EPA/XXX/X-XX/XXX
April 2001
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT PROGRAM-
SURFACE WATERS:
WESTERN PILOT STUDY
FIELD OPERATIONS MANUAL FOR
WADEABLE STREAMS
Edited by
David V. Peck1, James M. Lazorchak2, and Donald J. Klemm2
1 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Regional Ecology Branch
Western Ecology Division
National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory
Corvallis, OR 97333
2 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Ecosystems Research Branch
Ecological Exposure Research Division
National Exposure Research Laboratory
Cincinnati, OH 45268
NATIONAL HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NC 27711
NATIONAL EXPOSURE RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NC 27711
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SECTION 3
BASE LOCATION ACTIVITIES
Donald J. Klemm1, Brian H. Hill1, Frank H. McCormick1, David V. Peck2,
and Marlys Cappaert3
Field teams conduct a number of activities at a "base" location before and after visiting
each stream site. These activities are generally conducted on the same day as the sam-
pling visit. Close attention to these activities is required to ensure that the field teams know
where they are going, that access to the stream site is possible and permissible, that all the
necessary equipment and supplies are in good order to complete the sampling effort, and
that samples are packaged and shipped correctly and promptly.
Modifications to base location procedures described in the previous EMAP-SW field
operations manual for wadeable streams (Klemm et al., 1998) are summarized in Table 3-1.
Conductivity pens are not used in the Western Pilot Study. Sediment samples for metabo-
lism and sediment toxicity are not being collected for the Western Pilot Study. Performance
evaluation procedures for field meters have been modified to reflect new types of instru-
mentation. Beginning in 2001, field measurements of conductivity and dissolved oxygen are
optional, and the frequency of inspection and evaluation of field meters is reduced. In some
situations, field teams may have personnel available who are certified to ship preserved
biological samples that constitute dangerous goods. Such samples must be transported
and presented for shipment in accordance with State, Federal, and international regulations.
Because of the large geographic area being sampled for the Western Pilot, it is critical to
minimize the potential for transferring exotic or nuisance species of plants and animals or
waterborne pathogens such as salmonid Whirling Disease.
U.S. EPA, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Ecological Exposure Research Division, 26 W. Martin L. King Dr.,
Cincinnati, OH.
U.S. EPA, National Health and Environmental Effects Research laboratory, Western Ecology Division, 200 SW 35th St.,
Corvallis, OR 97333.
OAO, Inc., c/o U.S. EPA, 200 SW 35th St., Corvallis, OR 97333
33
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EMAP-Western Pilot Field Operations Manual for Wadeable Streams, Section 3 (Base Location Activities), Rev. 2,
April 2001 Page 2 of 24
TABLE 3-1. SUMMARY OF CHANGES IN BASE LOCATION ACTIVITIES FOR
THE EMAP-SW WESTERN PILOT STUDY
Changes from Klemm et al. (1998):
7. Reference to conductivity pens has been removed
8. Procedures and information related to sediment metabolism and sediment toxicity sampling
have been removed
9. Performance evaluation procedures for field instrumentation have been modified or added
10. Added procedures for preparing dangerous goods samples for shipment
11. Cleaning procedures and solutions to prevent interstream transfer of Whirling Disease spores
have been included.
Changes from EMAP-Western Pilot Study Year 2000 activities:
1. The frequency of performance evaluation checks for field conductivity and dissolved oxygen
meters is reduced from before each stream site to before and after the field season.
2. The use of ice substitute packs whenever possible to ship samples is strongly recommended
to avoid problems associated with melted ice during shipment.
Figure 3-1 illustrates operations and activities that are conducted before and after
each visit to a stream site. Activities that are conducted after a stream visit include equip-
ment cleanup and maintenance, packing and shipping samples, and communications with
project management to report the status of the visit.
3.1 ACTIVITIES BEFORE EACH STREAM VISIT
Before each stream visit, each field team should confirm access to the stream site,
develop a sampling itinerary, inspect and repair equipment, check to make sure all supplies
required for the visit are available, and prepare sample containers. Procedures to accom-
plish these activities are described in the following sections.
3.1.1 Confirming Site Access
Field crews should be provided with dossiers containing important locational and
access information for each stream they are scheduled to visit. Before visiting a stream, the
crew should review the contents of the specific stream dossier. The landowner(s) listed in
the dossier should be contacted to confirm permission to sample and identify any revisions
to the information contained in the dossier.
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EMAP-Western Pilot Field Operations Manual for Wadeable Streams, Section 3 (Base Location Activities), Rev. 2,
April 2001 Page 3 of 24
BASE LOCATION ACTIVITIES
BEFORE EACH STREAM VISIT
Team Leader
Review stream dossier
information
Make access contacts
Prepare itinerary
Team Members
Test and calibrate oxygen meter
and conductivity meter
Initialize GPS (if necessary)
Prepare sample containers and
labels
Pack equipment and supplies using
checklist
SAMPLE STREAM
AFTER EACH STREAM VISIT
Team Leader
Review forms and labels
Record sample tracking information as required
Package and ship samples and data forms
File status report with field coordinator or other
Team Members
Clean and check equipment; disinfect if
necessary
Charge or replace batteries
Assist with packing and shipping samples
Check and refuel vehicles
central contact person
Obtain ice and other consumable supplies as
needed
Figure 3-1. Activities conducted at base locations.
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EMAP-Western Pilot Field Operations Manual for Wadeable Streams, Section 3 (Base Location Activities), Rev. 2,
April 2001 Page 4 of 24
3.1.2 Daily Sampling Itinerary
Based upon the sampling schedule provided to each team, team leaders are respon-
sible for developing daily itineraries. The team leader reviews each stream dossier to
ensure that it contains the appropriate maps, contact information, copies of permission
letters, and access instructions. Additional activities include determining the best access
routes, calling the landowners or local contacts to confirm permission, confirming lodging
plans for the upcoming evening, and coordinating rendezvous locations with individuals who
must meet with field teams prior to accessing a site. This information is used to develop an
itinerary for the stream. The itinerary should include anticipated departure time, routes of
travel, location of any intermediate stops (e.g., to drop off samples, pick up supplies, etc.)
and estimated time of arrival at the final destination after completing the stream visit. This
information (and any changes that occur due to unforeseen circumstances), should be
provided to the field coordinator or other central contact person identified for the specific
field study. Failure to adhere to the reported itinerary can result in the initiation of expensive
search and rescue procedures and disruption of carefully planned schedules. In addition,
each team should carry individual emergency medical and personal information with them,
possibly in the form of a "safety log" that remains in the vehicle (see Section 2).
3.1.3 Instrument Inspections and Performance Tests
Each field team is required to test and calibrate some instruments prior to departure
for the stream site. Field instruments include a global positioning system (GPS) receiver, a
current velocity meter, a conductivity meter, and a dissolved oxygen meter. NOTE:
Conductivity and dissolved oxygen are optional measurements beginning in 2001.
Backup instruments should be available if instruments fail the performance tests or calibra-
tions described in the following subsections.
3.1.3.1 Global Positioning System Receiver-
Specific performance checks will vary among different brands of GPS receivers.
Follow the instructions in the receiver's operating manual to make sure the unit is function-
ing properly. Turn on the receiver and check the batteries. Replace batteries immediately if
a battery warning is displayed. Make sure extra batteries are stored with the receiver and
will be available in the field if necessary. Follow the manufacturer's instructions for
initializing the receiver when it becomes necessary (e.g., before first use, after replacing
batteries, or if a new positional reference is required).
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EMAP-Western Pilot Field Operations Manual for Wadeable Streams, Section 3 (Base Location Activities), Rev. 2,
April 2001 Page 5 of 24
3.1.3.2 Dissolved Oxygen Meter-
NOTE: Dissolved oxygen is an optional measurement beginning in 2001.
As an initial performance test before use each year, dissolved oxygen (DO) meters
should be tested for accuracy against the Winkler titration method, In addition, inspect and
test the dissolved oxygen meters periodically during the course of field sampling operations.
At a minimum, check the instruments before and after field sampling has been completed.
The inspection and testing procedure, based on the use of a Yellow Springs Instruments
(YSI) Model 53 oxygen meter, is summarized in Figure 3-2. Some modification to the
procedure may be necessary for other models or types of dissolved oxygen meters. The
procedure to use for newer models of DO meters (e.g., the YSI Model 85 or 95), is pre-
sented in Table 3-2.
Inspect the meter by checking the status of the batteries, and the functioning of the
electronics. Confirm the meter is adjusted correctly for measurements in fresh water.
Inspect the membrane of the probe. If bubbles are present, if the membrane is discolored,
or if the membrane is torn, use a backup probe and/or replace the membrane on the origi-
nal probe. (NOTE: For older models of meters, new membranes may require conditioning
for 24 hours before use).
After inspecting the meter and probe, attempt to calibrate it using the procedure
presented in Table 3-2 (for YSI Models 85 or 95), or by following the instructions in the
instrument operating manual. Do not record the calibration information obtained during the
performance test. The meter is calibrated again at each stream site. If the meter cannot be
successfully calibrated, check the temperature probe reading against a thermometer and/or
replace the membrane, probe, or meter (if spare units are available). After the test, turn the
meter off, and store the probe according to the manufacturer's instructions.
3.1.3.3 Conductivity Meters-
NOTE: Conductivity is an optional measurement beginning in 2001.
Follow the operating manual provided with the meter to check the batteries, the
electronics, and to inspect the probe. New probes or probes that have been stored dry may
require conditioning before use.
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EMAP-Western Pilot Field Operations Manual for Wadeable Streams, Section 3 (Base Location Activities), Rev. 2,
April 2001 Page 6 of 24
DISSOLVED OXYGEN METER PERFORMANCE CHECK
CHECK METER
Turn meter on
Adjust electronic zero
Adjust salinity knob (0-FRESH)
Replace
batteries
or meter
FAIL
Red Line
Check
Replace
membrane
PASS
FAIL
Membrane
. Check .
Replace
probe
PASS
EQUILIBRATE PROBE
Empty water from calibration
chamber
Insert probe into calibration chamber
Equilibrate in calibration chamber
water bath for 15 minutes
Replace probe
and/or meter
Temperature
Check
(within ±1 °C)?
FAIL
PASS
CALIBRATE METER
Adjust meter to theoretical 02 value for water-
saturated air at chamber temperature and pressure
NO
Successful
Calibration?
YES
TAKE METER TO THE STREAM
Refill calibration chamber with water
to store probe
4/1/94
Figure 3-2. Performance test procedure for a dissolved oxygen meter.
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EMAP-Western Pilot Field Operations Manual for Wadeable Streams, Section 3 (Base Location Activities), Rev. 2,
April 2001 Page 7 of 24
TABLE 3-2. CHECKING THE CALIBRATION OF THE DISSOLVED OXYGEN METER3
Note: Beginning in 2001, dissolved oxygen is an optional measurement.
1. Periodically, check the temperature probe of the meter against a field thermometer. This can
be done in a bucket of water at a base location or at a stream site. The displayed temperature
should be within ± 1 C of the thermometer reading.
2. At each location, obtain the approximate local altitude from a topographic map or other source
(e.g., local airport).
3. Inspect the DO probe membrane for wrinkles, cracks, bubbles, etc. Replace the membrane
cap assembly if necessary.
4. Check the calibration chamber and fill it with cold tap water to dampen the sponge. Drain the
chamber and insert the probe into the chamber.
5. Turn the meter on and make sure the meter passes all the internal electronics checks.
6. Press the MODE key until the dissolved oxygen reading inside the chamber is displayed in
mg/L. Allow approximately 15 minutes for the readings to stabilize (i.e., a change of < 0.02
mg/L over a 1-minute period).
7. Press the UP ARROW and DOWN ARROW keys simultaneously to enter calibration mode.
8. Use the UP ARROW or DOWN ARROW key to enter the local altitude [to the nearest 100 feet
(e.g., "15" equals 1500 ft)]. After the correct altitude is displayed, press the ENTER button.
9. In the lower part of the display, "CAL" should appear along with the theoretical value based on
temperature and altitude.
10. Once the actual value displayed is stable, compare the actual and theoretical values. They
should agree ± 0.5 mg/L. If not, check the temperature probe against a thermometer (Step 1),
or install a new membrane cap assembly, then repeat the calibration procedure.
a For use with YSI Models 85 and 95. Modified from YSI Incorporated. 1986. Model 85 Handheld
Oxygen, Conductivity, Salinity, and Temperature System Operations Manual. YSI Incorporated,
Yellow Springs, OH.
39
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EMAP-Western Pilot Field Operations Manual for Wadeable Streams, Section 3 (Base Location Activities), Rev. 2,
April 2001 Page 8 of 24
The operation of the conductivity meter is checked periodically at a base location
using a standard solution of known conductivity. A quality control check sample (QCCS) is
prepared as described in Table 3-3. The QCCS can be prepared as either of two dilutions
of the stock standard, depending on the theoretical conductivity desired based on the
anticipated range of conductivities in the field. A 1:100 dilution of the stock provides a
QCCS with a conductivity of 75.3 |jS/cm at 25 °C (Metcalf and Peck, 1993). A 1:200 dilu-
tion results in a QCCS with a conductivity of 37.8 |jS/cm at 25 °C (Peck and Metcalf, 1991).
A fresh lot of the QCCS should be prepared every two weeks from the stock standard
solution. For higher conductivity systems, a 0.01 N potassium chloride solution is used as a
QCCS (theoretical value = 1,413 |jS/cm at 25 °C).
If a YSI Model 85 meter is being used, check the performance of the conductivity
pen or conductivity meter by following the procedure presented in Table 3-4. Make sure the
correct mode (temperature compensated conductivity) is used for the check. The displayed
value of the QCCS should be compared directly to the theoretical value of the QCCS at 25
°C (75.3 |jS/cm or 37.8 |jS/cm).
If another model of conductivity meter is used, refer to the procedure presented in
Table 3-5. If the meter cannot display temperature compensated conductivity, the team
should be provided with a table showing theoretical values of the QCCS solution at different
temperatures.
3.1.3.4 Current Velocity Meters-
Field teams may be using one of three types of current velocity meters, a photo-
optical impeller type meter (e.g., Swoffer Model 2100) a vertical axis meter (e.g., Price type
AA), or an electromagnetic type meter (e.g., Marsh McBirney Model 201D). General guide-
lines regarding performance checks and inspection of current meters are presented in
Table 3-6. Consult the operating manual for the specific meter and modify this information
as necessary.
3.1.4 Preparation of Equipment and Supplies
To ensure that all activities at a stream can be conducted completely and efficiently,
field teams should check all equipment and supplies before traveling to a stream site. In
addition, they should prepare sample containers and labels for use to the extent possible.
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EMAP-Western Pilot Field Operations Manual for Wadeable Streams, Section 3 (Base Location Activities), Rev. 2,
April 2001 Page 9 of 24
TABLE 3-3. STOCK SOLUTIONS, USES, AND INSTRUCTIONS FOR PREPARATION
SOLUTION
USE
PREPARATION
Bleach
(10%)
Bleach (90%)
"Sparquat"
Conductivity
Standard
Stock Solution3
Quality Control
Check Sample
Formalin, borax
buffered0
(pH 7-8)
Ethanol (95%)
Clean seines, dip nets,
kick nets, or other equip-
ment that is immersed in
the stream
To disinfect gear from
spores of whirling disease
To disinfect gear from
spores of whirling disease
To prepare conductivity
quality control check sam-
ple solution
To check operation of con-
ductivity meter
Preservative for fish speci-
mens and periphyton sam-
ples
Preservative for benthic
macroinvertebrate sam-
ples^
Dilute 400 mL chlorine bleach solution to 4 L
with tap water.
Dilute 3.6-L bleach with 400 mL tap water.
Dissolve 120 mL (2 oz) in 5 gal (19 L) tap water
Dissolve 3.4022 g KH2P04 and 3.5490 g
Na2HP04 (analytical grade; dried at 120 °C for 3
h and stored desiccated) in 1000.0 g (1.0018 L
at 20 °C, 1.0029 L at 25 °C) reagent water.
1:100 dilution of standard stock solution with
reagent water (theoretical conductivity = 75.3
jjS/cm at 25 °C)a
1:200 dilution of standard stock solution with
reagent water (theoretical conductivity = 37.6
jjS/cm at 25 °C)b
Add 400 g borax detergent (e.g., Twenty Mule
Team®) to each 20-L container of 100% forma-
lin. Test with pH paper.
None.
a Metcalf and Peck (1993)
b Peck and Metcalf (1991)
c Handle formalin according to 29 CFR 1910.1048.
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EMAP-Western Pilot Field Operations Manual for Wadeable Streams, Section 3 (Base Location Activities), Rev. 2,
April 2001 Page 10 of 24
TABLE 3-4. PERFORMANCE CHECK OF NEWER CONDUCTIVITY METERS3
1. If using a combination DO/conductivity meter (e.g., the YSI Model 85), check the conductivity
probe after completing the calibration check for the DO probe.
2. Inspect the probe for deposits or fouling.
3. Turn the meter on and make sure all internal electronics checks are completed successfully.
4. Use the MODE key to display "temperature compensated" conductivity (The " C" symbol on
the display will be flashing).
5. Swirl the conductivity probe for 3-5 seconds in a 250-mL bottle containing the daily QCCS
solution labeled "RINSE".
6. Transfer the probe from the "RINSE" bottle to a second 250-mL bottle of QCCS labeled
"TEST". Let stabilize for 20 seconds.
7. If the measured value of the QCCS is within ±10% or ±10 jjS/cm of the theoretical value
(whichever is greater at the theoretical value), rinse the probe in deionized water. Store as
described in the operating manual and package the meter for transport to the stream site.
If the measured value of the QCCS is not within ±10% or ±10 uS/cm of theoretical value,
repeat Steps 5 through 7.
8. If the value is still unacceptable, replace the QCCS in both the "rinse" and "test" bottles and
repeat the measurement process.
If the measured value is still not acceptable, clean the conductivity probe as described in
the manual, check the batteries, soak in deionized water for 24 hours, and repeat Steps 1
through 7.
If the measured value is still unacceptable, replace the meter.
a For use with YSI Models 85 and 95. Modified from YSI Incorporated. 1986. Model 85 Handheld
Oxygen, Conductivity, Salinity, and Temperature System Operations Manual. YSI Incorporated,
Yellow Springs, OH.
<7
42
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EMAP-Western Pilot Field Operations Manual for Wadeable Streams, Section 3 (Base Location Activities), Rev. 2,
April 2001 Page 11 of 24
TABLE 3-5. PERFORMANCE CHECK OF OLDER CONDUCTIVITY METERS3
1. Check the functioning of the meter according to the manufacturer's operating manual (e.g.,
zero and "red line" of the meter).
2. Swirl the conductivity probe for 3-5 seconds in a 250-mL bottle containing the daily QCCS
solution labeled "RINSE".
3. Transfer the probe from the "RINSE" bottle to a second 250-mL bottle of QCCS labeled
"TEST". Let stabilize for 20 seconds.
4. If the measured value of the QCCS is within ±10% or ±10 jjS/cm of the theoretical value
(whichever is greater at the theoretical value), rinse the probe in deionized water. Store as
described in the operating manual and package the meter for transport to the stream site.
If the measured value of the QCCS is not within ±10% or ±10 uS/cm of theoretical value,
repeat Steps 1 through 3.
If the value is still unacceptable, replace the QCCS in both the "rinse" and "test"
bottles and repeat the measurement process.
If the measured value is still not acceptable, clean the conductivity probe as de-
scribed in the manual, check the batteries, soak in deionized water for 24 hours,
and repeat Steps 1 through 3.
If the measured value is still unacceptable, replace the meter.
a For use with older models of conductivity meters (e.g., YSI Model 33 S-C-T).
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EMAP-Western Pilot Field Operations Manual for Wadeable Streams, Section 3 (Base Location Activities), Rev. 2,
April 2001 Page 12 of 24
TABLE 3-6. GENERAL PERFORMANCE CHECKS FOR CURRENT VELOCITY METERS
Photoelectric Impeller Meters (e.g., Swoffer Model 2100)
• Check that the calibration adjustment cover screws are tightly fitted on the display case.
• Periodically check the condition of the connector fitting between the display unit and the
sensor.
• Connect the sensor to the display unit and check the calibration value stored in memory. If
this value is less than the correct value for the display unit-sensor rotor combination, replace
the batteries.
• Periodically perform a spin test of the rotor assembly, following the instructions in the me-
ter's operating manual. A displayed count value of 300 or greater is indicative of satisfac-
tory performance at low current velocities.
• If a buzzing sound occurs when the rotor assembly is spun by hand, or if the shaft shows
visible wear, replace the rotor assembly.
• Periodically examine the thrust-bearing nut on the rotor assembly. If a "cup" begins to form
on the bottom surface of the nut, it should be replaced.
Vertical-axis Meters (from Smoot and Novak, 1968)
• Inspect the bucket and wheel hub assembly, yoke, cups, tailpiece, and the pivot point each
day before use.
• Inspect the bearings and check the contact chamber for proper adjustment.
• Periodically conduct a spin test of the meter. The minimum spin time is 1.5 minutes, while
the recommended time is between 3 and 4 minutes.
Electromagnetic Meters
• Check the meter calibration daily as part of morning routine. Calibration value should be
2.00 + 0.05.
• Once per week, check the zero value using a bucket of quiescent water. Place the probe in
the bucket and allow to sit for 30 minutes with no disturbance. The velocity value obtained
should be 0.0 + 0.1. Adjust the meter zero if the value is outside this range.
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EMAP-Western Pilot Field Operations Manual for Wadeable Streams, Section 3 (Base Location Activities), Rev. 2,
April 2001 Page 13 of 24
Check the inventory of equipment and supplies prior to departure using the stream-
visit checklists presented in Appendix A. Pack meters, probes, and sampling gear in such a
way as to minimize physical shock and vibration during transport. If necessary, prepare
stock preservative solutions as described in Table 3-3. Follow the regulations of the Occu-
pational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) for handling and transporting hazardous
materials such as formalin and ethanol. Regulations pertaining to formalin are in the Code
of Federal Regulations (CFR; specifically 29 CFR 1910.1048). These requirements should
be summarized for all hazardous materials being used for the project and provided to field
personnel. Transport formalin and ethanol in appropriate containers with absorbent mate-
rial.
Inspect the vehicles every morning before departure. Refuel vehicles and conduct
maintenance activities the night before a sampling trip. Check vehicle lights, turn signals,
brake lights, and air pressure in the tires.
Some sample containers can be labeled before departing from the base location.
Figure 3-3 illustrates the preprinted labels. A set of three water chemistry sample contain-
ers all having the same ID number (one for the 4-L cubitainer and two for the 60-mL sy-
ringes) can be pre-labeled with the appropriate information (described in Section 5). After
labeling, place the syringes in their plastic container, and place the cubitainer and beakers
in a clean self-sealing plastic bag to prevent contamination. Sample containers for biologi-
cal and sediment samples should NOT be pre-labeled before reaching the stream site.
Problems in sample tracking can result if jars are labeled and then are not used at a stream.
3.2 ACTIVITIES AFTER EACH STREAM VISIT
Upon reaching a lodging location after sampling a stream, the team reviews all
completed data forms and sample labels for accuracy, completeness, and legibility, and
makes a final inspection of samples. If information is missing from the forms or labels, the
team leader should fill in the missing information as accurately as possible. The team
leader initials all data forms after review. The other team member should inspect and clean
sampling equipment, check the inventory of supplies, and prepare samples for shipment.
Other activities include shipping samples and communicating with the field coordinator or
other central contact person.
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EMAP-Westerri Pilot Field Operations Manual for Wadeable Streams, Section 3 (Base Location Activities), Rev. 2,
April 2001 Page 14 of 24
WATER CHEMISTRY
WXXP99-
I I 2001
CU S1 S2
400001
FISH TISSUE
WXXP99 -
/ I 2001
BIG SMALL MICROBIAL
300001
PERIPHYTON
WXXP99-
/ /20G1
BIO CHLA ID
SUBSAMPLE VOLUME:
mL
COMPOSITE VOLUME:
mL
100001
FISH - JAR
WXXP99 -
/ 1 2001
900000
FISH - BAG
Tag
900000
01
REACH-WIDE BENTHOS
WXXP99 -
I I 2001
500001
TARGETED RIFFLE BENTHOS
WXXP99-
I I 2001
600001
Figure 3-3. Sample container labels.
3.2.1 Equipment Care
Equipment cleaning procedures are given in Table 3-7. Inspect all equipment,
including nets, and clean off any plant and animal material. This effort ensures that intro-
ductions of nuisance species do not occur between streams, and prevents possible cross-
contamination of samples. If nets cannot be cleaned thoroughly using water and detergent,
clean and disinfect them with a 10 perceftt chlorine bleach solution (Table 3-3). Use bleach
only as a last resort, as repeated use will destroy the net material. Take care to avoid
damage to lawns or other property.
3.2.1.1 Special Precautions Related to Salmonid Whirling Disease-
Salmonid Whirling Disease is caused by a sporozoan parasite (Myxobolus
cerebralis), and is a serious threat to salmonid populations in several western states. The
life cycle of the parasite includes both a "hard spore" and a "fragile spore" stage. The hard
spores reside in mud and are very resistant to environmental conditions, remaining dormant
for 30 yrs or more. The fragile spores reside in fish and fish parts and the density is
very high and concentrated.
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EMAP-Western Pilot Field Operations Manual for Wadeable Streams, Section 3 (Base Location Activities), Rev. 2,
April 2001 Page 15 of 24
TABLE 3-7. EQUIPMENT CARE AFTER EACH STREAM VISIT
1. General cleaning for biological contaminants (e.g., plant and animal material).
Prior to departing a stream, drain all water from live wells and buckets used to hold and
process fish.
Inspect sampling gear and waders, boots, etc. for evidence of plant fragments or animal
remains and remove them.
At the base location, inspect seines, dip nets, kick nets, waders, and boots with water
and dry. If there appears to be the potential for contamination, disinfect gear with a 10
percent bleach solution.
2. Additional precautions to prevent transfer of Whirling Disease spores
Consult the site dossier and determine if the stream has been classified as whirling
disease positive or negative
If the stream is listed as "positive" or no information is available, chemically treat ALL fish
and benthos sampling gear and other equipment that has come into contact with water
(i.e., waders, boots, etc.) or sediments should be treated by either:
A 10-minute soak in a 90% bleach solution, followed by copious rinsing, or
A 10-minute soak is Sparquat solution, followed by copious rinsing
3. Clean and dry other equipment prior to storage.
Rinse chlorophyll filtration chamber three times with distilled water after each use.
Rinse periphyton sampling equipment with tap water at the base location.
Rinse coolers with water to clean off any dirt or debris on the outside and inside.
Make sure conductivity meter probes are rinsed with deionized water and are stored
moist.
Rinse all beakers used to collect water chemistry samples three times with deionized
water to prevent contamination of the next stream sample. Place the beakers in a 1-
gallon self-sealing plastic bag with a cubitainer for use at the next stream.
3. Check fish nets for holes and repair, if possible; otherwise, set damaged gear aside and locate
replacements.
4. Inventory equipment and supply needs and relay orders to the Field Coordinator through the
Communications Center.
5. Remove DO meters and GPS receivers from carrying cases and set up for pre-visit inspections
and performance tests. Examine the DO membrane for cracks, wrinkles, or bubbles; replace if
necessary.
6. Recharge all batteries overnight if possible (e.g., electrofishing batteries, 12-V wet cells),
computer battery). Replace others (GPS, DO meter, current meter) as necessary.
7. Recheck field forms from the day's sampling activities. Make corrections and completions
where possible, and initial each form after review.
8. Replenish fuel in vehicles and/or electrofishing generator (if necessary).
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EMAP-Western Pilot Field Operations Manual for Wadeable Streams, Section 3 (Base Location Activities), Rev. 2,
April 2001 Page 16 of 24
It is extremely important to wash all gear thoroughly with water and remove all mud,
debris, etc. to eliminate the possibility of transferring hard spores from one stream to an-
other during the course of a field season. Of higher concern is if infected fish or fish parts
(containing fragile spores) are inadvertently transferred from one stream to another and
then released or otherwise introduced into a stream.
Field teams should be provided with the latest information (as part of the site
dossier) regarding those streams, drainages, etc. that are believed to be infested with
Whirling Disease. This information is available for State fishery biologists or pathologists, of
from organizations such as the Whirling Disease Foundation (Bozeman, MT). If a team has
completed sampling at an infested site and is scheduled to sample a non-infested site next,
all gear and sampling equipment must be treated with either a strong bleach solution (90%)
or a solution containing "Sparquat" (see Table 3-3), as described in Table 3-7. Pay
particular attention to felt soles on wading boots, as the hard spores may embed in this
material.
3.2.2 Sample Tracking, Packing, and Shipment
Each field team packs and ships samples from each stream visit as soon as possible
after collection, normally the day following a stream visit. Field teams must be provided with
specific information for the shipping destinations, contact persons, and the required ship-
ping schedule for each type of sample. Sample tracking information (including sample
types, sample ID numbers, and other field-related information that is required by the labora-
tory to conduct analyses and associate results to a specific sample and stream site) is
recorded during the packing process. This information is recorded onto paper forms. The
tracking form must be filled out for all samples taken. One form will be filled out on a daily
basis and will remain with the site packet. A copy of this form (Figure 3-4), either xerox or
filled in by hand, will be included with unpreserved samples (water chemistry, fish tissue,
and periphyton except for ID) shipped to the EPA analytical laboratory facility in Corvallis
(Willamette Research Station [WRS]). Another tracking form (Figure 3-5) will include all
preserved samples, which will likely be transported to intermediate storage "depots" where
they will accumulate prior to shipment to appropriate support laboratories. This form is
expected to track samples from multiple sites. The tracking form can be returned to the
Information Management staff in Corvallis once it is complete and a copy, either
photocopied or filled in by hand, will accompany each shipment of the samples.
48
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EMAP-Western Pilot Field Operations Manual for Wadeable Streams, Section 3 (Base Location Activities), Rev. 2,
April 2001 Page 17 of 24
FIELD SAMPLE SHIPMENT PACKING/TRACKING FORM
Destination:
Willamette Research Station
1350 Goodnight Ave.
Corvallis, OR 97333
OR:
0 7 J.6.%.1 2 0 0 1
~
Date Received;
. /
/ 2 0 0 1
Airbill Number:
lotWlnxnoHQ
IM Contact:
MARLYS CAPPAERT (541)754-4467
Lab Contact:
KATHY MOTTER (541)754-4877
¦. Sample Comments
. ,teSample ID Type Condition (List 'isn t.ssue species and * small fish here)
/ e>oe>oe>
C/tlFM
ok
CV,S>jSZ.
w
3ooeoo
Fit it
T
AC SHALL FitH - Xf-DSIDf? trnttot
3oo e>o I
FisH
al<
lit!- • CuTlNloAT TtevV
WJeieM
loooo X
Purt
OK
8IS- tvrrnit*Mr Tteur
WXXFM-9M f
3ooe>i> 3
Fit w
oil.
tl(- - Ci/TTHMT 7lo4T
30000 y
Fts/f
OK
$16- - Uofm/riui fine «tftJe tu
- w*
3£>o ooS'
Fun
e><
81*-- MetTHfrks' PkeMtt/juev 1
WKxPn-wi
3oooo t>
Fist)
ML
SIC- a.>o*yntt»r Pik.e/Ms/A'anj
h/xyM-TfTf
Soo oo "7
Fish
OK.
- JUoTTLrt> SculK/u
Ia/xy/Yt-W?
300 oo t
fish
f
Mie*o&t#L. ,uarrLfb struLP/A/
3eo oc 1
Fish-
w
MitkentL - ruTTHtotrr rteor
w^rf-ftrr
3LOOOOO
PFAI
DV.
CHLlIj 8/(0
SAMPLE TYPES
cmmmmHG odes
BENT
= Benthos
B
=
Broken Syringe Tip
CHEM
= Water Chemistry
C
=
Cracked Jar
PISH
= Fish Tissue
F
Frozen
PERI
= Periphyton
L
Leaking
VERT
= Fish Museum
ML
-
Missing Label
NP
=
Not Preserved
OK
=
Seems Fine
T
Thawed but Still Cold
W
=
Warm
35092
03/26/2001 2001 Trackinq
Figure 3-4. Sample tracking form for unpreserved samples.
49
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EMAP-Western Pilot Field Operations Manual for Wadeable Streams, Section 3 (Base Location Activities), Rev. 2,
April 2001 Page 18 of 24
FIELD SAMPLE SHIPMENT PACKING/TRACKING FORM
Destination:
Date Sent:
Airbill Number:
Willamette Research Station Q
1350 Goodnight Ave.
Corvallis, OR 97333
a. T.I. ) x.1 2.0 0 1
HA/JD Peuvetrt)
Contact:
!M Contact:
OR: _
ret^oAi P€For-
m
t/. Olt>f*\FOKMe
MARLYS CAPPAERT (541)754-4467
/JLS riaZMAT at.
fifJVTeM, XX
Date Received:
.O.l.l.1.1.1 2 0 0.1
Lab Contact:
KATHY MOTTER (541)754-4877
Sample Comments
Site ID Sample ID Type Condition (List fish tissue species and # small fish here)
£OO00O
8£*JT
Z v
WXV/Tf-fft t
Soooo 1
Be/tT
OK
2 TR.
w XV ry
3.00 oe0
?ei 1
0K
>P
wxvfti '1191
asnooo
VE*T
OK
•
SAMPLE TYPES
iHMlilii iSSMiSgV-~
BENT
= Benthos
B
=
Broken Syringe Tip
CHEM
water chemistry
C
=
Cracked Jar
FISH
= Fish Tissue
F
=
Frozen
PERI
= Periphyton
L
¦
Leaking
VERT
= Fish Museum
ML
=
Missing Label
NP
=
Not Preserved
OK
=
Seems Fine
T
=
Thawed but Still Cold
W
=
Warm
35092
03/26/2001 2001 Tracking
Figure 3-5. Sample tracking form for preserved samples.
50
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EMAP-Western Pilot Field Operations Manual for Wadeable Streams, Section 3 (Base Location Activities), Rev. 2,
April 2001 Page 19 of 24
General guidelines for packing and shipping the various types of samples described
in this manual are presented in Table 3-8. Use ice substitute packs whenever possible to
avoid leakage due to melting ice. When shipping samples using ice, use fresh ice. Use
block ice when available; it should be sealed in a large plastic bags. If block ice is not
available, contain the ice in several self-sealing plastic bags. Label each bag of ice as "ICE"
with an indelible marker to prevent any leakage of meltwater from being misidentified by
couriers as a possible hazardous material spill. If ice substitute packs are used, place each
pack into a self-sealing plastic bag before use.
Water chemistry samples must be shipped as soon as possible after collection in
order to meet holding time requirements for some laboratory analyses (especially nutrients).
To ship water chemistry samples, place a large (30-gallon) plastic bag in an insulated
shipping container (e.g., a plastic or metal cooler). The sample labels on the cubitainer and
syringes should be completely covered with clear tape to prevent damage from water or
condensation during shipment. Place the syringes into a separate plastic container for
shipment. Place the cubitainer and syringe container into a second large plastic bag and
close. Place the bag containing the samples inside the plastic bag lining the shipping
container. Place bags of ice around the bag of samples, but inside the plastic bag lining the
shipping container. \7»
Then close the outer plastic bag. Seal the cooler with clear tape. Place the required
sample tracking forms in the shipping container and close it. Seal the container with ship-
ping tape and affix any required shipping-related labels to the outside of the container.
Attach an adhesive plastic sleeve to the lid of the container and insert any required shipping
forms.
Samples requiring freezing (Table 3-8) may be stored in the field in a portable
freezer or on dry ice for a short period (e.g., one week). If only ice (or ice substitute packs)
is available for field storage, ship the samples to the laboratory as soon as possible after
collection, using fresh ice (or ice substitute packs) to keep them as cold as possible. When
using ice, double bag the ice and tape the last bag shut to prevent contamination of sam-
ples by melting ice. If ice substitute packs are used, place each pack into a self-sealing
plastic bag. If possible, place samples into a sealed plastic container to protect them from
meltwater. Dry ice may also be used for shipping. Note that dry ice is considered a hazard-
ous material, and requires special shipping containers, shipping labels, and shipping forms
for ground or air transport. If dry ice is used, the requirements and directions for packing
and shipping samples should be provided to each field team.
51
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EMAP-Western Pilot Field Operations Manual for Wadeable Streams, Section 3 (Base Location Activities), Rev. 2,
April 2001 Page 20 of 24
TABLE 3-8. GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR PACKING AND SHIPPING
UNPRESERVED SAMPLES
Sample Type
(container)
Guidelines
Samples requiring refrigeration (4 °C)
Water Chemistry
(4-L cubitainer and 60-mL
syringes)
Ship on day of collection or within 24 hr by overnight courier.
Use fresh ice in labeled plastic bags for shipping.
Line each shipping container with a large plastic bag.
Place syringes in a plastic container.
Place syringe container and cubitainer inside of a second plastic bag.
Cover labels completely with clear tape.
The cubitainer and syringes should have same sample ID number
assigned.
Confirm the sample ID assigned on the labels matches the ID number
recorded on the field collection form and the sample tracking form.
Samples requiring freezing (-20 °C) within 24 hours of collection
Periphyton chlorophyll (fil-
ter in aluminum foil)
If samples cannot be kept frozen in the field, ship on day of collection
or within 24 h by overnight courier.
Cover the label completely with clear tape.
Protect samples from meltwater if ice is used by double bagging ice
and placing samples in a plastic container.
Confirm the sample ID assigned on the label matches the ID number
recorded on the field collection form (or other sample tracking report).
If dry ice is used to transport or ship samples, special shipping contain-
ers, outside labeling, and shipping forms may be required.
Periphyton biomass (filter
in a numbered container)
Periphyton activity (50-mL
centrifuge tube)
Fish Tissue
(aluminum foil; two 30-gal
plastic bags)
If samples cannot be kept frozen in the field, ship on day of collection
or within 24 h by overnight courier.
Cover labels completely with clear tape.
Label on each bag should have identical Sample ID number assigned.
Confirm the sample ID assigned on the label matches the ID number
recorded on the field collection form (or other sample tracking report).
Protect samples from meltwater if ice is used by double bagging ice.
Special shipping containers, outside labeling, and shipping forms may
be required for shipments containing dry ice.
52
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EMAP-Western Pilot Field Operations Manual for Wadeable Streams, Section 3 (Base Location Activities), Rev. 2,
April 2001 Page 21 of 24
Each team leader should contact the field coordinator or other central contact per-
son after each stream visit to provide a brief update of each sampling visit, and to request
replenishment of supplies if necessary. For each shipment, provide the stream identifica-
tion number, date sampled, date that samples are being shipped, and the airbill number
from the courier's shipping form. If the shipment date is on a Friday, call the contact person
or leave a message that a Saturday delivery is coming. Teams should inventory their
supplies after each stream visit and submit requests for replenishment well in advance of
exhausting on-hand stocks.
3.2.2.1 Packing, Transport and Shipment of Preserved Samples-
Samples that are preserved in buffered formalin (periphyton ID samples and fish
voucher specimens) or ethanol (benthic macroinvertebrate samples) should be transported
in appropriate containers and surrounded with some type of acceptable absorbent material
(e.g., vermiculite). The total volume of formalin in the periphyton ID samples (2 ml_ per 50-
mL centrifuge tube) may be small enough that they may be transported or shipped without
designating them as a hazardous material. Guidelines for packing, labeling, transporting,
and shipping samples containing formalin or ethanol are presented in Table 3-8, and it may
be necessary to provide additional guidance to each field team. Alternatively, these sam-
ples may be transported to a central repository for later shipment.
Table 3-9 presents additional guidelines for dealing with preserved samples. In
order for field personnel to ship dangerous goods from field locations, they must be trained
by a person who has been certified to prepare dangerous goods for shipment. Most of this
training deals with packaging, forms and labels that must be used. Dangerous goods
shipments must always be presented to the shipper directly as either a pick-up by a driver
or a drop-off at a shipping facility.
3.3 EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES
A checklist of equipment and supplies required to conduct the activities described in
Section 3 is presented in Figure 3-6. This checklist is similar to the checklist in Appendix A,
which is used at the base location to ensure that all of the required equipment is brought to
the stream. Use this checklist to ensure that equipment and supplies are organized and
available at the stream site in order to conduct the activities efficiently.
53
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EMAP-Western Pilot Field Operations Manual for Wadeable Streams, Section 3 (Base Location Activities), Rev. 2,
April 2001 Page 22 of 24
TABLE 3-9. GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR PACKING AND SHIPPING PRESERVED SAMPLES
Sample Type
(container)
Preservative
Guidelines
Samples requiring preservation in formalin
Periphyton ID (50-
mL centrifuge tube)
10% buffered for-
malin (2 mL per
50-mL sample)
Labels or tags placed inside of the jar must be of water-
resistant paper or 100% rag content paper.
The label on outside of the container should be
completely covered with clear tape.
Confirm the sample ID assigned on the label matches
the ID number recorded on the field collection form and
sample tracking form.
Fish Specimens
(1-L and/or 4-L
jars)
10 % buffered
formalin
Packaging and Shipping Guidance
Inside packaging
Outside packaging
Absorbent material
Labeling
Shipping forms
Samples requiring preservation in ethanol
Benthic Macro-
invertebrates
(500-mL or 1-L
jars)
70 % ethanol
Confirm the sample ID assigned on the label matches
the ID number recorded on the field collection form and
sample tracking from.
Packaging and shipping guidance
Inside packaging
HDPE bottles with leakproof screw-top cap (must meet UN specification IP2).
Apply a strip of plastic tape around the cap to seal each bottle securely.
Place bottles in upright position in outer package and surround with sufficient
absorbent material to prevent tipping.
Outside packaging
Screw-top plastic pail (5-gal size) with ratcheted lid is recommended. Must
meet UN specification 1H2. Each pail can hold no more than 5.0 L total liquid
(= 8 500-mL bottles or 5 1-L bottles).
Absorbent material
Sufficient volume of absorbent material (vermiculite or equivalent) to absorb
contents of all inner packaging.
Labeling
Outside package marked with UN ID no. and name ("1170-Ethanol"), "Flam-
mable Liquid" label, and package orientation label
Shipping Forms
54
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EMAP-Western Pilot Field Operations Manual for Wadeable Streams, Section 3 (Base Location Activities), Rev. 2,
April 2001 Page 23 of 24
BASE LOCATION ACTIVITIES
QTY.
ITEM
Before Departure for Stream
1
Dossier of access information for scheduled stream site
1
Sampling itinerary form or notebook
1
Safety log and/or personal safety information for each team member
1
GPS receiver with extra batteries
1
Dissolved oxygen/temperature meter with probe
1
Conductivity meter with probe
1
500-mL plastic bottle containing deionized water
500-mL plastic bottles containing conductivity QCCS, labeled "Rinse" and "Test"
1
Current velocity meter with probe and wading rod
Assorted extra batteries for dissolved, conductivity, and current velocity meters
1 set
Completed water chemistry sample labels (3 labels with same barcode)
1 set
Water chemistry sample containers (one 4-L Cubitainer and two 60-mL syringes
with a plastic storage container
1 box
Clear tape strips to cover completed sample labels
1
Checklist of all equipment and supplies required for a stream visit
Packing and Shipping Samples
Ice (also dry ice if it is used to ship frozen samples)
1 box
1 -gal heavy-duty sealable plastic bags
1-box
30-gal plastic garbage bags
2
Insulated shipping containers for frozen samples (special containers may be
needed if dry ice is used)
2
Containers, absorbent material, labels, and shipping forms required to transport
and/or ship samples preserved in formalin and ethanol
2-4
Sample tracking forms (can xerox completed originals or complete two sets of
forms per shipment)
Shipping airbills and adhesive plastic sleeves
Figure 3-6. Equipment and supply checklist for base location activities.
55
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EMAP-Western Pilot Field Operations Manual for Wadeable Streams, Section 3 (Base Location Activities), Rev. 2,
April 2001 Page 24 of 24
3.4 LITERATURE CITED
Klemm, D.J., B.H. Hill, F.H. McCormick, and M.K. McDowell. 1998. Base location activities,
pp. 27-44 IN: J.M. Lazorchak, D.J. Klemm, and D.V. Peck (Eds.). Environmental
Monitoring and Assessment Program-Surface Waters: Field Operations and Methods
for Measuring the Ecological Condition of Wadeable Streams. EPA/620/R-94/004F.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
Metcalf, R. C., and D. V. Peck. 1993. A dilute standard for pH, conductivity, and acid
neutralizing capacity measurement. Journal of Freshwater Ecology 8:67-72.
Peck, D. V., and R. C. Metcalf. 1991. Dilute, neutral pH standard of known conductivity
and acid neutralizing capacity. Analyst 116:221-231.
Smoot, G. F., and C. E. Novak. 1968. Calibration and Maintenance of Vertical-axis Type
Current Meters. Book 8, Chapter B2 IN: Techniques of Water-Resources Investiga-
tions of the United States Geological Survey. U.S. Government Printing Office, Wash-
ington, D.C.
NOTES
56
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