FM 5-231761
He thai e for Evaluating
haiMBto* AtwtHfcent Technology
FBI fcsKHsiAtes, inc. # Cincinnati,, Ofl
Prepared for
En?iionMRtei Protection Agencyt Cincinnati, 01
Aug 86
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August JJM
PM6-2JS?§!
METdOOS FOR HALVATUK
ASilStOS AMTEHlST TBCHJWljOG*
by
PE1 Assi«rtit«s» Inc.
ttftclmnatl, ill# liPf-OlWJ
Contract No. S8-01-3W
Project Offletr
Thaws Pinners
Mumifutiniafl irvd Service Industries iriwh
litter InflwEeHmi !es«treh Laboratory
Clnelnmtl* Ohio 45268
mm iwiiiEiim research uumumtr
OFFICE OF l£5iMOf AMP 0EVFL0P*HT
u.s. EmtMMHBfrjiL mmmm meki
ciHcnawn, into 4sa»
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technical report data
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i. nErOMT MS. i
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MSR 2 3 9 V o 1 /AS
1, TITLE. AN0 4UBTITIC
HETTOiS FOR EVALUATING ASBESTOS HMTEHIKT TECWtOiOGT
1., *|PO»T DATE
August 1986
» PMPOnMhMG ONttAfllATIOM COOi
T, AlSTHOmtl
fiobert AbiIcV stk( Hart Karaffa
t. PfPrOMflNQ KSHQA*iH*¥WlN MPMT M:
«. P* HPOHMI*a CHfc&*N6I*TIO« W4MI AMD AObftCtt
PE1 Associates. Inc.
IS PAQQMAM iLEMiftiT Nib-
Cincinnati, DH 45?4€-0100
11, tSfaflUcTranAMT .
ffl-03-310*
IX �MOPttN(3 AOCMCT NAME AMD Aponltt
Mater Engineering Research Laboratory- Cincinnati . OH
11 tVPI OP HIP0HV ANO HHldD C0, o* p»di4i
34
n. Mtafci
ip* fM tt»i ii-n) i
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NOTICE
This dgtuaeitt has been revjened In accordance with
ELS, EftvirojHK'Jstsl Protection Agenejf policy utd
approved for pibliciticn. Mention of trade ruses
Or cot»erciaJ products dfoei not constitute emtorst-
ment or reconmendation for use.
il
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UuiiMnt of Assay Methods For Evaluating Asbestos Abatmnt Technology
Hark A. iartffa, Robert S. Afllck, Ann Crone, and Thoeas J* Powri
T*> methods and two sampHnf schemes *e*e evaluate
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Introduction
mcfcqrowd
The Technical ftuf stance Program of the Office of P*st1ddts tnd To* 1c
Swiwttnces of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) provldtt guidance
»nd Inforqmtfon on tn* Identification of aflmrtos^witdlfttng «t»Hali in
buildings and on the correctlcm of potential «sb»stot hazards. Four EPA
Guidance Documents contefn weft of We technical InronMttqn About islMttot In
nenfrndttitrtsl settings.1 »2-3^ i^#st documents descHb® tew to estttoilih m
AfMltos Identification end control prog rim, provide h§efcf«*atfMf tnfanMtlan end
direction to school officii! §. and building o#ner* on exposure *»s«»nitAt. end
describe hem to develop end 1qp1 event an libettes «bat*«eiit progra*. The *>st
recent asbestos guidance fro* If A net only emphasizes recent experience «nd mew
1«ffl«i»t1©ii ofl asbestos control bat alio introduces and discusses criteria far
developing an appropriate i(6»tn control plan.
Considerable scientific uncertainty still surrounds the effect! tenets of
specific abfttMwnt Actions 1n reducing the Hit of txpasure to airborne asbes-
tos. One critical concern amng those responsible for asbestos Abatement 1k ho#
clean the contractor leaves a building for isillitp§ ant*} after r«Mvin§ the
asbestos Mtertal or After completing sort tint eosrtd ha*» disturbed m mtm«-
tons-containing Materiel fe.s*» encapsulation, encloswnr, or apeclnt aailntentnce
operations}, The two criteria r*eo«Ben«iei by the 0>A guidance fl983}3 that
mt In effect it the outset of this study *•"» »1*iiel inspection of the w&rt-
tlte lid air aonitori itg after collet Inn of the project. Visual Inspection
should detect Incoatplete rttMrort, damp canted It mteewnt aetlttty, and
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(¦ost irtportflnt] the presence of debris or dust left hy inadequate cleanup of
the work area. Air wnltoHng by the MbraAe filter collection Ucmtqw and
ph)»-eontntt Macroscopic [PCM] analyils irt recaanentied to wppleaent the
vfsua.1 inspection and to determine m»»tlnn* elevated le*tls of airborne fibers
generated during the removal process have been sufficiently reduced, This
currently recomended optical nlcrojcoplc technique Is one of two Methods
specified by tn# National institute for Occupational Safety and Health (KIOSK)
to detemine airborne fiber concentration*; it it used by the Occupational
Safety and Health Administration {(KHAJ to neasure total airframe fiber* in
oocupatf oim 1 envl ranaeitts.
"Pw 0»A-reco"*nde4 alr-»nt taring wthodelogy for detej*at«lmg abatement
completion fNIOSH itethod No. Pltffl 2391 was as fellows:
*fr stapling should negin after the project Ms been c<*p1et«d
and all surfaces in the abatement site have been cleaned,
preferably within 40 bours after abetment wort f& finished. A
of three air aonltors per worksite and at least one per
roots is rfecomended. Air is draw through « w«brane filter for
about 3 hours it a flow rate of ipproxlMtely 2 liters per
Minute. A total air valine of appraised y 1,000 liters
collected at the specified flow mate should be sampled. After
the sampling, a section of t»e filter is minted on a iilcro scope
slide end treated to for* * transparent, optically homogenous
gel. The fibers are sized and counted by using a phase-c&ntnst
microscope at 400 to *50X Magnification. For counting purposes,
a fiber Is defined as a particle with a physical dimension
longer than 5 plcrweters and a lengtit-to-dlawter ratio of 3 to
1 or ffeeter. *
This wthod is intended to give an Imtex of the airborne eowentntfan of
fibers of specified dfneiislooi In an ftwspher* known or suspected to contain
asbestos; it is not designed to count fibers less then 5jw long o
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The m$t significant Hultttion of Wit W* Bettod coif)*red with transarts-
sfon electron alcroseopy fT£H) *«d scanning electron •Icroseopy fSStl *f that
PCM fs United 1n t*ie detection of fine particles {1,e,» those with fatal eron
dimeters or lengths less than &jm) that »ay fee fwdeotiffcally significant.
For txaaple, 1« gta«e<-(K»x tests of s toileted Industrial aectkanlctl operations
on «sfcetta&-£a4C«1ning products {drilling, saving, and sand^lftg}, the POI attnod
counted fever than 1 percent of tf» fibers count** by TfM,B Although condl-
tlens of this glove box study were obviously different from asbestos atMtemnt
activities, so®e coin:#™ existed about the relative etrits and capabilities of
the dfffenmt analytical »ethod* used to determine rvpresentttlve fiber concen-
tration*,. Another study esttewted that swill asbestos ftfters fibers
less than 0,2 jm *rtd* ind S>« 1en§ that am not detected by the PC* wethod)
wert? present at SO to 10# ti"es the concentration of the large#, optically
visible fibers.6
Stody Objective
Hie objective of this research project mt to identlfy and quantify the
ffnt fraction of itroome asbestos fiber* present In building ataospfceres after
m asfteitos npaedial activity. The project focused m the adequacy ©f CPA's
previously rKOOMntfed WM mthod of analysis and unple collection technique.
TM PC* nethod has compared with It* Methods. and tne feasibility of an alter-
native aggressl ve sa*plm§ technics *ts investigated. The rf$«tts sf this
study estaM 1 shed tut advantages and Hialutlons of applying PCH and TEH ana-
lytical Methods, both separately and in cftnjimetlon with an aggressive ta«pl1ttg
technfage, to the evaluation of air qwilfty following asbestos abatMnent,
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Ttift project WftS CW»d(l€ttd Airing the pCStfbltM«t plMU of ubettu
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The introduction of air turbulence into the work area during the col-
lection of stationary air samples is termed "aggressive sampling." This
method entails the creation of air movement by the use of blowers, fans,
brooms, or compressed air streams to entrain any particulate matter that may
be present. The advantages of the aggressive sampling technique over the
static (or nonaggressive) sampling are that the former reflects worst-case
conditions and that the testing requires a relatively short period. The
disadvantages are that this technique is not readily standardized or repro-
ducible, nor does it reflect normal exposure levels to occupants. As with
the static sampling method, no criteria have been established to define an
acceptable or safe level of fibers in a non-occupational environment. The
research on fiber concentration levels using the PCM and TEM methods is
continuing so that the before-, during-, and after-abatement criteria can be
developed within the next 2 years.
Project Description
Site Selection
Air monitoring was conducted at two selected sites from which friable
asbestos building materials had been removed: Site 1, Columbus East High
School, Columbus, Indiana; and Site 2, the U.S. EPA Environmental Research
Laboratory in Corvallis, Oregon.
This report describes only the results of the air monitoring survey
conducted at Site 1. The monitoring data from Site 2 and the significance
of these data are the subject of a separate report. These selected sites met
the following criteria:
o The abatement plan involved the removal of friable, spray-applied,
asbestos-containing material.
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c T»* contactor* car Med out tilt wort *r«* prcperation, pmoviI, «ftd
deeontaalnation In tccfifdwet wltJi EPA-i-tca«*nded §peeWe*t1&t« art
1
T*Oo1
a Multiple mtH areas continuing jswwjgenMHf csbestos «at*«f«T mm
for BttRltoHiSf,
o 1ft® hyllilnf owita* tnd atetftMftt eontrtctiw tgretd to ea#pe*mt® with
|f»l and to provide access fee selected «rtn of the twrtldtngu
WtfttBtnt Program
A Hitflpimit asbestos tUMtMifit and renawtfon pmgraii wi ccmcel **d and
fapliifltflttt. Ih# ftr*t abatement phase wis conducted during tte smmr of 199*
and Included tl*e fallowing mis:
|£#d«#1e Building:
Third floor - ill room
Sterth fnd smith '1 if*pt-§ro«p instruct! one T ruma tsldiwili eoclotu**!)
Hechan1c«i pentnouse*
Sttlnttllt and elt*ats»* shift*
Industrial am
If studl o/jHibi tea £1 cm*s
Hlflc roOflB
fctdftortwi
%was1iMt
CMBt
tttcmuricftl ivtrn
Rtttromt
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Sourxei. of Maile, asbestos-coita 1 ni ng fi reproofing were controlled If
removing the or by placing ft 1n airtight enclosures In area* where
complete «,w»*al nd replacement me* rot feasible. Decisions regarding the
¦ost appropriate contra! nethod fo+ each Phase I iubspaee were bated an
[PA-i'MMWfldtd iiKssaent factors for evaluating the potential for fiber
¦release.3
ASbestAS-etmtalnlng fl reproofing rmjlatlon n»d been spray-applied to Steel
beams and columns on the fltt, second., and thlm floor* and In wchantcal
treat. "me range of asbestos concentration for tMs noderately frfable
material was 30 to 60 percent chrysotile isbcstot, based an an analysis of 11
representative bulk sample* by polaHzed-light microscopy and dlSffrsfun
stelningu^ THitMigJwut thes* areas, there was a considerable aoount of aw-
spray «mi sections of the coriufated steel feci pan between the treated terns
The treated beaas #« largely concealed by a suspended lay-In or interlocking
steel panel celling, but In some aros, the construction design rendered ti*
f1 rep aw fed beams risible ai»dl exposed.
Ht# structural beasts on the lower lewei had also been sprayed with friable
¦aterial. but it captained no asbestos. Many of these b#a«s nad b#»« enclosed
by drywall and therefore wrt not visible. Other bea*s on the lower lewel *»r*
concealed abow suspended sellings, and still otters uere exposed (risible).
Asbestos-containing f 1 reproof! ng was alio found It the gym si W on the
ceillug abewt the vszaAfne level and 1b the ¦tchanlcal equlpoent and storage
(«ms. The spray-applied Mtertai « beaias above the suspended celling on the
lower level of the gyonaslue contained mstlj fibrou* glass and « asbestos
fitters.
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Tfif procfrdUT* fol ) 3we
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¦ ami jPM* consisted of a single rows {«,§*» tm pcottem$» storage poobi, «nd the
IV studfoK Each work was prepared 6y turning off the weBtftatfon and elec-
trical sy stews, sealing off all iff ducts and optnl^gt, cowing tin floors,
Mils, and fmsewtfel* objects with plastic sheeting, Installing ftfglt-cffictaKy-
partlculate-afi*- (H£PA-> filter exhaust units, and conttrvctlRf »»lMr tew-
~
tawlnation facilities. Suspended ceilings and carpeting mm rmwwd and, dis-
posed of as contaalnated mtt, or thay were cleaned and ifsposed of by ccmmki~
tlonai mans. Workers wearing full protect! «e eqvfpoent end approved air-puri-
fying respirators ngwnred the ff reproofing by first awttins It with an mkhM
Biter solution- awl then scraping ft off. Btt ai&estofHcantafiilpg febrts was
placed in Rouble f-jifl plastic bags and disposed of at a. local EPA-approved
sanl tary landfill. *11 suttstrate «tert«ls f«ta» wMch #s&est»s- was remo-wii mm
wire-brushed and wrt-»1fwii repeatedly to mmm as. «««» of the fl reproofing
avteHal as possible. A dry rtaowtl a«thod tltat did not its# the emended water
solution *ms used 1n the f¥ studio r§oa to prevent dwtfe to the acoustical
panels and electronic eauipaient 1n this a«ea.
All stripped or potent f ally contaarfneted surf apes were sprayed with an ap-
proved ailwstos stilant'to tawf any residual fibers to taw substrate. Th# wort
ami was decorttaarinated by rewirt'Rf ill loose deftrts, removing tim plastic
sheeting free tue trails and floors, and n»p#»twfty vet-tflpliig or sopping the
walls and floors, men the wortt area had passed a thorough visual inspection
and air aonftertng showed that the fiber concentrations mr** less then 0.C5
ffftir/ci® (the clearance level of the contractor's specifications)» tfte bar-
riers and HEPA-filtered exhaust ontti were removed, and the tra* was opened for
occttpancy by other tradesmen «*p#n§lh1« for furious- components of the renew-
tlon, for exaaple, ft reproof* rs, painters, «loetr1t4mi, plasterers, and heating,
ventilating, and air conditioning (WAC> fmtallors*
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Monitoring Approach—•
S«Rp1«i for MtwtOMflt PCH «iwl TEW awtlyfli mm collacttd fro* two- or Mtrtt
representative location* irttM'd tech dctlfnatcd work *r#t after twiplttfw of
til ibfltewnt activities but before §m application of r*pl«ce«*nt flbrovs mt*~
»-l»I {e.g., aoHMbtstoit f!?^w©#1«§J., PI title Stettin? m mil* *mj floors tod
torn rtaievtd, tM wftstritt fttd town tpr*ya
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MttMi of All" «nt JtMtysl*
OwmwIhi of $—gllwg Stratagy
Staples d*s1 grated for PC* and T£H analysts wens collected with bttti
s1w and static MtlMMfs In «t*M* dffftr#iit norfc ircit, Saaplas vert also col-
lected tram tut ttsrrauiMllm wrff®nn»!it outside tkt byitffng. GfeeH work «ni
consisted of i specific mm or r«gn and idjtOMit hallwayi, closets, #r otfctr
tp*€t# tMt mnt treated AC * !«p»fit# ccwponm of tft» total abatement project.
mill#if unlit s«p!«t included the avdltoHwi,. gym*flKttt Ift&ttrlt} arts
fvews, audc room, projection booth, TV Stadto, and tltwit&rs. Hmm sampling
locations **re flat selected as part of ¦ study design; selection «i dictated by
tte eMtwtw'i abatement sequence and schedole. After completion of abatement
efforts in tl» Indlviteal «*irii «rvts, reprecmtetiiM KM and TEH saaptef mrm
collected. AH outdoor a1i samples mm collected in the parting lot adjacent
is Ww icftool bonding r e««#t fa*- w» mat was collected on urn roof of P»
building.
All post^atMMMit air taaplts mm collected tiifle tm m*k ana was »tlH
isolated (i.e., cu»telra0*t turrftns wn In pi act} but after (1) t*e substrate
tad bee* sprayed wit* a sealant, (2J tl* plastic «H»»tin§ covering tit walls and
floor Had been rpamd, and pi it'! surfaces had bun «fft.*{pd. §•€«»• of
tiffing, Ifirtte# prHb*t«Nmt wwrfterfiii 1»v one «m« of tto auditor!*® «as con-
ducted before any alatwmt activity In tit iiMHtsriua, Insofar as petifM*,
outdoor and Indoor air sampling wat conducted concurrently, hat 1*l«wflt
weather or eoalpaent «v«1lability so*tt1«e* Mie tM* tepetsiM#.
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Wwrnmr possible,, j1rk |itl WI
«* iw dwrtsj both static tnd aggressive uepllng. Tlw im#mr of staples per
wort irM was net specified by study desfgn, but effort* *®re Mtd* to col lect
it least tm of each type of i«fle ritftfn each wor* art*.
Sailing Ewiptwt
SntpleS for PCH analyses were collected o« 37 m Will pore, Type M. ri*ed-
Ctlltfloi# liter mmfoTMm filters (0,a-jra port si it J» The filters nnt pre-
niMbltd In threepolystyrene eessettes fry the Mnuf»cturer. Samples
for IEH analysis we** collected on 31 bib Nucl apart polycaFfconafce ¦eobrarw
filters [0,4-*i« pore size). Tl* polycarbonate Mfrnna filter was supported
vl fin n a three-stage polystyrene cassette by ne«ns of a support ptd and backup
filter (¦fxad-cellulgte ester angina, Sin port sS»). Each Maple cassette
Hti Sealed wtth a cellulose tftrfttl tand to pr**nt air froa entering ttm sides
of the unit iwHfflf s*»p1 iftf,
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iattefy-operated pensonal Mnplfflf puapt equipped wit* rotameters and/or
constant-flow controls ww* used to inn •!«*• through the staple fitters, ill
MMpllMf pueps mm calibrated with i soap-fti* florae ta«- before <«d after
saaple collection. The rotasMtter tettipf of ttci calibrated stapling pup mi
noted to provide a visual indication of proper pap fw*etl0«fn$, and the
setting* *#** c'fteettd periodically tftfouflwwt the sapling period.
SWBlt tell teflon .find Handling
Samples designated for both PCM and TEH analysis mm collected It « taMMI
Flmt nt« of •ipp^oxfwKily 2 to 3 l/win {UPK). Stapling duration Mt § to ft
hra. The i*»rtp staple wlmt Per fitter «H 1 tlf» i»
All Maples were collected open-faced ft.#,,, wfti the- f*t cap of the
ctisttte device raiaewd} to expose tm sax inn effective surface irta of the
filter. During stapling, the f«ce caps were carefully stored in clean, reseel-
able. plastic Pegs, the filter cassettes n»re petitioned it Breathing *ane
height [1,4 to 1.7 m. or 4.5 to S+S ft abo*e WW floory and «trt supported
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Pi* PCft tmlyslt Mplpetiit was a«*1Y«b1e it ftw Qolutttat [att site, mttf •
portion of the PCN SMplei ffliwl clearance tifpltt collected under static cofl-
dWoftsl mm analyzed ontit* shortly after completion of saapllog. fhpid
rtpsrfifti of tf*e*e saapH results mt essential so tMt the building irus
could ^ released 1® tfte contractor* for additional flOHabatewfit KOrt and reno-
vation. The r*»tfp1«g PCH filters wit hand-carried to the laboratory, where
they were tiibs#ipfnt1j analyzed.
The TEK wnple* were tubal tied to the- EPA Project Officer for Ms represen-
tative) ana fitud-carHftd to PA 1m Ctirctwiatl , wltert the* were carbon-coated.
The TEM saaplef were then el tin*' shipped by overnight courier or hand-ctriied
to the laboratory for ainlyslf.
Static Sampling—
Samples for PCH and TBI analysis w*re collected onier static condition* for
comparison with similar staples collected under aggresn*e condition*. The
sampling condition wis considered static wtie* air ¦oinatpt In the war* are* wi
negligible and/or o1n1i*1zed to the greatest possible extent. Under tM« condi-
tion, asbestos fiber* (or any othe" particulate «attcr} will fettle out if
given sufficient time. Any work m ntttr hew contaminated, can be
totally "dean* as defined by PCH « lonfl as «n^ Hit It allotted to t1«p*e
before static sampling. The probability uf rcentralment of th®»# asbestos
fibers is ««;» lower under static conditions tnen under conditions of typical
building use (aggressive sampling condition*)* In this ita#, static sampling
conditions existed when the woHr ma ws se»lel off, ill ventilation «i shut
off. end personnel access mt prohibited. These ere the typical cwKftlfint
suiter which tfi* Mill tori ng Is conducted at * work site foltMrtnf asbestos
removal and decontamination.
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Jifgrtitlvt Saspllng—
S*p1ei for and TDi analysis "fit also call acted under ip*»slPt
stapling conditions. Aggressive conditions t*re created by 1 ittntducf ng air
turbulence into the saaplln? area tiy 1 literal ttent u» of • hand-held »lect*ic
blower. The atr aoveMnt cheated ms eueh greater tMfl Mould ul st under con-
dition* of nonw^ building use. Under these aggressive faapllftf conditions*
aost asbestos fibers susceptible to entratnaent will ibeceai airborne and reait*
suspend for the duration of the taaplm§ period, as long as the »m of fans or
the hourly mtroductlcMi o' H' biftvlvnce is continued. Thus an aggressive
en*1 ronaent provided the best possible setting for high or V>^t-«au" al rfceme
asbestos fiber concentration* following abatwnt. Fiftm l coapares atrtrame
fiber concentrations for PCM and TEN under static and iggsnestfve contf floras,,
t*w blower tiMd in this stu^f was • l-hp electrtt power blower f Figure 2).
Tin airflow rate at tut blower outlet Is appmfMtvly B»S ei^/am (300
i
ft /tinj* n» electric blower was ecNlpped wfth a two-piece plastk tubs ex-
tension and concentrator noxile that enabled the oi^trctor to direct the afr-
stress at objects and surfaces mltUfft the sampling ire*.
Agfmesjiw; stapling conditions wǤ created In eaca of the wort anas
stapled i»y an initial blow-down of all surfaces, followed by hourly agitation
with tite Mower throughout the duration of the wiling period, Hurting affres-
slva wapllng, all containment barriers I solatia the wort «r» wens intact, and
building alr-handllnp lyitm rmalned off. in uk Instances, It «f*s nectmnr
ior the contractor to reaow the HEP* fllmtfon units for urn f» Another active
wort ana. Figure 3 shows the *ggre«1ive stapling; procure in progress* The
leweitee of operations it stMBarlxed bet aw:
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1. A taCMeftft mum tM «•* irta, ptfltlMfti «*¦> l*pn«| *«fpaMtv
•Ri vtaftad tht soling pw*«.
I, Utfi»§ i btct-wtf-fe** ft* t«MdH ti* •irtimp of
tfe vlcctrlc MbmW at «11 surfic.es tfltftU Ite mpHpg ti*w (Milt*,
floor*, cftllng** lit itn(ctv**i botvwit vilfi, cvlltnga* and ftoare,
i»d Utf 9Vmr ««9MMI WfWI iritMl ttl Ik* t«C*-
fllcitn tlm vtitrt frm tin sampling iiti,
3, Afttr ttpp#ORiwM»i]r 1
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Atrftori* flfttr cwtttfttrotfom *f* 4«tc*«iiMNl by WtOSI fttthwi M. MCAN tit
tftrougti ulcreswaplc tjunfftitfoii of ti* cafl'toctMl m • at*MHEtllu1»«*
•sur acafeifiM fllttn A tr|«iplti» i«tfp constituting tpprotfuttoly
of tin mtfro surfKt irti of tl» ffltf 1* *Mevwi fw th»
s«pi
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three of T&t are described in the Mtiwtfotegy. Briefly
samtif led, Uw< 1 TIM analysis Involve* examination of the 'particulates depos-
ited en tte saaple fllte* 6§r a 100-tV TEW, tatottoi str»etui%s £fibers,
bundles, clutter?* ami Mtricei) art countedt stud, and. identified as to asbes-
tos type (chrytotlltt aoplribote. aublguous* or no identity^ by aorphalogy and by
oBterdftf the selected area electron diffraction CSMt} patterns* THe vfdth-to-
length ratio of each particle that Is counted 1c nicortted. Lewi II TBI antly-
lis consists of a Ltrtl I analysis plus cbevtcal elemental Identification by
energy.dispersive spectrua ftOSJ analysis. Energy-dlsperslM analyst* is used
to dete«wfn# the &pectn» of the X-rays §en&rati§4 ty an asbestos structure.
X-ray elemental analytic it used for further categorization of the aqphlbole
fibers, lde*tlfle«t1o« of the Mblguout fibers, ami ewflnation 0** validation
of cfcrysotn# fibers, A?1 tiucl spore saaples collected I11 this study ware ana-
lyzed By lew! II TOt
ftesult*
Air Honitaring Results
The ffisttj of ttH analyses of samples collected under static and agsmsiw
conditions are compared in Figures 4 and 5. The aeasured fiber concentrations
after abatement varied widely under both static and aggressive saapllng cOftdf-
tlons. regardless of ti* analytical aetftod ased. For exupl e, fiber concert ra-
tions determined bj P
-------
St»t*ftffe»l CopeHsorts
Statistical netted of Analysis--
The Mum-Wrftney test mi used to determine *fwthr»' tfte eftftrwid differ*,
•neit fn analytical *ett>oa-
np*. tf*e difference betnnm PCNI and TEH remltt it statistically significant
(i.e., p < 0.02) for wMent saopHng and far indoor sampling under static a*d
Aggressive conditions* 11# ratios of 1&H/PGN cancentratlons for static sam-
pling we** 6cI for aaftrfent taipltt awl 5.2 for Inter sanples* for aggressive
sanpliftit the ratio of TEN/PCtt «u 9.1.
Sampling Conditlons--
IDe difference batveen the geoa*tric a oarage fiber coneefttmtfom under-
static end agfrtisfwe taapllng conditions (Table !J m% statistically signif-
icant {I.e., p < 0.001 J for PCM ami TEH- The ratio Of aggress!** to static
fiber concentrations was 3,4 for fCM analyses and 6.3 for TBI analyses.
- m -
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Indoor Vtms »1e«t 5Mpl«»
Also Incited fit ltbl« 1 ire the PCM and TEH *nalysM for staples collected.
In the tt&ftnt »taospf»i^. For staples hjr POt, the geometric ¦««
fiber concent ration vu 8,060 ff&frrs/*3 for 1*#9or Maple* ec*»j}*red with
2,000 flbers/i3 for aablettf staples--» r»tio of 4 to 1. Mewewef,, tlw TO*
Method if not sufficiently sensltlw for effective detection of tfette tablwt
*net litdeor t static] cMcmt^tlwu. beeiuse they *** belo* tut lower 11*11 of
ret f ibl i •omntltatlOB fry the method. CoAsewtfltly, tlw eb$em«d differences
betwwi the two sample groups ire probably not aciningful.
For tlw TEH staples collected Indoors uwjer static conditio**, the 900-
¦etrlc «Mfl asbestos fiber concentration was 42,000 fibers/a3 coopired with
13.QOC fibersfor aobltnt samples—¦ ntlo of 3,1. The obstrwi differ-
ence hetwen these indoor static TEM comcefrtntlww and tlw wMeurt YEN concen-
trations ws statistically si fnlf leant CP - 0.009). The ntlo of indoor asbes-
tos concentrations under iggrr$&lve sa^llsf conditions to Mblent asbestos
CDBeentntlOfts ttti 20*5.
HM Q»t* from Stitle wid As§rt«1»* Sampling Conditions
Figures 4 and S present data from the TEH jshestos analysis. reports.
PI pre 4 is the Stitlc TCT measurewn*, and Figure 5 1s t»ie aggressive T£i
analysis. The analysis Inclines:
o Type* of asbestos fibers eto$erv«L
0 Number of other ftferows structures,
0 W»bers of MflftfercMs tsDestos particles,
0 D1 Meters and lengths of fiber* obserwd fty ttiilyst.
0 Totil asbestos structures per cutrfe centimeter af il r.
- 21 -
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TABLE 1. taepaflfofl of Asiwstas Flbtr L#»tl s* Detected by POT
iftd TEJt AnalyMi Under Virtous Sanplfng Candftlant,
*wlytfC*1 t#ciwTaae
Swpl'tBg Qondftioflt
Outdoor
FustilutMiflt
Static
Festfbatmnt
Awrraitfm
PCK analysis, fiba^/a3
TEH anilyifs
As&estos flb«rS/B|3
AH*$to* structures/a?
Z.OOO+tlOj' 3,000 [20] 27.,000 [14]
13,000 [10]
15.000
42,000 [261
64,000
266,000 C20J
TO.QOO
* *11 values i*e jwwtrte mots,
* Bcl«w Halt of rellabt# wrtfltftattoo (>21,000 ffbtit/ta?) .Detection IIBit
• fll*^
'( ] ¦ nusber af samples.
- » -
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The structural analysts dm for etch TEK sufil» were entered info EPA1* DEC
POP 11/70 eoaputer In Cincinnati and tmns firmed to the I8H Mil it CPA's
National Counter tenter in io*tit Carolina. The data were processed ty using
the statistical analysts sytten (SAS) and plotted by use of the IT-LLAGJIAF
system Lai»gtft~to-vfdti> plots *»re wade for the fibers.
Conclusions ami ieeoBBendatlisns
"Hie following conclusions resulted frm this study:
1. 'The aggressive sampling technique used m tut? problew-deffflltfon study
revealed that air-entralMble asbestos renamed st this site immediately
after completion of abatwefit actions, The warn asbestos fiber concentra-
tion during aggressive sampling, as detenl netf by TBI, was about '6 tines
that of the nan asbestos fiber concentration during static sampling.
2, The fiber concentrations neaswred under Aggressive sailing conditions wer#
higher than those Mistired under static conditions regardless of the analyt-
ical «etl*od used. The ratio of aggressive to static fiber concentrations
duHng PCM analyses was 3*4, whereas this ratio Airing TEH analyses ws 6.1,
The averap PCM concentration during aggressive sampling conditions ws 0*03
flber/cw^--less than the NlQSH-recomeiided occupational 11 Pit of 0.1
f1i*r/ta»3. Tills 8 Rr tlae-weighted average is frecently cited In abate-
ment contractor specifications as the final pasta batwent acceptance crite-
rion.
1. The study «s«lts clearly demonstrate Wsat under sfvlTar sampling condi-
tions* TPf analysis detects, were fibers than PCM. The ratio of TEM/PCtt
concentrations for static stapling was 6,5 for avtrfeet samples and 5.2 for
Indoor staples; the ratio for aggressive sailing wis 1,8.
- 23 -
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4. Cofletfttrtttant of wort area nbettfii fibers that were detenafned TEH ami
wasurei by both aggress!*e and tittle sa"p1l«g Mthsds wem significantly
NffJur than aatfrieflt ffH concentrations* The actual enrf roneentel conditions
that exist In i molding after reoccupancy, »eaetf nation of «entf1'*t1m
¦
iyiteat** ami the fetun to typical usage patterns art Mpitiii betMMn the
static and aggressive sanplfng conditions.
Tht foil String rccoawiiidtttaM are based m the Sttt# findings;
TEN should bt ivHaiaehifed as the analytic*! affith©# of choice for aessyring
ilrtsonii asbestos fiber eo*»Rtr«t1«as for final clearance tasting In «tan-
spheres of building* that ha** undergone aiMitoi abatement. However, the
»rrtni TEH protocols •«** wry ttM-conufl»fiig and *e for routine use
In large urvtyj.
2„ PCH analyse* should be conducted at a preliminary check to detamlne whether
additional cleaning It necessary before final clearance testing by Td* The
PCM analyses are melati*ely inexpensive art can be perfonaed arfcfcly.
3. A criterion should 6e established to define an acceptable asbestos fiber
eoncentntttaft 1n building areas a fur asbestos abatement, but not mtll a
Standardised TEM protocol and an *ggr»sslv» sup? log procedure mm been
developed and validated. Once developed, these methods should be f#
-------
iBFfftEHCiS
. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Asbestoi-Ctoittalnlnfl Mtfiittt In
School Buildings: A Guidance Document, P*rt 1. Office of Tonic Sub-
stances, tftsMiigtaft, 0*C. CttOWO, Kirch. 1979,
Z. S»wy«'\ R.N., and D.H. Sjwoner. Asbestos-Comtafirtflf flaterllrts in School
Kill fit np: A Guidance Dacment, 2, Office of,T«fe substances,
U.S. £r<1 njiwental Protection Agency, Masfttngttn, P.C. C0009G, March.
1979.
3. U.S. Environmental Protection Appcy. Guidance for CMtuflllnf Friable
Asbestos-Coittirt Hi «f Materials in Buildings. Off tea of Toxic Substances,
mmmtm, o.c* eta 160/5-83-002. Karen, ran.
I. U.S.. Envlroncnt«l Protection Agency. Guidance far Control?fng Asbestos-
Contalnlng Hateriats in Ivfltftflgt, 0>A 560/5-85-024. June 1S85.
S. Falgout. 0. EmrtroRaental Rtlfiu of Asbestos Froa Coaaaerctal Product
Shaping. Engineer!f»f-$e1«*ee» Fairfax, Virginia.* IPA/iOO/Sl-15/Wi.
August tm*
i, tt*tfleWp E.J. Hsisuitatfit of AsJsiito-f. Fibre Concentrations in fcftfwt
AtMSpN^es. study Ho. 10, Ontario Research Foundation. 1St3„
7. PEDOO En*1 ronaie*»tal. Inc. Invented of Frleble Asbestos-Containing
Materials 1n Colunfeus East llflh School with Recoaaeindatiofit for Correc-
tive Action. Firtil Report, Vofuw I. January 1984.
S. Association of the Hall/Celling Industries Ipternetlonirt. Inc. Guide
Specifications for the lUMltCiBiiit, of Jttfietto* ill east froa Sprvy-or*
Trowel-Applied Materials In Suildlngs a ad Other Structures. TM Founda-
tion of the Mall and Celling Industry, Washington, O.C. Oeeeniher lf|l,
S. national Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, A»betta» Fliers
In Air. K1QSH Method PtCAM 239. WOS* Htnual of Analytical MetMods.
Second Id,., Vol. 1* u,S„ Qeperteeat of Health, Education, and Welfare,
Cincinnati, QWo. April 1S7I.
10. Yaaate, 6., 5.C. Agarwal, and S.I. tffthOM* Ifettaiotoiy for the Measure-
aeet tf Airborne Asbestos by Electron Microscopy {Drift). Pt^pirt# by
lit ftesaerdi Institute for tftn Office of fcr»«i«Trti and On»1op»nt» U*$.
Gntrlrwaneiftal Protection Agency. Research Triangle Part, Horth Carolina.
Ally 19*.
11» Hosteller, F., and X.E*K* Aourte. Sturdy statistics: Hoopametrics and
OnJer Statistics, Addison Wesley* Reading, tt»Kactv«atttR If73.
- 25 -
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fill report m% safer! ttri f« fulfillment of ©infract Ma. 68-03-3197 toy
Iff Associate*, Inc. ttWtor tfte jpswtertiifp. of tH II*S. iMwfrwMMtal Protection
As«*cy.
Hi*! A, teterrt S. A*fc*, *Pi Aim Cram in? *rttn W1 A*socl«t*i, f»c.»
ClttCliMWtl, C»1o 45246-Ot 00.
THcMts J. Pftwert U the EPA i*r»J#et Officer (set below).
TUt complete meport, ^titled 'tosetWRt of Asfiy Methods for
Asbtstti Afreteaent Technology* (Order Ha. ft ;Co*t; „
itijjtct to eteftfte} win be awinarte only froos
National Technical S«nrtce
5295 tort Roy«l ia«A
Sprflfflild, VA 221 SI
Telephone: ?iS-*fi7-46®
TUt EPA Project Officer can be coivtactad at:
Matt* Bnflneirt^ flHMnck Uboratoiy
f.S, Protection ApuCjf
Cf nef mutt, Ohio 4S268
- m -
k
-------
w
Htum
in
ttNCUM
Static
ip
sytta
MHmr tt»
% mmmm —— *
* In..., <..,JI,.J,„,>.J..
ii.,..l I > I I
t. ii l ,l l,ll„l|1|«.lrfr|,l,
-------
- M -
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Figure 3* %gr*ts1*e tti.pl lug in process.
-------
Figure 4. Results of IB! analysts und«r ititlc conditions, Mot of fiber
length Md ditfttar for * static postatatwcnt air sample 1xt
low §112.. Total asbestos. structufr«s/cc of air * 0,067.
-------
w
0.1
I Jf I I I U 11
A
i »' I" lilt
A
t
!
&
~
i 11 in
e
~# «
o
4 oo
&
8
• On
. °oD
8 o o
5*
mm
A OAreOTJLE fllH
~ CHRTSOTltE IWL£
O ORVSOttL!
# CMmCTIlE CLUSTER
* AMPHKMLE FI8ER
©-01
« ¦ I f 1 ' 'll —J 1 I I mm! I > t t
tu I
snucniiE dimctix, tA&mmun
JLLi
10
Figure 5. Results of TBI tm lysis under aggressive eftuditfons. Plat of fiber
if?i ilr wapl* |R'Rom
K1IE, Tula! asbestos structures/cc of *1r * 1.1If.
- 31 -
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