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2022 SmartWay
Online Truck Tool:
All Carriers
Technical Documentation
U.S. Version 1.0 (Data Year 2021)
EPA-420-B-22-0011 January 2022 I SmartWay Transport Partnership I epa.gov/smartway
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^CPA EnvlronmemaI Protection ^^\XSmartWay
* mAgency U.S. Environmental Protection Agency^
2022 SmartWay
Online Truck Tool:
All Carriers
Technical Documentation
U.S. Version 1.0
(Data Year 2021)
Transportation and Climate Division
Office of Transportation and Air Quality
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
EPA-420-B-22-001
January 2022
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Table of Contents
1.0 OVERVIEW 6
2.0 DATA INPUTS AND SOURCES 7
2.1 C02 Factors 7
2.2 NOx, PM and BC Factors 10
2.3 Alternative Fuels 18
2.4 PM Control Effectiveness 20
3.0 EMISSION AND ACTIVITY ESTIMATION 22
3.1 C02 Emissions 22
3.2 NOx, PM and BC Emissions 23
3.3 Activity Calculations 27
3.4 Data Validation 32
4.0 PERFORMANCE METRICS 65
Appendices
Appendix A: MOVES3.0.1 NOx, PM & BC Emission Factors (g/mi) 2021 Calendar Year A-i
Appendix B: NOx, PM & BC Idle Factors - g/hr B-i
Appendix C: Derivation of National Average g/kW-hr Emission Factors C-i
Appendix D: PERE Efficiency Modeling Methodology D-i
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List of Tables
Table 1. C02 Factors by Fuel Type* 8
Table 2. Weighted Average Reefer Fuel Factors (g/gallon) 11
Table 3. MOVES Source Types Associated with Class 2b - 8b Vehicles 11
Table 4. Default Speed Category Distributions by Vehicle Class for Urban Operation (MOVES20ioa basis) ..24
Table 5. Average, Min and Max Payloads (short tons) by Truck Class/SmartWay Category 27
Table 6. Basic Range and Logical Checks 32
Table 7. Reefer Fuel Consumption Validation Ranges 36
Table 8. Truck Fleet Groupings Used for Distributional Analysis 37
Table 9. Outlier Definition 38
Table 10. Values Flagged as Outliers 38
Table 11. "Red" and "Yellow" Flag Criteria 43
Table 12. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination Annual Miles per Vehicle 48
Table 13. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination Miles per Gallon 49
Table 14. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination % Revenue Miles 50
Table 15. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination % Empty Miles 51
Table 16. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination Idle Hours and Days of Use per Year 52
Table 17. Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination Annual Miles per Vehicle 53
Table 18. Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination Miles per Gallon 54
Table 19. Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination % Revenue Miles 55
Table 20. Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination % Empty Miles 56
Table 21. Maximum and Minimum Observed Miles per Gallon 57
Table 22. Maximum Diesel Miles per Gallon Estimates (PERE Model Basis) 58
Table 23. Maximum Miles per Gallon Estimates - Non-Diesel Vehicles 59
Table 24. Electric Truck Average mi/kWhr and Validation Ranges 62
Table A-i. Diesel Truck Emission Factors A-i
Table A-2. Gasoline Truck Emission Factors A-11
Table B-i. Short Duration Idle Emission Factors (< 60 minutes per idle event) (g/hr) B-i
Table B-2. Extended Idle Emission Factors - Class 8b Diesels Only (g/hr) B-12
Table C-i. Electric Generation Mix C-i
Table C-2. Power Plant Emissions at Gate C-i
Table C-3. Power Plant Emissions at Wall Outlet C-2
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List of Figures
Figure 1. Example Emissions and Activity Fractions by Operating Mode 13
Figure 2. Default NOx Contribution by Speed Bin 16
Figure 3. Default PM2.5 Contribution by Speed Bin 17
Figure 4. Number of Observations vs Fraction of Fuel Used by Reefers 36
Figure 5. Annual Miles per Vehicle Distribution, Class 8b TL/Dry Van Diesel Fleets 42
Figure 6. Miles per Gallon Distribution, Class 8b TL/Dry Van Diesel Fleets 43
SmartWay Technical Documentation | List of Figures 5
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Overview
This document provides detailed background information on the data sources, calculation methods,
and assumptions used within the SmartWay Online Truck Tool for all carriers (OTT) for Data Year 2021,
version 1.0. The Tool utilizes up-to-date emission factors, in combination with detailed vehicle activity
data, to estimate emissions and associated performance metrics. The primary purpose of the Tool is to
help fleets calculate actual pollutant emissions for specific truck types and applications and track
their emissions performance over time. Shippers can, in turn, use the data that truck carriers report
using these Tools to develop more advanced emissions inventories associated with their freight
activity and to track their emissions performance over time.
The Tool allows the user to evaluate fleet performance in terms of different mass-based performance
metrics for carbon dioxide (C02), nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), and black
carbon (BC) including:1
Grams per mile
V- Grams per average payload ton-mile
The Tool can also generate estimates of emissions associated with the total miles, loaded miles, and
revenue miles traveled by a fleet. Fleet performance can then be assessed at the truck-class and/or
fuel-type level, or on an aggregated basis across all classes and fuels.
The Tool also collects extensive information on fleet operations and truck body types, allowing
detailed segmentation of Partner fleets for more appropriate, equitable comparisons. For example,
fleets that cube-out with low payloads (e.g., those hauling potato chips) will be able to compare
themselves to similar fleets on a simple gram per mile basis, rather than a mix of fleets that includes
fleets that routinely weigh-out. Similarly, fleets that operate in primarily urban environments at
relatively low average speeds will have fundamentally different emission rates and constraints than
fleets operating at highway speeds. By collecting detailed information on fleet operations (TL vs. LTL,
urban vs. highway, etc.), as well as truck class (2b through 8b) and SmartWay Category (e.g. Dry Van,
Reefer, Flatbed, etc.), individual fleets can compare their performance to other, similar fleets, which
can help them to better manage their emissions performance.
1 At this time, the OTT does not calculate performance metrics for specialty fleets that track their activity in terms of hours of use rather than miles
traveled or freight hauled (e.g., refuse haulers and utility fleets). Future modifications may be made to the current Tool to accommodate such
fleets.
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S Data Inputs and Sources
The OTT user provides most vehicle characteristic, operational, and activity data needed for emissions
performance estimation (see Section 3 for more information). The Tool calculates emissions by
multiplying fleet activity data with EPA-approved emission rate factors that are stored in look-up
tables within the Tool.
The Tool contains different types of emission rate factors for different pollutants. C02 factors are
expressed in grams of C02 per gallon of fuel.23 NOx, PM, and BC factors are expressed in grams of
pollutant per mile traveled for operating emissions, and in grams per hour for idle emissions. In
general, C02 factors are independent of the truck types, classes, and operational practices in a fleet.
NOx, PM and BC factors, however, vary depending upon a number of parameters, including:
^ Truck class
Engine model year/emission certification standard
^ Vehicle speed
Vehicle driving pattern (referred to as "drive cycle")
In addition, PM and BC emissions will also vary with the application of PM control retrofits, including
diesel oxidation catalysts (DOC), closed crankcase ventilation (CCV), and diesel particulate filters ("PM
traps" or flow-through filters). In the Tool, PM control retrofits are assumed to have the same impact on
operating and idle emission factors, and control effectiveness for PM is assumed to equal the
effectiveness for BC.4
2.1 C02 FACTORS
EPA populated the OTT with C02 factors that are based on fuel consumption. These factors and their
sources and are summarized below in Table 1.
2 At this time other greenhouse gases such as methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (NzO) are not included in the current Tool.
3 The Tool also estimates emissions associated with battery-electric trucks. In this case pollutant emissions (COz, NOx, PM can BC) are determined
based on the kWhrs used for charging.
1 Future versions of the Tool may account for differences in retrofit effectiveness for running versus idle emissions, and differences between PM
and BC control effectiveness.
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Table 1. C02 Factors by Fuel Type*
g/gal
Source5
Gasoline
8,887
(i)
Diesel
10,180
(ii)
Biodiesel (Bioo)
9.460
(iii)
Ethanol (Eioo)
5.764
(iv)
CNG
7,030
(v)
LNG
4,394
(vi)
LPG
5,790
(vii)
* 100% combustion (oxidation) assumed
Note that the Tool calculates tailpipe emissions from biofuel blends (gasoline/ethanol,
diesel/biodiesel) by applying separate emission factors to the user-specified volume of each blend
component. The Tool then adds the emissions from each blend component together to determine total
C02 emissions. Therefore, emission factors for specific blend ratios are not needed for C02.6
Within the Tool, users may provide their CNG fuel use estimates in terms of gasoline-gallon equivalent
(GGE) (on a Btu basis), diesel-gallon equivalent (DGE), or in standard cubic feet (scf). If CNG
consumption is expressed in DGE or scf, the Tool uses the following factors to convert the CNG fuel
estimates to GGE.
5 i) Final Rule on Light-Duty Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Emissions Standards and Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards (75 FR 25324, May 7,
2010). The gasoline factor used in this rule was sourced from the California Air Resources Board and is based on measurement of carbon from a
gasoline test fuel (indolene).
ii) Fuel economy calculations in 40 C.F.R 600.113 available at http://edocket.access.apo.gov/cfr 2004/julqtr/pdf/40cfr600.in-cn.pdf. Accessed
12-30-21.
iii) Tables IV.A.3-2 and 3-3 in A Comprehensive Analysis of Biodiesel Impacts on Exhaust Emissions, available at
https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/Pi00iZA0.TXT?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client=EPA&lndex=2000*Thru*2005&Docs=&Query=&Time=&EndTi
me=&SearchMethod=i&TocRestrict=n&Toc=&TocEntry=&QField=&QFieldYear=&QFieldMonth=&QFieldDay=&lntQFieldOp=o&ExtQFieldOp=o&XmlQuer
y=&File=D%3A%5Czyfiles%5Clndex%20Data%5C00thru05%5CTxt%5C000000l7%5CPl00lZA0.txt&User=ANONYMOUS&Password=anonymous&SortM
ethod=h%7C-
&MaximumDocuments=i&FuzzyDegree=0&lmageQuality=r75g8/r75g8/xi50yi50gi6/i425&Display=hpfr&DefSeekPage=x&SearchBack=ZyActionL&
Back=ZyActionS&BackDesc=Results%20page&MaximumPages=i&ZyEntry=i&SeekPage=x&ZyPURL, Accessed 12-30-21.
iv) Final Rule on Mandatory Reporting of Greenhouse Gases (70 FR 56260, September 15, 2009). Full source documentation is available on pp. 31-32
in the Technical Support Document, Petroleum Products and Natural Gas Liquids: Definitions, Emission Factors, Methods and Assumptions,
available at https://www.epa.aov/sites/production/files/20iR-07/documents/subpartmmproductdefinitions.pdf. Accessed 12-30-21.
v) Calculations of Lifecycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions for the 2005 Gasoline and Diesel Baselines in the Notice of Availability of Expert Peer Review
Record supporting the proposed revisions to the Renewable Fuel Standard Program (74 FR 41359) available in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2005-0161-
0925.1 (Spreadsheet "Emission Factors").
vi) Assuming 74,720 Btu/gal lower heating value (http://www.afdc.eneray.aov/afdc/fuels/properties.html. Accessed 12-30-21), and 0.059 g/Btu
(from CNG calculation, source v).
vii) Table C-i in the Final Rule on Mandatory Reporting of Greenhouse Gases (70 FR 56260, October 30, 2009). Full source documentation is
available in Table A-39 and pg. A-60 of the inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990 - 2007 available at
https://www.epa.aov/ahaemissions/inventory-us-areenhouse-aas-emissions-and-sinks-iQQ0-2007. Accessed 12-30-21.
6 The Tool also estimates the barrels of petroleum required to make the reported gallons of diesel and gasoline based on national averages: 19
gallons of gasoline and 10 gallons of diesel assumed per barrel of petroleum.
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For CNG:
Diesel-Gallon Equivalent (DGE) to Gasoline-Gallon Equivalent (GGE)
¦ l DGE = 1.112 GGE
¦ Note: l GGE = 125,000 BTU and l DGE = 139,000 BTU, so 1 DGE = 1.112 GGE (139,000/125,000).
^ Cubic Feet (cuft) to Gasoline-Gallon Equivalent (GGE)
¦ 123.57 cuft = 1 GGE7
For LNG, users may provide their fuel use estimates in terms of physical gallons, gasoline-gallon
equivalent (GGE) (on a Btu basis), diesel-gallon equivalent (DGE), or in pounds (lbs). If LNG consumption
is expressed in GGE, DGE, or pounds, the Tool uses the following factors to convert the LNG fuel
estimates to physical gallons.
For LNG:
^ Diesel-Gallon Equivalent (DGE) to Physical Gallon
¦ 1 DGE = 1.7 Gallons LNG8
Gasoline-Gallon Equivalent (GGE) to Physical Gallon
¦ 1 GGE = 1.5 Gallons LNG9
^ Pounds (lbs) to Physical Gallon
¦ 3 49 lbs LNG = 1 LNG Gallons10
When reporting fuel consumption and fuel efficiency across multiple fuel types, the OTT generally
uses DGE for comparison. The following summarizes the DGE equivalent to one physical gallon of the
fuel types included in the OTT.
¦ 1 gallon gasoline = 0.877 DGE
¦ 1 gallon LNG = 0.558 DGE
¦ 1 gallon CNG = 0.729 DGE
¦ 1 gallon E85 = 0.641 DGE
¦ 1 gallon BlOO = 0.918 DGE
7 Alternative Fuels Data Center. Gasoline and Diesel Gallon Equivalency Methodology.
http://www.afdc.eneray.aov/fuels/equivalency methodoloay.html. Accessed 12-30-2021.
8 Midwest Energy Solutions. Energy Volume & Weight, http://www.midwesteneraysolutions.net/cna-resources/eneray-volume-weiaht Accessed
11-29-2020.
9 Ibid.
10 Ibid.
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¦ l gallon LPG = 0.653 DGE
¦ 1 kWh electricity = 0.027 DGE
2.2 NOx, PM AND BC FACTORS
The OTT contains NOXl PM10, PM2.5 and BC11 emission factor outputs for on-road operation from EPA's
MOVES3.0.1 model for diesel and E1012 for all heavy truck classes (2b - 8b) under national default
temperature and fuel conditions, for model years 1992 through 2022, for the 2021 calendar year (see
Appendix A for a full list of factors).13 The emission factors are broken out by general drive cycle type
(urban or highway), and average speed range, as discussed below.
Short-duration (less than 60 minutes) idle emission factors for NOx, PM and BC were developed
separately by model year, truck class, and fuel type (diesel and gasoline). MOVES3.0.1 provides short
duration idle in terms of grams and hours of off-network idle.
MOVES3.0.1 also provides emission factors for long-duration idle for long-haul combination diesel
trucks. These factors are applied separately to the long-duration idle hour estimates provided for Class
8b trucks within the Tool.14 Short-duration factors are applied to each of the truck class types.15
Note that hybrid electric trucks are assumed to have no short-duration idle emissions (due to assumed
engine auto-shut off), although long-duration idle (and regular exhaust16) emissions are assumed
unchanged relative to their conventional vehicle counterparts. Finally, battery-electric trucks are
assumed to have no idle emissions of either kind.
The resulting idle factors are presented in Appendix B.
Version 1.0.20 of the Tool also calculates the NOx, PM and BC emissions associated with transportation
refrigeration (reefer) units. The MOVES3.0.1 emissions model was used to develop emission rates for
these units for the 2020 calendar year, following these steps:
11 Black carbon factors are assumed to equal the elemental carbon gram per mile factors output by the MOVES model.
12 All gasoline consumption in the United States and Canada is now assumed to consist of Eio. Pure gasoline (Eo) emission factors are no longer
used in the Tool. References to "gasoline" in the Tool and the associated documentation refer to Eio.
" Emission factors for model years prior to 1992 are assumed to equal the 1992 values, since 30 year old engines are assumed to be fully
deteriorated by the MOVES model.
'i NOx factors for long-term extended idling are higher than short-duration factors (at least for late model engines) since engine operation
temperatures and loads at idle are generally not high enough to activate late-model emission controls such as selective catalytic reduction and
exhaust gas recirculation.
15 MOVES3 is the first version of MOVES to include a class of trucks known as "gliders" that are trucks built by pairing a new chassis with an old
diesel engine and powertrain. The OTT assumes no gliders are used by SmartWay partners, and emission factors do not reflect any gliders in the
fleet.
16 While there is evidence that NOx emissions may be decreased through the use of hybrid electric technology, EPA has not performed emission
testing to assess this effect. Therefore, hybrid NOx and PM/BC exhaust emission rates are assumed to equal conventional vehicle equivalents in the
current Tool.
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V- A national average model run was performed for the Industrial sector, including gasoline and
diesel fueled equipment;
The A/C refrigeration (reefer) unit standard classification codes (SCCs) were extracted from the
output files - 2265003060 (gasoline) and 2270003060 (diesel);
Grams per day outputs for weekdays and weekends for each of the 12 months were converted to
grams per year by aggregating emissions over day types to arrive at an average day value,
multiplying by the number of days in each month, and summing over month. This resulted in annual
grams of emissions (of NOx, PM10, and PM2.5) and grams of fuel consumed (in terms of brake specific
fuel consumption or BSFC), for each fuel type;
BSFC was converted from grams to gallons fuel using the MOVES energy density values of 2,819
g/gal and 3,167 g/gal for gasoline and diesel, respectively.
Grams/gallon emission factors were then calculated for each pollutant by dividing the annual
grams of emissions of NOx, PM10 and PM2.5 by the annual gallons of fuel consumed for gasoline and
diesel.
Black carbon emissions associated with reefer activity were scaled from PM2.5 reefer emissions,
applying conversion factors for nonroad equipment from the Commission for Environmental
Cooperation (0.349 for diesel engines and 0.122 for gasoline engines).17
Table 2 provides the fuel factors used in the latest Tool.
Table 2. Weighted Average Reefer Fuel Factors (g/gallon)
Fuel
NOx
PM10
PM2.5
BC
Diesel
49-928
1-477
1-433
O.5OO
Gasoline
17.642
0.996
0.916
0.112
The next section describes the process followed to select the on-road emission factors from
MOVES3.0.1 for use in the Tool. Emission factors in grams per mile were developed for E10 and diesel
fuel types for all MOVES source types that correspond to the regulatory heavy-duty vehicle classes,
2b-8b inclusive. The MOVES source types modeled are shown in the table below. Of these, school
buses, refuse trucks and motor homes represent only a small fraction of total activity.
Table 3. MOVES Source Types Associated with Class 2b - 8b Vehicles
Source Type ID
Source Type Name
31
Passenger Truck
32
Light Commercial Truck
43
School Bus
17 Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC), 2015. North American Black Carbon Emissions Estimation Guidelines: Methods for Estimating
Black Carbon Emissions. Prepared for the CEC by Eastern Research Group, Inc. Final Report, May 2015.
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Source Type ID
Source Type Name
51
Refuse T ruck
52
Single Unit Short-haul Truck
53
Single Unit Long-haul Truck
54
Motor Home
61
Combination Short-haul Truck
62
Combination Long-haul Truck
Separate factors were developed for "Urban" and "Highway/Rural" roadway types. These factors were
apportioned according to MOVES operating mode groups, which correspond to speed ranges of 0-25
mph, 25-50 mph, and 50* mph.
Emission factors calculated by the model, output by MOVES source type, were then converted to a
vehicle class basis. In this way, the Tool can select appropriate emission factors for use by:
weight class
V- model year
^ road type (urban vs. highway/rural)
speed distribution
The following describes the methodology for the emission factor calculation.
Calculation of MOVES emission factors by operating mode
In calculating emission factors, the primary goal is to disaggregate factors by the percentage of time a
given type of vehicle spends operating at certain speeds. The ranges of speeds analyzed include 0-25
mph, 25-50 mph, and greater than 50 mph. These speed ranges correspond to MOVES operating modes
#11-16, 21-29, and 30-40 inclusive, where each operating mode is defined by both the speed of the
vehicle and its vehicle specific power (VSP). First, for a given source type and model year, the fraction
of emissions attributable to each range of speed was determined. Emissions for a vehicle can be
expressed in Equation 1:
Equation 1
E - A1E1 * A2E2 + A3E3 * A1E1 * AbEb
Where:
E' = uncorrected18 mass emissions calculated based on operating mode and
emissions contribution by speed bin
18 Subsequent adjustment factors are presented in Equation 3 below.
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A1-3
Ei-:
the sum of activity fractions (in seconds) over speed range n. (Ai and Ab
represent the activity associated with the individual operating modes for idling
and braking, respectively.)
the weighted average emissions over a given speed range n. (Ei and Eb
represent the emissions associated with the individual operating modes for
idling and braking, respectively.)
The following figure shows a range of emissions and activity fractions for an example source type and
model year. The operating mode (or VSP bin) are shown on the x-axis. The dashed red line presents the
fraction of vehicle activity associated with a given operating mode, while the black circles present
average HC emissions for each operating mode.
Figure l. Example Emissions and Activity Fractions by Operating Mode
0.0028
0.0027
0.0026
0.0025
0-0024
_ 0.0023
0.0022
CU 0.0021
W 0.0020
0.0019
0.0018
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0-0016
0.0015
0.0014
0.0013
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For our purposes, An from Equation 1 is obtained by retaining the "opmodefraction2" table from the
"MOVESExecution" database, which is created by the Operating Mode Distribution Generator (OMDG)
during a MOVES run. This table contains operating mode fractions by source type, roadway type,
average speed bin, and pollutant/process. The fractions from this table are normalized using average
speed distributions from the "avgspeeddist" table, and the sum of the normalized operating mode
fractions in each speed bin constitutes An.
En' is derived from data obtained from the default MOVES "emissionratebyage" table. This table
contains emission rates by pollutant process, operating mode, and age group for a wide variety of
sourcebin/Ds. For this analysis, a MySQL query was used to select sourcebin/Dscorresponding to the
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source type, fuel type, and calendar year of interest, and limited our rate selection to the 4-5 year age
group. The emissions obtained here were then converted to a source type basis (from their current
sourcebinlDbas\sY, this was done by retaining the "sourcebindistribution" table from the
MOVESExecution database, which is created by the Source Bin Distribution Generator (SBDG) during
each MOVES run and weighting the activity fractions for each source type and model year combination
in this table with the data from the "emissionratebyage" table described above. Having finished this
mapping, an emission rate is generated, by source type and model year, for each operating mode
(corresponding to the circles in the figure above). Since En' for each speed range represents the
average emissions of the range weighted by the activity in that range, the weighted average emissions
can be calculated from the 0-25 mph speed bin, Ei', as follows in Equation 2:
Rn = The activity fraction for operating mode n, obtained from the "opmodedist2" table
Tn = The emissions for operating mode n.
Other speed bins will use different operating modes in their calculations; the equation above is merely
an example illustrating the calculation method for the first speed bin. Having calculated an
appropriate En' for each speed range for a given source type and model year, Equation 1 can be used,
along with the appropriate activity fraction, to arrive at a total uncorrected emissions value. In and of
itself, this emission factor has little value in estimating emissions. However, it can be used along with
the modeled emission factor for a particular source type and model year to arrive at an overall
adjustment factor, as shown in Equation 3:
Where:
E = The modeled emission, obtained from MOVES outputs, for an individual source type
and model year
E' = The uncorrected emissions for an individual source type and model year, calculated
using operating mode distributions and emission factors from the
"emissionratebyage" table
This overall adjustment factor, in turn, can be applied to each individual emissions component, En', as
shown in Equation 4:
Equation 2
Where:
Equation 3
E
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Equation 4
En = ZEn'
The adjusted emissions, En, are subsequently used to calculate a total, corrected emission factor for a
given source type and model year combination, as described by Equation 5:
In this way, a representative emission factor is calculated by operating mode/speed group. This will
allow the Tool to adjust the default operating mode percentages (An) to more accurately represent a
user-provided speed profile for the vehicles they are evaluating. Default operating mode percentages
may also be used, as calculated above.
Conversion of Emission Factors from Source Type to Weight Class Basis
Ultimately, emission factor lookup tables are required for use in the Tool by weight class, fuel type,
and model year. However, modeled output from MOVES is aggregated by source type. Therefore, a
post-processing Tool was developed to convert vehicle emission factors from source types to weight
class based on internal MOVES tables. The conversion methodology used in this Tool is described
below.
First, the adjusted emissions and activity output from MOVES are combined, by pollutant!D, by joining
the "movesoutput" and "movesactivityoutput" tables by calendar year, source type, fuel type and
model year. The sourcetype and model year for each record are combined in a new field,
sourcetypemodelyearlD.
Next, the emissions and activity output from the first step are combined with the MOVES
"sizeweightfraction" table by joining on the sourcetypemodelyearlD. The "sizeweightfraction" table
contains, for a given combination of source type and model year, the fraction of vehicles apportioned
across weightclass/D. Given the weightclasstD, the portion of emissions and activity attributable to a
given range of vehicle weights is determined, and subsequently, those weights (along with fuel type)
are mapped back to MOBILE6 vehicle classes, which are based on GVWR. (This is achieved with a
separate lookup table, "M6VehType", which is derived from Appendix B, Table 3 of the EPA's MOBILE6.2
User's Guide.) For each calendar year, sourcetypemodelyear/Dand pollutant!D, the sizeweightfraction
is multiplied by the emissions (in grams) and activity (in miles) to obtain EmissionFracand ActivityFrac,
respectively.
Finally, the EmissionFrac and ActivityFrac calculated above are summed by year/D, pollutant!D,
fueltype/D, and vehicle class (e.g., HDDV8b). This provides total emissions and activity independent of
the MOVES source type or vehicle model year. Finally, the aggregated emissions are divided by the
activity to arrive at g/mi emission factors presented in Appendix A.
Equation 5
E - A1E1 * A2E2 + A3E3 * A1E1 * AbEb
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Modeling Gasoline Emission Rates
In a MOVES run that uses nationwide defaults for fuel supply, the model includes dozens of fuel
formulations on a by-fuel region basis in its calculations. In addition to diesel fuels, many counties in
the model defaults are characterized by varying market shares of and Eio and E15.19
Sensitivity Analysis Results
The relative emissions impact of different speed regimes was evaluated for four road types - urban
arterial, urban freeway, rural arterial, and rural freeway. To simplify the sensitivity analysis, MOVES
outputs were generated for diesel long-haul combination trucks, model year 2012, run for the 2014
calendar year, using national average defaults (e.g., fuel specifications, temperatures, etc.). The results
of the analysis are shown for NOx and PM2.5 below.
Figure 2. Default NOx Contribution by Speed Bin
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
¦ IDLE
OBRAK
~ 5070
¦ 2550
~ 0025
Urban Art
Urban Frwy Rural Art
Road type
Rural Fn/vy
« Only 2001* model year light-duty vehicles may use E15 fuel. See http://www.afdc.eneray.aov/fuels/ethanol ei5.html. Accessed 12-30-2020.
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Figure 3- Default PM2.5 Contribution by Speed Bin
0.02
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
I 0.01
u>
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
0
Urban Art
Urban Frwy Rural Art
Road type
Rural Frwy
IDLE
~ BRAK
~ 5070
¦ 2550
~ 0025
As shown in the above charts, the emissions for urban freeways, rural arterials, and rural freeways are
all heavily dominated by high speed (50 - 70 mph) operation.20 In addition, actual emission levels are
relatively insensitive to road type across these three types. However, speed distribution appears to
have a significant bearing on emissions for urban arterial operation. Accordingly, the recommendation
for Tool application was to develop fully disaggregated emission factor look up tables (retaining all
four road types), and then weight urban freeway, rural arterial, and rural freeway road type operations
to aggregate emission lookup tables within the Tool to reflect "urban" (i.e., urban arterial) and "other"
road types. In addition, under this approach users can choose default speed distributions for these
selections or specify the percent of operation by major speed range (0 - 25, 25 - 50, 50 - 70). Given the
relative insensitivity to speed for the "other" category, specifying speed distributions would only be
permitted for urban arterial operation.
Under this approach, the user is given the follow input options:
^ Specify % Urban operation fraction
^ Specify % distribution by speed bin for Urban operation, or select "default speed distribution"
Data entry is handled through the addition of a popup screen for non-default selections (see the OTT
User Guide for details).
20 This finding is consistent with the 2008 SmartWay Partner data submissions, wherein 87% of Partners selected the 50* mph category as the most
representative of their non-urban operations.
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2.3 ALTERNATIVE FUELS
Heavy truck emission factors are not available from MOVES3.0.1 for certain alternative fuels, including
E85 and LPG. Accordingly, EPA used adjustment factors from a number of sources described below to
estimate NOx and PM/BC factors for these other fuels.
NOx and PM emission factors for biodiesel are based on the findings from an EPA study, A_
Comprehensive Analysis of Biodiesel Impacts on Exhaust Emissions (EPA420-P-02-001, October 2002).
This study developed regression equations to predict the percentage change in NOx and PM emission
rates relative to conventional diesel fuel, as a function of biodiesel blend percentage, expressed in the
following form:
a = 0.0009794 for NOx, and
a = -0.006384 for PM and BC21
Using Equation 6, adjustment factors were developed for biodiesel blends based on the percentage of
the biofuel component,22 and then these adjustment factors were applied to the appropriate
conventional diesel emission factors in Appendix A. (See Section 2.2 for the sources of conventional
diesel emission factors). Note that the fleet-average blend value is assumed to be the same for all
truck classes, since the biofuel consumption data is not collected at the truck class level. (This
assumption holds for ethanol consumption data inputs as well.)
MOVES3.0.1 now incorporates specific modeling assumptions for biodiesel, including options for
modeling 5 and 20 percent biodiesel (B5 and B20). While the pre-2007 vehicle estimates are consistent
with EPA's 2002 study findings, MOVES does not estimate an emissions effect on 2007* model year
diesel trucks because the literature does not show consistent or significant biodiesel effects on theses
engines.23 24 Accordingly, the Tool only applies adjustment factors for diesel engine model years prior
to 2007.
For gasoline-ethanol blends, the Tool only accepts fuel consumption estimates for E10 and E85 since,
unlike biodiesel where the biofuel fraction can vary significantly, ethanol is generally blended with
gasoline at two discrete levels: 10% (E10) and 85% (E85). As discussed in Section 2.2 above, NOx and PM
21 BC emission rates as a function of biodiesel blend have not been identified at this time and are currently assumed identical to the PM relationship.
22 Biodiesel blend percentage is calculated by dividing Bioo-equivalent gallons by total fuel gallons at the fleet level - see the OTT User Guide for
details regarding biodiesel use inputs.
23 McCormick, R. and A. Williams, 2011. Impact of Biodiesel on Modern Diesel Engine Emissions. Project ID: FT011. National Renewable Energy
Laboratory, Golden, CO. May 9, 2011. http://eneray.gov/eere/vehicles/downloads/impact-biodiesel-modern-diesel-enaine-emissions. Accessed
12-30-2021.
2" CARB 2011. Final Report for the CE-CERT Engine Testing Portion for the CARB Assessment of the Emissions from the Use of Biodiesel as a Motor
Vehicle Fuel in California "Biodiesel Characterization and NOx Mitigation Study". Final Report Prepared for CARB. October 2011.
https://www.arb.ca.gov/fuels/diesel/altdiesel/20111013_carb%20final%20biodiesel%20report.pdf, Accessed 12-30-2021.
Equation 6
% change in emissions = {exp[a * (vol% biodiesel)] -1} * 100%
Where:
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factors for Eio were output directly from MOVES3.0.1. Given the lack of heavy-duty E85 test data,
adjustment factors for E85 were based on emissions estimates for light-duty vehicles cited by the US
DOE Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicles Data Center.25 These estimates come from a technical
paper published in the Journal of Air & Waste Management.26 Relative to conventional gas vehicles, the
authors of this paper estimate that vehicles running on E85 provide an average NOx reduction of 54%
(based on 73 vehicle tests), and an average PM reduction of 34% (based on 3 vehicle tests). These
adjustment factors are applied to the appropriate gasoline engine emission factors in Appendix A to
develop emission factors for E85.
Emission adjustment factors were used for gaseous fuels (LPG, CNG and LNG), developed by the
National Renewable Energy Lab and University of West Virginia based on field studies on natural gas
vehicles.27 For this assessment, it was assumed that CNG and LNG emissions were identical. In addition,
it was also assumed LPG vehicle emissions would be equal to natural gas vehicle emissions.28 To be
conservative, the smallest emission reduction estimates were selected from the natural gas vehicle
field test data (86% for PM and 17% for NOx) relative to comparable diesel vehicles. These adjustment
factors are applied to the diesel emission factors in Appendix A and B to develop emission factors for
these fuels.
Note, however, that the emissions associated with alternative fuels may be different for older trucks
(with minimal emission controls) and newer trucks (with extensive control systems in place) due to
recent vehicle emission standards. Newer studies suggest there are differences by model year in the
emission rates of gaseous fuel vehicles. A 2014 study performed by West Virginia University29 using
Class 8 trucks found that a model year 2011 dual-fuel (5% diesel, 95% LNG) high-pressure direct
injection (HDPI) truck emitted 63% and 48% less NOx and PM, respectively compared to a MY 2011 diesel
truck equipped with an SCR and DPF. Both vehicles operated on the urban dynamometer driving
schedule (UDDS). The same WVU study found that a MY 2011 natural gas engine equipped with a three-
way catalyst (TWC) emitted 79% and 56% less NOx and PM compared to the MY 2011 diesel truck, also
on the UDDS.
Based on this new information, the Tool uses a simple average across the two engines tested in the
WVU study, resulting in a 71% reduction for NOx and a 52% reduction for PM, and applies these new
reduction values to comparable diesel emission factors for 2010 and later model year gaseous fuel
trucks. For model years prior to 2010, the adjustment factors of 17% for NOx and 86% for PM are
2s See http://www.afdc.enerav.aov/afdc/vehicles/emissions e85.html. Accessed 12-30-2021.
26 See http://www.afdc.enerav.aov/afdc/pdfs/technical paper feboo.pdf. Accessed 12-30-2021.
27 See http://www.conatLiralaascoalition.com/clean.html. Accessed 11-16-18.
28 The PM and NOx estimates cited by this source for LPG vehicles were actually slightly lower than for natural gas vehicles -
http://www.afdc.enerav.aov/afdc/vehicles/emissions propane.html Accessed 12-30-2021. However, based on engineering judgment it was
assumed that LPG PM and NOx emissions would be similar to comparable CNG vehicles.
29 Carder, D.K., M. Gautam, A. Thiruvengadam, M. Besch. /n-Use Emissions Testing and Demonstration of Retrofit Technology for Control ofOn-Road
Heavy-Duty Engines. Prepared for the South Coast Air Quality Management District. September 2013. https://lazerinitiative.org/resources/in-use-
emissions-testing-and-demonstration-of-retrofit-technology-for-control-of-on-road-heavy-duty-engines-2/. Accessed 12-30-2021.
retained.
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Emission estimates for battery-electric trucks are based on national average electric generation mix
profiles from USDOE's GREET model, as described in Appendix C.
Black carbon (BC) emissions associated with gaseous fuels are determined by multiplying the ratio of
elemental carbon (EC) and PM2.5 emission factors from MOVES20i4a for CNG transit buses, for calendar
year 2018. The ratio EC to PM2.5 varies by model year group (0.0925 for pre-2002 model years, and 0.1112
for 2002* model years), so these different factors are applied for the different engine age groups as
appropriate in order to determine BC levels for these fuel types.
2.4 PM CONTROL EFFECTIVENESS
The OTT applies adjustment factors to the PM emission factors in Appendix A and B for any pre-2007
diesel truck for which Partners have installed a specific retrofit control device. The following
adjustment factors were obtained from EPA OTAQ (presented as a % reduction in emissions; see
Section 3.2 below for details):
V- Diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) - 25%
^ Closed crankcase ventilation (CCV) - 5%
^ Diesel particulate filter (DPF) - 90%
References from EPA's Clean Diesel Program are generally consistent with the DOC and DPF
effectiveness estimates above (20 - 40% for DOCs, and 85% or more for DPFs).30 31 Note that an
independent estimate of CCV effectiveness was not identified, as EPA and CARB only verify CCVs when
packaged with DOCs.
The Tool applies the above adjustment factors to pre-2007 PM operating and idle emission estimates.
The Tool also allows for situations where CCVs are applied in combination with either DOCs or DPFs. In
such a case, the reduction effectiveness is calculated additively. For example, if pre-control operating
emissions were 1.0 g/mile for a diesel truck, and a CCV and DOC were applied, the resulting emission
rate would be:
However, the Tool assumes that DOC and DPF application are mutually exclusive.
3° EPA 2010a, National Clean Diesel Campaign Technical Bulletin: Diesel Oxidation Catalyst General Information. See
https://www.epa.aov/sites/production/files/2Qi6-o?/documents/420fioo?i.pdf. Accessed 12-30-2021.
31 EPA 2010b, National Clean Diesel Campaign Technical Bulletin: Diesel Particulate Filter General Information. See
https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-0?/documents/A20fi002Q.pdf. Accessed 12-30-2021.
Equation 7
1.0 x [1 - (0.25 ~ 0.05)1 = 0.07 g/mile, post-control
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X-
At this time the relative effectiveness of the controls addressed above are assumed to be equal for PM
and BC.
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Emission and Activity Estimation
The emission rates and adjustment factors discussed above are combined with appropriate activity
data (provided by the Partners) to calculate mass emissions at the fleet and/or partner level for C02j
NOXl PM, and BC as described below.
31 C02 EMISSIONS
C02 is calculated within the Tool utilizing emission factors expressed in grams per gallon of fuel, (with
the exception of battery-electric trucks), as discussed in Section 2.1 above. The general equation for
calculating C02 emissions using reported fuel consumption values is
Equation 8
Eco2 = ((F - B) *EFf) * (B x EFb))
Where:
Eco2 = grams C02 per year
F = Total Fuel (Gallons per year)
B = Biofuel (Gallons per year)
EFf = Fossil Fuel Emissions Factor (g/gal based on fuel type)
EFb = Biofuel Emissions Factor (g/gal based on biofuel type)
Emissions for all pollutants for battery electric trucks are calculated by multiplying the reported
kWhrs used for charging by the associated g/kWhr factor (see Appendix C).
In most instances, reefer fuel is aggregated with vehicle fuel inputs in the Tool, with the reefer fuel
type assumed to be the same as the vehicle fuel type. However, reefer units associated with gaseous
fuels (LPG, CNG, and LNG) and electric trucks are assumed to use diesel fuel (by far the most common
type of reefer engine). Accordingly, any reefer fuel use reported for gaseous fuels and electric trucks is
included in the total C02 calculation using the diesel fuel factors in Equation 8.
Fuel Allocation
The Tool asks users to enter Gallons of Fuel Used for Engine Power (including biofuel) by truck class to
estimate C02 emissions. This information may be entered directly if available. However, if the user does
not have this information but does know total fuel use and MPG by truck class, the Tool can be used to
apportion fuel use across truck classes.
In the Fuel Used for Engine Power screen, the user can enter total fuel consumption and truck class
MPG estimates. The tool then calculates the fuel used for each class based on the total fuel and class
MPG. If the total fuel calculated matches the total fuel entered to within 2%, the allocator indicates a
"Match".
I
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3.2 NOx,PM AND BC EMISSIONS
Unlike C02 emissions which only vary with fuel type, NOXl PM and BC emission rates also vary
substantially depending upon engine model year and/or emission certification level, vehicle class,
drive cycle, speed, and operation mode (running or idle). For this reason, EPA developed lookup tables
in the Tool with emission factors that correspond to user-supplied inputs regarding their fleet activity.
The NOx, PM and BC emission rates expressed in grams per mile were combined with the appropriate
mileage metric (i.e., total miles) to estimate mass emissions. The general equation for calculating NOx
emissions is as follows:
Equation g
Enox = I KMC* ((GPMh « HDC) * (GPMui * UDCJ * (GPMUz x UDC2) * (GPMU3 x UDC3) * (GPMU4 x UDC4)) * TCY/
Tct) * (GPHsdi "Hsdi * Tcy) * (GPHldi "Hldi * Tcy)1
Where:
Enox = grams NOx per year for a given truck class
X = summation across model years
Mc = Miles driven for Truck Class C per year
GPMh = Grams/mi (by truck class & engine yr) for Highway/Rural Driving
HDC = Highway drive cycle %(% of miles under highway/rural driving)
GPMui/2/3/4 = Grams/mi (by truck class & engine yr) for Urban Driving by mode (1 = 0 - 25
mph; 2 = 25 - 50 mph; 3 = 50* mph; 4 = deceleration)
UDC1/2/3/4 = Urban drive cycle % (% of miles under urban driving conditions, by mode (1, 2, 3,
4))
Tcy = Number of trucks for a given Class/Year combination
Tct = Number of trucks total for a given Class
GPHsdi = Grams per hour (by truck class & engine year) for short-duration Idling32
Hsdi = Hours of short duration Idling per year (average per truck per year by class)
GPHldi = Grams per hour (by truck class & engine year) for long-duration Idling
Hldi = Hours of long duration Idling per year (average per truck per year by class)
PM emissions for non-diesel vehicles are calculated using an equation identical to that for NOx, utilizing
PM emission factors. PM emission for diesel vehicles may be adjusted for PM control effectiveness, as
shown below. (BC emissions are calculated in identical fashion.)
32 The idle calculation for Class 8a and lighter trucks does not distinguish between short and long duration idling, and all idle hours are multiplied
by the short duration idle factor for these trucks. Hybrid electric trucks are assumed to have no short-duration idling emissions, while battery-
electric trucks have no idling emissions of any kind.
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Equation 10
Epm = I [((Mc« «GPMh « HDC) * (GPMui * UDCJ * (GPMUz x UDC2) ~ (GPMU3 x UDC3) ~ (GPMU4 x UDC4» * Tcy/
Tct) * (GPHsdi *Hsdi * Tcy) * (GPHldi "Hldi * Tcy)) * (l - ((0.25 * Tdoc / Tcy) * (0.05 * Tccv / Tcy) * (0.9 * Tdpf /
Tcy)))1
Where:
Epm
= grams PM per year for a given truck class
Tdoc
= Number of trucks using Diesel Oxidation Catalysts by class
Tccv
= Number of trucks using Closed Crankcase Ventilation by class
Tdpf
= Number of trucks using Diesel Particulate Filters by class
0.25
= Effectiveness of DOCs (25%) at reducing particulate matter
0.05
= Effectiveness of CCVs (5%) at reducing particulate matter
0-9
= Effectiveness of DPFs (90%) at reducing particulate matter
Note the above calculation methodology assumes that the same highway/urban drive cycle fractions
apply across all model years of a given truck class. Similarly, the method assumes that estimated idle
hours apply equally to all model years of a given truck class.
The above methodology also utilizes estimates for the fraction of miles traveled associated with
different road types and speed categories, as shown in the equations above. The Tool user must
provide an estimate of the percent of total miles associated with urban driving for each truck class. The
user may also provide percentages for the miles spent driving in urban conditions (e.g., unrestricted
access, surface roads in well-traveled urban areas), for different speed categories (0 - 25 / 25 - 50 /
50* mph). This information may be obtained from analysis of truck ECM or possibly GPS data. If urban
speed distribution data is not available, the user may select to use default distributions, obtained from
the MOVES model. The default speed distributions for urban operation (as defined in Section 2.2 above)
varies with vehicle class and model year. However, the variation over model years is very slight
(typically with a range of 1 to 2 percent for the largest speed category), the percentages were averaged
over all model years for a given speed category/vehicle type combination for use within the Tool.
Table 4 presents the resulting default urban speed distributions by speed category for each truck
class, for both diesel and gasoline vehicles. Note that the Tool utilizes the diesel default speed
distributions for LPG, LNG, and CNG.
Table 4. Default Speed Category Distributions by Vehicle Class for Urban
Operation (MOVES20ioa basis)33
Vehicle Class
Speed Group
Percent by
Class*
| Diesels \
| HDDV2b
1 0-25
1 35% 1
Vehicle
Class
Speed Group
Percent by
Class*
| Gasoline \
| HDGV2b
1 0-25
1 43% 1
33 These values represent the urban component of driving only. If the user specifies a non-zero percentage for Highway/Rural driving, the values in
the above table are automatically renormalized, so as to make the sum across urban and highway operation modes equal to 100%.
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Vehicle Class
Percent by
Class*
25-50
38%
50*
13%
Deceleration
15%
HDDV3
0-25
41%
25-50
36%
50+
12%
Deceleration
11%
HDDV4
0-25
42%
25-50
35%
50+
12%
Deceleration
11%
HDDV5
0-25
42%
25-50
35%
50+
12%
Deceleration
11%
HDDV6
0-25
42%
25-50
35%
50+
12%
Deceleration
10%
HDDV7
0-25
42%
25-50
35%
50+
12%
Deceleration
10%
HDDV8a
0-25
44%
25-50
35%
50+
12%
Deceleration
9%
HDDV8b
0-25
45%
25-50
34%
50+
12%
Deceleration
8%
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Vehicle
Class
Speed Group
Percent by
Class*
25-50
31%
50+
10%
Deceleration
15%
0-25
45%
HDGV3
25-50
34%
50+
11%
Deceleration
11%
0-25
45%
HDGV4
25-50
34%
50+
11%
Deceleration
10%
0-25
46%
HDGV5
25-50
33%
50+
10%
Deceleration
11%
0-25
46%
HDGV6
25-50
33%
50+
10%
Deceleration
11%
0-25
45%
HDGV7
25-50
32%
50+
10%
Deceleration
14%
0-25
45%
HDGV8a
25-50
34%
50+
11%
Deceleration
10%
0-25
43%
HDGV8b
25-50
31%
50+
10%
Deceleration
15%
* Class totals may not sum to 100% due to rounding error.
As seen in the above table, the MOVES model assumes that some fraction of vehicle operation is
associated with "deceleration" events, evaluated independently from other operation due to their
unique emission rate patterns.34 However, it is assumed that most Tool users will not know their fleet's
deceleration fraction. As such, the Tool will adjust any values input by the user to include a
deceleration fraction based on MOVES model percentages. If the user selects the default urban speed
distributions, the Tool will adjust the urban values from Table 4 to account for the percentage of miles
for Highway/Rural operation as well. The following provides an illustrative example for calculating PM
emissions for diesels given a specific set of road type/speed category distributions. NOx and BC
emission calculations follow the same procedure.
34 MOVES also assigns some fraction of emissions to idle operation. However, operating fractions and emission factors associated with idle in
MOVES outputs are expressed in grams per mile rather than grams per hour. Thus, to utilize the grams per hour emission factors developed for use
in the Tool, MOVES outputs associated with idle operation were removed and the operating mode fractions for the four remaining categories were
renormalized to equal 100%.
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User specifies l Class 8b diesel, model year 2011, traveling 100,000 mi/yr.
User specifies the following Road type/speed category distributions:
60% urban, of which
50.0% is 0-25 mph
33-3% is 25-50 mph
16.7% is 50* mph
For highway/rural operation, the lookup value from MOVES is 0.0187 g/mi for PM2.5
For urban operation, the lookup values are as follows (2016 calendar year basis):
0-25: 0.0272 g/mi
25-50: 0.0463 g/mi
50*: 0.0233 g/mi
deceleration: 0.0015 g/mi
Now the urban speed distribution percentage inputs must account for deceleration, as follows:
0-25: 60% x 50% x sum of default percentages for the three speed bins (but excluding default
deceleration fraction) = 30% x (45% ~ 34% ~ 12%) = 27.3%
25-50: 60% x 33.3% x sum of default percentages (45% ~ 34% ~ 12%) = 18.2%
50*: 60% x 16.7% x sum of default percentages (45% ~ 34% ~ 12%) = 9.1%
deceleration: remaining percentage, which equals 100% - 40% (highway) - 27.3% -18.2% - 9.1% = 5.4%
Now apply these percentage weights to the total mileage, and then multiply by the corresponding
emission factors to obtain mass, as follows:
Highway/rural component: 0.40 x 100,000 x 0.0187 = 748 grams
0-25 urban component: 0.273 x 100,000 x 0.0272 = 743 grams
25 - 50 urban component: 0.182 x 100,000 x 0.0463 = 843 grams
50* urban component: 0.091 x 100,000 x 0.0233 = 212 grams
Deceleration urban component: 0.54 x 100,000 x 0.0015 = 81 grams
Therefore total = 2,627 grams of PM2.5 (This value will then be summed with any other model
year/vehicle class combinations and converted to short tons.)
As discussed in Section 2.3, the Tool assumes that Bioo-equivalent biodiesel volumes are distributed
proportionately across all diesel vehicle classes. For example, if a fleet uses 100 B-100 equivalent
gallons of biodiesel, and 1,000 gallons of fuel total, the Tool assumes that Bio (100 / 1,000 = 10%) is the
blend used by each truck class. Accordingly, emission rate adjustment factors are calculated for Bio
using Equation 6 and applied to the diesel emission factors for each vehicle class.
Finally, note that the PM factors output by the MOVES model for use in the Tool are expressed in terms
of PM2.5. The MOVES model assumes a fixed ratio of PM10 / PM2.5 for a given fuel type, as summarized
below:
^ Gasoline -1.1304
^ Diesel -1.087
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% CNG-1.1304
These factors are applied directly to the PM2.5 emission factors to obtain mass emission and
performance metrics for PM10 within the Tool. In addition, it was assumed that LNG and LPG have PM
ratios equivalent to the CNG value. The ratio for biodiesel was assumed to equal that for diesel.
3-3 ACTIVITY CALCULATIONS
The Tool requires users to provide specific activity information on fuel consumption, miles traveled,
payload, road type/speed, and idle hours at the vehicle class level for the emissions performance
assessment (see Section 4.0 below). While the user may provide direct data inputs for any or all of
these activity parameters, the Tool also allows the user to select default values for payload
determination, in the absence of fleet-specific information. (Direct inputs for payload are highly
preferred over the use of defaults.) The data sources and assumptions used to develop these default
values are discussed below.
Default Payload Distributions
Average payloads can vary widely among fleets, even within a given vehicle class, depending upon
commodity type and body/trailer type. With the exception of LTL and Package carriers (whose data
are based on 2015 submissions), exact data entries were used from the 2011 Truck Tool submissions to
obtain payload distributions for the current Tool.35 This data was categorized by fuel type, truck class,
and SmartWay Category. SmartWay Category is based on the Fleet Description inputs (e.g., Truckload
Dry Van, Dray, Mixed, etc.). 1,850 unique records were identified using this categorization of the 2011
Partner data. This data was then reviewed, and four outliers were identified and removed from the data
set.36 Next, the payload data were aggregated across all SmartWay Category/truck class
combinations.
Based on this data, Table 5 presents the payload averages and minimum/maximum values by truck
class and SmartWay Category.37 Note that the values presented below are not weighted by fleet size.
Table 5. Average, Min and Max Payloads (short tons) by Truck
Class/SmartWay Category
SmartWay
Category by Class
Avg Payload
(tons)
Min
Max
Auto Carrier
2b
0.64
0.001
5.70
3
1.26
0.001
9.00
4
2.04
0.001
12.00
35 An evaluation of carrier payload data in 2016 found the vast majority of fleets selected from the tool's default ranges rather than providing exact
values. Accordingly, the available 2016 data was not robust enough to use as the basis for an update to the existing ranges provided in the tool.
36 Three Class 2bs were removed due to high payloads (16,13, and 5 tons). A Class 8b truck was removed due to incongruous text explanation ("none
used").
37 Given the lack of data on non-diesel heavy-duty vehicles, payload ranges are assumed to apply to all fuel types.
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SmartWay
Category by Class
Avg Payload
(tons)
Min
Max
5
3.05
0.001
15.90
6
4.49
0.001
20.70
7
5.90
0.001
60.00
8a
18.20
0.001
111.00
8b
18.20
0.001
111.00
Dray
2b
0.77
0.001
5.70
3
1.50
0.001
9.00
4
2.27
0.001
12.00
5
3.39
0.001
15.90
6
4.14
0.001
20.70
7
5.53
0.001
60.00
8a
10.69
0.001
60.00
8b
18.46
0.001
150.00
Expedited
2b
0.64
0.001
5.70
3
1.26
0.001
9.00
4
2.04
0.001
12.00
5
3.05
0.001
15.90
6
4.49
0.001
20.70
7
6.04
0.001
60.00
8a
10.92
0.001
111.00
8b
23.66
0.001
150.00
Flatbed
2b
1.19
0.001
5.70
3
1.26
0.001
9.00
4
2.68
0.001
12.00
5
3.05
0.001
15.90
6
4.67
0.001
20.70
7
7.05
0.001
24.00
8a
13.51
0.001
72.00
8b
22.50
0.001
99.90
Heavy/Bulk
2b
1.19
0.001
5.70
3
1.50
0.001
9.00
4
2.79
0.001
12.00
5
3.39
0.001
15.90
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SmartWay
Category by Class
Avg Payload
(tons)
Min
Max
6
4.84
0.001
20.70
7
7.45
0.001
60.00
8a
18.20
0.001
111.00
8b
29.20
0.001
150.00
LTL/Package
2b
0.73
0.001
5.70
3
1.23
0.001
9.00
4
1.90
0.001
12.00
5
2.63
0.001
15.90
6
3.31
0.001
20.70
7
4.89
0.001
60.00
8a
8.15
0.001
60.00
8b
15.29
0.001
150.00
Mixed
2b
0.64
0.001
5.70
3
1.26
0.001
9.00
4
2.04
0.001
12.00
5
3.05
0.001
15.90
6
4.49
0.001
20.70
7
6.04
0.001
60.00
8a
10.92
0.001
111.00
8b
23.66
0.001
150.00
Moving
2b
0.58
0.001
5.70
3
1.08
0.001
9.00
4
1.41
0.001
12.00
5
2.91
0.001
15.90
6
4.17
0.001
20.70
7
5.38
0.001
60.00
8a
12.71
0.001
111.00
8b
14.13
0.001
111.00
Refrigerated
2b
0.77
0.001
5.70
3
1.50
0.001
9.00
4
2.27
0.001
12.00
5
3.39
0.001
15.90
6
4.84
0.001
20.70
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SmartWay
Category by Class
Avg Payload
(tons)
Min
Max
7
6.03
0.001
60.00
8a
9.76
0.001
82.50
8b
20.10
0.001
82.50
Specialized
2b
0.58
0.001
5.70
3
1.08
0.001
9.00
4
1.41
0.001
12.00
5
2.91
0.001
15.90
6
4.17
0.001
20.70
7
5.38
0.001
60.00
8a
12.71
0.001
111.00
8b
14.13
0.001
111.00
Tanker
2b
0.64
0.001
5.70
3
1.26
0.001
9.00
4
2.04
0.001
12.00
5
3.05
0.001
15.90
6
4.49
0.001
20.70
7
7.45
0.001
60.00
8a
12.12
0.001
72.00
8b
24.90
0.001
103.80
TL/Dry Van
2b
0.77
0.001
5.70
3
1.50
0.001
9.00
4
2.27
0.001
12.00
5
3.39
0.001
15.90
6
4.14
0.001
20.70
7
5.53
0.001
60.00
8a
10.69
0.001
60.00
8b
18.46
0.001
150.00
The values above serve as the basis for the default payload ranges provided in the Tool payload drop-
down menu. For most vehicle class/SmartWay Category combinations,38 five default ranges are
offered for Partner selection:
3s In a few instances, the calculated lower bound value for Range 2 was less than zero. In these cases, the lower bound value for Range 2 was set to
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V- Range 1: from o.oi tons to (Average payload - 2 x standard deviation);
Range 2: from (Average payload - 2 x standard deviation) to (Average payload - 1 x standard
deviation);
V- Range 3: from (Average payload - 1 x standard deviation) to (Average payload ~ 1 x standard
deviation);
Range 4: from (Average payload ~ 1 x standard deviation) to (Average payload ~ 2 x standard
deviation); and,
Range 5: from (Average payload ~ 2 x standard deviation) to (Average payload ~ 3 x standard
deviation).
Once a particular range is selected, the midpoint of the range is used to estimate class/SmartWay
Category-level average payload, which in turn is used directly in determining grams per ton-mile
performance metrics for the fleet.
Payload data based on bills of lading and entered directly into the payload screen are validated using
the same data described above (see Section 3.4).
Brokered Freight
If a fleet brokers out more than 20% of its annual freight, this activity must be reported using the OTT or
the online Logistics Tool. If you select the Logistics Tool to report your brokered activity you will need
to provide miles or ton-miles for each company you broker your loads to. Otherwise, you can complete
the OTT including your brokerage information, and the tool will apply default gram per ton-mile factors
to estimate the emissions associated with this activity. You can specify your annual brokerage activity
data in terms of:
• Ton-miles
• Miles
• Number of loads
• Amount spent
Ton-miles is the preferred metric for reporting brokered activity. Activity reported using other options
is converted to ton-mile-equivalents using the following defaults.
0.001 and the Payload screen displays Range l as "N/A".
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1. If the user provides total miles, the OTT multiplies this value by the average payload value for
SmartWay Truck Carriers (17.5 tons) to obtain ton-miles.
2. If the user provides the number of loads brokered out, the OTT multiplies this value by 527
miles/load to convert to total miles, then converts to ton-miles.
3. If the user provides total amount spent on brokered freight, the OTT divides this value by
$3.oo/mile39 to obtain total miles, then converts to ton-miles.
After conversion, total ton-miles are multiplied by default gram per ton-mile emission factors for Non-
SmartWay General Truck fleets for the current Data Year40 to obtain total mass emissions for brokered
activity, summarized in the OTT Emission Report. This report also presents emission factors for the non-
brokered fleet as well as composite factors for brokered plus non-brokered activity. The equations
used to calculate composite gram per mile and gram per ton-mile emission factors (EFs) are as follows.
G/Mile metrics
(;partner fleet EF x Miles) + (nonSmartWay EF x Miles)
Composite EF = - -
Total Miles
G/Ton-mile metrics
(;partner fleet EF x TonMiles) + (nonSmartWay EF x TonMiles)
Composite EF = - -
Total TonMiles
Composite emission factors will be used to rank your fleet against others in the same SmartWay
Category.
3.4 DATA VALIDATION
The OTT has a number of standard logical, range and value checks that must be passed before
Partners can submit their data to EPA. Many of these checks simply confirm the presence of required
data (e.g., total miles for each truck class selected), or the accuracy of logical relationships (e.g.,
revenue miles less than or equal to total miles). The list of these basic checks is provided below.
Partners will not be able to finalize their fleet files until all associated errors have been resolved. Also
note that there is an implicit validation check on all numeric fields because the system will not accept
non-numeric characters (including minus signs).
Table 6. Basic Range and Logical Checks
Contact Information
User must enter at least two distinct contacts.
Fleet Description
User must include a Partner Name.
39 Approximate U.S. national weighted average for dry van, flatbed, and reefer fleets. See https://www.dat.com/industry-trends/trendlines.
See the SmartWay Shipper Tool Technical Documentation for details regarding non-SmartWay fleet performance metrics.
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Fleet Description
If entered, SCACs must be between 2 and 4 characters in length, and at least one
character must be a letter. Multiple SCACs must be separated by commas.
Fleet Description
If entered, MCNs must be between 6 and 7 digits.
Fleet Description
If entered, DOT numbers must be 7 digits or less.
Fleet Description
User must select a Fleet Type.
Fleet Description
The Operation Category totals must add up to 100%.
Fleet Description
The Body Type totals must add up to 100%.
Fleet Description
If a value for the Special Hauler body type is entered, a description must be
provided.
Fuel Type
User must select at least one fuel type.
Fuel Type
If Reefer Body Type has been specified for a fleet, user must select at least one
truck fuel type utilizing reefers.
Model Year & Class
At least one truck class must be selected.
Model Year & Class
Total truck counts for each selected truck class cannot be zero.
Activity Information
For all numeric fields except Empty Miles, Biofuel gallons, and Idle Hours, the
value must be greater than zero. (An explanation must be provided for zero Empty
Miles and idle hours).
Activity Information
For mileage and gallons fields, enter exact rather than rounded values, (warning)
Activity Information
For Revenue Miles, the amount cannot exceed the number of Total Miles Driven.
Activity Information
Revenue Miles that are significantly outside the expected range for percent of
total miles for the given truck class (based on a lookup table) must be explained.
Activity Information
For Empty Miles, the amount must be less than the number of Total Miles.
Activity Information
Empty Miles that are significantly outside the expected range for the given truck
class (based on a lookup table) must be explained.
Activity Information
Distance per truck that is significantly outside the expected range for the given
truck class (based on a lookup table) must be explained.
Activity Information
On the Biofuel Blend Calculator, the total gallons of biofuel cannot exceed the
amount entered for Total Fuel.
Activity Information
For Idle Hours, the value cannot exceed 8,760 per year per truck.
Activity Information
For Idle Hours, values significantly outside the expected range for daily short
duration idle hours, daily long duration idle hours, and average number of days on
the road must be explained.
Activity Information
MPG must be greater than zero.
Activity Information
MPG that is significantly outside the expected range for the given truck class
(based on a lookup table) must be explained.
Activity Information
Reefer fuel inputs for each fuel type must be less than 50% of the total fuel
volume used for reefer truck engine power.
Activity Information
Reefer fuel as a percent of fuel used for reefer truck engine power that is
significantly outside the expected range (based on lookup table) must be
explained.
Payload Information
Zero is not a valid value for any payload (absolute minimum payload = 0.001 tons).
Payload Information
Values that are significantly outside the expected range for the truck class must
be explained.
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Data Sources
Data sources for Total Miles Driven, Gallons of Fuel Used, Average Payload, and
Other Data must be specified.
Additional, rigorous validation checks of key data inputs are also needed to ensure the overall quality
of the performance metrics calculated by the Tool. Validation checks serve three purposes to this end.
First, unusually high or low values can be identified and flagged for the user's attention before
finalizing inputs. For example, a user may misplace a decimal, inadvertently add an extra zero, or utilize
the wrong units (e.g., reporting pounds instead of tons for payload) upon data entry. By comparing
these data entries to reliable industry averages and distributions, these values can be flagged allowing
users to quickly correct such errors.
Second, under certain circumstances Partners may operate their fleets under atypical conditions,
resulting in extreme (outlier) data values. For example, permitted heavy-haul operations may routinely
exceed industry-average payload values by 10 or more tons. By flagging such data entries Partners
have the opportunity to provide additional information regarding their unique operating conditions
through use of the Tool comment fields.
Finally, independent criteria can be established to ensure that data inputs are never allowed to exceed
certain physically-constrained absolute limits. For example, a truck cannot exceed roughly 500,000
miles per year, even with dual drivers and minimal maintenance time, simply due to the available hours
per year and highway speed limits. Data values above these absolute maximum levels are not allowed
by the Tool, and users are required to modify the associated inputs before proceeding.
The following presents the Tool validation ranges for all parameters but payload, which is discussed
above. Validation flags are of three types:
^ "Yellow" values indicating that the input or derived performance value is notably lower/higher
than the expected value. Partners may enter an explanation backing up such entries, but this is not
"Red" values indicating that the input or derived performance value differs greatly from the
expected value. In this case the partner must enter text explaining why this value is accurate. Once
entered, the value will change from "Red" to "Yellow" on the data entry screen.
V- "Absolute errors" exceed values deemed physically possible and must be changed in order to be
accepted by the tool.
Reefer Fuel Validation
1,008 diesel fleets designated as "Reefer" for the 2019 calendar year were evaluated to determine the
distribution of the fraction of reefer fuel consumption to total fuel consumption. Four of these
observations were dropped from the analysis data set, having greater than 50% of their total fuel
mandatory.
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consumption attributed to reefer fuel.41 As shown in Figure 4 below, the distribution for the remaining
reefer fleets was highly skewed toward low fractions (reefer consumption / total consumption). For
this reason, the Tool does not generate Range 1 or Range 2 warnings at the low end of the distribution.
Range 4 and Range 5 warnings were set to flag upper end reefer fuel consumption percentages as
shown in Table 7.
11 EPA suspects these reefer trucks are primarily used for storage rather than transportation. An additional validation rule has been adopted to flag
such entries as errors.
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Figure 4- Number of Observations vs Fraction of Fuel Used by Reefers
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
sr sr ^ a? sr 3? ae a? at ae ae a? jr ae ae
^F>omi0O>m(0O)rMiAoo
s ¥ af af aC a? a?" a? a?~ a?" a? a? a?" a? a?
""'SomieSimioftpiiflooiHi
¦—' »h «h «h «h 0
19%
92.7%
Range 4
19%
26%
5-6%
Range 5
26%
50%
1.7%
The mean of the distribution shown in Figure 4 (11%) can be used as the default percentage reefer fuel
consumption if the partner lacks data for this parameter.
The percentages discussed above are multiplied by the total fuel value entered on the Activity screen
(engine fuel plus reefer fuel) to determine the Reefer fuel validation ranges and default values for a
given fleet. If the percentage designated as "Reefer" in the Body Types section of the Tool is less than
100%, then the validation ranges and default value are scaled downward by the reported percentage.
Data Processing
Except as noted, the validation range recommendations are based upon a distributional analysis
performed on the 2015 Truck Partner input and performance data.42 Fleet level data was grouped by
truck class and bin category. If a particular combination had less than 20 fleets, it was aggregated to
the next "higher" level until at least 20 fleets were included. This process resulted in 29 groupings, as
shown in Table 8. Note these groupings are mutually exclusive - e.g., "Class 6_Mixed" (Group 6)
12 Miles per gallon distributions were updated based on 20ig partner data to reflect recent changes in fleet fuel efficiency.
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0 36
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includes all Class 6 vehicles with the exception of TL/Dry Van, LTL/Dry Van, and Package (Groups 8,
10, and li).
Table 8. Truck Fleet Groupings Used for Distributional Analysis
Group #
Name
# Fleets
1
2B_Expedited
35
2
2B_Mixed
96
3
2B_Package
34
4
2B_TL/Dry Van
42
5
3_Mixed
85
6
4_Mixed
71
7
5_Mixed
59
8
6_LTL/Dry Van
55
9
6_Mixed
124
10
6_Package
25
11
6_TL/Dry Van
51
12
7_LTL/Dry Van
61
13
7_Mixed
144
14
7_TL/Dry Van
44
15
8A_LTL/Dry Van
54
16
8A_Mixed
106
17
8A_Refrigerated
21
18
8A_TL/Dry Van
61
19
8B_AutoCarrier
36
20
8B_Dray
109
21
8B_Expedited
26
22
8B_Flatbed
159
23
8B_Heavy/Bulk
22
24
8B_LTL/Dry Van
106
25
8B_Mixed
470
26
8B_Refrigerated
574
27
8B_Specialized
60
28
8B_TL/Dry Van
912
29
8B_Tanker
84
A distributional assessment was then performed for each of the above groupings for the following
parameters.
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Miles per vehicle
Miles per gallon
Revenue Miles (as a percent of total miles)
^ Empty Miles (as a percent of total miles)
The following parameters were not updated based on 2015 data due to one of two reasons: (1) the data
set for 2015 was too thin, or (2) the majority of the data relied on default values.
^ Percent Biofuel
^ Percent Miles Traveled, Urban
Percent Miles Traveled, Highway
V- Average Idle Hours per Year
ERG then identified suspected outliers and erroneous data entry values for each parameter/group
combination, based on the criteria presented in Table 9.
Table 9. Outlier Definition
Metric
Unreasonably Low
Unreasonably High
Miles per Vehicle
Mean - 3*Std dev
Mean ~ 3*std dev
MPG
0
Mean ~ 3*std dev
Percent Revenue Miles
<40
100
Percent Empty Miles
0
>60
Percent Biofuel
0
>20
Percent Urban Operation
0
100
Percent Highway Operation
0
100
Average Idle Hours
0
Mean ~ 3*std dev
Using these criteria ERG identified 132 values, which were subsequently dropped from the data set in
order to develop "yellow" and "red" validation ranges for generalized distributions. The dropped
values are shown below in Table 10.
Table 10. Values Flagged as Outliers
Parameter
Class/Category
Value
Mean
gallons per year
2B_Expedited
412,514
53,503
gallons per year
2B_Mixed
1,118,423
97,172
gallons per year
2B_Mixed
2,575,025
97,172
gallons per year
2B_Mixed
1,155,575
97,172
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Parameter
Class/Category
Value
Mean
gallons per year
2B_Package
16,598,790
1,573,156
gallons per year
2B_Package
18,812,438
1,573,156
gallons per year
2B_TL/Dry Van
9,561,432
297,320
gallons per year
3_Mixed
7,488,083
566,721
gallons per year
3_Mixed
6,000,532
566,721
gallons per year
3_Mixed
10,025,500
566,721
gallons per year
3_Mixed
6,895,410
566,721
gallons per year
4_Mixed
32,131,244
1,287,415
gallons per year
4_Mixed
23,340,749
1,287,415
gallons per year
5_Mixed
5,886,948
526,173
gallons per year
5_Mixed
8,195,008
526,173
gallons per year
5_Mixed
5,391,967
526,173
gallons per year
6_LTL/Dry Van
3,981,088
229,194
gallons per year
6_LTL/Dry Van
2,229,735
229,194
gallons per year
6_Mixed
971,878
64,977
gallons per year
6_Mixed
434,514
64,977
gallons per year
6_Mixed
655,144
64,977
gallons per year
6_Package
42,086,822
5,063,945
gallons per year
6_TL/Dry Van
4,063,283
202,354
gallons per year
7_LTL/Dry Van
2,027,074
251,393
gallons per year
7_LTL/Dry Van
2,991,399
251,393
gallons per year
7_LTL/Dry Van
2,241,644
251,393
gallons per year
7_Mixed
6,172,258
273,971
gallons per year
7_Mixed
3,374,633
273,971
gallons per year
7_Mixed
5,989,442
273,971
gallons per year
7_Mixed
3,559,828
273,971
gallons per year
7_TL/Dry Van
4,950,320
262,592
gallons per year
8A_LTL/Dry Van
36,116,464
3,648,512
gallons per year
8A_LTL/Dry Van
53,625,048
3,648,512
gallons per year
8A_Mixed
57,351,694
986,765
gallons per year
8A_Refrigerated
5,643,067
443,374
gallons per year
8A_TL/Dry Van
70,846,629
2,760,796
gallons per year
8B_AutoCarrier
25,533,283
3,748,093
gallons per year
8B_Dray
14,150,069
1,604,817
gallons per year
8B_Dray
34,766,125
1,604,817
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Parameter
Class/Category
Value
Mean
gallons per year
8B_Dray
13,354,331
1,604,817
gallons per year
8B_Expedited
1,424,076
218,990
gallons per year
8B_Flatbed
36,752,966
2,361,101
gallons per year
8B_Flatbed
34,640,701
2,361,101
gallons per year
8B_Flatbed
17,704,415
2,361,101
gallons per year
8B_Flatbed
17,023,256
2,361,101
gallons per year
8B_Heavy/Bulk
9,404,277
1,037,619
gallons per year
8B_LTL/Dry Van
92,200,872
7,616,076
gallons per year
8B_LTL/Dry Van
124,000,000
7,616,076
gallons per year
8B_LTL/Dry Van
89,849,912
7,616,076
gallons per year
8B_Mixed
66,558,332
2,535,432
gallons per year
8B_Mixed
37,456,768
2,535,432
gallons per year
8B_Mixed
59,418,064
2,535,432
gallons per year
8B_Mixed
48,225,936
2,535,432
gallons per year
8B_Mixed
180,000,000
2,535,432
gallons per year
8B_Mixed
119,000,000
2,535,432
gallons per year
8B_Refr
gerated
33,225,674
1,941,435
gallons per year
8B_Refr
gerated
42,919,799
1,941,435
gallons per year
8B_Refr
gerated
28,773,217
1,941,435
gallons per year
8B_Refr
gerated
37,152,519
1,941,435
gallons per year
8B_Refr
gerated
20,502,480
1,941,435
gallons per year
8B_Refr
gerated
53,869,408
1,941,435
gallons per year
8B_Refr
gerated
18,295,369
1,941,435
gallons per year
8B_Refr
gerated
18,899,380
1,941,435
gallons per year
8B_Refr
gerated
31,452,760
1,941,435
gallons per year
8B_Refr
gerated
67,708,438
1,941,435
gallons per year
8B_Specialized
109,000,000
3,815,822
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
39,566,042
3,015,269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
86,776,622
3,015,269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
41,147,713
3,015,269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
40,502,655
3,015,269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
102,000,000
3,015,269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
47,825,507
3,015,269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
131,000,000
3,015,269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
55,482,608
3,015,269
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0 40
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"^vSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
Parameter
Class/Category
Value
Mean
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
72,226,731
3,015,269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
182,000,000
3,015,269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
61,329,730
3,015,269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
99,023,569
3,015,269
gallons per year
8B_Tanker
63,833,642
2,691,859
annualm
les/veh
cle
2B_Mixed
116,299
28,854
annualm
les/veh
cle
3_Mixed
85,788
22,873
annualm
les/veh
cle
3_Mixed
81,697
22,873
annualm
les/veh
cle
4_Mixed
87,149
23,285
annualm
les/veh
cle
5_Mixed
93,600
18,865
annualm
les/veh
cle
5_Mixed
77,510
18,865
annualm
les/veh
cle
6_Mixed
343,740
34,199
annualm
les/veh
cle
6_Package
103,854
24,362
annualm
les/veh
cle
6_TL/Dry Van
116,000
36,656
annualm
les/veh
cle
7_Mixed
135,356
35,442
annualm
les/veh
cle
7_Mixed
117,865
35,442
annualm
les/veh
cle
7_TL/Dry Van
166,021
37,351
annualm
les/veh
cle
8B_Flatbed
5,000
78,258
annualm
les/veh
cle
8B_Flatbed
7,500
78,258
annualm
les/veh
cle
8B_LTL/Dry Van
271,366
69,987
annualm
les/veh
cle
8B_Mixed
203,275
74,314
annualm
les/veh
cle
8B_Mixed
175,555
74,314
annualm
les/veh
cle
8B_Refrigerated
215,350
101,711
annualm
les/veh
cle
8B_Refrigerated
211,217
101,711
annualm
les/veh
cle
8B_Refrigerated
248,360
101,711
annualm
les/veh
cle
8B_Refrigerated
221,995
101,711
annualm
les/veh
cle
8B_Refrigerated
225,974
101,711
annualm
les/veh
cle
8B_Refrigerated
262,511
101,711
annual mi
les/veh
icle
8B_Refrigerated
208,809
101,711
annual mi
les/veh
icle
8B_Specialized
189,507
73,838
annual mi
les/veh
icle
8B_TL/Dry Van
195,768
90,012
annual mi
les/veh
icle
8B_TL/Dry Van
193,195
90,012
annual mi
les/veh
icle
8B_TL/Dry Van
189,257
90,012
annual mi
les/veh
icle
8B_TL/Dry Van
250,391
90,012
annual mi
les/veh
icle
8B_TL/Dry Van
194,704
90,012
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0 41
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"^vSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
Parameter
Class/Category
Value
Mean
annual miles/vehicle
8B_TL/Dry Van
191,012
90,012
annual miles/vehicle
8B_TL/Dry Van
215,143
90,012
annual miles/vehicle
8B_Tanker
148,721
79,629
% Empty Miles
3_Mixed
90.19
1339
% Empty Miles
8B_Specialized
99-38
30.34
% Empty Miles
2B_Mixed
0.02
82.54
% Empty Miles
8B_TL/Dry Van
35-17
8737
Once values were defined as outliers and excluded from the data set, the mean and standard deviation
of the distribution for each truck fleet grouping were then re-calculated for each metric. Each fleet
was treated equally in the distributional assessment, independent of the number of vehicles in the
fleet. Histograms presenting the distributions for each truck fleet grouping/metric combination are
available electronically from SmartWay.
For groupings with large numbers of fleets (e.g., Class 8b diesel TL/Dry Van, Refrigerated, and Mixed),
the data for miles per vehicle and miles per gallon appear normally distributed. Examples for Class 8b
TL/Dry Van Diesel fleets are shown in Figures 5 and 6.
Miles Per Vehicle
Any Outtyers Have Been Removed
Group ID Number=28 TruckClass_BinCategory=8B_TL/DryVan Number in Group=912
70:
60
50
(D
-Q
20
10:
1111111 I i ¦ 11
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 90000 100000 110000 120000 130000 140000 150000 160000 170000 180000
Bin Value
/proj1/EPA_TnjckToolVal/Update2016/val3.sas 14DEC16 12:41
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0 42
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SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
Figure 6. Miles per Gallon Distribution, Class 8b TL/Dry Van Diesel Fleets
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
N= 929
Avg = 6.36
stdev= 0.79
o^"5—j^r-;cnrNi'=^r^;cnrviLnr--c:)rsiLnr^cz>rviLnoq
ro^^^^ini/iL/iL/i^iDidNisrNrNcdodcdcd
f of rsT -stf r>f of rvT ltT r*f of rsf irf r*f of rsf irf
roro'vf;'vf;«vj:«vj:LnLnLnLnuDUDUDKKr^r^cdcdco'
Other fleet group/metric combinations displayed sharp drop offs at certain discrete levels. For
example, % Revenue Miles were seldom less than 50% of total miles, and conversely, % Empty Miles
were seldom greater than 50% of total miles. % Biofuel also displayed a discrete maximum value with
no fleets using blends higher than 20% biodiesel.43
Based on this assessment, red and yellow flag areas were defined for each fleet group/metric
combination as shown in Table 11.
Table 11. "Red" and "Yellow" Flag Criteria
Class Category
Variable
Low Red
Low Yellow
High Yellow
High Red
2B_ Expedited
35
Miles Per Vehicle
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
950%
2B_Mixed
96
Miles Per Vehicle
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
950%
2B_Package
34
Miles Per Vehicle
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
950%
2B_TL/Dry Van
42
Miles Per Vehicle
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
950%
3_Mixed
85
Miles Per Vehicle
NONE
5.000
Mean+i.sStD
Mean+2StD
4_Mixed
71
Miles Per Vehicle
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
950%
5_Mixed
59
Miles Per Vehicle
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
950%
6_LTL/Dry Van
55
Miles Per Vehicle
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
950%
6_Mixed
124
Miles Per Vehicle
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
950%
6_Package
25
Miles Per Vehicle
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
950%
6_TL/Dry Van
51
Miles Per Vehicle
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
950%
13 As such, a yellow warning is issued for any biodiesel blend > 20%, with no red warning.
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0 43
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"^vSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
Class Category
Variable
Low Red
Low Yellow
High Yellow
High Red
7_LTL/Dry Van
61
Miles Per Vehicle
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
950%
7_Mixed
144
Miles Per Vehicle
NONE
5.000
Mean+i.sStD
Mean+2StD
7_TL/Dry Van
44
Miles Per Vehicle
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
950%
8A_LTL/Dry Van
54
Miles Per Vehicle
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
950%
8A_Mixed
106
Miles Per Vehicle
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
950%
8A_Refrigerated
21
Miles Per Vehicle
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
950%
8A_TL/Dry Van
61
Miles Per Vehicle
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
950%
8B_AutoCarrier
36
Miles Per Vehicle
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.sStD
Mean+i.sStD
Mean+2StD
8B_Dray
109
Miles Per Vehicle
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.sStD
Mean+i.sStD
Mean+2StD
8B_Expedited
26
Miles Per Vehicle
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
950%
8B_Flatbed
159
Miles Per Vehicle
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.sStD
Mean+i.sStD
Mean+2StD
8B_Heavy/Bulk
22
Miles Per Vehicle
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
950%
8B_LTL/Dry Van
106
Miles Per Vehicle
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.sStD
Mean+i.sStD
Mean+2StD
8B_Mixed
470
Miles Per Vehicle
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.sStD
Mean+i.sStD
Mean+2StD
8B_Refrigerated
574
Miles Per Vehicle
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.sStD
Mean+i.sStD
Mean+2StD
8B_Specialized
60
Miles Per Vehicle
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
950%
8B_TL/Dry Van
912
Miles Per Vehicle
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.sStD
Mean+i.sStD
Mean+2StD
8B_Tanker
84
Miles Per Vehicle
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.sStD
Mean+i.sStD
Mean+2StD
2B
72
Miles Per Gallon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.sStD
Mean+i.sStD
Mean+2StD
3
45
Miles Per Gallon
5-0%
10.0%
90.0%
950%
4
38
Miles Per Gallon
5-0%
10.0%
90.0%
950%
5
38
Miles Per Gallon
5-0%
10.0%
90.0%
950%
6
214
Miles Per Gallon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.sStD
Mean+i.sStD
Mean+2StD
7
234
Miles Per Gallon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.sStD
Mean+i.sStD
Mean+2StD
8A
234
Miles Per Gallon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.sStD
Mean+i.sStD
Mean+2StD
8B_AutoCarrier
40
Miles Per Gallon
5-0%
10.0%
90.0%
950%
8B_Dray
107
Miles Per Gallon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.sStD
Mean+i.sStD
Mean+2StD
8B_Expedited
18
Miles Per Gallon
5-0%
10.0%
90.0%
950%
8B_Flatbed
166
Miles Per Gallon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.sStD
Mean+i.sStD
Mean+2StD
8B_Heavy/Bulk
37
Miles Per Gallon
5-0%
10.0%
90.0%
950%
8B_LTL/Dry Van
76
Miles Per Gallon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.sStD
Mean+i.sStD
Mean+2StD
8B_Mixed/Moving
452
Miles Per Gallon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.sStD
Mean+i.sStD
Mean+2StD
8B_Refrigerated
492
Miles Per Gallon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.sStD
Mean+i.sStD
Mean+2StD
8B_Specialized
41
Miles Per Gallon
5-0%
10.0%
90.0%
950%
8B_TL/Dry Van
929
Miles Per Gallon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.sStD
Mean+i.sStD
Mean+2StD
8B_Tanker
80
Miles Per Gallon
5-0%
10.0%
90.0%
950%
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0 44
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"^vSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
Class Category
Variable
Low Red
Low Yellow
High Yellow
High Red
2B_ Expedited
35
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
2B_Mixed
96
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
2B_Package
34
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
2B_TL/Dry Van
42
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
3_Mixed
85
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
4_Mixed
71
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
5_Mixed
59
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
6_LTL/Dry Van
55
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
6_Mixed
124
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
6_Package
25
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
6_TL/Dry Van
51
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
7_LTL/Dry Van
61
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
7_Mixed
144
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
7_TL/Dry Van
44
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
8A_LTL/Dry Van
54
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
8A_Mixed
106
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
8A_Refrigerated
21
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
8A_TL/Dry Van
61
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
8B_AutoCarrier
36
Percent Revenue Miles
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.sStD
NONE
NONE
8B_Dray
109
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
8B_Expedited
26
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
8B_Flatbed
159
Percent Revenue Miles
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.sStD
NONE
NONE
8B_Heavy/Bulk
22
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
8B_LTL/Dry Van
106
Percent Revenue Miles
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.sStD
NONE
NONE
8B_Mixed
470
Percent Revenue Miles
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.sStD
NONE
NONE
8B_Refrigerated
574
Percent Revenue Miles
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.sStD
NONE
NONE
8B_Specialized
60
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
8B_TL/Dry Van
912
Percent Revenue Miles
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.sStD
NONE
NONE
8B_Tanker
84
Percent Revenue Miles
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.sStD
Mean+i.sStD
Mean+2StD
2B_ Expedited
35
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
85.0%
950%
2B_Mixed
96
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
Mean+i.sStD
Mean+2StD
2B_Package
34
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
Mean+i.sStD
Mean+2StD
2B_TL/Dry Van
42
Percent Empty Miles
5-0%
15.0%
Mean+i.sStD
Mean+2StD
3_Mixed
85
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
85.0%
950%
4_Mixed
71
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
85.0%
950%
5_Mixed
59
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
85.0%
950%
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0 45
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"^vSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
Class Category
Count
Variable
Low Red
Low Yellow
High Yellow
High Red
6_LTL/Dry Van
55
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
Mean+i.sStD
Mean+2StD
6_Mixed
124
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
Mean+i.sStD
Mean+2StD
6_Package
25
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
85.0%
950%
6_TL/Dry Van
51
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
85.0%
950%
7_LTL/Dry Van
61
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
85.0%
950%
7_Mixed
144
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
85.0%
950%
7_TL/Dry Van
44
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
Mean+i.sStD
Mean+2StD
8A_LTL/Dry Van
54
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
Mean+i.sStD
Mean+2StD
8A_Mixed
106
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
85.0%
950%
8A_Refrigerated
21
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
Mean+i.sStD
Mean+2StD
8A_TL/Dry Van
61
Percent Empty Miles
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.sStD
Mean+i.sStD
Mean+2StD
8B_AutoCarrier
36
Percent Empty Miles
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
950%
8B_Dray
109
Percent Empty Miles
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
950%
8B_Expedited
26
Percent Empty Miles
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
950%
8B_Flatbed
159
Percent Empty Miles
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
950%
8B_Heavy/Bulk
22
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
Mean+i.sStD
Mean+2StD
8B_LTL/Dry Van
106
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
Mean+i.sStD
Mean+2StD
8B_Mixed
470
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
Mean+i.sStD
Mean+2StD
8B_Refrigerated
574
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
Mean+i.sStD
Mean+2StD
8B_Specialized
60
Percent Empty Miles
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
950%
8B_TL/Dry Van
912
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
Mean+i.sStD
Mean+2StD
8B_Tanker
84
Percent Empty Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
50.0%
2B_ Expedited
35
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
950%
2B_Mixed
96
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
950%
2B_Package
34
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
950%
2B_TL/Dry Van
42
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
950%
3_Mixed
85
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
950%
4_Mixed
71
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
950%
5_Mixed
59
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
950%
6_LTL/Dry Van
55
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
950%
6_Mixed
124
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
950%
6_Package
25
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
950%
6_TL/Dry Van
51
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
950%
7_LTL/Dry Van
61
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
950%
7_Mixed
144
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
950%
7_TL/Dry Van
44
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
950%
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0 46
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"^vSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
Class Category
Count
Variable
Low Red
Low Yellow
High Yellow
High Red
8A_LTL/Dry Van
54
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
950%
8A_Mixed
106
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
950%
8A_Refrigerated
21
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
950%
8A_TL/Dry Van
61
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
950%
8B_AutoCarrier
36
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
950%
8B_Dray
109
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
950%
8B_Expedited
26
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
950%
8B_Flatbed
159
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
950%
8B_Heavy/Bulk
22
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
950%
8B_LTL/Dry Van
106
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
950%
8B_Mixed
470
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
950%
8B_Refrigerated
574
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
950%
8B_Specialized
60
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
950%
8B_TL/Dry Van
912
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
950%
8B_Tanker
84
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
950%
For distributions that appeared to have a relatively normal distribution on the low and/or high end,
yellow flag criteria were set at ± 1.5 times the standard deviation (StD), and the red flag criteria at ± 2.0
times the standard deviation of the distribution for each truck fleet grouping. In most cases these
criteria result in roughly 10-20% of the values for these metrics being flagged as either red or yellow
for partner attention. For several variables with a clearly skewed distribution yellow cutoffs were set to
include approximately 15% of observations, and red cutoffs were selected to include approximately 5%
of observations. Selecting cutoffs at these levels of stringency is intended to identify likely input errors
without unduly burdening the large majority of Tool users with unnecessary data checks and text
explanations.
Finally, certain distributions showed common values up to and including the absolute min/max values.
For example, a substantial number of truck carriers reported revenue miles equal to 100% of total
miles. In these instances no yellow/red flags are assigned for that variable.
Tables 12-16 present the actual yellow and red flag values for each fleet group/metric combination,
given the decision criteria presented in Table 11. Tables 17-20 present the number of observations that
would be flagged with yellow and red warnings for these combinations. The complete set of
histograms associated with the distributional analysis of the 2016 data is available upon request from
SmartWay.
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0 47
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"^vSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
Table 12. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
Annual Miles per Vehicle
Class Category
Absolute
Min
Low Red
Low
Yellow
High
Yellow
High Red
Absolute
Max
2B-Expedited
>0
9.698
16,183
63,029
90,800
500,000
2B-Mixed
>0
2,046
7,741
53,432
71,391
500,000
2B-PD
>0
5,247
11,565
47,936
65,500
500,000
2B-TL/Dry van
>0
6,799
18,007
52,984
58,368
500,000
3-Mixed
>0
0
5,000
45,712
53,814
500,000
4-Mixed
>0
1,402
6,556
40,071
51,362
500,000
5-Mixed
>0
306
3,470
40,000
49,485
500,000
6-LTL/Dry van
>0
9,631
11,696
49,080
60,950
500,000
6-Mixed
>0
2,036
10,931
51,916
67,014
500,000
6-Moving
>0
3,000
8,000
68,107
79,506
500,000
6-PD
>0
5,921
9,073
65,000
72,065
500,000
6-TL/Dry van
>0
8,632
14,133
56,713
68,836
500,000
7-LTL/Dry van
>0
12,488
15,654
54,122
72,666
500,000
7-Mixed
>0
0
5,000
67,560
78,694
500,000
7-TL/Dry van
>0
2,326
10,312
57,249
79,650
500,000
8A-LTL/.Dry van
>0
10,558
15,625
68,215
88,352
500,000
8 A-Mixed
>0
6,271
13,039
85,890
102,000
500,000
8A-Reefer
>0
15,505
26,162
70,000
79,308
500,000
8A-TL/Dry van
>0
10,069
13,877
97,567
128,406
500,000
8B-Auto
>0
43,112
51,769
103,710
112,367
500,000
8B-Dray
>0
6,985
18,413
86,984
98,413
500,000
8B-Expedited
>0
23,226
27,112
92,857
140,232
500,000
8B-Flatbed
>0
36,935
47,495
110,856
121,416
500,000
8B-Heavy
>0
44,171
48,663
101,118
108,168
500,000
8B-LTL/Dry van
>0
13,983
27,504
108,634
122,156
500,000
8B-Mixed
>0
12,029
27,477
120,168
135,616
500,000
8B-Reefer
>0
36,939
52,743
147,566
163,370
500,000
8B-Special
>0
20,765
39,854
105,338
117,433
500,000
8B-TL/Dry van
>0
29,853
44,672
133,586
148,405
500,000
8B-Tanker
>0
36,503
47,076
110,517
121,090
500,000
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0 48
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"^vSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
Table 13. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
Miles per Gallon44
Class Category
Low
Red
Low
Yellow
High
Yellow
High
Red
Absolute
Max
2B
>0
5.38
7.58
20.75
22.95
375
3
>0
3.52
6.41
13.52
14.37
28.5
4
>0
6.45
7.10
12.22
13.20
24.4
5
>0
4.42
5.69
12.40
15.10
21.4
6
>0
5.41
6.21
10.98
11.77
16.8
7
>0
4.74
5.57
10.58
11.41
158
8A
>0
3.94
4.66
8.97
9.69
12.2
8B-Auto
>0
4.27
4.61
5.51
6.20
9-3
8B-Dray
>0
4.88
5.14
6.70
6.96
10.5
8B-Expedited
>0
5.76
5.82
7.14
7.20
10.2
8B-Flatbed
>0
4.38
4.75
6.97
7.34
10.8
8B-Heavy
>0
2.95
3.77
5.91
5.95
9-9
8B-LTL/Dry van
>0
5.52
5.79
7.41
7.68
11.8
SB-
Mixed/ Moving
>0
4.78
5.18
7.55
7.94
11.8
8B-Reefer
>0
5.09
5.57
8.42
8.89
11.9
8B-Specialized
>0
3.04
3.75
6.21
6.66
10.1
8B-TL/Dry van
>0
5.02
5.39
7.61
7.98
12.4
8B-Tanker
>0
3.74
4.34
6.75
7.10
10.8
11 Equivalent MPG cutoffs can be found by dividing these values by 1.26 for gasoline and CNG vehicles; dividing by 1.35 for LPG vehicles; and dividing
by 1.52 for LNG vehicles - see "Non-Diesel MPG" section below for details.
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0 49
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"^vSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
Table 14. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
% Revenue Miles
Class Category
Low Red
Low Yellow
High
Yellow
High Red
Absolute Max
2B-Expedited
N/A
52
59
N/A
N/A
N/A
2B-Mixed
N/A
53
61
N/A
N/A
N/A
2B-PD
N/A
66
72
N/A
N/A
N/A
2B-TL/Dry van
N/A
69
74
N/A
N/A
N/A
3-Mixed
N/A
65
71
N/A
N/A
N/A
4-Mixed
N/A
65
71
N/A
N/A
N/A
5-Mixed
N/A
59
67
N/A
N/A
N/A
6-LTL/Dry van
N/A
61
68
N/A
N/A
N/A
6-Mixed
N/A
55
63
N/A
N/A
N/A
6-Moving
N/A
55
65
N/A
N/A
N/A
6-PD
N/A
75
80
N/A
N/A
N/A
6-TL/Dry van
N/A
56
64
N/A
N/A
N/A
7-LTL/Dry van
N/A
64
71
N/A
N/A
N/A
7-Mixed
N/A
57
64
N/A
N/A
N/A
7-TL/Dry van
N/A
64
70
N/A
N/A
N/A
8A-LTL/.Dry van
N/A
67
73
N/A
N/A
N/A
8 A-Mixed
N/A
52
59
N/A
N/A
N/A
8A-Reefer
N/A
59
65
N/A
N/A
N/A
8A-TL/Dry van
N/A
69
74
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-Auto
N/A
43
50
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-Dray
N/A
46
54
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-Expedited
N/A
57
63
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-Flatbed
N/A
62
67
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-Heavy
N/A
34
43
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-LTL/Dry van
N/A
68
73
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-Mixed
N/A
62
68
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-Reefer
N/A
72
76
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-Special
N/A
40
49
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-TL/Dry van
N/A
68
73
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-Tanker
N/A
48
50
N/A
N/A
N/A
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0 50
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"^vSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
Table 15. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
°/o Empty Miles
Class Category
Absolute Min
Low Red
Low Yellow
High Yellow
High Red
Absolute Max
2B-Expedited
N/A
1
5
38
44
N/A
2B-Mixed
N/A
1
5
41
48
N/A
2B-PD
N/A
1
5
31
37
N/A
2B-TL/Dry van
N/A
1
5
28
33
N/A
3-Mixed
N/A
1
5
28
34
N/A
4-Mixed
N/A
1
5
30
35
N/A
5-Mixed
N/A
1
5
33
40
N/A
6-LTL/Dry van
N/A
1
5
36
44
N/A
6-Mixed
N/A
1
5
38
45
N/A
6-Moving
N/A
1
5
40
50
N/A
6-PD
N/A
1
5
15
31
N/A
6-TL/Dry van
N/A
1
5
35
47
N/A
7-LTL/Dry van
N/A
1
5
32
35
N/A
7-Mixed
N/A
1
5
33
44
N/A
7-TL/Dry van
N/A
1
5
33
39
N/A
8A-LTL/.Dry van
N/A
1
5
30
36
N/A
8A-Mixed
N/A
1
5
36
47
N/A
8A-Reefer
N/A
1
5
35
41
N/A
8A-TL/Dry van
N/A
1
5
31
36
N/A
8B-Auto
N/A
5
15
40
49
N/A
8 B-Dray
N/A
5
7
40
50
N/A
8B-Expedited
N/A
5
6
33
37
N/A
8B-Flatbed
N/A
5
7
27
37
N/A
8B-Heavy
N/A
1
5
56
64
N/A
8B-LTL/Dry van
N/A
1
5
29
34
N/A
8B-Mixed
N/A
1
5
34
40
N/A
8B-Reefer
N/A
1
5
25
29
N/A
8B-Special
N/A
1
5
49
50
N/A
8B-TL/Dry van
N/A
1
5
28
32
N/A
8B-Tanker
N/A
20
36
50
50
N/A
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0 51
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"^vSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
Table 16. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
Idle Hours and Days of Use per Year
Class Category
Low Red
Low Yellow
High Yellow
High Red
A verage Service Days/ Year
Non-Class 8b (less Package/Specialty)
96
171
320
--
Non-Class 8b (Package/Specialty)
142
200
315
--
Class 8b (less LTL/Package)
157
213
325
--
Class 8b (LTL/Package)
135
193
309
--
A verage Hours Long Duration Idle/Day
Non-Class 8b (less Package/Specialty)
--
1.00
1-73
2.81
Non-Class 8b (Package/Specialty)
--
1.00
24.00
--
Class 8b (less LTL/Package)
--
1.00
4.11
6.10
Class 8b (LTL/Package)
--
1.00
2.53
4.18
A verage Hours Short Duration Idle/Day
Non-Class 8b (less Package/Specialty)
--
0
1.87
2.81
Non-Class 8b (Package/Specialty)
--
0
1.42
1-99
Class 8b (less LTL/Package)
--
0
2.36
360
Class 8b (LTL/Package)
--
0
2.63
4-15
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0 52
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"^vSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency +
Table 17. Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
Annual Miles per Vehicle
Class/Category
N
Minimum
Value
m
Low
Yellow
Flags
Mean
Value
High
Yellow
Flags
High
Red
Flags
Maximum
Value
2B_ Expedited
35
6,001
1
3
40,870
3
1
95,938
2B_Mixed
96
720
4
9
27,933
9
4
76,590
2B_Package
34
4,i44
1
3
30,012
3
1
70,685
2B_TL/Dry Van
42
505
2
3
31,821
3
2
59,203
3_Mixed
85
581
0
6
21,406
6
4
76,320
4_Mixed
71
117
3
6
22,373
6
3
53,172
5_Mixed
59
83
2
5
16,525
5
2
54,486
6_LTL/Dry Van
55
1,429
2
5
29,919
5
2
70,391
6_Mixed
124
53
6
11
31,682
11
6
79,858
6_Package
25
814
1
1
21,050
1
1
90,196
6_TL/Dry Van
51
3,179
2
4
35,069
4
2
93,498
7_LTL/Dry Van
61
5,701
3
5
34,379
5
3
87,534
7_Mixed
144
100
0
10
34,158
7
6
106,615
7_TL/Dry Van
44
1,693
2
3
34,359
3
2
109,287
8A_LTL/Dry Van
54
3,458
2
5
45,351
5
2
108,183
8A_Mixed
106
155
5
9
47,086
9
5
124,901
8A_Refrigerated
21
1,738
1
1
45,741
1
1
79,469
8A_TL/Dry Van
61
7,460
3
5
59,438
5
3
155,136
8B_AutoCarrier
36
47,525
0
2
77,740
1
1
120,671
8B_Dray
109
3,165
1
9
52,699
4
4
102,164
8B_Expedited
26
22,697
1
1
63,362
1
1
150,415
8B_Flatbed
159
15,680
3
5
79,175
8
2
130,597
8B_Heavy/Bulk
22
40,305
1
1
73,132
1
1
116,004
8B_LTL/Dry Van
106
14,096
0
5
68,069
3
3
146,016
8B_Mixed
470
3,658
7
20
73,822
22
11
151,353
8B_Refrigerated
574
9,171
20
20
100,155
22
10
203,947
8B_Specialized
60
4,568
2
5
71,877
5
2
178,303
8B_TL/Dry Van
912
2,072
27
33
89,129
39
19
176,478
8B_Tanker
84
28,055
4
3
78,796
0
3
136,449
SmartWay Technical Documentation
Section 3.0 53
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"^vSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
Table 18. Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
Miles per Gallon
Class/Category
N
Minimum
Value
m
Low
Yellow
Flags
Mean
Value
High
Yellow
Flags
High Red
Flags
Maximum
Value
2B_ Expedited
35
10.00
1
3
1447
3
1
25.00
2B_Mixed
96
2.00
4
9
12.93
9
4
22.91
2B_Package
34
3-51
1
3
11.68
3
1
20.74
2B_TL/Dry Van
42
2.50
2
3
10.68
3
2
19-50
3_Mixed
85
1.07
2
3
9.82
6
1
18.99
4_Mixed
71
1.34
3
6
8.98
6
3
16.27
5_Mixed
59
0.96
3
1
7-77
2
1
1425
6_LTL/Dry Van
55
0.68
2
5
8.01
5
2
11.17
6_Mixed
124
4.02
1
6
793
2
2
12.06
6_Package
25
0.91
1
1
739
1
1
11.37
6_TL/Dry Van
51
0.76
1
0
7.86
0
0
10.00
7_LTL/Dry Van
61
5-48
0
2
7.82
2
2
10.50
7_Mixed
144
369
4
4
755
3
4
11.25
7_TL/Dry Van
44
4.60
2
3
776
3
2
976
8A_LTL/Dry Van
54
425
1
0
6.31
1
1
8.13
8A_Mixed
106
338
3
3
6.57
5
3
8.97
8A_Refrigerated
21
5-19
1
2
6.38
2
1
8.34
8A_TL/Dry Van
61
1.84
1
1
6.43
0
1
8.69
8B_AutoCarrier
36
429
1
3
4-96
3
1
6.22
8B_Dray
109
335
5
2
5-83
3
0
7.00
8B_Expedited
26
4-79
1
1
6.04
1
1
6.80
8B_Flatbed
159
3-10
5
4
580
6
2
7.20
8B_Heavy/Bulk
22
4.11
1
1
532
1
1
6.63
8B_LTL/Dry Van
106
4.08
5
3
6.27
1
1
787
8B_Mixed
470
318
17
11
5-94
17
6
7.88
8B_Refrigerated
574
l.ll
12
15
5-96
19
15
796
8B_Specialized
60
0.50
3
6
507
6
3
6.72
8B_TL/Dry Van
912
2.30
26
21
6.18
36
16
8.26
8B_Tanker
84
2.66
2
4
5-95
4
0
7.21
SmartWay Technical Documentation
Section 3.0 54
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"^vSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
Table 19. Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
% Revenue Miles
Class/Category
N
Minimum
Value
m
Low
Yellow
Flags
Mean
Value
High
Yellow
Flags
High Red
Flags
Maximum
Value
2B_ Expedited
35
542
0
3
80.9
0
0
100
2B_Mixed
96
50.0
3
9
834
0
0
100
2B_Package
34
60.1
3
1
88.6
0
0
100
2B_TL/Dry Van
42
633
1
2
89.7
0
0
100
3_Mixed
85
57-0
3
7
89.7
0
0
100
4_Mixed
71
65.0
3
9
90.4
0
0
100
5_Mixed
59
50.0
2
5
88.5
0
0
100
6_LTL/Dry Van
55
50.0
3
4
88.4
0
0
100
6_Mixed
124
47.0
8
2
84.4
0
0
100
6_Package
25
64.0
2
0
942
0
0
100
6_TL/Dry Van
51
45-2
3
1
873
0
0
100
7_LTL/Dry Van
61
65.0
0
10
89.2
0
0
100
7_Mixed
144
50.0
6
2
84.4
0
0
100
7_TL/Dry Van
44
41.1
2
2
89-5
0
0
100
8A_LTL/Dry Van
54
55-0
5
2
90.5
0
0
100
8A_Mixed
106
46.1
5
4
82.3
0
0
100
8A_Refrigerated
21
60.0
0
2
85.0
0
0
100
8A_TL/Dry Van
61
49-1
3
3
91-3
0
0
100
8B_AutoCarrier
36
50.0
0
0
718
0
0
100
8B_Dray
109
49-5
0
7
79 2
0
0
100
8B_Expedited
26
56.2
1
2
82.8
0
0
100
8B_Flatbed
159
50.0
6
5
82.8
0
0
100
8B_Heavy/Bulk
22
46.0
0
0
70.9
0
0
100
8B_LTL/Dry Van
106
55-0
4
5
89.0
0
0
100
8B_Mixed
470
50.0
18
30
854
0
0
100
8B_Refrigerated
574
50.0
25
25
88.4
0
0
100
8B_Specialized
60
49-4
0
0
74-6
0
0
100
8B_TL/Dry Van
912
50.0
49
34
874
0
0
100
8B_Tanker
84
449
4
2
61.9
1
1
100
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0 55
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"^vSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
Table 20. Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
°/o Empty Miles
Class/Category
N
Minimum
Value
m
Low
Yellow
Flags
Mean
Value
High
Yellow
Flags
High Red
Flags
Maximum
Value
2B_ Expedited
35
2.96
0
0
20.65
3
1
45-75
2B_Mixed
96
0.00
0
0
18.10
8
3
50.00
2B_Package
34
0.00
0
0
12.26
1
4
39-91
2B_TL/Dry Van
42
0.00
0
3
14.00
0
2
39-60
3_Mixed
85
0.00
0
0
12.47
7
4
42.23
4_Mixed
71
0.00
0
0
12.55
6
3
40.00
5_Mixed
59
0.00
0
0
16.01
5
2
50.00
6_LTL/Dry Van
55
0.00
0
0
1499
3
2
50.00
6_Mixed
124
0.00
0
0
16.57
2
9
52.99
6_Package
25
0.00
0
0
6.27
1
1
35-98
6_TL/Dry Van
51
0.00
0
0
1742
4
2
5476
7_LTL/Dry Van
61
0.00
0
0
1309
5
3
40.00
7_Mixed
144
0.00
0
0
1754
13
7
50.00
7_TL/Dry Van
44
0.00
0
0
15-42
4
1
45-00
8A_LTL/Dry Van
54
0.00
0
0
11-35
5
2
45-00
8A_Mixed
106
0.00
0
0
19-51
9
5
53-91
8A_Refrigerated
21
0.00
0
0
1493
2
0
40.00
8A_TL/Dry Van
61
0.00
0
0
13-44
3
2
50.94
8B_AutoCarrier
36
0.00
0
3
29.68
3
1
50.00
8B_Dray
109
0.00
3
10
25-36
10
5
50.45
8B_Expedited
26
500
1
1
18.12
1
1
43-83
8B_Flatbed
159
0.00
3
15
18.12
15
7
50.00
8B_Heavy/Bulk
22
0.00
0
0
31-51
0
0
50.81
8B_LTL/Dry Van
106
0.00
0
0
12.65
4
6
50.00
8B_Mixed
470
0.00
0
0
16.49
28
22
50.00
8B_Refrigerated
574
0.00
0
0
12.91
20
25
50.00
8B_Specialized
60
0.00
0
4
29.17
4
2
50.61
8B_TL/Dry Van
912
0.00
0
0
13.71
39
51
50.00
8B_Tanker
84
300
4
7
43-51
0
9
55-12
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Absolute errors were also developed for each fleet category/metric combination. Cutoffs for absolute
errors are intended to prevent users from inadvertently entering data with incorrect units and typos.
For this reason, SmartWay defined absolute errors to ensure an adequate "safety" interval between
the highest values observed in the cleaned (no outlier) dataset. The recommended values for absolute
errors and their associated justifications are discussed below for each metric.
Annual Miles per Vehicle
The maximum number of miles a vehicle can accumulate in a year are constrained by truck highway
speed limits (typically 65 mph or less) and the number of hours in a year.45 Excluding engine down-time
associated with maintenance and repairs, the absolute maximum annual mileage possible for a truck is
estimated to be -500,000 miles per year. This estimate is more than twice the highest observed value
of 228,151 miles per year (for Class 8b TL/Dry Van diesels). Therefore 500,000 miles per year value is
set as the absolute maximum for all vehicle classes. Values greater than 0 and less than 500,000 are
permissible.
Miles per Gallon
The maximum and minimum miles per gallon from the diesel dataset are presented in Table 21.
Table 21. Maximum and Minimum Observed Miles per Gallon
Class/Category
N
Minimum Value
Maximum Value
2B
72
2.37
24.48
3
45
0.68
16.90
4
38
575
1560
5
38
1.83
16.93
6
214
2.35
1459
7
234
2.45
12.23
8A
234
0.84
10.98
8B_AutoCarrier
48
427
6.38
8B_Dray
107
3-95
733
8B_Expedited
18
576
7-30
8B_Flatbed
166
3-15
799
8B_Heavy/Bulk
37
2.95
6.15
8B_LTL/Dry Van
75
5-10
769
8B_Mixed/Moving
452
1.42
8.40
8B_Refrigerated
492
485
10.46
8B_Specialized
41
3-00
717
8B_TL/Dry Van
929
2.10
8.76
15 While DOT regulations limit drivers' daily hours, some companies utilize driver teams to maximize on-road time.
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Class/Category
H
Minimum Value
Maximum Value
8B_Tanker
149
736
[Note: Unlike the other parameters discussed above, miles per gallon values are derived from other
inputs (total miles and gallons). Therefore, any changes to address absolute limits on MPG (as well as
red and yellow warnings) must be handled through updates to one or both of these primary inputs.]
As seen from the above table, fuel efficiency estimates can be very low (
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consumption was reported for the same truck equipped with both gasoline and diesel engines over the
various EPA emissions and fuel economy driving cycles. Using this data, a combined fuel economy was
calculated using the method from EPA's pre-2008 combined 2-cycle fuel economy using the FTP and
Highway cycles as given in 40 CFR Part 600. This method uses a weighted harmonic average of the two
values, with the FTP weighted at 55% and the Highway weighted at 45%.
The difference in the calculated combined fuel economies for the gas- and diesel-powered model
results showed that the diesel had a 25.9% greater fuel economy than gasoline. These results are a
direct volumetric comparison rather than in terms of gasoline-equivalent gallons. As such, the diesel
mpg values shown in Table 27 above can be divided by 1.259 to obtain comparable mpg ranges for
gasoline vehicles. Since CNG vehicle fuel consumption is reported in terms of gasoline-equivalent
gallons, the mpg validation ranges for CNG vehicles can be set equal to those for comparable gasoline
vehicles.
Validation ranges for LPG and LNG vehicles can be developed from the gasoline ranges, dividing the
gasoline values by the appropriate gasoline gallon-equivalent factor for these fuels (1.35 for LPG and
1.52 for LNG),47 thereby adjusting mpg values for volumetric energy density. Table 23 presents the
corresponding upper bound MPG values for non-diesel vehicles by truck class.
Table 23. Maximum Miles per Gallon Estimates - Non-Diesel Vehicles
Class
Gasoline/CNG
LPG
LNG
2b
19-9
18.5
16.4
3
18.5
173
15-3
4
16.0
150
13-3
5
149
13-9
12.3
6
143
13-3
11.8
7
11.5
10.7
9-5
8b
8.9
8.3
74
8b
8.9
8.3
74
Hybrid MPG
EPA's Physical Emission Rate Estimator (PERE) model was used to establish estimates of the fuel
economy benefit of hybridization of medium- and heavy-duty trucks. The details of the modeling are
presented in Appendix D.
However, the in-use fuel economy of hybrid vehicles is highly dependent upon drive cycle. Specifically,
the expected hybrid truck fuel economy will vary depending upon the relative fraction of highway
17 See https://afdc.enerav.aov/fuels/equivalencv methodoloay.html. Accessed 12-30-2021.
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versus urban driving. Therefore, the MPG ranges used for validation of hybrid fuel economy are
calculated using the following steps.
Step l - Weight the following GALLON PER MILE (Not MPG) values based on the Highway/Urban split
Gallons/Mile - Urban
Group #
Name
Low Red
Low Yellow
Mean
High Yellow
High Red
1
2B_Mixed
0.2641
0.1813
0.0942
0.0636
0.0576
2
3_Mixed
0.2340
0.1857
0.1147
0.0830
0.0760
3
4_Mixed
0.2090
0.1763
0.1213
0.0925
0.0861
4
5_Mixed
0.2599
0.2127
0.1392
0.1026
0.0943
5
6_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.1951
0.1765
0.1390
0.1147
0.1080
6
6_Mixed
0.2200
0.1972
0.1467
0.1179
0.1111
7
6_Moving
0.1906
0.1783
0.1514
0.1301
0.1242
8
6_Package_Diesel
0.1788
0.1628
0.1254
0.1029
0.0965
9
6_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.2350
0.2056
0.1495
0.1175
0.1097
10
7_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.1968
0.1806
0.1450
0.1211
0.1148
11
7_Mixed
0.2506
0.2169
0.1545
0.1200
0.1117
12
7_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.2131
O.1915
0.1467
0.1202
0.1130
13
8A_LTL/Dry Van.Diesel
0.2184
0.2104
0.1837
0.1653
0.1607
14
8A_Mixed
0.2747
0.2519
0.1950
0.1591
0.1492
15
8A_Refrigerated_Diesel
0.2502
0.2402
0.2036
0.1793
0.1716
16
8A_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.2477
0.2337
0.1966
0.1697
0.1630
17
8B_AutoCarrier_Diesel
0.2980
0.2781
0.2407
0.2158
0.2052
18
8B_Dray_Diesel
0.2434
0.2338
0.2056
0.1835
0.1780
19
8B_Flatbed_Diesel
0.2912
0.2727
0.2248
0.1942
0.1857
20
8B_Heavy/Bulk_Diesel
0.3768
0.3371
0.2562
0.2033
0.1912
21
8B_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.2383
0.2250
0.2025
0.1814
0.1761
22
8B_Mixed
0.2597
0.2493
0.2149
0.1889
0.1807
23
8B_Refrigerated_Diesel
0.2656
0.2500
0.2236
0.1992
0.1931
24
8B_Specialized_Diesel
0.3389
0.2995
0.2342
0.1894
0.1789
25
8B_TL/Dry Van.Diesel
0.2534
0.2436
0.2147
0.1891
0.1836
26
8B_Tanker_Diesel
0.2596
0.2492
0.2149
0.1888
0.1806
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GaLLons/MiLe - Highway
Group #
Name
Low Red
Low Yellow
Mean
High Yellow
High Red
1
2B_Mixed
0.1759
0.1208
0.0627
0.0424
0.0383
2
3_Mixed
0.1594
0.1265
0.0781
0.0565
0.0518
3
4_Mixed
0.1482
0.1250
0.0860
0.0656
0.0611
4
5_Mixed
0.1805
0.1477
0.0967
0.0713
0.0655
6_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.1470
0.1330
0.1047
0.0864
0.0813
6
6_Mixed
0.1657
0.1486
0.1105
0.0889
0.0837
7
6_Moving
0.1436
0.1343
0.1141
0.0980
0.0936
8
6_Package_Diesel
0.1347
0.1226
0.0944
0.0775
0.0727
9
6_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.1770
0.1549
0.1127
0.0885
0.0826
7_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.1513
0.1389
0.1115
0.0931
0.0883
11
7_Mixed
0.1928
O.1668
0.1188
0.0923
0.0859
12
7_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.1640
0.1473
0.1128
0.0924
0.0869
13
8A_LTL/Dry Van.Diesel
0.1558
0.1501
0.1310
0.1179
0.1147
14
8A_Mixed
0.1960
0.1796
0.1391
0.1135
0.1065
8A_Refrigerated_Diesel
0.1785
O.1714
0.1452
0.1279
0.1224
16
8A_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.1767
0.1667
0.1402
0.1210
0.1163
17
8B_AutoCarrier_Diesel
0.2126
0.1984
0.1717
0.1539
0.1464
18
8B_Dray_Diesel
0.1736
O.1668
0.1467
0.1309
0.1270
19
8B_Flatbed_Diesel
0.2078
0.1945
0.1604
0.1385
0.1325
8B_Heavy/Bulk_Diesel
0.2688
0.2405
0.1828
0.1450
0.1364
21
8B_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.1700
0.1605
0.1445
0.1294
0.1256
22
8B_Mixed
0.1853
0.1779
0.1533
0.1347
0.1289
23
8B_Refrigerated_Diesel
0.1894
0.1783
0.1595
0.1421
0.1378
24
8B_Specialized_Diesel
0.2418
O.2137
0.1670
0.1351
0.1276
8B_TL/Dry Van.Diesel
0.1807
0.1738
0.1532
0.1349
0.1310
26
8B_Tanker_Diesel
0.1852
0.1778
0.1533
0.1347
0.1288
Example:
Truck Class 2b has 40% urban, 60% highway.
The Low Red Gallon/Mile value is therefore 0.2641 x 0.40 ~ 0.1759 x 0.60 = 0.2112
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X-
Step 2: Convert the weighted gallon per mile values back to MPG
Example:
0.2112 gal/mi = 4.74 MPG
Step Use these final, weighted, converted MPG values for validation
Electric Truck Efficiency
Mi/kWhr estimates for battery electric trucks were developed based on available data sources and
engineering judgment. The average value for Class 2b, Class 6, and Class 8b trucks was assumed to
equal the mi/kWhr value estimates for light commercial, single unit long-haul, and combination long-
haul truck categories respectively in the 2019 AFLEET model.48 Estimates for Class 3-5, 7 and 8a trucks
were estimated from these values, scaling by the relative values used in the prior version of the Truck
Tool. Once average mi/kWhr estimates were derived, "red" and "yellow" validation ranges were
established based on simple multiplicative factors applied to the averages - Low red from 0 to 0.5 x
average; low yellow from 0.5 x average to 0.75 x average; high yellow from 1.25 x average to 1.5 x
average; and high red from 1.5 x average to 10 x average (absolute max). The prior and updated
mi/kWhr estimates are presented by truck class in Table 24.
Table 24. Electric Truck Average mi/kWhr and Validation Ranges
Truck Class
Prior Avg
Updated Avg
Low Red
Low Yellow
High Yellow
High Red
Max
2a
3.01
1.14
0.57
0.86
1-43
1.72
11.44
3
2.22
0-94
0.47
0.70
1.17
1.41
9-38
4
1-43
0.73
0.37
0.55
0.92
1.10
732
5
1.22
0.68
0.34
O.51
0.85
1.01
6.76
6
1.00
0.62
O.31
0.47
0.78
0-93
6.20
7
0.75
0.48
O.24
0.36
0.60
0.72
4.81
8a
0.50
0.34
O.17
0.26
0.43
0.51
3-41
8b
0.40
0.29
O.14
0.21
0.36
0.43
2.85
Percent Revenue Miles
Revenue miles were frequently equal to total miles in the dataset. Accordingly, no absolute upper (or
lower) bound was set for this field, beyond requiring all values to be > 0 and < 100.
"8 Argonne National Laboratory, Welcome to AFLEET. https://afleet-web.es.anl.gov/home/. Accessed 12-30-2021.
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Percent Empty Miles
Empty miles were occasionally equal to o in the dataset. Accordingly, no absolute lower (or upper)
bound was set for this field, beyond requiring all values to be > o and < 100.
Percent Biodiesel
While the maximum observed blend level for biodiesel was 20 percent, B100 use is possible. Therefore,
no absolute upper (or lower) bound was set for this field, beyond requiring all values to be > 0 and <
100.
Average Payload
The maximum and minimum payloads from the 2011 dataset are presented in Table 5 above.
Based on a review of previous out of range values, unit conversion problems are the most common
source of data entry errors for payload. One type of error results from data being entered in pounds
instead of short tons, resulting in overestimates by a factor of 2,000. Such errors should be easy to
prevent using a reasonable upper bound ton level. Another possible source of error could be reporting
metric or long tons instead of short tons, although detecting these errors will be extremely difficult,
due to the small difference in units (roughly 10 percent difference). Finally, standard payload
limitations can be waived by obtaining permits for heavy loads, or by avoiding over-the-road operation.
Accordingly, the absolute upper bound payload levels were set equal to 3 times the maximum
observed values shown in Table 5.
The absolute lower-bound payload value was set at 0.001 tons, to allow for light package and specialty
deliveries.
Percent Urban/Highway Miles
There is no clear distributional pattern associated with these data fields, with values frequently
ranging from 0 to 100. Therefore, no lower or upper bound values are set.
Idle Hours per Day and Days of Use per Year
Absolute limits are placed on the number of hours per day (short plus long duration idle hours less than
or equal to 24) and days of use per year (less than or equal to 365). In addition, since extended idling is
defined as sustained idling events an hour or more in duration, warnings are issued for extended idle
hour per day entries less than an hour.
Brokerage Activity Inputs
All brokerage activity inputs must be greater than 0. Maximum values cannot exceed the following.
• Ton-miles must be <= 209,207,446,000
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• Miles must be < = 209,207,446,000 / 17.5 (avg payload) = 11,954,711,200
• Number of loads must be < = 11,954,711,200 / 527 (avg miles/load) = 22,684,461
• Amount spent must be < = 11,954,711,200 x 3.00 (avg $/mile) = $35,864,133,600
Finally, users will receive an error if the total reported (or back-calculated) value for brokered ton-
miles is less than 20% of the fleet's total.
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^^9 Performance Metrics
The OTT allows the user to calculate their emissions performance using different metrics and different
levels of aggregation. Available performance metrics include:
Grams per mile
V- Grams per Payload Ton-Mile
The Emissions Report within the Tool presents the results of the following two calculations for each of
the five pollutants (C02j NOx, PMi0l PM2.5 and BC) and for each of three different mileage types (total,
loaded, and revenue). Note that all capitalized fields represent fields in the user interface:
g/mile: £ E/ M
where
E = Emissions,
M = Miles Driven
g/avg payload ton-mile: £ E / (M * AP)
where
E = Emissions,
M = Miles Driven,
AP = Average Payload
For each of the two calculations:
Emissions = grams of pollutant (as specified above)
Miles Driven = Total Miles, Revenue Miles, or Loaded Miles (Total Miles minus Empty Miles)
As shown in the equations above, summations are performed for the different metrics. Each of the
metrics is automatically aggregated across model years for each pollutant for all reporting purposes.
Additional aggregation may be reported across truck classes, fuel types, fleets, and at the company
level, as specified by the user.
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Appendix A: MOVES3.0.1 NOx, PM & BC Emission Factors (g/mi)
2021 Calendar Year
Table A-i. Diesel Truck Emission Factors
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
Highway
BC
Urban
Deceleration
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
o 25 mph
BC
PM
NOx
25 50 mph
BC
PM
NOx
>50 mph
BC
PM
Pre 1992
HDV2b
6.23039
0.141226
0.18384
1.0246
0.049594
0.06675
8.75586
0.20525
0.26871
11.8041
0.266913
0.35507
8.63575
0.230236
0.3069
Pre 1992
HDV3
10.9366
0.320656
0.40478
1.6238
0.065744
0.08478
18.4439
0.599012
0.76304
21.2034
0.592469
0.75742
10.8507
0.439031
0.5617
Pre 1992
HDV4
12.3818
0.365768
0.46060
1.8243
0.064934
0.08252
21.4298
0.718207
0.91277
25.3115
0.707617
0.89931
11.7082
0.498683
0.6337
Pre 1992
HDV5
12.9600
0.341608
0.43021
1.8028
0.061421
0.07812
21.6409
0.732061
0.93120
25.8950
0.654288
0.83220
12.5695
0.443819
0.5644
Pre 1992
HDV6
13.0672
0.378578
0.47669
1.8078
0.063761
0.08103
21.6168
0.72257
0.91815
25.9147
0.725503
0.92178
12.5247
0.508093
0.6455
Pre 1992
HDV7
14.4577
0.39148
0.49288
1.7799
0.060849
0.07736
21.9355
0.733484
0.93219
26.8804
0.724214
0.92009
13.8658
0.495252
0.6292
Pre 1992
HDV8a
23.7597
0.608646
0.76566
1.5337
0.045099
0.05723
24.7187
0.781416
0.98974
35.8670
1.091427
1.38138
25.9851
0.714031
0.9038
Pre 1992
HDV8b
27.5988
0.691851
0.87017
1.2659
0.027064
0.03423
27.1509
0.827023
1.04513
43.8336
1.387122
1.75266
36.8068
0.881649
1.1140
1992
HDV2b
6.23039
0.141226
0.18384
1.0246
0.049594
0.06675
8.75586
0.20525
0.26871
11.8041
0.266913
0.35507
8.63575
0.230236
0.3069
1992
HDV3
10.9366
0.320656
0.40478
1.6238
0.065744
0.08478
18.4439
0.599012
0.76304
21.2034
0.592469
0.75742
10.8507
0.439031
0.5617
1992
HDV4
12.3818
0.365768
0.46060
1.8243
0.064934
0.08252
21.4298
0.718207
0.91277
25.3115
0.707617
0.89931
11.7082
0.498683
0.6337
1992
HDV5
12.9600
0.341608
0.43021
1.8028
0.061421
0.07812
21.6409
0.732061
0.93120
25.8950
0.654288
0.83220
12.5695
0.443819
0.5644
1992
HDV6
13.0672
0.378578
0.47669
1.8078
0.063761
0.08103
21.6168
0.72257
0.91815
25.9147
0.725503
0.92178
12.5247
0.508093
0.6455
1992
HDV7
14.4577
0.39148
0.49288
1.7799
0.060849
0.07736
21.9355
0.733484
0.93219
26.8804
0.724214
0.92009
13.8658
0.495252
0.6292
1992
HDV8a
23.7597
0.608646
0.76566
1.5337
0.045099
0.05723
24.7187
0.781416
0.98974
35.8670
1.091427
1.38138
25.9851
0.714031
0.9038
1992
HDV8b
27.5988
0.691851
0.87017
1.2659
0.027064
0.03423
27.1509
0.827023
1.04513
43.8336
1.387122
1.75266
36.8068
0.881649
1.1140
1993
HDV2b
6.65522
0.168577
0.21739
1.1589
0.057276
0.07613
9.80838
0.249392
0.32380
12.5500
0.31873
0.41914
8.87613
0.272758
0.3593
1993
HDV3
9.07348
0.249933
0.31787
1.3370
0.05833
0.07653
14.6598
0.44108
0.56466
16.9998
0.454057
0.58644
9.98831
0.356433
0.4611
1993
HDV4
13.8722
0.401165
0.50504
1.8306
0.065749
0.08357
22.0312
0.726955
0.92351
26.7425
0.773438
0.98236
13.5453
0.543006
0.6897
1993
HDV5
13.6245
0.345936
0.43564
1.7999
0.05632
0.07162
22.6152
0.780969
0.99325
27.6857
0.672105
0.85474
13.8010
0.446853
0.5682
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-i
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
"x-
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
Highway
BC
Urban
Deceleration
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
o 25 mph
BC
PM
NOx
25 50 mph
BC
PM
NOx
>50 mph
BC
PM
1993
HDV6
15.0033
0.383309
0.48260
1.7676
0.055063
0.07001
22.9125
0.781186
0.99294
28.7996
0.729539
0.92691
15.4527
0.484452
0.6155
1993
HDV7
17.4671
0.452999
0.57015
1.7317
0.054968
0.06986
23.1869
0.772565
0.98112
30.1657
0.822845
1.04428
17.6217
0.549321
0.6972
1993
HDV8a
26.3875
0.65795
0.82760
1.3593
0.032849
0.04162
26.3595
0.817495
1.03399
41.4361
1.278793
1.61696
33.3925
0.81985
1.0367
1993
HDV8b
27.8873
0.690157
0.86805
1.2225
0.024162
0.03053
27.4083
0.835894
1.05610
44.7659
1.401972
1.77124
38.099
0.890263
1.1247
1994
HDV2b
6.1184
0.304121
0.38826
1.4754
0.070602
0.09115
9.59927
0.933898
1.20337
11.7744
0.714288
0.92140
8.55178
0.427142
0.5509
1994
HDV3
8.40512
0.393715
0.49883
1.6385
0.074396
0.09580
13.7645
1.130974
1.45038
15.4155
0.824342
1.05915
9.29111
0.491089
0.6307
1994
HDV4
11.6601
0.503698
0.63470
1.8512
0.072279
0.09206
19.9389
1.370696
1.74596
22.6341
0.973373
1.23986
10.3647
0.571405
0.7278
1994
HDV5
13.9034
0.548059
0.69040
1.7839
0.065822
0.08375
23.0058
1.525139
1.94041
28.4679
1.086259
1.38205
14.3623
0.644228
0.8196
1994
HDV6
14.4930
0.544594
0.68604
1.7712
0.06569
0.08359
22.6155
1.457372
1.85437
28.1894
1.091348
1.38843
14.8414
0.632591
0.8048
1994
HDV7
18.6362
0.559967
0.70522
1.6893
0.061681
0.07848
22.9506
1.294503
1.64663
30.3671
1.177659
1.49686
18.7715
0.63053
0.8016
1994
HDV8a
26.4132
0.603021
0.75907
1.3453
0.04202
0.05334
26.1878
0.932644
1.18324
41.2608
1.523703
1.93182
33.5323
0.679362
0.8614
1994
HDV8b
27.7954
0.611115
0.76917
1.2339
0.03548
0.04496
27.3085
0.844948
1.07060
44.4625
1.62549
2.05921
37.7427
0.69572
0.8813
1995
HDV2b
6.27139
0.300344
0.38264
1.4476
0.068487
0.08841
9.84605
0.922136
1.18770
12.0773
0.7039
0.90766
8.68573
0.419402
0.5407
1995
HDV3
11.1604
0.469195
0.59197
1.7178
0.070126
0.08964
19.0811
1.312172
1.67331
21.9355
0.949923
1.21228
11.0562
0.551993
0.7043
1995
HDV4
12.7305
0.504169
0.63537
1.7893
0.070421
0.08979
20.8405
1.362312
1.73526
24.727
1.025653
1.30657
12.3703
0.584628
0.7447
1995
HDV5
14.5265
0.539787
0.67998
1.7764
0.065738
0.08364
23.1103
1.456542
1.85317
28.9265
1.106741
1.40791
15.0505
0.634081
0.8066
1995
HDV6
15.3530
0.533984
0.67267
1.7517
0.065786
0.08373
22.4724
1.349201
1.71687
28.4648
1.118778
1.42306
15.7653
0.615092
0.7825
1995
HDV7
17.8060
0.550279
0.69308
1.6959
0.062436
0.07944
23.1308
1.291471
1.64282
30.5638
1.182719
1.50349
18.5211
0.627163
0.7974
1995
HDV8a
26.1115
0.600517
0.75593
1.3687
0.043521
0.05526
26.1284
0.951196
1.20704
40.8621
1.516475
1.92301
32.7463
0.678169
0.8601
1995
HDV8b
27.6257
0.609834
0.76757
1.2490
0.036382
0.04611
27.2232
0.85582
1.08455
44.1077
1.6142
2.04508
37.1934
0.693476
0.8786
1996
HDV2b
6.42882
0.294923
0.37489
1.3230
0.061621
0.07967
10.2166
0.884598
1.13934
11.8570
0.662294
0.85451
8.15167
0.393787
0.5079
1996
HDV3
12.2144
0.499273
0.62919
1.8316
0.071909
0.09166
21.0858
1.364103
1.73746
24.5117
1.022703
1.30290
11.7023
0.584409
0.7444
1996
HDV4
13.7473
0.517255
0.65167
1.8322
0.070349
0.08955
21.9912
1.354068
1.72358
26.4076
1.072704
1.36509
13.3678
0.599558
0.7630
1996
HDV5
14.5616
0.544838
0.68637
1.7697
0.06619
0.08426
23.0339
1.466514
1.86597
28.5527
1.106349
1.40768
15.1358
0.639165
0.8132
1996
HDV6
17.3504
0.548078
0.69029
1.7615
0.065712
0.08362
23.0229
1.33178
1.69437
29.3427
1.154388
1.46791
16.8147
0.625505
0.7955
1996
HDV7
18.1196
0.554702
0.69863
1.7101
0.062662
0.07972
23.5112
1.292228
1.64358
31.0287
1.199525
1.52479
19.0060
0.635067
0.8074
1996
HDV8a
26.1529
0.601401
0.75703
1.3913
0.044235
0.05617
26.2350
0.955741
1.21287
40.6884
1.513628
1.91957
32.6463
0.678406
0.8605
1996
HDV8b
27.7287
0.612481
0.77089
1.2526
0.036264
0.04596
27.3746
0.857678
1.08684
44.0795
1.618381
2.05030
37.4634
0.696004
0.8818
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-2
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
"x-
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
Highway
BC
Urban
Deceleration
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
o 25 mph
BC
PM
NOx
25 50 mph
BC
PM
NOx
>50 mph
BC
PM
1997
HDV2b
5.01300
0.236489
0.30421
1.1915
0.056762
0.07363
7.28708
0.736593
0.95376
9.37653
0.567795
0.73594
7.35528
0.339793
0.4403
1997
HDV3
9.9655
0.414683
0.52472
1.5098
0.064218
0.08248
15.7721
1.143254
1.4617
17.4812
0.820848
1.05100
9.97703
0.483492
0.6189
1997
HDV4
11.8044
0.510122
0.64274
1.8700
0.073349
0.09341
20.4060
1.40691
1.79182
23.1607
0.998579
1.27175
10.6879
0.58509
0.7451
1997
HDV5
13.3481
0.551087
0.69421
1.8141
0.070153
0.08928
21.8139
1.509097
1.92047
26.0740
1.066528
1.35721
13.1077
0.634869
0.8079
1997
HDV6
13.5795
0.527162
0.66413
1.8218
0.070486
0.08974
21.1871
1.387769
1.76678
25.2295
1.054808
1.34250
13.0282
0.602609
0.7670
1997
HDV7
15.4939
0.538583
0.67842
1.7845
0.068204
0.08682
21.6779
1.347975
1.71577
26.7953
1.10203
1.40205
14.9700
0.611253
0.7778
1997
HDV8a
25.3688
0.593198
0.74673
1.4494
0.047911
0.06087
25.4900
0.987865
1.25440
38.5737
1.46383
1.85689
30.2954
0.665329
0.8442
1997
HDV8b
27.4755
0.606462
0.76332
1.2826
0.038007
0.04819
27.1370
0.857135
1.08652
43.3212
1.606964
2.03610
36.5302
0.688978
0.8730
1998
HDV2b
5.30165
0.199234
0.25300
1.4742
0.091748
0.12180
8.74248
0.315078
0.41632
10.5474
0.343035
0.45399
7.85322
0.372957
0.4942
1998
HDV3
11.3622
0.275498
0.34788
1.8869
0.073887
0.09575
18.6213
0.505381
0.65219
22.0460
0.559552
0.72252
12.9831
0.417612
0.5396
1998
HDV4
11.9539
0.282926
0.35712
1.9588
0.070739
0.09115
19.5913
0.524054
0.67533
23.6158
0.589116
0.75917
13.6227
0.423146
0.5452
1998
HDV5
12.6748
0.273798
0.34567
1.9387
0.069726
0.09010
19.7314
0.481923
0.62268
24.0714
0.517403
0.66845
14.6144
0.433116
0.5597
1998
HDV6
12.2729
0.279615
0.35297
1.9501
0.070261
0.09064
19.6502
0.507415
0.65454
23.8443
0.562151
0.72509
14.0850
0.427478
0.5515
1998
HDV7
13.2595
0.283974
0.35844
1.9268
0.068718
0.08872
19.8743
0.496461
0.64055
24.5470
0.553583
0.71395
15.3398
0.433516
0.5594
1998
HDV8a
23.2581
0.393366
0.49559
1.6534
0.048016
0.06155
22.5177
0.577077
0.73684
33.4945
0.871981
1.11244
29.9691
0.480284
0.6133
1998
HDV8b
25.8385
0.41927
0.52804
1.4759
0.035189
0.04480
23.9574
0.60484
0.76912
37.9722
1.00229
1.27427
37.5411
0.505483
0.6427
1999
HDV2b
4.80667
0.199131
0.25276
1.4545
0.093705
0.12435
8.05874
0.312597
0.41343
9.73269
0.338434
0.44829
7.36732
0.374384
0.4963
1999
HDV3
7.83791
0.261475
0.33034
1.4379
0.081797
0.10651
13.3815
0.469677
0.60841
13.4902
0.479793
0.62225
8.35512
0.386306
0.5015
1999
HDV4
8.38605
0.272736
0.34435
1.4321
0.077881
0.10064
14.3507
0.498274
0.64389
14.4444
0.515709
0.66642
8.58356
0.389041
0.5027
1999
HDV5
8.41900
0.273201
0.34493
1.4308
0.077754
0.10047
14.3605
0.498542
0.64422
14.5002
0.518141
0.66953
8.65430
0.389669
0.5035
1999
HDV6
8.50040
0.273494
0.34529
1.3536
0.074207
0.09593
14.0522
0.484806
0.62668
14.5059
0.507924
0.65649
9.32279
0.407896
0.5273
1999
HDV7
9.03300
0.281114
0.35486
1.3573
0.073646
0.09518
14.3411
0.49273
0.63642
15.0590
0.532781
0.68783
9.90742
0.407867
0.5268
1999
HDV8a
17.3359
0.395653
0.49847
1.1065
0.049248
0.06322
18.1929
0.573666
0.73278
23.6687
0.874218
1.11559
21.7267
0.475487
0.6074
1999
HDV8b
19.3540
0.423137
0.53289
0.9508
0.035196
0.04482
20.0289
0.60891
0.77418
27.4159
1.01454
1.28963
27.2054
0.507515
0.6452
2000
HDV2b
4.94788
0.202421
0.25685
1.4504
0.09318
0.1236
8.30971
0.319986
0.42258
9.88043
0.343652
0.45469
7.43929
0.376366
0.4984
2000
HDV3
7.81734
0.262333
0.33138
1.3878
0.078664
0.10229
13.3533
0.46794
0.60596
13.5867
0.479999
0.62212
8.57861
0.394372
0.5115
2000
HDV4
8.24865
0.27097
0.34213
1.3708
0.07505
0.09701
14.0410
0.488088
0.63092
14.3525
0.508699
0.65754
8.87656
0.398282
0.5148
2000
HDV5
8.31430
0.271872
0.34326
1.3681
0.074804
0.09669
14.0589
0.488584
0.63154
14.4619
0.513395
0.66356
9.01507
0.39944
0.5163
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-3
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
"x-
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
Highway
BC
Urban
Deceleration
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
o 25 mph
BC
PM
NOx
25 50 mph
BC
PM
NOx
>50 mph
BC
PM
2000
HDV6
8.38263
0.272904
0.34455
1.3060
0.071254
0.09208
14.0015
0.483889
0.62529
14.6631
0.516875
0.66786
9.67659
0.417479
0.5394
2000
HDV7
9.88021
0.293355
0.37020
1.3074
0.07039
0.09093
14.4584
0.494695
0.63840
15.5211
0.552038
0.71188
10.7048
0.416867
0.5379
2000
HDV8a
16.1160
0.37862
0.47712
1.1299
0.053247
0.06849
17.2375
0.55219
0.70676
21.8255
0.798727
1.02101
19.3644
0.462006
0.5914
2000
HDV8b
19.2715
0.422395
0.53196
0.9605
0.036319
0.04629
19.8601
0.605362
0.76994
27.0633
1.000902
1.27258
26.7356
0.505241
0.6426
2001
HDV2b
4.62576
0.195765
0.24855
1.4560
0.094267
0.12516
7.74194
0.303433
0.40206
9.55509
0.331563
0.43978
7.30455
0.374244
0.4965
2001
HDV3
7.67234
0.258844
0.32701
1.4124
0.081196
0.10571
12.9976
0.457673
0.59342
13.0433
0.455855
0.59166
8.02767
0.382297
0.4965
2001
HDV4
8.05791
0.266974
0.33712
1.4024
0.078048
0.10100
13.6997
0.478283
0.61898
13.6687
0.477859
0.61843
8.10406
0.383252
0.4959
2001
HDV5
8.09060
0.267429
0.33769
1.4010
0.077917
0.10083
13.7096
0.478558
0.61932
13.7247
0.480275
0.62152
8.17453
0.383877
0.4967
2001
HDV6
8.87107
0.278673
0.35178
1.3486
0.074194
0.09596
13.9588
0.482544
0.62380
14.4106
0.505702
0.65347
9.28981
0.402349
0.5200
2001
HDV7
8.64242
0.27527
0.34753
1.3547
0.074569
0.09645
13.9408
0.482402
0.62366
14.4186
0.506278
0.65427
9.25725
0.398861
0.5156
2001
HDV8a
16.9940
0.390596
0.49212
1.1143
0.051377
0.06606
17.6768
0.560672
0.71689
22.7260
0.833453
1.06425
20.6508
0.466999
0.5972
2001
HDV8b
19.1446
0.420455
0.52954
0.9651
0.037037
0.04725
19.6991
0.601593
0.76535
26.7942
0.989528
1.25839
26.3911
0.501888
0.6385
2002
HDV2b
4.69758
0.197285
0.25045
1.4570
0.094184
0.12502
7.86585
0.307126
0.40667
9.61426
0.333647
0.44234
7.31041
0.37432
0.4965
2002
HDV3
7.49938
0.255067
0.32231
1.4288
0.083138
0.10847
12.7054
0.44923
0.58304
12.7199
0.443882
0.57692
7.84862
0.378806
0.4928
2002
HDV4
8.06626
0.266822
0.33693
1.4184
0.078999
0.10225
13.7079
0.478666
0.61955
13.6063
0.475211
0.61508
7.96673
0.379759
0.4915
2002
HDV5
8.06626
0.266822
0.33693
1.4184
0.078999
0.10225
13.7079
0.478666
0.61955
13.6063
0.475211
0.61508
7.96673
0.379759
0.4915
2002
HDV6
8.26884
0.270285
0.34127
1.3546
0.074773
0.09672
13.8302
0.47969
0.62041
14.1552
0.495196
0.64039
8.94919
0.40197
0.5198
2002
HDV7
9.02633
0.280514
0.35409
1.3650
0.075115
0.09716
14.0078
0.483843
0.62546
14.4087
0.505463
0.65308
9.22666
0.397778
0.5141
2002
HDV8a
14.7954
0.360019
0.45380
1.2223
0.061265
0.07903
16.2468
0.531808
0.68279
19.7892
0.720121
0.92298
16.4926
0.440012
0.5649
2002
HDV8b
18.9134
0.417222
0.52548
0.9900
0.039359
0.05029
19.4253
0.595979
0.75869
26.1955
0.966151
1.22920
25.5527
0.496211
0.6317
2003
HDV2b
3.35023
0.166737
0.21171
0.4418
0.079509
0.10556
4.27330
0.25967
0.34387
7.33912
0.281823
0.37368
5.69837
0.315946
0.4191
2003
HDV3
4.94173
0.221221
0.27955
0.8569
0.072214
0.09421
7.56458
0.391129
0.50758
8.67095
0.385711
0.50126
6.70822
0.325833
0.4239
2003
HDV4
5.27716
0.232702
0.29384
1.0184
0.069427
0.08985
8.26909
0.419305
0.54265
9.06530
0.416351
0.53883
6.97824
0.328398
0.4250
2003
HDV5
5.27716
0.232702
0.29384
1.0184
0.069427
0.08985
8.26909
0.419305
0.54265
9.06530
0.416351
0.53883
6.97824
0.328398
0.4250
2003
HDV6
5.54573
0.238622
0.30128
1.1606
0.06609
0.08547
8.99928
0.42555
0.55021
9.69812
0.441698
0.57100
7.46630
0.352537
0.4557
2003
HDV7
5.81617
0.251198
0.31704
1.1120
0.06591
0.08523
8.89273
0.429386
0.55476
9.68657
0.454641
0.58700
7.51466
0.349122
0.4510
2003
HDV8a
7.86362
0.333359
0.42011
1.1154
0.051788
0.06674
10.1314
0.483306
0.61955
11.8765
0.677862
0.86752
9.74695
0.398168
0.5104
2003
HDV8b
9.00979
0.379835
0.47837
1.1612
0.033848
0.04319
11.7049
0.542837
0.69064
13.9384
0.891757
1.13406
11.9031
0.451862
0.5749
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-4
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
"x-
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
Highway
BC
Urban
Deceleration
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
o 25 mph
BC
PM
NOx
25 50 mph
BC
PM
NOx
>50 mph
BC
PM
2004
HDV2b
3.32728
0.165468
0.21008
0.4402
0.078839
0.10467
4.25449
0.257452
0.34094
7.29077
0.279678
0.37083
5.66183
0.314033
0.4165
2004
HDV3
4.96292
0.220874
0.27911
0.8871
0.071022
0.09267
7.71653
0.389017
0.50483
8.76083
0.385893
0.5015
6.78318
0.331123
0.4307
2004
HDV4
5.31734
0.23289
0.29408
1.0655
0.067979
0.08797
8.47715
0.417964
0.54089
9.21222
0.418278
0.54129
7.09470
0.335926
0.4347
2004
HDV5
5.31734
0.23289
0.29408
1.0655
0.067979
0.08797
8.47715
0.417964
0.54089
9.21222
0.418278
0.54129
7.09470
0.335926
0.4347
2004
HDV6
5.58120
0.240016
0.30303
1.2033
0.065133
0.08420
9.18715
0.428614
0.55398
9.83578
0.450129
0.58168
7.55147
0.359166
0.4641
2004
HDV7
5.83741
0.251617
0.31757
1.1547
0.064883
0.08389
9.07207
0.430585
0.55621
9.81270
0.459669
0.59340
7.59729
0.355589
0.4593
2004
HDV8a
7.83899
0.332238
0.41870
1.1359
0.051728
0.06667
10.1773
0.481084
0.61680
11.8292
0.668913
0.85615
9.69290
0.399294
0.5120
2004
HDV8b
9.01166
0.380176
0.47880
1.1664
0.033848
0.04319
11.7180
0.543257
0.69117
13.9420
0.892654
1.13518
11.9032
0.452788
0.5760
2005
HDV2b
3.23871
0.161534
0.20516
0.4263
0.077656
0.10314
4.10593
0.250327
0.33181
7.14699
0.273164
0.36245
5.54986
0.308449
0.4094
2005
HDV3
4.85480
0.217094
0.27439
0.8371
0.071434
0.09336
7.45440
0.380026
0.49361
8.58028
0.374937
0.48784
6.65559
0.326824
0.4257
2005
HDV4
5.30349
0.232507
0.29359
1.0492
0.068239
0.08832
8.39722
0.416543
0.53914
9.14690
0.415005
0.53715
7.05129
0.333364
0.4314
2005
HDV5
5.30349
0.232507
0.29359
1.0492
0.068239
0.08832
8.39722
0.416543
0.53914
9.14690
0.415005
0.53715
7.05129
0.333364
0.4314
2005
HDV6
5.52589
0.239226
0.30203
1.1610
0.06601
0.08536
8.97812
0.427423
0.55256
9.66410
0.445058
0.57522
7.42147
0.352331
0.4554
2005
HDV7
5.91803
0.255704
0.32269
1.1219
0.065065
0.08413
8.96099
0.431278
0.55702
9.75458
0.462745
0.59716
7.57725
0.352056
0.4546
2005
HDV8a
8.06129
0.341046
0.42974
1.1280
0.049541
0.06380
10.3604
0.488989
0.62616
12.0751
0.696848
0.89082
9.97129
0.404832
0.5184
2005
HDV8b
9.05201
0.381498
0.48045
1.1663
0.03285
0.04188
11.7861
0.545444
0.69374
14.0443
0.902079
1.14691
12.0155
0.454998
0.5787
2006
HDV2b
3.28196
0.16404
0.20831
0.4311
0.079089
0.10504
4.15088
0.254166
0.33693
7.25212
0.277289
0.36796
5.62994
0.313361
0.4159
2006
HDV3
4.82467
0.216352
0.27346
0.8037
0.072895
0.09531
7.28093
0.378288
0.49160
8.48898
0.368764
0.48010
6.60155
0.323066
0.4211
2006
HDV4
5.25631
0.230939
0.29163
0.9981
0.069589
0.09011
8.17164
0.413553
0.53551
8.97851
0.404973
0.52440
6.94989
0.32629
0.4225
2006
HDV5
5.25631
0.230939
0.29163
0.9981
0.069589
0.09011
8.17164
0.413553
0.53551
8.97851
0.404973
0.52440
6.94989
0.32629
0.4225
2006
HDV6
5.43068
0.236601
0.29874
1.0866
0.067802
0.08773
8.62887
0.423046
0.54722
9.38725
0.430686
0.55697
7.23601
0.34118
0.4412
2006
HDV7
5.82564
0.252818
0.31907
1.0577
0.066745
0.08635
8.65797
0.427118
0.55196
9.50963
0.448817
0.57949
7.41125
0.342383
0.4424
2006
HDV8a
7.97924
0.338222
0.4262
1.0986
0.051092
0.06584
10.1729
0.485201
0.62165
11.8905
0.683213
0.87371
9.8125
0.3991
0.5113
2006
HDV8b
9.04058
0.381283
0.48018
1.1611
0.033289
0.04246
11.7489
0.544962
0.69319
14.0025
0.899584
1.14379
11.9760
0.454006
0.5775
2007
HDV2b
1.74273
0.001099
0.00938
0.9927
0.000747
0.00637
3.0282
0.001691
0.01444
3.98345
0.001836
0.01568
2.73976
0.002027
0.0173
2007
HDV3
2.87539
0.001471
0.01258
0.8401
0.000594
0.00508
5.29830
0.002644
0.02262
5.31822
0.002726
0.02333
3.55066
0.002204
0.0188
2007
HDV4
3.06625
0.001533
0.01312
0.7925
0.000546
0.00467
5.68906
0.002808
0.02403
5.63320
0.002936
0.02513
3.72296
0.002241
0.0191
2007
HDV5
3.06625
0.001533
0.01312
0.7925
0.000546
0.00467
5.68906
0.002808
0.02403
5.63320
0.002936
0.02513
3.72296
0.002241
0.0191
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-5
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
"x-
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
Highway
BC
Urban
Deceleration
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
o 25 mph
BC
PM
NOx
25 50 mph
BC
PM
NOx
>50 mph
BC
PM
2007
HDV6
3.18030
0.001567
0.01341
0.7751
0.000524
0.00448
5.84141
0.002852
0.02441
5.83633
0.003066
0.02624
3.95705
0.002312
0.0197
2007
HDV7
3.65942
0.001738
0.01487
0.7451
0.000511
0.00437
6.03790
0.002917
0.02497
6.13329
0.003288
0.02814
4.21512
0.002356
0.0201
2007
HDV8a
5.51006
0.002385
0.02041
0.4763
0.000354
0.00303
7.59005
0.003415
0.02923
8.63731
0.00509
0.04356
6.51560
0.002826
0.0241
2007
HDV8b
6.20422
0.002632
0.02253
0.2572
0.000226
0.00193
8.71102
0.00378
0.03236
10.2762
0.006296
0.05389
8.04294
0.003151
0.0269
2008
HDV2b
1.69044
0.001079
0.00920
0.9927
0.000748
0.00638
2.92413
0.001648
0.01407
3.89243
0.00178
0.0152
2.64448
0.001994
0.0170
2008
HDV3
2.61347
0.001385
0.01185
0.9288
0.000672
0.00574
4.74504
0.002437
0.02085
4.70421
0.002264
0.01937
2.82397
0.002003
0.0171
2008
HDV4
2.78598
0.001442
0.01234
0.9058
0.000645
0.00552
5.09171
0.002587
0.02214
4.91678
0.002391
0.02046
2.86420
0.002003
0.0171
2008
HDV5
2.78598
0.001442
0.01234
0.9058
0.000645
0.00552
5.09171
0.002587
0.02214
4.91678
0.002391
0.02046
2.86420
0.002003
0.0171
2008
HDV6
2.86863
0.001467
0.01255
0.8875
0.000623
0.00533
5.22341
0.002627
0.02248
5.08536
0.002502
0.02141
3.06942
0.002066
0.0176
2008
HDV7
3.03595
0.001527
0.01306
0.8801
0.000622
0.00532
5.27379
0.002644
0.02263
5.16356
0.002564
0.02194
3.12779
0.002071
0.0177
2008
HDV8a
4.53082
0.002044
0.01749
0.7093
0.000516
0.00441
6.32873
0.00299
0.02559
6.79301
0.003743
0.03203
4.67758
0.002401
0.0205
2008
HDV8b
5.97513
0.002548
0.02181
0.3529
0.000289
0.00247
8.25844
0.003627
0.03104
9.59654
0.005797
0.04962
7.38274
0.002998
0.0256
2009
HDV2b
1.69328
0.00107
0.00902
0.9084
0.000688
0.00582
2.95693
0.001651
0.01399
3.75972
0.001799
0.01523
2.59154
0.001929
0.0163
2009
HDV3
2.97885
0.001506
0.01287
0.7984
0.00057
0.00487
5.51606
0.002741
0.02344
5.49885
0.002889
0.02470
3.69026
0.002221
0.0189
2009
HDV4
3.14545
0.001562
0.01337
0.7713
0.000542
0.00463
5.85553
0.002885
0.0247
5.81122
0.003085
0.02640
3.86875
0.002267
0.0194
2009
HDV5
3.14545
0.001562
0.01337
0.7713
0.000542
0.00463
5.85553
0.002885
0.0247
5.81122
0.003085
0.02640
3.86875
0.002267
0.0194
2009
HDV6
3.21379
0.001584
0.01355
0.7626
0.000533
0.00456
5.92126
0.002905
0.02486
5.90909
0.00315
0.02696
3.97235
0.002295
0.0196
2009
HDV7
3.72676
0.001763
0.01509
0.7275
0.000513
0.00439
6.15768
0.002979
0.0255
6.26271
0.003406
0.02915
4.29943
0.00236
0.0202
2009
HDV8a
5.51798
0.002384
0.02040
0.4633
0.00035
0.00299
7.65996
0.003444
0.02948
8.71003
0.005149
0.04407
6.58216
0.002834
0.0242
2009
HDV8b
6.17422
0.002617
0.02240
0.2554
0.000225
0.00192
8.69831
0.003774
0.03230
10.2598
0.006283
0.05378
8.03306
0.003144
0.0269
2010
HDV2b
0.66514
0.000738
0.00606
0.1081
0.000126
0.00103
1.58886
0.001204
0.01005
1.88787
0.001423
0.01171
1.09370
0.001332
0.0109
2010
HDV3
1.43459
0.001447
0.01234
0.2078
0.00023
0.00195
4.08080
0.003861
0.033
3.17175
0.001747
0.01486
1.73593
0.00186
0.0158
2010
HDV4
1.55050
0.001555
0.01330
0.2351
0.000259
0.00221
4.46306
0.004272
0.03654
3.44158
0.001815
0.01552
1.85896
0.001963
0.0167
2010
HDV5
1.55050
0.001555
0.01330
0.2351
0.000259
0.00221
4.46306
0.004272
0.03654
3.44158
0.001815
0.01552
1.85896
0.001963
0.0167
2010
HDV6
1.61088
0.001599
0.01367
0.2399
0.000265
0.00226
4.59836
0.004489
0.03840
3.54382
0.001847
0.01579
1.92084
0.002024
0.0173
2010
HDV7
1.97549
0.001425
0.01218
0.2422
0.000256
0.00219
4.94743
0.004167
0.03565
3.82061
0.00176
0.01506
2.03379
0.001902
0.0162
2010
HDV8a
3.29741
0.000908
0.00776
0.2740
0.000214
0.00183
7.34195
0.002843
0.02432
5.83004
0.001351
0.01155
2.90426
0.001356
0.0116
2010
HDV8b
3.78917
0.000682
0.00583
0.2978
0.000175
0.00149
9.00840
0.001745
0.01492
7.18314
0.000981
0.00839
3.49167
0.000865
0.0074
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-6
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
"x-
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
Highway
BC
Urban
Deceleration
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
o 25 mph
BC
PM
NOx
25 50 mph
BC
PM
NOx
>50 mph
BC
PM
2011
HDV2b
0.73226
0.000734
0.00601
0.1143
0.000127
0.00104
1.62742
0.001113
0.00926
2.10328
0.001456
0.01198
1.26758
0.001349
0.0111
2011
HDV3
1.24589
0.001302
0.01110
0.1672
0.000203
0.00172
3.37007
0.003056
0.02610
2.71642
0.001662
0.01413
1.46519
0.001666
0.0141
2011
HDV4
1.32581
0.001391
0.01190
0.1820
0.000224
0.00192
3.64670
0.003367
0.02880
2.84793
0.001706
0.01459
1.5031
0.001729
0.0147
2011
HDV5
1.32581
0.001391
0.01190
0.1820
0.000224
0.00192
3.64670
0.003367
0.02880
2.84793
0.001706
0.01459
1.5031
0.001729
0.0147
2011
HDV6
1.37023
0.001415
0.01210
0.1861
0.000229
0.00196
3.79173
0.003503
0.02997
2.94257
0.001721
0.01472
1.54170
0.001764
0.0150
2011
HDV7
1.55566
0.001325
0.01133
0.1854
0.000225
0.00192
3.98663
0.003352
0.02867
3.08070
0.001675
0.01433
1.57851
0.001702
0.0145
2011
HDV8a
2.57421
0.00094
0.00804
0.1957
0.000205
0.00175
5.99254
0.002662
0.02277
4.56224
0.001392
0.01190
2.02429
0.001361
0.0116
2011
HDV8b
3.15089
0.000685
0.00585
0.2070
0.000174
0.00149
8.14792
0.001724
0.01474
6.12041
0.000993
0.00849
2.48366
0.000873
0.0074
2012
HDV2b
0.69169
0.000761
0.00614
0.1089
0.000128
0.00103
1.60791
0.001205
0.00995
1.95238
0.001455
0.01176
1.14581
0.001354
0.0109
2012
HDV3
1.23562
0.00135
0.01151
0.1711
0.000212
0.00180
3.45091
0.003277
0.02799
2.72052
0.001691
0.01436
1.43520
0.001719
0.0146
2012
HDV4
1.30380
0.001426
0.01219
0.1850
0.000231
0.00198
3.68675
0.003545
0.03032
2.85268
0.001732
0.01481
1.48039
0.001778
0.0152
2012
HDV5
1.30380
0.001426
0.01219
0.1850
0.000231
0.00198
3.68675
0.003545
0.03032
2.85268
0.001732
0.01481
1.48039
0.001778
0.0152
2012
HDV6
1.33811
0.001427
0.01221
0.1866
0.000233
0.00198
3.77069
0.003579
0.03062
2.91048
0.001732
0.01481
1.50071
0.001784
0.0152
2012
HDV7
1.5906
0.001314
0.01124
0.1869
0.000228
0.00195
4.08233
0.003423
0.02928
3.12850
0.001675
0.01432
1.56000
0.001712
0.0146
2012
HDV8a
2.62443
0.00089
0.00761
0.1956
0.000202
0.00172
6.33365
0.002556
0.02186
4.78456
0.001318
0.01127
2.02786
0.00128
0.0109
2012
HDV8b
3.05872
0.000678
0.00580
0.2013
0.000173
0.00147
8.09026
0.001694
0.01449
6.06388
0.000973
0.00832
2.38014
0.000851
0.0072
2013
HDV2b
0.82942
0.000748
0.00596
0.1174
0.000126
0.00100
1.76459
0.001214
0.00996
2.30688
0.001431
0.01144
1.45225
0.001337
0.0107
2013
HDV3
1.31002
0.001347
0.01147
0.1683
0.000214
0.00181
3.55200
0.003539
0.03023
2.92091
0.001631
0.01383
1.55880
0.001727
0.0146
2013
HDV4
1.37357
0.001428
0.01221
0.1803
0.000235
0.00200
3.79362
0.003857
0.03300
3.03134
0.001669
0.01427
1.57476
0.001793
0.0153
2013
HDV5
1.37357
0.001428
0.01221
0.1803
0.000235
0.00200
3.79362
0.003857
0.03300
3.03134
0.001669
0.01427
1.57476
0.001793
0.0153
2013
HDV6
1.40143
0.001431
0.01223
0.1814
0.000236
0.00202
3.88230
0.003918
0.03351
3.08886
0.001668
0.01427
1.58513
0.001803
0.0154
2013
HDV7
1.59350
0.001273
0.01088
0.1793
0.000229
0.00195
4.14637
0.003658
0.03129
3.26252
0.00159
0.01360
1.60351
0.001699
0.0145
2013
HDV8a
2.22617
0.000793
0.00678
0.1699
0.000186
0.00159
5.76866
0.002426
0.02075
4.39198
0.00117
0.01000
1.73897
0.001161
0.0099
2013
HDV8b
2.44547
0.000604
0.00516
0.1625
0.000153
0.00131
6.78339
0.001537
0.01314
5.08003
0.000862
0.00737
1.81590
0.00076
0.0065
2014
HDV2b
0.38455
0.000373
0.00193
0.0449
3.07E-05
0.00016
1.06597
0.000404
0.00242
1.02725
0.000701
0.00346
0.53961
0.000607
0.0030
2014
HDV3
0.8328
0.000398
0.00328
0.1023
5.35E-05
0.00044
3.05877
0.000848
0.00715
2.01664
0.000661
0.00533
0.74886
0.000653
0.0053
2014
HDV4
0.88079
0.000401
0.00343
0.1130
5.78E-05
0.00049
3.27381
0.000897
0.00767
2.16183
0.000656
0.00561
0.77662
0.00066
0.0056
2014
HDV5
0.88079
0.000401
0.00343
0.1130
5.78E-05
0.00049
3.27381
0.000897
0.00767
2.16183
0.000656
0.00561
0.77662
0.00066
0.0056
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-7
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
"x-
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
Highway
BC
Urban
Deceleration
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
o 25 mph
BC
PM
NOx
25 50 mph
BC
PM
NOx
>50 mph
BC
PM
2014
HDV6
0.90350
0.000407
0.00348
0.1140
5.86E-05
0.00050
3.34220
0.000911
0.00779
2.20402
0.000665
0.00568
0.78475
0.000661
0.0056
2014
HDV7
1.07749
0.000405
0.00346
0.1137
5.73E-05
0.00049
3.55757
0.000898
0.00768
2.34490
0.000662
0.00566
0.82157
0.000647
0.0055
2014
HDV8a
1.79185
0.000415
0.00355
0.1145
4.98E-05
0.00042
5.14088
0.000865
0.00740
3.42065
0.000677
0.00578
1.09455
0.000562
0.0048
2014
HDV8b
2.10291
0.000402
0.00344
0.1151
4.19E-05
0.00035
6.44505
0.000808
0.00691
4.30711
0.000658
0.00563
1.32057
0.000476
0.0040
2015
HDV2b
0.29947
0.000388
0.00183
0.0354
3.26E-05
0.00015
0.89006
0.000395
0.00217
0.83244
0.000736
0.00333
0.40279
0.000633
0.0029
2015
HDV3
0.73913
0.000399
0.00324
0.0872
5.3E-05
0.00043
2.91103
0.000837
0.00702
1.84158
0.000668
0.00526
0.59636
0.000655
0.0052
2015
HDV4
0.79701
0.000401
0.00343
0.0993
5.78E-05
0.00049
3.17887
0.000896
0.00766
2.02564
0.000656
0.00561
0.62826
0.00066
0.0056
2015
HDV5
0.79701
0.000401
0.00343
0.0993
5.78E-05
0.00049
3.17887
0.000896
0.00766
2.02564
0.000656
0.00561
0.62826
0.00066
0.0056
2015
HDV6
0.82150
0.000407
0.00347
0.1003
5.85E-05
0.00050
3.24792
0.000909
0.00778
2.06930
0.000664
0.00568
0.63811
0.000661
0.0056
2015
HDV7
1.01389
0.000405
0.00346
0.1007
5.72E-05
0.00048
3.47916
0.000898
0.00768
2.22492
0.000662
0.00566
0.68659
0.000647
0.0055
2015
HDV8a
1.78719
0.000416
0.00355
0.1071
4.97E-05
0.00042
5.14204
0.000866
0.00740
3.38561
0.000678
0.00579
1.03683
0.000561
0.0047
2015
HDV8b
2.11731
0.000403
0.00344
0.1132
4.19E-05
0.00035
6.48012
0.000809
0.00692
4.32236
0.000659
0.00564
1.32167
0.000476
0.0040
2016
HDV2b
0.28548
0.000407
0.00181
0.0346
3.45E-05
0.00015
0.83174
0.000399
0.00206
0.81008
0.000778
0.00332
0.39510
0.000666
0.0029
2016
HDV3
0.70288
0.000402
0.00321
0.0839
5.27E-05
0.00042
2.78889
0.00083
0.00692
1.76897
0.000676
0.00521
0.55488
0.00066
0.0051
2016
HDV4
0.76629
0.000401
0.00343
0.0973
5.78E-05
0.00049
3.08800
0.000896
0.00766
1.97189
0.000656
0.00561
0.58532
0.000659
0.0056
2016
HDV5
0.76629
0.000401
0.00343
0.0973
5.78E-05
0.00049
3.08800
0.000896
0.00766
1.97189
0.000656
0.00561
0.58532
0.000659
0.0056
2016
HDV6
0.78665
0.000406
0.00347
0.0982
5.84E-05
0.0005
3.14713
0.000908
0.00776
2.00911
0.000663
0.00567
0.59307
0.000661
0.0056
2016
HDV7
0.93857
0.000405
0.00346
0.0986
5.74E-05
0.00049
3.32851
0.000898
0.00768
2.13081
0.000661
0.00565
0.63097
0.000649
0.0055
2016
HDV8a
1.66373
0.000417
0.00356
0.1049
5.06E-05
0.00043
4.81904
0.000871
0.00745
3.16498
0.000677
0.00579
0.94003
0.000572
0.0048
2016
HDV8b
2.03852
0.000405
0.00346
0.1126
4.23E-05
0.00036
6.26856
0.000815
0.00697
4.17659
0.000663
0.00566
1.24500
0.000481
0.0041
2017
HDV2b
0.26644
0.000406
0.00171
0.0335
3.5E-05
0.00014
0.78658
0.000389
0.00192
0.77982
0.000777
0.00315
0.37825
0.000664
0.0027
2017
HDV3
0.65784
0.00039
0.00309
0.0814
5.08E-05
0.00040
2.62067
0.000794
0.00660
1.67717
0.000655
0.00497
0.51313
0.000637
0.0049
2017
HDV4
0.72058
0.000388
0.00331
0.0952
5.55E-05
0.00047
2.91639
0.00086
0.00735
1.87788
0.000629
0.00538
0.54020
0.000633
0.0054
2017
HDV5
0.72058
0.000388
0.00331
0.0952
5.55E-05
0.00047
2.91639
0.00086
0.00735
1.87788
0.000629
0.00538
0.54020
0.000633
0.0054
2017
HDV6
0.73643
0.000392
0.00335
0.0959
5.6E-05
0.00047
2.96367
0.00087
0.00744
1.90781
0.000636
0.00543
0.54544
0.000634
0.0054
2017
HDV7
0.85530
0.000393
0.00335
0.0964
5.51E-05
0.00047
3.11276
0.000863
0.00738
2.00682
0.000635
0.00543
0.57166
0.000624
0.0053
2017
HDV8a
1.45951
0.00041
0.00350
0.1035
4.95E-05
0.00042
4.39046
0.00085
0.00727
2.88546
0.000659
0.00564
0.79516
0.00056
0.0047
2017
HDV8b
1.79547
0.000403
0.00344
0.1128
4.19E-05
0.00035
5.73059
0.000808
0.00691
3.81268
0.000656
0.00561
1.03220
0.000478
0.0040
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-8
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
"x-
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
Highway
BC
Urban
Deceleration
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
o 25 mph
BC
PM
NOx
25 50 mph
BC
PM
NOx
>50 mph
BC
PM
2018
HDV2b
0.19109
0.000424
0.00171
0.0228
3.72E-05
0.00014
0.60276
0.000403
0.00191
0.53714
0.000815
0.00314
0.24934
0.000696
0.0027
2018
HDV3
0.60541
0.000392
0.00309
0.0736
5.13E-05
0.00040
2.48568
0.000796
0.00660
1.55167
0.000662
0.00497
0.44985
0.000643
0.0049
2018
HDV4
0.67120
0.000388
0.00331
0.0881
5.55E-05
0.00047
2.78670
0.00086
0.00735
1.7768
0.000629
0.00538
0.4901
0.000633
0.0054
2018
HDV5
0.67120
0.000388
0.00331
0.0881
5.55E-05
0.00047
2.78670
0.00086
0.00735
1.7768
0.000629
0.00538
0.4901
0.000633
0.0054
2018
HDV6
0.70595
0.000397
0.00339
0.0909
5.74E-05
0.00049
2.91669
0.00089
0.00761
1.85769
0.000647
0.00553
0.50399
0.000637
0.0054
2018
HDV7
0.81458
0.000395
0.00337
0.0907
5.59E-05
0.00047
3.03537
0.000875
0.00748
1.93856
0.000641
0.00548
0.52877
0.000626
0.0053
2018
HDV8a
1.41322
0.00041
0.00350
0.0997
4.93E-05
0.00042
4.33672
0.000853
0.00730
2.85453
0.000665
0.00568
0.77390
0.000558
0.0047
2018
HDV8b
1.73715
0.000399
0.00341
0.1103
4.16E-05
0.00035
5.63337
0.000809
0.00692
3.74561
0.000657
0.00562
1.01212
0.000476
0.0040
2019
HDV2b
0.12033
0.000272
0.00103
0.0143
2.36E-05
8.99E-
0.38250
0.000256
0.00116
0.33795
0.000522
0.00190
0.15646
0.000446
0.0016
2019
HDV3
0.41470
0.000255
0.00199
0.0501
3.36E-05
0.00026
1.72147
0.000524
0.00432
1.06635
0.000438
0.00324
0.30549
0.000424
0.0032
2019
HDV4
0.46596
0.000253
0.00216
0.0614
3.68E-05
0.00031
1.95617
0.000571
0.00488
1.24422
0.000418
0.00357
0.33841
0.00042
0.0035
2019
HDV5
0.46596
0.000253
0.00216
0.0614
3.68E-05
0.00031
1.95617
0.000571
0.00488
1.24422
0.000418
0.00357
0.33841
0.00042
0.0035
2019
HDV6
0.49096
0.000259
0.00221
0.0634
3.81E-05
0.00032
2.04735
0.000591
0.00505
1.30124
0.00043
0.00367
0.3487
0.000423
0.0036
2019
HDV7
0.57234
0.00026
0.00222
0.0634
3.71E-05
0.00031
2.13874
0.000582
0.00498
1.36323
0.000427
0.00365
0.36757
0.000417
0.0035
2019
HDV8a
1.01720
0.000279
0.00239
0.0708
3.33E-05
0.00028
3.11079
0.00058
0.00496
2.04591
0.000452
0.00386
0.55222
0.000378
0.0032
2019
HDV8b
1.25725
0.000278
0.00237
0.0796
2.88E-05
0.00024
4.07369
0.000561
0.00479
2.70826
0.000456
0.00389
0.73135
0.00033
0.0028
2020
HDV2b
0.10438
0.000245
0.00096
0.0124
2.06E-05
8.09E-
0.33110
0.000232
0.00107
0.29407
0.000469
0.00177
0.13664
0.000401
0.0015
2020
HDV3
0.39863
0.000251
0.00195
0.0474
3.24E-05
0.00025
1.66404
0.000513
0.00423
1.02066
0.000429
0.00317
0.28966
0.000416
0.0031
2020
HDV4
0.45841
0.000253
0.00216
0.0603
3.68E-05
0.00031
1.93655
0.000571
0.00488
1.22865
0.000418
0.00357
0.32928
0.00042
0.0035
2020
HDV5
0.45841
0.000253
0.00216
0.0603
3.68E-05
0.00031
1.93655
0.000571
0.00488
1.22865
0.000418
0.00357
0.32928
0.00042
0.0035
2020
HDV6
0.48295
0.000259
0.00221
0.0623
3.81E-05
0.00032
2.02634
0.000591
0.00505
1.28493
0.000429
0.00367
0.33967
0.000423
0.0036
2020
HDV7
0.56063
0.000259
0.00222
0.0623
3.72E-05
0.00031
2.11225
0.000582
0.00498
1.34328
0.000427
0.00365
0.35768
0.000417
0.0035
2020
HDV8a
1.00397
0.000279
0.00238
0.0699
3.34E-05
0.00028
3.06767
0.000579
0.00495
2.01541
0.000451
0.00386
0.54146
0.000379
0.0032
2020
HDV8b
1.25498
0.000277
0.00237
0.0794
2.88E-05
0.00024
4.06123
0.000561
0.00479
2.69920
0.000455
0.00389
0.72845
0.00033
0.0028
2021
HDV2b
0.09279
0.000208
0.00089
0.0109
1.65E-05
7.14E-
0.29866
0.000203
0.00100
0.25948
0.000396
0.00164
0.11951
0.000339
0.0014
2021
HDV3
0.38583
0.000243
0.00192
0.0455
3.09E-05
0.00024
1.62518
0.000502
0.00416
0.98904
0.00041
0.00310
0.27658
0.0004
0.0031
2021
HDV4
0.44860
0.00025
0.00214
0.0591
3.66E-05
0.00031
1.91106
0.000567
0.00484
1.20958
0.000415
0.00354
0.31955
0.000417
0.0035
2021
HDV5
0.44860
0.00025
0.00214
0.0591
3.66E-05
0.00031
1.91106
0.000567
0.00484
1.20958
0.000415
0.00354
0.31955
0.000417
0.0035
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-g
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
"x-
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
Highway
BC
Urban
Deceleration
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
o 25 mph
BC
PM
NOx
25 50 mph
BC
PM
NOx
>50 mph
BC
PM
2021
HDV6
0.47178
0.000256
0.00219
0.0611
3.77E-05
0.00032
1.99809
0.000586
0.00501
1.26424
0.000426
0.00364
0.32981
0.00042
0.0035
2021
HDV7
0.54107
0.000256
0.00218
0.0610
3.68E-05
0.00031
2.07694
0.000577
0.00493
1.31795
0.000423
0.00361
0.34665
0.000414
0.0035
2021
HDV8a
0.95334
0.000269
0.0023
0.0684
3.3E-05
0.00028
2.99224
0.00057
0.00487
1.96419
0.000443
0.00379
0.52518
0.000375
0.0032
2021
HDV8b
1.19427
0.000265
0.00226
0.0779
2.82E-05
0.00024
3.98067
0.000547
0.00468
2.64501
0.000444
0.00379
0.71336
0.000323
0.0027
2022
HDV2b
0.08270
0.000209
0.00089
0.0094
1.66E-05
7.13E-
0.27386
0.000204
0.00100
0.22648
0.000397
0.00163
0.10214
0.000341
0.0014
2022
HDV3
0.37816
0.000243
0.00192
0.0444
3.09E-05
0.00024
1.60619
0.000503
0.00417
0.97047
0.00041
0.00310
0.26579
0.0004
0.0031
2022
HDV4
0.44105
0.00025
0.00214
0.0580
3.66E-05
0.00031
1.89151
0.000567
0.00484
1.194
0.000415
0.00354
0.31031
0.000417
0.0035
2022
HDV5
0.44105
0.00025
0.00214
0.0580
3.66E-05
0.00031
1.89151
0.000567
0.00484
1.194
0.000415
0.00354
0.31031
0.000417
0.0035
2022
HDV6
0.46458
0.000256
0.00219
0.0600
3.77E-05
0.00032
1.97869
0.000585
0.00500
1.24893
0.000426
0.00364
0.32095
0.00042
0.0035
2022
HDV7
0.53677
0.000256
0.00218
0.0600
3.68E-05
0.00031
2.06199
0.000577
0.00493
1.30565
0.000423
0.00361
0.33874
0.000413
0.0035
2022
HDV8a
0.95610
0.000269
0.00230
0.0680
3.3E-05
0.00028
2.99864
0.00057
0.00487
1.96698
0.000443
0.00379
0.52340
0.000374
0.0031
2022
HDV8b
1.19508
0.000265
0.00226
0.0778
2.82E-05
0.00024
3.98534
0.000547
0.00467
2.64809
0.000444
0.00379
0.71373
0.000322
0.0027
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-10
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
"x-
Table A-2. Gasoline Truck Emission Factors
Highway
Urban
Deceleration
o 25 mph
25 50 mph
>50 mph
. w Vehicle
ModelYr Class
NOx
BC PM
NOx BC PM
NOx BC
PM
NOx BC PM
NOx BC PM
Pre 1992
HDV2b
4.27030
0.004014
0.02739
0.1772
0.000695
0.00474
4.10445
0.010638
0.07258
8.21932
0.005096
0.03477
7.11453
0.005567
0.0379
Pre 1992
HDV3
5.08000
0.013647
0.09311
0.5656
0.002347
0.01601
5.55464
0.039897
0.27221
7.69285
0.009629
0.06569
8.01457
0.015755
0.1074
Pre 1992
HDV4
5.12693
0.014114
0.09629
0.5959
0.002463
0.01680
5.55896
0.041503
0.28316
7.71725
0.010012
0.06830
8.16277
0.016555
0.1129
Pre 1992
HDV5
4.96950
0.012519
0.08541
0.4900
0.002063
0.01407
5.55038
0.035994
0.24558
7.65103
0.008778
0.05989
7.65368
0.013827
0.0943
Pre 1992
HDV6
4.74432
0.010202
0.06960
0.3333
0.001475
0.01006
5.54488
0.02795
0.19069
7.57416
0.007066
0.04820
6.90982
0.009864
0.0672
Pre 1992
HDV7
4.74432
0.010202
0.06960
0.3333
0.001475
0.01006
5.54488
0.02795
0.19069
7.57416
0.007066
0.04820
6.90982
0.009864
0.0672
Pre 1992
HDV8a
4.76806
0.01034
0.07054
0.3352
0.001498
0.01022
5.56633
0.028343
0.19338
7.63772
0.007425
0.05066
6.94774
0.010136
0.0691
Pre 1992
HDV8b
4.76806
0.01034
0.07054
0.3352
0.001498
0.01022
5.56633
0.028343
0.19338
7.63772
0.007425
0.05066
6.94774
0.010136
0.0691
1992
HDV2b
4.27030
0.004014
0.02739
0.1772
0.000695
0.00474
4.10445
0.010638
0.07258
8.21932
0.005096
0.03477
7.11453
0.005567
0.0379
1992
HDV3
5.08000
0.013647
0.09311
0.5656
0.002347
0.01601
5.55464
0.039897
0.27221
7.69285
0.009629
0.06569
8.01457
0.015755
0.1074
1992
HDV4
5.12693
0.014114
0.09629
0.5959
0.002463
0.01680
5.55896
0.041503
0.28316
7.71725
0.010012
0.06830
8.16277
0.016555
0.1129
1992
HDV5
4.96950
0.012519
0.08541
0.4900
0.002063
0.01407
5.55038
0.035994
0.24558
7.65103
0.008778
0.05989
7.65368
0.013827
0.0943
1992
HDV6
4.74432
0.010202
0.06960
0.3333
0.001475
0.01006
5.54488
0.02795
0.19069
7.57416
0.007066
0.04820
6.90982
0.009864
0.0672
1992
HDV7
4.74432
0.010202
0.06960
0.3333
0.001475
0.01006
5.54488
0.02795
0.19069
7.57416
0.007066
0.04820
6.90982
0.009864
0.0672
1992
HDV8a
4.76806
0.01034
0.07054
0.3352
0.001498
0.01022
5.56633
0.028343
0.19338
7.63772
0.007425
0.05066
6.94774
0.010136
0.0691
1992
HDV8b
4.76806
0.01034
0.07054
0.3352
0.001498
0.01022
5.56633
0.028343
0.19338
7.63772
0.007425
0.05066
6.94774
0.010136
0.0691
1993
HDV2b
4.34598
0.005373
0.03665
0.2037
0.000787
0.00536
4.28136
0.013769
0.09394
8.03608
0.005257
0.03586
7.06469
0.006263
0.0427
1993
HDV3
5.12118
0.014217
0.09700
0.6064
0.002484
0.01695
5.51922
0.041674
0.28433
7.65890
0.009972
0.06803
8.16896
0.016677
0.1137
1993
HDV4
5.15311
0.01444
0.09852
0.6204
0.002544
0.01735
5.54093
0.042547
0.29029
7.69745
0.010177
0.06943
8.25945
0.017083
0.1165
1993
HDV5
5.12429
0.01425
0.09722
0.6085
0.002493
0.01701
5.52097
0.041804
0.28522
7.66157
0.009996
0.06820
8.18014
0.016736
0.1141
1993
HDV6
4.64710
0.010616
0.07242
0.3801
0.001515
0.01033
5.20646
0.027594
0.18826
7.11485
0.006804
0.04642
6.76695
0.010163
0.0693
1993
HDV7
4.64710
0.010616
0.07242
0.3801
0.001515
0.01033
5.20646
0.027594
0.18826
7.11485
0.006804
0.04642
6.76695
0.010163
0.0693
1993
HDV8a
4.70072
0.010564
0.07207
0.3758
0.001495
0.01020
5.25553
0.027367
0.18671
7.22009
0.006979
0.04761
6.83227
0.010127
0.0690
1993
HDV8b
4.70072
0.010564
0.07207
0.3758
0.001495
0.01020
5.25553
0.027367
0.18671
7.22009
0.006979
0.04761
6.83227
0.010127
0.0690
1994
HDV2b
3.81643
0.005033
0.03434
0.1959
0.000267
0.00182
3.63350
0.001357
0.00926
6.78101
0.004134
0.02820
6.31355
0.014383
0.0981
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-11
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
"x-
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
Highway
BC
Urban
Deceleration
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
o 25 mph
BC
PM
NOx
25 50 mph
BC
PM
NOx
>50 mph
BC
PM
1994
HDV3
5.12496
0.007716
0.05264
0.6136
0.000449
0.00306
5.51353
0.001955
0.01333
7.65200
0.006887
0.04698
8.18872
0.034199
0.2333
1994
HDV4
5.17354
0.007719
0.05266
0.6273
0.000455
0.00310
5.55731
0.001972
0.01345
7.72741
0.00697
0.04755
8.30685
0.03466
0.2364
1994
HDV5
5.17086
0.007711
0.05261
0.6291
0.000456
0.00310
5.55309
0.001967
0.01342
7.71421
0.006954
0.04744
8.30844
0.034666
0.2365
1994
HDV6
4.62516
0.007726
0.05271
0.4551
0.000384
0.00262
5.07235
0.001803
0.01230
6.92913
0.006097
0.04160
6.91653
0.029238
0.1994
1994
HDV7
4.62516
0.007726
0.05271
0.4551
0.000384
0.00262
5.07235
0.001803
0.01230
6.92913
0.006097
0.04160
6.91653
0.029238
0.1994
1994
HDV8a
6.63065
0.00977
0.06665
0.3450
0.000439
0.00299
7.74780
0.003751
0.02559
12.2140
0.012241
0.08352
9.76960
0.040286
0.2748
1994
HDV8b
6.63065
0.00977
0.06665
0.3450
0.000439
0.00299
7.74780
0.003751
0.02559
12.2140
0.012241
0.08352
9.76960
0.040286
0.2748
1995
HDV2b
3.93597
0.007572
0.05166
0.2241
0.000814
0.00555
3.88415
0.007669
0.05232
6.77111
0.007958
0.05429
6.33102
0.013601
0.0927
1995
HDV3
5.03948
0.018582
0.12678
0.5794
0.003368
0.02297
5.43752
0.025229
0.17213
7.52278
0.017206
0.11739
7.94565
0.043628
0.2976
1995
HDV4
5.13994
0.019445
0.13267
0.6149
0.003652
0.02491
5.52650
0.027128
0.18509
7.67524
0.01855
0.12656
8.21306
0.047364
0.3231
1995
HDV5
5.11463
0.019241
0.13127
0.6075
0.003591
0.02450
5.50353
0.026713
0.18226
7.63147
0.018159
0.12389
8.15172
0.04653
0.3174
1995
HDV6
4.62848
0.014995
0.10231
0.4282
0.002158
0.01472
5.07559
0.017196
0.11732
6.92077
0.01192
0.08133
6.82631
0.027898
0.1903
1995
HDV7
4.62848
0.014995
0.10231
0.4282
0.002158
0.01472
5.07559
0.017196
0.11732
6.92077
0.01192
0.08133
6.82631
0.027898
0.1903
1995
HDV8a
6.54850
0.026202
0.17877
0.4848
0.003128
0.02134
7.34012
0.028015
0.19114
11.9131
0.057872
0.39484
9.49576
0.056079
0.3826
1995
HDV8b
6.54850
0.026202
0.17877
0.4848
0.003128
0.02134
7.34012
0.028015
0.19114
11.9131
0.057872
0.39484
9.49576
0.056079
0.3826
1996
HDV2b
3.26521
0.004125
0.02814
0.1839
0.000998
0.00680
3.12876
0.006315
0.04308
5.17063
0.011065
0.07549
5.18827
0.006945
0.0473
1996
HDV3
5.10583
0.011407
0.07783
0.6025
0.004973
0.03393
5.50850
0.024949
0.17022
7.63883
0.028138
0.19198
8.12933
0.026869
0.1833
1996
HDV4
5.15967
0.011756
0.08021
0.6218
0.005185
0.03537
5.54882
0.025949
0.17704
7.71106
0.029273
0.19972
8.26867
0.028031
0.1912
1996
HDV5
5.15681
0.011748
0.08015
0.6226
0.005193
0.03543
5.54546
0.02598
0.17725
7.70006
0.029155
0.19892
8.26822
0.028051
0.1913
1996
HDV6
4.65119
0.008403
0.05733
0.4283
0.003062
0.02089
5.17287
0.015991
0.10910
7.06523
0.018821
0.12841
6.90678
0.01654
0.1128
1996
HDV7
4.65119
0.008403
0.05733
0.4283
0.003062
0.02089
5.17287
0.015991
0.10910
7.06523
0.018821
0.12841
6.90678
0.01654
0.1128
1996
HDV8a
6.54850
0.017111
0.11674
0.4848
0.003952
0.02696
7.34019
0.022419
0.15296
11.9132
0.077008
0.52541
9.49585
0.03005
0.2050
1996
HDV8b
6.54850
0.017111
0.11674
0.4848
0.003952
0.02696
7.34019
0.022419
0.15296
11.9132
0.077008
0.52541
9.49585
0.03005
0.2050
1997
HDV2b
3.05125
0.003525
0.02405
0.1189
0.000213
0.00145
2.14253
0.001858
0.01267
4.60332
0.004976
0.03395
5.10638
0.008399
0.0573
1997
HDV3
5.04051
0.009687
0.06609
0.5840
0.001174
0.00801
5.45408
0.00798
0.05444
7.54909
0.010162
0.06933
7.97829
0.041827
0.2853
1997
HDV4
5.16671
0.010129
0.06910
0.6264
0.001272
0.00867
5.55212
0.008561
0.05841
7.71288
0.01076
0.07341
8.29539
0.045303
0.3090
1997
HDV5
5.13777
0.010034
0.06845
0.6176
0.001251
0.00853
5.52928
0.00844
0.05758
7.67389
0.010627
0.07250
8.22561
0.044579
0.3041
1997
HDV6
4.62894
0.008247
0.05627
0.4455
0.000857
0.00584
5.13319
0.00608
0.04148
7.01269
0.008209
0.05600
6.94119
0.030468
0.2078
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-12
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
"x-
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
Highway
BC
Urban
Deceleration
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
o 25 mph
BC
PM
NOx
25 50 mph
BC
PM
NOx
>50 mph
BC
PM
1997
HDV7
4.62894
0.008247
0.05627
0.4455
0.000857
0.00584
5.13319
0.00608
0.04148
7.01269
0.008209
0.05600
6.94119
0.030468
0.2078
1997
HDV8a
7.76793
0.01021
0.06966
0.1009
7.23E-05
0.00049
8.7155
0.001954
0.01333
13.1181
0.016827
0.11481
10.5530
0.010699
0.0729
1997
HDV8b
7.76793
0.01021
0.06966
0.1009
7.23E-05
0.00049
8.7155
0.001954
0.01333
13.1181
0.016827
0.11481
10.5530
0.010699
0.0729
1998
HDV2b
2.70727
0.003093
0.0211
0.1254
0.000303
0.00206
1.63379
0.002212
0.01509
4.14527
0.005447
0.03716
4.71688
0.005595
0.0381
1998
HDV3
3.327
0.011141
0.07601
0.4037
0.002066
0.01409
2.65697
0.011349
0.07743
5.63410
0.018452
0.12589
5.89303
0.029438
0.2008
1998
HDV4
3.35595
0.01214
0.08283
0.4137
0.002416
0.01648
2.62291
0.012985
0.08859
5.72191
0.021336
0.14556
5.95740
0.033665
0.2296
1998
HDV5
3.31746
0.010986
0.07495
0.4043
0.002076
0.01416
2.64874
0.011276
0.07693
5.61264
0.017405
0.11874
5.86968
0.029262
0.1996
1998
HDV6
3.26244
0.008963
0.06115
0.3824
0.001322
0.00902
2.72723
0.007842
0.05350
5.43933
0.011959
0.08159
5.74818
0.020312
0.1385
1998
HDV7
3.26244
0.008963
0.06115
0.3824
0.001322
0.00902
2.72723
0.007842
0.05350
5.43933
0.011959
0.08159
5.74818
0.020312
0.1385
1998
HDV8a
3.67582
0.017467
0.11917
0.3928
0.002198
0.01499
2.93944
0.016719
0.11407
6.42912
0.055582
0.37922
6.7332
0.040285
0.2748
1998
HDV8b
3.67582
0.01746
0.11917
0.3928
0.002198
0.01499
2.93944
0.016719
0.11407
6.42912
0.055582
0.37922
6.7332
0.040285
0.2748
1999
HDV2b
2.10234
0.003464
0.02363
0.1301
0.000265
0.00181
1.34730
0.003735
0.02548
3.23955
0.008562
0.05841
3.62848
0.006075
0.0414
1999
HDV3
3.30850
0.010578
0.07217
0.3875
0.001629
0.01111
2.75821
0.016791
0.11456
5.54527
0.020932
0.14281
5.86647
0.025053
0.1709
1999
HDV4
3.42293
0.01057
0.07211
0.3724
0.001509
0.01029
3.01302
0.017305
0.11806
5.70237
0.020771
0.14171
6.11230
0.02876
0.1962
1999
HDV5
3.44762
0.010408
0.07101
0.3685
0.001481
0.01010
3.07559
0.017415
0.11881
5.73125
0.019397
0.13234
6.16421
0.029487
0.2011
1999
HDV6
3.44932
0.010407
0.07100
0.3683
0.001479
0.01008
3.07943
0.017422
0.11886
5.73356
0.019387
0.13227
6.16785
0.029541
0.2015
1999
HDV7
3.21868
0.010555
0.07201
0.3993
0.001722
0.01174
2.55959
0.016387
0.11180
5.42068
0.020815
0.14202
5.67277
0.022122
0.1509
1999
HDV8a
3.23697
0.011067
0.07551
0.3990
0.001713
0.01169
2.57206
0.016465
0.11234
5.46198
0.02509
0.17118
5.71559
0.022949
0.1565
1999
HDV8b
3.23697
0.011067
0.07551
0.3990
0.001713
0.01169
2.57206
0.016465
0.11234
5.46198
0.02509
0.17118
5.71559
0.022949
0.1565
2000
HDV2b
1.86818
0.003359
0.02291
0.1162
0.000176
0.00120
1.19448
0.001705
0.01163
2.89612
0.006409
0.04372
3.24564
0.00635
0.0433
2000
HDV3
3.35395
0.01061
0.07238
0.3743
0.001296
0.00884
2.9352
0.007863
0.05364
5.59098
0.014901
0.10166
5.97198
0.02722
0.1857
2000
HDV4
3.49171
0.00936
0.06386
0.3539
0.001038
0.00707
3.26583
0.007193
0.04907
5.77278
0.012818
0.08745
6.27696
0.026044
0.1776
2000
HDV5
3.52955
0.009017
0.06152
0.3484
0.000967
0.00659
3.35642
0.00701
0.04782
5.82259
0.012247
0.08356
6.36053
0.025722
0.1754
2000
HDV6
3.53196
0.008995
0.06137
0.3480
0.000962
0.00656
3.36218
0.006998
0.04774
5.82576
0.012211
0.08331
6.36584
0.025702
0.1753
2000
HDV7
3.26480
0.011419
0.07790
0.3875
0.001464
0.00998
2.72048
0.008298
0.05661
5.47292
0.016254
0.1109
5.77393
0.027983
0.1909
2000
HDV8a
3.26480
0.011419
0.07790
0.3875
0.001464
0.00998
2.72048
0.008298
0.05661
5.47292
0.016254
0.1109
5.77393
0.027983
0.1909
2000
HDV8b
3.26480
0.011419
0.07790
0.3875
0.001464
0.00998
2.72048
0.008298
0.05661
5.47292
0.016254
0.1109
5.77393
0.027983
0.1909
2001
HDV2b
0.61792
0.001878
0.01281
0.0538
5.85E-05
0.00039
0.43892
0.001153
0.00786
1.02885
0.005844
0.03986
1.07009
0.006001
0.0409
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-13
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
"x-
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
Highway
BC
Urban
Deceleration
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
o 25 mph
BC
PM
NOx
25 50 mph
BC
PM
NOx
>50 mph
BC
PM
2001
HDV3
1.39156
0.005761
0.03929
0.1656
0.000341
0.00232
1.14723
0.002577
0.01758
2.33114
0.009386
0.06402
2.45961
0.040453
0.2759
2001
HDV4
1.43719
0.005734
0.03911
0.1585
0.000304
0.00207
1.26116
0.002554
0.01741
2.39167
0.008613
0.05875
2.56145
0.040315
0.2749
2001
HDV5
1.45463
0.005724
0.03904
0.1558
0.00029
0.00197
1.30461
0.002545
0.01735
2.41476
0.008318
0.05674
2.60029
0.040263
0.2746
2001
HDV6
1.45584
0.005723
0.03903
0.1556
0.000289
0.00197
1.30762
0.002544
0.01735
2.41636
0.008298
0.05660
2.60298
0.040259
0.2746
2001
HDV7
1.37143
0.005773
0.03937
0.1688
0.000358
0.00244
1.09684
0.002588
0.01765
2.30436
0.009728
0.06635
2.41457
0.040515
0.2763
2001
HDV8a
1.37143
0.005773
0.03937
0.1688
0.000358
0.00244
1.09684
0.002588
0.01765
2.30436
0.009728
0.06635
2.41457
0.040515
0.2763
2001
HDV8b
1.37143
0.005773
0.03937
0.1688
0.000358
0.00244
1.09684
0.002588
0.01765
2.30436
0.009728
0.06635
2.41457
0.040515
0.2763
2002
HDV2b
0.58751
0.002046
0.01395
0.0488
0.000202
0.00138
0.41468
0.002
0.01364
0.97803
0.003973
0.02709
1.01682
0.003187
0.0217
2002
HDV3
1.41038
0.006459
0.04405
0.1621
0.000974
0.00664
1.20072
0.007238
0.04937
2.35598
0.010084
0.06878
2.50318
0.010709
0.0730
2002
HDV4
1.47278
0.005798
0.03954
0.1524
0.000793
0.00540
1.35708
0.00678
0.04624
2.43848
0.008784
0.05992
2.64286
0.010462
0.0713
2002
HDV5
1.49178
0.005597
0.03817
0.1495
0.000738
0.00503
1.40456
0.00664
0.04529
2.46353
0.00839
0.05722
2.68528
0.010387
0.0708
2002
HDV6
1.49302
0.005584
0.03808
0.1493
0.000734
0.00500
1.40765
0.006631
0.04523
2.46516
0.008364
0.05705
2.68804
0.010382
0.0708
2002
HDV7
1.37485
0.006835
0.04662
0.1677
0.001078
0.00735
1.11140
0.0075
0.05116
2.30885
0.010826
0.07384
2.42338
0.010851
0.0740
2002
HDV8a
1.37485
0.006835
0.04662
0.1677
0.001078
0.00735
1.11140
0.0075
0.05116
2.30885
0.010826
0.07384
2.42338
0.010851
0.0740
2002
HDV8b
1.37485
0.006835
0.04662
0.1677
0.001078
0.00735
1.11140
0.0075
0.05116
2.30885
0.010826
0.07384
2.42338
0.010851
0.0740
2003
HDV2b
0.52854
0.001392
0.00949
0.0510
9.78E-05
0.00066
0.37910
0.001245
0.00849
0.88756
0.003689
0.02516
0.92221
0.003037
0.0207
2003
HDV3
1.39666
0.004315
0.02943
0.1658
0.000684
0.00466
1.15492
0.005948
0.04057
2.34224
0.006479
0.04419
2.47359
0.016279
0.1110
2003
HDV4
1.45022
0.004177
0.02849
0.1573
0.000583
0.00397
1.28737
0.00578
0.03942
2.41212
0.005985
0.04082
2.59114
0.016473
0.1123
2003
HDV5
1.46712
0.004133
0.02819
0.1547
0.000551
0.00375
1.32909
0.005728
0.03906
2.43408
0.005829
0.03976
2.62818
0.016535
0.1127
2003
HDV6
1.46823
0.00413
0.02817
0.1545
0.000549
0.00374
1.33184
0.005724
0.03904
2.43553
0.005819
0.03969
2.63062
0.016539
0.1128
2003
HDV7
1.36749
0.00439
0.02994
0.1704
0.000739
0.00503
1.08257
0.00604
0.04120
2.30406
0.006749
0.04603
2.40938
0.016173
0.1103
2003
HDV8a
1.36759
0.00439
0.02994
0.1704
0.000739
0.00503
1.08270
0.006039
0.04119
2.30425
0.006749
0.04603
2.40945
0.016171
0.1103
2003
HDV8b
1.36759
0.00439
0.02994
0.1704
0.000739
0.00503
1.08270
0.006039
0.04119
2.30425
0.006749
0.04603
2.40945
0.016171
0.1103
2004
HDV2b
0.42522
0.000939
0.00650
0.0441
0.000122
0.00084
0.31171
0.000934
0.00646
0.70799
0.001768
0.01232
0.73877
0.001856
0.0128
2004
HDV3
1.41013
0.003951
0.02695
0.1631
0.000672
0.00458
1.19389
0.004656
0.03176
2.35755
0.004855
0.03311
2.50357
0.009312
0.0635
2004
HDV4
1.48274
0.003838
0.02618
0.1513
0.00053
0.00361
1.38217
0.004276
0.02917
2.45301
0.004215
0.02875
2.66746
0.009205
0.0627
2004
HDV5
1.50433
0.003805
0.02595
0.1478
0.000489
0.00333
1.43799
0.004164
0.02840
2.48132
0.004026
0.02746
2.71604
0.009173
0.0625
2004
HDV6
1.50573
0.003803
0.02593
0.1476
0.000486
0.00331
1.44160
0.004157
0.02835
2.48315
0.004013
0.02737
2.71919
0.009171
0.0625
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-14
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
"x-
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
Highway
BC
Urban
Deceleration
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
o 25 mph
BC
PM
NOx
25 50 mph
BC
PM
NOx
>50 mph
BC
PM
2004
HDV7
1.36759
0.004017
0.02739
0.1700
0.000755
0.00514
1.08318
0.004879
0.03328
2.30142
0.005231
0.03568
2.40720
0.009376
0.0639
2004
HDV8a
1.36759
0.004017
0.02739
0.1700
0.000755
0.00514
1.08318
0.004879
0.03328
2.30142
0.005231
0.03568
2.40720
0.009376
0.0639
2004
HDV8b
1.36759
0.004017
0.02739
0.1700
0.000755
0.00514
1.08318
0.004879
0.03328
2.30142
0.005231
0.03568
2.40720
0.009376
0.0639
2005
HDV2b
0.34150
0.000787
0.00545
0.0374
0.000102
0.00071
0.25353
0.000739
0.00512
0.58416
0.001599
0.01116
0.60680
0.001561
0.0108
2005
HDV3
1.40135
0.003881
0.02647
0.1610
0.000629
0.00429
1.19361
0.004528
0.03088
2.33529
0.004675
0.03188
2.47780
0.009098
0.0620
2005
HDV4
1.44128
0.003816
0.02602
0.1552
0.000561
0.00382
1.29380
0.004305
0.02936
2.39033
0.004338
0.02958
2.56984
0.008947
0.0610
2005
HDV5
1.45917
0.003786
0.02582
0.1526
0.000531
0.00362
1.33872
0.004205
0.02868
2.41487
0.004186
0.02855
2.61115
0.00888
0.0605
2005
HDV6
1.46048
0.003784
0.02581
0.1525
0.000529
0.00360
1.34200
0.004197
0.02863
2.41667
0.004175
0.02847
2.61417
0.008875
0.0605
2005
HDV7
1.38637
0.003906
0.02664
0.1632
0.000655
0.00446
1.15595
0.004611
0.03145
2.31459
0.004801
0.03275
2.44321
0.009155
0.0624
2005
HDV8a
1.38651
0.003906
0.02664
0.1632
0.000655
0.00446
1.15613
0.004611
0.03145
2.31488
0.004802
0.03275
2.44331
0.009154
0.0624
2005
HDV8b
1.38651
0.003906
0.02664
0.1632
0.000655
0.00446
1.15613
0.004611
0.03145
2.31488
0.004802
0.03275
2.44331
0.009154
0.0624
2006
HDV2b
0.37570
0.000881
0.00611
0.0448
0.000119
0.00082
0.28210
0.000869
0.00603
0.65029
0.00182
0.01271
0.67458
0.001803
0.0125
2006
HDV3
1.39938
0.003999
0.02727
0.1640
0.000711
0.00484
1.17674
0.004936
0.03367
2.34467
0.005154
0.03515
2.48210
0.009818
0.0669
2006
HDV4
1.45198
0.003907
0.02665
0.1557
0.000603
0.00411
1.31038
0.004595
0.03134
2.41364
0.004631
0.03158
2.60019
0.009592
0.0654
2006
HDV5
1.47231
0.003872
0.02640
0.1524
0.000562
0.00383
1.36201
0.004463
0.03044
2.44016
0.004428
0.03020
2.64587
0.009506
0.0648
2006
HDV6
1.47373
0.003869
0.02639
0.1522
0.000559
0.00381
1.36562
0.004454
0.03037
2.44201
0.004414
0.03010
2.64905
0.0095
0.0647
2006
HDV7
1.37651
0.004039
0.02755
0.1676
0.000758
0.00516
1.11852
0.005085
0.03468
2.31461
0.005382
0.03671
2.43066
0.009916
0.0676
2006
HDV8a
1.37669
0.004039
0.02755
0.1676
0.000758
0.00516
1.11875
0.005084
0.03468
2.31497
0.005383
0.03671
2.43078
0.009914
0.0676
2006
HDV8b
1.37669
0.004039
0.02755
0.1676
0.000758
0.00516
1.11875
0.005084
0.03468
2.31497
0.005383
0.03671
2.43078
0.009914
0.0676
2007
HDV2b
0.33090
0.000809
0.00561
0.0379
0.000107
0.00074
0.24845
0.000783
0.00542
0.56833
0.001651
0.01151
0.59061
0.001633
0.0113
2007
HDV3
1.40086
0.003981
0.02715
0.1632
0.000696
0.00474
1.18723
0.00492
0.03356
2.34667
0.00511
0.03485
2.48592
0.009826
0.0670
2007
HDV4
1.44202
0.0039
0.02660
0.1568
0.000613
0.00418
1.29080
0.004625
0.03155
2.40109
0.004691
0.03199
2.57831
0.009561
0.0652
2007
HDV5
1.45967
0.003863
0.02635
0.1540
0.000577
0.00393
1.33591
0.004497
0.03067
2.42385
0.004499
0.03069
2.61865
0.009447
0.0644
2007
HDV6
1.46099
0.003861
0.02633
0.1538
0.000575
0.00391
1.33922
0.004487
0.03060
2.42558
0.004486
0.03059
2.62161
0.009439
0.0643
2007
HDV7
1.38512
0.004012
0.02736
0.1656
0.000727
0.00496
1.14763
0.005033
0.03433
2.32578
0.00527
0.03595
2.45059
0.009928
0.0677
2007
HDV8a
1.38602
0.004013
0.02737
0.1655
0.000727
0.00495
1.14877
0.00503
0.03431
2.32775
0.005277
0.03599
2.45151
0.009923
0.0676
2007
HDV8b
1.38602
0.004013
0.02737
0.1655
0.000727
0.00495
1.14877
0.00503
0.03431
2.32775
0.005277
0.03599
2.45151
0.009923
0.0676
2008
HDV2b
0.25287
0.000701
0.00476
0.0252
9.17E-05
0.00062
0.18459
0.000686
0.00469
0.41914
0.001381
0.00943
0.44047
0.001406
0.0096
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-15
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
"x-
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
Highway
BC
Urban
Deceleration
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
o 25 mph
BC
PM
NOx
25 50 mph
BC
PM
NOx
>50 mph
BC
PM
2008
HDV3
0.94514
0.002999
0.02045
0.1049
0.000528
0.00359
0.72937
0.003619
0.02468
1.50065
0.003799
0.02591
1.55309
0.007126
0.0486
2008
HDV4
0.91438
0.002973
0.02027
0.1001
0.000502
0.00342
0.71726
0.003531
0.02408
1.45238
0.003671
0.02503
1.50933
0.007054
0.0481
2008
HDV5
0.89753
0.002958
0.02017
0.0975
0.000488
0.00332
0.71062
0.003484
0.02376
1.42595
0.0036
0.02455
1.48544
0.007016
0.0478
2008
HDV6
0.89621
0.002957
0.02016
0.0973
0.000487
0.00332
0.71010
0.00348
0.02373
1.42387
0.003594
0.02451
1.48356
0.007013
0.0478
2008
HDV7
0.95479
0.003007
0.02051
0.1063
0.000536
0.00365
0.73317
0.003646
0.02487
1.51579
0.003839
0.02618
1.56681
0.007149
0.0487
2008
HDV8a
0.95467
0.003007
0.02051
0.1063
0.000536
0.00365
0.73313
0.003646
0.02486
1.51563
0.00384
0.02619
1.56659
0.007148
0.0487
2008
HDV8b
0.95467
0.003007
0.02051
0.1063
0.000536
0.00365
0.73313
0.003646
0.02486
1.51563
0.00384
0.02619
1.56659
0.007148
0.0487
2009
HDV2b
0.15948
0.000774
0.00500
0.0056
0.000102
0.00066
0.11219
0.000751
0.00495
0.24477
0.001528
0.00993
0.26324
0.001542
0.0101
2009
HDV3
0.61937
0.003006
0.02050
0.0315
0.000537
0.00366
0.50214
0.003603
0.02457
0.84514
0.003812
0.02600
0.77577
0.007031
0.0479
2009
HDV4
0.61570
0.003
0.02046
0.0319
0.000523
0.00357
0.50472
0.003572
0.02436
0.84449
0.003757
0.02562
0.78374
0.007043
0.0480
2009
HDV5
0.61364
0.002995
0.02042
0.0321
0.000516
0.00352
0.50613
0.003557
0.02426
0.84389
0.003722
0.02539
0.78828
0.007055
0.0481
2009
HDV6
0.61347
0.002995
0.02042
0.0321
0.000515
0.00351
0.50625
0.003556
0.02425
0.84386
0.00372
0.02537
0.78865
0.007056
0.0481
2009
HDV7
0.62047
0.003008
0.02052
0.0314
0.000541
0.00369
0.50137
0.003612
0.02463
0.84533
0.003828
0.02611
0.77336
0.007027
0.0479
2009
HDV8a
0.62041
0.003009
0.02052
0.0314
0.000541
0.00368
0.50145
0.003609
0.02461
0.84555
0.003831
0.02613
0.77345
0.007023
0.0479
2009
HDV8b
0.62041
0.003009
0.02052
0.0314
0.000541
0.00368
0.50145
0.003609
0.02461
0.84555
0.003831
0.02613
0.77345
0.007023
0.0479
2010
HDV2b
0.06024
0.00051
0.00287
0.0031
6.47E-05
0.00036
0.04654
0.000462
0.00269
0.10174
0.000973
0.00546
0.10254
0.000825
0.0046
2010
HDV3
0.09412
0.00153
0.01042
0.0109
0.000259
0.00176
0.11228
0.002086
0.01424
0.16550
0.002462
0.01680
0.12413
0.001799
0.0122
2010
HDV4
0.09414
0.00153
0.01043
0.0109
0.000259
0.00176
0.11229
0.002086
0.01424
0.16552
0.002462
0.01680
0.12415
0.001799
0.0122
2010
HDV5
0.09415
0.00153
0.01043
0.0109
0.000259
0.00176
0.11229
0.002086
0.01424
0.16553
0.002462
0.01680
0.12415
0.001799
0.0122
2010
HDV6
0.09415
0.00153
0.01043
0.0109
0.000259
0.00176
0.11229
0.002086
0.01424
0.16553
0.002462
0.01680
0.12416
0.001799
0.0122
2010
HDV7
0.09411
0.00153
0.01042
0.0109
0.000259
0.00176
0.11228
0.002086
0.01424
0.16550
0.002462
0.01680
0.12413
0.001799
0.0122
2010
HDV8a
0.09411
0.00153
0.01042
0.0109
0.000259
0.00176
0.11228
0.002086
0.01424
0.16550
0.002462
0.01680
0.12413
0.001799
0.0122
2010
HDV8b
0.09411
0.00153
0.01042
0.0109
0.000259
0.00176
0.11228
0.002086
0.01424
0.16550
0.002462
0.01680
0.12413
0.001799
0.0122
2011
HDV2b
0.06194
0.000619
0.00328
0.0035
8.17E-05
0.00043
0.05192
0.000592
0.00331
0.10599
0.001183
0.00622
0.10568
0.001003
0.0052
2011
HDV3
0.10111
0.001496
0.01020
0.0113
0.000264
0.00180
0.11894
0.00208
0.01420
0.17407
0.002429
0.01657
0.13160
0.001763
0.0120
2011
HDV4
0.11368
0.001442
0.00982
0.0121
0.000271
0.00185
0.12949
0.002062
0.01407
0.18797
0.00236
0.01610
0.14398
0.001695
0.0115
2011
HDV5
0.12011
0.001414
0.00963
0.0125
0.000275
0.00187
0.13488
0.002053
0.01401
0.19507
0.002325
0.01587
0.15030
0.00166
0.0113
2011
HDV6
0.12060
0.001412
0.00962
0.0125
0.000275
0.00187
0.13529
0.002052
0.01400
0.19561
0.002322
0.01585
0.15079
0.001657
0.0113
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-16
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
"x-
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
Highway
BC
Urban
Deceleration
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
o 25 mph
BC
PM
NOx
25 50 mph
BC
PM
NOx
>50 mph
BC
PM
2011
HDV7
0.09692
0.001515
0.01032
0.0111
0.000261
0.00178
0.11541
0.002086
0.01424
0.16943
0.002451
0.01673
0.12747
0.001786
0.0121
2011
HDV8a
0.09692
0.001515
0.01032
0.0111
0.000261
0.00178
0.11541
0.002086
0.01424
0.16943
0.002451
0.01673
0.12747
0.001786
0.0121
2011
HDV8b
0.09692
0.001515
0.01032
0.0111
0.000261
0.00178
0.11541
0.002086
0.01424
0.16943
0.002451
0.01673
0.12747
0.001786
0.0121
2012
HDV2b
0.06343
0.000675
0.00354
0.0038
9.11E-05
0.00048
0.05585
0.000672
0.00374
0.10866
0.001282
0.00664
0.10732
0.001086
0.0056
2012
HDV3
0.10276
0.001473
0.01004
0.0115
0.000263
0.00179
0.12152
0.002065
0.01409
0.17691
0.002402
0.01639
0.13396
0.00174
0.0118
2012
HDV4
0.10775
0.001453
0.00990
0.0118
0.000266
0.00181
0.12562
0.002059
0.01405
0.18236
0.002376
0.01622
0.13882
0.001714
0.0117
2012
HDV5
0.11064
0.001441
0.00982
0.0120
0.000268
0.00183
0.12799
0.002056
0.01403
0.18552
0.002362
0.01612
0.14163
0.001699
0.0115
2012
HDV6
0.11087
0.00144
0.00981
0.0120
0.000268
0.00183
0.12818
0.002055
0.01403
0.18577
0.002361
0.01611
0.14186
0.001698
0.0115
2012
HDV7
0.10126
0.001479
0.01008
0.0114
0.000263
0.00179
0.12028
0.002067
0.01411
0.17527
0.002409
0.01644
0.13250
0.001747
0.0119
2012
HDV8a
0.10126
0.001479
0.01008
0.0114
0.000263
0.00179
0.12028
0.002067
0.01411
0.17527
0.002409
0.01644
0.13250
0.001747
0.0119
2012
HDV8b
0.10126
0.001479
0.01008
0.0114
0.000263
0.00179
0.12028
0.002067
0.01411
0.17527
0.002409
0.01644
0.13250
0.001747
0.0119
2013
HDV2b
0.05226
0.000586
0.00266
0.0028
7.52E-05
0.00034
0.04282
0.000535
0.00261
0.08813
0.001129
0.00504
0.08791
0.000955
0.0042
2013
HDV3
0.10869
0.001346
0.00918
0.0119
0.000242
0.00165
0.12767
0.001911
0.01305
0.18457
0.0022
0.01503
0.14044
0.00159
0.0108
2013
HDV4
0.11787
0.001312
0.00895
0.0124
0.000247
0.00168
0.13482
0.001896
0.01295
0.19431
0.002155
0.01472
0.14911
0.001547
0.0105
2013
HDV5
0.12239
0.001295
0.00883
0.0127
0.00025
0.00170
0.13843
0.001888
0.0129
0.19920
0.002132
0.01456
0.15342
0.001526
0.0104
2013
HDV6
0.12276
0.001293
0.00882
0.0127
0.00025
0.00170
0.13871
0.001887
0.01289
0.19960
0.00213
0.01455
0.15377
0.001524
0.0104
2013
HDV7
0.10569
0.001357
0.00925
0.0117
0.000241
0.00164
0.12533
0.001916
0.01309
0.18140
0.002214
0.01513
0.13761
0.001604
0.0109
2013
HDV8a
0.10608
0.001357
0.00925
0.0117
0.000241
0.00164
0.12554
0.001916
0.01309
0.18170
0.002213
0.01512
0.13793
0.001603
0.0109
2013
HDV8b
0.10608
0.001357
0.00925
0.0117
0.000241
0.00164
0.12554
0.001916
0.01309
0.18170
0.002213
0.01512
0.13793
0.001603
0.0109
2014
HDV2b
0.05430
0.000738
0.00282
0.0028
9E-05
0.00033
0.04336
0.000646
0.00277
0.08853
0.001398
0.00503
0.08764
0.001168
0.0041
2014
HDV3
0.10896
0.001299
0.00885
0.0119
0.000239
0.00163
0.12915
0.001859
0.01270
0.18535
0.002127
0.01453
0.14145
0.001532
0.0104
2014
HDV4
0.11246
0.001288
0.00878
0.0121
0.000241
0.00164
0.13180
0.001856
0.01268
0.18906
0.002114
0.01444
0.14472
0.001519
0.0103
2014
HDV5
0.11451
0.001282
0.00874
0.0122
0.000242
0.00165
0.13336
0.001854
0.01267
0.19123
0.002107
0.01439
0.14663
0.001512
0.0103
2014
HDV6
0.11468
0.001282
0.00874
0.0122
0.000242
0.00165
0.13348
0.001854
0.01267
0.19141
0.002106
0.01439
0.14678
0.001511
0.0103
2014
HDV7
0.10792
0.001302
0.00887
0.0118
0.000238
0.00162
0.12836
0.00186
0.01270
0.18424
0.002131
0.01456
0.14047
0.001536
0.0104
2014
HDV8a
0.10792
0.001302
0.00887
0.0118
0.000238
0.00162
0.12836
0.00186
0.01270
0.18424
0.002131
0.01456
0.14047
0.001536
0.0104
2014
HDV8b
0.10792
0.001302
0.00887
0.0118
0.000238
0.00162
0.12836
0.00186
0.01270
0.18424
0.002131
0.01456
0.14047
0.001536
0.0104
2015
HDV2b
0.04943
0.000773
0.00265
0.0025
9.46E-05
0.00031
0.04002
0.000667
0.00262
0.08071
0.00148
0.00476
0.07983
0.001238
0.0039
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-17
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
"x-
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
Highway
BC
Urban
Deceleration
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
o 25 mph
BC
PM
NOx
25 50 mph
BC
PM
NOx
>50 mph
BC
PM
2015
HDV3
0.10887
0.001299
0.00885
0.0119
0.000239
0.00163
0.12907
0.001859
0.01270
0.18524
0.002127
0.01453
0.14136
0.001532
0.0104
2015
HDV4
0.11209
0.001289
0.00879
0.0121
0.00024
0.00164
0.13151
0.001856
0.01268
0.18866
0.002115
0.01445
0.14437
0.00152
0.0103
2015
HDV5
0.11399
0.001284
0.00875
0.0122
0.000242
0.00165
0.13295
0.001855
0.01267
0.19067
0.002108
0.01440
0.14614
0.001513
0.0103
2015
HDV6
0.11414
0.001283
0.00875
0.0122
0.000242
0.00165
0.13307
0.001854
0.01267
0.19083
0.002108
0.01440
0.14628
0.001513
0.0103
2015
HDV7
0.10791
0.001302
0.00887
0.0118
0.000238
0.00162
0.12834
0.00186
0.01270
0.18423
0.002131
0.01456
0.14047
0.001535
0.0104
2015
HDV8a
0.10791
0.001302
0.00887
0.0118
0.000238
0.00162
0.12834
0.00186
0.01270
0.18423
0.002131
0.01456
0.14047
0.001535
0.0104
2015
HDV8b
0.10791
0.001302
0.00887
0.0118
0.000238
0.00162
0.12834
0.00186
0.01270
0.18423
0.002131
0.01456
0.14047
0.001535
0.0104
2016
HDV2b
0.04888
0.00082
0.00262
0.0025
0.0001
0.00031
0.03921
0.000693
0.00254
0.08004
0.001581
0.00475
0.07940
0.001325
0.0039
2016
HDV3
0.10877
0.001299
0.00886
0.0119
0.000239
0.00163
0.12899
0.001859
0.01270
0.18513
0.002127
0.01453
0.14127
0.001532
0.0104
2016
HDV4
0.11171
0.00129
0.00880
0.0120
0.00024
0.00164
0.13122
0.001856
0.01268
0.18825
0.002117
0.01446
0.14401
0.001522
0.0103
2016
HDV5
0.11345
0.001285
0.00876
0.0121
0.000241
0.00164
0.13253
0.001855
0.01267
0.19009
0.00211
0.01441
0.14564
0.001515
0.0103
2016
HDV6
0.11359
0.001285
0.00876
0.0121
0.000241
0.00164
0.13264
0.001855
0.01267
0.19024
0.00211
0.01441
0.14577
0.001515
0.0103
2016
HDV7
0.10791
0.001301
0.00887
0.0118
0.000238
0.00162
0.12833
0.001859
0.01270
0.18421
0.002131
0.01455
0.14046
0.001535
0.0104
2016
HDV8a
0.10791
0.001301
0.00887
0.0118
0.000238
0.00162
0.12833
0.001859
0.01270
0.18421
0.002131
0.01455
0.14046
0.001535
0.0104
2016
HDV8b
0.10791
0.001301
0.00887
0.0118
0.000238
0.00162
0.12833
0.001859
0.01270
0.18421
0.002131
0.01455
0.14046
0.001535
0.0104
2017
HDV2b
0.03369
0.00082
0.00241
0.0018
0.0001
0.00028
0.02857
0.000694
0.00239
0.05493
0.001581
0.00431
0.05400
0.001324
0.0035
2017
HDV3
0.09153
0.001295
0.00883
0.0102
0.000237
0.00162
0.11146
0.001851
0.01264
0.15998
0.002119
0.01448
0.12207
0.001526
0.0104
2017
HDV4
0.09369
0.001287
0.00878
0.0104
0.000239
0.00163
0.11317
0.001848
0.01262
0.16237
0.002108
0.01440
0.12417
0.001516
0.0103
2017
HDV5
0.09498
0.001283
0.00875
0.0105
0.000239
0.00163
0.11419
0.001846
0.01261
0.16379
0.002102
0.01436
0.12542
0.00151
0.0103
2017
HDV6
0.09508
0.001282
0.00874
0.0105
0.00024
0.00163
0.11427
0.001846
0.01261
0.16391
0.002102
0.01435
0.12552
0.00151
0.0103
2017
HDV7
0.09090
0.001298
0.00885
0.0102
0.000237
0.00162
0.11096
0.001852
0.01265
0.15928
0.002122
0.01450
0.12145
0.001529
0.0104
2017
HDV8a
0.09090
0.001298
0.00885
0.0102
0.000237
0.00162
0.11096
0.001852
0.01265
0.15928
0.002122
0.01450
0.12145
0.001529
0.0104
2017
HDV8b
0.09090
0.001298
0.00885
0.0102
0.000237
0.00162
0.11096
0.001852
0.01265
0.15928
0.002122
0.01450
0.12145
0.001529
0.0104
2018
HDV2b
0.03262
0.000876
0.00251
0.0017
0.000107
0.0003
0.02799
0.00075
0.00257
0.05333
0.001686
0.00440
0.05231
0.001409
0.0036
2018
HDV3
0.07982
0.001289
0.00879
0.0087
0.000238
0.00162
0.09638
0.001849
0.01263
0.13744
0.002111
0.01442
0.10556
0.001519
0.0103
2018
HDV4
0.08809
0.001264
0.00862
0.0093
0.000242
0.00165
0.10353
0.001838
0.01255
0.14761
0.002077
0.01419
0.11414
0.001487
0.0101
2018
HDV5
0.09246
0.00125
0.00853
0.0096
0.000244
0.00167
0.10731
0.001832
0.01251
0.15297
0.002059
0.01407
0.11867
0.00147
0.0100
2018
HDV6
0.0928
0.001249
0.00852
0.0097
0.000245
0.00167
0.10760
0.001832
0.01251
0.15338
0.002058
0.01406
0.11902
0.001468
0.0100
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-18
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
"x-
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
Highway
BC
Urban
Deceleration
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
o 25 mph
BC
PM
NOx
25 50 mph
BC
PM
NOx
>50 mph
BC
PM
2018
HDV7
0.07713
0.001298
0.00885
0.0085
0.000237
0.00162
0.09405
0.001852
0.01265
0.13414
0.002122
0.0145
0.10278
0.001529
0.0104
2018
HDV8a
0.07713
0.001298
0.00885
0.0085
0.000237
0.00162
0.09405
0.001852
0.01265
0.13414
0.002122
0.0145
0.10278
0.001529
0.0104
2018
HDV8b
0.07713
0.001298
0.00885
0.0085
0.000237
0.00162
0.09405
0.001852
0.01265
0.13414
0.002122
0.0145
0.10278
0.001529
0.0104
2019
HDV2b
0.02402
0.000564
0.00155
0.0013
6.95E-05
0.00018
0.02187
0.000485
0.00161
0.03834
0.001089
0.00270
0.03704
0.000909
0.0022
2019
HDV3
0.07609
0.000777
0.00531
0.0083
0.000146
0.00098
0.09192
0.001129
0.00766
0.13078
0.001289
0.00875
0.10051
0.000927
0.0063
2019
HDV4
0.08423
0.000765
0.00522
0.0089
0.000148
0.00100
0.09908
0.001126
0.00765
0.14099
0.001274
0.00865
0.10907
0.000912
0.0061
2019
HDV5
0.08858
0.000758
0.00518
0.0092
0.00015
0.00101
0.10291
0.001125
0.00764
0.14644
0.001265
0.00859
0.11364
0.000903
0.0061
2019
HDV6
0.08892
0.000758
0.00518
0.0092
0.00015
0.00102
0.10320
0.001125
0.00764
0.14686
0.001265
0.00859
0.11400
0.000903
0.0061
2019
HDV7
0.07347
0.000781
0.00534
0.0081
0.000145
0.00098
0.08961
0.001129
0.00767
0.12749
0.001294
0.00879
0.09775
0.000932
0.0063
2019
HDV8a
0.07347
0.000781
0.00534
0.0081
0.000145
0.00098
0.08961
0.001129
0.00767
0.12749
0.001294
0.00879
0.09775
0.000932
0.0063
2019
HDV8b
0.07347
0.000781
0.00534
0.0081
0.000145
0.00098
0.08961
0.001129
0.00767
0.12749
0.001294
0.00879
0.09775
0.000932
0.0063
2020
HDV2b
0.0211
0.000499
0.00139
0.0011
6.14E-05
0.00016
0.01928
0.000436
0.00148
0.03325
0.000956
0.00239
0.03205
0.000798
0.0019
2020
HDV3
0.07251
0.000778
0.00531
0.0078
0.000145
0.00098
0.08758
0.001129
0.00766
0.12426
0.001289
0.00875
0.09562
0.000927
0.0063
2020
HDV4
0.08087
0.000765
0.00523
0.0085
0.000148
0.00100
0.09506
0.001126
0.00765
0.13495
0.001274
0.00865
0.10454
0.000912
0.0061
2020
HDV5
0.08535
0.000759
0.00518
0.0088
0.00015
0.00101
0.09906
0.001125
0.00764
0.14067
0.001266
0.0086
0.10930
0.000904
0.0061
2020
HDV6
0.08570
0.000758
0.00518
0.0088
0.00015
0.00101
0.09937
0.001125
0.00764
0.14112
0.001265
0.00859
0.10967
0.000903
0.0061
2020
HDV7
0.06982
0.000781
0.00534
0.0076
0.000145
0.00098
0.08518
0.001129
0.00767
0.12083
0.001294
0.00879
0.09276
0.000932
0.0063
2020
HDV8a
0.06982
0.000781
0.00534
0.0076
0.000145
0.00098
0.08518
0.001129
0.00767
0.12083
0.001294
0.00879
0.09276
0.000932
0.0063
2020
HDV8b
0.06982
0.000781
0.00534
0.0076
0.000145
0.00098
0.08518
0.001129
0.00767
0.12083
0.001294
0.00879
0.09276
0.000932
0.0063
2021
HDV2b
0.01802
0.00041
0.00121
0.0009
5.04E-05
0.00014
0.01662
0.00037
0.00134
0.02804
0.000773
0.00204
0.02694
0.000645
0.0016
2021
HDV3
0.06794
0.000773
0.00528
0.0074
0.000145
0.00098
0.08261
0.001123
0.00763
0.11703
0.001283
0.00871
0.09021
0.000923
0.0062
2021
HDV4
0.07573
0.000759
0.00518
0.0080
0.000147
0.001
0.08989
0.001119
0.0076
0.12745
0.001266
0.00859
0.09887
0.000906
0.0061
2021
HDV5
0.07991
0.000752
0.00513
0.0083
0.000149
0.00100
0.09379
0.001116
0.00758
0.13304
0.001256
0.00853
0.10350
0.000897
0.0060
2021
HDV6
0.08023
0.000751
0.00513
0.0083
0.000149
0.00101
0.09409
0.001116
0.00758
0.13347
0.001256
0.00853
0.10386
0.000896
0.0060
2021
HDV7
0.06545
0.000777
0.00531
0.0072
0.000144
0.00097
0.08028
0.001125
0.00764
0.11369
0.001288
0.00875
0.08744
0.000929
0.0063
2021
HDV8a
0.06545
0.000777
0.00531
0.0072
0.000144
0.00097
0.08028
0.001125
0.00764
0.11369
0.001288
0.00875
0.08744
0.000929
0.0063
2021
HDV8b
0.06545
0.000777
0.00531
0.0072
0.000144
0.00097
0.08028
0.001125
0.00764
0.11369
0.001288
0.00875
0.08744
0.000929
0.0063
2022
HDV2b
0.01534
0.000413
0.00122
0.0008
5.08E-05
0.00014
0.01443
0.000374
0.00136
0.02317
0.000777
0.00204
0.02207
0.000649
0.0016
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-19
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"^vSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
Highway
Urban
Deceleration
0 25 mph
25 50 mph
>50 mph
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
NOx
BC
PM
2022
HDV3
0.06437
0.000773
0.00528
0.0069
0.000145
0.00098
0.07828
0.001123
0.00763
0.11046
0.001283
0.00871
0.08533
0.000923
0.0062
2022
HDV4
0.07238
0.000759
0.00519
0.0075
0.000147
0.001
0.08587
0.001119
0.0076
0.12135
0.001266
0.00860
0.09432
0.000907
0.0061
2022
HDV5
0.07669
0.000752
0.00514
0.0079
0.000148
0.00100
0.08994
0.001116
0.00758
0.12720
0.001257
0.00853
0.09915
0.000898
0.0060
2022
HDV6
0.07702
0.000751
0.00513
0.0079
0.000149
0.00100
0.09026
0.001116
0.00758
0.12766
0.001256
0.00853
0.09953
0.000897
0.0060
2022
HDV7
0.06181
0.000777
0.00531
0.0067
0.000144
0.00097
0.07585
0.001125
0.00764
0.10697
0.001288
0.00875
0.08245
0.000929
0.0063
2022
HDV8a
0.06181
0.000777
0.00531
0.0067
0.000144
0.00097
0.07585
0.001125
0.00764
0.10697
0.001288
0.00875
0.08245
0.000929
0.0063
2022
HDV8b
0.06181
0.000777
0.00531
0.0067
0.000144
0.00097
0.07585
0.001125
0.00764
0.10697
0.001288
0.00875
0.08245
0.000929
0.0063
Note - MOVES does not provide consistent outputs for Class 8b gasoline vehicles; therefore gasoline 8bs are set equal to 8as.
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-20
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^vSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J
Appendix B: NOx, PM & BC Idle Factors - g/hr
(MOVES3.0.1, 2021 Calendar Year, ULSD)
Table B-i. Short Duration Idle Emission Factors (< 60 minutes per idle event) (g/hr)
Pollutant
Fuel
Model
Year
Class 2b 3
Classes 4 5
Classes 6 7
Classes 8a/b
NOx
Gasoline
Pre-1992
6.991338
6.991316
6.991338
6.991357
NOx
Gasoline
1992
6.991338
6.991316
6.991338
6.991357
NOx
Gasoline
1993
6.991328
6.991355
6.991335
6.991342
NOx
Gasoline
1994
7.008986
7.009005
7.00902
7.009017
NOx
Gasoline
1995
7.00901
7.009004
7.009016
7.009009
NOx
Gasoline
1996
7.008987
7.00901
7.009005
7.009025
NOx
Gasoline
1997
7.009011
7.008984
7.009002
7.009004
NOx
Gasoline
1998
14.52362
14.52361
14.52362
14.52362
NOx
Gasoline
1999
14.52364
14.52361
14.52356
14.52364
NOx
Gasoline
2000
14.52363
14.52365
14.52361
14.52359
NOx
Gasoline
2001
7.602692
6.173605
6.173605
6.173579
NOx
Gasoline
2002
7.625538
6.173592
6.173597
6.173601
NOx
Gasoline
2003
7.657826
6.173595
6.173615
6.173605
NOx
Gasoline
2004
7.612006
6.173599
6.173599
6.173612
NOx
Gasoline
2005
7.548248
6.173595
6.173594
6.173639
NOx
Gasoline
2006
7.574632
6.173637
6.173611
6.173604
NOx
Gasoline
2007
7.554401
6.173608
6.173602
6.1736
NOx
Gasoline
2008
3.751676
3.132
1.852081
1.852082
NOx
Gasoline
2009
0.108028
0.0904
1.852084
1.852081
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix B B-i
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^vSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J
Pollutant
Fuel
Model
Year
Class 2b 3
Classes 4 5
Classes 6 7
Classes 8a/b
NOx
Gasoline
2010
0.302204
0.255533
0.255534
0.255534
NOx
Gasoline
2011
0.30339
0.255534
0.255533
0.255533
NOx
Gasoline
2012
0.302238
0.255534
0.255533
0.255534
NOx
Gasoline
2013
0.299774
0.255533
0.255534
0.255534
NOx
Gasoline
2014
0.2827
0.255533
0.255533
0.255534
NOx
Gasoline
2015
0.284565
0.255534
0.255533
0.255533
NOx
Gasoline
2016
0.286238
0.255534
0.255533
0.255533
NOx
Gasoline
2017
0.155878
0.139382
0.139382
0.139381
NOx
Gasoline
2018
0.124633
0.139381
0.139382
0.139381
NOx
Gasoline
2019
0.095479
0.139382
0.139382
0.139381
NOx
Gasoline
2020
0.075491
0.139382
0.139382
0.139382
NOx
Gasoline
2021
0.055264
0.139382
0.139382
0.139382
NOx
Gasoline
2022
0.034281
0.139382
0.139382
0.139382
NOx
Diesel
Pre-1992
122.0871
122.0866
141.3957
141.3955
NOx
Diesel
1992
122.0871
122.0866
141.3957
141.3955
NOx
Diesel
1993
122.087
122.087
141.3953
141.3958
NOx
Diesel
1994
122.0868
122.0867
141.3958
141.3955
NOx
Diesel
1995
122.0868
122.0863
141.3954
141.3957
NOx
Diesel
1996
122.0868
122.0873
141.3951
141.3957
NOx
Diesel
1997
122.0867
122.0865
141.3958
141.3956
NOx
Diesel
1998
97.66905
97.66903
118.7281
118.7277
NOx
Diesel
1999
97.66902
97.66951
97.66907
156.6231
NOx
Diesel
2000
97.66899
97.66912
97.66878
156.6232
NOx
Diesel
2001
97.60937
97.66991
97.66902
156.6234
NOx
Diesel
2002
97.60739
97.66909
97.66941
156.6236
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix B B-2
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^vSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J
Pollutant
Fuel
Model
Year
Class 2b 3
Classes 4 5
Classes 6 7
Classes 8a/b
NOx
Diesel
2003
22.18738
22.20154
46.34936
57.6141
NOx
Diesel
2004
22.18676
22.2015
46.34945
57.61403
NOx
Diesel
2005
22.18957
22.20154
46.3494
57.61401
NOx
Diesel
2006
22.18975
22.20154
46.34928
57.61398
NOx
Diesel
2007
20.56092
20.57446
23.09823
53.94915
NOx
Diesel
2008
20.55946
20.56943
23.0942
53.94503
NOx
Diesel
2009
20.56319
20.57514
23.09955
53.94913
NOx
Diesel
2010
17.54466
20.00606
35.87988
47.62571
NOx
Diesel
2011
23.08182
26.26193
34.74855
42.20612
NOx
Diesel
2012
20.2334
23.01597
34.84516
41.66515
NOx
Diesel
2013
31.55689
31.67069
21.03371
35.91701
NOx
Diesel
2014
14.38686
14.42611
29.09368
49.57829
NOx
Diesel
2015
10.16543
10.19804
27.95095
49.35881
NOx
Diesel
2016
10.16165
10.19809
27.9581
50.09663
NOx
Diesel
2017
10.16023
10.19808
26.13242
52.9653
NOx
Diesel
2018
6.398144
10.19774
26.01702
52.96785
NOx
Diesel
2019
3.979566
6.454229
18.38629
38.38506
NOx
Diesel
2020
3.463783
6.454266
18.38533
38.38301
NOx
Diesel
2021
2.987798
6.454281
18.38467
38.38136
NOx
Diesel
2022
2.473809
6.454277
18.3852
38.38265
PM10
Gasoline
Pre-1992
0.151291
0.151291
0.151291
0.151291
PM10
Gasoline
1992
0.151291
0.151291
0.151291
0.151291
PM10
Gasoline
1993
0.151291
0.151291
0.151291
0.151291
PM10
Gasoline
1994
0.049453
0.049453
0.049453
0.049453
PM10
Gasoline
1995
0.058944
0.058944
0.058945
0.058944
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix B B-3
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^vSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J
Pollutant
Fuel
Model
Year
Class 2b 3
Classes 4 5
Classes 6 7
Classes 8a/b
PM10
Gasoline
1996
0.137146
0.137146
0.137146
0.137147
PM10
Gasoline
1997
0.144268
0.144268
0.144268
0.144268
PM10
Gasoline
1998
0.086146
0.086146
0.086146
0.086146
PM10
Gasoline
1999
0.041787
0.041786
0.041787
0.041787
PM10
Gasoline
2000
0.01856
0.01856
0.01856
0.01856
PM10
Gasoline
2001
0.017426
0.017426
0.017426
0.017426
PM10
Gasoline
2002
0.073813
0.073813
0.073813
0.073813
PM10
Gasoline
2003
0.033008
0.033008
0.033007
0.033008
PM10
Gasoline
2004
0.07942
0.07707
0.07707
0.07707
PM10
Gasoline
2005
0.079316
0.07707
0.077071
0.077071
PM10
Gasoline
2006
0.079359
0.07707
0.077071
0.07707
PM10
Gasoline
2007
0.079326
0.077071
0.07707
0.07707
PM10
Gasoline
2008
0.059878
0.058367
0.058368
0.058367
PM10
Gasoline
2009
0.059857
0.058368
0.058368
0.058368
PM10
Gasoline
2010
0.061917
0.069269
0.02309
0.02309
PM10
Gasoline
2011
0.061954
0.069269
0.02309
0.02309
PM10
Gasoline
2012
0.061918
0.069269
0.02309
0.02309
PM10
Gasoline
2013
0.061842
0.060481
0.020908
0.020908
PM10
Gasoline
2014
0.061317
0.060481
0.020908
0.020908
PM10
Gasoline
2015
0.061374
0.060481
0.020908
0.020908
PM10
Gasoline
2016
0.061426
0.060481
0.020908
0.020908
PM10
Gasoline
2017
0.061412
0.060481
0.018666
0.020908
PM10
Gasoline
2018
0.061311
0.060481
0.018666
0.020908
PM10
Gasoline
2019
0.036773
0.036301
0.013211
0.014302
PM10
Gasoline
2020
0.036782
0.036301
0.013211
0.014302
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix B B-4
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^vSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J
Pollutant
Fuel
Model
Year
Class 2b 3
Classes 4 5
Classes 6 7
Classes 8a/b
PM10
Gasoline
2021
0.036792
0.036301
0.013211
0.014302
PM10
Gasoline
2022
0.03678
0.036301
0.013211
0.014302
PM10
Diesel
Pre-1992
4.973085
5.762226
6.539362
6.539341
PM10
Diesel
1992
4.973085
5.762226
6.539362
6.539341
PM10
Diesel
1993
4.885336
5.762252
6.539348
6.539359
PM10
Diesel
1994
10.44783
12.09777
11.30636
9.998184
PM10
Diesel
1995
10.39124
12.09777
11.30635
9.998175
PM10
Diesel
1996
10.36475
12.0978
11.30635
9.998184
PM10
Diesel
1997
10.48875
12.09777
11.30636
9.99817
PM10
Diesel
1998
9.832991
11.37846
10.73439
9.561731
PM10
Diesel
1999
9.721619
11.37847
10.73438
9.561734
PM10
Diesel
2000
9.960186
11.37847
10.73437
9.561734
PM10
Diesel
2001
9.004164
11.37849
10.73441
9.561737
PM10
Diesel
2002
8.926448
11.37846
10.7344
9.561749
PM10
Diesel
2003
7.580832
9.678224
9.678223
8.641289
PM10
Diesel
2004
7.493371
9.678227
9.678229
8.641274
PM10
Diesel
2005
7.904036
9.67822
9.678237
8.641284
PM10
Diesel
2006
7.933163
9.678229
9.678218
8.641261
PM10
Diesel
2007
0.424391
0.422763
0.282351
0.28235
PM10
Diesel
2008
0.424193
0.422763
0.28235
0.28235
PM10
Diesel
2009
0.424097
0.422762
0.28235
0.282349
PM10
Diesel
2010
0.053951
0.064028
0.536743
0.019396
PM10
Diesel
2011
0.053341
0.061969
0.526267
0.019333
PM10
Diesel
2012
0.053784
0.062348
0.529084
0.019382
PM10
Diesel
2013
0.054057
0.055929
0.471601
0.017142
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix B B-5
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J
Pollutant
Fuel
Model
Year
Class 2b 3
Classes 4 5
Classes 6 7
Classes 8a/b
PMio
Diesel
2014
0.00692
0.007137
0.06134
0.025496
PMio
Diesel
2015
0.006881
0.007136
0.061349
0.0255
PMio
Diesel
2016
0.006852
0.007136
0.061247
0.025451
PMio
Diesel
2017
0.006841
0.007136
0.057116
0.025426
PMio
Diesel
2018
0.006842
0.007133
0.057169
0.02544
PMio
Diesel
2019
0.004085
0.004271
0.038733
0.017786
PMio
Diesel
2020
0.004065
0.004271
0.038709
0.017775
PMio
Diesel
2021
0.004058
0.004271
0.038692
0.017766
PMio
Diesel
2022
0.004059
0.004272
0.038706
0.017772
PM2.5
Gasoline
Pre-1992
0.133835
0.133835
0.133835
0.133835
PM2.5
Gasoline
1992
0.133835
0.133835
0.133835
0.133835
PM2.5
Gasoline
1993
0.133834
0.133835
0.133835
0.133835
PM2.5
Gasoline
1994
0.043747
0.043747
0.043747
0.043747
PM2.5
Gasoline
1995
0.052143
0.052143
0.052143
0.052143
PM2.5
Gasoline
1996
0.121322
0.121322
0.121322
0.121322
PM2.5
Gasoline
1997
0.127622
0.127622
0.127622
0.127622
PM2.5
Gasoline
1998
0.076206
0.076206
0.076206
0.076206
PM2.5
Gasoline
1999
0.036965
0.036965
0.036965
0.036965
PM2.5
Gasoline
2000
0.016419
0.016419
0.016419
0.016419
PM2.5
Gasoline
2001
0.015415
0.015415
0.015415
0.015415
PM2.5
Gasoline
2002
0.065297
0.065297
0.065297
0.065297
PM2.5
Gasoline
2003
0.029199
0.029199
0.029199
0.029199
PM2.5
Gasoline
2004
0.070256
0.068178
0.068178
0.068178
PM2.5
Gasoline
2005
0.070164
0.068178
0.068178
0.068178
PM2.5
Gasoline
2006
0.070202
0.068178
0.068178
0.068178
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix B B-6
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J
Pollutant
Fuel
Model
Year
Class 2b 3
Classes 4 5
Classes 6 7
Classes 8a/b
PM2.5
Gasoline
2007
0.070173
0.068178
0.068178
0.068178
PM2.5
Gasoline
2008
0.05297
0.051633
0.051633
0.051633
PM2.5
Gasoline
2009
0.05295
0.051633
0.051633
0.051633
PM2.5
Gasoline
2010
0.054773
0.061276
0.020425
0.020426
PM2.5
Gasoline
2011
0.054805
0.061276
0.020425
0.020426
PM2.5
Gasoline
2012
0.054774
0.061276
0.020426
0.020425
PM2.5
Gasoline
2013
0.054707
0.053503
0.018495
0.018495
PM2.5
Gasoline
2014
0.054242
0.053503
0.018495
0.018495
PM2.5
Gasoline
2015
0.054293
0.053503
0.018495
0.018495
PM2.5
Gasoline
2016
0.054339
0.053503
0.018495
0.018495
PM2.5
Gasoline
2017
0.054326
0.053503
0.016512
0.018495
PM2.5
Gasoline
2018
0.054237
0.053503
0.016512
0.018495
PM2.5
Gasoline
2019
0.03253
0.032112
0.011687
0.012652
PM2.5
Gasoline
2020
0.032538
0.032113
0.011687
0.012652
PM2.5
Gasoline
2021
0.032547
0.032112
0.011687
0.012652
PM2.5
Gasoline
2022
0.032537
0.032112
0.011687
0.012652
PM2.5
Diesel
Pre-1992
4.575229
5.301229
6.016197
6.016173
PM2.5
Diesel
1992
4.575229
5.301229
6.016197
6.016173
PM2.5
Diesel
1993
4.494502
5.301247
6.016185
6.016187
PM2.5
Diesel
1994
9.611974
11.12992
10.40181
9.198281
PM2.5
Diesel
1995
9.559909
11.12992
10.40181
9.198292
PM2.5
Diesel
1996
9.535538
11.12998
10.40181
9.198294
PM2.5
Diesel
1997
9.649609
11.12993
10.40181
9.198292
PM2.5
Diesel
1998
9.046325
10.46814
9.87561
8.796766
PM2.5
Diesel
1999
8.943854
10.46816
9.875609
8.796776
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix B B-7
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J
Pollutant
Fuel
Model
Year
Class 2b 3
Classes 4 5
Classes 6 7
Classes 8a/b
PM2.5
Diesel
2000
9.16335
10.46816
9.875585
8.796767
PM2.5
Diesel
2001
8.283808
10.46817
9.875639
8.796778
PM2.5
Diesel
2002
8.212309
10.46815
9.875616
8.79678
PM2.5
Diesel
2003
6.974345
8.903956
8.903937
7.949964
PM2.5
Diesel
2004
6.893884
8.90393
8.903955
7.949937
PM2.5
Diesel
2005
7.271694
8.903926
8.903944
7.949961
PM2.5
Diesel
2006
7.29849
8.903956
8.903927
7.949948
PM2.5
Diesel
2007
0.390438
0.388941
0.259761
0.259761
PM2.5
Diesel
2008
0.390257
0.38894
0.259761
0.259761
PM2.5
Diesel
2009
0.390167
0.38894
0.259761
0.259761
PM2.5
Diesel
2010
0.049635
0.058906
0.493801
0.017844
PM2.5
Diesel
2011
0.049074
0.057011
0.484164
0.017787
PM2.5
Diesel
2012
0.049481
0.05736
0.486755
0.017831
PM2.5
Diesel
2013
0.049732
0.051455
0.433871
0.015771
PM2.5
Diesel
2014
0.006366
0.006566
0.056433
0.023456
PM2.5
Diesel
2015
0.006331
0.006565
0.056441
0.023459
PM2.5
Diesel
2016
0.006304
0.006566
0.056347
0.023415
PM2.5
Diesel
2017
0.006293
0.006565
0.052546
0.023392
PM2.5
Diesel
2018
0.006295
0.006563
0.052595
0.023405
PM2.5
Diesel
2019
0.003758
0.00393
0.035634
0.016363
PM2.5
Diesel
2020
0.00374
0.00393
0.035613
0.016353
PM2.5
Diesel
2021
0.003733
0.00393
0.035597
0.016345
PM2.5
Diesel
2022
0.003734
0.00393
0.035609
0.016351
Black Carbon
Gasoline
Pre-1992
0.019616
0.019616
0.019616
0.019616
Black Carbon
Gasoline
1992
0.019616
0.019616
0.019616
0.019616
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix B B-8
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J
Pollutant
Fuel
Model
Year
Class 2b 3
Classes 4 5
Classes 6 7
Classes 8a/b
Black Carbon
Gasoline
1993
0.019616
0.019616
0.019616
0.019616
Black Carbon
Gasoline
1994
0.006412
0.006412
0.006412
0.006412
Black Carbon
Gasoline
1995
0.007642
0.007642
0.007642
0.007642
Black Carbon
Gasoline
1996
0.017782
0.017782
0.017782
0.017782
Black Carbon
Gasoline
1997
0.018705
0.018705
0.018705
0.018705
Black Carbon
Gasoline
1998
0.011169
0.011169
0.011169
0.011169
Black Carbon
Gasoline
1999
0.005418
0.005418
0.005418
0.005418
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2000
0.002406
0.002406
0.002406
0.002406
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2001
0.00226
0.00226
0.00226
0.00226
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2002
0.009573
0.009573
0.009573
0.009573
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2003
0.004281
0.004281
0.004281
0.004281
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2004
0.009995
0.009995
0.009995
0.009995
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2005
0.009995
0.009995
0.009995
0.009995
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2006
0.009995
0.009995
0.009995
0.009995
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2007
0.009995
0.009995
0.009995
0.009995
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2008
0.00757
0.00757
0.00757
0.00757
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2009
0.00757
0.00757
0.00757
0.00757
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2010
0.008147
0.009165
0.003055
0.003055
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2011
0.008147
0.009165
0.003055
0.003055
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2012
0.008147
0.009165
0.003055
0.003055
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2013
0.008147
0.008147
0.003055
0.003055
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2014
0.008147
0.008147
0.003055
0.003055
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2015
0.008147
0.008147
0.003055
0.003055
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2016
0.008147
0.008147
0.003055
0.003055
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2017
0.008147
0.008147
0.002037
0.003055
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix B B-g
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J
Pollutant
Fuel
Model
Year
Class 2b 3
Classes 4 5
Classes 6 7
Classes 8a/b
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2018
0.008147
0.008147
0.002037
0.003055
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2019
0.005092
0.005092
0.002037
0.002037
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2020
0.005092
0.005092
0.002037
0.002037
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2021
0.005092
0.005092
0.002037
0.002037
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2022
0.005092
0.005092
0.002037
0.002037
Black Carbon
Diesel
Pre-1992
1.909421
1.682124
1.908968
1.908968
Black Carbon
Diesel
1992
1.909421
1.682124
1.908968
1.908968
Black Carbon
Diesel
1993
1.934689
1.682127
1.908966
1.908968
Black Carbon
Diesel
1994
4.006808
3.531589
3.300558
2.918679
Black Carbon
Diesel
1995
4.023097
3.531588
3.300555
2.918679
Black Carbon
Diesel
1996
4.030729
3.531602
3.300554
2.91868
Black Carbon
Diesel
1997
3.995009
3.531586
3.300554
2.918674
Black Carbon
Diesel
1998
3.766723
3.3216
3.1336
2.791261
Black Carbon
Diesel
1999
3.798803
3.321607
3.133598
2.791265
Black Carbon
Diesel
2000
3.730086
3.321612
3.133588
2.791266
Black Carbon
Diesel
2001
3.330102
3.321613
3.133601
2.791266
Black Carbon
Diesel
2002
3.33038
3.321608
3.133594
2.791267
Black Carbon
Diesel
2003
2.832792
2.825284
2.825277
2.522571
Black Carbon
Diesel
2004
2.833103
2.825276
2.825281
2.522569
Black Carbon
Diesel
2005
2.831634
2.825272
2.825279
2.522569
Black Carbon
Diesel
2006
2.831527
2.825282
2.825277
2.522566
Black Carbon
Diesel
2007
0.045611
0.045436
0.030345
0.030345
Black Carbon
Diesel
2008
0.04559
0.045436
0.030345
0.030345
Black Carbon
Diesel
2009
0.04558
0.045436
0.030345
0.030345
Black Carbon
Diesel
2010
0.005802
0.006885
0.057719
0.002086
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix B B-io
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^vSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J
Pollutant
Fuel
Model
Year
Class 2b 3
Classes 4 5
Classes 6 7
Classes 8a/b
Black Carbon
Diesel
2011
0.005736
0.006664
0.056592
0.002079
Black Carbon
Diesel
2012
0.005784
0.006705
0.056895
0.002084
Black Carbon
Diesel
2013
0.005813
0.006014
0.050714
0.001843
Black Carbon
Diesel
2014
0.000744
0.000767
0.006596
0.002742
Black Carbon
Diesel
2015
0.00074
0.000767
0.006597
0.002742
Black Carbon
Diesel
2016
0.000737
0.000767
0.006586
0.002737
Black Carbon
Diesel
2017
0.000736
0.000767
0.006142
0.002734
Black Carbon
Diesel
2018
0.000736
0.000767
0.006148
0.002736
Black Carbon
Diesel
2019
0.000439
0.000459
0.004165
0.001913
Black Carbon
Diesel
2020
0.000437
0.000459
0.004163
0.001911
Black Carbon
Diesel
2021
0.000436
0.000459
0.004161
0.00191
Black Carbon
Diesel
2022
0.000436
0.000459
0.004162
0.001911
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix B B-11
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SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency »
Table B-2. Extended Idle Emission Factors - Class 8b Diesels Only (g/hr)
Model Year
Black Carbon
Pre-1992
145.632
5.361971
4.932983
1.061721
1992
145.6322
5.361971
4.932983
1.061721
1993
145.632
5.36198
4.932995
1.061722
1994
145.632
8.198025
7.542164
1.62329
1995
145.6321
8.198043
7.542169
1.62329
1996
145.6308
8.197999
7.542137
1.623287
1997
145.6309
8.198025
7.542146
1.623289
1998
145.6315
7.840197
7.212922
1.552425
1999
145.6315
7.840195
7.21293
1.552427
2000
145.6319
7.840188
7.212937
1.552429
2001
145.6317
7.840182
7.212932
1.552432
2002
145.6322
7.840213
7.212942
1.552433
2003
145.632
7.085445
6.518615
1.402988
2004
145.6316
7.085434
6.518575
1.402986
2005
145.6321
7.085456
6.51859
1.402984
2006
145.632
7.085451
6.518591
1.402986
2007
107.5393
0.105448
0.097012
0.014912
2008
107.5401
0.105448
0.097012
0.014912
2009
107.5399
0.105448
0.097012
0.014912
2010
45.87618
0.056436
0.051921
0.011047
2011
45.87639
0.056436
0.051921
0.011047
2012
45.87611
0.056436
0.051921
0.011047
2013
45.87608
0.044021
0.040499
0.00935
2014
45.87609
0.044021
0.040499
0.00935
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix B B-12
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45.8761
0.044021
0.040499
0.00935
45.87625
0.044021
0.040499
0.00935
45.87608
0.044021
0.0405
0.00935
45.87623
0.044021
0.040499
0.00935
45.8761
0.044021
0.040499
0.00935
45.87614
0.044021
0.040499
0.00935
45.8763
0.044021
0.040499
0.00935
45.8762
0.044021
0.040499
0.00935
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix B B-13
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"^vSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency +
Appendix C: Derivation of National Average
g/kW-hr Emission Factors
FROM ARGONNE GREET MODEL Version 201Q. http://greet.es.anl.gov/
l. Electric Generation Mix (eGRID U.S. Average 2018 Data (https://www.epa.gov/egrid/emissions-
generation-resource-integrated-database-egrid))
Table C-i. Electric Generation Mix
U.S. Mix
Residual oil
0.6%
Natural gas
35-1%
Coal
27.5%
Nuclear power
19-4%
Biomass
1.6%
Hydro
6.9%
Wind
6.5%
Solar
1.5%
Geothermal
0.4%
Other
0.3%
2. Electric Transmission and Distribution Loss = 4.87%
3. Power Plant Emissions: in Grams per kWh of Electricity Available at Power Plant Gate
Table C-2. Power Plant Emissions at Gate
GREET Calculated Emission Factors
By Fuel Type Plants (Stationary and Transportation)
Oil Fired
NG Fired
Coal Fired
Biomass Fired
TOTAL based on US Mix
N0X
397
0.21
O.36
O.92
0.21
PM10
0.16
0.011
0.061
2.09
O.O56
PM2.5
0.11
0.011
0.043
0.61
0.026
BC
O.OO73
0.0015
0.0018
0.0015
0.0025
C02
840
404
947
0
407
Assumes no emissions from nuclear power plants, hydro, wind, solar, geothermal, and "Other"
4. Power Plant Emissions: Grams per kWh of Electricity Available at User Sites (wall outlets)
Total power plant gate emissions/(i-electric transmission and distribution loss)
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix C C-i
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•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency »
Table C-3. Power Plant Emissions at Wall Outlet
Total delivered based on US electric generation mix
NOx
0.22
PM10
0.059
PM2.5
0.028
BC
0.0026
C02
428
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix C C-2
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"^vSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency +
Appendix D: PERE Efficiency Modeling
Methodology
The PERE model is not specifically designed for modeling heavy duty hybrid trucks, but as it is a
physical model that is primarily dependent upon input values, its use was considered appropriate for
the estimation of the fuel economy effects of truck hybridization. The model calculates second-by-
second fuel consumption for user-defined drive cycles based on a physical model. The model takes a
number of user-specified parameters, along with some of its own defaults, to perform these
calculations for a variety of vehicle and powertrain types. The assumptions and data sources for the
model inputs that were used are presented below. The defaults for some parameters, such as hybrid
regeneration efficiency and hybrid battery efficiency, were assumed to remain unchanged when
scaling from light-duty to heavy-duty vehicles.
Many vehicle parameters, such as road load and transmission data, were used from work already done
with the PERE model for the SmartWay program. Many of the parameters for that previous work were
taken from findings of internet searches for specifications of various trucks in new "as-delivered"
condition, prior to the addition of various vocational or cargo equipment installations that would
increase drag and vehicle weight. To establish the test weights for each truck class in this modeling
effort, the original estimate of minimum weight was averaged with the maximum possible weight for
each truck class. This was done with the intent of modeling an average or medium payload for each
truck class. An important source of information was an EPA draft document discussing the use of the
PERE model by Nam and Gianelli49. This document contained equations that could be used for
estimates of some of the input parameters, along with information describing the use of the model.
The two foremost inputs to the model include the vehicle weight and engine size. Vehicle empty
weights and engine sizes were taken from manufacturer supplied truck specifications where possible.
For example, Ford published a .pdf file titled F-250/F-350/F-450/F-550Specifications50 that contains
base curb weights and engine sizes for some of their offerings in the light and medium duty market.
Another useful source of manufacturer data was in the Kenworth T170/T270/T370 Body Builders
Manual51. The T170-T370 range consists of medium duty trucks that can be delivered with a cab-only
chassis. The manual describes all of the dimensions relevant to the builder of a body or cargo area on
the rear of the chassis. As such, it includes curb weights, length and width dimensions, and gross
vehicle weight ratings that were instrumental in creating many of the inputs for the Class 5, 6, and 7
fuel economy models. Where specifications of multiple trucks in a class were found, values were taken
that would result in maximum fuel economy unless they seemed noticeably atypical of in-use vehicles.
Variations in weight and engine size over the ranges found in literature did not have as large an effect
on fuel economy as some of the other inputs to the PERE model. For hybrid modeling, the engine size
19 Nam, Edward and Gianelli, Robert, Fuel Consumption Modeling of Conventional and Advanced Technology Vehicles in the Physical Emission Rate
Estimator (PERE). US EPA Publication EPA420-P-05-001, February 2005.
5° FordF150.net. F-250/F-350/F-450/F-550 Specifications. Retrieved from http://www.fordfi';o.net/specs/0';sd specs.pdf Accessed 12-30-2021.
s1 Kenworth. Kenworth T170/T270/T370 and Hybrid 2011 Body Builders Manual. Retrieved from
https://www.kenworth.com/media/ag2hk33t/kenworth-t170-t270-t370-and-hybrid-body-builder-manual-2011.pdf. Accessed 12-30-2021.
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix C D-i
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MENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY"'
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
reduction due to hybridization ranged from l liter for the Class 2b and 3 trucks, up to 4 liters for the
Class 8 trucks. This range was chosen based on the nature of hybrid trucks currently available on the
market. Class 2 hybrid trucks on the market typically have very little engine downsizing from
hybridization, however larger trucks were found to have more engine downsizing.
The number of transmission gears in each truck class was also based on specifications found on
manufacturers' web sites, but there is a wide range of the number of gears in the different available
transmissions. While it is very likely that the most efficient setup for Class 2b through 4 would be a 6-
speed manual transmission, there are a variety of options for Classes 5 through 8. It is also typical for a
modern Class 8 truck to have 10 gears, so the model input for Class 6 was taken to be 8 as a
representation of typical trucks in that class, and all trucks were modeled with manual transmissions.
The PERE model also requires shift speeds as an input to the model, and examples of these were not
found in literature or internet searches. ERG has previously logged on-road data from Class 8 trucks
with 10-speed manual transmissions, and this data was analyzed briefly to create an estimate of
typical upshift speeds for this type of truck. Using this speed/gear curve, two other curves were
created by scaling for the 6 and 8 speed trucks modeled in the study. Unfortunately, the shift speed
chart has a very strong effect on the model's predicted fuel economy but using carefully scaled shift
point curves hopefully mitigated this source of error. The hybrid trucks were modeled with the same
transmissions as the conventional trucks. The model did not readily include a provision for changing
the transmission characteristics when changing from conventional to hybrid powertrains. All
transmission parameters were kept the same when making this change with the intent of ensuring the
resulting fuel economy effects were only due to hybridization, not due to transmission effects.
There were three other values regarding the driveline that were input for this study. The engine
efficiency was taken to be 40% over the cycle. The maximum engine speeds and highway cruise speeds
were adjusted together as well, to account for the larger displacement heavy duty engines turning
more slowly than typical Class 2b truck engines. The effects of the engine speed parameters on fuel
economy were fairly small.
The road load estimation required assumptions and calculations as road load curves are not generally
a part of manufacturers' literature. The method of road load calculation used for this PERE modeling
was based on the coefficient of rolling resistance (Cr), the aerodynamic drag coefficient (Cd), and the
vehicle frontal area (Af) in a physical equation of the truck's road load, given in Equation 1 from Nam
and Gianelli (2005). Coefficients of drag were based on values in literature, such as manufacturers'
specifications for Class 2b and in a report publication by Argonne National Laboratory52. Values for Cd
ranged from .45 for the Class 2b and the smaller medium duty trucks, to .5 for the class 8 long-haul
trucks. The heavier medium duty trucks were assumed to have a Cd of .55 as they were assumed to be
vocational trucks with less streamlined aerodynamics. Frontal area was taken from manufacturer
specifications where available. As given in Nam and Gianelli, the product of truck height and width was
multiplied by a factor of 0.93 to get an estimate of effective Af. Engineering judgment was applied to
the dimensions found in literature to ensure a representative increase in frontal area from the smaller
s2 Delorme, A., Karbowski, D„ and Sharer, P. Evaluation of Fuel Consumption Potential of Medium and Heavy-Duty Vehicles through Modeling and
Simulation. Argonne National Laboratory, DEPS-BEES-ooi, October 2009.
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix C D-2
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to larger trucks. The rolling resistance values were estimated using the trends observed by both Nam
and Gianelli (2005) along with Delorme Karbowski, and Sharer (2009), ranging from 0.01 for the light
and medium duty trucks, down to 0.008 for the class 8 trucks.
The final input to the PERE model was the driving cycle. To get a representative range of fuel economy
benefit, two drive cycles were modeled. The first was the Heavy-Duty Urban Dynamometer Driving
Schedule (HDUDDS), and the second was the EPA Highway Fuel Economy Test (HwFET). The HDUDDS
can be thought of as a city-type cycle with frequent stops and starts. The HwFET simulates rural
driving with varying speeds but no stops. Even though the HwFET is designed only for light duty
vehicles, it was still used as it was the best representation available for in-use highway driving.
The key values used as the inputs for the PERE model fuel economy calculations are given by truck
class in Table D-i.
Table D-i. PERE Model Inputs for Fuel Economy Estimation
Class
Modeled Test
Weight, lbs
Conventional
Engine Disp., L
Hybrid Engine
Disp., L
Number of
Gears
Effective Gear
Ratio, RPM/mph
2b
7,875
6.0
5
6
35
3
10,000
6.0
5
6
35
4
12,250
6.4
54
6
33
5
14,500
6.7
57
6
33
6
19,500
6.7
57
8
33
7
24,000
8.3
6.3
10
31
8
52,500
13
9
10
30
For modeling hybrid vehicles in the PERE model, the user must adjust the hybrid threshold for each
different vehicle and drive cycle combination. This variable represents the amount of power demand
during acceleration that is required to cause the engine to start up to assist the electric motor. The
user must adjust this value such that the amount of energy taken from the battery is approximately
equal to the amount of energy charged back into the battery during regenerative braking. If this is not
done, the fuel economy will be misrepresented due to the battery ending up with a different state of
charge at the end of the cycle compared to the beginning of the cycle.
For the HwFET cycle in the lower truck classes, there were not enough deceleration events charge the
battery back to its initial charge level, even with the hybrid threshold variable at its minimum value.
This meant that the battery was ending at a lower level of charge at the end of the cycle than the
beginning, which has the effect of overestimating the trucks actual fuel economy. For this reason, ERG
added an extra calculation to the model to account for the net change in battery power. This
calculation used the various efficiencies of the hybrid system to estimate the fuel required to make up
the change in battery charge over the cycle and add that number to the modeled fuel consumption.
This calculation was needed for the trucks in Classes 2b through 5.
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix C D-3
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
oEPA
SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Transportation and Air Quality
1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW
Washington, DC 20460
(734)214-4333
www.epa.gov/transportation-air-pollution-and-
climate-change
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory
2565 Plymouth Rd.
Ann Arbor, Ml 48105 (734) 214-4200
http://www.epa.gov/
January 2022 | SmartWay Transport Partnership | epa.gov/smartway
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