LaachAte Generation and Migration at Subtitle D Facilities
A Sunaur? and ftaviev of Proceatea and Mathematical Models
AQUA fSKIlA Consultant*, Mountain Vi«wf CA
Prepared fort
Environmental Raflaafclt Lab. , Athen*, CA
Auf 93
u.s. wmrnmmmmmm

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fMtmrrmi
CALfJEPOWT]
1, Pl«P©*TWO.
PB91 ~ HZ 17784
*. TlTtA AMOCUBTtTI.1
mcmn S^nKHOH MO M1GKAT1CK AT SUBTZTLS D FACIL-
ITIES! A Sumaaxy oral Review of Frac*p*n and
MathflsaticaJ Models
LMtPWT Mil
August lf?3
ft. P#PI»0*li*«K» 0«a**»iIAT0«*CT MAMt AMB JMSfiMUM
E;vVit-nnSre-ntal Reseorcti JLabormfcary — Athana< CA
Office esf OaMarph and Dpv^lopmnt
~ ,S, Fnvirorwer.e*l PratftceiMi AfMicy
Athens OH 3060I-J7M
tl Yt#* OP MMM Ml MNlOfi. COVfJUfi
t4 WPMiWHI AMnCV «M~
STA/WO/ai
11,	Kfiffl
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Hw U.S. Environment* 1 Pr^t^Ctiwi i&flWtey nCMltLy premilgated ra»l»lont bo tj»
Solid *a«?»	Fifility CritariA under SutatitJ# d of ttw ('••sure# Conservation
and Raewary Act .y ddicrlMd Bjr Bath*marital
¦oduls, tha nathaoatical iipnMntttlen of other proe»6Lt« £¦ the Subject at nirintt
raw«ci», TSiUl report fociMtc an cfca g^aoral auuM^-tlw-ut in i«4*llng iticlHtt
<5«oecation md uigratioji. ia«u*a related to Mlection of iAl« for Appli.iLat.lcni tn
*p#cifsc	*M ilH AlMUIMd. ¦;""
II.
¦IT «DMt amU MttMMfMl JHtMLfifll
DOOIlfTOB
h-MCM* MMnm IMCD TIMS
C. CMiTlMMtap
t#KiuiEa» MdtiLnj
LwAchAte adyratixm
Subtit4« D facilities
» StlS»VTM»*' rriTiMtirr
RELEASE m PUBLIC
WELMSETIED
wat aicuMTt Ci-A** ftmtmmf
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17^ 609/1-43/12*
Augu.t 1193
LEACHATE oraffm MB msmim
j« romnu b mcxuTTitsi
ft In—tt «»• iwfcw et rncwH
Mi Nat&iMHtLeal HaAaiw
*sr
Coajtmocn L, 'ftaiWK» *JKJ Bonn ShiTp-HAHaon
Age* nan Consultirtta
WMiat&il VL«rtr Ok 34043
PTO j-sct, Iteftittjr
Ger*nJ P. Unitk
Mmaibiiii Branch
Dlv£»aMutal Iqpwmdi jUbontny
DJ. &iwixoswi#rit»l Pratectino Aftnqr
Mima m J0«3
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B.S. EffinOHKEIffi	VjHlf-Tf
MNHNI m 30605-2720

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disclaim*
Dm Information In thii dccwnt hu b*«n fwdid by tht Oolnd Scan*
In*rlrmp*i
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fOMMOiB
Am *tjvtro«NHtal control* bctcM Bar* «>»tly to IxplaMnc *nd thm pnmttli* of
JurfgMnt imri b«eaH aor«	^ MArimMHtfaJ. iptllty iim—wt raqulrai
¦on ¦fJUimt Hupwnt; twli butd on gruttr imavLods* of Aw
wnrlmsntil fhwnMU do h* wuM§*d. .A* ptct of thl* Libentery't msuvdi
Ml th* DtcurreTKi, wmwwut, trcnafo nation, iaptct and tMttal at
•nviron»«nt*l mnr—i nut#, th* iuuiiHE Branch develop* mniinKit or
MjidnriiK Cmll En halp pollution cmtnl pfficl«l> UIIW tht rljk U hii»tn
liulth and £ha crrjmwint pviid by l*nd dliptul of Kitirdtma «ut*i.
Subtlel« D of die lAiourei CotunrVBtlon «fkd K#«irwwry Act caqiiiru th* U.S.
Envlnxwncil hotictlon A§nej Co develop cilttfU for tsMnlUni volltf
wit* uugMMt frMtiMt. Sulrc.1 cli D ami) l«n4 dlipviil of all net*'
h*sirdou* w#*tP, household hutrttout mn, and huaTdei* wid fro* will
quantity pMtiuri Lb landfill*. iurf*c» Jjqmndtatnt*, lmnd *ppllcnti«i
unit*, nd «uti pllu. Hw criteria for Stibtltl* D kmlcl|»] InnlfllU
(iMHU * rwcd for eaqwEar ndali to d*ilp	«nd to BOBltor Hud
Miui th#tr p^rfcrwnca, In anticipation. of dn* uH fa* ¦ cwic* of EPA-
Approved aodaLa to coaply vith ch«a« vrittrla, tJfoia report hvUm cumtitly
mUdiii pedaling pcDpui and 41huiiu ltuHi nlittd to tittle application
In cenCttlmnt sodaling^ ptrtkululy In (TnaidMCar, ac thiu «itM.
Vil—rla C. lous, fti.L
ttlneur
MrnaHiUl bwiRh Ubennqr
/kthtoi, Ctorgi*
lit
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AM1KACT
Tha U.S. Ewlrnnaurot*l	Atflnc? r»eantly pmaautfptwl rcltkni eo cha
Solid Hut« Dljpeul Facility Cdtcrli Upda? twbtltlo D of tha |*asuK*
COia»*rw*tl
z«fex£. Sm procaaraa «n Mrtl
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CBroPTS

ClfeltlnaT		-						LI
Formord							......		ili
Mvtrwt.			„,,.							(v
Fl£ura*								........					*11
Tablaa.						Ik
Aelmfivltdgittiu..						.		it
1.0 Introduction,, ... 			 , 							1
l,L &tckfro4Hid «od Cfcjaetlvaa	...		.		1
1.1.1	BjtpiLaelM*			1
1.1.2	FwllUli* JUgulatad und«t SubtLcU D			3
1.1. 3 0bJaeclT«a of eh* Bapore			&
1 .J Contents o£ th* toport,				4
1.3 Suaairy and CotKluilonj ,.	. .	.		7
2,0 Uiciut* €an*r«clon. 				,,.	9
2.1 Factor* Idtluiucivf Ihk]»(» 			t
2.1.1 Jtunlclpml Landfills.						9
2.1.J Industrial Hon.tuuardnu* LindfiU*/C«WtnietI
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A.2.1 FitlUcjr OtsLjp			,	.........	ta
4.3	]>ichit( Ml|TttlsD IMila				€7
4.3.1 Ghtalul luctlont				, „		7(
4,3-1 Tr«n*pprt of NlerMrgfnim					1?
A.JJ Ftaccut* Flow «nd Trciuport						If
4.3.4	Mtlphu*			?t
4.1.5	K*f« Tfcrrmla								IQ
1.4	GlMtltalcil Modalp. , , , .					II
4,1 Jujulfar Him«f«wnc Kodtlt.					12
l.fl Application af KwbL* to • Spuelflfi Scaimrta,										A1
5.1	SttuiJsi. .		, -					15
5.2	Slltetlan af a. Had*l				 . 		.	.		95
5.3.1	AmIjiIuI vtriut Ihwdcil N»d«li....				9ft
3.2.2	5p*mlal OiutcttiUtlei of eh» Syitn			93
1.1.3	Stttdy-Suu ViMui Tracial«nt Hodftl*			Hi
3.2.4	Boundary *rtd Initial Condition*.				94
5.7.5	Itoao^ntCNU varan* Hatoreianoeua Aquifer/Soli
PYopareia*..						.		15
9,2.1 StectaiUCie vt»m Ikdtli			9#
5.1 MmUI Application, Verification,, *nd Validation,						17
5.1.1 Availability of Oltl,								If
fi.O hlinncit				,		IDl
7. Q Appendix..								 . , 			L24
vi
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newts
£l£S
2.1	FKteri Afftctlaf Liacbata Volwa Ctraratlon					10
2.2	Seh-mattc Of ¦ L-ndfiU.							 13
2.3	Scb**«tlc of a Sucfac* I#ountent,			 20
2 .4 Tha Main Xichmliu by which Jiititlal 1* luchid fns a
Landfill				,		 IT
1, i Schtutlt «f tha Land Tr»at»art		,			 M
f
5,1 Tiwa® Mile Duciiloni 111 Kodtl 5«l«cttnfi,	,,,,,,	 87
5.4	Flow CJiirt to	If Hoda1In $ la pt*{ulv«l	T	 if
5. 3 Flow Chart to De tormina thr Laval nf Marialing Enquired for
Soil and Croundwatar Syatau	.......			 II
5-4 Flew Chart- for Raqulrtd Medal Ci|MblUtlu for Soli and
GXttuadWatal Sysc.ua			 		......			 HI
5.5	Nadtllnt Opdon* fn Simulating, Laaehaia Kig»(i«i.				91
7.1	Ftulc Tram. Fart 1: Hut* Nat*rial From Lmndfill Ki&racaa
ItacenCrollad.		,.,							 121
1.2	Fault tm. fact 2: Vast* Material firaaefcaa Ei^lnaarinf
Smmiity of Unirill					„ .	125
I.J Fault Tr««, fart J: CaqtMiiT«t«d Vmpaxti Cac^F* Cewmtai
Portion of Liodflll	..					126
7.4	Fault Traa, fart 4: Cencaalnacad Vapor* lacap* tetl** Port Lam
«t ux.dmi..		..	,		 i2#
1.5	Fault Tim, Faze 5: CaficaMfwiasd Liquid Eacapaa through
Lluar	.							 127
7.6	Fault Tta*. Fart 4: ContaainaCad Liquid Ovtrflow Slda	 13T
vtl
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7.7	Fwlt T*m, put 7: Centalnitid Liquid Eicipti LuchsCa
TtutM&t SyaC*s. r > 							........ Ii4
7.8	Fault Tr»«, P«t 1: HifcfABlM la Bot: GmfafctiMid.................. 121
vi.il
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TABUS
£*m
1-1 lint* Rindlwl by Lint(ill>'				33
4-1	KodiLs for Appllucloa ca LwJuti Cntntion Problum					 .	49
4-3 Ibdili for Appllcteim co Ltad Freblai			(1
4-3* Analytic*! and Sui'Aniljrtlul Ibdili far AfpllcKlm to
LuehtU KL££*£lan Pi'obla**,, 					£1
4-3b Finlto-Difference Kodtli for AppUcitlm ta Liulutt
?i«bliu..		 				Jl
4-k Finite¦ SImmnc Kwltli far AfpUutlvn to Uuluu
Kl|Ttclan Problui									, r.	73
4-4	Ctocfefcfrlcal Model* for AppU.eiTi.en ta U«d»t« Nl|iitlm
Ptv^Iih. 										B3
5-1	DtcUloei for e)m StUctloii of * Modal for * Specific
5einulo		 						....	19
Ix
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AOQTOVLEDCMEIfTS
ThU rtpen waa prtjMrtd tnWter Work AaalftiMmt Ko. J2 at Concra-ec Ho. H-OJ-
1513 by Aqu* Tmi CvmulUnU for tb# U.S. SayirmwniL>l Pnittctln A|inq
Office »f KtitinA ud Mvilopant. Mr. GP Unltk of cha EnvtroMtatil
Samrrfi UbmitD^ In Athn», Gtergl* »i* th* T»ehftltit Pr«»J«ct Monitor And
Mr, ft, Ctraal waa ch« P»j«eE off tear, Thalr nilituct, guldaM.*, and
kulpful lujjeitian* «r* tiDEtnly tppnelitad,
Al Aqu* Totra Consultsnta, H*, S. Sharp-Rwifan, th# frojate JCa.iwgtr, trrota
2 And J. Ha. C. Trav*ra producaci eha table* »uaMrit£n& uthauciul
HMli and 9TTdt& Sections 4 ami J. Hr, A, Denl|ian tupplltd technical jruI
adalriiaCT'tlva gut4ane«i ami rivliw, KM. C. T2a¥wtm currintLy wwlfcf for ITt
Cnviroiu»*riC«l Sarvltaa in BAulilcr. Cola-mado,
X
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sEcncfl l.o
mnracnod
1.1 KAOCOtQIBG AHD QEJECTmS
1.1.1 Kimlaclom
Tha Ruwtrci CvfiitnaLlM md Rocnvwry Act (KOU) «t« ptiiid by Congrsu In
lHi. Subtitlf D of IOU nqulnd th« United Sutu Invinntitul TtntwtlPfl
Aftncy (EPA) to davalop eriurU for uMictvLIivg idIU mt* suipHiC
prictlui. StAtUU D covMi Uai dlipwil of All neti-KuudMi uti,
bpujil»ld huudaui vuu (HHV), ud luutdnit nutB few pull quantity
gBufirati (SQC) (I,*-, thut Q^nitiona producing loss dun IK) V| of
htiirtei mill ptr Knth). In 1W, tht EPA. ditilajwii ciitcdi for Bticu to
uu In cluii£ytn( (icUUlu «J tiChir "linlUzy landfills* ®E "Oftei ik^i.*
tt» erlCitit previd* alnlmia tu»Li.i5Cijil aranilii'da (general envtrnmKnit*!,
ptrtaninci (tindildf) far faclUtlu, lneJ.udi.Tlf, lmtflUi, lurftti
l^aunbiTitf, l«nd cppliestlon unit*,  warn puui, HSUA
nqniEti! dtr the »i|l(tfl ctltatij lw itud(id md mlitofills< land application
unltii and LwiwiatoTi ir« not a,ff«ct*d by cho ncv cricari*. Hawmt, tht
«-(ti*pe»*I of sludgi in HSBLFs 1* affected.
Fee bw KSWLF* ot the fi^tinlon of old anti, n4» wv crltsri* raquira chac
cither a uniform dosign standard or, In approved tUut, « p^rfnOMswo
lunditd bt *tt. The unLfara da*Lgp standard rsquirso MUL? unit* u h«ra a
cuppwtu llntr and "i lstchit* collacdon tyiUa tbkh aalntmlna tua than *
1
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JO ea depth of leacbat* ADfi« tlandard nquitti ihiC ft Landfill dfplgn prt«(nl
concentration value a of *p«cif le eoiutituents frm t t# needed to ccmply with ra»C of these reitrictloai.	for citing
MSWLFa in »etl*nda, ovfiMi will need co «how chit the new facility will ftol
degrade the Wetland. In ordtr TO 46 this. Bodillng fill bt required.
Urwtec iht ntv criteria both txlulng and new landfill units must uit si*
Inches af Intermediate cover at Isaac. every day, ouit prevent run-en during
peak Olachatge of a 25-year K»CB. and auit collect And central runoff
resulting froa a	2S-year atent. A aoll caver at least two f**c thick
BUBt lnt»Ll(d at the tin* of tU« closure. Tha cover Brill have a
permeability 1**1 rhatj or equal to tha boctoa liner system or natural
«ub*olla. In addition, during a 3D year poit-cjciuit period, routine
maintenance af rhe COVrf and groujjdyfl ta r WnlLoring nut he performed (U.S.
&kr 1991).
T^O pbias.es of aroundwacar awnltoring ai# required fey the new regulation#; a
detection own 1 coring phase and an Mltlltant monitoring pha* • . Unless
alternative monitoring plan* apeclfied hy ap approved state, dataceton
¦onitorjng require* aenl-annual ta#tlng for a Halted sat of conCulnanta
which are commly a^*oc[«c«d with landfill la achat*. If these coaitaiat rune*
are detected In lavels that are •IgniflCAntly abnv* tack^rouml levela,
Qtoriitorlnf la crle&ared. Tbia requiraa a one - ci»e aaapliri^, for a
large nuabcr «f hatardcus constituency, f^liawed hy a seal-annual tattling for
any co«5t1tuents decactad. If the concentratlona of these conatftutnta axceed
thDSB illmJtd by the raapectiva |reUM>water protection standard at die
CMplltffce paint, than chr owner/operator av#i; Initiate an aasas^CMnt df
corrtctiv* itclpn fenadles. Th)a raMdlatlon sust eiuura thai the grayaidwatar
protection Btandard la mgt at the point of cospllanca Upon cmpletlor) of ch«
CoCUective aetiem.
a
ik.
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The ditactlVR WlMurlftg riqulrutntf can bt luepended if the eiunar/Oparttor
duonicMai chat then lp no potential for the «i|T*Clon of huirdnu
constituents f ran th« (ulllcy to the upp«n«it l^uKtr during the Wlivt life
of ttv* unit (Including poit-clotw*). "the dannrastration «V«( b* based Em
ilu-iptclflc, field-collacced intorsiLlDii and th* iml^ili of ch> phjfilul.
chnlcil, 4tid blolti&lcal ptncasEas affecting CQnUainiot ftCl and ttlmport.
It mat include prtdlcrloni thic kixUUi canculniM higfatinn and emtid«r
patOTltlal l»paetf «ti luwn health ind th* efWirnraent (11,$, EPA. 1991J. Thvi,
m order to Eiupini |XOn4 surface
injiourulaen t• can be futther claiiiFltd jf llKhilirltl. nunlcipel p or
agricultural. All £PA canslls of $ubcld« D viitt ptofiui LtUlleiE» there art
about 227.000 facilUllI lr. (he country: 16,5Q0 ludfllli, about 6,000 of
vhlch virt municipal ¦¦ of 1916. 191, WO lurfac* lnrpmin^snts, »nd 19.000 land
crttcamt units, Tht Study f«bM( that roughly 37kQOO Subtitle D facilities
(16 percent] Bay receive household hatardoua uaJCe or induptrlal Mill
quantity generator vutl 
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labia M,
Vuh Handled fcy Uadfllli- -
fix* Uligorlw
?ltc;gnti(| of	flKintigB qf Totll
UndfLllt In Total Vast*	Vuti Hardlad
Sty Ilinti tTPOV m.l.iiiHl	Haadlad fTFPl fey Ml HgWLTl
1
¦
17, i
fix
11.122
l.fil
17, J
-
JO
171
30.fclD
3.81
11
-
125
—i
61,763
i.«
13ft
a
275
1 lift
I7.0QZ
10.91
274
-
S&l

'U0<4»
16,31
5«
.
1,125
J
149.21ft
10.61

>
1.125
3*
3*1,767
ML 21
800,93?	1W.W.
S&mcMM-. EM Itunlcipal Landfill Survey la Taapla. krkir and Sloene (l$8lj
raportad ihit only 32 p«retnt ft £ Induitriil wrfiu lapAmkunU aad «aolf 12
ffcremt of InAucriil luidllll« mad a linar ijitn lit 1986 {tf,S, ZPA, iBffl©).
Surface lapoowhcntl 4H naculMl nr nicirii dajr ¦iilflici in tha tircb. They
r«nRe irv dtpth from. 2 to 10 fast,, and in *iia fw # fraction to thoujanda of
««T«i. A^eicultiml And aunielpal facilltlaa u* uaually liu than S auraa In
¦ iza, InAiMrlai i»poundH«nti (e.g., altilng. pulp and papar. and *Ie«riftal
uEilltl«a) *f« iu« of cha lar^eac.
Surftea impoundment* aca used bj f«ra, induicry *nd Municipal Ida* for tht
tmotnt. EetBittion,. end/or diepoial of liquid vuui. Table 1-2 fhwi the
eacagoriajc iitd iwb«ri of ¦urfaee l«pouj»di»eAEj, 7h«y btw significant:
potential far ^coundwatar eonualiutiDn baeaua* of rhalr nUtlvt nuafcara and
flzi (Alter it al. r 1987}. In Addition, chay at* of concern bacaui* of £h«
physical drivlcj fare* and ¦ability of the liquids ud batem# of the LUalcad
o*a of daaign controls (U.S. CPA, ISilftJ. Smnty parcenc of ail iltu ara
located ov#t thick, paraaable aquifeffj. Of th&M •!»•. ti percent ara
IkiciiI within ona aiU of potential drinklfi& viEtc evppliee (Alter at el,,
If#7),
Land treatment units utlliie i«llt aa a traatmmt Mdluai In which degradation,
cranefonaatlori. or lwabillzatiDii of liquid and detfaterad ilud£aa occur*. Thi
difference btrntn dedicated land treatment aad landfllling nf *lud(i ia In
dta tppllutlm rate* and awtthoda of application. landfill lag lnvolvm ttia
iufa«wriic* application of dewacared aludpt several faac cileji. Dedicated land
4
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Table 1-1.
Cittgorliulon md Totili of I^toundMnc 51c.es froa
tba Surfwi lapou&diMac luiiniiit
Active	Aettvfl	AbuiddAtd Abandoned
Situ	lapmindHnu	Situ IapeundMiic*
AglflcuJ. Eural
14,677
19.16?
173
i?Q
HbfllClpil
19,116
J4Pl7S
«0
1.006
Industrial
10,BIS
23,749
941
1.161
Mining
7,100
2*,4S1
266
597
Oil and Gu
24,527
*6, HI
463
537
Other
1, 5 DO
5.745
53
160
TOTAL
77,759
176.242
2,524
4.731
Total Loeitid Slcti l eo.ld
focal Iocae*iJ Ikpauodwits : 180,971
Sourea: U.S. EPA (I9fl3b) 1q All*r ic *1. fl987>
trcita*rc Invblvti ttpHltiv* ifpUeition «£ aaullai: qiuntltlci of *lthn
liquid of div«tlT«i aludg* (U.S. EPA. 1974).
Stwut land cntbwiK application eptl«oi edit, Ihui latludi igrleulturil
utUiutlin. fonic ltad utlllutlon, draatleally dticurlwd land rieluattm,
and plRCMwnt La	didlctud land	liUl {U.S. EPA. I9lj«) r
Tha i|ilculmi!tl ippllcitlmn option hIwi uii of ilud|t u a i«ui» of
[•rtllinr nutrient# (t.g,, nlne^ti and pboiphoiw*} cad u a tall
conditioner •nhanco crop production. Applluilim fata* (Ti uiwlljr
relitlvtly 1 pu-, rtipilrifl( l«rg« area*. Pora*t lnd utilization itie provides
iwtrltnci «tid diernfofo inhincu foroat productivity. but l« w( a chooh
pnctlci, Stmtgi 1* ipplltd only	In «ultlyur intinili.
Oeciiionilly tlud|» la appllad to etrip sine land*, Una tailing#, or nr|lul
land to nvtptae* «nd rwlila Cha Und. Ron. application la typically
Halted by the cumulative uuli loading*, Io (Mlcmd land tr*stiNnit,
5
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tludgi !¦ applied Co >olla. with at without vegetation, for thi prlaary
purpoee of disposal. Sludjt can bi Applied for *my year* under Incimlvt
UAifiaent at rate* hl(k«r than tho«t for the flthtr utiliucieh eptloiu, The
appllcetloa rt» is ftiifTilly Halted by ilti-i^icifle condition* (1.a.. the
¦oil,. dlutt, ind Tt(titelDn), Thin ficlllilti nut b* designed to control
and/or iiwi jurfaca tunaff and liiduu (D.S. EPA, li?9).
In Addition to the ficllitlu d*itrlbii5 Above, other lu^btiad FuUldw Arc
regulated undar Subtitle D. That* Include lubturftci injection ilui.
conpoatIttj faellltlae. resource tk»v*tj tacllldu, and urate plla*. Steauae
of (hi Halted Infomtlpfi IVtillbla, dim fulLltlll will cat bl iddlattad
In this report.
I ^ J Objectives of cha jUsopft
The new criteria prOMUlgated by EPA for Subtltlt D municipal ludflllf provide
• naed for cn^utir models at p« different	of Landfill devwlopaent and
operation. During (hi d*flgn stage4 BO delft Mill ba ntidid to a how Chat, an
alternative design attti the performance atandard* specified in the criteria
or to show that t facility located in * u«tland will not di|Ttdt the wetland
environment. During the monitoring stage. tb« u«< of aodels will ba required
of any operator ra^uiictnt a luipamion of tha |ro
-------
teetlta S.fl, tfaa cppllcittn of awbli to ipMlfle io«gifl'Bi la oddraaaad.
Tvpfu liKlud* tht nl«tln of B^tU and chair nrUluEln wad vaU<*tim,
1,3 SUMMARY AMD CfiJJCUJSIOtK
Concitnlvpf drtm from (fall nperi at*:
*	A Ufp mab*r pf phyalcil, diaieil and biiilif'c^ pratiiu iu mcur
durifig tha llfaclw ~£ ¦ *uti dlifoul faelV.tj ^b^it » urn
Influiwi jmiitloo and al(ration aj 1,nd» 4 fxoc k ititla D
facllltiaa, Soa* el eh* prvc«a**a ar* i»i'	May cd daacrlt*# and
pr* aiaulaci«n of
laachat* faaaration and ilgraElM. Tbaae aadali T*prpaant a wite rae^a
tfi eaiplaxlcjf. frcia al^ia analytical solution* whlcti era ba iolv*d with
• calculator to coaplax tnaarlcal *orf*la i4iich ci^id» a largo «apitar.
*	Hathaaatieal aodala can pmvlda * u*aful p*m* to understand and ptadler
tha affacta of waat* dlapoaal facilities en tho auhaurf+ea cirvlromant.
Hmvtr, m individual caudal odtd that can alaulata all of tha
processes affactln| laachata pnaratln and algradon. In *np» «bwi(
It la baaafIcitl to litik or coupla *at#pd'«l«m* codaa to produca * «or«
accurate ^iprnvitatian of th* actual lyatta.
?
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•	Th» U*t of Mkdiuatleal ipodala E*quU»« J&pl4fl*4 itpilMnEattoni of
ttilltj. Uncertainty la i«tifodur«d bcciuii of 1} niimptlonf and
jlwpllficacloni. 2) a lack of data,. and 3) a poor wwlaratandlng o( *owt
precajBsa Lnflvwifcing, tba fat* ami truuport of eonta®lti*nta, Penally.
It i« difficult %f* quantify th# affaeta of cM* uncertainty.
•	It 1* l*poitibi
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SECTION 2,0
LEAC&ATE CElfEIATIQK
Hoc*	11 billion taai at «oU4 «uti [ijuliud undo? MtUU 0 jleb
imntid a*eh y«i(, fhla Includaa 7.i billion tna of induitrUl
mmtiwirdwu «uta (Including S3.8 allllm ton* of alieitli; utility wuti), 3
te 3 billion cotu of oil «nd ;«i wait*. Mir* (tan 1.4 billion com olninf,
wttti, and ICQ allllon tona at Mticlpil Mild vutt (D,S. EFA, 1981a).
Liquid* fwfcglttlni through aolld vuti Intirut iriib tha «uti t» Cera
liacbit*. Liubtti li ¦ liquid which hti btesat blfhly ilMnllsid diAw|h
th* huic Man of dliiplnd or iuip«fld«l wtirlali fro* thi *nta (Form «
ml., 1975; Crifftn Mid Shtqp, 1971), Both dii qtivtltj «nd thi quality of tlx
Uiehitt producwl few wast* dlapoaal	u» l^truct ftctni
i(f iiciitq. futon tffwtini aids u* mlmd for thraa uj6( typaa of
SubtltU D	Ltbdfllli (joojlclpal and induitviilj. tuifui
iapoundaanu, and lead triatmmt operation*.
i. i factors imfluekcibc leachate (purrirf
2.1.1 Mtaiieioal LandfillE
Fl|uri 2.1 la « iiHuy of th ftitat* iff«tlu| laiduct voltnsa (Muriti&n.
Thi quantity at liidut* producod at a landfill dtpindi priurily m tha
Infiltration and dlmlbutlm rttu gf vattr (Stagun, 1)K2). Ihi
infiltration of precipitation La normally c^Uf contributor n L*«cbiti
liquid. Tht rata of infiltration of rtlmdr diptMto on tfa* ellaitt, tha
¦atrlc potantlal and atnrago H^Klty of cht landfill cent, turtle* runoff,
and tha Intarcaption and tnoaplratton of aoiatura by vajtutLon (Hudv end
Aplinfc, 1992). Gthat poaalfela tsuicia of Uukita liquid includa grotudvmr
Ifiinulnn into tin landfill, infiltration of Irrigation wear or of aurfaca
no>m, utd eha nluia of tha Initial vnta kUcvTi content Cbiwi^h
da|raditloD and by aubaldaneo and/m co^triaflon of tha mca.
Tha aptclfic factora ibovn In Flgura 2.1 in nMraaud In tara da tail in thia
report undar chi following pmul haadlnga: 6a dtiip, oporatlon, and ago of
9
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' WIHBM
kWlMliLIIT m
Mill
ILL IMflGt
RIM BMIHMI
fWl B3B3TIE
>«BML
j.	^		nmni;	fp(twyill» |
Rnowfvltl ti
TcqperAturf j Mm fpe*4 biMM* diiraclorlit^n;
¦ l(« c**dltHnix	an
¦tvtaai luf«n
tarl«i topoaracfty n,f. ilkiri m*m, »i«ptr	tlmOH
and Hrtm i|« tmI wMu**
AnllfMilty (¦ toil art a1 Hum; Teqp*f#Hm rr«MMt ftf lunn
frifapi "
——|	BB ^
| Thw wBiwIi Wtat«y»	MoUtur* HoJtfifH t^piUyg c
-------
• ftclllCy, du d^oiJlttd wutt'i cHgwilrlM, tlw ellaiu, *rui £hi final uh
©f a facility,
2.1.1.1 Facility Outfn
Figure 2.2 iI^hd Chi c«^«wnu at a vunlcipftl landfill. In thi landfill.
««*(« la dipciltid In evils 2 to IS flit chick tod c«^«ctid to a density of
tOO co LOGO lb/cu. yd (KebLud cad Q^allrwht, 1976). flu «Ui hi wvir«d
with at Liut tlx i«rht» dJ igll dally. Calla cam tw placad en Cap at airliir
eall* to hntsht# pf kii this 330 hat ikon tha erlfinal land fMrltei, Debar
poiilbli cnpenMui of * a*nlt*ry landfill lneludt ¦ Um, * luehiEi
collaetioa (yitta, drain 171UBI u	mfict runoff and xim-on » to
Incirctpt graiadvatar> and a final cevir. Hit (Sil lb utLllc Ing tojr 01 all of
ttwia eaptAnti Is a 4«il|n 1* to iltdilu tha production and piitnUtlon of
liachAbi through tha landfill. TTji p»fonu» of eha*» ii^imtid eoainli
will chang* over tl*a.
Tha kz* tftur that flE»i through clu tolld w«at»h tha nora |Mllutmti will ba
Ltichod out, VIch 1 miliar «ae«int of parcolation. tha pollutanta tond to be
pq™ coneontratad. but cha rata ef mvtkthc allotra aon attanuatiun (Fann at
iL.. 1975), Tbi iffut ef aqginaatid daalgn controla on laachata |«iMriClen
it* dlieutad balov.
Flml Com
Suxfaea capping Id a apacl4Uid taehniqu* by which wait* dUpual iltea m
eewrid bj varloui uttriili to prevent Infiltration, control aroalen, and
Uoliti and contain uuta am) wlitilit (^MhaiuU at *1., 1992). In Mj£i
praelfiutitm/tow avapetraiupira tl«n ttu*, a aynthitio birritr May ba oaadad
(U.S. E?a, 19Mt) > Htmvat, the final covar la typically * cnpwtad,
relatively lapamaable ioIL
Surface emar caitditlon* which ara laporLant in alnfvitlnf Infiltration »ri
¦oil charactaxiatlca («.|.F typ*, cmpactlen. pa rat ability, poroalty, organic
Entiht, ami ki1«tun contmt}. thlclmau, and grid*, tbau etodltlgni
dit*ntM tha capacity of tfci covar to ibari vita?, vbUh in turn bHu*n«*i
tha infiltration rata. Soil typaa us*d fpr emrs ira otren lews or elayay
]ou; chleluuMti ara viutlljr ic liuc no feet; ami tin alopa of tha cap ia
typically to flva pareaat to wourafa iiufiea ntaaff (!,X. Jordan Co..
IMS). Oa a valL daiigiwd covtr, than atauld ha no «*w 4wra Naur can
pond,
Qudatdfalnag* affaeta Infiltration top. Uhn* undatlying layara «r*
iquatvriUd. the litfLlcriEiDQ rat* ia n|ulicM by thai parnaabllI cy of tha
uppar Leyore. Uhan Cha Layar* ara aaturiti^, tha layar vlth din l«nit
pona ability cwuali InfUtritiin (Chev, MW).
Mmi ulntalMd, aurfica cap* can fall with t{a*. fMilbla eauaaa of
failure includa pteatutinn of tha cwir by plant r«ti at by digging tniiiili,
and dliturbmc* caused by building ictivltlii (V.S. EFA4 1911a).
11
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mClFJTilTIGlN
i VARQTRANSPMATJ ON
VEGETATION
RUNOFF
u © VEGETATIVE LAYER
Q
IZ
© LATERAL DRAINAGE LAYER
© BARRIER SOIL LAYER
© WASTE LAYER
u
LA7IHW. ORAIMMC
IfHOM COWCftJ
O
_	1 *
^-SUOIt o.
O
pcrcolato*	I
(mew ftwst OF COVED}
o
£T
EL
QQ
D
© LATERAL ORAMAGE LAYER	^SESll.
© BARRIER SOIL LAYER
r—n—"
MAXIMUM DRAIMJMSf CM STANCE
OS
m
j
1
pemrmtkm (from inst or lwofillj
PlfMB 2.1 SchMttic of # ifnijfiij tfr«p 6chro»d«r «t i)., 19(4)
13
-------
h lintr li a hydraulic barrier chat p* tricta till* HiGjKaEiafi of lli^uidi froo •
tuu disposal, facility fteperiding en £h* utiriil mul ind ici un, ¦ liner
can	idiorb and ittimiu tupmdid or dtswlvti pollutants (U.5- EPA,
tfifta). The hydraulic conducEiwlfcy nf eh* liner ibould b* 10" cm/* or l**e,
h wide verlety of lLnere hiw b«tn developed, The** ineluda crapes tedt native
and iapotted soils , covpicud *»lt/b«nteniM ¦!***, aiad synthetic tt»br*Tia« ,
Synthetic lirwrs can. b« a«bsix eoapoaieions„ such a* concrete 6if asphaltlc
concrete; sprayed on	auch as rubbere or eephelt; soil tttlinu; or
Zle*lbl« inbrni litiar*.
natural Hnera, tonaliting of on* or Bore layers of cphtllv* (oaputgd city,
vioally have a lar&e attenuation capacity, but at# hm parous dun other
types. Concnct *rul upUlt crock and Iuvb poor mlitiKt to chmUtli.
Keibran* liners *rt the l#a«	but hivt little attenuation
capability, Two different cypas of linerji e£t«n cm bt uaed coðer at a
site , for frxaople a eoppojlca clay and flexible WNibraM liner 1* l«C0Mtftd*d
by etae EP* for aany il»i. Also, ch#«ical-adaorptLve liners, iuch as fly a*h,
lime stem#. and hydEoux o*td#« of lien, car. ba u»d 1b conjutnctlon uith «htr
cyp** of llnars 
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Natural llnar failure can result frm la*« mi acructvral integrity ccu*«d fay
»ubBld«iwiB or leliaie activity or froa intaraetiona hcwein d*a clillt]P of th« clay, Tvp n&ctumflu cull
eauat 4m lncreut In city llnar p*nMibility. Soil ftentecuxv can davalop
thfnugh cha flocculatlon of aoil pRTticlii into iuri(it*ii *; -h aubtaqucftt
ahrinkaga *nd eruUn|. Also, elaya can ba pirtlilly Altiolvtd by cbea^cal*
or , The U.S. £?A alio tocOMiridi chae laachate
celiac -lan systtB.fl maintain a hydraulic haad of led* than one foot (U.S. EPA,
19iBa).
LeacTiac* collection tyacni can cto£. Cibg£ing can b« cauaad by p^y*(cal,
biological, or clMBlcal ¦aehanliaa. Phyufcal wcliihlui Include lnadaquac*
capacity, »cructural fallum, and jaedliaMttJcion of colidi. Inaolubl* cbo«ical
precipitates can fon»i or aixej of biological alls* and ferric hydrnalda «r
farrLe sulfide can In** praclpltataz. The btst way to deal with islo|ffiif
problww is to itueorporata redundanclaa Into the d«*£pi 
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t*bU 2-1.
Aviligl Leak JLate* (¦>/yr) FAm Different flea vd Ship*
n»i ip o.aa OH Thick HSFt Liwir Ov*r Crtvil « T» Liquid ET*#ds
H©I« flat #nl fliaift
SO m hud

3.16 «a diiMHT
110
145
C.S* cs rfiaiaecar
1482
2201
J ,27 «* iliJHHtPr
6J5T
&780
5 cm ilft

19
15 c« allt
3J*S
J621
5 ca ita
404
IIS
15 cm ilia
««
1144
Source ' Srmni et ¦! . (1987}
tf the possibility inltii th4t groundwater can intrude into a. landfill. it 1»
p«c«»««-7 t« h»v( * dnlni|i «]ritu «nd/i»r puopln^ t;ic«a id control th*
ldcaEiar of the -Wmtae table, For niaplii, p-BundMa.tBi' int:ircfp(or Crtnchll
9Aj hi mid Co levtr do« wittr cable i-n viclrilcy of « landfill. Llkcvi*«r
CO ¦inlalra infiltration into ¦ landfill, surface w»t«r run-on ¦lowli bfl
diverted around properly d»*lfn*4 Itnrfflllt thr«uj)i flu uii of drainage
1)1 ten .
2.1,1.2 Operation end Age
TllrKe it* three mlti psflodi Is tht "life" bF m landfill; operation, cl«P>Tt,
pejcclosur*. In 4lao«t «11 use*, tignlfiejncly sore pcreal*eion occurs
during che operation of a. limillU than In th» oUiir period#.
sptMcloi
During, operation of a landfill, one of three settiM)* amy h» wployid III
dlipotlng of vh* w*su; Chi *r*i, crunch, or cup Mthed. The are* sethod la
¦Rplajmf an sloping land, or in cAtiyam. ¦ai'shns. quarxisK and otter
d«pr*csloM, Typical apintion lifolvii ipre&ding ihe waste In thin layers.
eoapaetlflg efae vute to 'Che a«alleat vnlusc. thm applying, ami compacting ac
is
-------
tm( alx Lnchei of « over uctrUl » alnLadxe icnni|ar, aaatfiatlc,. vector
and air probLea* . The covered, cmputad wiiti b«C9M> 1 fiiil. The ilzt,
shape> md d»pth of ««11« v«rin end la influenced by factors auch aa tk
miaber of vahldei Idiich ¦uat. unload vnt«« at a |iv«n tlx . Khttk din a£eai
¦ethod |j usfd, a completed landfill uy eeiuljc of a aeries nf layers 59 to
100 ftftt above the original land lulftci (Allar at al,, 1947; lahoff. 191$;
National Canter for IU source Raccvary, live ., 1?7&)-
The tctntS net^ad typically la u»ed for flat or gtndy eloping land.
Sueettllw pACalifil ttfcnches are excavated ami fill ad, Ttl* tr(IKl) length la
10 ta 100 faatr tha depth varia*. The ru^ stched It * variation of the mt
sechod. lb# difference £¦ that ttat taver satErlil t> miTttwl frn b*l&w awl
In front of the- marking fici of the fill (tfetlmal Center for Siiourcc
Recovery. 1m., 1974).
A rcvwbar of operational facrora affect the fuantlc^ of leachata gariaratad at a
landfill. These Include tho handling and tiwa of plaeeMnt g[ cover Material,
waste ftositntwiit, the dtgrn of compaction,, valeting prior to dt fallowing
coapacclon, Vai'latloni in cell conitruetinn, and; variation ill vaaca
cnaposltlDr, So** of thaaa fiecori are dlecuteed further below, although
specific InCermarian about the affects of pparatlonal praetieea on leachat«
genaratlon la not available (Lu *c al.„ 1.9(4 j Mulkay at al.. 198i>.
The lag Eiaa befora piacuapc of rh* final »v« and ''•£« ca'ion Will vary with
the type and size of operation. InteKaadlate covers allow aora percolation
and erosion bsceusa they are thinner (l.e., have lata atocags capacity), are
leas tottpaemd, and Have no Vegetative; effvar. Operational Inefficiency* iwh
" lac.lt of adequate drainage. will aluo Increase {tireolidon. Halting the
tire of ch» Mtiva cell redueaa fK» volmae of water entering the cell during
actlv< operation (Fern at al . , 197$).
The practice of codlnposing nf sludge {bath awiicipal and industrial)
Jncraa»a« the Initial me1brun eonctnc of (he vaaca. The aigtiificance ~£
codlaposal practices for leachata generation depanda on tha type and aaount of
aludge, th# BOlsture content: of rh* aludge, iu saolstutn holding capacity, and
the affect of compaction and decomposition on the raltai* of water twm the
sludge. The depth of burial in the landfill will influence the production of
water, because af increased prtnuri at depth {Char! ie at al.. 1*79; in et
al.P lfBS).
The degree tn which waste is coopactad after placement affect* the traitl
peratability, which if in^ortanc in decanainlng percolation races -undsi*
ilUUCtd condition*. In the unsaturated Layers, gravity and capillary
potential are controlling and parwaab11ity is nonlineerly related to »oietu*e
content (Lu ec al., 19AS). Fungaroli and Scelner (19?9> report the following
range for peraw ability valve*; 10"1 cm/a for low density. large particle trajte
(l*a* than 100 lfe/Cu. yd) to 10"* ca/a f of blgji denalEy, staall psrtlcla westa.
A£f
Tlta degree and race af bin logical tStcompua 11 ton of vaita change with tine
(i.e., the age of t^a facility), llologlcal acclvicy dapenda en che rate of
16

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Infiltration end the ilftributian of wltnrt K£ctoor®attLia»a ntid ¦oiatura
concents of 40 te 60 pcrctnt. which 1* In «*£*¦¦ of typical flil
-------
of eh* soil tmimtvxm loae to the abKuplivf* ia dun en uditien and ag*.
EirrlroniMTitfll taecora include till Jtissn, ttuaperatur*, iolar radiation,
ralatlva hmldicy, vim) *paad, *fhi aoll ¦aiatura content (Lu it *1,, 19&S}.
Evaporation ia proportional te dit vapor ptuturi different® batman water in
the	jutd th* air. It bi«»H itiilfnlflcatit wlrh depth. EnvirtmKneil
factora mifaceInj iviparttlon ineLud* wind rpmwd, humidity and atsoapharie
pEaaauf*. sail aotitun content. and th« pra*»f«# of dieaolv*d lalidt. The
vfiui itMvia victr ftm near Uii aurfaea. thus Incnutnt the evaporation
rate. fhmldltjr «nd XwaphtrU pressure «n invar**ly rilitid to evaporation,
!v«poritlw rataa dictiiii significantly utoeiv eha m!1 hUcui* contmt drepa
btlw the	peine and a* dissolved ulldi eancaneratlona in the water
lncnut (Lai at al,„
Finally, kkpmI (liucLc variation* can affect the lni;itlcn of the
Jiwndvitd table. In twt araaa, a hjudmI rlaa In the vatar tabla eao
result ip groundwater intrusion into th* landfill. In addition, lwrtued
infiltration and percolation e>f precipitation through • landfill relative to
the juiro'undlng in* can taault in a vunl in i>e water tibli below the
facility, rtauldng in groundwater incruilon and aatvration of tha vuli. "the
volume- of Iitunt«d uaace. Che contact tint, ami {rouiutvit*r flow direction
all ifftec production of leacheta under these condlcloni (Lu at al., 191?),
2.1,1,a Final Vm
Aftar cloaura of a facility. vi(«utlon ia g»orfcaily plantfi in toil abawa tha
final cover1. Vegetation influence* the leaching rata by intercepting and
transpiring, precipitation, controlling flurface rroofff, and thu*. reducing
inf Herat ion. Th* composition, density, and «(« »f tha vejetatiofi all. affect
the quantity of u»ut that inflltratap the landfill. Craaaaa art lttually
planted to control Brofion, Depending an th" flail, us* of the ai-aa, a long-
tern. prografalcn to native apaciac la likely (E.C. Jordan Co.. 1984).
Irrigation 1* often practiced at parks, golf coutaea> ami In agricultural
fie Ida. In EOfltt parte of the country < It say b« required to- anlntain a good
^r»ip cover. b fraction of applied irrigation, water Iup « 40 percent) la
never abioibtd fcy the loll and eventually pareolacaa down. Ilia difference
batvaan dse irrigation input and evapetranspiration It tkw uwunL that will
irtflltrata. aiTW# rtmoff la usually tnilpiifUanc, In dry	ihll
inefficiency can retult In significant laachate g,«parati«i (Lu at at,, If IS),
1,1,1,5 COBpoaltlon uf the lliin
The covpoiitLon 6i namte placed in a land£ill can affact tlv* quantity of
lcachate prpducad froB the base of a landfill in too waya. Ptrct, dlapoaal ~£
waate with high nalsture eontcivtft, auch n food and garden waats or the
codiaposal of aludg*. incraaies the overall aftltcure content qf cha waita. As
a raaulc. the waste can abisit lets lnfiltntlnj watar and field capacity la
reached soofiar, Second, strung aclda, ^aaaa. aalta, and hh liquid organlca
-------
feiy xaduc* ttw ccmtaliuaant capabilities of engineered control* to Blfritlen
{«,§, , 1Intra), chui allowing Urjir fluxai of laachate fron th« facility
(Auvrbaclh et *1., ltI4),
labia 2-Z glva* the r«|arwoai nicure of Municipal idUiJ utitt, toaa dhanoallng of w*fcai occur*
bafore fl«ld capacity Is reached. The audior* state that tkwHJ|h the
algnlflcance la hard ce aatLaaci, tfca odhA should ba aull and nan*
cenclmieuj. Onte the witi 1c at field capacity, die annual laachata
production rata aqual* th* annual rata or lnfiUiittmi (SMpin. 1912),
PeTccl«tln& vat*r encounter* 1mj«« in the vnti chat have different
Kructurei Bid properties. Aa a remit, ine lay«r* c*n b« aacuracad *hil«
otlwre 
-------
wastewater
APPLICATION
PERCOLATION
Figuri a. 3 BchfllMtic of ¦ surface li«pi7Uii4
-------
itwvi * Llticd lurfic* lipoundMot wltb lidu built-up to prtvtat overflow>
Hufih of chi dlieuiilon at llnin in Sietlon ?,1.1.1 It rilmmC Co lurfua
inpoundaenta «nd die infoniLioA £¦ nut npitud hats.
Clay linirj cm luk atgnifieantly. As vu ditebiKd tn Siccion 2.1.1,1,
cheplcela In t|n *iiti cm react with cbe day, ami tbui diki|B tht lntegrltj
of the liner^ Alto, Upigpti conatructlon can mui* liner failure^ Brown at
al_ (1987) studied leak ncu through holit In (Ipxlbli pefthrons Llnera. The;
found that flow irai priHrll; dipifidtnt m the alxa and ilwpt of the flaw, tht
hydraulic hiidh and the hydraulic, chiraeuzluici of th* a(Abu«r Eniion of
the cubbaaa can &eeur below a flan In ¦ fiixlbli pephrana Hoar vhin th> hud
£a large, inch as for euxface lafHvnteiitt, and nhen tha auUuii hydraulic
conductivity la greater t)wn 10"* ca/a (Itrnt tt al>. WS7J, Evid for
(tiuecuftlly sound nabrant llMd, very a Bail maunti of alfritLon can occur.
The rata dipwdi on chi aixe, ahape, and polarity of tha liquid (U.S. EPA,
19S9b)
Unanticipated ovtrflm or loae fro* failure of a dike, direct contact with
gxourtdMate r, and cataatropblt collips* In ketat ami are other v«ja by which
coRtfiilMnU In surface inpoundpanta can be Introduced into tha a\*baurfacs
(Allor ac al.. I9i7)r
For uflllned active lagoons. the call la typicaliy saturated all the way to the
water table, for rlay-lined Ib^mai , the liner ia typically saturated end the
aoil between the liner and the water table la unsaturated (U.S. EM, 1969b).
Precipitation haa m alnlpal influence on laaehate gnurntlm In aurfece
ittpouiubMnta. Tha liquid waste In tha facility will percolate to the water
table under the influence of gravity. The rata- determining, a tap la i.tu
permeability of the liner or underlying aoil (U.S. £Pa. Llttb).
Evaporation from tha lnpoundamt lurfact la Important. Tha net rate of
evaporation depends on the vapor pressure gf the water phase and the partial
pressures In the air pbAsa. Fsctora affecting evaporation are temperature,
wind, hutkldlty, atnoapherie preeaurs, the quality of tin water. and the nature
and shape of the lapeundnAnt surface. Moat of these factors vary seasonally
and geographically (Lu at al.. 1W),
2,1.4 Land Treatment Facilities
land application of punieipal itastewatar treatment plant sludge ia cnamin, In
1$&D. to 40 percent vaa directly med fat lendspraadlng on fawn food crop
and ochti public and private lands. Municipalities that collect and treat
substantial aaaunti of industrial waates frop manufacturing industries uy
generate sludgo relatively high In harmful constituents* tuch as heavy natal*.
Land application options are pore Halted for thai* sludges {U.S. IFA, 19i3a),
At dedicated land treatment facilities, all ivifici vater la contained within
the alte and ia rapoved by evaporation, evapotransp1ratloo If plants are
gmwn, or by controlled discharge. If tba possibility nf flooding oxiata,
beras, dikes, ami channels ara constructed. Slopes are 0,J percent or leac to
minimize potential runoff and erosion, which nay involve either windblown
21
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¦ntx«iTOwni or waetffaatiw transport «f sail* (TP.S. IM. t9V3a), Tka gastl*
dopif alto help pintnC ahtlliN	aubaurfaea wviiint, wblch cpwld
manic In rapid traitapoirt of csntiBiiunu to (uzftci watara (Auaxtoach ac al. ,
l«4),
Grwndvacar leacbata la eofitrallad ittlwr by a. Mtur«l irfxla birtlvr,
Scnetljau it la inctittptid by m cvllicclM kyitu. ConatlcuBot* In tha *aara
ara rumi by plants, bactarlal urlvKj, and chaatteal/physical raaetloma, or
tbay ¦cBUBil«t« In dia loll {U.S, 8PA.. 1113*).
Liquid ilud|i la applied Co mi^mx tha land iu{f«ci or thi aitfaaurfaee.
Surface	U don* by a praying, lritl«i Mara diaeuaaad In faction 2.1.1.3. Cllaata cut affact
operation tiaa, atoraga tw^uliaMRCi, and laacMng and runoff potential.
SiuomI rainfall o* froxan ground can pravant operation (U.S. EfA, 19ft3a),
t.j factors umumeiHo uaehate cpAwrr
In • facility, »uti eonat1tuanca partition auti| lolld, vapvr or aqua out
phiiu, h vtriity of aicfablal, ehaaieal, and phya leal rranifaraatlona altar
tha ehiiktl and phyaicaL nature af cha mat* and ftj^saet tha eeiucltiiBfit
partitioning bttvuiv phuai (UlUliai ac al., 1917), Tha quality of cha
lauhtu rea-ialting fro® thaaa interaction* la quite vwiabli (axeapc in
noimCilla) bteiuH of the wida vaxiaty af vaat* eonatlcuanta Imlvad, aind
bieuiu of diffaraneaa In praceealng, aga, daaign, CenptEa.tura., blolagleal and
lanital aaehanitEu, ami rata of wacar application. In general, tha nora
liquid flowing, through a landfill, tha acre craatvalfwnta will b« leachad fro*
It (lu aE al., 1£>8S), low of <±ie variability in data t>n laachata quality
raault* froat piobltit with	«r handling pi-ocadurav, and analytical
Organic*. Inerganlea, aw tali, ami alerabLal cautanliuuita ara all found In
vaaca dapaalcad in Subcltli D fecilitiaa. Tha awire** of aolid waat* an
raiidcntial, eoaairelal. aunlclptL Industrial, traatjwnt plant*,
agricultural, and cenatrueclon (Tchgbanegloua ac al.. 1977),
22
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Uast# pnpgttlit that can have ¦ wsjor tfftei on th* quality of luehiU
Include voIuh, pathogen cnuttni, rancenttittnni of mlc clmltalt, toiicwt
nobility. biodigradfill i t> tad biaaccumlitLon. Hiitt c«poMnt Interactions,
and IncnqutlMlliy with tli* Enntalwiiic ayaceii (Aui^aeh it i]rh 19S4). The
Hchanliai flf trkmftr fr«a mat* to £tw vittr ir« antfiliwnt of fiftlculat*
and toluhla Bitfrial, dlitalution, and stabilization (i.e., conversion of
organic saterlal Into gpitsm and soluble ferns} (Lu at «1F 19IS).
2 2.1 MiHiielBal LiwdFills
2.2.1,1 Vast* Characteristics
The largest coaponetiE of nmleipiL vmci Is p«pcr. Other caaponants include
f«4ith igricultunl and jud vimi , ilwi, atula. plvtlei, leather, w»i, and
rubber. Am EPA itudy (1J.S EPA, 1988c) found chat mti ctiin JD p«K(H of
¦vnlcipsl solid vud ii paper, paperbosrdf and yard vut«; 40 percent is
m till, fviid vests. and plutl««; and 10 par cant la voadr rvMtr, luthtr,
t«xtll«s, and hImiUmcoui lnorganlei. The eoapoaitinn of pmielptl wti
varies with location, tausA, icocmnlE conditions,, and da bo graphic: Influences.
Fat uwpU> the percent pipir and pLaarlc h»i inereuad greatly In dit put
20 yaari fPohland and Engalbrecht„ 1976; Tehobenoglou* at al.. 1977),
In addition tn municipal waste, uu^ aiuniclpal landfills recoive Industriel
nfmha?er4o\JS viita («.£,. and raaidue>, pollution control ijit*i aludgai,
itpdc uAk pusping*, seveg* sludge bulky vaaces. street sweepings, and
construction/dsaolieIon vest#s {Tchobara&lou* «c sl.r 1977; Killer, 19M).
Finally, imi aunlclpal landfill* accept uuta fn* nail ^unc 1 ty
defined as opiratlorn producing loss chin 1EHHJ kg/taonch of hezardous waste.
Snail quantity gsmretora are a iouih of hezardmu vuca la nunlcipal
landfill*. The EPA (IQBBc) ticiatui that snail quant 1 ty } produce
MO. WHO nitric tons of hazirdnuf waste a year (s.g., lead-acid battarlei,
solvents, and ttroi^l/ tcldlfi or alkaline vttiei). approximately 5 to lfi
percent of which ie diepoaad of in Bunlclpal volid w&ste landfills, In
addition, cowm discarded houiehold product!. such u elaaneri, auto
pftducti, paint thlniMri, nr pes tie Idea nay contain htiardmu vutei. iteiults
of three studies in Los Angeles. California and Albuquerque, New Mexico
suggest that leas than 1.0 percent: of household truce Is hazardous (Sehanz end
Salhoera, 199D),
Lav-solid* iJvdjts, with solid* contents u law aa } percent, ran ba
codleposed in landfills, but only If they represent a a nail poreenc of the
tocal waste fU.S, EPA. l*7i). The EfA «ttlaitcs that ±0 percent $three
¦11linn tons] of the savage sludge produced each year is codleposed of In
landfills. Sl'^df.% typically accounts for laaa than five ptretnt of the total
VoIum of vase* In municipal landfills (U.S. EPA, 198&C;] . The U.S. EfA (1479)
provided detailed informitien related to sludge treatment (stabilisation,
devataring. etc.).
Municipal sludge la a ¦!*; of savage fro* Mtibolie and Industrial wsstei r h™e
wastewater. and fgwtlHS atom runoff. It la co^osad of organic coapounds,
inorganic sales, heavy natils. bacteria and viruses (Aller et al., 198?}.
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In addition to cr<4tid i*viji aludge, wntruttd btomn ui uUil f«til ureas:
and	vwtt tri alao pliud in lnodfllli, loth cba tnttid and
unttHttd viiiiJt itft iDtvctt of parivA^m, that can potwtitlly al^riti out of
tbs facilities. Fohlind and Bngelbr»cht {1976) tcport thet the pottutiil
huird li a function of the uount and mtmi of Chi pettagana Involved, their
ability 10 itwvlvs and remain infect lout in the landfiLl/l«aehate. mt thtlr
ability to *av« through tha landfill. Th* authors net* chat char* 1j a
significant reduction in ptcbopn populitlon with tlae of l*aehingr but thac
pa,thoftens hew b»an reported In tuipldi taken below landfills, They imeb
th«c laiebau appear* to ilgDiflciiicIjr inactivate bacteria end vlnnii,
Itiae tiva t J on increase a with Ineruiint t»pintun and dtcrmtng pH.
GAa geruritlan end sijritlnn prsblai «t largely tuwUtad with aunlelpil
and CO*disposal landfill* wlsare biological activity acwi, tha geeeji an
Hinly methane arid CD|, but hjdrDjin sulfide. hydTO(H, laannii and ochar
iuti can also be present (Chaaiaml et el., 1994). He then* production
normally begins within one yemt.
2,2,1.2 Factors Affecting Composition
Tables 2-3 and 2-4 mamarlzs deta on tha c«apaiitiim of leachete (roa
ttxinlclpaj i«lld mite landfill#, The total concantretlon of any ItatKiti
EDivtKutM ie a function of 1cj initial concentration »nd the **tent to which
it hea been ilt
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2-3.
Data on libt Coppoiltlen of iMdwti (tn Uadtllli
Typit*i ~*!«•
(M/IV
SGDj (S-d*y blpthnlEii	10,000
axyfwn daamd>
TOC orgA&le cirium)	fi.000
COO {cliHlul nygin datum}}	IS ,000
Tetjil cu*pprwt«d aolida	¥00
Organic nitrogen	£00
Aawnlit ciitxvgta	200
Mt£*u	25
Toul ptawpborv*	30
OrrEbe phaapbatu*	20
Alkalinity ** C*a^	3.000
pM (usldaii - not In ¦f/U	5
Total hardnca* mm CaCO*	3,500
CfeleitHi	1,W0
Hapwalu*	250
e
fotAJjtima	300
Sodiua	SOU
ChLftflda	400
Sulfate	WO
Total Iron	M
Ssure*i Tchobanogloui at al. fi97?J
Itftfwintativa ?*~&*
mf valuta f-f/lV		
1,000 - M,0Q0
i,saa - 20,000
l.OOO - 45,000
200 ¦ l.MW
10 - 600
10 < BOO
§ - 40
1 - 70
1 - 50
1,000 - 10,000
3.3 - *.5
300 - LO.OOd
100 - l.OOO
SO - 1,500
200 - 2,000
200 - 2,000
iftO - 5,000
10O - 1,500
50 - S0§
21
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T*bl« 2-4.
SuRMiy of LueKiti Quwtiriit 1c i luid on 20 5uplift
Fin JknitLjul Solid Via Mi
Nlllcn v*1u*	Kii^ii of All.
CoBrBonetsca

value* fttonl
AlktlihLC^ (CiOO,)
J ,050
0 - 20.450
Bleehnicil 0*yg*n> <5 diyi)
5,700
»1 - ».360
Ctlciua (CaJ

M - 7.200
Chwaietl Oxygen Refund (000}
a.
40 - 89,»0
Cuppflr (Cu>
0-5
0 ¦ 9,9
Chlarlda 
700
4.7 - 2,300
NiifiJiuiP (CiCD))
2,750
0 - 22,600
Iran, Total (FoJ
94
0 - 2. M0
l**& )
0.71
< 0.1^,0
Kipufiun (Kg)
230
17 - 15.600
AmganaH 
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Ftpnri 2,A, lli* uls jteeiuntats by "Aith	is laached frtva a landfill
(¦adifi«4 fr«s Crawford mid Salth (198)}) r
11
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cor-tact vtt.i l.ttch*Ce. Research by Punj*rol I *nd $ClllS»r H979) tnd by Reaper
And Sttilh (19HI) ahovs chat rha liv;:tll« In surface area an>d Lift biadtgndition
citti can rifuU il M Increase in laachitt constituent tone ant rat I ana.. In
*4dl Clou, the emulative: u]| of CMlCUlitlnCi per valuta of l«i(hll« On
Increase, The Bte »en tha oxygen ha« been depleted, anaerobic degradation begins. Anaerobic
ac 11 v i cy controls loachate quniity for licit uf the act iv* 11f« of a landfill.
Anaaroblc pr«C«l(M Itivolvr multiple steps: L) hydrolytll ot carsple*
•obetratn Co soluble, smaller organic compounds, 2) acidojewi i«, where the
hydrolyzed orgafil ee ere Ut illled as carbon and tmrgy IDUtcea and volatile
•cl<)t i:> produced as conversion jjroducti, al«ng vith C0Z aivd H? gitet, nod
finally. 3) methanogeneeia , where bacteria convirt the volAlLie acids. C©^
rifid Hl to methane £is. The threa f«pi ire noc at steady-state In a landfill
rVilliaiu »t b! ,
The initial anaerobic leacHate typically h»* 1 le" pH, a reditcid redox
potential, and h|^t volet 1] 4 AC id and inorganic Ion concentrations (Lu et al .
1^8^). The- growth of methanogen*	range of 6.6 to 7,4, Thu».
older, stabllljtitw leridfiill typically have a. near n«uTT4l pK, i^ith low
volatile acid and total dissolved «nlIdi concentrations, but	nedheoe
concentrations in t|ip ptlBS-e (Lu al -. 1.985).
2a
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5vperimposed on the ilcr«Mil cruuftnuclom era chemical raactloru :tui
lepact SuJm±.Lllty . ipteliCIan, ridoz^ and. vi^^Jlqvid tqulllbrla, The* I*
(qulillirli dur.gt with tint, (HpuwSinj on the i(ij< of tb* landfill
stabi! i ration |ir«eMI. For eXuplc , pH decrease* with AC Id p Induction iixl
frcr»«««« with methane production. En turn, pK affects the fanuclen of
precipitates and Che ioluhlllty of Betels (Willless «c «1_, I9H7).
The microbial pithaptr, popularion alio chang.ee with age of Chi landfill. Lu et
il. (1985) not I'd chat: the kigh populitlon diiultiit la fresh refuse dacraase
with Age and with leaching tacauaa of the bacteriocidal eff#$ta of (he
Survival VaS found to be lmirnl^ projWTTto temperature.
With Lhc high tmsperatura* £«nar*'»d by aerobic depredation Inhibiting
activity. In *4dlci©n. 1am pH inhibit* growth.
Thyilcai rod ChtBlcal iiKtlimi
The phyi1 c a | proca$«*l trfiCtlng teachate composition within a landfill are
generally "Se s-aws u those des-qribsi for cU aubsutface in Sicclaii 3,1 Of
those processes dl*C"fiad Itt Section 3.1, the mast Important c *1., ^907). However , it is kwim that ilgnltl-type compounds ,
clay a literals froa the dally »i) ««v«ra. and Iron and mari£*naoa hydrmil
oxidaa can adsorb tract metals under aaidlzinj conditions (Jenrie. 196B). Lu
ftl al. (IfUS) maintain that adsorption, along with couplegation, la on« of the
idiL important prc-casi-aa affecting :(ice metal nobility in tha landfill. They
Itacc thac the net effect of *d»«r?Cion, whld] attenuates metal*, and
coaplc^atlon. which increases metal mnbllity, if. hard to quantify.
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Th* tdsarpcian of any p«Jlu»m: fej clay 1> affected by cbe presence pf «(hll
ulutei, by th« ionic acrength and the pK of cha iuduu. Thu-i, Information
abouc ch* adMrpciam of conatituanra In mi* lexthata m*y nee directly *pply to
predicting *d«Drf6ten in *aother leachate (Griffin and Shinp, 1979). The
adsorption of Itula from a laachate It COUMUlty leu than adiorptian fra»
jWSTfc a<$ueai£& solution*,
Prec tplcatlon lr Eh* mln wehatilsa fat attenuation of «*rat cictmu at pH
valuaa ahov* *lx. &«lov 4 pU n£ *ix, "Bt*l citlani at® att#nu»Ctfl by
>jcch«ii(« - adtorptlon >echiTiLiua vhlch ar« affected by j*H and competition,
Althxrugfi precipitation la net lafortant for huI anion*,. thi id»orpciofi of
the ¦unav*leac flptcia* fro* solution L* * *lgnif*cant M kith ch*r£«* in
CoerpaaitloEl and/or pK (CelfCln and Styinp. lf?l; Lu et il,. If ®J>),
T«Bpermtar«
Teaperature affect* the aolubilitlee ami reaction rate* Cor imp ehMlcala mm
wall «« tsltlogUil activity. Tfce taaiparature inccmn and reachea ¦ Buiaun
during aerobic degradeK1on and d#cre»«ea with Che «Qltl of anaerobic activity.
In add I ti or., eaatoival. fluctuitlmu in temperature can ax|«c c> certain daptba,
Ac tli# pr**«nc tin#, lltt.lt ipse If ii information |# available jtoufc iht afftec
of t«*pef#tuct on Isnehatc cwapoiitliHi (Poland and En^tbrachi;, 1976; Lu *t
*1. . 196 Jj,
Addition of Sludg.*
Lm at al. (1985) raporc that: th» addition of aludga can u&tjiraw che rate of
stabll iRation of biodegradable or&MiCJ . On the other h»f«I, lC can also
«,cf»ler*tB the production of leachate hy addin| Mrc water and potentially
I ricr-eiis-E th« aCLlVft pathD^en population in ehft leachat^. COMMHiy, sludiB
cont^lru hLgh concentratiotvi ft Mtals. vhlch swy ba l*aclwd frao cAdlvpoaad
aludgfr.
Kate o( Ifitjr Application
Contact Xlaa trtveen vajte in a landlill and the »#f« percolating thr«U|H Che
f»cl lley i* ar> Lnporuni Influence on iwiiy cbasical reactloni. Tfca fate mf
w«cer Applleacion, in canjunetion vjth the total thlcknea* of vaitt, dtraraine
the contact tie*, Hi|^*T ratev of application produce »ra dilut« teKhitfi
and ;ri4(«r Mil teaavtl i| * function at tlv. Alio, b«eauJ* blolpglul
•cclvicy la related to SOlaCute content, the rata of water application lafiacti
dccoapojitiorv ratai. Different appl Icatlorv rata* can racult In 'Vmty different
ltaihtu coapniltloiu (Ijj «t ¦!., lltS}r
30
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Z-2.1 "Industrial Hon-hazardous Landfills/Construct I qti and Paul I clon Dtmi
Construction und dMulitlvn vntM in v»ry h«urdg«nfoui in ctiirieuf.
Qwanticlea (?£ various cnponin^ ar« difficult to utiuu. The vutt way
contain discarded building UHrlllt froa n*v csoimctlon. or wood, i»«l,
bricks and scows, (MKrttt, dirt. piafC#r< and pluming, h'UlIkg, iitd
ilucrlcil jsarcs froa the daaoliclon of existing structure#. In larg« part,
except for the weed, It 1* not da gradate ovar lis* (Hagerty it tl.. 19>74r
TchobarttglOu* bL si.. 1977).
Indnasrlal n^n-htiirthHii v*it«i ar« gaaftrated by a d|v*»t tat of
¦anofacturim prottiMi, vfoich Include the waiwfacrora of chealcals, food,
iron end acatl, leather product*„ plaidu and tesiiw., rubber„ pulp and pajwr.
textiles, equlpaant, and eonatttict Ion pepducu (U.S . EPA, 19BBc). Klnlhg
vases artd ell and ga» vasts *ra not Included In this category ty the fPA.
Ma r»f*r»nc«l u
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irv>rs«filc iblfiic coopourula). mud p depend* en thair lurvlval and transport.
Survival if influenced by eh* orgariu typa. toll t«*tura and tolicurt,
trappyra eyre, and tha prutnci of *nE*g;oiilatf c orgRnlnw. Tmruport dap«ndj on
the jMnanability and cwjiailtian of die Mil, pH. subsurfac« flov xatea, acul
tlii praiarc&e of soluble m-&mi (i and cations . Inuvil otcur a primarily
through flltnt)nn and adacrpclon <*1 lar at al., 198?). Vlruaa* can pmitt
for a long etna In nature. The neat jMralstMC pathogena «» para*It#* and
bacteria that torn aporat, «tiic,h t*n aurviva in iqII for y«an (Auccbach #s
al. , 1?§4),
Municipal ¦ !«%•§ are alsoct alwcyi tiuud by a aLablltzacfen proceaa before
application. ScilviUutlcm proceaiea Include dictation, composting, drying,
or a (.Drag* In a lagoon. Stabilization of «. •lodge prior Co placUMm ski
reduce th* potential for wlgradon. It alio raducea th* volume of rnr atadgft
by 25 to 40 p#retflt (0,5. EPA. ItllaJ,
Land treatment facilities art daaijnetf to mcQurii^a Mod#|radatl#fl of arganlta
Incorporated Into tha upper ull layer. Th* loll and eilaatlc characterletlee
of tha el w, ch« ebnltal charactariaClca at tba waat* and tha operational
tMhia^uei eaploye^ all lnfluAttCe the extant pf blolAglcal da^radatlon. Undar
nar»al «or4i c Ions. blndagradation and volatlllxaclan na dia Ma taoat
iB^fifCani: pracflini affteclnf tha Ids* e£ or^«Qlc4 r *Ad thu. tha cmQkOf Iclen
of laachaca fro# ¦ land rraat®ent facility. Factor* affaecing laachat*
ganaratlcn fm» land Craauanc facilitlaa ar« thown in FJg^itia 2.5,
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tab!* a.s n	iTrPHI UliM vt Bti 141
ehbumm
Tot.it
¦
in
- i>.t
I.3P
l.H
m,- ¦
H
1U
fesl#- - l.7(
• o»
».«
"3» '
9
¦ I
lilf - >. »t
a. si
a.«i
f

m
<4.1 - 14.1

1.11
t

hi
B.n ' i>i
A.J4
i>g
t-M.r—^.1	WimtMJtoi
Cm	>•»	H * lt>H	DB	],IM
Mi	ZM	lt| * 3?,(M	l,1«t	I.rn
11	1«	1 - l.Mt	U	U»
A	W)	1! ¦ tl.W	iM	1.M0
of	nt	1 - i.ito	11	lit
m1 ¦	;~	g.M ' 11.1	i.m	i. it
" D»tj *r» JntmilfH E7f*» «i i	(auinbU,	tqiai, *4>c. J
Izi tj aiiLa,
bin.: ff.1. Eft* I IMS,]
31
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i j'.'.m V i

DEEP PERCOLATION
F|.qi.»r« 2.*j Scli-urfkiit.it: of thfl J,a?id LreatEEJit, process I i row Short, 19S6I.
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SECTION 1,0
leachate Kiciutian ir tux surswace
Hii ¦Ljiidon o£ IcactMt* ind lttehict c«M(itunti In tha iufaiurfic4 4»p«»li
on factor* ruch aa du liquid nwoui of du miu, tlw chMlctl pn$«rtUi of
th« iiuhi c« ecmAtltumti, Uvt loading riti, th* eltuci, and «9il and/or
aquifsr prop»rti»i.
In dili r sport,. thi F«cdci InfliMQcliti vut* ¦l^ritlnn in dlieuiitd undtr
chnp dlvliltiii: phyiiul. diiaieili uid biologic*!. tteiuii of cmpIw
intaractl©»a b«tw«in phyilul, dinUil , and bletitlcil ftvciuti, vuloui
contulunu ttay mat he tranvportad thmi|h eta mbiuzfiei At the a of
tha Iaechate ili« ifftcc accanuatlon.
Nigra elan of ¦icre-orgft&ita* in the puh*urf*ee iv af foe tad by tha ilz« of tha
«rganlta, toil. pot« aIra, the call aurfaca prvpartlaa of tha organiem «nd tha
loil particle* , clay cMutii, prejicnci of catlrna, pfl, aoUm*, and cha
priHKi of srgmlc utttr. Tbt mk Important piwmhi iti filcmtLom,
phyaital. adsorption, and aiilamotlin) (Pohland and Kf^slbr»cht, >.
3S
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J.I PHYSICAL PROCESSES COKTROLUUC SUBSURFACE TEARS PORT
A ntiafcer of physical pE#taa*«* control th* criniporc &{ contaminant* In th*
aubaurfac*. iHtie include advectlon, dltpereion and ^iffutlon< flUiicion,
phyi Leal adaorption, daruity «tr*ti£lc»eioti, maiitiM* phasw flev. And
pcukilbly frierurid flow (Ui et *1., I9S3; Keely, lSi-7), tttiit proc#j»ae, in
cum, «B effected by hydrogen logic prnperelti, *«ch h^dnulle
conductivity, por®»l£y. utd aa|jcurt content, and by chMiCAl prapcrtl#*. Ill*
pbyilfcal proceame* ht« briefly dlsciuied btlov,
A4**cvlat
A4wtefciert is the process by which centaainanti irt trart#porieii hy *h# overall
action of th" flovlni groundwater in uhldl ihey in d|jtolv»d. A tion*raj»ctiv«
io]v» Hill b« transported av cha sub r*t» and in cht iim dlr«ctton *a the
tveti{< U»«ir velocity CFreere and Chirry, 19?J). Advcctlv* Eramport j*
chUfly A function, of the hydrawlle conductivity distribution. po;oilcy. *Od
the hjdraulic grMlmta In Che subsurfftC* {Auecbach at al. . IMG) . Thei«
factor* iri discussed ii> agr* dacaii in the follow!nj »»ec.ior>» on unsaturated
«Ad Saturated MdiUB piOpertlrB.
I»J ¦cClon well* and Purfae* lMtpDU«fafc|i ts (in give « «trongly thr»«- dlltrj I anal
character CO leeal groundwater flow fields. Xaely (Itflt) iCilee that HWlUfig
surface iapowidmenti Can reverae loul £re*uni por«». and eha fact chat the flou rata it ¦ lover near p#rt valla than
In tilfr center of the pores {Ly »c *1.. 1915; keelyF 1IMJ.
Molecular diffusion if c*us«d by * cantaslnant: concentration gtidUnt.
Ch»ilctli mvi froa xotvea of hl^h conMncraelen to somas of l«w concentration.
tJiCfujiOfi la negligible in •nwiroiuaoxira where tht flew rates are udirKt to
high. where aachjmical diapersIon doaln*t«a. However, for very llw
velocities, #u«h as through clay* and sllte. diffusion can be important
(K««ly. 191?).
Ktely £1S>89> point* ©uc ctuie spatially variable hydraulic condwtlviil«i tiuif
¦patially V«rylng vslocittii in (lie aubeurfac*, V«iiaclons In tha rit* of
ad^ecclan reiult In pluke apreadinj, which CtA be confu*«d with dlJperaian.
Th» Accuracy of dlspitralan «acln&tec at th» regional *caln 1« directly
dependent tin rha accura
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Ftj-fciCal Sorption
Phytic*! sorption t* * function at Van der Ufa It roKii, hydndynult, and
tlacUokiRitlc ]>r»pii[lti of ioU particle J. The p recti* i« iapattent in che
riWVll of bacteria and vlrutei. but la uiuiUy U&iaportant relative i© ocbit
ptDcesses for crt(« COflUlLnkiiC attenuation {Gilbert, 1974; Fuller, 1977),
filtxatio®
Mechanical fllcridtn r«a»Ei cantulMnti that ate Iarjtr then the port
ipiui of the sail. Thm, th« iffteti of Mcfumleil nitration incre«*e vlih
decree* lng pore tilt within a tsedium., Nonetheless. flUrttlm ippiigi to «
wide range of (WTtlcla *Lui. Suipeftdfld solid p*rtlcloi In solutions
generally T«n^e it) lite from 0.001 liczOM U B microne, The retention of
l«rjir particlej may affectively reduce the ptnub 11 i cy of the poll or
e quire r (Lu it *1., 196Aller at al,. 1907).
Ilie ten Filtration It efren 
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d mrfict or (rm the bottom of « facility nay ba llslud by the
capacity o£ the soil to accept wuc. Tha i infiltration. rata Into th« toll
cannnL axcapd tht viltiB for the idH'« MtU»tad hydraulic conductivity. XCI
tha unMturactd Join, th# hydraulic conductivity {• dtptndtnt on tfca idl
soltture coptant. Th« specific dlichiTja (hnu^h tha vadoia :dm vaflas with
ttw dt^rit of saturation at any drpch {U.S. EFa. 1908b).
Firapiriltt of tha S4twit«^ Sidlua
Tha natur* ud extent of tha	tsaterlal undirlylikg a facility concroLi
cha fate and transporc of loachatr l?i tha subsurface. Croundvatar tluVi fro*
Ticharga tone* to discharge	in raaponso to tha hydraulic gtadlint ic any
Jivtn point. UI curnf cha hydraulic gradient; 1« influenced by iqoihi
chi»e(*;iKlCt, boundary condition*, and natural or Ml' iflduced racharg* and
diJ&harga (U.S. EPA, 19Bfla). For aqueous solution*. Information about the
hydraulic {[(dllhE can be obtained frma dAC.a on hydraulic tv«ad. When
v«rlatlot)a in density ixljit, hontvei". the h/dr«lit gradient n*iat iw ebciiud
from vatar	Contours.
Esllutti of hydraulic -conductlvity at Cha field scale hiv« Wily an order»of-
upilwd« accuracy at beat. Uktulic, infiltration and l«ak*ga fron otha*
aquifers can only b« predicted withJn an ord»r-»f-aa&nitudr. Thua.
inforucitn about velocity dj atributioni, which dftptitd on the hydraulic
conductivity and flux rata-*, often has Olil/ che a«ae laval of accuracy (Keely.
19B7). Hydraulic conductivity can be aLtared by int*r«eti»n« betvean l«aehate
and the subaurfac* atdla, but these |nr*r«clnu are pomly urcdi ra c t»od
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Frtctuira density, iptinri lit* diatrlfetitlon. orientation frtqutney, ind
InttrccnniM ion a Are all factor* (tttininlflg th* if feet of fncrjin (Auerb»eb
et al., 19B4), Th« relatlv* lapettamce off the friecurt i^kh eo the
hydraulic conductivity of an aquifer dtndi an the charact#rluclon of
che network af apinl)i|l *nd tunnela (KinCiid at il, , 19t4i). Ac For lurfici
M»r IJIMW. flov It often tux butlilt Did Darty'* Lnr does pot	Dye
tracers are usad to icudy kirn ayitiu.
3.2 CUEHICAL PSOCESSES CWTROLLlHC SUBSURFACE mHSPOftf
The theaicai procmii pctitnctd lit ihli section include pridplcitLon-
dlaiolucioft, eotptloii. redox raacrlPTIf, hjdrolyfU, and eoapltKltlDA. Uhiln
the jemril prlnclpUi and driving tMchanisiks for the** pHCdMi are
imdar(t«nJ, the coaplex subsurface enulronocnt In Which thay occur prouidit
Mfiy poatible outtDoat (Kttly, 19ft?].
la general, these pmciafM, except for hydfolytia, are :tvt»12>la. The
reversible procae##* C*nd CO CitJtd transport, but do not prmanantly
tU iy»t». Sorption and pri£iplt«tlm i»
^onftrally the dominant retarding bachanlsu in the fRTunrtti toJtfc.
The attenuation of net*If la a funttlnn of their individutl properties., th#
perweablll cy of the soli, th* properties ol die leachate, and the aaouncj of
tlay, Hit. end hydroua Iron oxides present In th* poll 
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COftfetaihlull. Concentration! of I (*W pare ant (1% - 10,00# ppn) «• WHiJlly
needed For ce-i«>lv«leTi ta occur (K««ljr. 1S*4?3 -
The solubility «£ * #eilid chalcil control# Ul *qull Ibriua etete . Vlfwrn the
colubl# concentration of ¦ contaminant iri 1*achate i* liijhtr iJuHi d»t nf the
tqullibiiua stiti, j»r*eijsir*tien occur*. Utwn tht aoluhle coriMntHclon It
Ia««r chen the #fullibrl* ?«its» «nd •»lld* exl«t In die syiCM, dlssolution
Ktun. Yh# pre*ipicatlaa el a dinalwd *ubicaive« can be u« laponanc
Mtt*QWitl«n Mehniia and mmy b* Initiated by chang,** in pra*#ure,
Leapc ratura, pH^ cone tricrac i oft, or redo* potent 111 (Alifrf ct *1,, 1917).
Precipitation can cause ptujginj ef *fi aquifer ml rciult in 4 decrease in
tqulftr poroaity.
Pre tip 1 tat lorn/disaolut J «a TtWCiatU can control tlsi Concentration of
contiaiiurti In lelution and art ««peci*Lly Important procaf*** for trace
awc*l nlgr«Tlon in i«Ut. In tJia neutral. to higher th»n nautral pH range, the
•CCCTiuatiDCi #f MCali by precipitation ij*d diuolticidn 1.; gori * 1 gill f leant
than in ch* linrec pH range, where Other pliocene*, *ueh ll farptlon, daietTWiM-
SiitEC precipj cerion/diiKJlutlun fend jprptien, Htut: eineiltanaoualy in the soil,
it difficult to separata tbt eve proceseea {Griffin *nxi Shlmp. 117S; U> «c
il., 1915}.
Co-prccIpltat-joTi |« ih« precipitation of an otherwise soluble swb»cane* along
vlcft an insoluble precipitate, Sine* it I* «tr#«1y difficult to separate
iha «ftecla of co-precipitation and adsorption. I)#nh art usually IncLlUlad w
adsorption CLd at al., IfiSJ.
AdsOrption/Si* nrrpe i (Ml
5oLutas b«tD»» attached "to the solid ph*s« by mean* of adserptien,
Adeorptlon/desorption 1b ch* wpc CoHton »echaniw» affecting COTtaaitrumt
talgration In soils, Lite* pr«clplfcati(?n/di*«eluclDn, It Is a raver»lb 1*
proMii. However. ic occurs 4C a relatively rapid r«* compared to
preclpitatlcn reactions {U.S. EPa, If I Is). Tvo Mschanlsa# Cm adsorption are
*d4mm) in th.ii section; n£ itiDr£mni(! |qim am! MCiIi.
Organic* aortt chiefly onto existing telld organic cuiqwiiidt pr«l#nt in the
tubttirfac* through hydrophobic attraction. Dttii, die organic carbon content
of tha poroui Mdlun, along vttH xh* solubility of the contaminant, la «n
important factor for d»la type of larption, Extreme difference «r< observed
If the adforpcion of different orpanics (U.S. £Pa, 198iaJ,
I«b	prinatily orIfloat*§ frcn axthanp *ita« on I*yer«d allicate
elaya and organic tuttar, chat, hivi a parmanant nig«tlwt charge. Cation
exchange tdiii from ¦ i»ei to balacve« tha nasetlve charge in order ta
ulnuln neutrality. PoiUlvt lor.s (cations> in *elmtlwn exchange »ith Iqm.
already »*s«ci*C»d with the i»tf«tiv*ly thaf^sd jites. The eapaclcy ef *oll*
50 exchange tation# is culled- the cation aichii^t capacity (CEC>, CEC is
effected by the type and quantity of eltjf alneral pre«nc, the aanunt nf
srgataic natter pr*Mnc. the pK of dir »oll. Ha J or catlaps In Luchiii
{Cm , %, Kr Pa) usually dwiiuci che CEC sites. Trace Mrali can mat cospeta.
40

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«
¦not aluayi adequate. Hi la la particularly tjva for Owlal* (Keel jr. 199?) .
0x£dat:£,oEi/(.*4ueeI.ei(q<*id cMpl«xaEion, and ion exchangeJ &~ thaae
41
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processaa UJUAlly grouped tngathar ¦* ora Bectvintafe istmm ind Korgill.
Itll; Lu *% il., 1915) „
Itaslj {*.917) t*pla.icn that ttlS htavy Inriiunc* of C«f!**¦ ti qh , along VI Eh
Iwft-nSichaiSf*, en tJit hcblllty of Mtala It i»ll uodaratood Iron tibi>riCDiy
TtMireh, but the ir.fluanca Oft organlca la not Vlll understood, Ha ICttti
th*t natural organic natter can	And enhxwc# tho «ppar»nt boIwbility
and nobility of ayathttlti organic¦. Furthanwra. It* la ai»n poailble for
tyntSctU organica to eomplnx ami •oblLJia areata.
Lu be bI- (19B5) raporc rhic the conctncritlou of caspUm apacla* fit ia*chat«
axe not nacaaiBrily the result of aqullLbflua procitiM. According to th*
•usher». ch« cxeanc of ch« interaction of organle conpnunds with aecal Ion* In
th* •trvlroiatnt. la not known. Since * wide variety of organic caapouirf# *od
COBpIaxea ate round botll In toil and 1» Itftctuu, Lbn net BttapiUAt Lot) or
algntion of complex. species it vary difficult or Inpoiilbli to eitinat*.
3.3 610 LOS ICAL FRDC ESSES CONTROLLING SUSSWRfACI WAHSFOIT
JlodBgradacJon result* fro* the amy*e-citilyzad trinif»inriDn of organic
compound* by nicrabt®, CoauninaMitJ can ba degraded tn luinliii byproducts or
ta sore aabltc or toxic praihieta through One or mt(i of th* following
biological pracciMj; ulTnaralliatton, blotranjformation. secondary a-ybacrace
dBjj.Eadatlon, and co-staratoIlea (Hutchlns *t al. . ItIS), HInaraligation
reiuUf in ehfr ccapiat* feraahdOW of organles Into inorganic a*tth below land aurface, Competition uang different typaf of
organiaax, and ttva cane «ncrac Ions of coatpound* afid Drganiiai (*llir ac al.,.
19B7 r U.S. BfAr IflWa) , It ft ilfficulc to predict eh» nice traufamtitu
th*5 Will Meat If! 4 SMfctUEfit* oyatc* baeiW-M of th# co»pla*lty of the
chemical and biological react lorn rh«t MCUt .
Lu at ii.	(CcrlbulB the folloviri& aajor effect# ^o Bicroblal
ACtivlclas: radcK iffieu, MLneiallzmtliui,, lMKbllizaclon.
praciptt*t1on/dlaaalutid coaplaxaa into inorganic chanieal*.
Akk! tall at Ion involve* th« trMvafomaatlnn of Inorganic «*tri»rica and trae*
Mttll Into nlctoblal tlabub. CraptematIon occur* When tract llttll *nd othar
conatituanta bind vlLh organje ]Igandfl That ara p^oducad froai alcroblal
ayntbeaEs and dagradacion. Finally, the author* »
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Qvmnt 1 Eativs predictions of thi [id of blQlajiully KlUllvt lubituicia in
very prLnlti^fl fKoflly, 19-87J , DtU IMS MLhedaloglet ara available bo iliftm
Tit** of	lit Water, but little Lnfomtian If iviUtbl« for loll
tj'ttiu or fraundvAtBr (Auctrbach at ¦) . , 1914) _ Ftr«E-ordtir 6ie*y constant.I
»ra nft*n luiad. Hwvir. ii £«*Ly	point* out. btatramfomtIon licet
tn cht Btibjurfktt not conitant, but r
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Slow 4-0
LEACHATE GBflltAflOT JWfi KICRATICHt MODELS
*.1 UUHSTOOTOI*
TH« wit l^sortwit »a«hanl«* iffuclng tin ftti of ttltinti **JaM»i Into ¦
¦all (iwlnminc £n» Subtitle & (wllltlM *r« latching, to (roundwartr,
vt> Utilisation, idiorptisn and dagtuJiitan, Of th*n. Uichinf to gnuadiuur
provldaa th*	potintUJ for «Kpo«ur* i# fcutiaxw via drtidiLi^ water or
contamination off iurfl(4 *«(»ri. fUfCh*raaf«. pollution of gtoundratar If
utraal^ par»i#**nr ind difficult to pwody (ttiMtountu ami V«jn*T. 1984).
Tharafora. che twtf rrvUioiu C» Subtltla D Include substantial prevUloni to
pttrvidt irwruNictr -pretMsloo. Including tha um of rfealgn tricarta and
parlors*nca ttmUxcU for landfill daaipi, and g»unAi»tBi aonltorltig
roqyirumtBi.
Tho protection of grouodvatar »tirjri;» will wmiuu th* Ability to
pradt&t and avaluatc the «ffieti nf facility daalgiu or tfw groandvatar tjiitia
*(. a ipictflc ¦{te, If «wn«ra/op*r*corji of Subtltla 0 facllltia* ehooa* to
apply sha ptrfetMKt icttKUrda to thait fidlUy, thajr will nidi atcho^i futf
daeerainlng If their daaign will net cba performance rvqulnwenm*, The Ua
iitKUti U»c dti p«rfematic* atandania rtljf on aita-rpaclflc d«u
and Bo4*lin£- Modal* prmrfd* ¦ mchod for aailly *stlaMtla| ch* affects of a
vu{«ty of dtflfnp and hydrogaologic condition* an cha potential for nitration
of cantnatiumu in th* submrface, fhi» jaction dliciucbj ¦ variety ef nodal*
that Could bo used for pradicelttg. the jmatitlon and »lgricl«h of lwctwt*
froa Subtitl* D facilities. It i* intended cb prtaatit * variety of addsls
tSia.t could be applicable to specific aceiwlos, ainu r» on soda I will b*
appropriac# In all situation*-
Two cchtc "parforaajica r«quJ.Tai»anra" fur landfill* *r» dlacuaaad in tha iwi
regulation*, Tha CPA vill alio* Cbu *u*p«i»leci of srwnltMUr mniterlng
rtquinnmr* In itiu wfctri 6i» wtmi or apttat-sjr of * facility ean
daoffliwerats cha: thai* I' Lie pbiuatlal far »ifr«rf«n >£ h«ar*fc»» e«MCLtUK&tJ
£roa cha facility to tha uppermost aquifer atitio^ eh* actlva Lilfa of the unit,
ThljK daawwtnitim mac 1m bifid on site-specific date, and includa
coftraalnanc face and transport prediction* {U.S. EPA, 1J91). TSa r**i*«<3
criteria also contain* iiMtai raatrietlon* en ticlng KSULf« at location* that
tba SPA k ilirvu warrant control in ordor to protect human. hMlch and tju
enrlraivnt, U^wmr. aoaa of diait loutlon z«*erlecloaa caujd be rvavrid If
ch» owoar/opocacoj: of th« landfill ub satisfactorily d**ion*erar» shac
envirocaacntal itaig* will be	For axaapl*. KSWLF unit* oaa. ba
locatad In watlanda If tha own*r/epar*cor can dnsanatrata tKac rao algaifLeant
dagradaC'tpn to (ha waclanda will, occur. 1b both of dtui cuu„ th«
appllcacion of •!CB*rpacl£lc pcadlcclva Btihuitlcal padal* could frarida cha
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omsar/optrasor of a landfill with e wins to de»«i* c rate the performance o£
their d#*S.£Tis.
Although the EPA iKourign the	approach of tadtllng fee cnvlnrainul
decliion-uklni, the igtnty 1* concerned v(th tbe pttilbilltj for iIimm of
¦odili (V, S- CPA, 196?'). In in ifforc to iddnai »n of the Iiiuii related
to Mdel utD, Section i J presents eotta of the i««u*e riliitd to dcvilajwnt,
ippllcitlanL vtrlflettlen and validation of godtU.
4.1.1 Roleof	Bath—c j.1 Model*
The large rm«her «f	phyeical, chemical «nd biological pmtlfll
Involved in the generation and aipitioR of le-eehatea nak«« (hi prtllctlon of
^rauiuftfater contamination frw Subtldi D facilitl*t * CMtple* task,
MaEhmtlcil model* are useful tool« that provide lnilght Into the tfftcct on
groundwater quality of facillty Mklgn and operation, Owneri/Opefaton of
MSUXJ* could utll lt» uiluutlcil bodele in »v«;il vejs to help eooply with
che neu regulations. a bodel could b* need In the daaijn ici^t ol the
landfill to divtlap deaigM that trauld ensure thlE NCL* are not a*eaed*d at
the potac of COBpllance. Deelgn* thet dif fer frtm Che EPA' ipprov«d d«li|ll
ki-i 11 be allowed only If It can ba provid that the design vili Met parf#mnct
standards, rtatheaatlte1 aodale could h« wtd co prove that the ilCtrmilvc
deei&n 4111 perfora ia wall or better than the CFA-«pprcved dtiipi.
MecheiM.Ci.caL Bodela cwld be ttted to dEmoiutrate that either the landfill
deaign. or the iptclilt hydrogeologic conditloni pretent at the site vlll
prevent the Migration of significant quantities of leachate fro* the landfill.
Fui'thereari, wtWli could bt tiled to predict the results of different type* of
'fillyrt' of the landfill. If leachate algratlan into the uruun
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In Eh la report. a. Jaachac* generation aodftl ia Oafliutrf mm a Modsl e*pabl« of
atit'j.] atlng K>l«cur* gMVrMnt apd/or contaaltiam transport fros ih* lurfut
through the uji**tur4t«d Bona, Many laachata g«n*r»clefl aadola ar* empablfe of
liauUtlng turt'ae* pfocaBae« «ai a« avapocraiupiraCion and V«litlll2itlmi.
Thty May also includa far11 i daaigrt data , such i« barrier u£ drainage
layer*. Iwt eawpariton. lvtehata »l^r«tlon vodala al«ulatc Mivwpne of
eonraslnanti away fr« rt\» facility Co a dmmgradfaiit potm of coapliajx:*.
Ttiaa* ralels pujt includ* UHuriCid groundwater flow, and mmy also includ*
iKHIPtflM llokr. 1Kb output: fro» « Itaehltl generation BOi*i could provide
the 4 3iir» tan for a.	migration a»dal. Although several leaehac*
¦iKNtion aodala cxiae chat a Latitat* slap 11> &e«ctwaicml pTocami. che ratals
claailfltd ¦¦ ;>nchulu} aedcl* In (.his report do r>Pt alnrulare flow »nd
transport. Selm* u?*iwpntt andeli nM wammrj. Tha following criteria
uirc used to salact aodala for discussion In this repotc:
1. Hadal* wflC b* relevant to the nodal i.n& of leecbate ^eneracl&n a ltd
aigratiDn from SubtitIt D facilities.
Z. An (flffart v*s ud« c« ¦iflMMCige and*!* that ar< available, aapily
a^t*lnilblii. and dactiacntcd in one f«ro or anathcr. Hov*v«r. Stac
recently¦ putel Iah«d wdill Chat uy pat fulfill all theie criteria
v*r« ilift Included in an effort co 
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If ¦ laodal la unlqus ind iIhIihi chaslcal or ph?ileal ;r«efitii,
or coafelnaEicwa of procft*a«i r not liHttltcii by other aodala. ehan tc
VU Included IB chc aodol (USUI?. «v«n Jf |t did not Iitlifjr |»M
if the other criteria Jm Isieluiten.
V The g«ae:h*aie*L eodaa luwTiiid 1 a primarily	racoattiviad by
Kln&ald at el, <1914*.b> ma applicable to thi tEudy of la Achat*
nigra ElM,,
(. "N'*i»roit» >wt«l( oxlat Ct»C *l«ul4t* only aaturabad graundimtar
flow. exclusive of wiut tratieport, Uhile ch«i« w>d«li ut untful
far delineating hydraulic jridiinti and dlractlona of groundwater
flov. and far *. |iiur«l UBd*r*tanllit| of tb* pgwlvittr flow
ryjteji, ttiay cannot pradlct concoxiXK«C.lM!i* ftf COfiCaBlCU£Ca AC a.
dnnxgridltnt peine, Thinfon, ch»y "n ™t included In thla
report.
Ma attanpL vu mi da Co Evaluate cha vari&ua iMttli la detail, if this vaa
twyend ch* aectpa of thia T«pert,
For * acre eoaprehen*iv» di»cuj*ion of ulaciitf saiUla. itviral detelled M>del
rcviivi be* ivillaliti in chi literature. A lirgi mafear of (rtmnhfitir
a»4$ll, lMtu*Urij( «-etur»tad, variably aatuxated, aolute t£&ti4(H>!ft, hail
transport. h>dnchMlctl. fraecured reek and gpultlphaaa arcdala, in iiuTiFtd
in v«n dar Heljde «t al. (1988).. A review of axleting, jeohydroehaaieal aodela
li preaencad In Oswald at al. (1984a,t>) - Van Air lUijda and Beljln. {19&&)
praritlt ditalUd deacriptlOHa tor 6*. groundwater flow sad lolut* truupoit
ao0*l« i*l*ctid far U4# An determining vallhaad protection area*. Thaaa
mode la Waf» choaat\ btctui* d)*f W»W relatively *»11 ¦ docvHaantad, avalUbl* and
auitabl* for |mnl tu* In (fourKbraear auuutaMttc, and ba&aui* ztmy vara able
to cltoulatc dlachar&li\| er rach«r(ln| valla. A review of 5: nundwatar flow and
trmifiort an da la In the unsaturated iflM la praientad In Oittr (1912)., A
large nusber of |rewi4»*t*r flow and trmiport nodals ara iiuurlitd In Bond
and Mwax>§ (1984). The«« twlavi pmant a wide varlaty of cm (tola that may b«
applicable to pirabltti «f ]
-------
'¦M teMtuli Owelty HMtli
Alckwu^i it is the quality of che le*ehJt* chat Ctuiu contMtluciMS. the
quantity of leachato La nor* +a#lly Influtnctd by fuclitty design (Crawford
Atid S*ith„ 1985), Fur chia rtaton, itviul Invtitlgictn have Xocussd m
qiund»tlv«l]r estimating the veluM of liquid kaliuid fro* the beto£
waste disposal facklldea. Th.lt piMnridea an as tinete of the «ffectlveneaa of
eta facility design. However^ due to chi nuMlAU factor* irwolvtd Id
leachata jeneretlor*, (ittunt Are typically- only iccuiite within aa order of
{Uu tt al. . 19B5),
The QUMClcy ot leachate producad fr«B R landfill tit* la dependant OA eiVetal
factors. including the »fptur# content In eh* soil and v««t* uiBfUl, the
landfill design, And th« hydraulic properties of tht aaceeial* in the
ludflll. Although idm Uquida h/ be aaiodatad with the dlepoaal of neate.
the larfeat fic»r that llKrtllBt landfill Ba|at«rt 1< precipitation (Ui It
*1., 1963). Leachatc p;Uld to th« eatimatlon of
the MKtMnc of leaehatB generated ftOB « vtate 4ii'pMAi facility, Some of
fti«« Mode 1 * llec * vteir blltoet approach, *hicti ia liuply • Bached of
accounting for thr changes In the vaiatur* concent within the landfill
profile. 7Tvc prediction of eh# amount of lia^hate generated involves two main
ftepi: 1} quantification of leechate {IMtraciM factaIS (precipitation,
surface -runoff, InfIltratlori etc.) end 2) water balens# calculation* Ci« et
el. , WIS). Generally, the ununt of infiltration into the landfill ii
calculated as the different* between precipitation end ayapotraiupiratIon plus
runoff, Ifit infiltrated water I* then rouud through the landfill w*in& *
solution to 4ii equation for unsaturated flaw, euch *p Richard'a equation or a
BCdlfLe4 Version of Oarcjr'a Lav, Several InwMClgatofa have used fch» uater-
balance approach for xhe prediction of leachata voluaea including Dais et el.
(19^7), Meknell	Schreeder et al, (19&M, end Bonazountas end Vifntr
. The*t Bodelt are auHUlUted in Table 4-1,
One of the »o«t wldely-uied vetet budget model* It the KELT 
-------
TM4E. 4-1. H=S«I» if	14 LUdtili CtnfrtcFbn »coblj
KsdvL
t4lii; 11X1	PI tm	tci1L	ItefeL	p^ir*L	MdU Infill
Nbdlt r < r t r tfV •	MIlUEj	twdllt-™ COTiM ( Pl*l» pfCCMIM HtlM	frrfW-fcl Fl^l
InioiniiH and v*r*r
KW ««lt

if4UMt	Pjn.Jnf.M,
LP.ttr.tlP,
Jhb ,ml 1i»*c
¦Ipgla
gptouL foil Co«p*rM, tfslagleaj UintPw^cl^i,
1», Htlm	tJuB-Urry
(¦Till bf «rr«l1( Mtftrtdll, HjidfSlA0ir b*Mrf Wi
vll>«d «
t ] t^MHKi|»;	and aa IL h^df*wUr»
*1* Md*l i, Irpchii* ^jaI I ly, and utni La
H»[«r fea!#c* IrxEtiM,
faquir** Mrtwrnlflfl e*L wi,
•lekMll |1W«I
lartff 4I ISLkfMfi
Lagoctt Vtffl tat.U	Haijin, li*fImfg^fEor iln?!.* HbjIiIm IM i(a* nritni MjkIv • imf«l
(ihrcuah	L Adrl*acrMir t«rt[adrafli o'uajvte tit i ca^pl aultr Btaad l^nwtN>H
LlM*l	TMrPlf Etfltilnlpfl aiMui DHtl,	01* lOttf (fit# L«T»rl,
Canalita «l I pan*	pcrflaamt vtf  I	mwi i^p i	*i | mvywi* ir itbiMip i "i ¦ pi PMrr 1 •
Wl.tnf	fey4<^«irE Pic™ Mlvt bf wir *w(tnf wlim*, rtmdul
4nlt*
lrvapatt ulMt bf TWt« AHcrwa idat,
Wwnltlictl dh(«, Mm i*l¦***» »«*t4 -
id
w

trt
¦
ft TUT It id
L
« tJMr*4
trrf
P
r«ilHir*r1
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4- ~, RoMli tor fppHctHiA 14 ivMf SnMta Prgblaai
ln*l
P®»(», wpTMdt t* th»
«ant My #f ilKtunyaif Ira ifc» few** pi
• InSIU. FMtMftt iMi te)^l«|lul dK«.
bBBrfaeopNlH [tMSJ
w*
IhT^tot
*i». tifl
iHJt
JnF.frn
tIM ontf
CiMexMitu mt L(r*dy-iUt< (Ml (Ml)r
«nd [j|j mfet* far uaiiiiiM e-f Mw «w and
ChMtigk Iv^MII (WttOB LlflHt. «J Mltwtlwi fl ffltB1!
cat L*t( ion wHU 1 my> 11 pr*n«iw*i tf M(rK4|nil«
mi lifllilti [ItK): SIS by PXMtrjuyculf H fi.
{1W>.
BflMtflMteuft a* n «L.
Ml
MWJ a/FD
bra,Hut
m*, ik
lp4,Dr"
rS« flfil*
}w« 1 'itHCrititi ntoL, baud m iTwAr'ttilt
*MlpI« of (T«i *v*f tnf a alqplia H«r flmn
br MWTJ. eawldm gvi-T t|* limr.
tMKrKttMlH *t «l,
(l«Ma) tSffB
Uuidf*t#
It
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L
PtT.lrrfJtot
f t«w 4*llf
NnM ttalitra prucifltMlM »#v-(r l
-------
TaIM {•!. Hgdfl« fw	ta LMChtl*	t*gm,
Mil t*f(Nrts*
k*M (tlnifvlma/
lJriu» Eofi
fLe»
uli
rwdltl«n
Hedi!
^Hi
V imr *di. J) fid a I tfmrriin, mrl Fr**r *b.
Ml ONIl
1WI0
S»(,Unt
iarTr
H»t, Hm, L
lu
ta.Hi'.io
li
fin atil? 1*1 vm an«-Jlbfenil^i*L (Icturd'i
€*olllaiLr mi p rwrl l#t I ml iir*ei«
dnlfft d«i.
Mm. IwitfTtr
CttpiLr^ i
fw
II
IrdBjm iti ttoyfild < MO) IB/to
V.lil

iln|t< l(ad*L	tlw dt»orptl m ja-ettM v»!nq Ipfcnpwfltli
fpt	*lli i« pirtlpvlw (umldif* P|vl<	and.
ilu). Pnrtteii lndu(« crtoprtral lwi pnIIIh
•i ih* twArr »f IDt tutflll. $|™j|»i;w pracfpil«tl«n
vl (It lpt*rnptr«d tl«w condl ¦<«*.
Rntrtlw h il, |1W)	1»/
Iff IE
hid, lao
I"'
1 l«r (rtLfr
tfllif'Mim ursdjU for hiImiIi^
HhJplfcj W (*«IMi1m4 bAiIi («¦«	udilL
MrwHfk#w *t il. <1«H] »{r«l#4W
jralytlHi
54l.ll
tnrf d Lwii Hm «nly t1rdj1»(»» Inicfla ntH tfcra# flna In rynthatlc
f(«*lbL» tlmn 1m* coMf-ftd nil *nm. Mlrlti
f(*W (fiFPush • w biiMMA xh» I (/Mr ¦nd sell «d
Mlltnla Eta u|[ tlMlfowwlT. Imliito t HI «<
liblH Hd imHh tw (fidlttln «l fntHltl tot f««,
19	- Qnf^pmloiwl
A	¦
Jfr	- IhrwdlMra Ion* I
p|	» H*lt«-'*1Htr4nM
fl	" itMdplfcVtl
\t	* I'mfml
EH * l*Ivf»T"d
¦wt * hWtlMM
tw 1 ImUv4«
» r Jwi1«-tr«plc
Adi » Jhhae|.tMi
Dlt * eowvrtlcn
sir ¦ eiffMttH
D*t *
Ad* * JAiMTrt lcn
tn4 ¦ lrrfl4.|fM<«n
ii • EwwiHUiili
Ppt » rrwIpHiiltn
to » IK^i'aH
Bit • L*<»c«l »r»kn
Lin * twtfn
Irud)
-------
14t.E	i«r	I Iffl ID IWlltlf IMrillOn Mltl|t|
Mtfri rtlimiH
PUdtL
laiutLon
Pltk
(flntlUlwu
oMiim
~tothl
prHHIM
tppStw
Mflirnl
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iat*+tn ft it. lINt)
faiUifl
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liui.hi
il.Tr
Prt41 n, L
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I|PH On4f
1 liul«ir» Inf'tliwtlwi itiriajcp. « >4(1 Llnar fn« n
IftAlW, HI4M taf RflAi Initial ¦•latnn «vK«nr
wxj EtndtTlam b< »n*l (Imp PIm telit,
ht-f «-t iU HWl
1®/
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ll
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M*. (T
l<11>
Ha^l Iff ctmllT pn3 him araMtlc dMaEisaLi
tar l« 41ll«rinl Itu piiW, ixvm
Hm»r «9iH Ibrlut J (Is-Urs kttMmt Mould and
thprlNn iriiti IttltaJiw
M UK! Bk( En Mm «r *1. (Ml,
Qillll at ll.
SUM

lMU,tr,U
KM, 1 tfl.L
tnrf
flr*4»

bsmtanr L«ad4Af 16*
t«rf * IMI LtPAt I tr
IT * [mwriMtlriiKtn
r?t • PMcljutiilwi
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Dri » l»I*Ml, flrt(p
¦an ¦ ft*K(l«nv

-------
IMLE 4-1. i^Mi f*r H&I lc*tli*i (« inctiti Csitrat1a<
Ip'urwt I En
Wl «( ¦!. ttM)
»#*(¦¦¦ 1 wl
li.hi.lltii
Ir^lnf
Srj.H
Ue» gn4r n«JITItJ	9*1)
mrr
ii'
_ *.JD,
SKrad ar ifyLfr
Ffl
IH.Imi
*n.i
IH.01I.
ILm m9-r ill
Mint* co^lti g+n^nrr @td» ban J «n TMJ# £!*¦»«¦;
W, '??>>. Can |lW«tr f%m li fractured pmvt Ml*
l*i wdtlad mralro. ***wn#tlon to	It a1i,
dwT
« al, tlvtl}	ijj#al-iD	Tr.lM.lwt	l	ETrPp[,lixr4 1|m wily * omI¦ [ w#nm EonaL, dtwalftl^le n<(T
n>	>mrlH D-ri^,	tulfltc (« IwftUii iavlrta |#*iflL1 dtalyi data.
IkrtfeL rnt b» Mil l*(j c> ten. p*Hl*H,y ran. a*F
clDMd iindllTi,	cal dil*.
to

Dm-dlMM imM
Ml
• Eaturatwf
L
¦ k JUU^I
v llfll IAJI
Irrf
m
4
\v*H
Mai
|i Unntuf«tad
*Ar
¦ MWCtlM
ET
x>
«
ThrwdlHMlMl
fv*
* HtfnBfpUtiut
Dll
¦ [11 spwal-an
*pt
*s
«
Ftafta-dlfftranc*
Net
¦ litaraianaa u
Pff
¦ D1 flL416*
m
la
¦
Uiadr-itin
|H
¦ ]*vtnpl±
B«e
» Dacay
(Hi
rr
¦
Traraltnt
fcn
¦ AnEioirap'ie
Ml

tin
¦	tvapeif+n^p
¦	twttVlali'
Irittwi
-------
TMH I-1, Hodrla Par	T« Leachac*	frrrtiLwa (e)
mtdti riVm
*L
*e4tfllVI
¦¦thoil
Hp#	IdIL
(and-Kip* [tfrfltlMM

ChMldil
£P« I M
Attrition!
*rrf OfUBtlW
ttrat and Lynch (1Wt]
in/re
VMtJr
Kda,t»n P4^„PI*PDIC
Inf.Mi
llmtiTMi ¦flUtl*-* Tl» Md imparl uba1r*1i Nodal* fat	trm^rt ad ikuy el WM1I4
tnf.Dae ¦! ew^K^I mb wtarlaL* |n umvtmi* aanictrr t*4f1(La. todal* tea
EM tMUMl fwctor cmc*M4 iCandtIM Boddtd m, mr(l
M*ll-alk«d rnctm (n tifl«t, h* ™ia* tl **teHc a^
anaafefele t*«r*Ha 1/1 *l«*ilal«d win* umwYdMii
Mrtitle <«r«i4atlva.
mrntm fi it. ttwr>
fiFOJtSrl
l-Jft
ft
¦'.ht.iiMt
^ 1
114
(T.rptjfit, tU^trat* PWnitltllC IkH-itv aoM tat itautlm *l(fAI«Mr
Bri.lQ AtUreerpantan aadlatid prwNan of l*rdHU Ml|«'dlfllfM4
ti * tlaah'atilt
¦ Trantlar
lr
HI ¦ MtWltld
¦UmI* Ikiiturittd
itrt
Ktt ¦
114 ¦ Imraelt
Jm ¦ Anlwcrqpk
I ¦ Ltyttwl
Mr » AAmct I on
Dla ¦
(HT *
Dae * »«flr
M* -	Ion
l(rf ¦ lrl|ltra
-------
IfiO) la not d{s<;uase4, tinea it I* not mt wall-doc ™«nted •• HELP. *ec« of Chi: KELt ow)*! hm been verified at
several flali iirea end In tha laboratory { Setirotdiar, 1985; Peyton ihd
Sehrwdtr, if-SI).
SAEU* Im bt*n modified by uviril inveaei^acora to alanalate jpeciflc probleup
al concent. licks** 11 (tMt) incorporated	quality calculation* Into
tha HI LP BOdel. Wlllia«« *t #1, (198?) Cnnfainad tha HEW n«d«l With a
•echaniitlc biological ttOdel. Micks at *1, <19$() hiV* aodtfied rtO-f to
produce a aource aoduli that provides an t»luu of tl» it«edy-aiate leachac#
itux from tha baaa of a landfill into tha tap 3>f the unsaturated zona, this
jnurct pcMtul# hi* b<«ti linked to the U.S. Envlromaantal Protection Agency*1
fMltlBfcdia MjwJbI  Sharp. K*r,j;«ii at #1,, 1990). Thl<
linked oade-l t«tonal »l!ltitncy of tha code, It oay affect the accuracy of the
reault*. This estiaatlon asibod Inr laachata i«n« radon neglects th« *fCaeca
of rtinflll InEenilEy. frequency and deration. Thai* temporal cbiractirlitlci
of fainiall un s[gnlflc*ntly affect the actual latchtrt quantity produced (La
ec *1,,. WSJ, -.mi ave hotter represented lis eh* original HELP ped*l.
Mu»*rc>U* Analytical and numerical Bod«l» exlat Eo salve the one'm 1 ona 1
partially -1atm-ated fjou eirgarlon. These ftcdalf providk « taethod for
estimating she B4vernt ol Moisture In- (hi lAOdfill profila. and jtn etciaatifrn
of ch* volume of leachate releaaed fKim tha bottoa of che landfill. In
applying, that# nudela to land!ilia, it »U»I be aaauard that th* theory at
unsaturated flow through poTOUt B»dla can bo umd for Cha Aliiljfsia of noiatura
Flow in wisacwattd vast* naterlil,
Table 4-1 ^Utearisea the characteTifTlCA &t ucuaturated flow H£H.
laratfills (jsntain aeveral layari- tc#p, watte, drainage tayara, lltiiC*!, the
capacity to ajaulata a layered systea may ba ntcaiaary. Typically, theia
Tiuwrle^l Etodal» can alvulata both cha apatlal and temporal ehangaa In 9d11
Bolxtur*,
Kerflatii oc al. (1&8A) have developed a model baaed Cm the principal* of
partially saturated flow, for ^e«dietloti of noiatura transy^rc theeu^h
landfill,*. tPSATl, an um.atutated'flow no<9al 4ivilopH by EPftl (1991) ^ lolvei
51
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the cne-d|»ensleci*l Richard** eqiutjen ro pT*roc«a*«s occurring (p landfills , that were tilcflusflftd In
Socc Lfii> J .A. The conpoaitlor. of eh* 1«achatm Is dependent. an § large nuaber
t>f factors Lncludinj cl1!* tfefuJe coaapa s i t! on, *g« and ",
hydropifl'lagj  report considers ®n*y aodalA (.hat «LtBmpt ta Eiaul^r« lh# prcceases
cont-CDl ling la^cNaCr generation.
Hodeli t.Hot He u»rd lo predict chtnletl compoaitlon af th
r*lta!sed froii a facility Include PR2M £C*tbc1 at al. .	Si SO IL
(*ortai©yn,CiS And Wajner, 13M}» *h» L#n«lfil I/Lb goon find* I ttl&kj«rll, ISBm) .
PESTaM {Er.f E e ] d oc *1.. 1982) ir.d no dels 
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occur only in OkH early cUgn of the landfill. wh«n oxygta Ik ¦vtlljAJ*.
ArJMKbbie. activity u»u*Uy •»C*bllshea »ut cuntroll leachate ipaUi^ (hiring
thn active lift of ¦ landfill {Vllliasj e£ ¦!,, 1987 >.
Microbial pjeeeiaea Important Co lnach«ce rtitiic anrt and growth, and r*»poili# to Substrate ctl«ng«l . Otiierf factorl»
that «ay influence conTAatnanc migration include er&anlc tr«"isf€»m*cioti,
Dr£Anap*f«llie chelate*. B*thyl«tlo:t of metals. biafoulicv^ And the effect! of
nutrients. oiyjen, pH, ilVtl le^perature (IUnc«i$£c4l eodelt El»e aliaulate	precisati lit th« »ub«urface ere
LLaittd in their ¦ppHoafcl 1 icy vfc*a coaq>»red to hydr»lo< or (CDchtaicil
cade* (Kintild *% *1,,
ChrtBlcal cbiKnf.es. Iji *qIum at' nuhttrata ch>* tn Blfroblll actlvl ty art eoaacmly
referred zo «a btodegradatiDti. Several investigators have tfsvclapnd aodtli
fof a inflating bicuUgTJKJatlen in the aubsurfM# tnvlrnraaent . Th*s» M4*l*
£ap*r*lty either use the hlefila ccmcepT to sioulata th* resevat of organic*
by attached orgODlsiM. foetiing on sechanlaa* *c The pOVe scale, or •ittply
IlKDfjiortEfr irtipiiflca.1 exprenlona »ad*d to character!** dt#
problem L$T t n J v&tAfi and Ktrc«r, 15B8).
EIOFILH  and Mole al.
(1«6) have also	dit biodegradntien of DTfUTIlei using Che bioflla
concept.
Several sodaIs have been developed that Include equations for nleroblat jKwth
»nd c*-^lJKnl iona! , f Irtlt«-41 f ferrn£e nodal for
-------
of bied*gr«(U£iart and aarftleil pruteasBa in pora-up IMdl*. Aerobic d#l^4daClan
!¦ • iHttiliCcd using a podifled Honod funccian; onMroblc blad»fr44«ien la
nodeled u«{r& JHchaalia-Hnnten kinetic*. Another *od*t of Jubaurfaea
contaminant transport ulch blode^radatlan which extends technique® proposed by
Barden. and B*C €fld «»*ygen li that cht "iiulantinkaiu ua4*lm Itiiati that oxy|,«a
rr»n#p«rt 1* limiting th« fl«j£r*daEian process, uhllt the V!net|c Bodel
considers tha po*Jlbillty Lhat oxygen UtiiltiClDm may #!¦« be i controlling
pr«MJ [Rlfel and Bed!ant, 19&9) . Rlfal and Sadltnt (1999) luvi incorporated
Konod Kinetics 1 ntl* BlOPLtHE II §n ojrdsr CO eoiapate the two 4«fuaptlona. 7lv*y
found TbftC OKynen transport IJ the Uniting factor in tbi degradation process
in slow groundwaetr f lov ay items. Therefore, Che "instnittneous reaction*
nsodel Li suitable far thes® dysttlM. ilovtvcr. th« Cut* of e*j£an y.ri Illation
can Influence r*CM of degtadatjop vt)rii groundwater velon S ClBS exceed 0,01
a/rtay 1ft these ciasi. oedela gJsbL incorporate Knnod klnetici vculd lie worn
appropriate .
The effecta of ¦terB0T([,anl«fi* un the conc«nCTatlons and transport ot
CDrtaalrjiriTfl fro» -B facility can b« *i«ylamd using uch«nlttlc: otodsls of
landfill I tab!ligation, S«v«ai In^eatlgatoxs hnv* tftj^e-laped »ed«lft CO
siaulate the Si croblally-.mediated prunjisiM of landfill st#lll Illation. These
prDCCBt«« lttfluEr.ce the compoel rlotv of the la achat* released Jfroa a landfill .
Hicrobially-wil j#c«cv rMtlLari affect ehtttleml and physical rr-*n»f o taetionf
leading, to Landfill st ahil L?«Scu. The process of landfill iCab11tS4liOn li
ieMVtiaE complex. illd been described P<%hland et al. (19SS). They
da«crlbt five phases: ln|clal frdjustitent, transition. Acid faraaclen,
fsriBfl.ntat.tan and final Saturation.
Several B«cliiinls; Ic oodeis of landfU ] UTifeliilation have Veri developed.
Straull imd Lynch. (ISiJb) employ A relatively tlnpliiclc node I of 1 Jltli^Clll
stabl lizacloji lerwolving the releas* of COD through nlcroM* L Oetebalisi*, The
BWwStl aloulates tha dtifoLuEiuSi., transport, and 
governIr.g aquae tern* by the nethod o£ 11;uee instead of tha >*plItil finite
dl f («r*r>Cfr he heme used by Scl'Jub and Ljmch	Willi ana et al {IVSj )
extend _Ji> tvo- lltp an