U.S. EPA Toxics Release Inventory
Reporting Year 2008 National Analysis
Summary of Key Findings
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Information Analysis and Access
Washington, DC
December 2009

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Table of Contents
I.	Background Information	1
A.	U. S. EPA TRI Program	1
B.	Time Period for the TRI 2008 National Analysis	1
C.	Recent Changes to Reporting Requirements	1
II.	Methodology for TRI Analysis	2
III.	Overview of the TRI 2008 Data	3
A.	What was reported for 2008?	3
1.	Total Disposal or Other Releases	3
2.	Total Production-related Waste Managed	4
B.	How do 2008 TRI data compare to years past?	5
1.	Total Disposal or Other Releases	5
2.	Total Production-related Waste Managed	8
IV.	A Closer Look at Facilities of Interest	11
A.	Which facilities had the largest disposal or other releases in 2008?	11
B.	Federal Facilities	13
V.	A Closer Look at Chemicals of Interest	13
A.	Persistent Bioaccumulative Toxic (PBT) Chemicals	13
1.	What was reported for 2008?	14
a)	Total Disposal or Other Releases	14
b)	Total Production-related Waste Managed	14
2.	How do 2008 PBT data compare to years past?	15
a)	Total Disposal or Other Releases	15
b)	Total Production-related Waste Managed	16
3.	Lead and Lead Compounds	17
a)	What was reported for 2008?	17
b)	How do lead and lead compounds data compare to years past?	18
4.	Mercury And Mercury Compounds	20
a)	What was reported for 2008?	20
b)	How do mercury and mercury compounds data compare to years past?	22
5.	Dioxin and Dioxin-Like Compounds	24
a)	What was reported for 2008?	24
b)	How do dioxin and dioxin-like compounds data compare to years past?	25
c)	Dioxin TEQs	26
B.	Carcinogens	28
1.	What was reported for 2008?	28
2.	How do the carcinogen data compare to years past?	30
C.	TRI Chemical Hazard	31
1.	RSEI Toxicity Weighting for TRI Chemicals	32
2.	RSEI Cancer Toxicity Weighting	32
a)	What are the results for 2008?	32
b)	What were the changes in toxicity weighted pounds from 2007 to 2008 and from 2001
to 2008?	33
3.	RSEI Non-Cancer Toxicity Weighting	34
a)	What are the results for 2008?	34
b)	What were the changes in toxicity weighted pounds from 2007 to 2008 and from 2001
to 2008?	36
VI.	TRI Data, 1988-2008	 37
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List of Tables
Table 1. Average per Facility, 2001, 2007 and 2009	 13
Table 2. Dioxin and Dioxin-like Compounds and their Toxic Equivalency Factors	27
List of Figures
Figure 1. TRI Disposal or Other Releases, 2008	3
Figure 2. Production-related Waste Managed, 2008 	5
Figure 3. On- and Off-site Disposal or Other Releases, 2001-2008	6
Figure 4. Total Disposal or Other Releases, by Industry, 2001-2008	7
Figure 5. Production-related Waste Managed, 2001-2008	8
Figure 6. Percent Change in Total Production-related Waste and Production Index, 2001-2008:
Manufacturing Sector	10
Figure 7. Percent Change in Total Production-related Waste Managed and Production Index, 2001-
2008: Metal Mining	10
Figure 8. Percent Change in Total Production-related Waste and Production Index, 2001-2008:
Electric Utilities	11
Figure 9. Total Disposal or Other Releases, 2008: PBT Chemicals	14
Figure 10. Total Production-related Waste Managed, 2008: PBT Chemicals	15
Figure 11. Total Disposal or Other Releases, by Chemical, 2001-2008: PBT Chemicals	16
Figure 12. Total Production-related Waste Managed, by Chemical, 2001-2008: PBT Chemicals. 16
Figure 13. Disposal or Other Releases, 2008: Lead and Lead Compounds	17
Figure 14. Production-related Waste Managed, 2008: Lead and Lead Compounds	18
Figure 15. Disposal or Other Releases, by Industry, 2007-2008: Lead and Lead Compounds	19
Figure 16. Disposal or Other Releases, 2001-2008: Lead and Lead Compounds	20
Figure 17. Disposal or Other Releases, 2008: Mercury and Mercury Compounds	20
Figure 18. Production-related Waste Managed, 2008: Mercury and Mercury Compounds	21
Figure 19. Disposal or Other Releases, by Industry, 2007-2008: Mercury and Mercury Compounds
	22
Figure 20. Disposal or Other Releases, 2001-2008: Mercury and Mercury Compounds	23
Figure 21. Disposal or Other Releases, 2001-2008: Mercury and Mercury Compounds	23
Figure 22. Disposal or Other Releases, 2008: Dioxin and Dioxin-like Compounds	24
Figure 23. Production-related Waste Managed, 2008: Dioxin and Dioxin-like Compounds	25
Figure 24. Total Disposal or Other Releases and Air Releases, 2001-2008: Dioxin and Dioxin-like
Compounds	26
Figure 25. Total Disposal or Other Releases of Dioxin and Dioxin-like Compounds, by Industry,
2008: Grams and Grams-TEQ	28
Figure 26. Disposal or Other Releases, 2008: Carcinogens	29
Figure 27. Production-related Waste Managed, 2008: Carcinogens	30
Figure 28. Total Disposal or Other Releases, by Chemical, 2007-2008: Carcinogens	30
Figure 29. Number of TRI Chemicals with RSEI Toxicity Weights, 2008	 32
Figure 30. Disposal or Other Releases for TRI Chemicals with RSEI Cancer Toxicity Weights,
2008	 33
Figure 31. Total Disposal or Other Releases, by Chemical, 2001-2008: TRI Chemicals with RSEI
Cancer Toxicity Weights	34
Figure 32. Disposal or Other Releases for TRI Chemicals with RSEI Non-Cancer Toxicity
Weights, 2008	 35
Figure 33. Total Disposal or Other Releases, 2001-2008: TRI Chemicals with RSEI Non-Cancer
Toxicity Weights	36
Figure 34. Total Disposal or Other Releases and Number of Facilities, 1988-2008	 37
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U.S. EPA Toxics Release Inventory
Reporting Year 2008 National Analysis
Summary of Key Findings
I. Background Information
A.	U.S. EPA TRI Program
The United States (U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Toxics Release Inventory (TRI)
program collects information on disposal or other releases (and other waste management activities)
for over 650 chemicals from industrial sources in all 50 states and the U.S. territories. The
information has been collected annually since 1988. For 2008, the latest year for which data are
available, disposal or other releases of TRI chemicals totaled almost 3.9 billion pounds from
almost 21,700 U.S. facilities submitting approximately 83,600 chemical forms.
The 2008 TRI data are now available online in a searchable, sortable format at
www.epa.gov/triexpiorer. We invite you to visit our web site and explore the data to learn more
about toxic chemical releases and waste management activities across the U.S. by state, county or
even zip code - and more! Summary tables are also available in a separate document as part of
this TRI 2008 National Analysis (available at www.epa.gov/tri/tridata/tri08/national analvsis/index.htm").
Please read Background on TRI Data Collection (available at
www.epa.gov/tri/tridata/tri07/pdr/back:ground2009.pdf) prior to reviewing these key findings, as
that document explains the kinds of data collected under TRI and helps with data analysis and
interpretation. The following information reflects the TRI data as of December 2009.
B.	Time Period for the TRI 2008 National Analysis
The time period covered for this year's data release is January 1 to December 31, 2008. These
2008 data were reported to EPA by July 1, 2008. They were released to the public on a form-by-
form basis in September 2009, and were released to the public in a consolidated format with
summary analysis in December 2009. Data for previous years back to 1988 are also available.
C.	Recent Changes to Reporting Requirements
There were two reporting change for the 2008 data. Beginning with Reporting Year 2008, facilities
that file reports for the dioxin and dioxin-like compounds category may also need to file a Form R
Schedule 1. The Form R Schedule 1 is a four-page form which includes chemical-specific
information for each type of disposal or other release as well as the waste managed data (Form R,
Sections 5, 6, and 8 (current year only)). The Form R Schedule 1 requires the reporting of the
individual grams data for each member of the dioxin and dioxin-like compounds category and is
submitted as an adjunct to the Form R. Facilities that have any of the information required by
Form R Schedule 1 must submit a Form R Schedule 1 in addition to the Form R. Using the
reported grams data, Toxic Equivalency (TEQ) total values can be calculated for each of the
reported media. TEQ total values are calculated by multiplying the grams data for each reported
member of the media type by its Toxic Equivalency Factor (TEF) value and then summing the
results.
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The second reporting change occurred when the 2009 Omnibus Appropriations Act returned TRI
reporting requirements back to the rules in effect prior to December 22, 2006. The change requires
that all reports on persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) chemicals be submitted on the
Form R, the more detailed form. For all other chemicals the shorter form, Form A, may be used
only if the "annual reporting amount" is 500 pounds or less and that the chemical was
manufactured, processed or otherwise used in an amount not exceeding 1 million pounds during
the reporting year.
In addition, beginning with the 2006 data, facilities were required to submit appropriate 2007
North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) designations for their facility rather than
the 1987 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codes previously used (71 Federal Register
32464 June 6, 2007, see www.epa.gOY/tri/lawsandregs/naic/). To do trends analysis, EPA has
assigned NAICS codes to data for years prior to 2006. The assignments were done based on the
NAICS code reported by the facility for 2006 or 2007 or, if not available, the SIC code was
translated to the NAICS code, where possible.
II. Methodology for TRI Analysis
EPA takes the data submitted by facilities, conducts extensive quality assurance reviews and
compiles the data into two databases:
•	Total Disposal or other Releases, and
•	Production-Related Waste Managed
Total disposal or other releases addresses the amount of chemicals disposed of or released on-site
and off-site during the year and is based on the definition of release in Section 329 of the
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA). "Disposal or other releases"
represent a wide range of management methods, from highly controlled disposal, such as in
hazardous waste landfills, to uncontrolled releases due to accidental leaks or spills. Generally,
when EPA analyzes the data on total disposal or other releases, the focus is on final disposition or
release of TRI chemicals. The data used in such analyses come from Sections 5 and 6 of the TRI
Reporting Form R1. Such analyses do not include amounts that are reported as transferred to
other TRIfacilities. Receiving TRI facilities (i.e. facilities that report to TRI and also accept wastes
from other TRI-reporting facilities) report these amounts as on-site disposal or other releases. EPA
only counts the on-site disposal or other release to avoid double counting the amount disposed of
or released during the year.
Production-Related Waste Managed addresses the entire amount of waste generated during normal
production processes and how it was managed. The Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 (PPA)
requires facilities to report information about the quantities of TRI chemicals they manage in
waste, both on-and off-site, including amounts reported as recycled, burned for energy recovery,
treated, as well as waste that is disposed, or otherwise released. While Total Disposal or other
Releases focuses on the ultimate disposition of a chemical, Production-related Waste Managed
focuses on waste management and counts a waste as many times as it is managed during the year.
It does not include non-production related releases, which include releases due to natural disasters,
accidentally leaks or other one-time occurrences that are not part of the routine production process.
The data used in this analysis come from Section 8 of the TRI Reporting Form R. These data allow
1 TRI reporting Form R can be viewed at www.epa.gov/tri/report/index.htm#forms
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tracking of progress in reducing waste generation and movement towards preferred methods of
waste management, called the waste management hierarchy.
The waste management hierarchy indicates that source reduction (i.e., preventing the creation of
waste) is the preferred approach, followed by recycling. Waste that cannot be prevented or
recycled can be used for energy recovery or treated. Disposal or other releases is the least
preferred.
III. Overview of the TRI2008 Data
A. What was reported for 2008?
1. Total Disposal or Other Releases
Almost 3.9 billion pounds were disposed of or otherwise released in 2008 by facilities that are
required to report to EPA under EPCRA Section 313. Most of the chemicals are managed on-site
(Figure 1).
Figure 1. TRI Disposal or Other Releases, 2008
TRI Disposal or Other Releases, 2008

3.86 billion pounds

On-site Air

Releases

30%

On-site Surface
Total Off-site
Water
Disposal or
/ /A Discharges
Other Releases
( / \ 6%
13% j


Mf On- site





5%

On-site Land

Disposal or

Other Releases

46%
• 87% (3.37 billion pounds) was disposed of or otherwise released on-site, including
~	30% (1.14 billion pounds) as air emissions
~	6% (247 million pounds) as surface water discharges
~	5% (187 million pounds) in on-site underground injection wells, including
-	4% (169 million pounds) in Class I Wells and
-	0.5% (18 million pounds) in Class II-V Wells
~	46% (1.80 billion pounds) as land disposal or other releases, including
-	3% (123 million pounds) in RCRA Subtitle C landfills,
8% (291 million pounds) in other on-site landfills,
-	0.1% (4.2 million pounds) in RCRA Subtitle C surface impoundments,
19% (732 million pounds) in other surface impoundments, and
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16% (622 million pounds) in other land disposal (such as waste piles, spills or
leaks)
• 13% (489 million pounds) was sent off-site for disposal or other releases, including
~	10%) (383 million pounds) to land disposal or other releases, including
-	2% (64 million pounds) to RCRA Subtitle C landfills,
-	7% (259 million pounds) to other landfills, and
1% (46 million pounds) to other land disposal (such as waste piles, spills or leaks)
~	less than 0.1% (3.6 million pounds) of metals and metal compounds for wastewater
treatment, and
~	2% (93 million pounds) of other types of transfers, including
1% (47 million pounds) of metals and metal compounds sent for solidification
and/or stabilization, and
-	0.5% (20 million pounds) transferred to waste brokers for disposal.
Over 15% of total disposal or other releases were in on-site Class I wells,
RCRA Subtitle C and other landfills and almost 9% were in off-site Class I
wells, RCRA Subtitle C and other landfills. These facilities may limit
contamination and human exposure by using engineering controls. For
example, disposal of harmful materials in Class I Underground Injection wells
located in isolated formations beneath the lowermost underground source of
drinking water limits potential for contamination. Similarly, disposal to
landfills that are designed with liners, covers, leak detection systems, and
groundwater monitoring systems also limits the potential for human exposure
and contamination.
2. Total Production-related Waste Managed
Almost 22.6 billion pounds of production-related waste were managed by TRI facilities in 2008.
The quantities of TRI chemicals are reported by the management method used. The waste
management hierarchy establishes that once the waste is generated the preferred management
methods are recycling, followed by burned for energy recovery, treatment and, as a last resort,
disposal or otherwise released. (Figure 2)
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Figure 2. Production-related Waste Managed, 2008
Production-related Waste Managed, 2008
22.57 billion pounds
Energy
Recovery
12%
Recycled
38%
T reated
33%
Disposed of or
Otherwise
Released
17%
•	38% (8.59 billion pounds) was recycled on- and off-site.
•	12% (2.61 billion pounds) was combusted for energy recovery on- and off-site.
•	33% (7.44 billion pounds) was treated on- and off-site.
•	17% (3.94 billion pounds) was the quantity disposed of or otherwise released on- and off-
site.
Why is the quantity disposed of or otherwise released here (3.94 billion)
different from total disposal or other releases above (3.86 billion)?
When looking at total production-related waste, the quantity disposed of or
otherwise released includes all reported disposal or other releases except those
due to remedial, catastrophic or one-time releases. On the other hand, total
disposal or other releases, discussed above, excludes amounts that were sent to
other TRIfacilities and reported as disposed or otherwise released (to avoid
double-counting).
B. How do 2008 TRI data compare to years past?
In this section, we present net changes from 2007 to 2008 and from 2001 to 2008. The base year
2001 is chosen since it was the last year that chemicals were added to the TRI list. Reporting year
1998 was the last time industry sectors were added to TRI.
1. Total Disposal or Other Releases
In 2008, there was an overall decrease of 6% (257 million pounds) from 2007 and a decrease of
31% (1.73 billion pounds) from 2001 in total disposal or other releases of TRI chemicals (Figure
3).
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Figure 3. On- and Off-site Disposal or Other Releases, 2001-2008
On- and Off-site Disposal or Other Releases, 2001-2008
6,000
5,000
4,000
o
CL
3,000
2,000
1,000
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Year
~ Total Off-site Disposal or
Other Releases
¦	On-Site Land Disposal or
Other Releases
~	On-Site Underground
Injection
¦	On-site Surface Water
Discharges
~	On-site Air Emissions
• On-site disposal or other releases
~	From 2007 to 2008, total on-site disposal or other releases decreased by 5% (187
million pounds).
-	Air emissions had the largest decrease, of 14% (179 million pounds),
-	Underground injection also decreased, by 9% (19 million pounds).
-	However, surface water discharges increased by 3% (8.1 million pounds), and
-	On-site land disposal or other releases increased by 0.1% (2.2 million pounds),
including
¦	Other land disposal (such as waste piles, spills and leaks) which
increased by 5% (31 million pounds) and
¦	On-site landfills other than RCRA Subtitle C landfills which increased
by 9% (24 million pounds).
¦	However, surface impoundments decreased by 4% (28 million pounds)
and
¦	RCRA Subtitle C landfills decreased by 18% (28 million pounds).
~	From 2001 to 2008, there was an overall decrease in on-site disposal or other releases
of 34% (1.72 billion pounds), including
-	Air emissions with a decrease of 30% (490 million pounds),
-	On-site land disposal or other releases with a decrease of 40% (1.20 billion
pounds) and
-	Underground injection wells with a decrease of 13% (29 million pounds).
-	However, surface water discharges increased by 1% (3.6 million pounds) from
2001 to 2008.
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• Off-site disposal or other releases
~	From 2007 to 2008, off-site disposal or other releases decreased by 13% (70 million
pounds).
-	Solidification/stabilization of metals and metal compounds decreased by 50%
(48 million pounds) and
-	Landfills other than RCRA Subtitle C landfills decreased by 13% (39 million
pounds).
-	However, RCRA Subtitle C landfills increased by 25% (13 million pounds) and
-	Other land disposal (such as waste piles, spills and leaks) increased by 24% (9
million pounds).
~	From 2001 to 2008, off-site disposal or other releases decreased by 2% (10 million
pounds) including
-	Solidification/stabilization of metals and metal compounds with a decrease of
28% (18 million pounds) and
-	Landfills/surface impoundments with a decrease of 3% (11 million pounds).
-	However, other land disposal (such as waste piles, spills and leaks) increased
by 59% (17 million pounds).
Figure 4 shows total disposal or other releases from 2001 to 2008 by industry sector.
Figure 4. Total Disposal or Other Releases, by Industry, 2001-2008
Total Disposal or Other Releases, by Industry, 2001-2008
6,000
5,000
4,000
o
CL
3,000
2,000
1,000
2001 2002 2003
2004 2005
Year
2006 2007 2008
~	Metal Mining
¦	Electric Utilities
~	Chemicals
¦	Primary Metals
~	Hazardous Waste Management
~	Paper
¦	Food/Beverages/Tobacco
~	All Others
•	The metal mining sector reported the largest total disposal or other releases in 2001 and
2008 (1.16 billion pounds in 2008). This sector had the largest decrease in disposal or
other releases from 2001: 1.12 billion pounds (49%). However, this industry reported a
decrease of less than 1% (3.0 million pounds) from 2007 to 2008.
•	In 2001, metal mining represented 40% of the total. While overall there was a decrease of
31% from 2001 to 2008, the decrease without the metal mining sector was a decrease of
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19%. Metal mining has large releases to other land disposal on-site. The large decrease
from 2001 to 2008 seen in on-site land disposal or other releases reflects the large decrease
in reporting by the metal mining sector.
•	Electric utilities had the second largest total in 2001 and 2008 (910 million pounds in 2008)
and the second largest decrease, of 161 million pounds (15%) from 2001. From 2007 to
2008, electric utilities reported a decrease of 10% or 106 million pounds.
•	The chemical manufacturing sector reported 481 million pounds in 2008, a decrease of
19% (111 million pounds) from 2001 and 2% (7.7 million pounds) from 2007.
•	However, among the industries with the largest total disposal or other releases, the food
and beverage sector reported an increase, of 10% (15 million pounds) from 2001 and an
increase of 5% (7.3 million pounds) from 2007 to 2008.
What are some of the reasons for the overall decrease in disposal or
other releases from 2001 to 2008?
The metal mining sector had a decrease of 49% (1.12 billion pounds)
from 2001 to 2008. This sector may have been adjusting their reporting
to conform to a court case, Barrick v. EPA. The decrease could also be
due other factors, such as changes in composition of the ore.
2. Total Production-related Waste Managed
In 2008, there was an overall decrease of 7% (1.80 billion pounds) from 2007 and a decrease of
17% (4.53 billion pounds) from 2001 in total production-related waste managed (Figure 5).
Figure 5. Production-related Waste Managed, 2001-2008
Production-related Waste Managed, 2001-2008
30,000
25,000
<» 20,000
CL
•S 15,000

c
0
1	10,000
5,000
~ Quantity Recycled
¦ Quantity Used for Energy
Recovery
~ Quantity Treated
~ Quantity Disposed of or
Otherwise Released On-
and Off-site
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Year
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•	From 2007 to 2008,
~	Recycling on- and off-site decreased by 5% (415 million pounds),
~	Energy recovery on- and off-site decreased by 7% (205 million pounds),
~	Treatment on- and off-site decreased by 10% (831 million pounds), and
~	The quantity disposed of or otherwise released decreased by 8% (352 million pounds).
•	From 2001 to 2008, total production-related waste managed decreased by 17% (4.53
billion pounds) including a decrease of 31% (1.77 billion pounds) in the quantity disposed
of or otherwise released.
Most industry sectors reported decreases in total production-related waste over this time period,
including
•	Chemical manufacturers, with the largest total production-related waste of all industry
sectors in all years, decreased by 23%
•	Primary metals sector, with the second largest total production-related waste in all years,
decreased by 6%
•	Metal mining, with the third largest in 2001 and fifth largest in 2008, decreased by 47%
However, some industry sectors showed increases in total production-related waste from 2001 to
2008, including
•	Electric utilities, with the fourth largest total in 2001 and the third largest total in 2008,
increased by 13%
•	Petroleum refining, with the sixth largest total in both 2001 and 2008, had an increase of
7%
•	Paper products sector, with the fifth largest total in 2001 and the fourth largest total in
2008, had an increase of 1%
Production-related waste can increase or decrease due to various factors, such as changes in
operations that alter the chemicals used, the adoption of pollution prevention or control activities,
or changes in business activity. One measure of business activity is the production index, which
measure how production levels change over time for a particular industry sector.2
The manufacturing sector in the US increased production levels each year from 2001 to 2007 by
an average of about 2%. However, from 2007 to 2008 it showed a decrease of 3%. On the other
hand, TRI manufacturing facilities (those reporting in the NAICS codes 31-33) showed an average
decrease of 1% in total production-related waste from 2001 to 2007 and a decrease of 8% from
2007 to 2008. (Figure 6.)
2 Production index data from Federal Reserve Board, G17 Series
(www. federal re serve. gov/datadownl oad) October 13, 2009.
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Figure 6. Percent Change in Total Production-related Waste and Production Index, 2001-2008:
Manufacturing Sector
Percent Change in Total Production-related Waste Managed and
Production Index: Manufacturing Sector (NAICS 31-33)
6
4
Production
Index
2
0
¦2
Total
Production-
related
Waste
¦4
¦6
¦8
-10
2001- 2002- 2003- 2004- 2005- 2006- 2007-
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
For other industry sectors, the metal mining sector had a large decrease in the years 2001-2003,
when this sector may have been adjusting their reporting to conform to a court case, Barrick v.
EPA. In recent years, the percent change in total production-related waste has been similar to the
change in the production index. (Figure 7.)
Figure 7. Percent Change in Total Production-related Waste Managed and Production Index, 2001-
2008: Metal Mining
Percent Change in Total Production-related Waste Managed and
Production Index: Metal Mining
15 n
Production
Index
Total
Production-
related
Waste
2001- 2002- 2003- 2004- 2005- 2006- 2007-
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Electric utilities had increases in total production-related waste managed on average higher than
the increase in production index for this sector. However, in recent years, it has decreased
production-related waste managed while production index continued to rise. From 2007 to 2008,
both production-related waste and production index decreased. (Figure 8.)
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Figure 8. Percent Change in Total Production-related Waste and Production Index, 2001-2008:
Electric Utilities
o
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
-2.0
-4.0
-6.0
Percent Change in Total Production-related Waste Managed and
Production Index: Electric Utilities
¦ Production
Index
-Total
Production-
related
Waste
2001- 2002- 2003- 2004- 2005- 2006- 2007-
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
IV. A Closer Look at Facilities of Interest
A. Which facilities had the largest disposal or other releases in 2008?
EPA has historically provided a list of facilities that have the largest disposal or other releases of
TRI chemicals to the environment. It is important to note that these facilities do not necessarily
pose the greatest potential risk to the environment. As explained in detail in the EPA report,
Factors to Consider When Using TRI Data (available at
www.epa.gov/tri/triprogram/FactorsToConPDF.pdf). total quantities of TRI chemicals released or
otherwise disposed of is one important factor among several that determine the potential risk that
may be posed.
EPA presents the "Top 50" facilities with largest disposal or other releases in charts that are
available on this web site (www.epa.gov/tri/tridata/tri08/index.htm). It is important to note that
there is a huge variation in the amounts of TRI chemicals released per facility. In 2008, the range
of TRI disposal or other releases is from 0 to 517 million pounds. The average disposal or other
releases of TRI chemicals per facility is approximately 181,905 pounds. The reason some facilities
have disposal or other releases far in excess of the average are several:
•	Certain industry sectors, such as mining and primary metals, and electric utilities, handle
large volumes of material and, not surprisingly, the totals for TRI chemicals are also larger
than average. Also, from year-to-year constituent concentrations in raw materials can
change.
•	Even within a given sector, certain facilities are simply larger (in terms of economic
parameters such as production levels, sales, employment, etc.) and so they handle
relatively large amounts of input material to produce large amounts of output material
(product).
•	Facilities differ in their relative efficiency in handling material, i.e., for a given unit of
output, and differ in the amount of release or waste that is produced.
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Facilities with the largest disposal or other releases are mining facilities. The top 5 facilities, which
each had over 44 million pounds of total on and off-site disposal or other releases, are mining
operations. Other facilities in the Top 50 represent a variety of industries, including primary metals
facilities, electric utilities, chemical manufacturers and hazardous waste management facilities.
These top facilities reported disposal-or-other-release totals ranging from 10.5 million to 34
million pounds for 2008. Note that an increase in the amount of toxic chemicals managed at
hazardous waste sites can represent a generally positive environmental trend because these
facilities are in the business of managing hazardous waste and do so under strict controls.
EPA also presents facility rankings taking into account the management methods used for the TRI
chemicals. In addition to presenting the Top 50 facilities with largest total on- and off-site disposal
or other releases, we also present the Top 50 facilities with total disposal or other releases,
subtracting out the totals that are managed in Class I underground injection wells, Subtitle C
landfills, and other landfills. This second group of rankings is perhaps a better, although still
imperfect, indication of the amount of TRI chemicals that may be available to the environment. In
this second group of rankings, a limited number of facilities that manage TRI chemicals mostly or
totally in Class I wells or landfills drop down in the rankings, or drop out of the Top 50 altogether.
(The top 5 mining facilities mentioned above remain the top 5 in these rankings, however.)
Finally, for similar reasons, EPA has provided two sets of rankings (top 20) of US counties with
the largest releases. One set of rankings shows total disposal or other releases, and the second
shows total disposal or other releases adjusted to subtract out quantities in Class I wells and
landfills. As with facilities, the very top (in this case 6) counties do not change, but there is some
shifting in the next 14 to reflect that some counties are home to Class I wells or landfills, and when
those totals are not counted, they are no longer among the counties with the most TRI chemical
releases.
Generally, national totals and trends tend to reflect reporting by facilities with the largest total
disposal or other releases but may not necessarily reflect state and local totals and trends. Over the
longer term, 2001-2008, total disposal or other releases decreased by 31%. However, an analysis
of facilities reporting in both 2001 and 2008 found that the total disposal or other releases for the
group of "smaller reporting" facilities (those reporting less than 100,000 pounds for 2001 and
representing almost 89% of TRI facilities) increased while the total for the group of facilities
reporting larger amounts decreased.
Just as the national totals and trends tend to reflect reporting by the metal mining facilities with
large disposal or other releases, the average pounds per facility over time also reflect these
facilities. While the average pounds per facility decreased by 18% from 2001 to 2008, without the
metal mining facilities, the average decrease was 3%. (Table 1.) Indeed, the average pounds of
total production-related waste managed for all TRI facilities decreased by 1% from 2001 to 2008.
However, without the metal mining facilities, the average pounds increased by 2%.
12

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Table 1. Average per Facility, 2001, 2007 and 2009

2001
2007
2008
Change 2007-2008
Change 2001-2008

Pounds/facility
Pounds/facility
Pounds/facility
Percent
Percent
Total Disposal or Other Releases
All Industry Sectors
221,402
186,083
181,905
-2%
-18%
Without metal mining
133,622
135,564
129,017
-5%
-3%
Total Production-Related Waste Managed
All Industry Sectors
1,051,554
1,070,355
1,040,543
-3%
-1%
Without metal mining
963,155
1,017,288
985,894
-3%
2%
B. Federal Facilities
All federal facilities, whether operated by federal agencies or contractors (e.g. some military
bases), that meet the chemical thresholds are required to report to EPA's TRI Program.
•	For 2008, 389 federal facilities reported 101 million pounds of total on- and off-site
disposal or other releases and 273 million pounds of total production-related waste
managed.
•	Disposal or other releases by federal facilities increased by 6.0 million pounds (6%) from
2007 to 2008.
•	Total production-related waste managed at federal facilities increased by 17 million
pounds (7%) from 2007 to 2008. Recycling on-site increased by 14 million pounds, on-site
treatment increased by 4.0 million pounds and quantity released or otherwise disposed of
increased by 2.7 million pounds.
What are some of the reasons for the increase in disposal or other
releases from 2007 to 2008?
The Department of Defense Army facilities, which reported almost one-
quarter of the total disposal or other releases from federal facilities for
2008, showed an increase of 3 million pounds (13%) from 2007 to 2008
and Department of Energy facilities showed an increase of 3 million
pounds (60%). Also, one Tennessee Valley Authority facility reported
almost 3 million pounds as surface water discharges due to a spill.
V. A Closer Look at Chemicals of Interest
A. Persistent Bioaccumulative Toxic (PBT) Chemicals
Since 2000 TRI includes data, at reduced reporting thresholds, on PBT chemicals such as dioxins,
mercury, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). TRI includes data for lead and lead compounds at
reduced thresholds since 2001.
Why is there particular concern for PBT chemicals?
PBT chemicals are of particular concern not only because they are toxic,
but also because they remain in the environment for long periods of time
and are not readily destroyed (they persist) and build up or accumulate in
body tissues (they bioaccumulate).
13

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1. What was reported for 2008?
a) Total Disposal or Other Releases
In 2008, 498 million pounds of PBT chemicals were disposed of or otherwise released. Almost
98% (486 million pounds) of that amount was lead and lead compounds (Figure 9).
Figure 9. Total Disposal or Other Releases, 2008: PBT Chemicals
Total Disposal or Other Releases, 2008: PBT Chemicals
498 million pounds
Lead and lead
compounds
98%
Mercury and
mercury
compounds
1.2%
Polycyclic
aromatic
compounds
0.3%
Polychlorinated
biphenyls
Other PBTs
0.2%
•	Disposal or other releases of other PBT chemicals in 2008 included:
~	6.2 million pounds of mercury and mercury compounds,
~	4.1 million pounds of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and
~	1.3 million pounds of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs).
•	33,702 grams (approximately 74 pounds) of total disposal or other releases of PBT
chemicals in 2008 were accounted for by dioxin and dioxin-like compounds.
b) Total Production-related Waste Managed
Over 1.16 billion pounds of production-related waste of PBT chemicals was managed in 2008.
Lead and lead compounds accounted for over 96% (1.12 billion pounds) of that amount (Figure
10).
14

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Figure 10. Total Production-related Waste Managed, 2008: PBT Chemicals
Total Production-related Waste Managed, 2008:
PBT Chemicals
1.16 billion pounds
Lead and lead
compounds
96%
Polycyclic
aromatic
compounds
0.7%
Other PBTs
0.8%
Mercury and
mercury
compounds
1.3%
Polychlorinated
biphenyls
1.0%
2. How do 2008 PBT data compare to years past?
a) Total Disposal or Other Releases
Total disposal or other releases of persistent bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) chemicals
decreased by 10 million pounds or 2% from 2007 to 2008.
•	Lead and lead compounds decreased by 12 million pounds (2%),
•	Mercury and mercury compounds decreased by almost 766,000 pounds (11%),
•	Polycyclic aromatic compounds decreased by over 94,000 pounds (7%), and
•	Dioxin and dioxin-like compounds decreased by 111,058 grams (about 245 pounds)
(77%).
•	However, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) increased by 2.3 million pounds (over 120%).
From 2001 to 2008, total disposal or other releases of PBT chemicals increased by 64 million
pounds or 15% (Figure 11).
•	Lead and lead compounds increased by 64 million pounds (15%),
•	Mercury and mercury compounds increased by 1.4 million pounds (28%), and
•	Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) increased by over 555,000 pounds (16%).
•	However, polycyclic aromatic compounds decreased by 1.7 million pounds (57%), and
•	Dioxin and dioxin-like compounds decreased by 121,672 grams (about 268 pounds)
(78%).
15

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Figure 11. Total Disposal or Other Releases, by Chemical, 2001-2008: PBT Chemicals
Total Disposal or Other Releases of all PBTs
~ Other PBTs
~ Lead and
Lead
Compounds
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Year
Total Disposal or Other Releases of PBTs
Excluding Lead and Lead Compounds
20 -
15 -
¦ Pesticides, Dioxins
and other PBTs
~ Polycyclic aromatic
compounds
¦ Polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs)
~ Mercury and
Mercury
Compounds
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Year
b) Total Production-related Waste Managed
Total production-related waste managed of PBT chemicals decreased by 24 million pounds or 2%
from 2007 to 2008.
•	Lead and lead compounds decreased by 22 million pounds (2%),
•	Polycyclic aromatic compounds decreased by 2.9 million pounds (16%),
•	Dioxin and dioxin-like compounds decreased by 282,769 grams (about 624 pounds)
(45%).
•	However, mercury and mercury compounds increased by 3.2 million pounds (40%), and
•	Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) increased by almost 400,000 million pounds (5%).
From 2001 to 2008, total production-related waste managed of PBT chemicals decreased by 149
million pounds or 11% (Figure 12).
•	Lead and lead compounds decreased by 148 million pounds (12%),
•	Polycyclic aromatic compounds decreased by 7.3 million pounds (33%), and
•	Dioxin and dioxin-like compounds decreased by 119,648 grams (about 264 pounds)
(26%).
•	However, mercury and mercury compounds increased by 5.4 million pounds (94%), and
•	Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) increased by 2.6 million pounds (50%).
Figure 12. Total Production-related Waste Managed, by Chemical, 2001-2008: PBT Chemicals
Total Production-related Waste Managedof all PBTs
~ Other PBTs
~ Lead and
Lead
Compounds
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Year
Total Production-related Waste Managed
Excluding Lead and Lead Compounds
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Year
I Pesticides, Dioxins
and other PBTs
~ Polycyclic aromatic
compounds
I Polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs)
~ Mercury and
Mercury
Compounds
16

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3. Lead and Lead Compounds
The reporting threshold for lead (except for lead contained in steel, brass or bronze alloys) and lead
compounds was lowered to 100 pounds beginning with 2001.
a) What was reported for 2008?
Total disposal or other releases of lead and lead compounds was 486 million pounds for 2008
(Figure 13).
Figure 13. Disposal or Other Releases, 2008: Lead and Lead Compounds
TRI Disposal or Other Releases, 2008:
Lead and Lead Compounds
486 million pounds
Total Off-site
Disposal or
Other Releases
k 5%	on- site
^ j Underground
/	Injection
1%
On-site Land
Disposal or
Other Releases
94%
On-site Surface
Water
\ Discharges
\ 0.03%
Releases
0.2%
•	95% (463 million pounds) was disposed of or otherwise released on-site, including:
~	94% (455 million pounds) of land disposal or other releases, including
-	60% (293 million pounds) of land disposal other than landfills and surface
impoundments (such as waste piles, spills or leaks) and
-	28% (134 million pounds) to surface impoundments, other than RCRA Subtitle C
surface impoundments;
~	1% (6.4 million pounds) in underground injection wells, mainly in Class II-V wells,
and
~	0.2% (1.1 million pounds) of air emissions.
•	5% (23 million pounds) were off-site disposal or other releases, including
~	2% (12 million pounds) to landfills other than RCRA Subtitle C landfills,
~	1% (3.2 million pounds) to RCRA Subtitle C landfills, and
~	1% (5.0 million pounds) of metals sent to solidification/stabilization.
Total production-related waste managed of lead and lead compounds was 1.12 billion pounds
for 2008 (Figure 14).
17

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Figure 14. Production-related Waste Managed, 2008: Lead and Lead Compounds
Production-related Waste Managed, 2008:
Lead and Lead Compounds
1.12 billion pounds
Quantity Disposed /
of or Otherwise /
Released On- and--"']
Off-site I /
44% \ /
\
| Quantity Recycled
)—— On- and Off-site
j 56%
Quantity Used for Energy Recovery
and Treated On- and Off-site <0.0001 %

•	56% (632 million pounds) was recycled on- and off-site, including
~	29% (324 million pounds) recycled on-site and
~	28% (308 million pounds) recycled off-site.
•	44% (488 million pounds) was disposed of or otherwise released.
b) How do lead and lead compounds data compare to years past?
From 2007 to 2008, total disposal or other releases for lead and lead compounds decreased by
12 million pounds (2%). (Figure 15.)
•	The metal mining sector accounted for 86% (420 million pounds) of the total disposal or
other releases in 2008. The mining sector had a decrease of 2% (9.6 million pounds) from
2007 to 2008.
•	Without the metal mining sector, total on- and off-site disposal or other releases of lead and
lead compounds decreased by 3% (2.3 million pounds) from 2007 to 2008, including.
~	Decrease of 18% (3.3 million pounds) from hazardous waste management facilities and
~	Decrease of 3% (over 239,000 pounds) from electric utilities.
~	However, facilities not reporting a TRINAICS code (includes federal facilities) had an
increase of 12% (over 763,000 pounds) and
~	The chemical manufacturing sector had an increase of 33% (almost 722,000 pounds).
18

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Figure 15. Disposal or Other Releases, by Industry, 2007-2008: Lead and Lead Compounds
On- and Off-site Disposal or Other Releases, 2007-2008: Lead and Lead Compounds
450 -
400 -
350 f
-------
Figure 16. Disposal or Other Releases, 2001-2008: Lead and Lead Compounds
450
400
350
-g 300
c
£ 250
o
£ 200
.o
5 150
100
50
0
On- and Off-site Disposal or Other Releases, 2001-2008: Lead and Lead Compounds
~ Total Off-site
Disposal or Other
Releases
~ Total On-site
Disposal or Other
Releases
2001|2002|2003|2004|2005|2006|2007|2008| 2001|2002|2003|2004|2005|2006|2007|2008
Metal Mining	All Others
4. Mercury And Mercury Compounds
The reporting threshold for mercury and mercury compounds was lowered to 10 pounds beginning
with reporting year 2000.
a) What was reported for 2008?
Total disposal or other releases of mercury and mercury compounds was 6.2 million pounds in
2008 (Figure 17).
Figure 17. Disposal or Other Releases, 2008: Mercury and Mercury Compounds
Disposal or Other Releases, 2008:
Mercury and Mercury Compounds
6.2 million pounds
On-site Land
Disposal or Other
Releases
95%
On-site Surface
Water Discharges
0.1%	On-site
Underground
Injection
0.1%
Total Off-site
Disposal or Other
Releases
On-site Air	3%
Releases
2%
20
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•	97% (6.0 million pounds) was on-site disposal or other releases, including
~	95% (5.9 million pounds) of land disposal or other releases, including
- 79% (4.9 million pounds) of land disposal other than landfills and surface
impoundments (such as waste piles, spills or leaks)
~	2% (almost 124,500 pounds) of air emissions
~	0.1% (over 5,600 pounds) of underground injection
~	0.1% (3,100 pounds) of surface water discharges
•	3% (over 169,000 pounds) was off-site disposal or other releases.
•	The metal mining industry reported the largest disposal or other releases of mercury and
mercury compounds (89% or 5.5 million pounds) in 2008.
~	Three metal mining facilities accounted for 79% (4.3 million pounds) of the total on-
and off-site disposal or other releases of mercury and mercury compounds for 2008.
~	These facilities reported disposal or other releases mainly to on-site land disposal other
than landfills (such as waste piles).
•	Hazardous waste/solvent recovery facilities reported the second largest disposal or other
releases of mercury and mercury compounds and over 99% (333,792 pounds) of all on-site
RCRA Subtitle C landfills.
•	Electric utilities, with the third largest total disposal or other releases of mercury and
mercury compounds, reported the largest air emissions of any industry sector, with 72%
(89,444 pounds) of all air emissions of mercury and mercury compounds.
Total production-related waste managed of mercury and mercury compounds was 11 million
pounds in 2008 (Figure 18).
•	55% (6.2 million pounds) was disposed of or otherwise released.
•	45% (5.0 million pounds) was recycled, mainly on-site.
Figure 18. Production-related Waste Managed, 2008: Mercury and Mercury Compounds
Production-related Waste Managed, 2008:
Mercury and Mercury Compounds
11 million pounds
Quantity
Disposed of or
Otherwise
Released On-
and Off-site
55%
Quantity Treated <0.01 %
Quantity
Recycled
45%
21
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b) How do mercury and mercury compounds data compare to years
past?
From 2007 to 2008, total disposal or other releases for mercury and mercury compounds
decreased by 11% (over 765,500 pounds) (Figure 19).
Figure 19. Disposal or Other Releases, by Industry, 2007-2008: Mercury and Mercury Compounds
On- and Off-site Disposal or Other Releases, 2007-2008: Mercury and Mercury Compounds
500 -
450 -
400 -
350 -
300 -
250 -
200 -
150 -
100 -
50 -
0 -
B.n
Hazardous Waste
Management
Electric Utilities
Primary Metals
F=l , R
Metal Mining Hazardous Waste Electric Utilities
Management
2007|2008|
Chemicals
2007|2008|
Primary Metals
2007|2008|
Cement
~ Total Off-site Disposal
or Other Releases
All Others n Total °n_site Disposal
or Other Releases
•	Total on- and off-site disposal for the metal mining sector decreased 12% (over 742,600
pounds) and for hazardous waste/solvent recovery facilities decreased by 10% (over
46,400 pounds).
•	Total on-site disposal or other releases decreased by 11% (over 746,200 pounds),
including
~	A decrease of over 737,100 pounds (55%) in surface impoundments.
~	On-site air emissions decreased by 6,362 pounds (5%).
~	However, on-site surface water discharges increased by 839 pounds (37%).
•	Total off-site disposal or other releases decreased by 10% (over 19,300 pounds).
~	Including a decrease of almost 58,000 pounds (50%) in RCRA Subtitle C landfills.
~	However, solidification/stabilization increased by over 19,900 pounds (57%) and
~	Transfers to waste brokers for disposal increased by over 10,500 pounds (369%).
Air emissions of mercury and mercury compounds.
Electric utilities reported 72% of all air emissions of mercury and
mercury compounds in 2008. Air emissions fi'om electric utilities
decreased by 4,412 pounds fi'om 93,885 pounds in 2007 to 89,444
pounds in 2008.
22
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From 2001 to 2008, disposal or other releases for mercury and mercury compounds increased by
28% (1.4 million pounds). (Figure 20.)
Figure 20. Disposal or Other Releases, 2001-2008: Mercury and Mercury Compounds
Disposal or Other Releases, 2001-2008: Mercury and Mercury Compounds
8,000 	
7,000 	„	
% 6,000 	¦	E
c		
§_ 5,000 	B	¦	=	¦	H
(j) 4,000 		 	 	 	 	 	
T3
C
SB 3,000 — 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
=3 '
o
H 2,000 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
1,000 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
o J—H—T—H—T—H—T—H—T—H—T—H—T—H—T—H-
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Year
~	Total Off-site
Disposal or Other
Releases
¦	On-site Land
Disposal or Other
Releases
~	On- site
Underground
Injection
¦	On-site Surface
Water Discharges
~	On-site Air Releases
•	Total on-site disposal or other releases increased by 30% (1.4 million pounds)
•	Total off-site disposal or other releases decreased by 22% (over 47,500 pounds)
•	On-site air emissions of mercury and mercury compounds decreased by 19% (over 28,400
pounds) from 2001 to 2008.
•	Total disposal or other releases by metal mining facilities increased by 27% (1.2 million
pounds) (Figure 21).
~ Two metal mining facilities reported a combined increase of 1.4 million pounds from
2001 to 2008.
Figure 21. Disposal or Other Releases, 2001-2008: Mercury and Mercury Compounds
7,000
On- and Off-site Disposal or Other Releases, 2001-2008: Mercury and Mercury Compounds
6,000
"5 5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
RnHRHnnn
2001|2002|2003|2004|2005|2006|2007|2008
Metal Mining
~ Total Off-site
Disposal or Other
Releases
~ Total On-site
Disposal or Other
Releases
2001|2002|2003|2004|2005|2006|2007|2008
All Others
23
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5. Dioxin and Dioxin-Like Compounds
Dioxin and dioxin-like compounds were added to the TRI list for 2000 at a reporting threshold of
0.1 grams.
a) What was reported for 2008?
Total disposal or other releases for dioxin and dioxin-like compounds was 33,702 grams
(approximately 74 pounds) in 2008 (Figure 22).
Figure 22. Disposal or Other Releases, 2008: Dioxin and Dioxin-like Compounds
Disposal or Other Releases, 2008:
Dioxin and Dioxin-like Compounds
33,702 grams
On-site Air
Releases
4%
Total Off-site
Disposal or Other
Releases
35%

On-site Surface
Water Discharges
4%
On- site
Underground
Injection
0.3%
On-site Land
Disposal or Other
Releases
57%
•	65% (21,948 grams or 48 pounds) were on-site disposal or other releases, including:
~	57% (19,159 grams or 42 pounds) of land disposal or other releases, including
-	23% (7,693 grams or 17 pounds) in RCRA Subtitle C landfills
-	19% (6,320 grams or 14 pounds) in other on-site landfills, and
-	15% (5,082 grams or 11 pounds) in surface impoundments other than RCRA
Subtitle C surface impoundments;
~	4% (1,487 grams or 3.3 pounds) of air emissions; and
~	4% (1,215 grams or 2.7 pounds) of surface water discharges.
•	35% (11,754 grams or 26 pounds) were off-site disposal or other releases, including
~	18% (6,092 grams or 13 pounds) in off-site RCRA Subtitle C landfills and
~	16% (5,412 grams or 12 pounds) in other off-site landfills.
Total production-related waste managed contained 313,273 grams of dioxin and dioxin-like
compounds in 2008 (Figure 23).
•	74% (233,015 grams) was in waste recycled, mainly on-site,
•	55% (27,100 grams) was in waste disposed of or otherwise released, and
•	17% (52,608 grams) was in waste treated on- and off-site.
24
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Figure 23. Production-related Waste Managed, 2008: Dioxin and Dioxin-like Compounds
Production-related Waste Managed, 2008:
Dioxin and Dioxin-like Compounds
313,273 grams
Quantity Treated
17%
Quantity
Recycled
74%
Quantity
Disposed of or
Otherwise
Released On-
and Off-site
9%
Quantity Used for Energy Recovery <0.1 %
b) How do dioxin and dioxin-like compounds data compare to years
past?
From 2007 to 2008, total disposal or other releases of dioxin and dioxin-like compounds
decreased by 111,058 grams or 245 pounds (77%).
What are some of the reasons for the decrease in total disposal or
other releases of dioxin and dioxin-like compounds from 2007 to
2008?
Three chemical manufacturers reported a total decrease of 112,267
grams from 2007 to 2008 in disposal on- and off-site in landfills other
than RCRA Subtitle C landfills.
• On-site disposal or other releases decreased by 62% (35,227 grams or 78 pounds),
including a decrease of 37,561 grams reported by one chemical manufacturer.
~ On-site air emissions decreased by 4% (58 grams or 0.1 pounds) from 2007 to 2008.
Air emissions of dioxin and dioxin-like compounds.
Electric utilities reported 42% of all air releases of dioxins in 2008
and had an overall decrease of 92 grams (13%) fi'om 2007. However,
the primary metals sector increased air releases by 117 grams (36%)
from 2007 to 2008 and accountedfor 29% of air releases of dioxins in
2008.
25
-------
•	Off-site disposal or other releases decreased by 87% (75,831 grams or 167 pounds),
including decreases totaling 74,706 grams by two chemical manufacturers in off-site
landfills other than RCRA Subtitle C landfills.
From 2001 to 2008, total disposal or other releases of dioxin and dioxin-like compounds
decreased by 78% (121,667 grams or 268 pounds) (Figure 24).
•	On-site air emissions decreased by 48% (1,375 grams or 3.0 pounds) from 2001 to 2008.
Figure 24. Total Disposal or Other Releases and Air Releases, 2001-2008: Dioxin and Dioxin-like
Compounds
150 -
130 -
110 -
if)
| 90 -
o
3 70-
c
CO
3 50 -
o
.c
30 -
10 -
-10 -
Disposal or Other Releases, 2001-2008:
Dioxin and Dioxin-like Compounds
~ Total Off-site
Disposal or
Other Releases
1 Total On-site
Disposal or
Other Releases
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
Total Air Emissions
Dioxin and Dioxin-like Compounds,
2001-2008
J]

Year
/ $
c) Dioxin TEQs
Starting with the 2008 reporting year, in addition to reporting the total gram quantity for the
category, facilities with the data must also report grams data for each of the 17 members of the
category for each media/type of transfer are reported. Prior to 2008, the total amount of the
category members plus a distribution, which represented either the distribution of the total quantity
of dioxins released to all media from the facility or the facility's one best media-specific
distribution, was reported.
The reporting threshold is 0.1 grams per year, based on the total grams of the category members.
This threshold applies to each of the amounts manufactured, processed or otherwise used.
"Manufacturing" includes coincidental manufacture as a byproduct or impurity. "Processing or
otherwise used" applies to dioxin and dioxin-like compounds that are present as contaminants in a
chemical or that are created during the manufacture of that chemical.
Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds are formed during incomplete combustion, and air releases are
the major type of release. Human exposure occurs largely through food. The chemicals become
incorporated into food when airborne dioxin and dioxin-like compounds fall onto plants that are
eaten by animals or when waterborne dioxin and dioxin-like compounds contaminate fish and
aquatic animals.
Each member of the dioxin category has a different toxicity, with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-
dioxin (TCDD) generally being considered the most toxic. Some members of the dioxin category
are considered carcinogens and are suspected neurotoxicants, developmental toxicants, and
26
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endocrine disruptors. Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds are considered to be persistent,
bioaccumulative and toxic chemicals.
With the new reporting, such differing toxicities can be taken into account. Toxic Equivalency
Factors (TEFs) are developed based on toxicity data. The World Health Organization (WHO) has a
process based on scientific consensus to develop TEFs for mammals, birds and fish. It re-evaluates
them approximately every five years. The WHO TEFs for 2005 (the latest evaluation) for the 17
dioxin and dioxin-like compounds are shown in the Table 2. The amount in grams of each
chemical is multiplied by its TEF and then summed for a total (as grams-TEQ). This is done for
each type of release and transfer.
Table 2. Dioxin and Dioxin-like Compounds and their Toxic Equivalency Factors
CAS Number
Chemical
TEF
01746-01-6
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin
1
40321-76-4
1,2,3,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin
1
39227-28-6
1,2,3,4,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin
0.1
57653-85-7
1,2,3,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin
0.1
19408-74-3
1,2,3,7,8,9-Hexachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin
0.1
35822-46-9
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-Heptachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin
0.01
03268-87-9
1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-Octachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin
0.0003
51207-31-9
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzofuran
0.1
57117-41-6
1,2,3,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran
0.03
57117-31-4
2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran
0.3
70648-26-9
1,2,3,4,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzofuran
0.1
57117-44-9
1,2,3,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzofuran
0.1
72918-21-9
1,2,3,7,8,9-Hexachlorodibenzofuran
0.1
60851-34-5
2,3,4,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzofuran
0.1
67562-39-4
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-Heptachlorodibenzofuran
0.01
55673-89-7
1,2,3,4,7,8,9-Heptachlorodibenzofuran
0.01
39001-02-0
1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-Octachlorodibenzofuran
0.0003
Source: Martin Van den Berg, et. al. 2006. The 2005 World Health Organization
Reevaluation of Human and Mammalian Toxic Equivalency Factors for Dioxins and Dioxin-
Like Compounds. Toxicological Sciences 93(2), 223-24 available at
toxsci.oxfo rdiournals.org/cg i/reprint/93/2/223?iikev=piogXG8dhrriD&kevtype=ref
There were 1,144 forms for dioxin and dioxin-like compounds submitted for 2008 of which 1,121
forms (98%) had non-zero total disposal or other releases. About 81% (927 forms) of the facilities
reporting on dioxin and dioxin-like compounds reported grams data for each of the 17 individual
members of the category for each media of release/transfer. Among the sectors with the largest
total disposal or other releases, the percent of facilities reporting individual member grams data
included:
•	95% of paper facilities
•	85%) of electric utilities and of cement manufacturers
•	81%o of wood products manufacturers
•	80%o of chemical manufacturers
•	72%o of primary metals facilities
•	66%o of petroleum refining and products, and
•	62%o of hazardous waste management facilities.
27
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Of the dioxin forms with individual member grams data, three industry sectors have accounted for
over 95% of both total grams and total grams-TEQ:
•	chemical manufacturers,
•	primary metals facilities and
•	electric utilities.
When toxicity equivalent factors (TEFs) are applied, these three sectors had the same ranking for
total disposal or other releases in grams-TEQ as they did for total grams. (Figure 25.)
Figure 25. Total Disposal or Other Releases of Dioxin and Dioxin-like Compounds, by Industry,
2008: Grams and Grams-TEQ
Grams
Percent of Total Disposal or Other Releases,
Dioxin and Dioxin-like Compounds, 2008


Primary Metals
19%




Electric Utilities
r 2%



Wood Products
r 2%



Paper
Chemicals^^H

Hazardous Waste
Management
1%
74%


L_AII Others
1%
Grams-TEQ
Percent of Total Disposal or Other Releases,
Dioxin and Dioxin-like Compounds, 2008

Primary Metals
T 30%


Electric Utilities
r 3%
Cement


Paper


i Hazardous Waste
Management
1%
Chemicals
63%
|_AII Others
1%
B. Carcinogens
EPA has separated carcinogens for additional analysis in 2008. For this analysis, EPA included all
TRI chemicals that appear as known or suspected carcinogens in one of three sources: National
Toxicology Program (NTP), International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and/or 29 CFR
1910, Subpart Z, Toxic and Hazardous Substances, Occupational Hazardous Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA). There were 179 on the TRI list for 2008; 35 of the 179 carcinogens were
not reported for 2008.
1. What was reported for 2008?
Total disposal or other releases of carcinogens reported was 776 million pounds in 2008 (Figure
26).
28
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Figure 26. Disposal or Other Releases, 2008: Carcinogens
Disposal or Other Releases, 2008
Carcinogens: 776 million pounds
Total Off-site
Disposal or Other
Releases
8%
On-site Air
Releases
10%
On-site Land 1
Disposal or Other
Releases
77%
V
On- site
Underground
Injection
On-site Surface
Water Discharges
0.2%
4%
•	92% (711 million pounds) were disposed of or otherwise released on-site, including
~	77% (598 million pounds) in land disposal or other releases, including
-	39% (306 million pounds) in land disposal other than landfills and surface
impoundments (such as waste piles, spills or leaks)
-	28% (217 million pounds) in on-site surface impoundments other than RCRA
Subtitle C surface impoundments
~	10% (76 million pounds) in on-site air emissions.
•	8% (66 million pounds) were disposed of or otherwise released off-site.
~	4% (34 million pounds) in landfills other than RCRA Subtitle C landfills and
~	1% (8.3 million pounds) was sent off-site for solidification/stabilization of metals and
metal compounds.
The carcinogens with the largest total disposed or other releases in 2008, included
•	Lead and lead compounds with 63% (486 million pounds) of total disposal or other releases
•	Arsenic and arsenic compounds with 10% (74 million pounds)
•	Other disposal or other releases of carcinogens in 2008 included:
~	46 million pounds of chromium compounds and
~	33 million pounds of styrene (with 30 million pounds of that as air releases).
Total production-related waste managed of carcinogens was 3.79 billion pounds in 2008 (Figure
27).
•	53% (2.00 billion pounds) was recycled on- and off-site,
•	21% (782 million pounds) was disposed of or otherwise released on- and off-site,
•	17% (654 million pounds) treated on- and off-site, and
•	9% (354 million pounds) was used for energy recovery on- and off-site.
29
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Figure 27. Production-related Waste Managed, 2008: Carcinogens
Production-related Waste Managed, 2008:
Carcinogens
3.79 Billion Pounds
Quantity Used
for Energy
Recovery
9%
Quantity
Recycled
53%
Quantity Treated
17%
Quantity
Disposed of or
Otherwise
Released On-
and Off-site
21%
2. How do the carcinogen data compare to years past?
From 2007 to 2008, total disposal or other releases of carcinogens decreased by 60 million
pounds or 7% (Figure 28). Air releases decreased by 16 million pounds or 18%.
•	Lead and lead compounds decreased by 12 million pounds (2%), but had an increase in air
releases of 77,844 pounds (8%),
•	Arsenic and arsenic compounds decreased by 24 million pounds (24%),
•	Chromium compounds decreased by 3.1 million pounds (6%),
•	Styrene air releases decreased by 9.6 million pounds (24%), and
•	Formaldehyde air releases decreased by 1.9 million pounds (22%).
Figure 28. Total Disposal or Other Releases, by Chemical, 2007-2008: Carcinogens
On- and Off-site Disposal or Other Releases, 2007-2008: Carcinogens
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30 -
20 -
10
0
Arsenic and
Arsenic
Compounds
Chromium
compounds
Styrene
Nickel and
Nickel
Compounds
Formaldehyde
n n n n
Asbestos Acetaldehyde All others
n
RR
Lead and
Lead
Compounds
Arsenic and
Arsenic
Compounds
n n R h
Chromium
compounds
n n
Styrene
Nickel and
Nickel
Compounds
UU
Formaldehyde Asbestos Acetaldehyde
All
others
~ Total Off-site Disposal
or Other Releases
~ Total On-site Disposal
or Other Releases
30
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From 2001 to 2008, total disposal or other releases of carcinogens decreased by 33% (388 million
pounds), including a decrease of 44% (59 million pounds) in air releases.
C. TRI Chemical Hazard
In an attempt to look at chemical hazards, EPA has used the Risk
Screening Environmental Indicators (RSEI) "toxicity-weighted-
pounds" methodology to conduct additional analysis.3 The idea
is to provide additional insights that go beyond simple pounds
analysis and reflect some basic measure of chemical toxicity.
This analysis does not address fate and transport of chemicals or
specific containment methods, populations, non-TRI chemical
burdens or other factors that would be addressed in in-depth risk
assessments.
The RSEI toxicity weighting method uses a proportional system
of numeric weights that reflect the relative toxicities of
chemicals. RSEI toxicity weights use calculated human health
values from various EPA toxicity data sources that generally are
considered protective of human health. RSEI toxicity weights are
available for both cancer and non-cancer health effects.
For this analysis, EPA included all TRI chemicals that have RSEI hazard weights and addresses
total disposal or other releases to all media. Two analyses are done, one using the cancer toxicity
weights and one using the non-cancer toxicity weights. If a TRI chemical has both, then the
chemical is included in each analysis. The analysis does not address dioxin and some other
chemicals where relative toxicity weightings are not available.
Major Caveats to RSEI Toxicity Weights Analysis:
•	Approach does not address containment (such as landfill liners, etc.) or fate and transport
of chemicals
•	Does not address dioxin or certain other chemicals
•	Must consider unique caveats for 23 chemicals, including chromium (e.g., only hexavalent
fraction of chromium used).
•	Assigned toxicity weights include uncertainty factors depending on the amount and quality
of data that is available for a particular chemical (i.e., toxicity weights may be high due to
lack of information on a chemical as well as due to proven high toxicity).
•	Toxicity weighted pounds depends on relative assignment of hazard and can only be used
for comparison purposes from year to year and chemical to chemical. Toxicity weighted
pounds should not be viewed as any kind of a single stand-alone measure.
3 For additional information on RSEI, please see www.epa.gov/oppt/rsei/
Methodology Used:
Toxicity Weighted Pounds is
total air releases times
inhalation toxicity weight
plus surface water discharges
times oral toxicity weight
plus maximum of
inhalation/oral times all other
disposal or other releases.
There are separate weights for
cancer effects andfor non-
cancer health effects. A
particular chemical may have
both types and, in that case, is
included in each analysis.
31
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1. RSEI Toxicity Weighting for TRI Chemicals
For 2008, 493 TRI chemicals were reported on by TRI facilities.
•	33% of the chemicals have RSEI cancer toxicity weights
•	68% of the chemicals have RSEI non-cancer toxicity weights
•	24% of the chemicals have both cancer and non-cancer RSEI toxicity weights.
•	23% of the chemicals reported on for 2008 do not have RSEI toxicity weights, including
known or suspected carcinogens such as dioxins, creosote and polychlorinated alkanes.
(Figure 29.)
Figure 29. Number of TRI Chemicals with RSEI Toxicity Weights, 2008
Number of TRI Chemicals
with RSEI Toxicity Weights, 2008
With RSEI Toxicity
Weights
77% Cancer toxicity
weights only
9%
Both toxicity
weights
24%
Non-cancer toxicity
weights only
44%
No RSEI toxicity
weights
23%
2. RSEI Cancer Toxicity Weighting
a) What are the results for 2008?
Total disposal or other releases for the 162 TRI chemicals reported on for 2008 with RSEI toxicity
weights for cancer effects was 751 million pounds. (Figure 30.)
•	81% was on-site land disposal or other releases, including
~	41% in other land disposal (such as waste piles, spills or leaks) and
~	29% in non-RCRA Subtitle C surface impoundments
•	9% was sent off-site primarily to land disposal or other releases, including
~	5% to non-RCRA Subtitle C landfills and
~	2% to RCRA Subtitle C landfills
•	6% was on-site air releases
32
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Figure 30. Disposal or Other Releases for TRI Chemicals with RSEI Cancer Toxicity Weights, 2008
Disposal or Other Releases for TRI Chemicals with RSEI
Cancer Toxicity Weights, 2008:
751 million pounds
Total Off-site
Disposal or
Other Releases
\	9%
On-site Surface
Water
Discharges
0.2%
On-site Land 1
Disposal or
Other Releases
81%
Underground
Injection
4%
When RSEI toxicity weights for cancer effects are applied for 2008, two chemicals accounted for
91% of the total toxicity weighted pounds.
•	Asbestos accounted for 78% of total disposal or other releases weighted by RSEI toxicity
values for cancer effects
~	Asbestos has a high value due to an assigned toxicity weighting of 1,000,000, the
largest of all TRI chemicals with RSEI toxicity weights for cancer effects.
~	In 2008, most asbestos was landfilled, with 71% going to on-site RCRA Subtitle C
landfills, 24% to other on-site landfills and 5% to off-site non-RCRA Subtitle C
landfills.
•	Arsenic and its compounds accounted for 14% of total disposal or other releases weighted
by RSEI toxicity values for cancer effects.
~	Arsenic and its compounds has a relatively high toxicity weight (31,000 inhalation
toxicity weight) but also had large amounts reported, ranking thirteenth for total
disposal or other releases (not weighted), among TRI chemicals with RSEI toxicity
weights.
~	In 2008, disposal or other releases consisted of 81% in on-site non-RCRA Subtitle C
surface impoundments and 8% in on-site other land disposal (such as waste piles, leaks
and spills).
b) What were the changes in toxicity weighted pounds from 2007 to
2008 and from 2001 to 2008?
Comparing the nationally aggregated total toxicity weighted pounds of disposal or other releases
using the RSEI cancer toxicity weights to years past shows that (Figure 31):
•	For 2007 to 2008, there was an increase of 10% using RSEI cancer toxicity weighted
pounds, for TRI chemicals with RSEI cancer toxicity weights.
~ The increase is largely due to the 21% increase in total disposal or other releases of
asbestos. The hazardous waste management facilities report more than 90% f total
disposal or other releases of asbestos and reported an increase of 34% from 2007 to
2008, mainly in on-site RCRA Subtitle C landfills.
33
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~ The change in pounds for the same group of TRI chemicals (those with RSEI
cancer toxicity weights) was a decrease of 6%.
• For 2001 to 2008, there was a decrease of 53% using RSEI cancer toxicity weighted
pounds, for TRI chemicals with RSEI cancer toxicity weights.
~	The change in pounds for the same group of TRI chemicals (those with RSEI
cancer toxicity weights) was a decrease of 33%.
~	As with the large decrease in total pounds over this period, much of this decrease
could be due to the change in reporting by mining facilities, particularly for arsenic
and its compounds. The metal mining sector reported 95% of total disposal or other
releases of arsenic and its compounds for 2001 and a decrease of 82% from 2001 to
2008. The hazardous waste management facilities had the largest total disposal or
other releases of asbestos during this period.
Figure 31. Total Disposal or Other Releases, by Chemical, 2001-2008: TRI Chemicals with RSEI
Cancer Toxicity Weights
Total Disposal or Other Releases, 2001-2008:
25,000 -| tri chemicals with RSEI Cancer Toxicity Weights
£ 10,000
in
Asbestos	Arsenic and Arsenic Compounds
(~2001 D2002 D2003 D2004 B2005 D2006 B2007 D2008 I
3. RSEI Non-Cancer Toxicity Weighting
a) What are the results for 2008?
Total disposal or other releases for the 337 TRI chemicals reported on for 2008 with RSEI toxicity
weights for non-cancer health effects was 3.8 billion pounds. (Figure 32.)
•	46% was on-site land disposal or other releases, including
~	19% in non-RCRA Subtitle C surface impoundments
~	16% in other land disposal (such as waste piles, spills or leaks) and
•	30% was on-site air releases
•	13% was sent off-site primarily to land disposal or other releases, including
~	7% to non-RCRA Subtitle C landfills and
~	2% to RCRA Subtitle C landfills
•	6% was on-site surface water discharges
•	5% was in on-site underground injection wells
34
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Figure 32. Disposal or Other Releases for TRI Chemicals with RSEI Non-Cancer Toxicity Weights,
2008
Disposal or Other Releases for TRI Chemicals with
RSEI Non-Cancer Toxicity Weights, 2008:
3.8 billion pounds
Total Off-site
Disposal or
On-site Land
Disposal or
Other Releases
46%
Hr	On-site Surface
	—Water
On- site	Discharges
Underground	6%
Injection
Other Releases
13%
On-site Air
Releases
30%
5%
When RSEI toxicity weights for non-cancer health effects are applied for 2008, three chemicals
accounted for 80% of the total toxicity weighted pounds.
•	Manganese and its compounds accounted for 39% of total disposal or other releases
weighted by RSEI toxicity values for non-cancer effects.
~	Manganese and its compounds has a relatively high toxicity weight (36,000 inhalation
toxicity weight) but also had large amounts reported, ranking sixth for total disposal or
other releases (not weighted), among TRI chemicals with RSEI toxicity weights.
~	In 2008, disposal or other releases consisted of 30% in on-site and 22% in off-site non-
RCRA Subtitle C landfills and 19% in on-site non-RCRA surface impoundments.
•	Arsenic and its compounds accounted for 21% of total disposal or other releases weighted
by RSEI toxicity values for non-cancer effects. The second largest for non-cancer toxicity
weighted pounds as it is for cancer toxicity weighted pounds.
~	Arsenic and its compounds has a relatively high toxicity weight (60,000 inhalation
toxicity weight for non-cancer effects) but also had large amounts reported, ranking
thirteenth for total disposal or other releases (not weighted), among TRI chemicals with
RSEI toxicity weights.
~	In 2008, disposal or other releases consisted of 81% in on-site non-RCRA Subtitle C
surface impoundments and 8% in on-site other land disposal (such as waste piles, leaks
and spills).
•	Lead and its compounds accounted for 20% of total disposal or other releases weighted by
RSEI toxicity values for non-cancer effects.
~	Lead and its compounds ranks high because it had the second largest total disposal or
other releases (not weighted), among TRI chemicals with RSEI toxicity weights.
~	In 2008, disposal or other releases consisted of 60% in on-site other land disposal (such
as waste piles, leaks and spills) and 28% in on-site non-RCRA Subtitle C surface
impoundments.
35
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b) What were the changes in toxicity weighted pounds from 2007 to
2008 and from 2001 to 2008?
Comparing the nationally aggregated total toxicity weighted pounds of disposal or other releases
using the RSEI non-cancer toxicity weights to years past shows that (Figure 33):
•	For 2007 to 2008, there was a decrease of 7% using RSEI non-cancer toxicity weighted
pounds, for TRI chemicals with RSEI non-cancer toxicity weights. The change in pounds
for the same group of TRI chemicals (those with RSEI non-cancer toxicity weights) was a
decrease of 6%.
•	For 2001 to 2008, there was a decrease of 55% using RSEI non-cancer toxicity weighted
pounds, for TRI chemicals with RSEI non-cancer toxicity weights.
~	The change in pounds for the same group of TRI chemicals (those with RSEI non-
cancer toxicity weights) was a decrease of 31%.
~	As with the large decrease in total pounds over this period, much of this decrease could
be due to the change in reporting by mining facilities.
-	For arsenic and its compounds, the metal mining sector reported 95% of total
disposal or other releases for 2001 and a decrease of 82% from 2001 to 2008.
-	For manganese and its compounds, the metal mining sector reported 52% of total
disposal or other releases for 2001 and a decrease of 82% from 2001 to 2008.
~	However, for lead and its compounds, the metal mining sector reported 78% of total
disposal or other releases for 2001 and an increase of 25% from 2001 to 2008,
representing 85% of the total for 2008. Both the hazardous waste management facilities
and the primary metals sector had substantial decreases in lead and its compounds from
2001 to 2008. Hazardous waste facilities had an overall decrease of 39% and the
primary metals sector decrease was 24%.
Figure 33. Total Disposal or Other Releases, 2001-2008: TRI Chemicals with RSEI Non-Cancer
Toxicity Weights
30,000 n Total Disposal or Other Releases, 2001-2008:
TRI Chemicals with RSEI Non-Cancer Toxicity Weights
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
JC
Arsenic and Arsenic Compounds Manganese and Manganese Lead and Lead Compounds
Compounds
All Others
~ 2001 [12002 D2003 D2004 ^2005 02006 D2007 D2008
36
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VI. TRI Data. 1988-2008
Looking at trends in the industries and chemicals that have been reported consistently since 1988,
total on- and off-site disposal or other releases of TRI chemicals decreased by 65% (1.94 billion
pounds). The number of facilities reporting to TRI decreased by 22% over that same time period.
This decrease only takes into consideration the 1988 core set of chemicals and industry sectors
(i.e., those chemicals/industry sectors that have been on the TRI list and have had the same
reporting definition since 1988). (Figure 34.)
Figure 34. Total Disposal or Other Releases and Number of Facilities, 1988-2008
Total Disposal or Other Releases and Number of Facilities, 1988-2008
4,500
25,000
4,000
20,000
3,500
3,000
15,000
2,500
2,000
10,000
1,500
1,000
5,000
500
0
-Qv* Jtfc -Clt^ _0^ _CV>	Jp _dp -S& <&> _e£>	_CY>	-C?5	JC?>
i iTntai Disposal or Other Releases
Number of Facilities
Note: Data are from TRI Form, Sections 5 (all parts) and 6.1 (metals and metal compounds only)
and 6.2 (Disposal codes only and metals and metal compounds reported under codes M40 and
M61). Does not include delisted chemicals, chemicals added in 1990, 1994 and 1995, aluminum
oxide, ammonia, hydrochloric acid, PBT chemicals, sulfuric acid, vanadium and vanadium
compounds. For the years 1998 and after, does not include industries, other than manufacturing
industries, that are required to report for 1998 and later years only. Data as of December 2009.
37
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