SEPA
EPA/600/R-18/262 | July 2018 | www.epa.gov/research
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Wood Waste Inventory:
Final Report
Office of Research and Development
National Risk Management Research Laboratory
Land and Materials Management Division
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July 2018
Wood Waste Inventory
Final Report
Project Officer/Technical Lead
Anthony T. Zimmer, Ph.D., P.E.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
26 Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
Project Authors
Keith Weitz, Aditi Padhye, Samantha Sifleet
RTI International
3040 E. Cornwallis Road
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
Helena-Solo Gabriele
University of Miami
1251 Memorial Drive
Coral Gables, FL 33146
iii
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CONTENTS
Section Page
1. Introduction 1-1
1.1 Background 1-1
1.2 Report Objectives and Scope 1-1
1.3 Conceptual Approach 1-2
1.4 Report Use and Structure 1-4
1.5 Quality Assurance and Data Limitations 1-6
2. Computational Methodology, Data and key Assumptions 2-1
2.1 Computational Methodology 2-1
2.2 Data for Wood Production and Consumption 2-2
2.2.1 Dimensional Wood Production 2-3
2.2.2 Treated Wood 2-8
2.2.3 Untreated Wood 2-12
2.2.4 Wood Product Production Loss Rate 2-12
2.3 Data for Wood Product Usage 2-14
2.3.1 Treated Wood Use Categories 2-15
2.3.2 Untreated Wood 2-16
2.3.3 Wood Use "Off-Cut" Rate 2-17
2.4 Wood Product Service Life Assumptions 2-18
2.4.1 Service Life Assumptions for Treated Wood Products 2-18
2.4.2 Service Life Assumptions for Untreated Wood Products 2-20
3. Estimated Amounts of Wood Waste Generated and Wood Remaining In
Service 3-1
3.1 Wood Waste Generation 3-1
3.2 Wood Remaining In Service 3-6
3.3 Other Sources of Wood Waste 3-9
3.3.1 Catastrophic Events 3-9
3.3.2 Municipal Solid Wastes 3-11
4. Key Findings and Future Research Needs 4-1
4.1 Key Findings 4-1
iv
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4.2 Data Gaps and Research Needs 4-2
References R-l
Appendixes
A: Wood Resource and Product Production Data A-l
B: Wood Waste Generated and Wood Remaining In Service, Detailed
Results B-l
v
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FIGURES
Number Page
ES-1. Flow of Wood Through the U.S. Economy (Lumber Product Example) ES-1
ES-2. Annual Generation of Treated, Untreated, and Total Wood Waste, 1900-2065 .... ES-3
ES-3. Cumulative Amounts of Wood Entering the Waste Stream and Wood
Remaining In Service in the United States, 1900-2065 ES-4
1-1. Overall Conceptual Approach for the Wood Waste Inventory 1-5
2-1. Historical and Forecasted Trends for U.S. Log Production, Imports, Exports,
and Net Total Production, 1900-2065 2-4
2-2. Historical and Forecasted Trends for U.S. Logs Harvested and Harvest
Residues, 1900-2065 2-5
2-3. Historical and Forecasted Trends for the Amounts of U.S. Wood-Based Product
Production, 1900-2065 2-7
2-4. Wood Preservation Techniques Used in 2004 and 2007 2-10
2-5. Calculated Trends for Treated and Untreated Wood Product Production, 1900-
2065 2-11
2-6. Historical Trend in Wood Product Production Loss Rate, 1900-2011 2-13
2-7. Historical and Forecasted Trends for the Total Amount of Wood Product and
Residual from Production Activities, 1900-2065 2-14
2-8. Trend of the Percentage of Total U.S. Building Permits Authorized by U.S.
Census Region, 1959-2014 2-16
2-9. Trends for Total Number of U.S. Housing Permits and Housing Starts (in
thousands) as well as Total Construction Spending (in $billions), 1993-2014 2-17
2-10. Scheffer Climate Index Map Based Upon Monthly Precipitation and Mean
Temperatures 2-19
3-1. Conceptual Diagram of the Wood Waste Inventory Computation R-Model 3-2
3-2. Annual Generation of Treated, Untreated and Total Wood Waste, 1900-2065 3-3
3-3. Cumulative Generation of Treated and Untreated Wood Waste, 1900-2065 3-4
3-4. Treated Wood Waste Generated by U.S. Region, 1900-2065 3-5
3-5. Untreated Wood Waste Generated by U.S. Region, 1900-2065 3-5
3-6. Cumulative Amounts of Wood In Service and Wood Waste Generated, and Net
Cumulative Amount of Wood Remaining In Service, 1900-2065 3-6
3-7. Cumulative Amounts of Treated, Untreated, and Total Wood Remaining In
Service, 1900-2065 3-7
3-8. Cumulative Amounts of Treated Wood In Service by U.S. Region, 1900-2065 3-8
3-9. Cumulative Amounts of Untreated Wood In Service by U.S. Region, 1900-
2065 3-8
3-10. Dollar-Value Loss Associated with Natural Disasters and Fires, 2002-2011 3-10
3-11. Woody Yard Trimmings Generated in the United States since 1960 3-12
vi
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TABLES
Number Page
2-1. Levels of Metals in the Most Common Waterborne Wood Preservatives in
Production During 2015 2-9
2-2. Waterborne Preservative Production in the U.S. since the CCA Phase Out in
2004 2-10
2-3. Treated Wood by Product Type and End-Use Category Assignment 2-12
2-4. Base Service Life Assumptions Used for Treated Wood Products 2-19
2-5. Service Life Adjustment Factors for U.S. Climate Zones 2-20
2-6. Adjusted Service Live (Years) Estimates for Treated Wood Products 2-21
2-7. Service Life Values Used for Untreated Wood in Residential and Industrial
Settings 2-21
3-1. Reported Disaster Debris Generated, Dollar-Value Loss and Calculated Debris
Per Dollar-Value Loss 3-10
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ACRONYMS
ACQ alkaline copper quat
CA copper azole
CCA chromated copper arsenate
EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency
MCA micronized copper azole
MCQ micronized copper quat
MSW municipal solid waste
SFPA Southern Forest Products Association
SHC Sustainable & Healthy Communities
SMM Sustainable Materials Management
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KEY TERMS AND DEFINITIONS1
Consumption: The process by which a product is used by the intended user.
Disposal: The process by which generated waste is ultimately removed with the primary
intent of removing it from contact with the public. Examples of ultimate disposal include
landfill or incineration.
Dimensional wood: Wood cut into shapes used for construction (e.g., houses, buildings,
decks) and non-construction applications (e.g., telephone poles, furniture).
Generation of waste: The process of discarding materials that have reached the end of
their service life for their original intended use. Some of the discarded material can be
recycled or reused.
Harvest residues: The portion of the cut trees that are not used to produce logs and
typically composed of branches, stumps, and other parts of trees.
Life-cycle assessment: A method of assessing environmental impacts associated with a
product's life stages, from raw materials extraction through production, distribution, use,
and end-of-life management.
Logs: Wood harvested from trees and transported to sawmills for production of dimensional
wood.
Lumber: Wood product category that is comprised of sawn hardwood and softwood
products whose least dimension is less than 5 inches (e.g., 2 x 10, 3 x 8).
Industrial wood products: Cooperage logs, poles and pilings, fence posts, hewn ties,
round mine timbers, box bolts, excelsior bolts, chemical wood, shingle bolts, and
miscellaneous items.
Paper and paperboard: Wood product category that is comprised of pulp, paper, and
paperboard products made from wood.
Plywood and veneer: Wood product category that is comprised of hardwood plywood and
veneer and softwood plywood.
Production: The process of manufacturing wood products for consumer, commercial and
industrial use.
Off-cut: The minor losses of production by consumers as they use the wood products for
their intended purpose.
Timbers: Wood product category that is comprised of sawn products whose least dimension
is 5 inches or more (e.g., 5 x 7, 6 x 8)
Service life of wood products: The period after installation or use during which a wood
product meets or exceeds its performance requirements.
Wood panel products: Wood product category that is comprised of hardboard, insulating
board, and particle board.
1 Definitions do not correspond to EPA statutory, regulatory, or programmatic definitions.
They are provided strictly for the purposes of understanding the meaning of terms as used
in this document.
ix
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
According to EPA (2016), large volumes of wood waste are generated each year in the
United States that require disposal, reuse, or other end-of-life management. Dovetail
Partners (2014) estimated that more than 64 million metric tons of wood waste was
generated in 2010 with 28 million metric tons recovered, 27 million metric tons still
available for recovery, and 10 million metric tons non-recoverable. As cities and solid-waste
management planners strive to increase the reuse and recycling of wood wastes to divert
the material away from landfill disposal, it is important to know the current and projected
future amounts of wood that may enter the waste stream as well as characteristics of wood
(e.g., untreated, treated) that may impact its reuse or recyclability.
The primary objective of this report is to develop an inventory of wood production and
consumption, and quantify the amount entering the waste stream and remaining in service
in the continental United States. An example of the flow of wood product, specifically
focused on lumber for simplicity, is shown in Figure ES-1. The inventory captures the
stages of the life cycle from resource stock (i.e., logs) to specific wood product application
(e.g., treated lumber used in residential outdoor applications in the South region of the
United States). The inventory was constructed using publicly available data from the U.S.
Census Bureau and U.S. Forest Service characterizing national-level log and wood product
production.
Figure ES-1. Flow of Wood Through the U.S. Economy (Lumber Product Example)
Conarudion I
Untreated Wood
Wood In The M*t»:
0
Logs eod Wooden "p»
0'
0
Wood Product}
Pape* a«d Pulp
II
II
Other Wood Products
Treated Wood I
wignwajf ~ Mann# c
Pewduel Stream Wttte
ES-1
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Wood Waste Inventory
A mass flow approach was used to estimate wood waste generated and wood remaining in
service for each study year from 1900 to 2065. As shown in Equation ES-1, the amount of
wood remaining in service each year is the difference between the amount of wood product
produced and the amount entering the waste stream over the range of years starting with
1900 and ending with 2065. The year 1900 was used as the start date as that is the first
year for which data are available for wood production and consumption.
Si = Wood Remaining In Service for year i
Pi = Puc,i + Pui,i + PTR,i + P"TH,i + P"TU,i
Puc,i = Production of Untreated Construction Wood for year i
Pui,i = Production of Untreated Industrial Wood for year i
Ptr,! = Production of Treated Residential Wood for year i
Ptr,! = Production of Treated Highway and Marine Wood for year i
Ptu,! = Production of Treated Utility Poles for year i
Gi = Wip + Wiu + Guc,i + Gui,i + GiR,i + G"rH,i + Giu,i + Ci
WiP = 5% production stage residual waste for year i
Wiu = 2.5% use stage off-cut waste for year i
Guc,i = Generation of Untreated Construction Wood Waste for year i
Gui,i = Generation of Untreated Industrial Wood Waste for year i
Gtr,! = Generation of Treated Residential Wood Waste for year i
Gthj = Generation of Treated Highway and Marine Wood Waste for year i
G"ru,i = Generation of Treated Utility Poles Waste for year i
Ci = Catastrophic Loss for year i
The amount of wood entering the waste stream in each year is based on the useful service
life (lifetime) of various wood products in various regions of the United States and various
end-use applications. Service life categories that were developed by expert judgment based
on the service life estimates in the literature and employed in the inventory are as follows:
10 years—Treated lumber and timbers used for residential applications
25 years—Treated lumber and timbers used for highway, commercial, and industrial
applications
• 40 years—Treated poles and piles
50 years—Untreated wood used for industrial applications
70 years—Untreated wood used for residential applications
1900
1900
(Equation ES-1)
Where:
ES-2
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Executive Summary
Figure ES-2 illustrates the amounts of wood waste (treated, untreated, and total wood)
generated each year during our study period of 1900-2065. Note that since different wood
products have different service lives, not all the wood generated in 1900 entered the waste
stream at the same time. For example, only in 1970 will all the untreated wood used for
residential applications consumed in 1900 have entered the waste stream. Therefore, a
"ramp up" effect is portrayed in the data for 1970. In addition, our most recent year for
wood product production and consumption data is 2011, yet our study period extends
through 2065, so there would also be a "ramp down" effect unless future wood production
and consumption were estimated. Estimated wood product production and consumption
levels through 2065 are based on U.S. economic forecasts, which are strongly correlated
with construction activity.
Figure ES-2. Annual Generation of Treated, Untreated, and Total Wood Waste,
1900-2065
90
Ramp-up Period
Forecasted
Historical
80
70
Total
60
Untreated
Treated
50
40
30
20
10
0
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060
Year
Figure ES-3 illustrates the cumulative amounts of wood waste generated and wood that
remains in service over the study period of 1900-2065. As defined by Equation ES-1, the
wood remaining in service is calculated as the difference between wood produced and wood
waste generated over the years including and prior to the year of interest. As shown in
Figure ES-3, a cumulative amount of approximately 3.5 billion metric tons of wood waste
has been generated since 1900 and approximately 6.7 billion metric tons of wood remained
ES-3
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Wood Waste Inventory
in service in the United States as of 2011. By 2065, a forecasted cumulative 6.9 billion
metric tons of wood waste will have entered the waste stream and a forecasted cumulative
10.5 billion metric tons of wood will remain in service (and will enter the waste stream in
the post-2065 years).
Figure ES-3. Cumulative Amounts of Wood Entering the Waste Stream and Wood
Remaining In Service in the United States, 1900-2065
Enter the Waste Stream
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060
Wood waste from other sources including catastrophic events (e.g., hurricanes, floods, and
fires) and woody biomass from the municipal solid waste (MSW) stream were also
approximated. If catastrophic wood debris were included in Figures ES-2 it would add
approximately 1 million metric tons per year. If woody biomass from MSW were included in
Figure ES-2, it would add an additional 17 million metric tons per year.
The approach used to develop the wood waste inventory can be repeated for other types of
materials to estimate the quantities of these other materials that are in service or were
generated as waste. Estimated amounts of wood in service or generated, coupled with
projections of future consumption, provide valuable insight into potential opportunities for
more efficient materials management (e.g., to meet consumption demands, wood products
could be sourced through reclamation of landfills instead of traditional natural resource
extraction).
ES-4
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Executive Summary
Key findings from the inventory include:
• The projected amount of wood waste generated in the United States will continue to
increase in a linear fashion. However, an uptick in wood waste generated will occur
during the last half of the future forecast (2045-2065) as up until 2005 wood
consumption was still increasing.
• The projected generation of untreated wood waste will outpace treated wood waste in
future years. By 2050, the amount of untreated wood waste generated is estimated to
be more than double the amount of treated wood waste.
• The shorter service life for treated wood impacts the cumulative amount of treated
versus untreated wood remaining in service. Treated wood appears to move in and out
of service relatively quickly, and the cumulative amount remaining in service is relatively
constant. Untreated wood drives most of the wood remaining in service.
• There are regional differences that impact wood consumption and waste generation. The
South consumes approximately 50 percent of wood product produced. Thus, there is
significantly more wood waste generated in the South. For cumulative amounts of wood
remaining in service; however, the story differs by type of wood. For treated wood, the
wet weather in the South shortens the service life and thus less wood remains in service
over time than in other regions (e.g., the arid West). Untreated wood is typically used
for indoor applications and is less impacted by weather. In line with the significantly
higher consumption of wood in the South, the cumulative amount of untreated wood
remaining in service is significantly higher in this region than the rest of the country.
• The amount of wood waste residuals generated from wood product manufacturing has
decreased by approximately 30 percent in the last 50 years. Given the hundreds of
millions of metric tons of wood product produced, the amount of wood waste reduction
from production efficiency improvement is significant and currently in the tens of
millions of metric tons per year.
ES-5
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Accurate estimates of amounts of materials in various phases of their life cycle would
provide valuable insight into potential opportunities for more efficient materials
management (e.g., opportunities to expand reuse, recycling, or reclamation of material
from landfills instead of traditional natural resource extraction). Recovery and subsequent
reuse or recycling of wood and other common materials conducted in a manner protective of
human health and the environment is a key part of the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency's (EPA's) Sustainable Materials Management (SMM) effort. SMM is a systems
approach that seeks to reduce materials use and their associated environmental impacts
over their entire life cycle, starting with extraction of natural resources and product design
and ending with decisions on recycling or final disposal.
The amount of wood waste generated may also be of interest under the Sustainable and
Healthy Communities (SHC) research project. The SHC research action plan seeks to find
ways to integrate environmental, economic, and social considerations into decision-making
processes at various levels of government (i.e., federal, state, local). The beneficial reuse of
waste materials is an important research focus of the SHC program. By researching
beneficial reuse of waste material, the broader SHC program is expected to influence
decision making and achieve measurable results.
Reuse and recycling can result in numerous benefits, including decreasing the use of virgin
materials in products or processes, creating economic development opportunities for
material recyclers, and generating social benefits (e.g., preservation of forests). However, if
reuse is not conducted in a manner protective of human health and the environment,
adverse impacts may also arise. Decision makers for proposed beneficial reuse projects
must balance the objectives of promoting waste materials reuse and resource conservation
with the need to protect human health and the environment, as well as achieving favorable
economic and social outcomes.
1.2 Report Objectives and Scope
The primary objective of this wood waste inventory is to develop a quantitative,
transparent, and repeatable approach and methodology for estimating quantities of wood
throughout resource (dimensional wood) production, wood product manufacturing, wood
product use, and as wood waste generated at the end of the wood products' useful service
life. Another objective is to develop projections for the amounts of wood by type (e.g.,
untreated and treated) that will enter the waste stream or remain in service for the next 50
years. To meet these objectives, a materials flow analysis approach and methodology was
employed.
1-1
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Wood Waste Inventory
The inventory for wood captures the full life cycle of wood products including the initial
resource stock (logs from forests), production and use of dimensional wood, and through to
the generation of wood waste at the end of the service life for different wood products.
Additional scope and boundaries for the inventory are defined as follows:
Materials included in the inventory include logs, lumber, plywood and veneer, and
panel and industrial as these are the main material categories reported by the U.S.
Census Bureau and Forest Service. As part of this study, wood products were further
categorized as treated or untreated. Other wood products, such as paper products, are
not included in the estimates for wood waste generation.
• Geographic scope of the wood inventory is the United States and captures imports and
exports of timber and wood products into and out of the country.
Temporal boundaries are defined using a base year of 2011, which reflects the latest
wood data available, to the year 2065. To account for the potential long service life of
wood products, data for wood product production was obtained for the period 1900-
2011.
Unit of measure for the inventory is metric tons. Wood-related data are found in
various units from volume (cubic feet and board feet) to mass (tons).
Note that the focus of the inventory was estimating wood waste generation and wood
remaining in service. Amounts of wood disposed or recovered and subsequently reused or
recycled were not captured as part of the inventory.
1.3 Conceptual Approach
The conceptual approach for constructing the wood waste inventory was designed to
quantify the flow of wood through the United States from harvesting of timber from forests,
production and use of wood products, and generation of wood waste during production and
installation activities as well as at the end of the service life for different wood products.
A materials flow approach for wood based on Solo-Gabriele et al. (1998) was built upon to
meet this objective. The materials flow approach is a standard method used to characterize
the flow of materials from location to location within a defined geographic and/or temporal
boundary. The approach has been used to support environmental decision making (Brunner
and Rechberger, 2004) and to characterize MSW streams (EPA, 2016). In the case of wood
waste, the materials flow approach helps to understand the pathways and the intermediate
and final destinations of wood products with varying service lifetimes. After the material
flows are understood, decision makers can better manage the wood waste to promote reuse
and recycling.
Traditionally, a materials flow approach consists of the following components:
• system boundary (temporal, spatial, or both),
processes (the number and type of processes to focus on),
1-2
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Section 1 — Introduction
• flows (how the products move from one process to another), and
• stocks (the quantity of products that flow through the system boundary).
The Solo-Gabriele et al. (1998) approach was developed to estimate treated wood waste
generated and remaining in service in the state of Florida. This approach was expanded to
capture treated and untreated wood waste generation and wood remaining in service across
the entire United States.
The implementation of the materials flow approach consisted of using readily available data
for timber and wood product production—to which assumptions were applied to estimate
production losses and off-cuts—in combination with a wood waste generation model
developed through this project that uses wood product consumption and product service life
assumptions to estimate the timing of when different wood products will reach the end of
their useful service life and enter the waste stream.
Data for dimensional wood production were reviewed and compiled from U.S.-level data
sources, primarily the U.S. Census Bureau (2015a) and U.S. Forest Service (Howard, 2013).
Data were available for logs harvested and dimensional wood production for 1900-2011.
The high-level categories of wood considered included dimensional wood, which is separated
into untreated wood and treated wood. Broad categories of specific dimensional wood
products, such as 2x4s, are reported by the U.S. Census Bureau and Forest Service.
Additional details for treated wood used in decking and marine wood products were
available from the South Forest Products Association (SFPA, 2009) and were used to
approximate the amounts of treated and untreated wood product.
A general assumption was made that a fraction of dimensional wood production (95 percent
based on Howard, 2013) was consumed for any given year, suggesting a loss of 5 percent
in the transition between log inputs and dimensional wood product to the actual consumer
(e.g., construction firm, residential home owner). A second loss of 2.5 percent was assumed
(Solo-Gabriele, 2016) by the consumer, which we term "off-cut" waste. Given these losses,
a computational model based on wood product usage and anticipated service life
assumptions was developed to generate estimates of wood waste entering the waste stream
and remaining in service for any given year. Wood product service life is varied by type of
wood (treated or untreated), end-use application (e.g., home construction, decking,
marine), and U.S. region of use.
Unlike wood production statistics, data characterizing the amount of treated and untreated
wood in the U.S. waste stream are not as readily available. In addition, different wood
products and uses have different life expectancies. Estimates for the amounts of wood at its
end-of-life are generated using overall wood production data in combination with production
losses, industry and other statistics about the fractions of treated and untreated wood,
installation losses, and life expectancies of different wood products in use applications.
1-3
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Wood Waste Inventory
The materials flow approach was used to estimate the amounts of wood at its end-of-life
and wood remaining in service for each study year. As shown in Equation 2-1, the amount
of wood remaining in service is calculated as the difference between the amount of wood
product produced and the amount entering the waste stream in each year.
Note that the approach assumes that the amount of wood product produced and consumed
are the same for each year. The amount of wood reaching its end-of-life in each year is
defined by the service life of different treated and untreated wood products and the
production and installation losses. For example, treated lumber used for residential decks
may have an average service life of 10 years while utility poles have an average service life
of approximately 40 years. Furthermore, untreated wood used in residential construction
can last more than 50 years.
The conceptual approach for constructing the wood waste inventory is illustrated in Figure
1-1. A computational model was in the statistical software R to enable easy modification of
service lives and other key assumptions.
1.4 Report Use and Structure
The intended audience for this report includes U.S. governmental agencies, state/local
governmental agencies, industry, non-governmental organizations, and the research
community. The data and information contained in this report are intended for use in
providing a macro-level view of the flow of wood through the U.S. economy and anticipated
generation of wood waste over time.
The remainder of this report is organized into three sections. Section 2 presents the
methodology, data and key assumptions employed for wood product production,
consumption, and service lifetimes. Section 3 presents results for wood waste generation
and wood that remains in service. Section 4 summarizes findings and presents potential
future improvements and research needs.
Appendix A includes the detailed data for logs and wood product production as compiled
from U.S. government sources as well as data calculated to fill gaps in historical data and
future forecasts. Appendix B contains the detailed results of the wood waste inventory
model including wood waste generated, wood remaining in service, and U.S. regional
estimates for wood waste generated and wood remaining in service.
1900
1900
(Equation 2-1)
1-4
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Figure 1-1. Overall Conceptual Approach for the Wood Waste Inventory
"D
o
(L>
(1J
i/)
cc
(D
X
o
LL
Imports
Wood Product
Manufacturing
Utilized Fraction
hl
i
Exports
Left at Forest
(43%)
T
off-cut
Construction
Untreated
Industria
Residential Use
Hwy, Marine Use
Treated
Utility Poles
Production, P
(assume production = use)
Wood Product Production and Consumption Data
(D O
Q.
OjO ?
c t
'A .P
^70 years
^atastrophic Loss
n
¦c
~50 years
hi
Service Lives Adjusted by
Type of Construction
—f~10 yearsl^
¦n
^25 years
hi
~40 years
2.5%
off-cut
hi
Service Lives a Function
of Climate Zone
. Deterioration Zones
T
Quantities Generated, G
1 across all 50 states
1 across all categories
T
Wood Waste Generated Based on Wood Product
Service Life Expectancies
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Wood Waste Inventory
1.5 Quality Assurance and Data Limitations
This project involved collecting and analyzing secondary data and developing an analytical
approach for constructing the wood waste inventory. The inventory uses wood production
and consumption data in combination with time series data for wood product service
lifetimes. In addition, the authors have applied their own assumptions to develop splits for
untreated and treated wood, production and consumption residuals, as well as consumption
patterns by region of the United States.
This work was conducted under an approved Quality Assurance Project Plan. The
appropriateness of the data and their intended use were assessed with respect to the data
source, the data collection timeframe, and the scale of the geographic area that the data
represent. Preference was given to data that have undergone peer or public review (e.g.,
those published in government reports and peer-reviewed journals) over data sources that
typically do not receive a review (e.g., conference proceedings, trade journal articles,
personal estimates). However, where peer-reviewed data did not exist, parameters and
assumptions were developed from the next highest quality available sources (e.g., grey
literature, and product specification data sheets from manufacturers). Preference was given
to more recent data over older data. In this report, the sources of all data and any identified
assumptions and limitations are presented.
1-6
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2. COMPUTATIONAL METHODOLOGY, DATA AND KEY
ASSUMPTIONS
A key objective of this report was to develop a methodology for estimating the amount of
wood waste generated and the amount of wood remaining in service for historical and future
years. In this section, the computational methodology used to implement the mass flow
approach to estimate wood waste generated and wood remaining in service is described.
Key assumptions that are employed in the methodology, such as wood product service life
assumptions, are detailed. Approaches for additional elements that were considered in
developing the wood waste inventory, including regional variation in wood service life and
wood waste generated via catastrophic events such as hurricanes also are presented.
2.1 Computational Methodology
The computational methodology used to estimate the amount of wood waste generated and
wood remaining in service for each study year is based on a materials flow approach. The
basic approach is expressed by the following equation:
Si = Wood Remaining In Service for year i
Pi = Puc,i + Pui,i + PTR,i + P"TH,i + P"TU,i
Puc,i = Production of Untreated Construction Wood for year i
Pui,i = Production of Untreated Industrial Wood for year i
Ptr,! = Production of Treated Residential Wood for year i
Ptr,! = Production of Treated Highway and Marine Wood for year i
Ptu,! = Production of Treated Utility Poles for year i
Gi = Wip + Wiu + Guc,i + Gui,i + GiR,i + G"rH,i + Giu,i + Ci
WiP = 5% production stage residual waste for year i
Wiu = 2.5% use stage off-cut waste for year i
Guc,i = Generation of Untreated Construction Wood Waste for year i
Gui,i = Generation of Untreated Industrial Wood Waste for year i
Gtr,! = Generation of Treated Residential Wood Waste for year i
Gthj = Generation of Treated Highway and Marine Wood Waste for year i
G"ru,i = Generation of Treated Utility
Ci = Catastrophic Loss for year i
The main steps taken to implement the materials flow methodology for wood include the
following:
1900
1900
(Equation 2-1)
Where:
2-1
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Wood Waste Inventory
1. Estimate timber production and imports/exports. U.S. Census and U.S. Forest Service
data were used to obtain estimates for timber harvested as well as imports and exports
of timber. Harvest loss rates were obtained from the U.S. Department of Energy (2011).
2. Estimate wood production and residual by product type. Census and Forest Service data
were used to obtain estimates of wood product manufacturing by high-level product
category. Manufacturing residual waste is generated and captured using the difference
between the tonnage of log input to production and the tonnage of wood product output,
which is assumed to be 5 percent. This residual enters the waste stream within the same
year that the wood product was produced.
3. Estimate wood consumption and residual by end-use application. Census and Forest
Service data were used to obtain estimates of wood consumption by sector and
application. A simplifying assumption is made that the amount of wood product
produced and consumed are the same for each year. Off-cut waste is generated when
the wood is first used (i.e., trimmed to size) for construction purposes and is assumed to
be 2.5 percent (Cooper, 1993) that enters the waste stream within the same year that
the wood was produced.
4. Estimate wood service life by end-use and region. Service life assumption were adopted
by general wood product category (treated and untreated) and end-use application
(indoor and outdoor residential, industrial, marine, telephone pole). Service life
assumption were further refined to included US regional adjustments to account for the
impact on climate on service life for outdoor applications.
5. Calculate time series of wood in-service and wood waste generated. Estimates for the
amounts of wood at its end-of-life are generated using generic wood production data in
combination with production losses, industry and other statistics about the fractions of
treated and untreated wood, installation losses and life expectancies of different wood
products in use applications. For example, treated lumber used for residential decks may
have an average service life of 10 years while utility poles have an average service life
of approximately 40 years, and untreated wood used in residential construction can last
more than 50 years.
These steps are detailed in the following sections.
2.2 Data for Wood Production and Consumption
To apply the materials flow approach to estimate wood waste generated and wood
remaining in service in the United States, data are needed for characterizing the wood
resource stock (forest resources) and production and consumption of dimensional wood
products. The data also need to capture imports and exports of logs and dimensional wood
as well as residual or loss rates associated with forest harvesting and dimensional wood
production to provide a complete picture of the flow of wood through the U.S. economy.
One aim in developing the characterization of dimensional wood production was to utilize
data that are regularly updated from publicly available sources so that the approach could
be readily duplicated and applied to other materials. The U.S. Forest Service (Howard,
2013) was found to provide the most robust source of data capturing the macro-level
production statistics. These data are updated regularly, as they are also used by the U.S.
Census Bureau (2015a). Although these data are good for capturing U.S. macro-level
2-2
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Section 2 — Methodology, Data, and Key Assumptions
statistics for high-level product categories (e.g., dimensional lumber), they do not provide
the detail needed to, for example, adequately characterize the amount of treated versus
untreated wood product or the location for where wood products are consumed. Thus, the
U.S. macro-level data from the U.S. Forest Service were supplemented with additional
sources to capture all the desired elements of the inventory, including:
Residuals from the harvesting of logs that are left in the forest
Residuals generated during the production of dimensional wood and during the
consumption of wood products, which we refer to as off-cut
Breakdown for treated and untreated wood product production
Location where treated wood products are used to account for service life differences
that result from the varied environmental conditions across the United States
End use for untreated and treated wood products to account for service life differences.
One challenge that is somewhat unique to the wood industry is that not all wood products
are measured in the same units. Volumes (e.g., cubic feet, square feet, board feet) are
commonly used and in some cases mass (e.g., tons) of timber or wood product are
provided. To provide consistency in our wood inventory, our desire was to use the common
unit of metric tons. Data in metric tons of logs harvested and wood product production were
available from the U.S. Geological Survey (2013). Other data, such as treated wood
production from SFPA (2009) were converted from board feet to metric tons using a factor
of 1.1 thousand board feet per metric ton based on a weighted average (per U.S. production
levels) of hardwood and softwood lumber factors of 1.68 and .97 thousand board feet per
metric ton, respectively, from Hayes (1990). Since wood densities can vary considerably by
species, the assumed volume to weight conversion factor can significantly impact results.
No additional research was performed to assess the possibility of refining the volume to
weight factor as part of this analysis.
In the following sections, we provide a summary of the data sources used for dimensional
wood production and consumption, as well as any data manipulations performed. We also
provide a description of the method and assumptions used to estimate the amount of
treated versus untreated dimensional wood produced and recent changes in the treated
wood industry. Summary data and trends are presented and complete data sets for wood
resource and product production are included in Appendix A.
2.2.1 Dimensional Wood Production
Data for characterizing U.S. dimensional wood production are regularly updated and publicly
available from the U.S. Forest Service, U.S. Census Bureau, and other public sources. Prior
to the production of dimensional wood, logs are harvested from the forest resource. Data in
metric tons of logs harvested, imported, and exported were located from the U.S. Geological
Survey (2013). The U.S. Geological Survey data are sourced to the U.S. Forest Service
2-3
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Wood Waste Inventory
(Howard, 2013) and reported in units of metric tons, which makes them directly usable for
our material flow analysis.
As shown in Appendix Tables A-l and A-2 and illustrated in Figure 2-1, historical log
production data are available dating back to 1900. However, import and export data only
date back to 1965. Therefore, imports and exports were back-calculated for each year in the
1900-1965 interval using the U.S. log production levels during that period and the average
ratio of imports and exports to U.S. log production levels for the period of 1965-1975 (see
Tables A-3 through A-7 for calculated averages). The period of 1965-1975 was used as
the basis for back calculating imports and exports as it provides the oldest snapshot of
import/export dynamics. Overall, imports and exports of logs have been a relatively small
fraction of the total wood resource used in the U.S. (Figure 2-1).
Figure 2-1. Historical and Forecasted Trends for U.S. Log Production, Imports,
Exports, and Net Total Production, 1900-2065
Production
tx ports
Imports
To forecast log production data out to the year 2065, we used the U.S. Forest Service's
Timber Outlook (Ince and Nepal, 2012) and applied a 1 percent annual growth rate
assumption, which is the historic trend if the recessions of the 2000s were excluded. The
U.S. Forest Service Timber Outlook has timber and wood product markets rebounding in
future years but not reaching peak early 2005 levels until approximately the year 2050.
2-4
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Section 2 — Methodology, Data, and Key Assumptions
As part of the characterization of wood waste, we were also interested in quantifying the
amount of harvest residues that are left in place when logs are produced. According to a
recent U.S. Department of Energy (2011) report focused on the supply of biomass for
bioenergy and bioproducts, approximately 43 percent of the biomass of a tree is left in place
and unused at harvesting. This 43 percent figure was applied to the historical and
forecasted logs harvest data to calculate the potential amounts of harvest residues that
remain at the harvest site. For example, if 100 tons of logs are harvested then 43 tons of
residues would be assumed to remain at the harvest site. The results are shown in Figure
2-2 and should be considered rough approximations for informational purposes due to
uncertainties over time as well as location and type of logs harvested.
Figure 2-2. Historical and Forecasted Trends for U.S. Logs Harvested and
Harvest Residues, 1900-2065
Forecasted
Harvested Logs
Harvest Residues
Wood product data (U.S. production, imports, and exports) included in the U.S. Census
Bureau (2015a) and U.S. Forest Service (Howard, 2013) sources include the high-level
product categories of:
Lumber—includes hardwood and softwood dimensional lumber and lumber used at pallet
plants.
Paper and paperboard—includes pulp, paper, and paper board.
Plywood and veneer—includes hardwood plywood and veneer and softwood plywood.
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Wood Waste Inventory
• Wood panel products—includes hardboard, insulating board, and particle board.
Industrial wood products—includes cooperage logs, poles and pilings, fence posts, hewn
ties, round mine timbers, box bolts, excelsior bolts, chemical wood, shingle bolts, and
miscellaneous items.
Data converted to metric tons of wood product produced, imported, and exported were
located from the U.S. Geological Survey (2013). As with the timber harvesting data, the
U.S. Geological Survey data are sourced to the U.S. Forest Service and the reported units of
metric tons makes the data directly usable for our material flow analysis. We include paper
and paperboard product in the wood product data to complete the picture of the flow of
wood-derived materials in the U.S. economy, but the paper and paperboard category is not
considered further as the focus of this study is on wood waste.
Wood product production data are available dating back to 1900. However, wood product
import and export data only date back to 1965. Therefore, similar to the timber production
data, we back-calculated imports and exports for each year in the 1900-1965 period using
the average ratio of imports and exports to U.S. production levels for the period of 1965-
1975 as it provided the oldest snapshot of import/export dynamics (Figure 2-3). In
addition, as discussed in Section 2.4, our service-life assumptions for wood products have a
maximum service-life of 70 years, which means the oldest wood product entering the waste
stream today based on our model will be 1945 (2015 - 70). Therefore, to forecast the wood
waste generation beyond today, we are more interested in the import/export dynamics in
the mid- to late-1900s and not as much during the early 1900s.
2-6
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Section 2 — Methodology, Data, and Key Assumptions
Figure 2-3. Historical and Forecasted Trends for the Amounts of U.S. Wood-
Based Product Production, 1900-2065
Lumber
Other
Plywood
Again, to forecast wood product production data out to the year 2065, the U.S. Forest
Service's Timber Outlook (Ince and Nepal, 2012) was to develop a 1 percent annual growth
rate assumption that was applied across all wood products. Note in Figure 2-3, that the 1
percent annual growth rate is consistent with the historic product trends when the recession
of the 2000s is excluded. The U.S. Forest Service Timber Outlook has timber and wood
product markets rebounding in future years but not reaching peak early 2005 levels until
the end of the forecast period for non-paper wood products. Note that in our computational
model, we implemented the annual growth rate per each wood product category (rather
than total wood production) so in the future we can easily adjust the growth rate
assumption by product if needed. This can be relevant if, for example, the market share of a
specific wood product is anticipated to significantly increase or decrease in future years.
As shown by viewing Figures 2-1 and 2-3, the production of wood-based products is
closely linked to the production of logs. The major products as observed from Figure 2-3
are lumber and paper products, collectively both representing roughly 90 percent of the
current wood product market.
One limitation of the U.S. Forest Service data available for wood products is that they do
not differentiate between treated and untreated wood products. In fact, limited statistics
2-7
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Wood Waste Inventory
were found to characterize the total amounts of treated and untreated wood products
produced in the U.S. since 1900. Since different wood products have different service-lives
based on the type of product and end-use application, particularly indoor versus outdoor
use, it was important to understand the ratio of treated and untreated wood product
produced and consumed.
2.2.2 Treated Wood
Wood products, particularly those used in outdoor applications, are susceptible to decay due
to fungi and insects. Throughout history, different techniques and chemicals have been used
to treat wood with the goal of preventing decay and extending its service-life. Preservative
treatment is characterized in this section as the type of treatment that can affect the service
life of wood used in outdoor settings as well as impact reuse and recycling of the wood at
the end of its service life.
Usually the more preservative added to the wood, (i.e., higher retention level) the longer
the service life. In severe wood deterioration zones, such as in the southeast U.S. and
Hawaii, untreated wood left outdoors could deteriorate in as little as 1 to 3 years. Therefore,
wood products designed for use in outdoor applications are often treated to ensure
structural integrity for longer periods. The amounts of chemical added to the wood is a
function of the desired service life for the treated wood product, and these amounts are
standardized nationwide regardless of climatologic factors. While some wood species, such
as southern pine, are easily treatable, most wood species do not readily accept chemical
preservatives unless they are manually perforated to enhance penetration of the chemical
preservative (SFPA, 2009). Due to this, approximately 85 percent of all treated wood is
southern pine (SFPA, 2009).
Since 2004, the treated wood industry has been in a state of flux. During the early 2000s,
the use of chromated copper arsenate (CCA) to treat wood for residential uses was phased
out nationwide due to concerns about children being exposed to arsenic through
playgrounds with treated wood (Consumer Products Safety Commission, 2011). Effective
2004, no more CCA was to be manufactured in the United States for products intended for
residential applications (e.g., fences, picnic tables, decking, playgrounds). As a result, the
residential CCA wood market was substituted with copper-based treated wood alternatives,
including alkaline copper quat (ACQ), micronized copper quat (MCQ), and copper azole (CA)
(Solo-Gabriele et al., 2016b). The wood waste industry is now likely observing more copper
in the wood waste stream relative to arsenic, as the copper-based alternatives have more
copper per mass of wood than CCA-treated wood (Table 2-1). The amount of copper in
each of the preservatives differs except for ACQ and MCQ. The amount of copper added to
ACQ and MCQ treated wood is the same; the difference is in how the copper is introduced
through the preservative solution. The copper in MCQ-treated wood is added as a particle
while in the ACQ solution it is dissolved. There are concerns about the toxicology of copper
2-8
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Section 2 — Methodology, Data, and Key Assumptions
when introduced as a particle instead of as a dissolved chemical. So, although ACQ and
MCQ have the same formulation, we intend to estimate the amount of each type of wood
within the disposal sector separately due to potential differences in the toxicity of copper
contained in each.
Table 2-1. Levels of Metals in the Most Common Waterborne Wood Preservatives
in Production During 2015
Treated Wood Type
Assumed
Retention
(Ground
Contact)
kg/m3
mg Element
per kg Wood
Allowable Percent of
Treated Wood Mixed with
Untreated Wood
As
Cr
Cu
As
Cr
Cu
Untreated
CCA, chromated copper 6.4
arsenate
ACQ, alkaline copper quat 6.4
MCQ, micronized copper 6.4
quat
CA, copper azole 3.3
Residential Guideline
Levels
2.0
2,800
7.0
1,800
2.1
210
3.7
3,100
6,200
6,200
4,900
150
N/A
0.4
N/A
11
N/A
4.8
2.4
2.4
3.0
N/A = not applicable
Sources: Untreated from Solo-Gabriele et al.
guideline levels from FDEP, 2005.
1998. Retention levels from AWPA, 2014. Residential
Although the CCA phase-out of 2004 requires the sale of no CCA-treated wood for
residential uses, there may be CCA-treated wood still being sold, presumably for non-
residential uses. Waterborne preservation techniques increased following the CCA phase-out
as shown in Figure 2-4. A study by SFPA estimated that of all waterborne wood
preservatives, 29 percent still utilized CCA during 2007 (SFPA, 2009). This is down from 35
percent during 2004. The main alternative during 2004 was ACQ followed by CA. By 2007,
MCQ had a greater share of the treated wood market (Table 2-2). According to the SFPA
2007 study, 183.2 million pounds of waterborne preservatives were used nationwide in
2004 compared to 185.2 million pounds in 2007, showing a slight increase in the total
amount of chemical used during the 3-year period between 2004 and 2007.
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Wood Waste Inventory
Figure 2-4. Wood Preservation Techniques Used in 2004 and 2007
Fire
Retardants,
Fire
Retardants,
Creosote,
31%
Waterborne
60%
Waterborne,
55%
Oil borne,
8%
Oii borne,
12%
Source: SFPA, 2009
Table 2-2. Waterborne Preservative Production in the U.S. since the CCA Phase
Out in 2004
Percentage of Waterborne Market Based upon
Pounds of Chemical Used for Treatment
Waterborne Treatment Chemical 2004 2007
CCA, chrornated copper arsenate 35 29
ACQ, alkaline copper quat 41 25
MCQ, micronized copper quat Not yet commercialized 20
CA, copper azole 18 18
Other 6 8
Source: SFPA, 2009.
No publicly available study was found that documents the characteristics of the U.S. wood
treatment industry since the SFPA (2009) study. The lack of market documentation by the
wood treatment industry was attributed to the economic downturn of 2008, which
significantly impacted the construction industry and consequently the wood treatment
industry. As a result, funds have not been available through the wood trade organizations to
document treated wood use statistics regionally and nationally (Colin McCown, Executive
Vice President of the American Wood Protection Association, personal communication).
Thus, industry statistics are limited after 2008.
It was learned that ACQ, as of 2015, represents a very small fraction of the wood
preservative market (Kevin Archer, Director of Development for Viance, personal
communication). Viance (formerly known as Chemical Specialties Inc. or CSI) held the
original patent for ACQ and was the main manufacturer. As of 2015, ACQ has essentially
been substituted with MCQ or with a micronized version of copper azole called micronized
2-10
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Section 2 — Methodology, Data, and Key Assumptions
copper azole (MCA). The majority of the chemical preservative market is associated with
three chemical manufacturers: Viance, Lonza (formerly known as Arch Chemicals or
Hickson), and Osmose. The fraction of CCA-treated wood that makes up the total
waterborne wood preservative market is around 29 to 35 percent with a declining
proportion in more recent years (SFPA, 2009).
Data available from SFPA (2009) were used to estimate that approximately 30 percent of
the total wood product produced in the United States is treated. This percentage was
applied across all study years to develop the historical statistics shown in Figure 2-5.
Because historical statistics are not available for treated wood product production, the split
can be considered highly uncertain. In addition, no data were available to characterize
service life differences between CCA and newer wood preservatives.
Figure 2-5. Calculated Trends for Treated and Untreated Wood Product
Production, 1900-2065
Forecasted
Treated
Untreated
c 60
§ 40
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060
Year
Different treated wood products receive different levels of treatment (see Table 2-3). For
example, treated lumber used for above-ground or ground-contact applications is less
saturated with treatment chemicals than utility poles. Thus, different treated wood products
will have different amounts of chemical preservative and different service lives. We
allocated treated wood products into three categories for application of service life
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Wood Waste Inventory
assumptions: residential, highway/marine/industrial, and utility poles. In addition, because
the decay of treated wood used in outdoor applications will be significantly impacted by
regional environmental conditions, the treated wood category was further allocated by
region of use, with unique service life estimates. These aspects are described in Sections
2.4 and 2.5.
Table 2-3. Treated Wood by Product Type and End-Use Category Assignment
Product
Total
(Board Feet)
Percent of
Total Treated
Wood
Use Category
Dimension lumber
4,690,278,227
36
Residential
Radius (rounded) edge heavy decking
738,667,286
6
Residential
Boards, 1-inch
498,624
0
Residential
Landscape timbers
2,902,719,816
22
Residential
Highway construction material
31,062,239
0
Highway/Marine
Glued-laminated beams
25,417,068
0
Highway/Marine
Timbers > 4x4
765,011,280
6
Highway/Marine
Pilings (foundation and marine combined)
346,520,124
3
Highway/Marine
Fence posts (4x4 and round combined)
1,659,008,196
13
Highway/Marine
Railroad crossties
622,494,072
5
Poles
Railroad switch ties
92,525,292
1
Poles
Poles (utility transmission, utility
distribution, and building combined
1,089,264,360
8
Poles
Plywood (includes permanent wood
foundation use) (3/8")
77,878,155
1
Residential
Source: Total board feet from SFPA, 2009.
2.2.3 Untreated Wood
For untreated wood products, preservation chemicals and techniques are not used to
enhance service life. The major trend seen for untreated wood is the change in the mix of
products in the market, namely the increase in plywood and veneer since the 1950s (see
Figure 2-3). This is directly tied to the decrease in wood product production loss rates as
described in the next section. That is, the industry has gotten more efficient over time at
producing valuable wood products.
2.2.4 Wood Product Production Loss Rate
In the production of wood products, we include a production loss (or residual) rate. This rate
is referred to as the "productivity of industrial wood use" by the U.S. Forest Service and is
calculated by the quantity (e.g., tons) of industrial wood product produced per unit (e.g.,
2-12
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Section 2 — Methodology, Data, and Key Assumptions
tori) of harvested log input. The historical trend from 1900 through 2011 is shown in Figure
2-6. The production loss rate has decreased significantly over time, which means that
greater quantities of wood products are being produced per ton of timber harvested. This
trend is attributed by the U.S. Forest Service to improvements in the use of wood residues
and recycled wood fiber (Ince, 2000).
Figure 2-6. Historical Trend in Wood Product Production Loss Rate, 1900-2011
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
c 50%
o
" 40%
3
T3
O
i—
a.
30%
20%
10%
0%
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
Residual wood from wood product production for a given year is calculated using the loss
rate and is assumed to enter the waste stream. Since the loss rate was much higher in the
early- to mid-1900s, ranging from roughly 20 to 30 percent, the amount of wood waste
entering the waste stream from wood product production was significant. In more recent
years, the production loss rate is much lower, ranging from 5 to 15 percent since 2000 for
all wood products. However, since the total amount of timber input and wood product
output has increased, the total amount of wood waste associated with wood product
production has remained more constant as shown in Figure 2-7. Notable dips in the trend
are seen to occur during the Great Depression in the 1930s and the global economic
slowdown of the early 2000s due to drops in wood product use (and thus production levels),
as well as significant reduction in the production loss rate in more recent years
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Wood Waste Inventory
Figure 2-7. Historical and Forecasted Trends for the Total Amount of Wood
Product and Residual from Production Activities, 1900-2065
Forecasted
Product
Residual
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060
To forecast residuals in future years, we assumed a 5 percent production loss rate to the
year 2065. The 5 percent production loss rate is a simplifying assumption as the actual loss
rate will vary through time. It should be noted that since wood product production levels are
more than 100 million metric tons per year, every 1 percent change in the production loss
rate can result in 1-2 million metric tons change in the amount of production residual wood
waste generated.
2.3 Data for Wood Product Usage
A general assumption is employed for our model that wood product consumption in each
year is equal to the wood product production (less residual wood from production losses) for
the same year. The wood products industry is largely demand-driven, thus consumer
demand for wood products drives production, which in turn drives timber harvesting. In our
wood waste generation model (see Section 4), different service-life assumptions are used
for different wood products. In this section, we describe the approach and assumptions that
are employed for wood product consumption and end-use applications.
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Section 2 — Methodology, Data, and Key Assumptions
2.3.1 Treated Wood Use Categories
The design life of treated wood products is standardized by the industry at 25 years for
lumber and timbers and 40 years for utility poles (Cooper, 1993; Gutzmer and Crawford,
1995). However, studies have found that the actual service life of some lumber and timber
products used for residential applications—in particular, residential decks—is much shorter,
ranging from 9 to 13 years (Alderman et al., 2003; McQueen and Stevens, 1998). Thus, for
treated wood products, we employed three categories of product/use based on their level of
treatment, which in turn dictates their service life:
• Group 1 includes wood product used for decks, fences, and landscaping.
Group 2 includes wood product used for highway and marine uses.
• Group 3 includes wood product used for utility poles.
The main difference among these categories is the level of treatment each receives. Group
1 and 2 products receive "low-retention" treatment, whereas Group 3 products receive
"high-retention" treatment, thus the service life increases from Group 1 to Group 3 (see
Section 2.4 for service life assumptions).
In addition to these end-use categories, we also allocated treated wood use to U.S. regions
to account for potential service-life variations due to environmental differences across the
country. For example, it could be expected that treated lumber used for residential decking
in Florida would have a shorter service-life than the same application in Arizona due to the
higher rainfall and humidity conditions in Florida.
Data reported for the location of wood production cannot be assumed to match the location
where the wood product is used. No data were found that allowed us to directly estimate
treated wood consumed by state or U.S. region. Therefore, we employed U.S. regional
construction-related data as a proxy for allocating treated wood use. Specifically, building
permit data available for U.S. census regions from the U.S. Census Bureau (2015b) were
compiled. Figure 2-8 shows the percentage of total U.S. building permits authorized from
1959 through 2014. These data were used to create assumptions for allocating treated
wood use by U.S. region as follows:
South: 50 percent • Midwest: 15 percent
• West: 25 percent • Northeast: 10 percent
We did not attempt to employ regional allocations for each study year or blocks of time
(e.g., 10-year averages). Such dynamic regional allocations by year could be a possible
future refinement.
As an alternative to new housing permit authorizations data, we also reviewed data
available for U.S. housing starts (U.S. Census Bureau, 2015c) and U.S. construction
spending (U.S. Census Bureau, 2015d). The difference between housing permits and starts
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Wood Waste Inventory
is that permits represent the number of authorized permits issued for new housing units and
housing starts capture the number of housing units for which construction has begun.
However, as shown in Figure 2-9, total number of housing permits/starts and total
construction spending follow a similar trend over time. With regards to construction
spending, whereas housing permits and starts are for residential housing units only,
construction spending captures the entire construction sector. Roads, bridges, and other
Figure 2-8. Trend of the Percentage of Total U.S. Building Permits Authorized by
U.S. Census Region, 1959-2014
100%
"S 90%
N
South
80%
West
70%
E
i 60%
C
1 50%
CO
i/>
2 40%
n
Northeast
o
^ 30%
-------
Section 2 — Methodology, Data, and Key Assumptions
Louisiana and does not include all structures in these areas (Solo-Gabriele et al., 2016b).
Therefore, different end-use categories and locations of use are not as critical as per treated
wood products. However, untreated wood accounts for approximately 70 percent of the total
annual wood product produced and consumed in the United States and is a significant
component of the wood waste inventory.
Figure 2-9. Trends for Total Number of U.S. Housing Permits and Housing Starts
(in thousands) as well as Total Construction Spending (in $billions),
1993-2014
2,500
0
c
= 2,000
CO
w
.E
"g 1,500
ro v
V) Q-
•m i/)
1 §
£ tJ
* | tooo
Housing Permits
Housing Starts
Construction Spending
t 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1995 2000 2005 2010
Year
For untreated wood, the following use categories were assumed based on the primary end-
use application:
• Construction: 70 percent
Industrial: 30 percent
2.3.3 Wood Use "Off-Cut" Rate
To account for wood waste generated during the use phase of wood products (e.g.,
trimming lumber to fit desired measurements), a general assumption was employed that
2.5 percent of all wood product used enters the waste stream in the same year as
consumption due to off-cut based on Cooper (1993). The off-cut assumption is likely not
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Wood Waste Inventory
static through time, however time-series data were not found to allow for further
refinement. It should be noted that since wood consumption levels are more than 100
million metric tons per year, every 1 percent change in the consumption off-cut assumption
can result in 1-2 million metric ton change in the amount of residual wood waste generated.
2.4 Wood Product Service Life Assumptions
The service life of wood products is defined as the period after installation or use during
which the products meet or exceed the performance requirements (Viitanen et al., 2010).
The following sections focus on estimating service lives for treated and untreated wood
products. Adjustments are provided to allow for the variation in service life based upon
climatologic differences across the United States.
2.4.1 Service Life Assumptions for Treated Wood Products
Various studies have placed numerical values on the standardized service life of treated
wood products. For lumber and timber, products treated at low retention levels are
considered to have a service life of 25 years on average, whereas for pilings, which are
treated to higher retention levels, the service life is generally considered 40 years on
average (Cooper, 1993; Gutzmerand Crawford, 1995; Solo-Gabriele and Townsend, 1999).
For lumber and timber products used in residential applications such as decks and fencing,
the "actual" service life may be less than the service life projected based upon structural
integrity because owners may remove the wooden structures earlier for aesthetic reasons
(e.g., weathering of the wood or paint, splintering). As a result, treated lumber and timber
products used for residential purposes have a shorter service life relative to their design
service life. Studies by McQueen and Stevens (1998) and Alderman et al. (2003) found that
the "actual" in-service life of low retention CCA-treated wood products used in residential
applications varies from 9 to 13 years on average.
Not all lumber and timber is used for residential applications. A large fraction is used for
highway and transportation needs (estimated at 40% of the total lumber and timbers by
Khan et al. 2006). For these uses, evidence suggests that the wood may remain in service
throughout the time the structural integrity remains intact. The prolonged service life for
highway uses of treated wood is supported by studies that show that the structural integrity
of wood used as guardrail posts remains intact even after a service period of over 20 years
in Bellingham, Washington (Love et al., 2014).
Poles and pilings represent the third category of treated wood products evaluated in this
study. Recent confirmatory research has shown that the service lives of poles and pilings is
long, on the order of 40 years (Bolin and Smith, 2012) with some poles remaining intact for
many more years (Wakeling and Morris, 2014). Service life estimates employed in this
study for treated wood products are as listed in Table 2-4.
2-18
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Section 2 — Methodology, Data, and Key Assumptions
Table 2-4. Base Service Life Assumptions Used for Treated Wood Products
Product Average Service Life (years)
Lumber and timbers used for residential applications 10
Lumber and timbers used for highway, commercial, and 25
industrial applications
Poles and piles 40
Among factors that influence the service life of wood, all studies evaluated acknowledge
moisture as the primary key component. Other factors include rainfall intensity (Lebow et
al., 2013), soil substrate (Brischke and Olberding, 2014; Brischke and Thelandersson, 2014;
Lebow et al., 2013), coatings and end-grain protection (Jermer, 2012), wood species
(Wanget al., 2008), and specific use of the wood (Grant and Reis, 2013). The most widely
used index of wood decay observed in the literature is the Scheffer index (Scheffer, 1971).
This index sets a climate index for wood deterioration based upon mean monthly
temperature and monthly precipitation. The values of this index have been computed
nationwide and vary from 0, suggesting minimal decay risk, to 100, indicating severe decay
risk (Figure 2-10).
Figure 2-100. Scheffer Climate Index Map Based Upon Monthly Precipitation and
Mean Temperatures
CLIMATE INDEX
LESS THAN 35
MORE THAN 65
Source: Scheffer, 1971.
2-19
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Wood Waste Inventory
The standard method to assess the service life of wood products is through a series of stake
tests (1.5 in. x 3.5 in. x 18 in.) in which wood samples are placed in the ground over
periods of many years. Different plots of land are dedicated to stake tests throughout the
country to evaluate the influence of climate and soil conditions on deterioration rates.
Results from stake tests are available for untreated wood in various states including
Mississippi (2.9 years to failure) and Wisconsin (5.7 years to failure) (Woodward et al.,
2011).
Using this information, the Scheffer index for these locations was used to estimate relative
service lives based upon the differences in climatologic conditions between these two
regions. The Scheffer index for Mississippi is 99 and for Wisconsin 39. Using a value of 50 as
an average value, the service lives can be adjusted according to a service life adjustment
factor. The service life adjustment factor, which is determined by interpolation, can be used
to multiply the average service life for the product to estimate the service life of wood
products within a given climate zone (Table 2-5). Within each climate zone the Scheffer
index can vary considerably. Rough representative approximations were made and used to
compute the service life adjustment factors for the region. Service life adjustment factors
were estimated for the four U.S. regions used for modeling purposes and vary from 0.6 for
the South, the most severe deterioration zone, to 1.2 for the West and Midwest, which
correspond to low deterioration potentials.
Table 2-5. Service Life Adjustment Factors for U.S. Climate Zones
Assumed Scheffer Index
Service Life Adjustment Factor
South
100
0.6
West
25*
1.2
Midwest
25
1.2
Northeast
50
1
Note: The Scheffer index varies considerably in the west with high values in northwest Washington
State.
Using the service life adjustment factors listed in Table 2-5, the base treated wood service
life estimates were adjusted as shown in Table 2-6.
2.4.2 Service Life Assumptions for Untreated Wood Products
For untreated wood product use categories—construction and industrial—different service
life estimates are applied. Untreated wood used in construction typically is utilized indoors
and its service life is dependent upon the rate at which buildings are renovated or
demolished. Models vary considerably with respect to service life assumptions for buildings.
For example, service life estimates for residential buildings varied from 60 to 100 years
depending upon the model used (Grant and Ries, 2013).
2-20
-------
Section 2 — Methodology, Data, and Key Assumptions
Table 2-6. Adjusted Service Live (Years) Estimates for Treated Wood Products
Adjusted Service Life
Product
Base
Service Life
South
Midwest
West
Northeast
Lumber and timbers
used for residential
applications
10
6
12
12
10
Lumber and timber
used for Highway,
commercial, and
industrial applications
25
15
30
30
25
Poles and piles
40
24
48
48
40
Within industrial applications, wood components may have variable service lives. The U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers, in its building service life models, uses a 28-year replacement
period for roofs and 125-year replacement period for siding (Neely et al., 1991). To account
for renovation building service Bergsdal et al. (2007), in their building service life models,
assume two renovation cycles and one demolition cycle. For small buildings, the first
renovation is modeled to occur at 30 years, the second renovation at 60 years, and
demolition at 90 years. For large buildings, this same study assumed 20, 40, and 60 years
for the first and second renovation, and demolition, respectively.
Based on the literature, best-estimates for untreated wood service life averages were
developed for use in the inventory model and are listed in Table 2-7.
Table 2-7. Service Life Values Used for Untreated Wood in Residential and
Industrial Settings
Estimated Average
Setting
Service Life (years)
Residential applications
70
Industrial applications
50
Unlike treated wood products, for untreated wood products, regional usage patterns were
not discerned for the purposes of making service life assumptions. Because untreated wood
is primarily used in indoor applications, this factor is not expected to play a significant role.
However, the same regional allocation of consumption used for treated wood and described
in Section 2.3 was also applied to untreated wood. The value in applying the same regional
allocation may be to develop regional estimates for total (treated and untreated) wood
waste generation and wood remaining in service. In addition, the regional allocation for
2-21
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Wood Waste Inventory
untreated wood will enable possible future region-based adjustment to service life
assumptions for untreated wood.
2-22
-------
3. ESTIMATED AMOUNTS OF WOOD WASTE GENERATED AND
WOOD REMAINING IN SERVICE
To estimate the amounts of wood waste generated and the amounts of wood remaining in
service, the computational methodology for the materials flow approach was implemented
using R, an open-source statistical computing software. The conceptual framework for the R
model is shown in Figure 3-1. The computational methodology implements the "upstream"
timber and wood product data and assumptions, such as the production and installation
losses, and the service life assumptions to calculate the portion of various wood product
that enter the U.S. waste stream and remain in service.
In this section of the report, we present the summary results from the computational model
for wood waste generation and wood that remains in service for our study period of 1900-
2065. Detailed results tables are included in Appendix B.
3.1 Wood Waste Generation
Based on our wood waste inventory model, the amount of wood waste generated in any
given year is a function of the following elements:
¦ Amount of harvest residual
¦ Amount of offcut generated during wood product installation in the given year
¦ Amount of residual wood generated annually in wood product production and use
activities
¦ Amount of wood that reaches the end of its useful life and enters the waste stream
based on the useful service life (lifespan) of various wood products in various regions of
the United States and various end-use applications.
Figure 3-2 illustrates the total amount of wood waste (treated and untreated) generated
on an annual basis for our study period of 1900-2065. Note that because different wood
products have different service lives, not all the wood produced and consumed in 1900 will
enter the waste stream at the same time. It is not until 1970 that some of the wood
products that were produced and consumed in 1900 will be entering the waste stream.
Thus, as illustrated in Figure 3-2, a "ramp up" effect is portrayed in the data. In addition,
as our most recent year for wood product production and consumption data is 2011, yet our
study period extends out to 2065, there is also a "ramp down" effect. The ramp down effect
was addressed by estimating wood product production levels out to the year 2065 based on
economic forecasts, which are strongly correlated with construction activity and thus wood
use.
3-1
-------
w
I
N>
Figure 3-1. Conceptual Diagram of the Wood Waste Inventory Computation R-Model
Logs and
Woodchips
Plywood
o
TOTAL
wooo
Uwd wood
¦ 0.9S*
Total wood
Wood in
the Market
= 0.925*
Uved Wood
T'eatcd Wood
= 0J* Wood n the
Market
Untreated Wood
*3,/* Wood i thB
Market
Constructor) =
y. r* Untreated
Wood
Industral aflj*
Untreated Wood
I L/C tin 0 * 70 I I UTcMne - SO I
L *2$ J L *59 1
tUnvit -1' €/ •
I Oft vnd WaasHii|n
flcstiual Sciott- -
0IJ5* "otal Ws»ofl
PfoOj-rrwr
South a 0. 5"
Treated Wood
West-a25*
Treated Wood
'A O Ml I
Midwest •
0. JS* T'ltatcd
Wood
I H|hMfiV«m •
-4 CJi*(a^i*TrMUd
Woodl
NoTiviPrt «
0.1' Treated
Wood
tneum* - n yean
^ j
Uftf Ifr* - 24
Q u ret
-
^ U'Klff* . M |
J urcofot»JO j
-J"
UtMNne = a?
jsw
cy
o
Q.
or
in
^5
CD
O
-3
-------
Section 3 — Wood Waste Generated and Wood Remaining In Service
Figure 3-2. Annual Generation of Treated, Untreated and Total Wood Waste,
1900-2065
90
Ramp-up Period
Forecasted
Historical
80
70
Total
60
• Untreated
¦Treated
50
40
30
20
10
0
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060
Year
The portion of Figure 3-2 labeled "historical" contains estimated generation quantities
based on historical data for wood production and consumption whereas the portion labeled
"forecasted" represents estimated generation quantities based on wood production and
consumption projections. It is interesting to note that the projected generation of untreated
wood waste will outpace treated wood waste in future years. That is, treated wood waste
generation grows more slowly overtime (shallower trend line) than untreated wood waste.
By 2050, the amount of untreated wood waste generated is estimated to be more than
double the amount of treated wood waste.
In Figure 3-3, we illustrate the cumulative amount of treated, untreated, and total wood
waste that has entered the waste stream since 1900 and projected out to 2065. By 2065,
there will be approximately 7 billion metric tons of wood waste generated since 1900. Much
of this wood has likely been deposited in dumpsites and engineered landfills overtime.
However, due to relatively long service lives of many wood products, most (approximately
70 percent) of the wood produced and consumed in 1900 did not enter the waste stream
until after 1970 and thus was more likely deposited in engineered landfills.
3-3
-------
Wood Waste Inventory
Figure 3-3. Cumulative Generation of Treated and Untreated Wood Waste,
1900-2065
10
Forecasted
Treated
9
Untreated
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060
Year
Figures 3-4 and 3-5 show the amounts of treated and untreated wood waste generated by
U.S. Census region (which includes South, West, Midwest and Northeast regions) produced
by the model. As shown in Figure 3-4, the amount of treated wood generated by the South
region is significantly greater than other regions. There are two reasons for this. First, the
South region was estimated to consume approximately half of all wood produced (see
Section 2.3), thus it is expected that it would have greater amounts of wood waste
generated. Second, and specific to treated wood, is that the South region's warm and wet
climate enhances wood degradation and thus the service life for treated wood is shorter
than for other regions. This means more treated wood waste is generated in the South per
unit of consumption.
In Figure 3-5, the amounts of untreated wood waste generated track directly with the
amounts consumed by region as regional service life adjustment factors were not
implemented. Because untreated wood is typically used in indoor applications and not
exposed to weather, the region of use is not expected to impact its service life. If, however,
regional service life adjustments are determined, they could easily be implemented to better
approximate regional amounts of untreated wood waste generated.
3-4
-------
Section 3 — Wood Waste Generated and Wood Remaining In Service
Figure 3-4. Treated Wood Waste Generated by U.S. Region, 1900-2065
14
South
West
Forecasted
12
Midwest
Northeast
10
8
6
4
2
0
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060
Year
Figure 3-5. Untreated Wood Waste Generated by U.S. Region, 1900-2065
Historical
Ramp-up Period
Forecasted
¦South
¦West
•MWwes^-
¦Northeast
It is clear from Figures 3-4 arid 3-5 that most wood waste generated occurs arid will in the
future occur in the South and West regions of the United States. This information can be
useful for planning infrastructure and management policies and schemes for wood waste.
3-5
-------
Wood Waste Inventory
3.2 Wood Remaining In Service
As expressed by Equation 2-1, the amount of wood that remains in service in each year is
calculated as the amount of wood product consumed in that year less the amount of wood
entering the waste stream in the same year from production/consumption residues and
previous year wood consumed that has reached the end of its service life (which varies by
wood product and location of use). Thus, the amount of wood that remains in service is
ultimately governed by the useful life of wood products.
The estimated cumulative amounts of treated, untreated, and total wood that remain in
service (i.e., in buildings and wood structures) is shown in Figure 3-6. In 2011, an
estimated 3.18 billion metric tons of wood remain in service. By the year 2065, this amount
is anticipated to increase to 3.58 billion metric tons. It is interesting to note in Figure 3-6
that the cumulative amounts of wood generated and remaining in service follow a similar
linear trend. Thus, the net amount of wood remaining in service is relatively flat over time,
but does increase slightly.
Figure 3-6. Cumulative Amounts of Wood In Service and Wood Waste
Generated, and Net Cumulative Amount of Wood Remaining In
Service, 1900-2065
Cumulative In-service
Cumulative Disposed
Net Remaining In-Service
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060
Year
In Figure 3-7, the cumulative amounts of treated and untreated wood remaining in service
are shown. This chart illustrates the impact that the longer service life of untreated wood
3-6
-------
Section 3 — Wood Waste Generated and Wood Remaining In Service
product (as compared to treated wood) has on the total amount of wood remaining in
service. The shorter service life of treated wood product leads to treated wood going in and
out of service more quickly and a stabilization/steady-state of the amount of treated wood
that remains in service over time. Much larger amounts of untreated wood remain in service
due to both the longer service life of untreated wood as well as the significantly larger share
of untreated (70 percent) as compared to treated (30 percent) wood produced and
consumed in the United States.
Figure 3-7. Cumulative Amounts of Treated, Untreated, and Total Wood
Remaining In Service, 1900-2065
Untreated
¦Treated
Figure 3-8 shows the cumulative amounts of treated wood remaining in service by U.S.
region. It is interesting to note that while the South consumes 50 percent of the treated
wood, it has the lowest cumulative amount of treated wood remaining in service due to the
shorter service life in this region. Thus, treated wood in the South moves in and out of
service relatively quickly, creating a lower stock of wood remaining in service. In contrast,
the West has a longer service life and more treated wood accumulates in service over time.
3-7
-------
Wood Waste Inventory
Figure 3-8. Cumulative Amounts of Treated Wood In Service by U.S. Region,
1900-2065
'West
Midwest
'Northeast
'South
Opposite of the results for regional wood remaining in service, Figure 3-9 shows that for
untreated wood, the cumulative amounts remaining in service are directly linked to
consumption levels. Thus, as expected, the South and West regions contain most wood in
service over time.
Figure 3-9. Cumulative Amounts of Untreated Wood In Service by U.S. Region,
1900-2065
Forecasted
¦South
Midwest
Northeast
3-8
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Section 3 — Wood Waste Generated and Wood Remaining In Service
3.3 Other Sources of Wood Waste
In addition to wood product waste entering the waste stream at the end of its service life,
wood and woody biomass waste are generated from other sources including catastrophic
events (e.g., hurricanes, floods, fires), invasive species, diseases, and as part of general
municipal solid waste (MSW).
In this section, we summarize our approach and data for estimating the tonnage of wood
and woody biomass generated from these other sources and use this information to
supplement the wood waste generation from our inventory model. Other potential factors
influencing the amount of wood waste generated might include invasive species and
diseases. However, data to characterize such impacts at the national level were not found.
3.3.1 Catastrophic Events
In addition to residual wood from production and use activities, and wood entering the
waste stream at the end of its service life, wood waste is also generated because of
catastrophic events, such as hurricanes, floods and fires. We attempted to characterize the
amount of "catastrophic wood loss" on an annual basis to supplement the conventional end-
of-life pathways (i.e., production and use phase residual streams and end of service life).
The primary routes of catastrophic wood loss, G, during year i, are assumed to be
hurricanes/floods, Q,h, and fires G,f, such that:
Ci = Q,h_+ Q,f (Equation 3-1)
Data are readily available that characterize the number and estimated dollar-value of loss
associated with natural disasters and fires. However, data characterizing the volume or
tonnage of total disaster debris, and especially the wood component, are much more
limited. Our approach for estimating catastrophic wood loss was to correlate dollar-value of
loss statistics with tonnage of wood waste.
Data from the Insurance Information Institute (2015) and the Federal Emergency
Management Agency (FEMA, 2015) were used to characterize dollar-value of loss associated
with natural disasters and fires, respectively. These data were used to calculate a 10-year
(2002-2011) average dollar-value of losses of approximately $21 billion per year for natural
disasters and $9.6 billion per year for fires (Figure 3-10). Note that for fire data, 80
percent of the total dollar-value of loss was taken to account for vehicle fires and other fires
included in the data. Combining the natural disaster fire data (III 2015 & FEMA 2015), the
calculated total 10-year average dollar-value of loss is estimated at roughly $30.6 billion per
year.
3-9
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Wood Waste Inventory
Figure 3-10. Dollar-Value Loss Associated with Natural Disasters and Fires,
2002-2011
1 nn
¦ Residential and Nonresidential Fires
¦ Natural Disasters
i/>
IS CQ .
1
_ 60
Q
(/)
c
CO
¦
10
1 1
1 1
1 1
2002 2003
>00<:
>00E
2006 2007
Year
200S
2009 2010
2013
Sources: Natural disaster loss values from the Insurance Information Institute, 2015; Fire
loss values estimated from FEMA, 2015.
As shown in Table 3-1, using available dollar-value loss estimates from previous events for
which disaster debris volumes were also found, we developed estimates for the volume of
disaster debris generated by dollar-value loss for each event. These values were used to
generate an average estimate of 1.8 million cubic yards of debris generated per $1 billion in
dollar-value loss.
Disaster debris contains many different materials other than wood, so we used the wood
composition factor for construction and demolition waste of 10 percent based on EPA
(2016). Therefore, assuming 10 percent of disaster and fire debris is wood, and an average
wood waste density of 364 pounds per cubic yard (New Jersey Department of Environmental
Protection, 2015), we found a rough estimate of 0.916 million metric tons (1.8 million CY of
total debris * 30.6 * 0.1 * 364/ 2200) of catastrophic wood waste per year.
3-10
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Section 3 — Wood Waste Generated and Wood Remaining In Service
Table 3-1. Reported Disaster Debris Generated, Dollar-Value Loss and Calculated
Debris Per Dollar-Value Loss (Insurance Information Institute (2015)
and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA, 2015))
Event
Year
Debris Generated
(million cubic
yards [CY])
Value of Loss
($billion)
Million CY of
Debris Per
$Billion of Loss
Hurricane Andrew
1992
43
24
1.8
Hurricane Fran
1996
3.5
2.3
1.5
Tropical Storm Allison
2001
1.2
9
0.1
Hurricane Isabel
2003
20
5.37
3.7
Hurricane Charley
2004
18
15.1
1.2
Hurricane Jeanne
2004
5.1
7.66
0.7
Hurricane Katrina
2005
114
48
2.4
Hurricane Rita
2005
17.2
12
1.4
Hurricane Ike
2008
25
29.5
0.9
Hurricane Gustav
2008
15
15
1.0
Super Storm Sandy
2012
100
19.3
5.2
Average =1.8
3.3.2 Municipal Solid Wastes
In addition to manufactured (dimensional) wood products, wood waste enters the solid
waste stream from the MSW stream as part of yard trimmings. Data for characterizing the
quantity of woody yard trimmings generation in the United States are limited. EPA does not
include woody yard trimmings as part of their MSW generation estimates, but rather a
composite "yard trimmings" category and estimate. According to Dovetail Partners (2014),
the U.S. Forest Service developed estimates of woody yard trimming by using EPA data on
yard trimmings and an estimated woody component of 55 percent sourced from Falk et al.
(2012).
As reported in Dovetail Partners (2014), the U.S. Forest Service estimated 16.7 million
metric tons of woody yard trimmings generated in 2010. If the 55 percent factor is applied
to the EPA's (2016 most recent estimate for total yard trimmings of 34.5 million metric tons
for 2014), the amount of woody yard trimmings generated can be estimated at 17.2 million
metric tons. Applying the 55 percent factor across the EPA's (2016) most recent MSW
statistics is shown in Figure 3-11. As shown in the figure, woody yard trimmings have
increased in the waste stream in the past 50 years but seem to have leveled off near
approximately 17 million metric tons per year.
3-11
-------
Wood Waste Inventory
Figure 3-11. Woody Yard Trimmings Generated in the United States since 1960
I960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014
Year
Source: EPA, 2016.
3-12
-------
4. KEY FINDINGS AND FUTURE RESEARCH NEEDS
Using publicly available U.S. government data characterizing logs and wood product
production and a materials flow methodology constructed using wood product service life
estimates, we generated estimates for wood waste generated and wood that remains in
service. In this section, key findings from this research are summarized as well as identified
data gaps and future research needs.
4.1 Key Findings
According to the results generated from this analysis, the amount of wood waste generated
in the United States will continue to increase in more or less a linear fashion. However, an
uptick in wood waste generated will occur during the last half of our future forecast (2045-
2065) as wood consumption rose through 2005 when consumption peaked. This peak wood
consumption will begin entering the waste stream at peak levels by 2045-2050, based on
wood service life assumptions used in the analysis.
Additional findings include the following:
• The projected annual generation of untreated wood waste will outpace treated wood
waste in future years. By 2050, the amount of untreated wood waste generated is
estimated to be more than double the amount of treated wood waste. Since untreated
wood product comprises approximately 70 percent of the market, it is not unexpected
that most wood waste generated is untreated. However, this also means that over time
the fraction of untreated wood in the waste stream will continue to grow relative to
treated wood.
Regarding wood remaining in service, the shorter service life for treated wood-due to its
typical exposure to the environment-also impacts the amount of treated versus
untreated wood remaining in service. Treated wood appears to move in and out of
service relatively quickly, and thus the amount remaining in service is relatively
constant. Untreated wood drives most of the wood remaining in service due to its
assumed longer service life.
• There are regional differences that impact wood consumption and waste generation. The
South region of the United States consumes approximately 50 percent of wood product
produced. Thus, there is a significantly larger amount of wood waste generated in the
South region. For wood remaining in service, however, the story differs by type of wood.
For treated wood, the wet and warm climate in the South region shortens the service life
and thus less wood remains in service for less time than in other regions (e.g., the arid
West). Untreated wood is typically used for indoor applications and is less impacted by
weather. Thus, untreated wood remaining in service is significantly higher in the South
region, in line with its significantly higher consumption.
• The amount of wood waste residuals generated from wood product manufacturing has
decreased by approximately 30 percent in the last 50 years. Given the hundreds of
millions of metric tons of wood product produced, the amount of wood waste reduction
from production efficiency improvement is significant and currently in the tens of
millions of metric tons per year.
4-1
-------
4.2 Data Gaps and Research Needs
Data characterizing the production and consumption of logs and wood products in the
United States are readily available and updated on a regular basis by government sources.
The production and consumption of dimensional wood products in this country are driven by
economic activity. Thus, historical data for wood consumption in combination with service
life estimates for wood products can be used as a reasonable predictor for how much wood
waste may be anticipated in the future. The assumed service lives for different wood
products and applications are critical for accurately forecasting wood waste generation.
Thus, refining service life estimates is a key area for future research that will improve the
accuracy of the wood waste inventory.
Additional data gaps and future research needs identified through this project include the
following:
• Production and consumption data for treated versus untreated wood products. Although
U.S. government sources (e.g., U.S. Forest Service, U.S. Census Bureau, and U.S.
Geological Survey) publish data characterizing the production and consumption of logs
and wood products in the country, the data do not differentiate treated and untreated
wood product. The most recent data we found for characterizing the amount of treated
wood produced was published by SFPA (2009) and are almost 10 years old. Given the
significant changes in the wood preservation and treatment industry since the 2004
phase-out of CCA, research and characterization of the current and projected state-of-
practice for treated wood is needed.
Regional wood consumption. While the U.S. government sources for wood products
provide good regional or state-level production statistics, data characterizing the location
where wood products are consumed are not included. For our wood waste inventory,
U.S. Census data detailing the authorizations for residential housing permits and housing
starts by U.S. Census region were used as a proxy for regional wood consumption.
Additional research can be done to refine the regional split for wood consumption, such
as development of state-level consumption estimates from the housing permit and starts
data. Such information could be valuable for use by states, for example, to approximate
future amounts of wood waste that will be generated in their state. In addition, since
most wood consumed in the United States is used in construction, this approach appears
to be reasonable for wood. No data, however, were found to estimate treated wood
consumed by state or U.S. region. While construction activity may be an indicator, there
also may be other factors to consider such as architecture as related to the climate or
scenery (e.g., decks may be more common in regions with more moderate climate or
nicer views), urban population density (e.g., smaller total number of utility poles, or
higher likelihood that cables are buried), and so forth. A more detailed analysis and
geospatial analysis would help to discern wood use patterns.
• Service life for untreated wood and potential regional adjustment factors. Considerable
research has gone into developing service life estimates for treated wood products, as
well as U.S. regional service life adjustment factors. Comparable research has not been
done to develop service life estimates and regional service life adjustment factors for
untreated wood products. Since untreated wood represents approximately 70 percent of
the total wood consumed in the United States, additional research and characterization
of service life can help improve the wood waste inventory. Specifically, review and
4-2
-------
Section 4 — Key Findings and Future Research Needs
refinement of untreated wood product/application "bins," associated base service life
estimates, and regional service life adjustment factors are needed.
Woody biomass fraction of yard waste. Data characterizing woody biomass waste is
limited. EPA (2016) has included "yard trimmings" as part of their MSW characterization
for years, but this source does not specify the woody component for yard trimmings.
Dovetail (2014) prepared a summary of the state of data for woody biomass across U.S.
government sources. Additional research is needed to better understand and
characterize the woody fraction from the MSW (including commercial, institutional, and
industrial) waste streams.
Dimensional wood and woody debris from catastrophes. Significant quantities of
dimensional wood from buildings and structures enter the waste stream as disaster
debris each year. In addition to dimensional wood, significant amounts of woody debris
(e.g., trees, branches) are generated via hurricanes, floods, and fires. While statistics
and data characterizing the number of disasters and dollar-value of damage are readily
available, data characterizing the amount of disaster debris generated and, specifically,
the wood/woody biomass fraction of debris is limited. Additional research is needed to
better approximate wood and woody biomass generated from disasters, and specifically,
U.S. regional variations in disasters and the anticipated amounts of wood/woody
biomass contained in disaster debris.
Weight of wood through time. In this analysis, it was assumed that the weight of wood
waste generated remains constant through time. It is likely that the weight of wood
changes due to moisture gains or losses after the wood is consumed. Additional research
is needed to better understand and characterize how wood weight can change through
time due to environmental factors (e.g., regional weather) and exposure to moisture.
4-3
-------
-------
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R-4
-------
Appendix A:
Wood Resource and Product Production Data
Table A-l contains raw data collected and compiled from the U.S. Geological Survey
(2013) for logs and wood product production. In addition, forecasted data for logs and wood
product production are included in Table A-2 based on a straight 1 percent annual growth
rate for the years 2012 to 2065. Tables A-3 through A-7 show the average imports and
exports as a fraction of production used to back calculate log and wood product imports and
exports from 1900 through 1965, which were not included in the U.S. Geological Survey or
U.S. Forest Service data.
A-l
-------
Table A-l. Historical Net (Production+Imports-Exports) Metric Tons of Logs and Wood Product Production in the
United States, 1900-2011
Wood Resource
Wood Product Production
Year
Logs
Lumber
Paper and
Board
Plywood and
Veneer
Panel
Other Industrial
Total Excluding
Paper
1900
87,900,488
41,130,385
2,161,525
15,967
na
21,900,000
63,046,353
1901
91,459,801
43,595,967
2,391,942
15,967
na
22,300,000
65,911,935
1902
95,078,870
46,173,621
2,622,358
31,935
na
22,800,000
69,005,556
1903
99,121,047
48,751,274
2,863,747
46,762
na
23,600,000
72,398,036
1904
102,439,411
50,208,209
3,094,163
62,729
na
24,000,000
74,270,938
1905
104,068,233
50,768,568
3,291,663
109,491
na
24,500,000
75,378,060
1906
111,308,298
53,682,438
3,500,135
188,188
na
26,900,000
80,770,626
1907
115,289,756
53,682,438
3,697,635
204,155
na
31,600,000
85,486,593
1908
105,274,910
48,975,418
3,906,107
220,123
na
28,900,000
78,095,541
1909
111,911,637
51,889,287
4,103,606
250,917
na
30,700,000
82,840,204
1910
112,152,587
51,777,216
4,312,078
282,852
na
31,100,000
83,160,067
1911
108,834,224
49,871,993
4,509,578
250,917
na
30,200,000
80,322,910
1912
112,574,731
52,113,431
4,718,050
250,917
na
30,200,000
82,564,348
1913
110,644,240
50,880,640
4,926,522
250,917
na
29,900,000
81,031,557
1914
103,344,419
46,733,980
5,134,994
266,884
na
28,800,000
75,800,865
1915
96,768,411
42,139,033
5,343,466
266,884
na
28,200,000
70,605,917
1916
102,922,274
45,613,261
5,562,910
282,852
1,045
28,900,000
74,797,158
1917
95,803,648
40,345,882
5,782,354
282,852
3,135
28,900,000
69,531,869
1918
88,202,157
36,199,222
5,914,021
297,679
4,180
28,700,000
65,201,081
1919
93,209,098
39,449,307
5,935,965
329,614
6,269
28,700,000
68,485,190
1920
93,993,631
40,121,738
7,153,881
294,257
7,314
28,300,000
68,723,310
1921
79,393,989
32,837,065
5,310,549
287,414
9,404
25,700,000
58,833,883
1922
91,761,470
39,561,379
6,846,659
343,300
10,449
25,400,000
65,315,128
1923
103,103,469
46,285,693
7,834,158
429,981
11,494
25,500,000
72,227,167
(continued)
-------
Table A-l. Historical Net (Production+Imports-Exports) Metric Tons of Logs and Wood Product Production in the
United States, 1900-2011 (continued)
Wood Resource
Wood Product Production
Year
Logs
Lumber
Paper and
Board
Plywood and
Veneer
Panel
Other Industrial
Total Excluding
Paper
1924
99,664,630
44,940,830
7,889,019
437,964
13,584
24,800,000
70,192,378
1925
101,112,258
46,285,693
8,964,295
509,818
44,931
22,400,000
69,240,441
1926
99,241,522
45,052,902
9,754,294
554,299
61,649
22,300,000
67,968,850
1927
94,173,862
42,251,104
9,951,794
661,509
62,694
21,500,000
64,475,307
1928
92,786,954
41,466,601
10,357,766
674,054
71,053
20,700,000
62,911,709
1929
97,130,800
44,156,327
11,081,932
830,307
125,388
20,700,000
65,812,022
1930
76,558,489
33,621,569
10,127,349
659,227
108,670
17,900,000
52,289,466
1931
55,804,984
22,862,667
9,337,350
524,645
98,221
14,500,000
37,985,532
1932
40,963,428
15,353,850
7,965,824
553,158
54,335
12,400,000
28,361,343
1933
48,806,832
19,500,510
9,150,823
612,466
51,200
12,500,000
32,664,176
1934
52,547,340
21,741,948
9,139,851
653,525
59,559
12,800,000
35,255,032
1935
61,475,983
26,224,823
10,434,571
726,519
70,008
13,400,000
40,421,351
1936
72,274,398
31,492,203
11,959,708
913,566
85,682
14,600,000
47,091,451
1937
76,860,159
33,061,209
12,727,763
989,982
96,131
15,300,000
49,447,322
1938
67,206,738
28,130,046
11,301,376
1,010,511
103,445
13,800,000
43,044,002
1939
76,919,914
32,500,850
13,495,818
1,288,801
101,356
14,400,000
48,291,006
1940
84,159,980
34,966,431
14,373,594
1,414,260
156,735
14,400,000
50,937,426
1941
97,130,800
41,130,385
17,665,257
1,733,609
552,753
15,400,000
58,816,747
1942
97,552,945
41,018,314
17,006,925
1,938,904
752,330
15,000,000
58,709,548
1943
91,217,887
39,337,235
17,006,925
1,676,582
779,497
13,800,000
55,593,314
1944
89,951,454
38,328,588
17,116,647
1,630,961
785,767
13,500,000
54,245,315
1945
79,695,658
32,949,137
17,336,091
1,482,691
760,689
12,600,000
47,792,518
1946
92,968,148
39,785,523
19,201,367
1,471,286
820,249
13,300,000
55,377,057
1947
97,612,700
40,570,026
21,066,642
1,756,419
895,482
14,100,000
57,321,927
(continued)
-------
Table A-l. Historical Net (Production+Imports-Exports) Metric Tons of Logs and Wood Product Production in the
United States, 1900-2011 (continued)
Wood Resource Wood Product Production
Year
Logs
Lumber
Paper and
Board
Plywood and
Veneer
Panel
Other Industrial
Total Excluding
Paper
1948
100,931,064
42,026,961
21,834,697
1,813,446
1,065,801
12,700,000
57,606,207
1949
88,563,582
36,087,150
19,969,421
1,859,067
684,411
11,200,000
49,830,628
1950
102,826,858
43,035,608
24,248,583
2,326,685
1,076,250
11,500,000
57,938,542
1951
105,601,638
42,475,248
25,894,414
2,509,170
1,086,699
10,900,000
56,971,117
1952
105,631,516
42,363,176
24,358,305
2,634,629
1,170,291
10,500,000
56,668,096
1953
105,786,688
41,690,745
26,443,025
3,011,004
1,232,985
11,200,000
57,134,734
1954
105,314,426
41,242,457
26,333,303
3,011,004
1,337,475
11,100,000
56,690,937
1955
111,024,941
42,587,320
30,063,854
3,912,024
1,515,109
11,700,000
59,714,453
1956
115,880,565
43,595,967
31,270,797
3,991,862
1,588,252
10,900,000
60,076,081
1957
103,369,478
39,673,451
30,502,742
4,003,267
1,650,946
10,200,000
55,527,664
1958
102,270,746
40,345,882
30,722,187
4,448,074
1,839,029
10,000,000
56,632,985
1959
112,652,799
44,940,830
33,574,961
5,292,068
2,100,254
10,900,000
63,233,152
1960
107,156,248
40,233,810
33,574,961
5,143,799
1,870,376
7,630,000
54,877,985
1961
104,586,757
38,888,948
34,781,904
5,691,254
2,016,662
7,330,000
53,926,864
1962
108,108,482
40,570,026
36,537,458
6,295,736
2,215,193
6,960,000
56,040,956
1963
113,798,757
43,035,608
38,073,567
7,014,271
2,465,970
7,710,000
60,225,849
1964
120,956,900
45,052,902
40,816,619
7,778,428
2,716,747
8,080,000
63,628,076
1965
137,425,000
46,081,000
41,240,000
6,807,800
2,862,400
7,730,000
63,481,200
1966
140,540,000
46,060,000
44,770,000
7,180,600
3,014,000
7,800,000
64,054,600
1967
135,304,000
44,470,000
44,220,000
7,036,300
3,194,000
7,110,000
61,810,300
1968
138,923,000
45,620,000
46,790,000
8,190,300
3,886,000
7,110,000
64,806,300
1969
137,478,000
44,910,000
49,440,000
7,772,000
4,433,000
8,280,000
65,395,000
1970
135,997,000
43,200,000
48,200,000
7,979,400
4,325,000
9,000,000
64,504,400
1971
142,105,000
47,030,000
48,970,000
9,322,400
5,533,000
8,310,000
70,195,400
(continued)
-------
Table A-l. Historical Net (Production+Imports-Exports) Metric Tons of Logs and Wood Product Production in the
United States, 1900-2011 (continued)
Wood Resource Wood Product Production
Year
Logs
Lumber
Paper and
Board
Plywood and
Veneer
Panel
Other Industrial
Total Excluding
Paper
1972
142,797,400
49,460,000
52,840,000
10,365,000
6,700,000
7,140,000
73,665,000
1973
146,230,000
50,110,000
55,860,000
9,774,000
7,210,000
6,830,000
73,924,000
1974
142,260,000
44,090,000
55,200,000
7,954,000
6,337,000
5,910,000
64,291,000
1975
124,525,000
40,300,000
46,730,000
7,889,000
5,445,000
5,310,000
58,944,000
1976
139,447,000
45,950,000
53,750,000
9,180,000
6,807,000
5,180,000
67,117,000
1977
145,385,000
51,040,000
55,610,000
9,777,000
7,788,000
5,310,000
73,915,000
1978
149,184,000
53,050,000
58,300,000
10,205,000
8,200,000
5,450,000
76,905,000
1979
150,629,000
52,100,000
60,480,000
9,744,000
7,707,000
5,590,000
75,141,000
1980
140,478,000
45,270,000
58,820,000
7,804,000
6,542,000
5,730,000
65,346,000
1981
134,644,000
40,860,000
60,070,000
7,951,000
6,241,000
5,870,000
60,922,000
1982
129,833,000
41,100,000
57,270,000
8,132,000
5,559,000
6,000,000
60,791,000
1983
148,722,000
50,120,000
63,050,000
10,142,000
7,195,000
6,140,000
73,597,000
1984
154,089,000
54,990,000
68,090,000
10,295,000
7,546,000
6,280,000
79,111,000
1985
152,281,000
55,840,000
67,290,000
10,686,000
7,576,000
6,420,000
80,522,000
1986
171,787,000
59,930,000
70,610,000
11,430,000
7,829,000
6,560,000
85,749,000
1987
179,280,000
63,690,000
74,470,000
12,102,000
7,979,000
6,830,000
90,601,000
1988
179,490,000
61,700,000
76,760,000
11,533,000
8,032,000
7,040,000
88,305,000
1989
177,972,500
63,300,000
76,230,000
10,017,000
7,800,000
7,660,000
88,777,000
1990
178,214,000
60,480,000
77,820,000
9,543,000
7,553,000
7,760,000
85,336,000
1991
171,297,600
54,870,000
76,260,000
8,546,000
7,361,000
7,600,000
78,377,000
1992
177,564,000
58,280,000
79,430,000
8,859,000
7,803,000
7,540,000
82,482,000
1993
175,830,000
60,130,000
82,600,000
8,955,000
8,266,000
7,140,000
84,491,000
1994
180,778,000
62,610,000
86,360,000
9,297,000
8,855,000
5,530,000
86,292,000
1995
181,662,000
62,440,000
87,190,000
9,336,000
8,174,000
5,340,000
85,290,000
(continued)
I
-------
Table A-l. Historical Net (Production+Imports-Exports) Metric Tons of Logs and Wood Product Production in the
United States, 1900-2011 (continued)
Wood Resource Wood Product Production
Year
Logs
Lumber
Paper and
Board
Plywood and
Veneer
Panel
Other Industrial
Total Excluding
Paper
1996
181,938,000
63,960,000
85,530,000
9,125,000
8,755,000
4,720,000
86,560,000
1997
183,543,000
65,580,000
90,000,000
8,715,000
8,934,000
4,550,000
87,779,000
1998
186,763,000
67,090,000
91,540,000
9,281,000
9,131,000
4,210,000
89,712,000
1999
192,362,000
69,490,000
95,100,000
9,544,000
9,642,000
4,110,000
92,786,000
2000
190,478,000
68,480,000
93,510,000
9,610,000
9,706,000
4,140,000
91,936,000
2001
181,058,000
66,780,000
88,190,000
8,830,000
8,892,000
4,410,000
88,912,000
2002
180,597,000
68,890,000
88,160,000
9,396,000
9,447,000
4,380,000
92,113,000
2003
175,352,000
67,890,000
90,940,000
9,331,000
9,530,000
4,390,000
91,141,000
2004
182,973,000
74,330,000
94,590,000
10,424,000
10,257,000
4,390,000
99,401,000
2005
184,487,000
75,240,000
92,440,000
10,483,000
10,382,000
4,390,000
100,495,000
2006
179,710,000
71,700,000
92,970,000
9,745,000
10,098,000
4,420,000
95,963,000
2007
169,172,000
63,690,000
90,580,000
8,440,000
9,115,000
4,490,000
85,735,000
2008
142,670,000
47,100,000
84,950,000
6,562,000
7,531,000
4,000,000
65,193,000
2009
129,849,000
38,910,000
74,170,000
5,580,000
6,213,000
4,050,000
54,753,000
2010
130,630,000
39,340,000
77,440,000
5,793,000
6,090,000
4,050,000
55,273,000
2011
140,107,000
42,670,000
75,620,000
5,841,000
5,988,000
5,960,000
60,459,000
-------
Table A-2. Forecasted* Net (Production+Imports-Exports) Metric Tons of Logs and Wood Product Production in
the United States, 2012-2065
Wood Resource Wood Product Production
Paper and Plywood and Other Total Excluding
Year
Logs
Lumber
Board
Veneer
Panel
Industrial
Paper
2012
141,508,070
43,096,700
76,376,200
5,899,410
6,047,880
6,019,600
61,063,590
2013
142,923,151
43,527,667
77,139,962
5,958,404
6,108,359
6,079,796
61,674,226
2014
144,352,382
43,962,944
77,911,362
6,017,988
6,169,442
6,140,594
62,290,968
2015
145,795,906
44,402,573
78,690,475
6,078,168
6,231,137
6,202,000
62,913,878
2016
147,253,865
44,846,599
79,477,380
6,138,950
6,293,448
6,264,020
63,543,017
2017
148,726,404
45,295,065
80,272,154
6,200,339
6,356,383
6,326,660
64,178,447
2018
150,213,668
45,748,015
81,074,875
6,262,343
6,419,946
6,389,927
64,820,231
2019
151,715,804
46,205,496
81,885,624
6,324,966
6,484,146
6,453,826
65,468,434
2020
153,232,962
46,667,551
82,704,480
6,388,216
6,548,987
6,518,364
66,123,118
2021
154,765,292
47,134,226
83,531,525
6,452,098
6,614,477
6,583,548
66,784,349
2022
156,312,945
47,605,568
84,366,840
6,516,619
6,680,622
6,649,383
67,452,193
2023
157,876,074
48,081,624
85,210,509
6,581,785
6,747,428
6,715,877
68,126,714
2024
159,454,835
48,562,440
86,062,614
6,647,603
6,814,903
6,783,036
68,807,982
2025
161,049,384
49,048,065
86,923,240
6,714,079
6,883,052
6,850,866
69,496,061
2026
162,659,877
49,538,545
87,792,472
6,781,220
6,951,882
6,919,375
70,191,022
2027
164,286,476
50,033,931
88,670,397
6,849,032
7,021,401
6,988,569
70,892,932
2028
165,929,341
50,534,270
89,557,101
6,917,522
7,091,615
7,058,454
71,601,862
2029
167,588,634
51,039,613
90,452,672
6,986,697
7,162,531
7,129,039
72,317,880
2030
169,264,521
51,550,009
91,357,199
7,056,564
7,234,156
7,200,329
73,041,059
2031
170,957,166
52,065,509
92,270,771
7,127,130
7,306,498
7,272,333
73,771,470
2032
172,666,738
52,586,164
93,193,479
7,198,401
7,379,563
7,345,056
74,509,184
2033
174,393,405
53,112,026
94,125,413
7,270,385
7,453,359
7,418,507
75,254,276
2034
176,137,339
53,643,146
95,066,667
7,343,089
7,527,892
7,492,692
76,006,819
2035
177,898,712
54,179,577
96,017,334
7,416,520
7,603,171
7,567,619
76,766,887
(continued)
-------
Table A-2. Forecasted* Net (Production+Imports-Exports) Metric Tons of Logs and Wood Product Production in
the United States, 2012-2065 (continued)
Wood Resource Wood Product Production
Paper and Plywood and Other Total Excluding
Year
Logs
Lumber
Board
Veneer
Panel
Industrial
Paper
2036
179,677,700
54,721,373
96,977,507
7,490,685
7,679,203
7,643,295
77,534,556
2037
181,474,477
55,268,587
97,947,283
7,565,592
7,755,995
7,719,728
78,309,902
2038
183,289,221
55,821,273
98,926,755
7,641,248
7,833,555
7,796,925
79,093,001
2039
185,122,113
56,379,486
99,916,023
7,717,661
7,911,890
7,874,894
79,883,931
2040
186,973,335
56,943,280
100,915,183
7,794,837
7,991,009
7,953,643
80,682,770
2041
188,843,068
57,512,713
101,924,335
7,872,786
8,070,919
8,033,180
81,489,598
2042
190,731,499
58,087,840
102,943,578
7,951,513
8,151,628
8,113,511
82,304,494
2043
192,638,814
58,668,719
103,973,014
8,031,029
8,233,145
8,194,646
83,127,538
2044
194,565,202
59,255,406
105,012,744
8,111,339
8,315,476
8,276,593
83,958,814
2045
196,510,854
59,847,960
106,062,872
8,192,452
8,398,631
8,359,359
84,798,402
2046
198,475,962
60,446,440
107,123,500
8,274,377
8,482,617
8,442,952
85,646,386
2047
200,460,722
61,050,904
108,194,735
8,357,120
8,567,443
8,527,382
86,502,850
2048
202,465,329
61,661,413
109,276,683
8,440,692
8,653,118
8,612,656
87,367,878
2049
204,489,982
62,278,027
110,369,450
8,525,099
8,739,649
8,698,782
88,241,557
2050
206,534,882
62,900,807
111,473,144
8,610,350
8,827,046
8,785,770
89,123,973
2051
208,600,231
63,529,816
112,587,876
8,696,453
8,915,316
8,873,628
90,015,212
2052
210,686,233
64,165,114
113,713,754
8,783,418
9,004,469
8,962,364
90,915,365
2053
212,793,096
64,806,765
114,850,892
8,871,252
9,094,514
9,051,988
91,824,518
2054
214,921,027
65,454,832
115,999,401
8,959,964
9,185,459
9,142,508
92,742,763
2055
217,070,237
66,109,381
117,159,395
9,049,564
9,277,314
9,233,933
93,670,191
2056
219,240,939
66,770,475
118,330,989
9,140,060
9,370,087
9,326,272
94,606,893
2057
221,433,349
67,438,179
119,514,299
9,231,460
9,463,788
9,419,535
95,552,962
2058
223,647,682
68,112,561
120,709,442
9,323,775
9,558,425
9,513,730
96,508,492
2059
225,884,159
68,793,687
121,916,536
9,417,013
9,654,010
9,608,867
97,473,576
(continued)
-------
Table A-2. Forecasted* Net (Production+Imports-Exports) Metric Tons of Logs and Wood Product Production in
the United States, 2012-2065 (continued)
Wood Resource Wood Product Production
Paper and Plywood and Other Total Excluding
Year
Logs
Lumber
Board
Veneer
Panel
Industrial
Paper
2060
228,143,001
69,481,624
123,135,701
9,511,183
9,750,550
9,704,956
98,448,312
2061
230,424,431
70,176,440
124,367,058
9,606,294
9,848,055
9,802,006
99,432,795
2062
232,728,675
70,878,204
125,610,729
9,702,357
9,946,536
9,900,026
100,427,123
2063
235,055,962
71,586,986
126,866,836
9,799,381
10,046,001
9,999,026
101,431,395
2064
237,406,521
72,302,856
128,135,505
9,897,375
10,146,461
10,099,016
102,445,708
2065
239,780,587
73,025,885
129,416,860
9,996,349
10,247,926
10,200,006
103,470,166
*Based on 1 percent annual growth rate.
-------
Wood Waste Inventory
Table A-3. Average Log Imports and Exports as a Fraction of Production Used to
Back Calculate Log Imports and Exports, 1900-1965
Year
Fraction of Imports
to Production
Fraction of Exports
to Production
1965
0.0011
0.0192
1966
0.0015
0.0218
1967
0.0012
0.0317
1968
0.0012
0.0400
1969
0.0013
0.0378
1970
0.0023
0.0434
1971
0.0013
0.0350
1972
0.0006
0.0471
1973
0.0000
0.0492
1974
0.0012
0.0401
1975
0.0015
0.0460
10-Year Average
0.0012
0.0374
Table A-4. Average Lumber Imports and Exports as a Fraction of Production
Used to Back Calculate Log Imports and Exports, 1900-1965
Year
Fraction of Imports
to Production
Fraction of Exports
to Production
1965
0.1150
0.0204
1966
0.1149
0.0260
1967
0.1164
0.0291
1968
0.1380
0.0254
1969
0.1459
0.0259
1970
0.1452
0.0289
1971
0.1682
0.0267
1972
0.2043
0.0322
1973
0.2037
0.0438
1974
0.1716
0.0440
1975
0.1495
0.0423
10-Year Average
0.1521
0.0313
A-10
-------
Appendix A — Wood Resource and Product Production Data
Table A-5. Average Paper Imports and Exports as a Fraction of Production Used
to Back Calculate Log Imports and Exports, 1900-1965
Year
Fraction of Imports
to Production
Fraction of Exports
to Production
1965
0.1616
0.0379
1966
0.1636
0.0387
1967
0.1557
0.0418
1968
0.1410
0.0452
1969
0.1416
0.0478
1970
0.1405
0.0500
1971
0.1395
0.0537
1972
0.1346
0.0518
1973
0.1395
0.0464
1974
0.1457
0.0547
1975
0.1244
0.0501
10-Year Average
0.1443
0.0471
Table A-6. Average Plywood and Veneer Imports and Exports as a Fraction of
Production Used to Back Calculate Log Imports and Exports,
1900-1965
Year
Fraction of Imports
to Production
Fraction of Exports
to Production
1965
0.1010
0.0029
1966
0.1159
0.0044
1967
0.1172
0.0074
1968
0.1592
0.0056
1969
0.1903
0.0163
1970
0.1781
0.0132
1971
0.1934
0.0073
1972
0.2184
0.0145
1973
0.1779
0.0266
1974
0.1349
0.0423
1975
0.1604
0.0601
10-Year Average
0.1588
0.0182
A-11
-------
Wood Waste Inventory
Table A-7. Average Wood Panel Imports and Exports as a Fraction of Production
Used to Back Calculate Log Imports and Exports, 1900-1965
Year
Fraction of Imports
to Production
Fraction of Exports
to Production
1965
0.0842
0.0081
1966
0.0633
0.0094
1967
0.0592
0.0086
1968
0.0670
0.0082
1969
0.0655
0.0100
1970
0.0457
0.0110
1971
0.0484
0.0103
1972
0.0643
0.0108
1973
0.0598
0.0134
1974
0.0455
0.0201
1975
0.0197
0.0188
10-Year Average
0.0566
0.0117
A-12
-------
Appendix B:
Wood Waste Generated and Wood Remaining In Service,
Detailed Results
Table B-l contains our calculated estimates for wood waste generated and wood remaining
in service from 1900 through 2065. The table contains estimates for the annual amounts of
treated and untreated and total wood waste generated and remaining in service. The table
also includes estimated cumulative amounts of wood waste generated and remaining in
service since 1900. Table B-2 contains estimates for treated, untreated, and total wood
waste generated by U.S. Census region. Table B-3 contains estimates for treated,
untreated, and total wood remaining in service by U.S. Census region.
B-l
-------
Table B-l. Historical and Forecasted Wood Waste Generated and Wood Remaining In Service in the United
States, 1900-2065
Year
Gen. of
Treated
Wood Waste
Gen. of
Untreated
Wood Waste
Gen. of
Total Wood
Waste
Treated
Wood
In Service
Untreated
Wood
In Service
Total Wood
In Service
Cumul. Wood
Waste Gen
Cumul. Wood
In Service
1900
0
0
0
16,620,595
38,781,388
55,401,983
0
55,401,983
1901
0
0
0
33,996,629
79,325,467
113,322,096
0
113,322,096
1902
0
0
0
52,188,219
121,772,509
173,960,728
0
173,960,728
1903
0
0
0
71,274,151
166,306,351
237,580,502
0
237,580,502
1904
0
0
0
90,853,827
211,992,262
302,846,089
0
302,846,089
1905
0
0
0
110,725,368
258,359,191
369,084,559
0
369,084,559
1906
5,318,590
0
5,318,590
126,699,934
308,043,222
434,743,156
5,318,590
440,061,746
1907
5,560,331
0
5,560,331
143,676,006
360,628,162
504,304,168
10,878,921
515,183,089
1908
5,821,309
0
5,821,309
158,442,634
408,666,682
567,109,316
16,700,230
583,809,546
1909
6,107,498
0
6,107,498
174,173,885
459,623,763
633,797,648
22,807,728
656,605,376
1910
7,329,214
0
7,329,214
188,767,744
510,777,599
699,545,343
30,136,942
729,682,285
1911
7,470,959
0
7,470,959
202,471,912
560,186,229
762,658,141
37,607,901
800,266,042
1912
12,232,944
0
12,232,944
212,004,994
610,973,624
822,978,618
49,840,845
872,819,463
1913
12,881,413
0
12,881,413
220,485,525
660,818,161
881,303,686
62,722,258
944,025,944
1914
12,498,286
0
12,498,286
227,970,242
707,445,168
935,415,410
75,220,544
1,010,635,954
1915
14,974,443
0
14,974,443
231,609,285
750,876,633
982,485,918
90,194,986
1,072,680,904
1916
15,301,906
0
15,301,906
236,025,780
796,886,235
1,032,912,015
105,496,892
1,138,408,907
1917
15,306,561
0
15,306,561
239,049,558
839,657,026
1,078,706,584
120,803,453
1,199,510,037
1918
15,833,257
0
15,833,257
240,404,937
879,763,841
1,120,168,778
136,636,709
1,256,805,487
1919
16,156,585
0
16,156,585
242,302,760
921,890,794
1,164,193,554
152,793,294
1,316,986,848
(continued)
-------
Table B-l. Historical and Forecasted Wood Waste Generated and Wood Remaining In Service in the United
States, 1900-2065 (continued)
Year
Gen. of
Treated
Wood Waste
Gen. of
Untreated
Wood Waste
Gen. of
Total Wood
Waste
Treated
Wood
In Service
Untreated
Wood
In Service
Total Wood
In Service
Cumul. Wood
Waste Gen
Cumul. Wood
In Service
1920
15,254,019
0
15,254,019
245,165,924
964,164,220
1,209,330,144
168,047,313
1,377,377,457
1921
15,244,490
0
15,244,490
245,431,517
1,000,354,413
1,245,785,930
183,291,804
1,429,077,733
1922
15,794,225
0
15,794,225
246,855,993
1,040,531,381
1,287,387,374
199,086,029
1,486,473,402
1923
14,918,378
0
14,918,378
250,978,502
1,084,960,117
1,335,938,619
214,004,406
1,549,943,025
1924
15,917,082
0
15,917,082
253,565,886
1,128,137,203
1,381,703,089
229,921,488
1,611,624,577
1925
16,430,845
0
16,430,845
255,388,552
1,170,728,729
1,426,117,281
246,352,333
1,672,469,614
1926
16,160,072
0
16,160,072
257,146,768
1,212,538,068
1,469,684,836
262,512,405
1,732,197,241
1927
15,031,913
0
15,031,913
259,112,158
1,252,198,441
1,511,310,599
277,544,319
1,788,854,917
1928
15,798,249
0
15,798,249
259,899,008
1,290,897,006
1,550,796,014
293,342,567
1,844,138,581
1929
15,961,024
0
15,961,024
261,287,678
1,331,379,626
1,592,667,304
309,303,591
1,901,970,895
1930
16,919,010
0
16,919,010
258,153,478
1,363,544,184
1,621,697,662
326,222,601
1,947,920,263
1931
17,199,810
0
17,199,810
250,967,604
1,386,910,034
1,637,877,638
343,422,411
1,981,300,049
1932
17,028,001
0
17,028,001
241,416,362
1,404,355,805
1,645,772,167
360,450,412
2,006,222,579
1933
16,180,294
0
16,180,294
233,847,161
1,424,448,356
1,658,295,517
376,630,706
2,034,926,223
1934
16,623,569
0
16,623,569
226,517,700
1,446,134,607
1,672,652,307
393,254,275
2,065,906,582
1935
17,300,746
0
17,300,746
219,873,033
1,470,998,790
1,690,871,823
410,555,021
2,101,426,844
1936
15,864,435
0
15,864,435
216,423,082
1,499,965,919
1,716,389,001
426,419,456
2,142,808,457
1937
14,816,635
0
14,816,635
214,641,998
1,530,382,203
1,745,024,201
441,236,090
2,186,260,291
1938
13,816,100
0
13,816,100
212,173,373
1,556,859,645
1,769,033,018
455,052,190
2,224,085,208
1939
13,917,111
0
13,917,111
210,986,979
1,586,564,650
1,797,551,629
468,969,301
2,266,520,930
1940
14,061,717
0
14,061,717
210,353,641
1,617,897,534
1,828,251,175
483,031,018
2,311,282,193
1941
14,286,975
0
14,286,975
211,572,231
1,654,077,186
1,865,649,417
497,317,993
2,362,967,410
(continued)
-------
Table B-l. Historical and Forecasted Wood Waste Generated and Wood Remaining In Service in the United
States, 1900-2065 (continued)
Gen. of Gen. of Gen. of Treated Untreated
Treated Untreated Total Wood Wood Wood Total Wood Cumul. Wood Cumul. Wood
Year
Wood Waste
Wood Waste
Waste
In Service
In Service
In Service
Waste Gen
In Service
1942
13,626,327
0
13,626,327
213,423,209
1,690,190,897
1,903,614,106
510,944,320
2,414,558,426
1943
12,899,428
0
12,899,428
215,179,570
1,724,387,735
1,939,567,305
523,843,747
2,463,411,052
1944
11,746,551
0
11,746,551
217,733,440
1,757,755,385
1,975,488,825
535,590,298
2,511,079,123
1945
11,877,059
0
11,877,059
218,455,683
1,787,153,757
2,005,609,440
547,467,357
2,553,076,797
1946
12,152,286
0
12,152,286
220,902,173
1,821,217,569
2,042,119,742
559,619,644
2,601,739,386
1947
12,986,709
0
12,986,709
223,026,957
1,856,477,719
2,079,504,676
572,606,353
2,652,111,029
1948
14,250,100
0
14,250,100
223,963,294
1,891,912,737
2,115,876,031
586,856,452
2,702,732,483
1949
14,416,503
0
14,416,503
222,683,390
1,922,564,802
2,145,248,192
601,272,955
2,746,521,147
1950
14,088,495
11,634,416
25,722,911
223,868,943
1,946,569,832
2,170,438,775
626,995,866
2,797,434,641
1951
13,962,955
12,163,224
26,126,179
224,924,999
1,969,450,966
2,194,375,965
653,122,045
2,847,498,010
1952
14,985,062
12,734,113
27,719,175
224,879,064
1,991,574,816
2,216,453,880
680,841,220
2,897,295,100
1953
15,658,117
13,360,153
29,018,270
224,283,091
2,013,359,666
2,237,642,757
709,859,490
2,947,502,247
1954
15,584,658
13,705,773
29,290,431
223,643,581
2,034,525,906
2,258,169,487
739,149,921
2,997,319,408
1955
14,372,248
13,910,079
28,282,327
225,013,556
2,057,347,680
2,282,361,236
767,432,249
3,049,793,484
1956
14,938,007
14,905,209
29,843,216
225,913,105
2,079,396,770
2,305,309,875
797,275,465
3,102,585,340
1957
14,443,766
15,775,482
30,219,248
226,107,820
2,097,777,742
2,323,885,562
827,494,712
3,151,380,274
1958
14,869,729
14,411,556
29,281,285
226,167,961
2,118,202,551
2,344,370,512
856,775,998
3,201,146,510
1959
15,017,955
15,287,124
30,305,079
227,819,846
2,141,811,720
2,369,631,566
887,081,077
3,256,712,643
1960
14,822,686
15,346,151
30,168,837
227,464,369
2,160,222,389
2,387,686,758
917,249,914
3,304,936,672
1961
14,447,806
14,822,589
29,270,395
227,233,032
2,178,571,562
2,405,804,594
946,520,309
3,352,324,903
1962
14,695,713
15,236,218
29,931,931
227,311,116
2,197,807,537
2,425,118,653
976,452,240
3,401,570,893
1963
14,371,165
14,953,361
29,324,526
228,816,990
2,219,900,601
2,448,717,591
1,005,776,766
3,454,494,357
-------
Table B-l. Historical and Forecasted Wood Waste Generated and Wood Remaining In Service in the United
States, 1900-2065 (continued)
Year
Gen. of
Treated
Wood Waste
Gen. of
Untreated
Wood Waste
Gen. of
Total Wood
Waste
Treated
Wood
In Service
Untreated
Wood
In Service
Total Wood
In Service
Cumul. Wood
Waste Gen
Cumul. Wood
In Service
1964
14,404,727
13,988,102
28,392,829
231,186,215
2,245,051,719
2,476,237,934
1,034,169,595
3,510,407,529
1965
15,478,503
13,029,439
28,507,942
232,442,943
2,271,071,153
2,503,514,096
1,062,677,537
3,566,191,633
1966
14,851,588
13,802,881
28,654,469
234,477,750
2,296,669,858
2,531,147,608
1,091,332,006
3,622,479,613
1967
14,921,989
12,831,237
27,753,226
235,850,500
2,321,859,682
2,557,710,182
1,119,085,232
3,676,795,414
1968
14,963,165
12,032,044
26,995,209
237,971,896
2,349,691,613
2,587,663,509
1,146,080,441
3,733,743,950
1969
14,967,264
12,638,086
27,605,350
240,244,389
2,377,279,626
2,617,524,015
1,173,685,791
3,791,209,806
1970
15,485,288
39,828,999
55,314,287
241,764,073
2,377,128,896
2,618,892,969
1,229,000,079
3,847,893,047
1971
16,224,690
39,237,913
55,462,603
244,044,645
2,381,069,928
2,625,114,573
1,284,462,681
3,909,577,254
1972
15,561,438
41,766,020
57,327,458
247,903,143
2,384,617,091
2,632,520,234
1,341,790,139
3,974,310,373
1973
15,198,274
44,502,310
59,700,584
252,193,084
2,385,587,282
2,637,780,366
1,401,490,723
4,039,271,089
1974
15,906,534
44,933,264
60,839,798
253,235,265
2,380,201,019
2,633,436,284
1,462,330,521
4,095,766,805
1975
15,840,824
45,234,308
61,075,132
252,933,553
2,371,224,639
2,624,158,192
1,523,405,653
4,147,563,845
1976
16,143,681
47,321,624
63,465,305
254,483,591
2,365,188,360
2,619,671,951
1,586,870,958
4,206,542,909
1977
16,740,787
48,707,570
65,448,357
257,228,646
2,361,947,754
2,619,176,400
1,652,319,316
4,271,495,715
1978
17,021,930
45,236,533
62,258,463
260,480,796
2,364,017,409
2,624,498,205
1,714,577,779
4,339,075,984
1979
16,681,941
47,814,743
64,496,684
263,607,901
2,362,423,774
2,626,031,675
1,779,074,463
4,405,106,138
1980
16,132,200
45,457,053
61,589,253
264,702,540
2,357,162,679
2,621,865,219
1,840,663,716
4,462,528,935
1981
15,821,826
41,595,796
57,417,622
264,941,276
2,353,041,528
2,617,982,804
1,898,081,338
4,516,064,142
1982
16,469,494
40,784,907
57,254,401
264,497,809
2,349,650,685
2,614,148,494
1,955,335,739
4,569,484,233
1983
17,722,100
40,918,941
58,641,041
266,177,718
2,354,003,099
2,620,180,817
2,013,976,780
4,634,157,597
1984
18,030,332
39,144,780
57,175,112
269,003,023
2,363,521,473
2,632,524,496
2,071,151,892
4,703,676,388
1985
17,798,056
37,861,280
55,659,336
272,432,579
2,375,191,288
2,647,623,867
2,126,811,228
4,774,435,095
DO
i
U1
(continued)
-------
Table B-l. Historical and Forecasted Wood Waste Generated and Wood Remaining In Service in the United
States, 1900-2065 (continued)
Gen. of Gen. of Gen. of Treated Untreated
Treated Untreated Total Wood Wood Wood Total Wood Cumul. Wood Cumul. Wood
Year
Wood Waste
Wood Waste
Waste
In Service
In Service
In Service
Waste Gen
In Service
1986
16,599,911
40,896,860
57,496,771
278,438,248
2,387,040,782
2,665,479,030
2,184,307,999
4,849,787,029
1987
16,149,763
39,064,439
55,214,202
286,173,174
2,403,707,283
2,689,880,457
2,239,522,201
4,929,402,658
1988
16,901,065
36,018,003
52,919,068
292,551,514
2,422,007,893
2,714,559,407
2,292,441,270
5,007,000,677
1989
18,388,820
38,400,369
56,789,189
297,566,532
2,438,216,476
2,735,783,008
2,349,230,458
5,085,013,466
1990
18,579,692
38,991,263
57,570,955
301,483,543
2,451,717,520
2,753,201,063
2,406,801,413
5,160,002,476
1991
18,632,309
36,187,031
54,819,340
303,513,372
2,463,742,141
2,767,255,513
2,461,620,752
5,228,876,265
1992
18,677,434
38,957,991
57,635,425
306,580,255
2,475,520,890
2,782,101,145
2,519,256,177
5,301,357,322
1993
19,122,735
41,359,166
60,481,901
309,731,459
2,486,134,250
2,795,865,709
2,579,738,079
5,375,603,788
1994
19,138,323
40,234,256
59,372,579
313,341,866
2,498,980,361
2,812,322,227
2,639,110,657
5,451,432,884
1995
19,918,474
38,633,580
58,552,054
315,907,967
2,512,810,792
2,828,718,759
2,697,662,712
5,526,381,471
1996
20,076,087
39,485,681
59,561,768
318,651,260
2,526,570,331
2,845,221,591
2,757,224,480
5,602,446,071
1997
19,503,575
38,340,306
57,843,881
322,288,424
2,542,225,082
2,864,513,506
2,815,068,361
5,679,581,867
1998
20,552,271
37,719,500
58,271,771
325,386,480
2,559,689,676
2,885,076,156
2,873,340,132
5,758,416,287
1999
21,086,257
37,533,454
58,619,711
328,760,931
2,579,231,210
2,907,992,141
2,931,959,843
5,839,951,984
2000
21,129,938
33,207,024
54,336,962
331,867,622
2,602,576,318
2,934,443,940
2,986,296,804
5,920,740,744
2001
21,419,681
26,869,403
48,289,084
333,887,366
2,630,398,909
2,964,286,275
3,034,585,889
5,998,872,164
2002
21,680,900
22,669,429
44,350,329
336,489,757
2,664,390,489
3,000,880,246
3,078,936,217
6,079,816,463
2003
21,332,279
24,608,287
45,940,566
339,184,524
2,695,845,310
3,035,029,834
3,124,876,783
6,159,906,617
2004
21,419,893
25,641,980
47,061,873
343,969,220
2,731,347,370
3,075,316,590
3,171,938,656
6,247,255,246
2005
21,367,925
28,424,484
49,792,409
349,094,289
2,764,739,873
3,113,834,162
3,221,731,066
6,335,565,227
2006
21,417,355
31,363,280
52,780,635
352,975,179
2,792,405,833
3,145,381,012
3,274,511,701
6,419,892,713
2007
21,716,654
31,538,335
53,254,989
353,860,414
2,813,605,240
3,167,465,654
3,327,766,690
6,495,232,344
-------
Table B-l. Historical and Forecasted Wood Waste Generated and Wood Remaining In Service in the United
States, 1900-2065 (continued)
Year
Gen. of
Treated
Wood Waste
Gen. of
Untreated
Wood Waste
Gen. of
Total Wood
Waste
Treated
Wood
In Service
Untreated
Wood
In Service
Total Wood
In Service
Cumul. Wood
Waste Gen
Cumul. Wood
In Service
2008
22,296,374
28,985,119
51,281,493
348,750,545
2,824,721,965
3,173,472,510
3,379,048,183
6,552,520,693
2009
22,405,961
32,462,392
54,868,353
340,778,844
2,825,939,512
3,166,718,356
3,433,916,536
6,600,634,892
2010
23,095,161
32,060,065
55,155,226
332,255,028
2,827,879,251
3,160,134,279
3,489,071,762
6,649,206,041
2011
23,480,723
35,277,285
58,758,008
324,712,809
2,829,791,808
3,154,504,617
3,547,829,770
6,702,334,387
2012
23,176,159
35,621,255
58,797,414
317,634,539
2,831,732,294
3,149,366,833
3,606,627,184
6,755,994,017
2013
22,440,165
35,051,714
57,491,879
311,453,242
2,834,617,938
3,146,071,180
3,664,119,064
6,810,190,243
2014
21,191,844
35,099,121
56,290,965
306,682,853
2,837,835,549
3,144,518,402
3,720,410,029
6,864,928,431
2015
20,070,827
32,293,523
52,364,350
303,197,697
2,844,241,925
3,147,439,622
3,772,774,379
6,920,214,001
2016
20,739,037
35,665,145
56,404,182
299,210,188
2,847,663,678
3,146,873,866
3,829,178,561
6,976,052,427
2017
21,377,842
36,088,423
57,466,265
294,751,389
2,851,053,022
3,145,804,411
3,886,644,826
7,032,449,237
2018
20,737,727
36,763,706
57,501,433
291,101,896
2,854,161,861
3,145,263,757
3,944,146,259
7,089,410,015
2019
20,242,770
33,524,276
53,767,046
288,118,242
2,860,908,855
3,149,027,097
3,997,913,304
7,146,940,401
2020
18,901,826
36,851,093
55,752,919
286,648,123
2,864,731,745
3,151,379,868
4,053,666,224
7,205,046,091
2021
18,061,791
37,484,735
55,546,526
286,192,355
2,868,327,733
3,154,520,088
4,109,212,750
7,263,732,838
2022
17,858,837
37,994,529
55,853,366
286,115,602
2,871,824,734
3,157,940,336
4,165,066,116
7,323,006,452
2023
17,759,916
38,243,252
56,003,168
286,315,591
2,875,487,927
3,161,803,518
4,221,069,284
7,382,872,802
2024
17,747,451
36,274,509
54,021,960
286,707,644
2,881,538,928
3,168,246,572
4,275,091,244
7,443,337,816
2025
17,890,520
36,589,675
54,480,195
287,138,023
2,887,698,018
3,174,836,041
4,329,571,439
7,504,407,480
2026
18,282,802
38,253,612
56,536,414
287,359,329
2,892,620,658
3,179,979,987
4,386,107,853
7,566,087,840
2027
18,429,649
37,549,607
55,979,256
287,618,829
2,898,679,066
3,186,297,895
4,442,087,109
7,628,385,004
2028
18,595,540
38,577,312
57,172,852
287,899,331
2,904,145,849
3,192,045,180
4,499,259,961
7,691,305,140
2029
18,799,987
41,093,737
59,893,724
288,164,145
2,907,536,648
3,195,700,793
4,559,153,684
7,754,854,477
DO
i
(continued)
-------
Table B-l. Historical and Forecasted Wood Waste Generated and Wood Remaining In Service in the United
States, 1900-2065 (continued)
Year
Gen. of
Treated
Wood Waste
Gen. of
Untreated
Wood Waste
Gen. of
Total Wood
Waste
Treated
Wood
In Service
Untreated
Wood
In Service
Total Wood
In Service
Cumul. Wood
Waste Gen
Cumul. Wood
In Service
2030
18,818,239
35,688,561
54,506,800
288,601,355
2,916,777,468
3,205,378,823
4,613,660,484
7,819,039,307
2031
18,827,621
34,462,627
53,290,248
289,221,737
2,927,693,516
3,216,915,253
4,666,950,733
7,883,865,986
2032
18,692,543
35,348,754
54,041,297
290,171,679
2,938,177,224
3,228,348,903
4,720,992,029
7,949,340,932
2033
18,520,273
39,513,904
58,034,177
291,490,315
2,944,954,107
3,236,444,422
4,779,026,206
8,015,470,628
2034
18,879,923
41,996,400
60,876,323
292,647,690
2,949,711,401
3,242,359,091
4,839,902,529
8,082,261,620
2035
19,208,472
42,193,540
61,402,012
293,676,888
2,954,739,092
3,248,415,980
4,901,304,542
8,149,720,522
2036
19,253,246
43,405,016
62,658,262
294,863,690
2,959,027,520
3,253,891,210
4,963,962,803
8,217,854,013
2037
19,181,472
43,334,025
62,515,497
296,326,666
2,963,863,873
3,260,190,539
5,026,478,300
8,286,668,839
2038
18,816,832
44,200,367
63,017,199
298,360,726
2,968,315,588
3,266,676,314
5,089,495,500
8,356,171,813
2039
18,640,380
44,540,956
63,181,336
300,779,747
2,972,913,235
3,273,692,982
5,152,676,835
8,426,369,817
2040
18,868,614
43,522,480
62,391,094
303,181,128
2,979,020,744
3,282,201,872
5,215,067,929
8,497,269,801
2041
19,167,716
44,688,758
63,856,474
305,496,107
2,984,458,275
3,289,954,382
5,278,924,403
8,568,878,785
2042
19,382,040
46,940,250
66,322,290
307,811,589
2,988,145,577
3,295,957,166
5,345,246,693
8,641,203,859
2043
19,541,341
47,422,508
66,963,849
310,184,745
2,991,856,896
3,302,041,641
5,412,210,542
8,714,252,183
2044
19,770,034
43,607,011
63,377,045
312,548,353
2,999,895,050
3,312,443,403
5,475,587,587
8,788,030,990
2045
19,973,320
41,119,753
61,093,073
314,930,012
3,010,936,914
3,325,866,926
5,536,680,660
8,862,547,586
2046
20,168,196
44,873,307
65,041,503
317,340,344
3,018,746,840
3,336,087,184
5,601,722,164
8,937,809,348
2047
20,360,725
48,025,392
68,386,117
319,783,934
3,023,931,514
3,343,715,448
5,670,108,280
9,013,823,728
2048
20,459,107
49,669,560
70,128,667
322,357,184
3,028,004,120
3,350,361,304
5,740,236,947
9,090,598,251
2049
20,564,544
49,477,271
70,041,815
325,055,321
3,032,806,437
3,357,861,758
5,810,278,762
9,168,140,520
-------
Table B-l. Historical and Forecasted Wood Waste Generated and Wood Remaining In Service in the United
States, 1900-2065 (continued)
Gen. of
Gen. of
Gen. of
Treated
Untreated
Treated
Untreated
Total Wood
Wood
Wood
Total Wood
Cumul. Wood
Cumul. Wood
Year
Wood Waste
Wood Waste
Waste
In Service
In Service
In Service
Waste Gen
In Service
2050
20,804,219
45,102,811
65,907,030
327,746,409
3,042,526,010
3,370,272,419
5,876,185,792
9,246,458,211
2051
21,001,412
42,639,850
63,641,262
330,475,258
3,055,256,768
3,385,732,026
5,939,827,053
9,325,559,079
2052
21,319,913
43,174,148
64,494,061
333,122,907
3,068,006,934
3,401,129,841
6,004,321,115
9,405,450,956
2053
21,534,588
48,508,880
70,043,468
335,795,558
3,075,981,611
3,411,777,169
6,074,364,583
9,486,141,752
2054
21,668,193
52,407,420
74,075,613
338,576,676
3,080,622,583
3,419,199,259
6,148,440,196
9,567,639,455
2055
21,719,712
53,216,863
74,936,575
341,550,768
3,085,024,596
3,426,575,364
6,223,376,771
9,649,952,135
2056
21,620,990
54,631,220
76,252,210
344,870,520
3,088,588,441
3,433,458,961
6,299,628,981
9,733,087,942
2057
21,673,450
54,832,981
76,506,431
348,387,220
3,092,532,476
3,440,919,696
6,376,135,412
9,817,055,108
2058
21,889,778
50,053,582
71,943,360
351,939,493
3,101,843,680
3,453,783,173
6,448,078,772
9,901,861,945
2059
22,177,076
48,330,248
70,507,324
355,458,889
3,113,471,866
3,468,930,755
6,518,586,097
9,987,516,851
2060
22,398,848
46,944,556
69,343,404
359,013,477
3,127,085,328
3,486,098,805
6,587,929,501
10,074,028,305
2061
22,622,836
44,905,109
67,527,945
362,603,612
3,143,343,817
3,505,947,429
6,655,457,445
10,161,404,874
2062
22,849,064
46,784,240
69,633,304
366,229,648
3,158,334,811
3,524,564,459
6,725,090,749
10,249,655,208
2063
23,077,556
47,761,975
70,839,531
369,891,944
3,172,965,823
3,542,857,767
6,795,930,280
10,338,788,046
2064
23,308,330
48,651,277
71,959,607
373,590,863
3,187,331,462
3,560,922,325
6,867,889,887
10,428,812,212
2065
23,541,414
48,334,778
71,876,192
377,326,772
3,202,643,770
3,579,970,542
6,939,766,079
10,519,736,620
DO
I
<0
-------
Wood Waste Inventory
Table B-2. Estimated Wood Waste Generated by U.S. Region, 1900-2065
Year
South
West
Midwest
Northeast
Total Wood
Waste
Generated
Cumul. Wood
Waste
Generated
1900
0
0
0
0
0
0
1901
0
0
0
0
0
0
1902
0
0
0
0
0
0
1903
0
0
0
0
0
0
1904
0
0
0
0
0
0
1905
0
0
0
0
0
0
1906
5,318,590
0
0
0
5,318,590
5,318,590
1907
5,560,331
0
0
0
5,560,331
10,878,921
1908
5,821,309
0
0
0
5,821,309
16,700,230
1909
6,107,498
0
0
0
6,107,498
22,807,728
1910
6,265,496
0
0
1,063,718
7,329,214
30,136,942
1911
6,358,893
0
0
1,112,066
7,470,959
37,607,901
1912
6,813,810
2,659,295
1,595,577
1,164,262
12,232,944
49,840,845
1913
7,211,649
2,780,165
1,668,099
1,221,500
12,881,413
62,722,258
1914
6,588,140
2,910,654
1,746,393
1,253,099
12,498,286
75,220,544
1915
8,816,665
3,053,749
1,832,250
1,271,779
14,974,443
90,194,986
1916
8,926,747
3,132,748
1,879,649
1,362,762
15,301,906
105,496,892
1917
8,777,116
3,179,447
1,907,668
1,442,330
15,306,561
120,803,453
1918
9,064,581
3,406,905
2,044,143
1,317,628
15,833,257
136,636,709
1919
8,989,586
3,605,824
2,163,495
1,397,680
16,156,585
152,793,294
1920
8,580,431
3,294,070
1,976,442
1,403,077
15,254,019
168,047,313
1921
8,298,562
3,494,200
2,096,520
1,355,208
15,244,490
183,291,804
1922
8,788,892
3,507,692
2,104,615
1,393,026
15,794,225
199,086,029
1923
8,130,381
3,388,020
2,032,812
1,367,164
14,918,378
214,004,406
1924
9,066,067
3,482,564
2,089,539
1,278,912
15,917,082
229,921,488
1925
9,405,271
3,417,911
2,050,747
1,556,916
16,430,845
246,352,333
1926
9,400,173
3,197,280
1,918,368
1,644,250
16,160,072
262,512,405
1927
8,693,504
2,978,158
1,786,895
1,573,357
15,031,913
277,544,319
1928
9,230,375
3,154,944
1,892,967
1,519,963
15,798,249
293,342,567
1929
9,682,222
2,932,854
1,759,713
1,586,235
15,961,024
309,303,591
1930
9,459,433
3,664,315
2,198,589
1,596,674
16,919,010
326,222,601
1931
9,587,696
3,844,387
2,306,632
1,461,095
17,199,810
343,422,411
1932
9,191,345
3,899,286
2,339,572
1,597,798
17,028,001
360,450,412
(continued)
B-10
-------
Appendix B—Wood Waste Generated and Wood Remaining In-Service Detailed Results
Table B-2. Estimated Wood Waste Generated by U.S. Region, 1900-2065
(continued)
Total Wood Cumul. Wood
Waste Waste
Year
South
West
Midwest
Northeast
Generated
Generated
1933
8,858,599
3,531,339
2,118,804
1,671,551
16,180,294
376,630,706
1934
8,827,832
3,831,874
2,299,125
1,664,738
16,623,569
393,254,275
1935
9,027,051
4,139,477
2,483,686
1,650,532
17,300,746
410,555,021
1936
7,640,870
4,131,839
2,479,103
1,612,623
15,864,435
426,419,456
1937
6,593,852
4,160,064
2,496,038
1,566,680
14,816,635
441,236,090
1938
5,885,871
3,999,263
2,399,558
1,531,409
13,816,100
455,052,190
1939
6,093,985
3,920,699
2,352,420
1,550,007
13,917,111
468,969,301
1940
6,362,288
3,859,385
2,315,631
1,524,413
14,061,717
483,031,018
1941
6,664,080
3,940,583
2,364,350
1,317,961
14,286,975
497,317,993
1942
7,045,543
3,402,701
2,041,621
1,136,462
13,626,327
510,944,320
1943
7,259,546
2,777,137
1,666,282
1,196,463
12,899,428
523,843,747
1944
6,807,861
2,295,346
1,377,208
1,266,135
11,746,551
535,590,298
1945
6,675,864
2,401,517
1,440,910
1,358,769
11,877,059
547,467,357
1946
6,603,923
2,571,569
1,542,942
1,433,853
12,152,286
559,619,644
1947
7,117,087
2,713,142
1,627,885
1,528,596
12,986,709
572,606,353
1948
7,195,270
3,513,413
2,108,048
1,433,369
14,250,100
586,856,452
1949
6,989,950
3,686,842
2,212,105
1,527,607
14,416,503
601,272,955
1950
7,002,584
3,448,747
2,069,248
1,567,917
25,722,911
626,995,866
1951
6,587,181
3,557,977
2,134,786
1,683,010
26,126,179
653,122,045
1952
7,266,476
3,780,858
2,268,515
1,669,213
27,719,175
680,841,220
1953
7,298,379
4,223,643
2,534,186
1,601,910
29,018,270
709,859,490
1954
7,224,976
4,239,375
2,543,625
1,576,682
29,290,431
739,149,921
1955
6,381,809
4,137,643
2,482,586
1,370,210
28,282,327
767,432,249
1956
7,116,680
3,994,151
2,396,491
1,430,686
29,843,216
797,275,465
1957
7,111,363
3,715,096
2,229,058
1,388,249
30,219,248
827,494,712
1958
7,043,245
4,015,292
2,409,175
1,402,017
29,281,285
856,775,998
1959
7,138,858
4,113,202
2,467,921
1,297,975
30,305,079
887,081,077
1960
7,037,384
3,949,806
2,369,883
1,465,613
30,168,837
917,249,914
1961
7,555,865
3,400,291
2,040,174
1,451,477
29,270,395
946,520,309
1962
7,524,606
3,554,475
2,132,685
1,483,948
29,931,931
976,452,240
1963
7,245,972
3,528,124
2,116,874
1,480,194
29,324,526
1,005,776,766
1964
7,162,571
3,591,580
2,154,948
1,495,628
28,392,829
1,034,169,595
1965
8,099,884
3,637,589
2,182,554
1,558,476
28,507,942
1,062,677,537
(continued)
B-ll
-------
Wood Waste Inventory
Table B-2. Estimated Wood Waste Generated by U.S. Region, 1900-2065
(continued)
Total Wood Cumul. Wood
Waste Waste
Year
South
West
Midwest
Northeast
Generated
Generated
1966
7,365,010
3,675,623
2,205,374
1,605,582
28,654,469
1,091,332,006
1967
7,218,479
3,867,616
2,320,569
1,515,326
27,753,226
1,119,085,232
1968
7,385,480
3,792,222
2,275,333
1,510,130
26,995,209
1,146,080,441
1969
7,606,571
3,585,199
2,151,119
1,624,375
27,605,350
1,173,685,791
1970
8,121,224
3,729,994
2,237,997
1,396,073
55,314,287
1,229,000,079
1971
8,155,210
4,186,411
2,511,847
1,371,222
55,462,603
1,284,462,681
1972
8,076,929
3,813,661
2,288,197
1,382,650
57,327,458
1,341,790,139
1973
7,776,165
3,719,576
2,231,746
1,470,787
59,700,584
1,401,490,723
1974
8,369,925
3,777,471
2,266,482
1,492,656
60,839,798
1,462,330,521
1975
8,159,446
3,828,193
2,296,916
1,556,269
61,075,132
1,523,405,653
1976
8,051,142
4,067,243
2,440,346
1,584,950
63,465,305
1,586,870,958
1977
8,601,152
4,116,008
2,469,605
1,554,022
65,448,357
1,652,319,316
1978
9,007,014
4,019,545
2,411,727
1,583,644
62,258,463
1,714,577,779
1979
9,183,319
3,680,159
2,208,096
1,610,368
64,496,684
1,779,074,463
1980
8,373,093
3,835,289
2,301,173
1,622,644
61,589,253
1,840,663,716
1981
7,854,713
3,885,795
2,331,477
1,749,841
57,417,622
1,898,081,338
1982
8,499,502
3,867,742
2,320,645
1,781,605
57,254,401
1,955,335,739
1983
9,281,660
4,162,223
2,497,334
1,780,884
58,641,041
2,013,976,780
1984
9,396,784
4,363,680
2,618,208
1,651,660
57,175,112
2,071,151,892
1985
9,204,595
4,440,181
2,664,109
1,489,172
55,659,336
2,126,811,228
1986
8,582,334
3,980,021
2,388,013
1,649,543
57,496,771
2,184,307,999
1987
8,386,966
3,736,950
2,242,170
1,783,678
55,214,202
2,239,522,201
1988
8,446,209
4,122,131
2,473,279
1,859,446
52,919,068
2,292,441,270
1989
9,244,468
4,577,271
2,746,362
1,820,718
56,789,189
2,349,230,458
1990
9,565,154
4,581,255
2,748,753
1,684,530
57,570,955
2,406,801,413
1991
9,879,777
4,464,305
2,678,583
1,609,643
54,819,340
2,461,620,752
1992
10,573,148
4,069,368
2,441,621
1,593,298
57,635,425
2,519,256,177
1993
11,080,032
3,883,903
2,330,342
1,828,459
60,481,901
2,579,738,079
1994
10,818,753
3,997,689
2,398,613
1,923,268
59,372,579
2,639,110,657
1995
10,679,549
4,553,661
2,732,197
1,953,068
58,552,054
2,697,662,712
1996
10,325,002
4,797,179
2,878,307
2,075,599
59,561,768
2,757,224,480
1997
9,738,922
4,752,410
2,851,446
2,160,797
57,843,881
2,815,068,361
1998
10,278,813
5,091,136
3,054,681
2,127,641
58,271,771
2,873,340,132
(continued)
B-12
-------
Appendix B—Wood Waste Generated and Wood Remaining In-Service Detailed Results
Table B-2. Estimated Wood Waste Generated by U.S. Region, 1900-2065
(continued)
Total Wood Cumul. Wood
Waste Waste
Year
South
West
Midwest
Northeast
Generated
Generated
1999
10,509,519
5,295,402
3,177,241
2,104,095
58,619,711
2,931,959,843
2000
10,853,191
5,182,848
3,109,709
1,984,190
54,336,962
2,986,296,804
2001
11,045,687
5,289,579
3,173,747
1,910,669
48,289,084
3,034,585,889
2002
11,348,703
5,190,649
3,114,390
2,027,158
44,350,329
3,078,936,217
2003
11,352,404
4,928,772
2,957,263
2,093,841
45,940,566
3,124,876,783
2004
11,348,405
4,965,585
2,979,351
2,126,553
47,061,873
3,171,938,656
2005
11,426,304
4,930,828
2,958,497
2,052,297
49,792,409
3,221,731,066
2006
11,150,378
5,135,497
3,081,298
2,050,182
52,780,635
3,274,511,701
2007
11,250,632
5,252,698
3,151,619
2,061,706
53,254,989
3,327,766,690
2008
11,680,681
5,272,528
3,163,517
2,179,649
51,281,493
3,379,048,183
2009
11,676,948
5,289,592
3,173,755
2,265,666
54,868,353
3,433,916,536
2010
12,441,162
5,248,611
3,149,167
2,256,221
55,155,226
3,489,071,762
2011
12,659,818
5,352,740
3,211,645
2,256,520
58,758,008
3,547,829,770
2012
12,270,479
5,346,380
3,207,828
2,351,473
58,797,414
3,606,627,184
2013
11,472,410
5,403,152
3,241,891
2,322,713
57,491,879
3,664,119,064
2014
9,765,128
5,623,410
3,374,046
2,429,260
56,290,965
3,720,410,029
2015
8,731,342
5,582,162
3,349,297
2,408,027
52,364,350
3,772,774,379
2016
8,763,269
6,034,001
3,620,400
2,321,367
56,404,182
3,829,178,561
2017
9,330,659
6,155,928
3,693,557
2,197,698
57,466,265
3,886,644,826
2018
9,386,710
5,923,260
3,553,956
1,873,800
57,501,433
3,944,146,259
2019
9,659,263
5,551,197
3,330,719
1,701,591
53,767,046
3,997,913,304
2020
9,766,452
4,666,857
2,800,114
1,668,403
55,752,919
4,053,666,224
2021
9,710,074
4,127,987
2,476,792
1,746,939
55,546,526
4,109,212,750
2022
9,502,220
4,120,557
2,472,335
1,763,726
55,853,366
4,165,066,116
2023
9,016,859
4,319,097
2,591,458
1,832,503
56,003,168
4,221,069,284
2024
8,752,568
4,446,122
2,667,673
1,881,088
54,021,960
4,275,091,244
2025
8,766,525
4,520,075
2,712,045
1,891,875
54,480,195
4,329,571,439
2026
9,031,212
4,592,092
2,755,255
1,904,243
56,536,414
4,386,107,853
2027
9,086,589
4,619,764
2,771,859
1,951,437
55,979,256
4,442,087,109
2028
9,313,064
4,583,951
2,750,371
1,948,154
57,172,852
4,499,259,961
2029
9,408,040
4,614,506
2,768,703
2,008,738
59,893,724
4,559,153,684
2030
9,399,942
4,628,043
2,776,826
2,013,429
54,506,800
4,613,660,484
2031
9,287,488
4,729,698
2,837,818
1,972,617
53,290,248
4,666,950,733
(continued)
B-13
-------
Wood Waste Inventory
Table B-2. Estimated Wood Waste Generated by U.S. Region, 1900-2065
(continued)
Total Wood Cumul. Wood
Waste Waste
Year
South
West
Midwest
Northeast
Generated
Generated
2032
8,985,465
4,854,601
2,912,761
1,939,715
54,041,297
4,720,992,029
2033
8,870,632
4,881,418
2,928,851
1,839,372
58,034,177
4,779,026,206
2034
8,958,830
5,077,581
3,046,549
1,796,964
60,876,323
4,839,902,529
2035
9,133,919
5,166,664
3,099,998
1,807,891
61,402,012
4,901,304,542
2036
9,225,259
5,108,504
3,065,102
1,854,381
62,658,262
4,963,962,803
2037
9,317,511
4,993,582
2,996,149
1,874,230
62,515,497
5,026,478,300
2038
9,410,687
4,693,299
2,815,980
1,896,866
63,017,199
5,089,495,500
2039
9,504,794
4,507,323
2,704,394
1,923,869
63,181,336
5,152,676,835
2040
9,599,841
4,582,642
2,749,585
1,936,546
62,391,094
5,215,067,929
2041
9,695,840
4,706,574
2,823,944
1,941,358
63,856,474
5,278,924,403
2042
9,792,798
4,762,461
2,857,477
1,969,304
66,322,290
5,345,246,693
2043
9,890,726
4,792,879
2,875,727
1,982,010
66,963,849
5,412,210,542
2044
9,989,634
4,844,655
2,906,794
2,028,952
63,377,045
5,475,587,587
2045
10,089,529
4,896,363
2,937,818
2,049,610
61,093,073
5,536,680,660
2046
10,190,424
4,955,063
2,973,038
2,049,671
65,041,503
5,601,722,164
2047
10,292,329
5,024,699
3,014,820
2,028,877
68,386,117
5,670,108,280
2048
10,395,252
5,058,543
3,035,125
1,970,186
70,128,667
5,740,236,947
2049
10,499,205
5,072,743
3,043,646
1,948,950
70,041,815
5,810,278,762
2050
10,604,197
5,144,802
3,086,881
1,968,338
65,907,030
5,876,185,792
2051
10,710,239
5,178,782
3,107,269
2,005,122
63,641,262
5,939,827,053
2052
10,817,341
5,298,374
3,179,025
2,025,173
64,494,061
6,004,321,115
2053
10,925,514
5,352,281
3,211,369
2,045,425
70,043,468
6,074,364,583
2054
11,034,770
5,354,715
3,212,829
2,065,879
74,075,613
6,148,440,196
2055
11,145,118
5,305,036
3,183,021
2,086,538
74,936,575
6,223,376,771
2056
11,256,568
5,160,637
3,096,382
2,107,403
76,252,210
6,299,628,981
2057
11,369,134
5,109,899
3,065,939
2,128,477
76,506,431
6,376,135,412
2058
11,482,826
5,160,744
3,096,446
2,149,762
71,943,360
6,448,078,772
2059
11,597,654
5,255,102
3,153,061
2,171,260
70,507,324
6,518,586,097
2060
11,713,631
5,307,653
3,184,592
2,192,972
69,343,404
6,587,929,501
2061
11,830,766
5,360,730
3,216,438
2,214,902
67,527,945
6,655,457,445
2062
11,949,074
5,414,337
3,248,602
2,237,051
69,633,304
6,725,090,749
2063
12,068,565
5,468,481
3,281,088
2,259,422
70,839,531
6,795,930,280
2064
12,189,251
5,523,165
3,313,899
2,282,016
71,959,607
6,867,889,887
2065
12,311,144
5,578,396
3,347,038
2,304,836
71,876,192
6,939,766,079
B-14
-------
Appendix B—Wood Waste Generated and Wood Remaining In-Service Detailed Results
Table B-3. Estimated Wood Remaining In Service by U.S. Region, 1900-2065
Year
South
West
Midwest
Northeast
Total Wood
In Service
Cumul. Wood
In Service
1900
8,310,297
4,155,149
2,493,089
1,662,060
55,401,983
55,401,983
1901
8,688,017
4,344,008
2,606,405
1,737,603
113,322,096
113,322,096
1902
9,095,795
4,547,897
2,728,739
1,819,159
173,960,728
173,960,728
1903
9,542,966
4,771,483
2,862,890
1,908,593
237,580,502
237,580,502
1904
9,789,838
4,894,919
2,936,951
1,957,968
302,846,089
302,846,089
1905
9,935,770
4,967,886
2,980,731
1,987,154
369,084,559
369,084,559
1906
5,327,988
5,323,289
3,193,974
2,129,316
434,743,156
440,061,746
1907
5,707,871
5,634,100
3,380,461
2,253,640
504,304,168
515,183,089
1908
4,472,660
5,146,984
3,088,191
2,058,794
567,109,316
583,809,546
1909
4,811,877
5,459,687
3,275,812
2,183,875
633,797,648
656,605,376
1910
4,696,040
5,480,769
3,288,461
1,128,589
699,545,343
729,682,285
1911
4,228,671
5,293,782
3,176,269
1,005,447
762,658,141
800,266,042
1912
4,069,203
2,782,211
1,669,327
1,012,341
822,978,618
872,819,463
1913
3,469,323
2,560,321
1,536,193
914,695
881,303,686
944,025,944
1914
3,403,362
2,085,096
1,251,058
745,201
935,415,410
1,010,635,954
1915
490,077
1,599,623
959,773
589,570
982,485,918
1,072,680,904
1916
932,454
1,796,852
1,078,111
609,078
1,032,912,015
1,138,408,907
1917
388,053
1,403,138
841,883
390,704
1,078,706,584
1,199,510,037
1918
-470,263
890,254
534,152
401,236
1,120,168,778
1,256,805,487
1919
37,618
907,778
544,667
407,761
1,164,193,554
1,316,986,848
1920
478,160
1,235,225
741,135
408,642
1,209,330,144
1,377,377,457
1921
-543,521
383,320
229,992
195,800
1,245,785,930
1,429,077,733
1922
-179,542
796,983
478,190
328,844
1,287,387,374
1,486,473,402
1923
1,390,063
1,372,202
823,321
536,924
1,335,938,619
1,549,943,025
1924
186,166
1,143,553
686,131
571,534
1,381,703,089
1,611,624,577
1925
-278,515
1,145,467
687,280
268,435
1,426,117,281
1,672,469,614
1926
-441,029
1,282,292
769,375
147,578
1,469,684,836
1,732,197,241
1927
-194,853
1,271,167
762,701
126,374
1,511,310,599
1,788,854,917
1928
-937,825
991,331
594,798
138,547
1,550,796,014
1,844,138,581
1929
-1,007,375
1,404,570
842,742
148,734
1,592,667,304
1,901,970,895
1930
-2,567,028
-218,112
-130,867
-218,193
1,621,697,662
1,947,920,263
1931
-4,580,729
-1,340,903
-804,542
-459,701
1,637,877,638
1,981,300,049
1932
-5,452,965
-2,030,097
-1,218,058
-850,122
1,645,772,167
2,006,222,579
(continued)
B-15
-------
Wood Waste Inventory
Table B-3. Estimated Wood Remaining In Service by U.S. Region, 1900-2065
(continued)
Year
South
West
Midwest
Northeast
Total Wood
In Service
Cumul. Wood
In Service
1933
-4,553,052
-1,378,566
-827,140
-810,442
1,658,295,517
2,034,926,223
1934
-4,180,779
-1,508,348
-905,008
-735,328
1,672,652,307
2,065,906,582
1935
-3,699,012
-1,475,457
-885,274
-584,925
1,690,871,823
2,101,426,844
1936
-1,433,628
-1,028,218
-616,930
-371,175
1,716,389,001
2,142,808,457
1937
-76,077
-901,177
-540,706
-263,125
1,745,024,201
2,186,260,291
1938
-212,133
-1,162,394
-697,436
-396,662
1,769,033,018
2,224,085,208
1939
271,373
-738,020
-442,812
-276,935
1,797,551,629
2,266,520,930
1940
351,901
-502,290
-301,374
-181,575
1,828,251,175
2,311,282,193
1941
1,088,702
-64,192
-38,515
232,595
1,865,649,417
2,362,967,410
1942
693,109
466,625
279,975
411,268
1,903,614,106
2,414,558,426
1943
68,348
886,810
532,086
269,116
1,939,567,305
2,463,411,052
1944
342,350
1,279,759
767,855
163,907
1,975,488,825
2,511,079,123
1945
-376,212
748,309
448,985
-98,838
2,005,609,440
2,553,076,797
1946
695,466
1,078,125
646,875
26,025
2,042,119,742
2,601,739,386
1947
438,660
1,064,732
638,839
-17,447
2,079,504,676
2,652,111,029
1948
397,949
283,197
169,918
85,275
2,115,876,031
2,702,732,483
1949
-421,650
-402,692
-241,615
-213,947
2,145,248,192
2,746,521,147
1950
634,440
369,766
221,859
-40,512
2,170,438,775
2,797,434,641
1951
922,324
196,776
118,066
-181,109
2,194,375,965
2,847,498,010
1952
203,087
-46,077
-27,646
-175,300
2,216,453,880
2,897,295,100
1953
232,693
-458,107
-274,864
-95,695
2,237,642,757
2,947,502,247
1954
247,598
-503,088
-301,853
-82,167
2,258,169,487
2,997,319,408
1955
1,489,302
-202,087
-121,253
204,012
2,282,361,236
3,049,793,484
1956
802,098
-34,762
-20,857
153,070
2,305,309,875
3,102,585,340
1957
207,877
-55,476
-33,286
75,599
2,323,885,562
3,151,380,274
1958
421,691
-282,825
-169,695
90,970
2,344,370,512
3,201,146,510
1959
1,196,062
54,258
32,555
369,010
2,369,631,566
3,256,712,643
1960
196,220
-333,004
-199,802
-18,893
2,387,686,758
3,304,936,672
1961
-447,630
153,827
92,296
-29,830
2,405,804,594
3,352,324,903
1962
-137,707
138,975
83,385
-6,568
2,425,118,653
3,401,570,893
1963
692,548
441,136
264,682
107,510
2,448,717,591
3,454,494,357
1964
1,224,405
601,908
361,145
181,767
2,476,237,934
3,510,407,529
1965
267,732
546,219
327,731
115,047
2,503,514,096
3,566,191,633
(continued)
B-16
-------
Appendix B—Wood Waste Generated and Wood Remaining In-Service Detailed Results
Table B-3. Estimated Wood Remaining In Service by U.S. Region, 1900-2065
(continued)
Year
South
West
Midwest
Northeast
Total Wood
In Service
Cumul. Wood
In Service
1966
1,078,187
545,976
327,586
83,057
2,531,147,608
3,622,479,613
1967
928,891
206,069
123,642
114,149
2,557,710,182
3,676,795,414
1968
1,156,800
478,919
287,351
198,326
2,587,663,509
3,733,743,950
1969
1,013,308
724,740
434,844
99,601
2,617,524,015
3,791,209,806
1970
381,262
521,249
312,749
304,424
2,618,892,969
3,847,893,047
1971
1,097,422
439,905
263,943
479,304
2,625,114,573
3,909,577,254
1972
1,633,038
1,041,323
624,794
559,343
2,632,520,234
3,974,310,373
1973
1,967,943
1,152,477
691,486
478,034
2,637,780,366
4,039,271,089
1974
104,433
459,707
275,825
202,216
2,633,436,284
4,095,766,805
1975
-389,890
56,585
33,951
-2,358
2,624,158,192
4,147,563,845
1976
795,718
356,187
213,712
184,422
2,619,671,951
4,206,542,909
1977
1,141,769
755,452
453,271
394,562
2,619,176,400
4,271,495,715
1978
1,130,027
1,048,975
629,385
443,764
2,624,498,205
4,339,075,984
1979
721,204
1,272,102
763,261
370,537
2,626,031,675
4,405,106,138
1980
240,327
471,420
282,853
100,040
2,621,865,219
4,462,528,935
1981
175,568
129,346
77,607
-143,785
2,617,982,804
4,516,064,142
1982
-486,489
138,765
83,259
-179,002
2,614,148,494
4,569,484,233
1983
419,345
688,279
412,968
159,317
2,620,180,817
4,634,157,597
1984
1,031,035
850,229
510,138
433,904
2,632,524,496
4,703,676,388
1985
1,409,211
866,723
520,033
633,589
2,647,623,867
4,774,435,095
1986
2,720,457
1,671,374
1,002,824
611,015
2,665,479,030
4,849,787,029
1987
3,555,378
2,234,223
1,340,534
604,791
2,689,880,457
4,929,402,658
1988
3,193,494
1,697,720
1,018,632
468,494
2,714,559,407
5,007,000,677
1989
2,457,451
1,273,688
764,213
519,665
2,735,783,008
5,085,013,466
1990
1,683,198
1,042,920
625,753
565,141
2,753,201,063
5,160,002,476
1991
451,292
701,229
420,737
456,571
2,767,255,513
5,228,876,265
1992
299,011
1,366,712
820,027
581,134
2,782,101,145
5,301,357,322
1993
56,938
1,684,582
1,010,749
398,935
2,795,865,709
5,375,603,788
1994
555,611
1,689,494
1,013,696
351,605
2,812,322,227
5,451,432,884
1995
562,739
1,067,483
640,490
295,390
2,828,718,759
5,526,381,471
1996
1,084,688
907,666
544,600
206,339
2,845,221,591
5,602,446,071
1997
1,831,447
1,032,775
619,665
153,277
2,864,513,506
5,679,581,867
1998
1,546,350
821,446
492,868
237,392
2,885,076,156
5,758,416,287
(continued)
B-17
-------
Wood Waste Inventory
Table B-3. Estimated Wood Remaining In Service by U.S. Region, 1900-2065
(continued)
Year
South
West
Midwest
Northeast
Total Wood
In Service
Cumul. Wood
In Service
1999
1,720,836
819,775
491,865
341,976
2,907,992,141
5,839,951,984
2000
1,265,124
876,309
525,786
439,472
2,934,443,940
5,920,740,744
2001
674,026
570,278
342,167
433,274
2,964,286,275
5,998,872,164
2002
792,942
880,173
528,104
401,171
3,000,880,246
6,079,816,463
2003
661,120
1,077,990
646,794
308,864
3,035,029,834
6,159,906,617
2004
1,753,889
1,585,562
951,338
493,906
3,075,316,590
6,247,255,246
2005
1,820,193
1,692,421
1,015,452
597,003
3,113,834,162
6,335,565,227
2006
1,498,745
1,189,064
713,439
479,642
3,145,381,012
6,419,892,713
2007
50,314
397,774
238,665
198,483
3,167,465,654
6,495,232,344
2008
-3,087,429
-975,901
-585,541
-460,999
3,173,472,510
6,552,520,693
2009
-4,459,818
-1,681,027
-1,008,616
-822,240
3,166,718,356
6,600,634,892
2010
-5,155,490
-1,605,775
-963,465
-799,087
3,160,134,279
6,649,206,041
2011
-4,690,566
-1,368,114
-820,869
-662,669
3,154,504,617
6,702,334,387
2012
-4,221,535
-1,321,908
-793,145
-741,684
3,149,366,833
6,755,994,017
2013
-3,342,975
-1,338,435
-803,061
-696,826
3,146,071,180
6,810,190,243
2014
-1,554,400
-1,518,046
-910,828
-787,115
3,144,518,402
6,864,928,431
2015
-438,506
-1,435,744
-861,447
-749,460
3,147,439,622
6,920,214,001
2016
-387,505
-1,846,119
-1,107,671
-646,214
3,146,873,866
6,976,052,427
2017
-871,137
-1,926,168
-1,155,701
-505,793
3,145,804,411
7,032,449,237
2018
-842,593
-1,651,202
-990,721
-164,977
3,145,263,757
7,089,410,015
2019
-1,029,705
-1,236,418
-741,851
24,320
3,149,027,097
7,146,940,401
2020
-1,050,599
-308,931
-185,358
74,768
3,151,379,868
7,205,046,091
2021
-907,061
273,519
164,112
13,664
3,154,520,088
7,263,732,838
2022
-611,177
324,963
194,978
14,483
3,157,940,336
7,323,006,452
2023
-36,906
170,880
102,528
-36,512
3,161,803,518
7,382,872,802
2024
317,184
88,754
53,252
-67,137
3,168,246,572
7,443,337,816
2025
393,925
60,150
36,090
-59,785
3,174,836,041
7,504,407,480
2026
220,843
33,935
20,361
-53,833
3,179,979,987
7,566,087,840
2027
257,986
52,523
31,514
-82,522
3,186,297,895
7,628,385,004
2028
124,957
135,059
81,035
-60,550
3,192,045,180
7,691,305,140
2029
124,360
151,694
91,017
-102,258
3,195,700,793
7,754,854,477
2030
227,783
185,820
111,492
-87,884
3,205,378,823
7,819,039,307
2031
436,513
132,304
79,382
-27,816
3,216,915,253
7,883,865,986
2032
835,777
56,019
33,612
24,533
3,228,348,903
7,949,340,932
(continued)
B-18
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Appendix B—Wood Waste Generated and Wood Remaining In-Service Detailed Results
Table B-3. Estimated Wood Remaining In Service by U.S. Region, 1900-2065
(continued)
Year
South
West
Midwest
Northeast
Total Wood
In Service
Cumul. Wood
In Service
2033
1,048,823
78,309
46,986
144,519
3,236,444,422
8,015,470,628
2034
1,059,819
-68,256
-40,954
206,766
3,242,359,091
8,082,261,620
2035
984,917
-107,246
-64,348
215,876
3,248,415,980
8,149,720,522
2036
994,765
1,509
905
189,623
3,253,891,210
8,217,854,013
2037
1,004,713
167,530
100,518
190,215
3,260,190,539
8,286,668,839
2038
1,014,760
519,424
311,654
188,223
3,266,676,314
8,356,171,813
2039
1,024,907
757,527
454,516
182,071
3,273,692,982
8,426,369,817
2040
1,035,156
734,856
440,914
190,453
3,282,201,872
8,497,269,801
2041
1,045,507
664,100
398,460
206,912
3,289,954,382
8,568,878,785
2042
1,055,963
661,920
397,152
200,448
3,295,957,166
8,641,203,859
2043
1,066,523
685,746
411,447
209,440
3,302,041,641
8,714,252,183
2044
1,077,188
688,755
413,253
184,413
3,312,443,403
8,788,030,990
2045
1,087,960
692,382
415,429
185,887
3,325,866,926
8,862,547,586
2046
1,098,840
689,569
413,741
208,182
3,336,087,184
8,937,809,348
2047
1,109,828
676,379
405,827
251,554
3,343,715,448
9,013,823,728
2048
1,120,926
699,546
419,728
333,050
3,350,361,304
9,090,598,251
2049
1,132,136
742,927
445,756
377,318
3,357,861,758
9,168,140,520
2050
1,143,456
729,025
437,415
381,193
3,370,272,419
9,246,458,211
2051
1,154,891
753,784
452,270
367,904
3,385,732,026
9,325,559,079
2052
1,166,440
693,517
416,110
371,583
3,401,129,841
9,405,450,956
2053
1,178,105
699,529
419,717
375,299
3,411,777,169
9,486,141,752
2054
1,189,887
757,613
454,568
379,052
3,419,199,259
9,567,639,455
2055
1,201,784
868,416
521,050
382,843
3,426,575,364
9,649,952,135
2056
1,213,802
1,074,549
644,729
386,671
3,433,458,961
9,733,087,942
2057
1,225,941
1,187,638
712,583
390,538
3,440,919,696
9,817,055,108
2058
1,238,200
1,199,768
719,862
394,443
3,453,783,173
9,901,861,945
2059
1,250,582
1,169,016
701,410
398,388
3,468,930,755
9,987,516,851
2060
1,263,088
1,180,707
708,424
402,371
3,486,098,805
10,074,028,305
2061
1,275,719
1,192,513
715,508
406,395
3,505,947,429
10,161,404,874
2062
1,288,476
1,204,438
722,663
410,459
3,524,564,459
10,249,655,208
2063
1,301,360
1,216,482
729,890
414,564
3,542,857,767
10,338,788,046
2064
1,314,374
1,228,648
737,189
418,709
3,560,922,325
10,428,812,212
2065
1,327,518
1,240,935
744,560
422,896
3,579,970,542
10,519,736,620
B-19
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