EPA/600/R-20/039 | May 2019
United States
Environmenta
Black Carbon Emissions from
Residential Wood Combustion
Appliances
Office of Research and Development
Center for Environmental Measurement
and Modeling
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EPA/600/R-20/039
May 2019
Black Carbon Emissions from Residential
Wood Combustion Appliances
by
Amara L. Holder1, Tiffany L. B. Yelverton1, Angelina T. Brashear2,
Peter H. Kariher1
1 United States Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling
109 T. W. Alexander Dr.
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
2ORISE Participant, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling
109 T.W. Alexander Dr.
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling
Air Methods and Characterization Division
Research Triangle Park, NC, and 27709
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Notice/Disclaimer Statement
The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or
policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Any mention of trade names, commercial
products, or methodology do not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. All authors declare
no financial conflict of interest.
This work was funded in part by the United States Department of State through an interagency
agreement (IAA # 19318814Y0025, 58F0X18), through a cooperative research and development
agreement with the International Cryosphere Climate Initiative, and by the United States Environmental
Protection Agency Office of Research and Development. The authors would like to acknowledge peer
reviewers Lupita D. Montoya from Colorado State University and Andrew Grieshop from North
Carolina State University for providing many constructive comments that have greatly enhanced this
report.
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Abstract
This report covers wood stove testing carried out by ORD during May 2018 to June 2018. Testing and
analysis was completed as of October 2018. Three stoves of varying design and certification level were
tested using the Black Carbon Protocol developed by the International Cryosphere Climate Initiative.
The protocol specifies the determination of black carbon emissions from wood stoves. This protocol
consists of an ignition phase with hardwood (oak twigs and cordwood) followed by a pretest phase with
oak cordwood and the test phase using spruce cribs. The pretest and test phase are repeated twice for a
total of three replicates. Filter samples are collected during the ignition phase and each of the three tests
phases and the black carbon content on the filters are analyzed by a thermal optical method following
the NIOSH 870 protocol. The protocol is carried out on two consecutive days, one day under a low burn
rate condition and the other day under a high burn rate condition. Additional measurements not specified
in the protocol are made of the gas phase emissions (carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, total
hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides) and particle phase emissions (sampled on filters and analyzed for
particulate matter (PM) mass, elemental and organic carbon). Continuous measurements of black carbon
concentration were also made. Black carbon emission factors were calculated using a total capture
assumption as specified in the protocol. Additionally, emission factors for all pollutants for each stove
and test phase were calculated using the carbon balance assumption. Emissions of pollutants associated
with incomplete combustion (carbon monoxide, total hydrocarbons, and PM) were generally highest
from the low fire condition. The overall efficiency of each stove varied by stove type/vintage, with the
newest stove showing the highest efficiency and the oldest stove showing the lowest. Filter-based black
carbon emission factors calculated following the protocol were generally higher than those calculated
using a carbon balance emission factor calculation method. The differences in emission factors are likely
due to the adjustment to account for particle losses in the duct and sampling systems, inaccuracies in the
duct flow measurement or inaccuracies in the fuel moisture.
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Table of Contents
Notice/Disclaimer Statement ii
Abstract iii
1.0 Introduction 1
2.0 Methods 1
2.1 Test Facility 1
2.2 Wood Stoves 2
2.3 Fuel 3
2.4 Test Protocol 3
2.5 Emissions Measurements 4
2.6 Sampling Procedures 5
2.7 Data analysis 6
2.8 Deviations from the BC Protocol 7
3.0 Quality Assurance/Quality Control 8
4.0 Results 9
5.0 Conclusions 14
6.0 References 14
iv
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Appendix A Filter Weights 17
Appendix B - Phase Parameters 19
Appendix C - Phase Concentrations 23
Appendix D - Emission Factors 27
Appendix E - Filter Images 278
V
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List of Figures
Figure 1. Wood stove test facility 2
Figure 2. Emission factors for the major pollutants by stove and test phase. Ignition phases are
the average relative difference between the repeat ignition phases 11
Figure 3. Comparison of BC emission factors between methods 13
Figure 4. Analyzed filter elemental carbon concentration related to the filter's grayscale image
rank 14
List of Tables
Table 1. Stove specifications 3
Table 2. BC protocol test phases 4
Table 3. Summary of continuous emissions measurements 4
Table 4. Deviations from the BC protocol 7
Table 5. Comparison of OC and EC measurements with filter punch size 8
Table 6. Data Quality Indicator Goals 8
Table 7. Summary test parameters for each test phase 9
Table 8. Emission factors of the primary pollutants 10
Table 9. Overall stove efficiency and black carbon emission factors 12
Table A-10. Filter collection times, weights, and grayscale rank 17
Table B-11. Test phase duration, fuel burned amounts, and burn rates 19
Table B-12. Test phase average temperatures and efficiencies 20
Table C-13. Gas Phase Pollutant Concentrations 23
Table C-14. Light Absorbing PM Pollutant Concentrations 24
Table D-15. Gas Phase Pollutant Emission Factors 27
Table D-16. Light Absorbing PM Pollutant Emission Factors 28
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Acronyms and Abbreviations
ASTM
American Society for Testing and Materials
BC
Black Carbon
Cbc
Black Carbon Filter Concentration
ch4
Methane
co2
Carbon Dioxide
CO
Carbon Monoxide
CSA
Canadian Standards Association
DQI
Data Quality Indicator Goal
EC
Elemental Carbon
EF
Emission Factor
ER
Emission Ratio
EPA
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Fc
Fuel Carbon Fraction
HEPA
High Efficiency Particulate Air
HHV
Higher Heating Value
ICCI
International Cryosphere Climate Initiative
mfuel
Dry Mass of Fuel Consumed
NIOSH
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
NOx
Nitrogen Oxides
OC
Organic Carbon
PM
Particulate Matter
QlO"duct
Average 10" Duct Flow Rate
QA
Quality Assurance
QAPP
Quality Assurance Project Plan
QF
Quartz Filter
QBF
Quartz Back Filter
RWC
Residential Wood Combustion
THC
Total Hydrocarbons
TC
Total Carbon
ACj
Excess Carbon Mass Concentration of Species j
ACO
Excess CO Over Background
ACO2
Excess CO2 Over Background
At
Test Duration
vii
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1.0 Introduction
Black carbon (BC) is an important pollutant linked with adverse health effects in humans. Combustion
of wood in residential appliances for heating is a major source of BC to the atmosphere in colder
climates. Although particulate matter (PM) emissions from residential wood combustion (RWC) have
been extensively studied, BC emissions have been less studied in part due to the lack of a standardized
measurement method. There are a variety of different BC measurement technologies available but there
has been no agreement by the research or regulatory communities as to the optimal measurement
method to quantify BC emissions. Consistent BC measurement methods are needed to support the
development of emissions inventories, emissions certification testing, and the assessment of the impact
of BC from RWC on air quality in colder climates.
The term "black carbon" is commonly used to refer to BC derived from many different measurement
approaches, although it is sometimes used to refer to optical based measurement techniques specifically.
The term "elemental carbon" is commonly used to refer to BC measured using a thermal optical
technique. In this report we will use BC in the general sense and to refer to the quantity measured by the
protocol, to maintain consistency with the terminology used in the protocol. However, it should be noted
that the protocol BC is measured by a thermal optical method.
The objective of this project was to determine BC emissions from wood stoves using a method
developed by the International Cryosphere Climate Initiative (ICCI), "A Protocol for Black Carbon
Emissions" (Andersen and Jespersen, 2016). This "BC protocol" was carried out on three wood stoves
of varying makes, certification levels, and sizes.
2.0 Methods
2.1 Test Facility
Testing was carried out in the wood stove test facility located in EPA's research laboratories in Research
Triangle Park, NC (Shen et al. 2017). The test facility was designed to follow EPA's method 5G
"Determination of Particulate Matter Emissions from Wood Heaters" (EPA, 2017). A diagram of the
facility is shown in Figure 1. The wood stove was installed on a scale (Ohaus, Model CD-I 1 electronic
scale, Model B250P display) to monitor weight loss of the fuel during testing. Heat from the test stove
was dissipated into the laboratory. The emissions from the stove were routed through a non-insulated
single wall black pipe chimney (Duravent Durablack) installed on each stove according to manufacturer
instructions. The chimney was connected to a double-walled insulated flue that extends 12.6 ft above the
stove. Emissions from the flue were drawn through a rectangular hood (2 ft x 4 ft) into a dilution tunnel
(6" duct, Inner Diameter = 6 in), and then through a secondary dilution tunnel (10" duct, Inner Diameter
= 10 in) that was diluted with HEPA filtered room air. Emissions were drawn through the dilution tunnel
with a variable speed blower, and the air velocity in the secondary dilution tunnel was kept at 8.79 m/s
(1730 fpm) to ensure turbulent flow in the ducts and maximize the amount of dilution achieved in the
tunnel. The draft at the hood was kept below 0.005 in of H2O (vacuum pressure) to ensure that it did not
affect the performance of the stove. Air flow through each duct was determined from measurements of
temperature, pressure, and velocity measured with Ultratech (Garner, NC) Airflow Measuring Stations.
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6" Stainless Steel Duct
To blower
Mezzanine
Air Flow
-Measurement
-Sampling
Port 3
DilutionAir
H EPA filter
Sampling
Port 2
Air Flow
Measurement
Chimney
Sampling
Port 1
Stove
Gate
Scale
10" Stainless Steel Duct
Figure 1. Wood stove test facility
Emissions were sampled in the chimney to allow for the calculation of stove efficiency following the
test method specified in the Canadian Standards Association (CSA) B415.1-10 "Performance testing of
solid-fuel-burning heating appliances". Emissions were also measured in the 6" duct (sampling port 1 in
Figure 1) for determination of exhaust pollutant concentrations. Filters for PM were sampled from the
10" duct (sampling port 2 in Figure 1). A tertiary dilution system was used to further reduce the PM
concentration for online instrumentation. The tertiary system sampled from the 10" duct through sample
port 3 (Figure 1) and consisted of a custom made porous probe (Lyyranen et al. 2004) and an eductor
(DI-1000, Dekati, Kangasala, Finland) leading to a sampling manifold from which multiple instruments
could draw. The sampling manifold consisted of a stainless steel pipe with multiple ports for continuous
PM instrument sampling.
2.2 Wood Stoves
Three wood stoves representing a range of technologies were tested to determine the suitability of the
BC protocol to quantify emissions from different type and size of stoves. The stove manufacturer,
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firebox volume, estimated manufacturer year and certification are listed in Table 1. It should be noted
that the Englander was operated without the blower installed, which was used by the manufacturer for
certification testing.
Table 1. Stove specifications
Stove
Manufacturer
Firebox
Manufacture
Country of
Test
Identifier
Volume ft3
(m3)
Year/Certification
Origin
Order
A
Trolla
1.3 (0.0368)
~1970
Norway
3
B
Quadrafire
1.55 (0.0439)
Prel998
United States
1
C
Englander
1.55 (0.0439)
US EPA 2015
Certified*
United States
2
"Certification c
one with blower installed
2.3 Fuel
Wood stoves were tested with fuel according to the BC protocol, with seasoned hardwood (Red oak 16-
20% moisture, dry basis) used for kindling and pre-charges burned before each test charge. The test
charge consisted of seasoned spruce (Sitka spruce 16 - 20% moisture, dry basis) that were machined
into sticks (49 mm x 49 mm) and nailed into three stick cribs with spruce spacers (25 mm x 13 mm)
using stainless steel finishing nails. The cribs were of variable lengths (12 - 18"). A sample of each fuel
was analyzed for composition (ASTM D3176 Standard Practice for Ultimate Analysis of Coal and Coke
and ASTM D3172 Standard Practice for Proximate Analysis of Coal and Coke) and higher heating value
(ASTM D5865 Standard Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Coal and Coke) by Galbraith Labs
(Knoxville, TN). The fuel moisture content was measured with a conductivity based moisture meter
(Delmhorst, J-2000 or G30) and was validated by an oven drying method (ASTM D4442-07 Standard
Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measurement of Wood and Wood-Base Materials).
2.4 Test Protocol
The three stoves were tested following the BC protocol for a high burn rate condition and a low burn
rate condition, which were done on separate days. Each condition consisted of four sampling phases
separated by a pre-charge phase as shown in Table 2. The amount of fuel loaded was within the range
was specified by:
Lower fuel mass limit = Firebox Volume [m3] * 101 kg/m3 Eq. 1
Upper fuel mass limit = Firebox Volume [m3] * 123 kg/m3 Eq. 2
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Table 2. BC protocol test phases
Phase
Fuel
Fuel Amount Required
Duration
Required
Measurement
Ignition & lighting
Hardwood
Mass calculated in Eq. 1 and 2
multiplied by 1.2
> 45 min.
Filter sampling
Pre-charge
Hardwood
1.5 kg
50 ± 5 min.
-
1. Charge
Spruce
Mass calculated in Eq. 1 and 2
n/a
Filter sampling
Pre-charge
Hardwood
1.5 kg
50 ± 5 min.
-
2. Charge
Spruce
Mass calculated in Eq. 1 and 2
n/a
Filter sampling
Pre-charge
Hardwood
1.5 kg
50 ± 5 min.
-
3. Charge
Spruce
Mass calculated in Eq. 1 and 2
n/a
Filter sampling
Ignition and lighting and pre-charge phases were conducted with the air controls partially open to burn
the required amount of fuel in the required amount of time. Additional fuel was added if necessary to
meet the required amount of time for the test phase. The burn rate is specified in terms of dry fuel mass
consumed per hour for each class of stove (class I stove with <5 kW heat output, burn rate < 0.8 kg dry
fuel/hr or class II stove < 5kW heat output, burn rate <1.25 kg dry fuel/hr as described in the BC
protocol). The low fire burn rate was achieved by completely closing the stove's air controls. The high
fire burn rate was achieved by having the air controls fully open.
2.5 Emissions Measurements
The BC protocol only specifies collection conditions for quartz filter sampling. However, a range of
continuous emissions measurements were conducted and Teflon filters were collected in addition to the
quartz filters. Continuous emissions and ancillary measurements, instruments, and sampling location are
listed in Table 3.
Table 3. Summary of continuous emissions measurements
Analyte
Instrument
Method
Sampling
Location
Fuel weight remaining
Display - CD-11 Base - B250P
(Ohaus)
EPA Method 5G
n/a
Exhaust Temperature
Thermocouple
EPA Method 5G
Chimney
PM mass
MC-5 microbalance
(Sartorius)
10" Duct
BC/elemental carbon
and organic carbon
Carbon analyzer
(Sunset Laboratory)
NIOSH 870
10" Duct
C02/C0
Model 600
(California Analytical Instruments)
EPA Method 3A
Chimney
CH4/THC
Model 600M-HFID
(California Analytical Instruments)
Modified EPA
Method 25A
6" Duct
CO
Model 600
(California Analytical Instruments)
EPA Method 10
6" Duct
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Analyte
Instrument
Method
Sampling
Location
0
u
Model LI-820
(Li-Cor Biosciences)
EPA Method 3A
6" Duct, 10"
Duct, Dilution
NOx Concentration
Model 600
(California Analytical Instruments)
EPA Method 7E
6" Duct
Duct Gas Velocity
Airflow Measuring Station
(Ultratech)
EPA Methods 1
& 2
6" Duct, 10" Duct
Duct Gas
Temperature
Thermocouple
CSA B415.1-10
6" Duct, 10" Duct
PM absorption and
scattering
3-wavelength Photoacoustic
Absorption Soot Spectrometer
(Droplet Measurement Technologies)
Photoacoustic /
Reciprocal
nephelometer
Dilution Manifold
BC concentration
Aethalometer
(AE22, AE33 Magee Scientific, and
MA350 Aethlabs)
Filter-based
light
attenuation
Dilution Manifold
PM organic
carbon/elemental
carbon
Semi-Continuous Analyzer
(Sunset Laboratory)
NIOSH 870
(Panteliadis et
al., 2015)
Dilution Manifold
Batch filter samples were taken with 47 mm quartz filters (QF, Pall Tissue Quartz) and a simultaneous
47 mm Teflon (TF, Pall Teflo), with a quartz back filter following to estimate the organic carbon
absorption artifact (QBF). The 47 mm filter size was a deviation from the protocol to allow for
determination of PM on the 47 mm Teflon filters. Quartz filters were baked at 800 °C oven for 10 hrs
and stored in a -65 °C freezer. After collection the quartz filters were returned to the freezer (maintained
at -40 °C) for storage. Teflon filters were equilibrated at 25 °C and 35% relative humidity for at least 24
hr before they were weighed on a microbalance (Sartorius, MC-5). Quartz filters were analyzed using an
organic carbon (OC) / elemental carbon (EC) analyzer using aNIOSH 870 temperature protocol
(Panteliadis et al., 2015) as specified in the BC protocol.
2.6 Sampling Procedures
Mass of fuel consumed was monitored during the test with an electronic scale (Ohaus, CD-I 1, B250P
Parsippany, NJ). The scale was tared before stove installation and the mass was recorded before each
batch of fuel was loaded. As required in the BC protocol, the end of the test phase was determined when
the scale reading was back to the baseline value before the test charge was loaded.
Emissions in the chimney were sampled according to the CSA B415.1-10 (2010) to be able to calculate
the energy efficiency of each stove. In this method, flue gas is sampled in the chimney through a heated
filter and condenser to measure carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO). After the first stove
(stove C) the Teflon sampling line was replaced by a heated sample line to reduce contamination from
condensed species. After the second stove (stove B) a water impinger was added between the heated
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filter and the condenser to further reduce contamination from condensed species in the sample line to the
CO and CO2 analyzers.
CO2, CO, methane (CH4), total hydrocarbons (THC), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) were also sampled in
the dilution duct (sampling port 1 in Figure 1) through a heated filter, heated pump, and heated sample
line to the back of the analyzers. Additionally, the sample passed through a condenser to the NOx
analyzer.
Dilution ratios in the 10" duct and the dilution manifold were monitored by measuring the CO2
concentration in each location. Continuous BC and PM scattering and absorption measurements were
made by sampling from the dilution manifold through Vi" flexible anti-static tubing. Additionally, the
semi-continuous OC/EC analyzer sampled from the dilution manifold.
Extractive samples were taken from an isokinetic probe to obtain Teflon and quartz filters for PM and
BC protocol filters. Filter sampling deviated from that specified in the BC protocol in that filters were
sampled from the 10" duct sampling port (sampling port 2 in Figure 1) to obtain lower particle
concentrations to reduce potential overloading of the filter. Additionally, multiple filters were taken
during each test to further reduce filter loading. A three-way ball valve was added upstream of the filter
holders to allow for rapid change out of filters for the final stove (stove A) tested. A rotary vane pump
(Gast, Benton Harbor, MI) was used to pull flow through each filter sample. Flow was controlled with a
digital mass flow controller (Sierra Instruments, Monterey CA).
2.7 Data analysis
BC emission factors (EFs) were calculated for filter samples following the BC protocol. The BC
protocol relies on the total capture emission factor methodology:
T7T7 1.82 (CflcQlO" duct)0'83 *7
BC - mfuel/ h
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C02, CO, THC (assuming CH4), and BC over the background mass concentration, fc is the fraction of
carbon in the fuel.
Continuous emissions data was averaged over the test period to obtain EFs for each pollutant over the
test phase. When multiple batch filter samples were taken during a single test phase the concentrations
for each filter sample were combined using a time weighted average to arrive at a test phase averaged
EF. Stove efficiency was calculated according to CSAB415.1-10 (2010).
2.8 Deviations from the BC Protocol
Several deviations from the protocol were necessary to accomplish sampling objectives using available
sampling equipment. The complete list of deviations from the protocol are specified in Table 4. The
majority of the deviations were associated with the filter sampling to accommodate the smaller filter
holder (47 mm) and Teflon filter size used for PM measurement. The sampling location, nozzle size, and
sample flow rate were adjusted to reduce the sample volume to prevent filter overloading. These
deviations were made to preserve isokinetic PM sampling conditions and likely had minimal if any
impact on the PM emissions measurements. Initial testing resulted in filters that appeared overloaded,
therefore more than one filter was taken during the test phase to further reduce filter loading. Taking
more than one filter per tests results in times when the PM emissions are not being sampled while the
filters are being replaced. By not capturing this time the PM emission factors may be biased high or low,
depending upon how the PM emissions during the switchover period compare to the rest of the test. To
determine the potential impact from this missing period the test phase average was compared to the filter
collection period average for the chimney CO2 and CO concentrations. The collection time weighted
average CO2 was 97.5% the test phase average with an r2 of 0.99 and the CO was 93% with an r2 of
0.99. This indicates that the PM emission factors may be biased slightly low when multiple filters are
taken during a test phase. To avoid the uncertainty introduced by the filter switchover period future
testing should be done either with larger filters or from the dilution manifold to allow for a single filter
per test phase without being overloaded.
Table 4. Deviations from the BC protocol.
Action/Item
BC Protocol Specification
Specification of Deviation
Sampling location
Primary dilution tunnel
Secondary dilution tunnel
Duct Velocity
4.4 (m/s)
8.7 (m/s)
Filter diameter
100 (mm)
47 (mm)
Probe diameter
5.9 (mm)
3.7 (mm)
Sample flow rate
436 (L/hr), 7.3 (Ipm)
352.8 (L/hr), 5.88 (Ipm)
Sample metering method
Dry gas meter
Mass flow controller
Number of filters per
1 filter
1-3 filters
condition
Analysis location
Sunset Laboratories
EPA Fine PM Lab
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
RTP, NC USA
Punch size
1.5 (cm2)
0.385 (cm2)
Low burn rate
1.25 (kg/hr)
1.43-5.31 (kg/hr)
Despite reducing the sample flow rate and sampling time, filters were heavily loaded with PM,
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particularly OC, resulting in off-scale readings during the portion of the thermal optical analysis when
the carbon is evolved under helium gas. To reduce the concentration of OC measured by the analyzer a
smaller punch diameter was used. Table 5 shows the filter concentrations from 5 filters which were
analyzed with both punch sizes. OC concentrations on exposed filters (QF) analyzed with the small
punch were 10% larger than when a larger punch was used. The EC concentration was 27 - 45% lower
when a small punch was used, demonstrating that off-scale OC measurements also impacted the EC
measurement, despite being within the instrument range for EC. When the OC concentration was within
the instrument's measurement range, the punch size had negligible impact on the measurement.
However, repeat punches of different sizes within the instrument measurement range were only
available for the back up quartz filters (QBF), which did not have any EC.
Table 5. Comparison of OC and EC measurements with filter punch size
Sample
Type
OC
(Hg/cm2)
1.5 cm2
Punch
OC
(Hg/cm2)
0.385 cm2
Punch
EC
(Hg/cm2)
1.5 cm2
Punch
EC
(Hg/cm2)
0.385 cm2
Punch
OC Ratio
Small/Large
Punch
EC Ratio
Small/Large
Punch
QF
315.83
336.95
14.55
19.89
0.937
0.732
QBF
14.03
13.73
0.00
0.54
1.022
0.00
QF
574.73
629.22
4.97
9.01
0.913
0.552
QBF
16.29
16.47
0.08
0.26
0.989
0.308
QF
923.27
1024.22
7.52
10.41
0.901
0.722
Another major deviation was from the target low burn rate. Despite closing all air controls, burn rates
remained higher than the target value. The older stove (A) had only minimal air controls consisting of a
grate on the front and a damper on the flue. Moreover, the stove front door had no seal and allowed
additional air flow into the firebox. This resulted in burn rates greatly elevated from the target value of
1.25 kg/hr. As shown in the stove results below, low burn rates generally resulted in larger emission
factors of pollutants associated with incomplete combustion (CO, THC, and PM). Therefore, the
emission factors for these pollutants for the low burn condition on stove C are likely lower than they
would be had we been able to achieve the low burn condition.
3.0 Quality Assurance/Quality Control
This project was performed under an approved Category B quality assurance project plan (QAPP) titled
"Black Carbon Emissions from Residential Heating Appliances", QA Track # G-APPCD-0031042-QP-
1-0. Data quality indicator goals (DQIs) established in the QAPP in terms of accuracy and precision are
summarized in Table 6. All reports or data summaries prepared by EPA associated with this project are
subject to Quality Assurance (QA) review and are approved by the QA Manager in the clearance process
prior to being released.
Table 6. Data Quality Indicator Goals
Measurement
DQI Goal
Frequency
Corrective Actions
Fuel weight
Gravimetric/Standard mass ±0.25
kg actual
Daily
Balance recalibration
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Measurement
DQI Goal
Frequency
Corrective Actions
Fuel moisture
Gravimetric/standard mass ±0.3 g
actual
Weekly
Balance recalibration
Continuous gas
3-point calibration error ±2%
Weekly
Recalibrate and repeat
phase emissions
span
measurements
2-point system bias ±5% span
Pre & post-test
Invalidate-repeat
Drift <3%
Daily
Correct
Continuous PM
Zero check 5-min average at
Daily
Check connections-repeat
and BC
<20% of ambient
checks. Recalibrate.
measurements
Flow check 10% of target flow
rate
Monthly
Same as above
Flow controllers
Leak check < 20 in over 1 minute
Daily
Check connections, repeat
Batch PM
Gravimetric/dryness ±0.003 mg
consecutive weights
Balance check ±0.1 mg NIST
traceable weight
Field blank <5%
Daily
Calibrate balance and
repeat
OC/EC
Sucrose standard ±15%
Daily
Recalibrate and repeat
Temperature and flow measurement devices are calibrated annually by EPA's Metrology Laboratory.
All measurements were evaluated against the DQI goals established in Table 6. Acceptance criteria were
met with the following exceptions:
Stove B - low burn rate - THC post-test bias was 4.8%
Stove C - high burn - NOx post-test bias was -8.6 and -10.3% - values were drift corrected
Stove A - high burn rate - NOx post-test bias was - 6.6 and -7.1% on span only
4.0 Results
Summary parameters for each stove are presented in the following tables. Data from each test are
presented as the average and standard deviation of three test charges. Individual phase values are
presented in Appendix B. Summary of testing parameters are shown in Table 7. The test charges were
moderately repeatable with relative standard deviation in burn rates of less than 20%. The pre-charge
burn rates tended to have greater variability as it was more difficult to determine the stove settings
needed to achieve the proper burn rate.
Table 7. Summary test parameters for each test phase
Stove
Condition
Duration
Fuel Mass
Estimated Dry
Chimney
(min)
(kg wet)
Burn Rate
(kg/hr)
Temp (°C)
A
Ignition
60
5.30
4.24
171
Low Fire
Pre-Charge
47 ±3
2.58 ± 1.0
2.69 ± 1.16
236 ± 68
Test Charge
42 ± 1
4.58 ±0.13
5.21 ±0.14
291 ±5
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Stove
Condition
Duration
(min)
Fuel Mass
(kg wet)
Estimated Dry
Burn Rate
(kg/hr)
Chimney
Temp (°C)
A
Ignition
57
5.57
4.69
239
High Fire
Pre-Charge
50 ±4
2.12 ±0.27
2.04 ±0.11
199 ±9
Test Charge
34 ± 10
3.92 ±0.15
5.75 ± 1.82
336 ±36
B
Ignition
50
6.06
6.18
258
Low Fire
Pre-Charge
52 ±3
1.80 ±0.51
1.79 ±0.56
193 ± 24
Test Charge
133 ± 27
4.74 ±0.20
1.87 ±0.36
175 ± 23
B
Ignition
50
5.60
5.51
319
High Fire
Pre-Charge
47 ±3
1.71 ±0.16
1.80 ±0.18
219 ± 27
Test Charge
43 ±4
5.08 ±0.09
5.80 ±0.55
433 ± 1
C
Ignition
60
6.10
4.94
296
Low Fire
Pre-Charge
51 ± 6
1.70 ±0.11
1.64 ±0.11
213 ±3
Test Charge
185 ±7
5.62 ±0.05
1.48 ± 0.05
156 ±5
C
Ignition
94
6.23
3.18
236
High Fire
Pre-Charge
47 ±3
1.81 ±0.25
1.87 ±0.34
237 ± 42
Test Charge
69 ±8
5.68 ±0.16
3.99 ±0.55
331 ±34
The average emission factor for the major pollutants for each stove and each condition are summarized
in Table 8 and Figure 2. The complete emission factor data set is included in Appendix D. Phase
concentrations are shown in Appendix C. Emissions of pollutants generated from incomplete
combustion (e.g. CO, THC, and PM) were generally greatest from the low burn rate for all three stoves.
Emission factors of pollutants associated with flaming combustion (e.g. CO2 and BC) were generally
highest from the high burn rate as well as during the ignition and lighting phase. Stove A emission
factors varied little among the low and the high fire conditions as there was minimal control of air flow
into the stove. The door to stove A was unsealed and the air control was a sliding grate, therefore the air
flow into the stove was about the same for all conditions. The emission factors for the low fire condition
for stove B and C was widely variable, since it depended on how long it took for the load to transition
from smoldering to flaming combustion. This transition time is likely dependent upon the placement of
fuel in the stove and the configuration of the fuel load, which despite using crib wood, was highly
variable.
Table 8. Emission factors of the primary pollutants
Stove
Condition
rM
O
u
LL.
LU
EF-CO
EF - THC
EF-PM
(g/kg)
(g/kg)
(g/kg)
(g/kg)
A
Ignition
1621.2
77.82
69.22
4.95
Low Fire
Test Charge
1681.1 ± 25.3
60.01 ± 11.96
43.26 ±4.60
3.75 ±0.90
A
Ignition
1668.0
71.36
40.46
4.21
High Fire
Test Charge
1740.5 ± 22.3
44.49 ± 11.10
16.33 ±4.22
2.42 ±0.60
B
Ignition
1733.4
58.18
5.03
8.99
10
-------
Low Fire
Test Charge
1637.5 ±77.4
113.72 ±42.09
11.46 ±8.36
26.91 ± 19.03
B
Ignition
1776.9
32.57
2.34
2.43
High Fire
Test Charge
1740.2 ± 67.9
54.08 ± 39.03
3.88 ±4.56
1.50 ±0.67
C
Ignition
1726.9
54.00
17.30
2.42
Low Fire
Test Charge
1630.3 ±55.6
110.07 ±30.32
23.27 ±5.40
14.11 ± 12.01
C
Ignition
1752.0
36.63
18.07
1.08
High Fire Test Charge 1663.9 ± 65.8 80.88 ±31.05 29.41 ± 11.62 4.60 ±5.21
2000
1500
~5fl
1000
500
u
I
C02 Emission Factors ¦ ignition
r ¦ High Fire
__ ¦ Low Fire
II
CO Emission Factors
Stove A
Stove B
75
M 50
25
Stove C
THC Emission Factors ¦ ignition
High Fire
Low Fire
jA
Stove A Stove B Stove C
200
150
100
50
"&S
PM Emission Factors
50
25
I Ignition
High Fire
Low Fire
I' il
Stove A Stove B Stove C
Ignition
High Fire
Low Fire
Stove A Stove B Stove C
Figure 2. Emission factors for the major pollutants by stove and test phase. Ignition phases are the average
relative difference between the repeat ignition phases.
BC emission factors were calculated by several different methods: total capture, carbon balance, and
online sampling/measurement. The total capture method is specified in the BC protocol and requires
accurate measurement of the duct velocity, sample velocity, and mass loss during the test. The carbon
balance requires measurement of all carbon containing pollutants and assumes that all the carbon in the
fuel is emitted in the exhaust. The online method uses the carbon balance for calculating the emission
11
-------
factor, but relies on the online BC measurement from the AE-33 as opposed to the filter measurement of
EC used in both the BC protocol and the BC carbon balance emission factor. For many of the tests PM
emissions were not collected for the entire test duration because multiple filter samples were taken. PM
sampling stopped while filters were switched out. Online measurements also had some discontinuities
during testing. The PASS-3 periodically stops sampling to conduct a filtered air check to adjust the
instrument baseline and the aethalometer stops sampling when the attenuation at the current
measurement location becomes large and advances the to a new measurement location on the filter tape.
The BC protocol emission factors are generally higher than the other two methods (0.9 - 3.8 times
greater, see Table 9). However, for most tests the BC protocol and the online BC emission factors were
similar, with a few tests skewing the average ratio high (Figure 3). The protocol calls for an adjustment
to account for particle losses in the duct and sampling system, which increases the emission factor. The
particle losses in the duct and sampling system are likely to be different for each test facility and may
change during testing as particles deposit on the duct walls and the sample probes. Therefore, the
assumption of constant particle losses may introduce error in the emission factor from one facility to the
next as well as from one test to the next. Further study of the particle losses in test facilities is needed to
determine the magnitude and the variation of particle losses to accurately assess the impact of this
correction on the BC protocol emission factors.
Inaccuracies in the duct flow measurement and the fuel moisture measurement will impact the BC
protocol emission factor calculation. Differences between the filter based and online measurement may
be due to the different collection period for each as well as differences in the measurement
methodology. The BC content on the filter was determined by a thermal optical analysis as opposed to
the light attenuation measurement made in the online instrument.
Table 9. Overall stove efficiency and black carbon emission factors
Stove
Condition
Overall
BC (g/kg)
Emission factor ratio by method
Efficiency
BC
Filter
Online
BC protocol
Online
Online /BC
(%)
protocol
Carbon
Carbon
/Filter
/Filter
Protocol
Balance
Balance
A
Low Fire
Ignition
43.0
1.01
0.32
0.83
3.17
2.60
1.22
Test Charge
47.1 ±2.2
0.83 ±0.10
0.51 ±0.06
0.72 ± 0.02
1.64 ±0.13
1.44 ±0.22
1.15 ±0.17
High Fire
Ignition
37.4
0.65
0.33
0.54
1.98
1.65
1.20
Test Charge
41.6 ±2.5
0.37 ± 0.02
0.26 ±0.02
0.44 ± 0.07
1.42 ± 0.04
1.68 ±0.13
0.85 ±0.09
B
Low Fire
Ignition
60.7
0.46
0.35
0.24
1.32
0.68
1.94
Test Charge
63.9 ±3.8
0.24 ± 0.02
0.10 ±0.03
0.07 ± 0.02
2.51 ±0.063
0.76 ±0.50
3.84 ± 1.27
High Fire
Ignition
64.6
0.21
0.15
0.23
1.40
1.55
0.90
Test Charge
61.6 ±3.2
0.34 ±0.15
0.25 ±0.12
0.37 ±0.14
1.36 ±0.04
1.66 ±0.93
0.99 ±0.48
C
Low Fire
Ignition
66.9
0.50
0.33
0.32
1.48
0.96
1.53
Test Charge
71.9 ±2.1
0.52 ±0.41
0.28 ±0.18
0.68 ± 0.43
1.78 ±0.40
2.52 ± 1.17
0.86 ±0.52
High Fire
Ignition
71.6
0.26
0.13
0.14
2.02
1.11
1.82
Test Charge
65.0 ±2.2
0.67 ± 0.05
0.42 ±0.12
0.83 ± 0.67
1.65 ±0.40
1.82 ± 1.05
1.13 ±0.60
12
-------
2.0
1.6
no
^ 1.2
u
co
0.8
0.4
0.0
Online BC vs Filter
y= 1.7381X- 0.0299
R2 = 0.5094
BC Protocol vs Filter
y= 1.4118X+0.0467
R2 = 0.8068
& O
Online vs BC protocol
y = 0.8489x+0.0598
R2 = 0.3902
—1:1 Line
x Online BCvs Filter
+¦ BC Protocol vs Filter
O Online vs BC protocol
j i i
0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2
EC EF (g/kg)
1.6
2.0
Figure 3. Comparison of BC emission factors between methods.
BC content on the filter was estimated using images as described in the report "BC measurements by the
EN13240" (Danish Technological Institute, 2017). The images were taken with an iphone 6
approximately 80 mm above the filter with indoor lighting without a flash. The filter images
encompassed a variety of colors ranging from light gray, greenish brown, to black. The varying colors
made it difficult to determine the matching BC loading category using only the human eye. As an
alternative, the images were converted to grayscale using the PowerPoint view option and the grayscale
tone determined by matching to a 20-point grayscale (Appendix E). The comparison between the
grayscale and the EC content on the analyzed filter is in Figure 4.
13
-------
70
E
u
no
j=
c
o
_Q
OJ
O
c
CD
E
i& •
o
8
o&
9'
a °
p-s o
•i'o o
O
O
O •
O;
o o
o
10 15
Grayscale Rank
20
25
Figure 4. Analyzed filter elemental carbon concentration related to the filter's grayscale image rank
5.0 Conclusions
Three stoves spanning a range of manufacturing year/certification status were tested using a slightly
modified ICCIBC protocol at the U.S. EPA wood stove test facility. Continuous measurements of gas
phase emissions (CO2, CO, THC, and NOx) and particle phase emissions (PM, BC) were made
throughout the test. Filter samples were collected as specified in the BC protocol to derive BC emission
factors. Most of the deviations from the BC protocol were made to address the high PM concentration
and to prevent filter overloading. Stoves with larger firebox volumes had longer test durations, which
also made it difficult to avoid overloading the filter.
ICCI BC emission factors were generally higher than those calculated using the carbon balance method,
likely due to the adjustment for particle losses included in the ICCI calculation. Further study of particle
losses is recommended to determine the impact of the test facility on the BC emission factor.
Inaccuracies in the duct flow measurement or fuel moisture may have also contributed to inaccuracies in
the BC protocol calculation. Filter-based emission factors varied from the continuous BC emission
factors, likely due to the low bias introduced by changing emissions during the filter change out period
and to differences in the measurement method. Increased dilution for filter samples would reduce the
need for multiple filter samples and reduce the uncertainty due to the filter change out period.
6.0 References
ASTM International, Method D3172-13, Standard Practice for Proximate Analysis of Coal and Coke.
West Conshohocken, PA, 2013.
14
-------
ASTM D3176-15 Standard Practice for Ultimate Analysis of Coal and Coke, ASTM International, West
Conshohocken, PA, 2015.
ASTM D4442-07 Standard Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measurement of Wood and
Wood-Base Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, 2007.
ASTM D5865-13 Standard Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Coal and Coke, West
Conshohocken, PA, 2013.
ASTM International, Method E2515-11, Standard Test Method for Determination of Particulate Matter
Emissions Collected by a Dilution Tunnel. West Conshohocken, PA, 2011.
A Protocol for Black Carbon Emissions, Andersen and Jespersen, Nordic Council of Ministers,
Copenhagen, Denmark 2016.
BC Measurements by the EN13240, Andersen and Hvidberg, Danish Technological Institute, 2017.
Canadian Standards Association, Method B415.1-10, Performance Testing of Solid-Fuel Burning
Heating Appliances. Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
Lyyranen, J., Jokiniemi, J., Kauppinen, E. I., Backman, U., Vesala, H. Comparison of different dilution
methods for measuring diesel particle emissions. Aerosol Science and Technology 2004, 38 (1), 12-23.
National Institute of Safety and Health, method 5040, Diesel Particulate Matter (as Elemental Carbon).
In NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM). Fourth Edition, 2-5, 2003.
Panteliadis, P., Jafkenscheid, T., Cary, B., Diapouli, E., Fischer, A., Favez, O., Quincey, P., Viana, M.,
Hitzenberger, R., Vecchi, R., Saraga, D., Sciare, J., Jaffrezo, J. L., John, A., Schwarz, J., Giannoni, M.,
Novak, J., Karanasiou, A., Fermo, P., Maenhaut, W. ECOC comparison exercise with identical thermal
protocols after temperature offset correction - instrument diagnostics by in-depth evaluation of
operational parameters. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 2015, 8, 779-792.
Shen, G., Preston, W., Ebersviller, S.M., Williams, C., Faircloth, J.W., Jetter, J.J., Hays, M.D.
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Fine Particulate Matter from Burning Kerosene, Liquid Petroleum
Gas, and Wood Fuels in Household Cookstoves. Energy & Fuels 2917, 31, 3081-3090.
Urbanski, S. Wildland fire emissions, carbon, and climate: Emission factors, Forest Ecology
Management 2014, 317, 51-60.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA Test Method 1A, Sample and Velocity Traverses for
Stationary Sources with Small Stacks or Ducts. Code of Federal Regulations, Part 60, Title 40,
15
-------
Appendix A, 1996.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA Test Method 2C, Determination of Stack Gas Velocity and
Volumetric Flow Rate in Small Stacks and Ducts (Standard Pitot Tube). Code of Federal Regulations,
Part 60, Title 40, Appendix A, 1996.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA Test Method 3 A, Determination of Oxygen and Carbon
Dioxide Concentration in Emissions from Stationary Sources (Instrument Analyzer Procedure).
Washington, DC, Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Part 60, Appendix A, 1989.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA Test Method 5G, Determination of Particulate Matter
Emissions From Wood Heaters (Dilution Tunnel Sampling Location). Code of Federal Regulations, Part
60, Title 40, Appendix A, 2017.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA Test Method 7E, Determination of Nitrogen Oxides
Emissions from Stationary Sources (Instrument Analyzer Procedure). Washington, DC, Code of Federal
Regulations, Title 40, Part 60, Appendix A, 1990.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA Test Method 25A, Determination of Total Gaseous
Organic Concentration Using Flame Ionization Analyzer. Washington, DC, Code of Federal
Regulations, Title 40, Part 60, Appendix A, 1996.
16
-------
Appendix A Filter Weights
Table A-10. Filter collection times, weights, and grayscale rank.
Corrected
Teflon QF (|ig/cm2) QBF (|ig/cm2) (mg)
Burn Start PM
Stove
Rate
Test Phase
Date
Time
End Time
(mg)
EC
OC
EC
OC
EC
OC
Grayscale
Background
7/12/18
13:54:00
15:24:00
0.02
0.00
2.59
0.00
1.24
0.00
0.01
Background
7/16/18
8:57:00
10:57:00
0.02
0.08
1.81
0.00
1.38
0.00
0.00
A
High
Ignition -1
6/20/18
9:28:00
10:09:30
3.52
32.45
184.64
0.21
13.52
0.31
1.64
19
A
High
Ignition - 2
6/20/18
10:10:10
10:25:00
0.63
2.43
45.55
0.00
9.42
0.02
0.35
12
A
High
Charge 1
6/20/18
11:18:00
11:50:00
2.63
21.08
130.82
0.10
11.80
0.20
1.14
17
A
High
Charge 2
6/20/18
12:42:30
13:08:00
1.57
20.43
73.08
0.00
11.05
0.20
0.60
18
A
High
Charge 3
6/20/18
13:54:00
14:40:00
1.38
20.06
54.70
0.36
10.64
0.19
0.42
18
A
Low
Ignition -1
6/26/18
8:20:00
8:38:00
2.09
26.86
117.43
0.28
10.30
0.26
1.03
19
A
Low
Ignition - 2
6/26/18
8:38:21
9:20:00
2.02
2.97
135.91
0.31
12.67
0.03
1.18
12
A
Low
Charge 1 -1
6/26/18
10:11:00
10:39:00
3.89
27.38
212.13
0.18
9.97
0.26
1.94
18
A
Low
Charge 1 - 2
6/26/18
10:39:30
10:54:00
0.29
11.01
17.47
0.16
6.24
0.10
0.11
17
A
Low
Charge 2 -1
6/26/18
11:39:00
12:01:30
2.12
25.60
133.99
0.00
9.58
0.25
1.19
19
A
Low
Charge 2 - 2
6/26/18
12:02:00
12:21:30
0.52
19.16
27.40
0.00
6.92
0.18
0.20
19
A
Low
Charge 3 -1
6/26/18
13:26:30
13:27:30
1.84
8.80
126.70
0.21
8.63
0.08
1.13
15
A
Low
Charge 3 - 2
6/26/18
13:27:45
13:47:30
0.86
34.25
41.86
0.00
7.46
0.33
0.33
20
B
Low
Ignition
5/2/18
8:36:00
9:26:00
5.43
22.58
336.74
0.54
13.73
0.21
3.10
18
B
Low
Charge 1
5/2/18
10:16:00
11:58:00
10.24
9.01
629.22
0.26
16.47
0.08
5.88
15
B
Low
Charge 2
5/2/18
12:53:00
15:27:00
15.37
10.41
1024.22
0.00
18.89
0.10
9.65
16
B
Low
Charge 3 -1
5/2/18
16:17:00
16:47:00
21.83
-0.03
1480.26
0.00
12.17
0.00
14.09
B
Low
Charge 3 - 2
5/2/18
16:50:00
18:39:00
12.62
5.36
649.25
0.00
14.38
0.05
6.09
14
B
High
Ignition
5/8/18
8:39:00
9:29:00
1.99
12.93
115.31
0.33
12.68
0.12
0.99
16
B
High
Charge 1
5/8/18
10:19:00
10:58:30
1.63
12.59
104.34
0.00
38.60
0.12
0.63
19
B
High
Charge 2
5/8/18
11:43:00
12:30:30
0.69
23.74
24.09
0.22
8.88
0.23
0.15
20
B
High
Charge 3 -1
5/8/18
13:15:00
13:35:30
1.93
37.89
118.51
0.00
9.34
0.36
1.05
20
17
-------
Stove
Burn
Rate
Test Phase
Date
Start
Time
End Time
Teflon
PM
(mg)
QF (|Ag/cm2)
EC OC
QBF (|Ag/cm2)
EC OC
Corrected
(mg)
EC OC
Grayscale
B
High
Charge 3 - 2
5/8/18
13:39:00
13:59:30
0.14
3.67
5.42
0.22
4.59
0.03
0.01
12
C
Low
Ignition
6/5/18
7:59:00
8:59:00
2.14
31.14
118.82
0.47
9.85
0.29
1.05
19
C
Low
Charge 1 -1
6/5/18
9:56:00
11:14:00
7.74
13.13
406.27
0.10
14.17
0.13
3.76
16
C
Low
Charge 1 - 2
6/5/18
11:26:00
12:57:00
0.04
0.39
28.43
0.00
7.23
0.00
0.20
6
C
Low
Charge 2 -1
6/5/18
13:42:00
14:07:00
8.99
16.24
507.22
0.00
8.90
0.16
4.78
17
C
Low
Charge 2 - 2
6/5/18
14:14:00
16:55:00
1.65
34.60
108.80
0.00
10.68
0.33
0.94
19
C
Low
Charge 3 -1
6/5/18
17:45:00
18:14:00
14.49
2.56
798.17
0.00
11.91
0.02
7.55
13
C
Low
Charge 3 - 2
6/5/18
18:20:00
18:44:00
2.94
57.91
169.45
0.00
11.28
0.56
1.52
20
C
Low
Charge 3 - 3
6/5/18
18:47:30
20:44:30
0.06
0.96
9.58
0.00
7.40
0.01
0.02
5
C
High
Ignition
6/7/18
11:01:00
12:35:00
1.05
13.19
68.40
0.00
11.48
0.13
0.55
16
C
High
Charge 1 -1
6/7/18
13:25:00
13:57:00
6.62
26.74
393.47
0.00
10.91
0.26
3.67
18
C
High
Charge 1 - 2
6/7/18
14:18:45
14:41:00
0.09
3.02
6.19
0.17
5.04
0.03
0.01
12
C
High
Charge 2 -1
6/7/18
15:26:00
15:45:00
0.61
9.71
38.51
0.00
5.88
0.09
0.31
16
c
High
Charge 2 - 2
6/7/18
15:49:00
16:36:00
0.50
21.29
22.40
0.00
6.62
0.20
0.15
19
c
High
Charge 3 -1
6/7/18
17:21:00
17:40:00
1.24
26.71
82.58
0.20
8.00
0.25
0.72
19
c
High
Charge 3 - 2
6/7/18
17:44:00
17:58:00
1.31
41.49
70.71
0.00
7.36
0.40
0.61
20
c
High
Charge 3 - 3
6/7/18
18:02:00
18:22:00
0.07
0.00
3.87
0.10
3.52
0.00
0.00
18
-------
Appendix B - Phase Parameters
Table B-ll. Test phase duration, fuel burned amounts, and burn rates
Stove
Burn Rate
Phase
Date
Start Time
End Time
Duration
(min)
Fuel Burned
(kg)
Wet Burn
Rate (kg/hr)
Fuel
Moisture
(Wet Basis)
Dry Burn
Rate (kg/hr)
A
Low
Ignition
6/26/2018
8:20
9:20
60
5.30
5.30
0.2
4.24
A
Low
Pre-charge
6/26/2018
9:20
10:11
51
1.59
1.87
0.2
1.50
A
Low
Charge 1
6/26/2018
10:11
10:54
43
4.72
6.58
0.2
5.26
A
Low
Pre-charge
6/26/2018
10:54
11:39
45
2.58
3.43
0.2
2.75
A
Low
Charge 2
6/26/2018
11:39
12:21:30
43
4.47
6.31
0.2
5.05
A
Low
Pre-charge
6/26/2018
12:21:30
13:06:30
45
3.58
4.77
0.2
3.82
A
Low
Charge 3
6/26/2018
13:06:30
13:47:30
41
4.54
6.64
0.2
5.31
A
High
Ignition
6/20/2018
9:28
10:25
57
5.57
5.87
0.2
4.69
A
High
Pre-charge
6/20/2018
10:25
11:18
53
2.39
2.70
0.2
2.16
A
High
Charge 1
6/20/2018
11:18
11:50
32
4.01
7.52
0.2
6.02
A
High
Pre-charge
6/20/2018
11:50
12:42:30
53
2.13
2.43
0.2
1.94
A
High
Charge 2
6/20/2018
12:42:30
13:08
25
3.75
8.82
0.2
7.06
A
High
Pre-charge
6/20/2018
13:08
13:54
46
1.85
2.41
0.2
1.93
A
High
Charge 3
6/20/2018
13:54
14:20
26
4.01
9.25
0.2
7.40
B
Low
Ignition
5/2/2018
8:36
9:26
50
6.06
7.27
0.15
6.18
B
Low
Pre-charge
5/2/2018
9:26
10:16
50
2.38
2.86
0.15
2.43
B
Low
Charge 1
5/2/2018
10:16
11:58
102
4.58
2.69
0.15
2.29
B
Low
Pre-charge
5/2/2018
11:58
12:53
55
1.50
1.64
0.15
1.39
B
Low
Charge 2
5/2/2018
12:53
15:27
154
4.96
1.93
0.15
1.64
B
Low
Pre-charge
5/2/2018
15:27
16:17
50
1.51
1.81
0.15
1.54
B
Low
Charge 3
5/2/2018
16:17
18:39
142
4.69
1.98
0.15
1.68
B
High
Ignition
5/8/2018
8:39
9:29
50
5.60
6.72
0.18
5.51
B
High
Pre-charge
5/8/2018
9:29
10:19:30
51
1.76
2.09
0.18
1.71
B
High
Charge 1
5/8/2018
10:19:30
10:58:30
39
5.09
7.83
0.18
6.42
B
High
Pre-charge
5/8/2018
10:58:30
11:43:30
45
1.83
2.44
0.18
2.00
19
-------
Stove
Burn Rate
Phase
Date
Start Time
End Time
Duration
(min)
Fuel Burned
(kg)
Wet Burn
Rate (kg/hr)
Fuel
Moisture
(Wet Basis)
Dry Burn
Rate (kg/hr)
B
High
Charge 2
5/8/2018
11:43:30
12:30:30
47
5.16
6.58
0.18
5.40
B
High
Pre-charge
5/8/2018
12:30:30
13:15:30
45
1.53
2.04
0.18
1.67
B
High
Charge 3
5/8/2018
13:15:30
13:59:30
44
4.98
6.79
0.18
5.57
C
Low
Ignition
6/5/2018
7:59
8:59
60
6.10
6.10
0.19
4.94
C
Low
Pre-charge
6/5/2018
8:59
9:56
57
1.77
1.86
0.19
1.51
C
Low
Charge 1
6/5/2018
9:56
12:57
181
5.58
1.85
0.19
1.50
C
Low
Pre-charge
6/5/2018
12:57
13:42
45
1.57
2.09
0.19
1.70
C
Low
Charge 2
6/5/2018
13:42
16:55
193
5.67
1.76
0.19
1.43
C
Low
Pre-charge
6/5/2018
16:55
17:45
50
1.75
2.08
0.19
1.69
C
Low
Charge 3
6/5/2018
17:45
20:44:30
179
5.60
1.88
0.19
1.52
C
High
Ignition
6/7/2018
11:01
12:35
94
6.23
3.98
0.2
3.18
C
High
Pre-charge
6/7/2018
12:35
13:18
43
1.62
2.26
0.2
1.81
C
High
Charge 1
6/7/2018
13:18
14:41
83
5.64
4.08
0.2
3.26
C
High
Pre-charge
6/7/2018
14:41
15:26
45
1.71
2.28
0.2
1.82
C
High
Charge 2
6/7/2018
15:26
16:36
70
5.55
4.76
0.2
3.81
C
High
Pre-charge
6/7/2018
16:36
17:21
45
2.09
2.79
0.2
2.23
C
High
Charge 3
6/7/2018
17:21
18:22
61
5.86
5.77
0.2
4.61
Table B-12. Test phase average temperatures and efficiencies
Stove
Burn
Rate
Phase
Temperature
Chimney (°C)
Temperature
6" (°C)
Temperature
10" (°C)
Relative
Humidity
10" (%)
Temperature
Ambient (°C)
Overall
Efficiency
(HHV
basis)
Combustion
Efficiency
(HHV basis)
Heat
Transfer
Efficiency
(HHV
basis)
Output
Rate
(kJ/hr)
Input
Rate
(kJ/hr)
A
Low
Ignition
171.0
82.4
28.5
45.3
23.1
43.03%
96.82%
44.44%
38,403
89,250
A
Low
Pre-charge
157.2
81.4
28.3
43.3
23.3
A
Low
Charge 1
289.1
74.4
28.3
50.7
25.6
44.53%
97.67%
45.59%
77,377
173,754
A
Low
Pre-charge
277.3
128.7
34.3
33.2
27.1
A
Low
Charge 2
296.9
82.3
29.8
45.8
27.2
48.13%
98.41%
48.91%
84,408
175,360
A
Low
Pre-charge
273.2
126.6
34.0
33.3
27.6
20
-------
Stove
Burn
Rate
Phase
Temperature
Chimney (°C)
Temperature
6" (°C)
Temperature
10" (°C)
Relative
Humidity
10" (%)
Temperature
Ambient (°C)
Overall
Efficiency
(HHV
basis)
Combustion
Efficiency
(HHV basis)
Heat
Transfer
Efficiency
(HHV
basis)
Output
Rate
(kJ/hr)
Input
Rate
(kJ/hr)
A
Low
Charge 3
288.2
79.2
29.3
49.1
26.9
48.51%
98.87%
49.06%
96,673
199,296
A
High
Ignition
239.4
119.7
32.2
38.1
23.9
37.39%
96.86%
38.60%
32,834
87,819
A
High
Pre-charge
204.5
98.9
30.7
35.8
25.1
A
High
Charge 1
350.0
164.8
37.9
30.8
26.5
38.80%
97.36%
39.85%
66,698
171,907
A
High
Pre-charge
189.0
99.8
31.7
32.8
26.7
A
High
Charge 2
363.2
158.5
37.4
34.1
26.5
42.86%
98.19%
43.65%
74,361
173,496
A
High
Pre-charge
204.3
103.4
32.4
31.4
27.4
A
High
Charge 3
352.8
150.7
36.6
34.5
26.7
43.27%
98.72%
43.83%
85,325
197,178
B
Low
Ignition
245.5
63.0
27.6
44.0
23.3
60.67%
95.67%
63.42%
53,386
87,988
B
Low
Pre-charge
220.4
49.4
26.5
41.6
26.3
B
Low
Charge 1
200.0
42.1
25.5
45.2
26.6
65.87%
92.62%
71.12%
27,074
41,104
B
Low
Pre-charge
181.9
39.4
25.0
45.0
25.7
B
Low
Charge 2
170.9
38.2
25.3
41.5
26.4
66.26%
91.12%
72.71%
19,397
29,274
B
Low
Pre-charge
175.8
38.2
25.1
37.5
26.0
B
Low
Charge 3
153.6
36.1
24.6
36.4
25.7
59.46%
82.60%
71.98%
17,973
30,230
B
High
Ignition
319.1
73.4
28.6
47.4
24.6
64.55%
94.72%
68.15%
59,746
92,554
B
High
Pre-charge
188.6
44.0
25.6
44.8
26.3
B
High
Charge 1
431.9
96.3
32.1
40.3
28.7
61.75%
93.00%
66.40%
76,006
123,077
B
High
Pre-charge
231.0
50.4
26.9
40.6
28.9
B
High
Charge 2
433.6
92.5
32.0
36.4
30.7
64.74%
97.81%
66.19%
67,957
104,976
B
High
Pre-charge
237.4
51.7
27.2
36.2
29.7
B
High
Charge 3
432.7
93.7
31.9
34.8
29.8
58.25%
88.74%
65.64%
61,607
105,767
C
Low
Ignition
295.8
64.2
27.1
47.7
25.0
66.90%
96.18%
69.56%
63,215
94,488
C
Low
Pre-charge
210.1
43.9
25.0
47.8
26.2
C
Low
Charge 1
160.9
35.0
23.6
49.9
25.8
73.98%
95.06%
77.83%
20,573
27,809
C
Low
Pre-charge
214.6
41.8
24.4
46.7
25.9
C
Low
Charge 2
156.7
35.3
23.6
47.7
26.2
72.00%
92.60%
77.75%
19,602
27,223
C
Low
Pre-charge
215.6
43.4
24.4
47.1
25.4
21
-------
Stove
Burn
Rate
Phase
Temperature
Chimney (°C)
Temperature
6" (°C)
Temperature
10" (°C)
Relative
Humidity
10" (%)
Temperature
Ambient (°C)
Overall
Efficiency
(HHV
basis)
Combustion
Efficiency
(HHV basis)
Heat
Transfer
Efficiency
(HHV
basis)
Output
Rate
(kJ/hr)
Input
Rate
(kJ/hr)
C
Low
Charge 3
151.3
35.0
23.5
48.4
26.0
69.74%
89.76%
77.69%
20,203
28,970
C
High
Ignition
236.2
49.7
25.2
49.2
24.4
71.60%
97.33%
73.56%
41,762
58,327
c
High
Pre-charge
190.8
42.1
24.3
47.8
24.4
c
High
Charge 1
292.6
59.6
26.8
45.8
26.0
67.36%
95.07%
70.86%
46,765
69,422
c
High
Pre-charge
248.9
51.7
26.1
43.8
26.1
c
High
Charge 2
342.9
69.5
28.5
42.4
28.4
64.43%
94.44%
68.22%
48,070
74,609
c
High
Pre-charge
271.8
55.4
26.7
43.2
27.7
c
High
Charge 3
356.4
73.4
28.9
42.3
29.1
63.14%
89.74%
70.36%
59,631
94,442
22
-------
Appendix C - Phase Concentrations
Table C-13. Gas Phase Pollutant Concentrations
Stove
Burn
Rate
Phase
Chimney
C02 (%)
Chimney
CO (%)
CO 6"
(ppm)
THC 6"
(ppm)
CH4 6"
(ppm)
COz 10"
(ppm)
A
Low
Ignition
2.09
0.158
921.5
503.4
124.1
1961*
A
Low
Pre-charge
1.58
0.127
810.1
439.5
110.5
1735
A
Low
Charge 1
10.48
0.597
1401.6
655.8
164.8
3522
A
Low
Pre-charge
3.25
0.193
1377.1
168.2
50.6
3103
A
Low
Charge 2
10.35
0.688
1661.3
657.1*
193.4
3500
A
Low
Pre-charge
3.26
0.159
1086.1
179.2
46.0
3011
A
Low
Charge 3
10.23
0.445
1075.7
526.0
122.5
3485
A
High
Ignition
3.00
0.193
1515.7
542.1
133.6
3215*
A
High
Pre-charge
2.23
0.158
958.7
391.2
89.2
2109
A
High
Charge 1
4.84
0.219
1854.1
426.6*
100.7
4900
A
High
Pre-charge
1.53
0.126
753.2
394.1
90.8
1623
A
High
Charge 2
5.47
0.178
1527.2
360.1
93.1
5232
A
High
Pre-charge
1.81
0.126
671.6
283.3
61.6
1709
A
High
Charge 3
5.28
0.140
1136.4
256.6
66.4
5088*
A
Low
Ignition
2.09
0.158
921.5
503.4
124.1
1961*
B
Low
Ignition
6.57
0.326
771.8
46.9
15.3
2583
B
Low
Pre-charge
7.61
0.420
453.6
43.9
21.6
1722
B
Low
Charge 1
7.89
0.606
589.0
36.8
15.3
1558
B
Low
Pre-charge
6.85
0.552
549.2
69.2
34.5
1448
B
Low
Charge 2
7.17
0.654
568.6
28.3
11.2
1368
B
Low
Pre-charge
7.12
0.532
522.3
44.1
19.1
1455
B
Low
Charge 3
6.27
0.998
883.4
77.8
29.7
1233
B
High
Ignition
9.99
0.616
566.7
25.5
10.5
3255
B
High
Pre-charge
6.46
1.057
440.8
41.6
16.9
1369
23
-------
Stove
Burn
Rate
Phase
Chimney
C02 (%)
Chimney CO 6"
CO (%) (ppm)
THC 6"
(ppm)
CH4 6"
(ppm)
COz 10"
(ppm)
B
High
Charge 1
14.16
1.281
1241.9
29.5
15.3
4219
B
High
Pre-charge
8.76
0.912
382.8
24.0
8.4
1694
B
High
Charge 2
13.74
0.413
352.3
7.9
5.9
4005
B
High
Pre-charge
8.57
1.042
450.7
23.3
8.5
1714
B
High
Charge 3
13.77
1.992
2270.1
136.8
59.1
4060
C
Low
Ignition
10.20
0.371
874.8*
180.8
24.6
2882
C
Low
Pre-charge
8.36
0.175
203.8
27.5
8.3
1652
C
Low
Charge 1
9.46
0.698
480.5
77.3
12.4
1379
C
Low
Pre-charge
8.89
0.304
349.0
46.5
8.4
1750
C
Low
Charge 2
9.24
1.003
705.1
93.6
16.1
1347
C
Low
Pre-charge
7.90
0.204
267.0
22.9
6.0
1737
C
Low
Charge 3
9.07
1.189
871.0
120.6
21.3
1334
C
High
Ignition
9.25
0.315
403.1
132.4
33.1
2127
C
High
Pre-charge
8.45
0.249
196.8
57.4
19.8
1560
C
High
Charge 1
11.33
0.680
867.8
290.4
60.1
2525
C
High
Pre-charge
9.13
0.198
207.0
26.4
9.4
1935
C
High
Charge 2
13.18
0.738
1120.9
188.1
58.0
3012
C
High
Pre-charge
10.38
0.322
397.8
55.0
18.7
2232
C
High
Charge 3
14.14
1.615
2419.7*
517.9*
205.5*
3286*
Concentration was over range during part of the test phase.
Table C-14. Light Absorbing PM Pollutant Concentrations
Stove
Burn
Rate
Phase
AE22 AE22 AE33 AE33
BC UV BC7 BC6
(jig/m3) (jig/m3) (jig/m3) (jig/m3)
AE33
BC5
(jig/m3)
AE33
BC4
(M-g/m3)
AE33
BC3
(H-g/m3)
AE33
BC2
(H-g/m3)
AE33
BC1
(H-g/m3)
MA350
BC IR
(H-g/m3)
MA350
BC Red
(M-g/m3)
MA350
BC
Green
(M-g/m3)
MA350
BC
Blue
(M-g/m3)
MA350
BC UV
(M-g/m3)
A
Low
Ignition
25.91
36.23
21.57 21.48
24.48
27.02
30.85
35.38
49.24
17.18
22.07
26.80
31.27
41.43
A
Low
Pre-charge
12.70
23.96
6.87 6.97
10.64
13.04
16.12
20.05
32.46
7.41
11.73
15.97
19.74
28.03
A
Low
Charge 1
41.92
58.17
36.74 36.79
47.92
54.35
60.69
69.18
80.75
32.53
44.41
51.97
59.87
67.78
A
Low
Pre-charge
10.70
14.99
5.04 5.07
7.18
8.58
10.31
12.59
17.00
6.21
8.26
9.92
11.41
13.60
24
-------
Stove
Burn
Rate
Phase
AE22
BC
(Hg/m3)
AE22
UV
(Hg/m3)
AE33
BC7
(Hg/m3)
AE33
BC6
(Hg/m3)
AE33
BC5
(Hg/m3)
AE33
BC4
(M-g/m3)
AE33
BC3
(Hg/m3)
AE33
BC2
(M-g/m3)
AE33
BC1
(Hg/m3)
MA350
BC IR
(Hg/m3)
MA350
BC Red
(Hg/m3)
MA350
BC
Green
(Hg/m3)
MA350
BC
Blue
(M-g/m3)
MA350
BC UV
(M-g/m3)
A
Low
Charge 2
38.81
46.59
30.40
30.50
39.94
44.79
49.17
55.47
61.87
31.65
40.53
46.11
52.01
56.33
A
Low
Pre-charge
8.92
11.26
8.23
8.18
10.26
11.50
12.80
14.46
17.26
7.81
9.91
11.63
13.30
15.99
A
Low
Charge 3
36.69
45.95
27.80
27.77
35.86
40.37
44.93
51.57
62.83
29.03
37.52
43.43
49.85
56.87
A
High
Ignition
32.67
48.62
23.84
23.73
31.91
37.02
42.68
49.26
66.98
22.63
32.05
40.22
47.42
59.50
A
High
Pre-charge
13.47
26.12
8.56
8.57
12.76
15.54
19.44
23.83
39.36
8.66
13.16
18.50
23.14
35.08
A
High
Charge 1
34.06
52.60
27.85
27.78
37.56
43.27
50.18
59.09
80.89
29.72
40.68
49.68
58.39
72.61
A
High
Pre-charge
17.56
31.20
12.09
12.02
15.66
18.14
21.72
26.07
45.46
12.69
16.70
21.27
25.77
39.29
A
High
Charge 2
48.85
56.41
31.85
31.50
39.13
43.74
49.16
54.98
65.89
39.12
50.26
58.31
64.38
68.51
A
High
Pre-charge
12.77
21.47
13.18
12.91
15.74
17.58
20.10
22.49
32.17
12.53
15.86
18.64
20.95
26.17
A
High
Charge 3
42.20
45.69
37.08
36.63
43.56
47.40
50.91
55.46
59.82
34.03
41.95
47.23
52.55
58.28
B
Low
Ignition
66.99
112.14
34.15
34.73
46.37
51.47
69.63
91.15
160.50
B
Low
Pre-charge
7.07
13.29
2.51
2.57
3.42
4.39
6.14
8.74
17.00
B
Low
Charge 1
9.86
24.18
3.72
3.83
5.11
6.27
7.87
11.81
35.09
B
Low
Pre-charge
6.79
18.90
1.19
1.35
2.59
3.61
4.89
7.92
18.30
B
Low
Charge 2
10.54
26.44
3.98
4.04
5.02
5.92
7.04
10.12
32.22
B
Low
Pre-charge
10.71
29.97
2.19
2.38
4.10
5.53
8.10
12.17
30.76
B
Low
Charge 3
13.72
42.41
5.55
5.60
7.31
9.40
13.16
21.81
70.37
B
High
Ignition
37.22
53.97
17.58
18.04
22.05
24.23
27.77
33.51
47.97
32.41
40.79
47.60
54.74
69.55
B
High
Pre-charge
6.53
14.01
2.06
2.17
3.42
4.38
5.44
7.56
12.99
4.29
6.81
9.29
11.83
16.56
B
High
Charge 1
83.83
81.10
46.21
45.80
54.68
58.31
64.47
70.94
82.50
101.78
116.52
124.68
132.89
136.40
B
High
Pre-charge
2.72
5.01
1.15
1.17
1.73
2.07
2.63
3.56
4.97
1.69
2.40
3.14
3.97
5.65
B
High
Charge 2
44.76
40.55
35.61
34.74
45.88
48.06
58.83
63.07
64.79
56.49
65.54
69.34
73.36
72.66
B
High
Pre-charge
5.53
7.64
3.43
3.50
4.32
4.98
5.65
6.96
8.61
5.13
6.60
7.64
8.92
10.93
B
High
Charge 3
110.28
124.57
66.44
65.92
88.70
97.56
116.69
131.56
144.62
151.98
178.66
199.66
226.54
228.41
C
Low
Ignition
20.02
38.90
23.61
23.77
30.55
34.63
37.95
42.56
51.09
37.59
47.79
55.02
62.04
69.09
C
Low
Pre-charge
4.81
6.22
6.53
6.47
7.56
8.10
8.49
9.06
9.42
6.49
7.22
7.74
8.18
8.12
C
Low
Charge 1
4.91
12.11
6.88
6.79
8.11
8.95
9.85
11.45
19.59
7.30
8.54
9.43
10.30
13.06
C
Low
Pre-charge
6.20
12.30
6.75
6.71
8.74
10.13
11.73
14.02
21.91
7.22
9.35
11.11
12.85
16.15
C
Low
Charge 2
14.62
24.43
20.16
19.97
24.40
26.87
28.85
31.88
40.79
21.32
25.32
27.23
29.47
32.19
25
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Stove
Burn
Rate
Phase
AE22
BC
(Hg/m3)
AE22
UV
(Hg/m3)
AE33
BC7
(Hg/m3)
AE33
BC6
(Hg/m3)
AE33
BC5
(Hg/m3)
AE33
BC4
(Hg/m3)
AE33
BC3
(H-g/m3)
AE33
BC2
(H-g/m3)
AE33
BC1
(H-g/m3)
MA350
BC IR
(H-g/m3)
MA350
BC Red
(Hg/m3)
MA350
BC
Green
(Hg/m3)
MA350
BC
Blue
(M-g/m3)
MA350
BC UV
(M-g/m3)
C
Low
Pre-charge
8.22
13.07
10.52
10.39
12.30
13.51
14.77
16.46
22.33
10.45
11.88
13.08
14.11
16.06
C
Low
Charge 3
22.25
35.00
31.81
31.49
37.69
41.03
43.68
47.53
61.39
40.51
45.71
47.48
50.07
52.40
c
High
Ignition
11.64
16.34
7.64
7.66
9.73
10.86
11.97
13.78
18.54
7.56
10.75
13.02
15.20
18.63
c
High
Pre-charge
4.40
4.09
4.06
3.97
4.21
4.33
4.34
4.33
5.07
4.48
5.76
6.51
7.24
8.07
c
High
Charge 1
46.46
61.25
35.12
34.54
39.19
43.47
47.69
53.81
67.43
44.02
52.06
57.06
62.78
69.59
c
High
Pre-charge
8.76
7.52
12.24
11.96
13.36
14.34
15.05
15.90
16.05
10.61
11.28
11.68
12.16
12.01
c
High
Charge 2
34.07
34.90
29.60
29.25
34.75
37.82
40.35
43.72
47.56
30.70
34.91
37.58
40.39
41.48
c
High
Pre-charge
19.50
17.95
21.41
21.03
23.88
25.38
26.25
27.35
26.37
19.73
22.52
24.10
25.67
25.88
c
High
Charge 3
42.77
46.26
52.43
51.99
63.17
69.30
74.26
80.20
82.39
51.80
61.63
67.42
73.26
74.62
26
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Appendix D - Emission Factors
Table D-15. Gas Phase Pollutant Emission Factors
Stove
Burn
Rate
Phase
Modified
Combustion
Efficiency
C02 10"
(g/kg)
CO 10"
(g/kg)
THC 10"
(g/kg)
CH410"
(g/kg)
PM (g/kg)
A
Low
Ignition
0.954
1621.2
77.8
69.2
6.1
4.949
A
Low
Charge 1
0.965
1677.0
60.6
46.0
4.1
4.750
A
Low
Charge 2
0.959
1658.1
71.6
45.8
4.8
3.018
A
Low
Charge 3
0.973
1708.2
47.7
38.0
3.1
3.482
A
High
Ignition
0.959
1668.0
71.4
40.5
3.5
4.210
A
High
Charge 1
0.968
1717.6
56.0
20.6
1.7
3.097
A
High
Charge 2
0.976
1741.6
43.6
16.3
1.5
2.188
A
High
Charge 3
0.981
1762.3
33.9
12.1
1.1
1.964
B
Low
Ignition
0.968
1733.4
58.2
5.0
0.6
8.994
B
Low
Charge 1
0.953
1691.2
83.3
7.1
1.0
14.588
B
Low
Charge 2
0.946
1672.6
96.1
6.2
0.8
17.316
B
Low
Charge 3
0.905
1548.8
161.8
21.1
2.9
48.820
B
High
Ignition
0.982
1776.9
32.6
2.3
0.3
2.430
B
High
Charge 1
0.971
1746.5
51.8
2.0
0.4
1.889
B
High
Charge 2
0.991
1804.9
16.2
0.6
0.2
0.722
B
High
Charge 3
0.947
1669.4
94.2
9.1
1.4
1.887
C
Low
Ignition
0.970
1726.9
54.0
17.3
0.7
2.425
C
Low
Charge 1
0.956
1688.2
78.0
18.3
0.8
6.213
C
Low
Charge 2
0.935
1625.3
113.8
22.4
1.1
8.185
C
Low
Charge 3
0.919
1577.5
138.3
29.0
1.6
27.938
C
High
Ignition
0.980
1752.0
36.6
18.1
1.5
1.078
C
High
Charge 1
0.965
1695.6
61.4
32.1
2.3
10.588
C
High
Charge 2
0.964
1707.8
64.5
16.7
1.8
1.050
C
High
Charge 3
0.932
1588.2
116.7
39.4
5.6
2.169
27
-------
Table D-16. Light Absorbing PM Pollutant Emission Factors
BC BC BC
Protocol Protocol Protocol Semi- Semi- Semi- Filter Semi-
Burn BC EC OC PM EC OC Continuous Continuous Continuous TC Continuou
Stove Rate Phase (g/kg) (g/kg) (g/kg) (g/kg) (g/kg) (g/kg) EC(g/kg) OC(g/kg) BC(g/kg) (g/kg) TC(g/kg)
A Low Ignition 0.833 0.320 2.682 8.470 1.014 4.978 1.401 2.215 1.580 3.002 3.616
A Low Charge 1 0.747 0.443 2.327 4.636 0.738 2.522 0.798 1.979 0.650 2.770 2.777
A Low Charge 2 0.708 0.537 1.564 3.447 0.936 1.905 0.592 1.627 0.472 2.101 2.218
A Low Charge 3 0.705 0.540 1.895 3.502 0.808 2.041 0.709 1.600 0.564 2.435 2.309
A High Ignition 0.543 0.329 2.041 5.590 0.653 3.084 0.499 1.324 0.538 2.370 1.824
A High Charge 1 0.371 0.238 1.349 2.923 0.348 1.466 0.252 1.728 0.325 1.587 1.980
A High Charge 2 0.500 0.274 0.829 2.134 0.381 0.954 0.386 1.234 0.447 1.104 1.620
A High Charge 3 0.451 0.271 0.601 1.982 0.383 0.742 0.216 0.676 0.222 0.872 0.892
B Low Ignition 0.238 0.351 5.143 6.833 0.463 4.297 0.430 2.857 0.348 5.494 3.287
B Low Charge 1 0.049 0.120 8.396 12.535 0.233 7.925 0.154 5.383 0.095 8.516 5.537
B Low Charge 2 0.062 0.113 10.898 17.563 0.269 11.959 0.240 4.470 0.082 11.011 4.710
B Low Charge 3 0.093 0.069 28.528 31.647 0.221 18.794 0.288 8.467 0.095 28.598 8.755
B High Ignition 0.230 0.148 1.206 2.109 0.207 1.179 0.174 1.926 0.136 1.354 2.100
B High Charge 1 0.381 0.141 0.732 1.677 0.194 0.763 0.154 0.765 0.085 0.873 0.918
B High Charge 2 0.224 0.239 0.151 0.831 0.332 0.227 0.294 0.147 0.123 0.390 0.441
B High Charge 3 0.500 0.374 0.901 1.808 0.494 0.774 0.218 0.404 0.098 1.275 0.621
C Low Ignition 0.323 0.335 1.186 2.564 0.496 1.416 0.615 3.020 0.686 1.521 3.635
C Low Charge 1 0.235 0.105 3.292 5.041 0.196 3.746 0.178 4.500 0.133 3.397 4.679
C Low Charge 2 0.701 0.460 4.439 7.775 0.981 4.733 0.542 4.953 0.380 4.899 5.495
C Low Charge 3 1.096 0.288 14.570 10.584 0.385 6.090 1.107 7.235 0.566 14.858 8.342
C High Ignition 0.143 0.129 0.555 1.518 0.261 0.875 0.169 0.880 0.150 0.684 1.048
C High Charge 1 0.489 0.450 5.828 8.055 0.674 4.764 0.891 2.829 0.529 6.278 3.720
C High Charge 2 0.396 0.293 0.433 1.617 0.616 0.721 0.425 0.707 0.306 0.726 1.132
C High Charge 3 1.597 0.529 1.073 2.646 0.711 1.243 1.329 1.117 0.862 1.602 2.446
28
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&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
PRESORTED
STANDARD POSTAGE
& FEES PAID EPA
PERMIT NO. G-35
Office of Research and
Development (8101R)
Washington, DC 20460
Offal Business
Penalty for Private Use
$300
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