Consumer Factsheet on: CADMIUM
List of Contaminants
As part of the Drinking Water and Health pages, this fact sheet is part of a larger publication:
National Primary Drinking Water Regulations
This is a factsheet about a chemical that may be found in some public or private drinking water supplies.
It may cause health problems if found in amounts greater than the health standard set by the United
States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
What is Cadmium and how is it used?
Cadmium is a metal found in natural deposits as ores containing other elements. The greatest use of
cadmium is primarily for metal plating and coating operations, including transportation equipment,
machinery and baking enamels, photography, television phosphors. It is also used in nickel-cadmium and
solar batteries and in pigments.
Why is Cadmium being regulated?
In 1974, Congress passed the Safe Drinking Water Act. This law requires EPA to determine safe levels of
chemicals in drinking water which do or may cause health problems. These non-enforceable levels,
based solely on possible health risks and exposure, are called Maximum Contaminant Level Goals.
The MCLG for cadmium has been set at 5 parts per billion (ppb) because EPA believes this level of
protection would not cause any of the potential health problems described below.
Based on this MCLG, EPA has set an enforceable standard called a Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL).
MCLs are set as close to the MCLGs as possible, considering the ability of public water systems to detect
and remove contaminants using suitable treatment technologies.
The MCL has also been set at 5 ppb because EPA believes, given present technology and resources,
this is the lowest level to which water systems can reasonably be required to remove this contaminant if it
occurs in drinking water.
These drinking water standards and the regulations for ensuring these standards are met, are called
National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. All public water supplies must abide by these regulations.
What are the health effects?
Short-term: EPA has found cadmium to potentially cause the following health effects when people are
exposed to it at levels above the MCL for relatively short periods of time: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea,
muscle cramps, salivation, sensory disturbances, liver injury, convulsions, shock and renal failure.
Long-term: Cadmium has the potential to cause the following effects from a lifetime exposure at levels
above the MCL: kidney, liver, bone and blood damage.
How much Cadmium is produced and released to the environment?

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2.9 million lbs. of cadmium were produced in the US in 1986, and nearly twice that amount was imported
in the same year. Cadmium occurs naturally in zinc, lead, copper and other ores which can serve as
sources to ground and surface waters, especially when in contact with soft, acidic waters. Major industrial
releases of cadmium are due to waste streams and leaching of landfills, and from a variety of operations
that involve cadmium or zinc. In particular, cadmium can be released to drinking water from the corrosion
of some galvanized plumbing and water main pipe materials.
From 1987 to 1993, according to EPAs Toxic Chemical Release Inventory, cadmium releases were
primarily from zinc, lead and copper smelting and refining industries, with the largest releases occurring in
Arizona and Utah.
What happens to Cadmium when it is released to the environment?
Some cadmium compounds are able to leach through soils to ground water. When cadmium compounds
do bind to the sediments of rivers, they can be more easily bioaccumulated or re-dissolved when
sediments are disturbed, such as during flooding. Its tendency to accumulate in aquatic life is great in
some species, low in others.
How will Cadmium be detected in and removed from my drinking
water?
The regulation for cadmium became effective in 1992. Between 1993 and 1995, EPA required your water
supplier to collect water samples once and analyze them to find out if cadmium is present above 5 ppb. If
it is present above this level, the system must continue to monitor this contaminant every 3 months.
If contaminant levels are found to be consistently above the MCL, your water supplier must take steps to
reduce the amount of cadmium so that it is consistently below that level. The following treatment methods
have been approved by EPA for removing cadmium: Coagulation/Filtration, Ion Exchange, Lime
Softening, Reverse Osmosis.
How will I know if Cadmium is in my drinking water?
If the levels of cadmium exceed the MCL, the system must notify the public via newspapers, radio, TV
and other means. Additional actions, such as providing alternative drinking water supplies, may be
required to prevent serious risks to public health.
This is a factsheet about a chemical that may be found in some public or private drinking water supplies.
It may cause health problems if found in amounts greater than the health standard set by the United
States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Drinking Water Standards:
MCLG: 5 ppb
MCL: 5 ppb
Cadmium Releases to Water and Land, 1987 to 1993 (in pounds):
j Water
Land

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TOTALS	31,487	2,059,574

Top Seven States *
AZ
503
433,035
UT
1,750
372,010
MT
0
315,965
TN
2,700
288,781
ID
250
225,761
MO
2,361
189,914
Wl
0
106,000
Major Industries*
Zinc, lead smelting
I 5,061
| 831,948
Copper smelting, refining
2.253
| 805,045
Indust. inorganic chems
250
| 225,761
i Electroplating, anodizing
jo
{106,000
i Steelworks, blast furnaces
|5
113,000
| Inorganic pigments
| 5,140
17,000
* Water/Land totals only include facilities with releases greater than a certain amount - usually 1000 to
10,000 lbs.
Learn more about your drinking water!
EPA strongly encourages people to learn more about their drinking water, and to support local efforts to
protect and upgrade the supply of safe drinking water. Your water bill or telephone books government
listings are a good starting point.
Your local water supplier can give you a list of the chemicals they test for in your water, as well as how
your water is treated.
Your state Department of Health/Environment is also a valuable source of information.
For help in locating these agencies or for information on drinking water in general, call: EPAs Safe
Drinking Water Hotline: (800) 426-4791.
For additional information on the uses and releases of chemicals in your state, contact the: Community
Right-to-Know Hotline: (800) 424-9346.

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