Case Study No. 14 UV-Cured Coatings
The Lane Company
Altavista, VA

Background

The Lane Company's Altavista facility has two main finishing areas, designated as
Plants 2 and 4. Plant 2 has a finishing line for cedar chests and a finishing line for
tables, and Plant 4 has a flatline finishing area for home office furniture components
and casegoods. The cedar chests and tables are finished manually with low-
VOC/HAP, high-solids coatings, while the office furniture and casegood components
are finished on an automated flat line using UV-curable or waterborne coatings. Plant
2 operates 5 days per week, two shifts per day, and Plant 4 operates 4 to 5 days per
week, one shift per day. There are approximately 650 employees who work in Plant 2
and 90 employees who work in Piant 4 (4 to 5 of those employees work in the finishing
area). Lane implemented its UV-curable coating system in Plant 4 as part of the
development of the home office furniture line. In the future, Lane hopes to expand its
Plant 4 product line into areas such as hotel furniture.

Manufacturing and Coating Processes

In Plant 4, flat office furniture and casegood components are milled, finished, and
assembled. A few non-flat components that are used in the office furniture (e.g., table
legs) are finished conventionally in Plant 2. Sheet stock is received at Plant 4, and
then cut to size. Most of the home office furniture components have MDF or
particleboard cores with cherry, maple, oak, or ash veneer. A router is used for any
necessary contouring, and the edges may receive a veneer, thermofoil, or PVC edge-
band, since the flat line does not apply coating to the edges of the components. Any
holes necessary for hinges, cams, or shelf supports are bored. Waste wood and
sawdust are used to make particleboard or sent to a local co-generation facility as fuel.
The components then go to the finishing area on the second floor of the building.

The finishing area is kept at 45 percent relative humidity and has two sets of doors at
each entrance to keep dust down. The
first flat line has a series of roll coaters
used to apply stains and inks. The flat
components are placed on a conveyor,
and pass through a sander and then a
cleaner to remove the dust. The
sander and cleaner are exhausted to a
dust collector. The first roll coater is
used to apply stain. Most of the stains
used are waterborne, but some are
solvent-borne. A hard roller is used for
closed-pore woods, such as maple, and
a more spongy roller and a subsequent
brush roller are used for open-pore	C0atjI1o nne

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woods. Each roll coater can move into and out of the line for easy cleaning. The
second roll coater applies another coat of stain, and may be followed by brushes,
depending on the desired appearance. There is then a length of line to allow time for
flashoff or hand highlighting. The panels then pass through an oven to dry the stain.
The oven uses both hot air and infrared (IR) light. The panel may then be printed with
an ink using a rotogravure cylinder to give the panel the desired appearance. A
convection oven is used to dry the ink.

The second roll coating line is used to apply a tie coat and the UV-curable sealer and
topcoat. First, the panels receive a catalyzed tie coat to provide a layer of coating
between the solvent- or waterborne stains and inks and the UV-curable sealer and aid
in the adhesion of the seal coat. The tie coat is applied using a roll coater and the
panels pass through a convection oven to dry the coating. The UV-curable sealer then
is applied to the panels using a direct roll coater, and the panels pass under a series of
UV lamps. A second coat of sealer is applied using another direct roil coater and cured
by UV lamps. The panels then pass through a wide belt sander and a panel cleaner
that exhaust to a dust collector. The panels have the UV-curable topcoat applied by a
differential roll coater, then pass under a series of UV lamps to cure the coating, and
are taken off the line for inspection. Any pieces with finish defects are sanded to bare
wood and recoated.

The second half of the finishing area
contains a robotic spray booth and a
curtain coater for components that require
a high-build finish or color coat. The parts
pass through the roll coating line first to
receive the UV-curable sealer. About
30 percent of the total parts produced pass
through either the curtain coater or robotic
spray booth. The curtain coater applies a
clear or pigmented UV-curable coating,
and is followed by a series of several UV
lamps and reflectors to completely cure the
coating.

Parts to be sprayed are placed on a Mylar™ belt and travel into the spray booth where
an automated spray arm applies a UV-curable coating. This coating is only 40 to
60 percent solids, as opposed to the coatings which are applied with the roll coaters,
which are 100 percent solids. Overspray is captured and recycled. The parts pass
through an oven to allow the solvent in the coating to flash, and then pass through the
UV curing tunnel that follows the curtain coater.

About 25 percent of the flat components are finished on both sides. Components such
as drawer fronts are finished only on one side. Components that receive the high-build
finish usually receive only a sealer on the back of the piece to prevent warping or

Robotic spray booth and curtain coater

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moisture damage. After the parts are finished, they are sent to the assembly area.

Lane assembles most of their office furniture components with metal cams in addition to
dowels and glue.

Some high-solids coatings are used in the conventional finishing areas in Plant 2 for
coating chests and tables. Between 800 and 1,000 chests per day are coated on a
hanging line, and tables are coated on a conveyor line. The finishing process for both
chests and tables consists of as many as 30 steps, and is labor-intensive. The tables
and chests receive several coats of stain, filler, highlight, sealer, and lacquer, and are
hand rubbed to produce the desired final appearance. The finishes are sprayed with
airless or HVLP guns. Coats such as stains and glazes are hand wiped.

Cleaning Operations

The Plant 4 roll coating equipment is cleaned often. The roll coaters used to apply
stains are cleaned daily. The rolls used to apply waterborne stains undergo four water
rinses and three acetone rinses. When solvent-borne stains are applied, the rolls
undergo four acetone rinses. The brushes undergo three acetone rinses. The roll
coaters applying the UV-curable coatings are cleaned weekly with acetone. The
equipment is drained and covered daily. The robotic spray booth is cleaned after use
with water and acetone.

Conversion to UV-Curable Coatings

From 1960 to 1993, furniture was finished in Plant 4 using conventional spray
techniques. Lane then decided to convert the entire finishing area to an automated
system for applying UV-curable coatings and introduce a new line of home office
furniture. The retrofit took approximately 8 months to complete. Lane has spent the
last 4 years building up a product base for the new line. Both Lilly and Chemcraft
Coatings supply the coatings used in Plant 4.

Start-up of the new line was slow. Facility personnel relied heavily on the coating
suppliers for information on the new coatings and equipment and the best way to
operate the new line and adjust the equipment to achieve the desired quality.

Properties of the wood and the viscosity of the coating also affect the finish. The
operators have found that this type of system is completely different than a
conventional finishing system. As they gained experience, they learned how to adjust
the equipment so it applies the material well and doesn't produce ripples in the finish.
Their experience has given the coating suppliers knowledge of how their coatings
perform in a manufacturing environment. Lane also found that they had to install filters
in the coating supply lines so any particles in the coating would not cause finishing
defects.

Lane generally is satisfied with the product they are producing with their flatline
finishing system. The UV-curable coatings provide better coverage per gallon, the
flatline system eliminates coating waste due to overspray, the emissions are very low,
and the process is not labor-intensive. Customer feedback has been positive overall,
but Lane sometimes is frustrated by the design limitations imposed by the flatline

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system and UV-curable coatings, such as the inability to finish the edges of pieces on
the roll coating line.

Lane had to experiment with different lamp configurations, intensities, and reflector
positions to ensure that the UV coating cures properly, especially with contoured edges
and when multiple coats are applied to achieve a high-build finish. In addition,
although the UV-cured coatings produce a durable finish, the only way to repair or
rework a piece is to sand it and refinish it. Lane had to train their distributors on the
characteristics of the new finish, since most of them were used to working with solvent-
borne coatings that are repaired easily. They advise their distributors to use glass
cleaner to clean their products finished with UV-cured coatings. Lane does not market
their home office furniture line as finished with environmentally friendly coatings, but
they do market the finish as more durable than a traditional solvent-borne finish.

Costs

Plant 4 underwent an extensive retrofit to accommodate the flatline finishing system
and robotic spray booth. The whole project cost about $7 million and took about
8 months. The changes to the finishing room accounted for $2 to $2.5 million of the
total cost. The UV lamps cost $200 to $400 apiece and last about 800 hours. Facility
personnel stated that they spent extra money in order to build flexibility into the line and
be able to accommodate the widest variety of products. Although the equipment was
expensive, a savings in labor is experienced since the line is automated. Fewer
finishing employees are needed in Plant 4 than in Plant 2.

The coatings used in the flatline system cost more per gallon but, because the UV-
curable coatings have up to 100 percent solids and there is no lost overspray, Lane
has experienced a cost savings in terms of the cost to coat each square foot of product.
The stain used on the roll coating machines is 72 percent more expensive per gallon
than the average conventional stains. However, the rollcoat stain's coverage is
75 percent higher than that of the average conventional stain. The increased coverage
results in a cost reduction of 3 cents per square foot finished.

Facility personnel stated that the research and development costs when developing a
new product line using the flatline system are higher than those for a conventional
finishing system. To develop a new product, it is necessary to adjust the entire coating
process, not one individual step. They estimated that it takes about 5 days of
laboratory and manufacturing trials to develop a new coating system for a new product,
which in their experience is much more than the development time required with a
conventional solvent-borne finishing system.

Emissions

Lane is subject to the Wood Furniture NESHAP and has a plant-wide VOC emissions
limit in their operating permit. From January through November 1998, their VOC
emissions were approximately 16 tons, while HAP emissions were less than 2 tons
(includes both Plant 2 and Plant 4). Coating usage exceeded 18,000 gallons during

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that time. Average coating HAP content was 0.12 pound of HAP per pound of solids,
well below the NESHAP limits.

The waterborne rollcoat stains contain almost no HAPs and little VOCs; the solvent-
borne rollcoat stains contain almost no HAPs, but tend to have a higher VOC content
and a much lower solids content than the waterborne stains. The UV-curable sealer
and topcoat applied by the roll coaters have no HAPs or VOCs and essentially are
100 percent solids. The coatings applied by the robotic spray booth are 60 to
80 percent solids and contain less than 0.2 pound of HAP per pound solids and less
than 0.6 pound of VOC per pound solids. The coatings applied by the curtain coater
are 60 to 75 percent solids and have from 0 to 0.7 pound of HAP per pound of solids
and less than 0.7 pound of VOC per pound of solids. In Plant 2, Lane has reduced or
eliminated the HAP content of the coatings, lowered the VOC content (in some cases
by substituting acetone), and increased the solids content of the coatings.

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