Technical Factsheet on: NICKEL
List of Contaminants
As part of the Drinking Water and Health pages, this fact sheet is part of a larger publication:
National Primary Drinking Water Regulations
The MCL and MCLG for Nickel were remanded on February 9,1995. This means
that while many water suppliers continue to monitor nickel levels in their water,
there is currently no EPA legal limit on the amount of nickel in drinking water.
EPA is reconsidering the limit on nickel. This partially outdated fact sheet is
provided for your information.
Drinking Water Standards
MCLG: 0.1 mg/l
MCL: 0.1 mg/l
HAL(child): 1 - to 10-day: 1 mg/L; Longer-term: 0.5 mg/L
Health Effects Summary
Acute: EPA has not found nickel to potentially cause health effects from acute exposures at levels above
the MCL.
Short-term exposures in drinking water considered "safe" for a 10-kg (22 lb.) child consuming one liter of
water per day: a one- to ten-day exposure to 1 mg/L; upto a 7 year exposure to 0.5 mg/L.
Chronic: Nickel has the potential to cause the following health effects from long-term exposures at levels
above the MCL: decreased body weight; heart and liver damage; dermatitis.
Cancer: There is no evidence that nickel has the potential to cause cancer from lifetime exposures in
drinking water.
Usage Patterns
Production of nickel was 84.6 million lbs. in 1986, down slightly from 1982 report of almost 90 million lbs.
In 1986 it was estimated that industries consumed nickel as follows: transportation, 25%, chemical
industry, 15%; electrical equipment, 9%; construction, 9%; fabricated metal products, 9%; petroleum, 8%;
household appliances, 7%; machinery, 7%; and other, 11%.
Nickel carbonate is used in nickel catalyst production for organic chemical manufacture, petroleum
refining and edible oil hardening. Nickel oxide consumption in 1972 (representing over 30 million lbs.
contained nickel) is estimated to have been as follows: 60% for stainless and heat resisting steels, 27%
for other steel alloys, 8% for other nickel alloys, 2% for cast irons, and 3% for other uses.
Release Patterns

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Nickel is found in many ores as sulfides, arsenides, antimonides & oxides or silicates; chief sources
include chalcopyrite; others are pyrrhotite, pentlandite, garnierite, niccolite, millerite. The principal natural
form of nickel oxide occurs in admixture with nickel sulfides in varying proportions in weathered ore.
Nickel carbonate, found as the mineral zaratite, is a potential atmospheric and surface water pollutant.
Inadvertent formation of nickel carbonyl can occur in various industrial processes that use nickel
catalysts, such as coal gasification, petroleum refining, and hydrogenation of fats and oils. Nickel oxide
has been identified in residual fuel oil and in atmospheric emissions from nickel refineries. Trinickel
disulfide is a major component in nickel refinery flue dust.
From 1987 to 1993, according to the Toxics Release Inventory nickel releases to land and water totalled
nearly 27 million lbs., of which most was to land. These releases were primarily from nickel
smelting/refining and steelworks industries. The largest releases occurred in Oregon and Arkansas. The
largest direct releases to water occurred in Maryland and Georgia.
Environmental Fate
Nickel is one of the most mobile of the heavy metals in the aquatic environment. The mobility of nickel in
the aquatic environment is controlled largely by the capability of various sorbents to scavenge it from
solution. Although data are limited, it appears that in pristine environments, hydrous oxides of iron and
manganese control nickel's mobility via co-precipitation and sorption. In polluted environments, the more
prevalent organic material will keep nickel soluble. In reducing environments, insoluble nickel sulfide may
be formed. Nickel chloride is water soluble and would be expected to release divalent nickel into the
water.
The atmosphere is a major conduit for nickel as particulate matter. Contributions to atmospheric loading
come from both natural sources and anthropogenic activity, with input from both stationary and mobile
sources. Various dry and wet precipitation processes remove particulate matter as wash out or fallout
from the atmosphere with transfer to soils and waters. Soil borne nickel may enter waters by surface
runoff or by percolation into ground water.
Once nickel is in surface and ground water systems, physical and chemical interactions (complexation,
precipitation/dissolution, adsorption/desorption, and oxidation/reduction) occur that will determine its fate
and that of its constituents.
The only gaseous nickel compound of environmental importance is nickel carbonyl. Under ambient
conditions in moist air, it decomposes to form nickel carbonate. Thus, in the atmosphere at
concentrations near the ppb level, it has a half-life of about 30 minutes. The removal of nickel carbonyl by
precipitation or by adsorption on surfaces has not been documented. Since this compound is soluble in
water, precipitation scavenging is possible. Nothing is known about its reaction with natural surfaces or its
uptake by vegetation. Thus, dry deposition rates cannot be predicted until some experimental
investigations have been conducted.
Although nickel is bioaccumulated, the concentration factors are such as to suggest that partitioning into
the biota is not a dominant fate process.
Chemical/Physical Properties
CAS Number: 7440-02-0
Color/ Form/Odor: Nickel is a silvery metal found only in combined form in nature.
Soil sorption coefficient: N/A; sorption related to that of iron/manganese oxides, organic matter.

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Bioconcentration Factor: N/A; not expected to bioconcentrate
Common Ores: sulfide- chalcopyrite, heazlewoodite (disulfide); sulfate- morenosite; carbonate- zaratite;
oxide- bunsenite; others- pyrrhotite, pentlandite, garnierite, niccolite, millerite
Solubilities:
acetate-17% at 65 deg C
carbonate- 93 mg/L at 25 deg C
carbonyl- insoluble
chloride- 642 g/L at 20 deg C
cyanide- insoluble
disulfide- insoluble
fluoride- 40 g/L at 25 deg C
hydroxide- 0.13 g/L cold water
iodide- 1242 g/L at 0 deg C
nitrate- 48.5 Wt% at 20 deg C
oxide- 0.11 mg/L at 20 deg C
sulfate- 293 g/L at 0 deg C
Other Regulatory Information
Monitoring:
-	For Ground Water Sources:
Initial Frequency-1 sample once every 3 years
Repeat Frequency-lf no detections for 3 rounds, once every 9 years
-	For Surface Water Sources:
Initial Frequency-1 sample annually
Repeat Frequency-lf no detections for 3 rounds, once every 9 years
-	Triggers - If detect at > 0.1 mg/L, sample quarterly.
Analysis
Reference Source	Method Number
EPA 600/4-79-020	249.1; 249.1
NTIS PB 91-231498	200.7; 200.8; 200.9
Standard Methods	3111B; 3113; 3120
Treatment/Best Available Technologies: Ion Exchange, Lime Softening, Reverse Osmosis
Toxic Release Inventory - Releases to Water and Land, 1987 to 1993 (in pounds):

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Water

TOTALS
709,236

Top Ten States *


OR
459
6,256,532
AR
4,250
5,622,900
ID
1,000
2,200,250
IN
28,050
2,098,196
PA
19,680
2,052,736
AZ
767
984,817
TX
0
777,400
MD
77,200
666,637
CA
6,687
285,731
GA
61,100
193,111
Major Industries*
Primary nonferrous meta
16,874
12,053,688
Blast furnaces + steel
304,891
6,784,227
Ind inorganic chems
22,689
2,519,468
Ind organic chems
109,141
1,105,934
Petroleum refining
186,499
949,411
Primary copper
1,272
996,817
Iron+steel foundries
500
409,000
Gray iron foundries
3,326
334,524
Inorganic pigments
62,394
193,111
* Water/Land totals only include facilities with releases greater than a certain amount - usually 1000 to
10,000 lbs.
For Additional Information:
EPA can provide further regulatory and other general information:
EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline - 800/426-4791
Other sources of toxicological and environmental fate data include:
Toxic Substance Control Act Information Line - 202/554-1404
Toxics Release Inventory, National Library of Medicine - 301/496-6531
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - 404/639-6000

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