted Wallboard Paper
4 h
Medium
50
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Ames
Painted Wallboard Paper
5 h
High
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Painted Wallboard Paper
5 h
Medium
50
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
D-14
-------
Text Table D2. Continued.
Strain
Material
Contact
Time
Average
RH
HPV
ppm
Kills/
Trials
Proportion of
Kills
(95 Percent
Confidence
Interval)
Ames
Painted Wallboard Paper
6 h
High
25
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Painted Wallboard Paper
6 h
High
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Painted Wallboard Paper
6 h
Low
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Painted Wallboard Paper
6 h
Low
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Painted Wallboard Paper
6 h
Medium
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Painted Wallboard Paper
6 h
Medium
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Painted Wallboard Paper
8 h
High
10
2/3
0.67 (0.09, 0.99)
Ames
Painted Wallboard Paper
8 h
High
25
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Ames
Painted Wallboard Paper
8 h
Low
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Painted Wallboard Paper
8 h
Low
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Painted Wallboard Paper
8 h
Medium
10
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Painted Wallboard Paper
8 h
Medium
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Unpainted Concrete
0.25 h
Low
200
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Unpainted Concrete
0.5 h
Low
200
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Unpainted Concrete
12 h
High
10
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Unpainted Concrete
12 h
High
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Unpainted Concrete
12 h
High
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Unpainted Concrete
12 h
Low
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Unpainted Concrete
12 h
Low
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Unpainted Concrete
12 h
Medium
10
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Unpainted Concrete
12 h
Medium
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
D-15
-------
Text Table D2. Continued.
Strain
Material
Contact
Time
Average
RH
HPV
ppm
Kills/
Trials
Proportion of
Kills
(95 Percent
Confidence
Interval)
Ames
Unpainted Concrete
12 h
Medium
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Unpainted Concrete
16 h
High
10
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Unpainted Concrete
16 h
High
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Unpainted Concrete
16 h
Low
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Unpainted Concrete
16 h
Low
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Unpainted Concrete
16 h
Medium
10
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Unpainted Concrete
16 h
Medium
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Unpainted Concrete
16 h
Medium
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Unpainted Concrete
1 h
Low
200
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Unpainted Concrete
20 h
High
10
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Unpainted Concrete
20 h
High
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Unpainted Concrete
20 h
High
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Unpainted Concrete
20 h
Low
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Unpainted Concrete
20 h
Low
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Unpainted Concrete
20 h
Medium
10
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Unpainted Concrete
20 h
Medium
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Unpainted Concrete
20 h
Medium
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Unpainted Concrete
24 h
High
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Unpainted Concrete
24 h
High
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Unpainted Concrete
24 h
Low
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Unpainted Concrete
24 h
Low
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
D-16
-------
Text Table D2. Continued.
Strain
Material
Contact
Time
Average
RH
HPV
ppm
Kills/
Trials
Proportion of
Kills
(95 Percent
Confidence
Interval)
Ames
Unpainted Concrete
24 h
Medium
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Unpainted Concrete
24 h
Medium
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Unpainted Concrete
2 h
Low
200
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Unpainted Concrete
3 h
Low
200
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Unpainted Concrete
48 h
High
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Unpainted Concrete
4 h
High
10
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Unpainted Concrete
4 h
Medium
10
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Unpainted Concrete
8 h
High
10
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Unpainted Concrete
8 h
High
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Unpainted Concrete
8 h
High
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Unpainted Concrete
8 h
Low
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Unpainted Concrete
8 h
Low
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Unpainted Concrete
8 h
Medium
10
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Unpainted Concrete
8 h
Medium
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Ames
Unpainted Concrete
8 h
Medium
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Bare Pine Wood
0.25 h
Low
200
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Bare Pine Wood
0.5 h
Low
200
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Bare Pine Wood
12 h
High
10
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Bare Pine Wood
12 h
High
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Bare Pine Wood
12 h
High
50
2/3
0.67 (0.09, 0.99)
Voll
Bare Pine Wood
12 h
Low
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
D-17
-------
Text Table D2. Continued.
Strain
Material
Contact
Time
Average
RH
HPV
ppm
Kills/
Trials
Proportion of
Kills
(95 Percent
Confidence
Interval)
Voll
Bare Pine Wood
12 h
Low
50
2/3
0.67 (0.09, 0.99)
Voll
Bare Pine Wood
12 h
Medium
10
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Voll
Bare Pine Wood
12 h
Medium
25
2/3
0.67 (0.09, 0.99)
Voll
Bare Pine Wood
12 h
Medium
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Bare Pine Wood
16 h
High
10
2/3
0.67 (0.09, 0.99)
Voll
Bare Pine Wood
16 h
High
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Bare Pine Wood
16 h
Low
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Bare Pine Wood
16 h
Low
50
2/3
0.67 (0.09, 0.99)
Voll
Bare Pine Wood
16 h
Medium
10
2/3
0.67 (0.09, 0.99)
Voll
Bare Pine Wood
16 h
Medium
25
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Voll
Bare Pine Wood
16 h
Medium
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Bare Pine Wood
1 h
Low
200
2/3
0.67 (0.09, 0.99)
Voll
Bare Pine Wood
20 h
High
10
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Voll
Bare Pine Wood
20 h
High
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Bare Pine Wood
20 h
High
50
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Voll
Bare Pine Wood
20 h
Low
25
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Voll
Bare Pine Wood
20 h
Low
50
2/3
0.67 (0.09, 0.99)
Voll
Bare Pine Wood
20 h
Medium
10
2/3
0.67 (0.09, 0.99)
Voll
Bare Pine Wood
20 h
Medium
25
2/3
0.67 (0.09, 0.99)
Voll
Bare Pine Wood
20 h
Medium
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Bare Pine Wood
24 h
High
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
D-18
-------
Text Table D2. Continued.
Strain
Material
Contact
Time
Average
RH
HPV
ppm
Kills/
Trials
Proportion of
Kills
(95 Percent
Confidence
Interval)
Voll
Bare Pine Wood
24 h
High
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Bare Pine Wood
24 h
Low
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Bare Pine Wood
24 h
Low
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Bare Pine Wood
24 h
Medium
25
2/3
0.67 (0.09, 0.99)
Voll
Bare Pine Wood
24 h
Medium
50
2/3
0.67 (0.09, 0.99)
Voll
Bare Pine Wood
2 h
Low
200
2/3
0.67 (0.09, 0.99)
Voll
Bare Pine Wood
3 h
Low
200
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Voll
Bare Pine Wood
48 h
High
25
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Voll
Bare Pine Wood
4 h
High
10
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Bare Pine Wood
4 h
Medium
10
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Bare Pine Wood
8 h
High
10
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Bare Pine Wood
8 h
High
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Bare Pine Wood
8 h
High
50
2/3
0.67 (0.09, 0.99)
Voll
Bare Pine Wood
8 h
Low
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Bare Pine Wood
8 h
Low
50
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Voll
Bare Pine Wood
8 h
Medium
10
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Voll
Bare Pine Wood
8 h
Medium
25
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Voll
Bare Pine Wood
8 h
Medium
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Carpet
0.25 h
Low
200
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Carpet
0.5 h
Low
200
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Carpet
12 h
High
10
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
D-19
-------
Text Table D2. Continued.
Strain
Material
Contact
Time
Average
RH
HPV
ppm
Kills/
Trials
Proportion of
Kills
(95 Percent
Confidence
Interval)
Voll
Carpet
12 h
High
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Carpet
12 h
High
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Carpet
12 h
Low
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Carpet
12 h
Low
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Carpet
12 h
Medium
10
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Carpet
12 h
Medium
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Carpet
12 h
Medium
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Carpet
16 h
High
10
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Voll
Carpet
16 h
High
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Carpet
16 h
Low
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Carpet
16 h
Low
50
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Voll
Carpet
16 h
Medium
10
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Carpet
16 h
Medium
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Carpet
16 h
Medium
50
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Voll
Carpet
1 h
Low
200
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Carpet
20 h
High
10
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Carpet
20 h
High
25
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Carpet
20 h
High
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Carpet
20 h
Low
25
2/3
0.67 (0.09, 0.99)
Voll
Carpet
20 h
Low
50
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Voll
Carpet
20 h
Medium
10
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
D-20
-------
Text Table D2. Continued.
Strain
Material
Contact
Time
Average
RH
HPV
ppm
Kills/
Trials
Proportion of
Kills
(95 Percent
Confidence
Interval)
Voll
Carpet
20 h
Medium
25
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Voll
Carpet
20 h
Medium
50
2/3
0.67 (0.09, 0.99)
Voll
Carpet
24 h
High
25
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Carpet
24 h
High
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Carpet
24
Low
25
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Voll
Carpet
24 h
Low
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Carpet
24 h
Medium
25
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Carpet
24 h
Medium
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Carpet
2 h
Low
200
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Voll
Carpet
3 h
Low
200
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Carpet
48 h
High
25
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Carpet
4 h
High
10
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Carpet
4 h
Medium
10
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Carpet
8 h
High
10
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Carpet
8 h
High
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Carpet
8 h
High
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Carpet
8 h
Low
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Carpet
8 h
Low
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Carpet
8 h
Medium
10
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Carpet
8 h
Medium
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Carpet
8 h
Medium
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
D-21
-------
Text Table D2. Continued.
Strain
Material
Contact
Time
Average
RH
HPV
ppm
Kills/
Trials
Proportion of
Kills
(95 Percent
Confidence
Interval)
Voll
Ceiling Tile
0.25 h
Low
200
2/3
0.67 (0.09, 0.99)
Voll
Ceiling Tile
0.5 h
Low
200
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Voll
Ceiling Tile
12 h
High
10
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Ceiling Tile
12 h
High
25
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Ceiling Tile
12 h
Low
25
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Ceiling Tile
12 h
Low
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Ceiling Tile
12 h
Medium
10
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Ceiling Tile
12 h
Medium
25
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Ceiling Tile
16 h
High
10
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Ceiling Tile
16 h
Medium
10
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Ceiling Tile
1 h
High
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Ceiling Tile
1 h
High
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Ceiling Tile
1 h
Low
200
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Ceiling Tile
1 h
Medium
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Ceiling Tile
20 h
High
10
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Ceiling Tile
20 h
Medium
10
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Ceiling Tile
2 h
High
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Ceiling Tile
2 h
High
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Ceiling Tile
2 h
Low
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Ceiling Tile
2 h
Low
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Ceiling Tile
2 h
Low
200
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
D-22
-------
Text Table D2. Continued.
Strain
Material
Contact
Time
Average
RH
HPV
ppm
Kills/
Trials
Proportion of
Kills
(95 Percent
Confidence
Interval)
Voll
Ceiling Tile
2 h
Medium
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Ceiling Tile
2 h
Medium
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Ceiling Tile
3 h
Low
200
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Ceiling Tile
4 h
High
10
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Ceiling Tile
4 h
High
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Ceiling Tile
4 h
Low
25
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Voll
Ceiling Tile
4 h
Low
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Ceiling Tile
4 h
Medium
10
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Ceiling Tile
4 h
Medium
25
2/3
0.67 (0.09, 0.99)
Voll
Ceiling Tile
4 h
Medium
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Ceiling Tile
5 h
High
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Ceiling Tile
5 h
Medium
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Ceiling Tile
6 h
High
25
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Ceiling Tile
6 h
High
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Ceiling Tile
6 h
Low
25
2/3
0.67 (0.09, 0.99)
Voll
Ceiling Tile
6 h
Low
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Ceiling Tile
6 h
Medium
25
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Ceiling Tile
6 h
Medium
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Ceiling Tile
8 h
High
10
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Ceiling Tile
8 h
High
25
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Ceiling Tile
8 h
Low
25
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
D-23
-------
Text Table D2. Continued.
Strain
Material
Contact
Time
Average
RH
HPV
ppm
Kills/
Trials
Proportion of
Kills
(95 Percent
Confidence
Interval)
Voll
Ceiling Tile
8 h
Low
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Ceiling Tile
8 h
Medium
10
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Ceiling Tile
8 h
Medium
25
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Glass
0.25 h
Low
200
2/3
0.67 (0.09, 0.99)
Voll
Glass
0.5 h
Low
200
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Voll
Glass
12 h
High
10
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Glass
12 h
High
25
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Glass
12 h
Low
25
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Glass
12 h
Low
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Glass
12 h
Medium
10
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Glass
12 h
Medium
25
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Glass
16 h
High
10
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Glass
16 h
Medium
10
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Glass
1 h
High
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Glass
1 h
High
50
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Voll
Glass
1 h
Low
200
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Glass
1 h
Medium
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Glass
20 h
High
10
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Glass
20 h
Medium
10
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Glass
2 h
High
25
2/3
0.67 (0.09, 0.99)
Voll
Glass
2 h
High
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
D-24
-------
Text Table D2. Continued.
Strain
Material
Contact
Time
Average
RH
HPV
ppm
Kills/
Trials
Proportion of
Kills
(95 Percent
Confidence
Interval)
Voll
Glass
2 h
Low
25
2/3
0.67 (0.09, 0.99)
Voll
Glass
2 h
Low
50
2/3
0.67 (0.09, 0.99)
Voll
Glass
2 h
Low
200
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Glass
2 h
Medium
25
2/3
0.67 (0.09, 0.99)
Voll
Glass
2 h
Medium
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Glass
3 h
Low
200
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Voll
Glass
4 h
High
10
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Glass
4 h
High
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Glass
4 h
Low
25
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Voll
Glass
4 h
Low
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Glass
4 h
Medium
10
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Voll
Glass
4 h
Medium
25
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Glass
4 h
Medium
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Glass
5 h
High
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Glass
5 h
Medium
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Glass
6 h
High
25
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Glass
6 h
High
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Glass
6 h
Low
25
2/3
0.67 (0.09, 0.99)
Voll
Glass
6 h
Low
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Glass
6 h
Medium
25
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Glass
6 h
Medium
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
D-25
-------
Text Table D2. Continued.
Strain
Material
Contact
Time
Average
RH
HPV
ppm
Kills/
Trials
Proportion of
Kills
(95 Percent
Confidence
Interval)
Voll
Glass
8 h
High
10
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Glass
8 h
High
25
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Glass
8 h
Low
25
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Glass
8 h
Low
50
2/3
0.67 (0.09, 0.99)
Voll
Glass
8 h
Medium
10
2/3
0.67 (0.09, 0.99)
Voll
Glass
8 h
Medium
25
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Painted Wallboard Paper
0.25 h
Low
200
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Painted Wallboard Paper
0.5 h
Low
200
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Painted Wallboard Paper
12 h
High
10
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Painted Wallboard Paper
12 h
High
25
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Painted Wallboard Paper
12 h
Low
25
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Painted Wallboard Paper
12 h
Low
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Painted Wallboard Paper
12 h
Medium
10
2/3
0.67 (0.09, 0.99)
Voll
Painted Wallboard Paper
12 h
Medium
25
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Painted Wallboard Paper
16 h
High
10
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Painted Wallboard Paper
16 h
Medium
10
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Painted Wallboard Paper
1 h
High
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Painted Wallboard Paper
1 h
High
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Painted Wallboard Paper
1 h
Low
200
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Painted Wallboard Paper
1 h
Medium
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Painted Wallboard Paper
20 h
High
10
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
D-26
-------
Text Table D2. Continued.
Strain
Material
Contact
Time
Average
RH
HPV
ppm
Kills/
Trials
Proportion of
Kills
(95 Percent
Confidence
Interval)
Voll
Painted Wallboard Paper
20 h
Medium
10
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Painted Wallboard Paper
2 h
High
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Painted Wallboard Paper
2 h
High
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Painted Wallboard Paper
2 h
Low
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Painted Wallboard Paper
2 h
Low
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Painted Wallboard Paper
2 h
Low
200
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Painted Wallboard Paper
2 h
Medium
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Painted Wallboard Paper
2 h
Medium
50
2/3
0.67 (0.09, 0.99)
Voll
Painted Wallboard Paper
3 h
Low
200
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Painted Wallboard Paper
4 h
High
10
2/3
0.67 (0.09, 0.99)
Voll
Painted Wallboard Paper
4 h
High
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Painted Wallboard Paper
4 h
Low
25
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Voll
Painted Wallboard Paper
4 h
Low
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Painted Wallboard Paper
4 h
Medium
10
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Painted Wallboard Paper
4 h
Medium
25
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Painted Wallboard Paper
4 h
Medium
50
2/3
0.67 (0.09, 0.99)
Voll
Painted Wallboard Paper
5 h
High
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Painted Wallboard Paper
5 h
Medium
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Painted Wallboard Paper
6 h
High
25
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Painted Wallboard Paper
6 h
High
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Painted Wallboard Paper
6 h
Low
25
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
D-27
-------
Text Table D2. Continued.
Strain
Material
Contact
Time
Average
RH
HPV
ppm
Kills/
Trials
Proportion of
Kills
(95 Percent
Confidence
Interval)
Voll
Painted Wallboard Paper
6 h
Low
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Painted Wallboard Paper
6 h
Medium
25
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Painted Wallboard Paper
6 h
Medium
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Painted Wallboard Paper
8 h
High
10
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Painted Wallboard Paper
8 h
High
25
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Painted Wallboard Paper
8 h
Low
25
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Painted Wallboard Paper
8 h
Low
50
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Painted Wallboard Paper
8 h
Medium
10
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Voll
Painted Wallboard Paper
8 h
Medium
25
3/3
1.00 (0.29, 1.00)
Voll
Unpainted Concrete
0.25 h
Low
200
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Unpainted Concrete
0.5 h
Low
200
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Unpainted Concrete
12 h
High
10
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Unpainted Concrete
12 h
High
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Unpainted Concrete
12 h
High
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Unpainted Concrete
12 h
Low
25
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Voll
Unpainted Concrete
12 h
Low
50
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Voll
Unpainted Concrete
12 h
Medium
10
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Unpainted Concrete
12 h
Medium
25
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Voll
Unpainted Concrete
12 h
Medium
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Unpainted Concrete
16 h
High
10
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Unpainted Concrete
16 h
High
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
D-28
-------
Text Table D2. Continued.
Strain
Material
Contact
Time
Average
RH
HPV
ppm
Kills/
Trials
Proportion of
Kills
(95 Percent
Confidence
Interval)
Voll
Unpainted Concrete
16 h
Low
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Unpainted Concrete
16 h
Low
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Unpainted Concrete
16 h
Medium
10
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Unpainted Concrete
16 h
Medium
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Unpainted Concrete
16 h
Medium
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Unpainted Concrete
1 h
Low
200
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Unpainted Concrete
20 h
High
10
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Voll
Unpainted Concrete
20 h
High
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Unpainted Concrete
20 h
High
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Unpainted Concrete
20 h
Low
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Unpainted Concrete
20 h
Low
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Unpainted Concrete
20 h
Medium
10
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Unpainted Concrete
20 h
Medium
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Unpainted Concrete
20 h
Medium
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Unpainted Concrete
24 h
High
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Unpainted Concrete
24 h
High
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Unpainted Concrete
24 h
Low
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Unpainted Concrete
24 h
Low
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Unpainted Concrete
24 h
Medium
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Unpainted Concrete
24 h
Medium
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Unpainted Concrete
2 h
Low
200
2/3
0.67 (0.09, 0.99)
D-29
-------
Text Table D2. Continued.
Strain
Material
Contact
Time
Average
RH
HPV
ppm
Kills/
Trials
Proportion of
Kills
(95 Percent
Confidence
Interval)
Voll
Unpainted Concrete
3 h
Low
200
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Unpainted Concrete
48 h
High
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Unpainted Concrete
4 h
High
10
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Unpainted Concrete
4 h
Medium
10
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Unpainted Concrete
8 h
High
10
1/3
0.33 (0.01, 0.91)
Voll
Unpainted Concrete
8 h
High
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Unpainted Concrete
8 h
High
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Unpainted Concrete
8 h
Low
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Unpainted Concrete
8 h
Low
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Unpainted Concrete
8 h
Medium
10
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Unpainted Concrete
8 h
Medium
25
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Voll
Unpainted Concrete
8 h
Medium
50
0/3
0.00 (0.00, 0.71)
Text Table D3. Joint Test for Logistic Regression Model Fit to Full Dataset
Effect
DF
Wald Test Statistic
p-value
Strain
1
0.0002
0.9878
Material
5
33.4403
<0.0001*
Average RH
2
1.3788
0.5019
Dose
1
0.0150
0.9025
Strain*Material
5
23.7072
0.0002*
Strain*Average RH
2
6.6379
0.0362*
Dose* Strain
1
0.0021
0.9631
Material*Average RH
10
55.1795
<0.0001*
Dose*Material
5
98.4537
<0.0001*
Dose*Average RH
2
18.6340
<0.0001*
Dose* Strain*Material
5
37.1099
<0.0001*
* Effect is statistically significant if the p-value is < 0.05; DF = degrees of freedom
D-30
-------
Odds Ratio
1.000E+02
1.000E+01
1 OOOE+OO
1.000E-01
1.000E-02
1.000E-03
1.000E-04
1 OOOE-05
1.0QOE-06
1 -OOOE-07
loooE-oe
1 O00E-09
1.000E-10
1.000E-11
100
200
300
400
•	• • Bare Pine Wood*High
¦ a ¦ CarpefHigh
AAA Ceiling Tile"High
~	~ ~ Glass'High
6 <> * Painted Wallboard Paper'High
	 Unpainted Concrete'High
500
600
Exposure
700
800
Bare Pine Wood'Low
¦ ¦ ¦ Carpet'Low
*	* * Ceiling Tile'Low
*	~ ~ Glass'Low
*	ft * Painted Wallboard Paper*Low
)< >< " Unpainted Concrete*Low
900
1000
1100
1200
Bare Pine Wood'Medium
¦ ¦ ¦ Carpet'Medium
AAA Ceiling Tile'Medium
~ ~ ~ Glass'Medium
a ft a Painted Wallboard Paper'Medium
- Unpainted Concrete'Medium
Figure 1)1. Odds Ratios Comparing Strains (Ames vs Vollum) which Varies by Material*RH
D-31
-------
Odds Ratio
1.000E+02 -f
1.Q00E+01 -
1.000E+00
1.000E-01
1.000E-02
1200
strain RH
Ames*High
VoB-High
Exposure
1 • Ames'Low
n Voll*Low
Arnes'Medium
VoirMedium
Figure D2. Odds Ratios Comparing Materials - Bare Pine Wood vs Carpet (Varying by Strain by RH)
D-32
-------
Odds Ratio
1 OOOE+02 i

1.000E+01 ;
1.000E+00 -
•• i
1.000E-01:
V
hi
1.000E-02 i

1.Q00E-03 ;

1.Q0GE-04 -

1.000E-05 -

1.000E-06 1

1.00QE-071

1.000E-08 ;

1.000E-09 -j

1000E-10 :

1.000E-11 -

1.000E-12

1.0Q0E-13 -

1.000E-14

1.QQQE-15

r T r
300
' I 1
700
100
200
strain RH
Ames*High
VoB-High
400
Exposure
• • Ames'Low
" " Voll*Low
500
600
Ames'Medium
VoirMedium
800
Figure D3. Odds Ratios Comparing Materials - Bare Pine Wood vs Ceiling Tile (Varying by Strain by RH)
D-33
-------
Odds Ratio
1.000E+01 -
' i 1
300
r i '
700
100
200
strainRH • • • Ames'High
Vol*High
400
Exposure
• • Ames'Low
VoirLow
500
600
Ames'Medium
VoirMedium
S00
Figure D4. Odds Ratios Comparing Materials - Bare Pine Wood vs Glass (Varying by Strain by RH)
D-34
-------
Odds Ratio
1.000E+02
100
200
' I 1
300
strainRH • • • Ames'High
Vol*High
400
Exposure
• • Ames'Low
VoirLow
500
600
Ames'Medium
VoirMedium
r i 1
700
S00
Figure D5. Odds Ratios Comparing Materials - Bare Pine Wood vs Painted Wallboard Paper (Varying by
Strain by RH)
D-35
-------
Odds Ratio
1.000E+04
0
too
200
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
Exposure
strainRH • • • Ames*High	• • • Ames'Low	• • Ames*Medium
VorHjgh	VoirLow	VoirMedium
Figure D6. Odds Ratios Comparing Materials - Bare Pine Wood vs Unpainted Concrete (Varying by Strain
byRH)
D-36
-------
Odds Ratio
1.000E+01.
1.000E+00
1.000E-01 ,
1 0QQE-02
1 OOOE-03 -
1 000E-04 -
1.000E-05 :
1.0QQE-06 :
1 0QGE-07
1 OOOE-08 -
1 000E-09 -
1.0QQE-1Q :
1.000E-11 :
1 OOOE-12
1.000E-13 -
1000E-14 -
strainRH
Ames*High
VolfHigh
400
Exposure
• • Ames'Low
VoirLow
Ames'Medium
VoirMedium
Figure D7. Odds Ratios Comparing Materials - Carpet vs Ceiling Tile (Varying by Strain by RH)
D-37
-------
Exposure
soo
strainRH • • • Ames'High
Vol*High
• • Ames'Low
VoirLow
Ames'Medium
VoirMedium
Figure D8. Odds Ratios Comparing Materials - Carpet vs Glass (Varying by Strain by RH)
D-38
-------
Odds Ratio
1.000E+01 -
100
200
' I 1
300
strainRH • • • Ames'High
Vol*High
400
Exposure
• • Ames'Low
VoirLow
500
600
Ames'Medium
VoirMedium
r i 1
700
S00
Figure D9. Odds Ratios Comparing Materials - Carpet vs Painted Wallboard Paper (Varying by Strain by
RH)
D-39
-------
Odds Ratio

1.000E+04
¦
M'
0
too
200
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
Exposure
strainRH • • • Ames*High	• • • Ames'Low	• • • Ames*Medium
Vol*High	VoirLow	VoirMedium
Figure D10. Odds Ratios Comparing Materials - Carpet vs Ln painted Concrete (Varying by Strain by RH)
D-40
-------
Odds Ratio
1.000E+12
' i 1
300
r i '
700
100
200
strainRH • • • Ames'High
Vol*High
400
Exposure
• • Ames'Low
VoirLow
500
600
Ames'Medium
VoirMedium
S00
Figure Dll. Odds Ratios Comparing Materials - Ceiling Tile vs Glass (Varying by Strain by RH)
D-41
-------
Odds Ratio
1.000E+06 -
1.000E+05 -
1.000E+04 J
1.000E+03 -
1.000E+02 -
1.000E+01
1.000E+00
1 .OOOE-01
100
200
' I 1
300
strainRH • • • Ames'High
Vol*High
400
Exposure
• • Ames'Low
VoirLow
500
600
Ames'Medium
VoirMedium
r i 1
700
S00
Figure D12. Odds Ratios Comparing Materials - Ceiling Tile vs Painted Wallboard Paper (Varying by Strain
by RH)
D-42
-------
Odds Ratio
1.000E+16:
1.000E+15 ,
1.000E+14 -
1.000E+13 -
1.000E+12 :
1.000E+1 1 :
1.000E+10 -
1.000E+09 -
1.000E+08
1.000E+07 -
1.000E+06
1.QQ0E+05 -
1.000E+04
1.000E+03 -
1.000E+02
1.000E+01 -
1.000E+00 -
Exposure
strainRH • • • Ames*High	• • • Ames'Low	• • • Ames'Medium
Vol*High	Voir Low	Voll*Medium
1.000E-01
i
0
Figure D 13. Odds Ratios Comparing Materials - Ceiling Tile vs Unpainted Concrete (Varying by Strain by
RH)
D-43
-------
Odds Ratio

r
1.000E-01
1.000E-07 ¦
0	100	200	300	400	500	600	700	800
Exposure
strainRH • • • Ames*High	• • • Ames'Low	• • • Ames'Medium
Vol*High	Voir Low	Voll*Medium
Figure D14. Odds Ratios Comparing Materials - Glass vs Painted Wallboard Paper (Varying by Strain by
RH)
D-44
-------
Odds Ratio
1.000E+13


' I 1
300
r I '
700
100
200
strainRH
Ames*High
VorHigh
400
Exposure
• • Ames'Low
VoirLow
500
600
Ames'Medium
VoirMedium
S00
Figure D15. Odds Ratios Comparing Materials - Glass vs Unpainted Concrete (Varying by Strain by RH)
D-45
-------
Odds Ratio
1.000E+11


100
200
' I 1
300
strainRH • • • Ames'High
Vol*High
400
Exposure
• • Ames'Low
VoirLow
500
600
Ames'Medium
VoirMedium
r i 1
700
S00
Figure D16. Odds Ratios Comparing Materials - Painted Wallboard Paper vs Unpainted Concrete (Varying
by Strain by RH)
D-46
-------
Odds Ratio
1.000E+03 -4
strainMaterial
¦ i 1
1000
Ames*Bare Pine Wood
Ames*Gtass
VoirBare Pine Wood
Voirdass
600
Exposure
¦	¦ ¦ Ames'Carpet
A A A Ames*Pamted Wallboard Paper
¦	¦ ¦ Voire arpet
** * & Vol*Painted Wallboard Paper
1100
1200
a a a Ames'Ceiling Tile
>< X >¦¦: Ames*Unpainted Concrete
a a a VoirCeiling Tile
VoirUnpainted Concrete
1.000E+02
1.000E+01 -
1.000E+00
Figure D17. Odds Ratios Comparing RH - High vs Low (Varying by Strain by Material)
D-47
-------
Odds Ratio
1.000E+02 -
1.000E-02 ^
strainMaterial
t—i—i—i—r
600
Exposure
1000
1100
1200
Ames*Bare Pine Wood
Ames*Gtass
VoirBare Pine Wood
Voirdass
¦	¦	¦ Ames'Carpet
A A	A Ames*Pamted Wallboard Paper
¦	¦	¦ Voire arpet
**	* Vol*Painted Wallboard Paper
a a a Ames'Ceiling Tile
X > Ames*Unpainted Concrete
VoirCeiling Tile
VoirUnpainted Concrete
~ A A
1.000E+01
1.000E+00 -
1 OOOE-01
Figure D18. Odds Ratios Comparing RH - High vs Medium (Varying by Strain by Material)
D-48
-------
Odds Ratio
1 0G0E+014
strainMaterial
•	• • Ames*Bare Pine Wood
~	~ ~ Ames*Gtass
•	• « VoH'Bare Pine Wood
~	~ ~ VoirGass
600
Exposure
¦	¦ ¦ Ames'Carpet
A A A Ames*Pamted Wallboard Paper
¦	¦ ¦ Voire arpet
ft * & Vol*Painted Wallboard Paper
1000
1100
1200
a a a Ames'Ceiling Tile
>< X >¦¦: Ames*Unpainted Concrete
A a A VoirCeiling Tile
VoirUnpainted Concrete
1.000E+00 -
1 OOOE-01 -
Figure D19. Odds Ratios Comparing RH - Low vs Medium (Varying by Strain by Material)
D-49
-------
Odds Ratio
2.000E+02
Bare Pine Wood
Ceiling Tile
Glass
Painted Waiiboard Paper Unpainted Concrete
material
strainRH • • • Ames*High	• • • Ames'Low	• • Ames*Medium
M-m-m vorHigh	VoirLow	VoirMedium
Figure D20. Odds Ratios per 100 Unit Increase in Dose
D-50
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vvEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
PRESORTED STANDARD
POSTAGE & FEES PAID
EPA
PERMIT NO. G-35
Office of Research and Development (8101R)
Washington, DC 20460
Official Business
Penalty for Private Use
$300
-------