U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Hazard Characterization Document
September, 2014
SCREENING-LEVEL HAZARD CHARACTERIZATION
2-Vinylpyridine
(CASRN 100-69-6)
The High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program1 was conceived as a voluntary initiative
aimed at developing and making publicly available screening-level health and environmental
effects information on chemicals manufactured in or imported into the United States in quantities
greater than one million pounds per year. In the Challenge Program, producers and importers of
HPV chemicals voluntarily sponsored chemicals; sponsorship entailed the identification and
initial assessment of the adequacy of existing toxicity data/information, conducting new testing if
adequate data did not exist, and making both new and existing data and information available to
the public. Each complete data submission contains data on 18 internationally agreed to "SIDS"
(Screening Information Data Setl12) endpoints that are screening-level indicators of potential
hazards (toxicity) for humans or the environment.
The Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics (OPPT) is
evaluating the data submitted in the HPV Challenge Program on approximately 1400 sponsored
chemicals by developing hazard characterizations (HCs). These HCs consist of an evaluation of
the quality and completeness of the data set provided in the Challenge Program submissions.
They are not intended to be definitive statements regarding the possibility of unreasonable risk of
injury to health or the environment.
The evaluation is performed according to established EPA guidance2 3 and is based primarily on
hazard data provided by sponsors; however, in preparing the hazard characterization, EPA
considered its own comments and public comments on the original submission as well as the
sponsor's responses to comments and revisions made to the submission. In order to determine
whether any new hazard information was developed since the time of the HPV submission, a
search of the following databases was made from one year prior to the date of the HPV
Challenge submission to the present: (ChemID to locate available data sources including
Medline/PubMed, Toxline, HSDB, IRIS, NTP, AT SDR, IARC, EXTOXNET, EPA SRS, etc.),
STN/CAS online databases (Registry file for locators, ChemAbs for toxicology data, RTECS,
Merck, etc.), Science Direct and ECHA4. OPPT's focus on these specific sources is based on
their being of high quality, highly relevant to hazard characterization, and publicly available.
OPPT does not develop HCs for those HPV chemicals which have already been assessed
internationally through the HPV program of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD) and for which Screening Initial Data Set (SIDS) Initial Assessment
Reports (SIAR) and SIDS Initial Assessment Profiles (SIAP) are available. These documents are
presented in an international forum that involves review and endorsement by governmental
authorities around the world. OPPT is an active participant in these meetings and accepts these
documents as reliable screening-level hazard assessments.
1	U.S. EPA. High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program; http://www.epa.gov/chemrtk/index.htm.
2	U.S. EPA. HPV Challenge Program - Information Sources; http://www.epa.gov/chemrtk/pubs/general/guidocs.htm.
3	U.S. EPA. Risk Assessment Guidelines; http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/raf/rafguid.cfm.
4	European Chemicals Agency, http://echa.europa.eu.

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Hazard Characterization Document
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These hazard characterizations are technical documents intended to inform subsequent decisions
and actions by OPPT. Accordingly, the documents are not written with the goal of informing the
general public. However, they do provide a vehicle for public access to a concise assessment of
the raw technical data on HPV chemicals and provide information previously not readily
available to the public.
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Chemical Abstract
Service Registry Number
(CASRN)
100-69-6
Chemical Abstract Index
Name
Pyridine, 2-ethenyl-
CH
'2
Structural Formula
SMILES: n(c(cccl)C=C)cl
Summary
2-Vinylpyridine is a colorless liquid with high vapor pressure and high water solubility. It is
expected to have moderate mobility in soil. Volatilization of 2-vinylpyridine is moderate
based on its Henry's Law constant. The rate of hydrolysis is expected to be negligible. The
rate of atmospheric photooxidation is moderate. 2-Vinylpyridine is not readily biodegradable.
2-Vinylpyridine is expected to have moderate persistence (P2) and low bioaccumulation
potential (B1).
Acute oral toxicity of 2-vinylpyridine to rats and acute dermal toxicity to rabbits is moderate.
In a 90-day oral repeated-dose toxicity study in rats, changes in the relative kidney to body
weight ratio were observed in males in all tested doses and histopathological effects in the
non-glandular portion of the stomach were observed in males and females at 180 mg/kg-day
(highest dose tested). The NOAEL for systemic toxicity in male rats was not established and
for female rats is 60 mg/kg-day. In a 28-day oral repeated-dose toxicity study in rats,
histopathological effects in the non-glandular portion of the stomach were observed in male
and female rats at 50 mg/kg-day; the NOAEL for systemic toxicity is 12.5 mg/kg-day. No
specific reproductive toxicity study is available for 2-vinylpyridine. However, in the 90-day
oral repeated-dose toxicity study, increases in testes to body weight ratios, incidences of
chronic inflammation of epididymides and prostate in male rats and increased ovary to body
and ovary to brain weight ratios in female rats were observed. No data are available for the
developmental toxicity endpoint. 2-Vinylpyridine induced gene mutations in Escherichia coli,
but not in Salmonella typhimurium in vitro. 2-Vinylpyridine induced chromosomal
aberrations in vitro, but was not genotoxic in a DNA repair test. 2-Vinylpyridine is irritating
to guinea pig skin, corrosive to rabbit skin, irritating to rabbit eyes and sensitizing to guinea
pig skin.
For 2-vinylpyridine, the 96-h LCso value for fish is 6.48 mg/L, the 48-h ECso value for aquatic
invertebrates is 9.48 mg/L and the 72-h ECso values for aquatic plants are 50.8 mg/L and 64.4
mg/L, for biomass and growth rate, respectively. The 21-d LCso values for aquatic
invertebrates are 0.933 mg/L and 1.06 mg/L for mortality and reproduction, respectively.
Data gaps for the reproductive and developmental toxicity endpoints were identified under the
HPV Challenge Program.	
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Hazard Characterization Document
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The sponsor, Reilly Industries, Inc., submitted a Test Plan and Robust Summaries to EPA for
2-vinylpyridine (CASRN 100-69-6; CA Index name: pyridine, 2-ethynl-) on December 30, 2003
EPA posted the submission on the ChemRTK HPV Challenge website on March 3, 2004
(http://www.epa.gov/chemrtk/pubs/summaries/2vinvlpv/cl5018tc.htm). EPA comments on the
original submission were posted to the website on March 30, 2005. Public comments were also
received and posted to the website.
1. Chemical Identity
1.1	Identification and Purity
The 2-vinylpyridine solutions evaluated in the submitted studies have a purity ranging from
97.34 to > 99%, unless otherwise indicated.
1.2	Physical-Chemical Properties
2-Vinylpyridine is a colorless liquid with high vapor pressure and high water solubility.
The physical-chemical properties of 2-vinylpyridine are summarized in Table 1.
Table 1. Physical-Chemical Properties of 2-Vinylpyridine 1
Property
Value
CASRN
100-69-6
Molecular Weight
105.14
Physical State
Colorless liquid
Melting Point
-50°C (measured)2
Boiling Point
159.5°C (measured)
Vapor Pressure
2.45 mm Hg at 25°C (extrapolated from boiling points);
2.57 mm Hg at 25°C (estimated);
2.78 mm Hg at 25°C (measured); and
2.93 mm Hg at 25°C (estimated)3
Dissociation Constant (pKa)
pKb = 9.02 (measured)4
Henry's Law Constant
1.4xl0"5 atm-m3/mole (estimated)5
Water Solubility
2.75xl04mg/L at 20°C (measured)
Log Kow
1.54 (measured)
'Reilly Industries, Inc. 2003. Test Plan and Robust Summary for 2-Vinylpyridine. Available online at
http://www.epa. gov/chemrtk/pubs/summaries/2 vinvlpy/c 15018tc.htm as of May 22, 2012.
2Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. 2012. Material Safety Data Sheet for 2-Vinylpyridine. Available online at
http://www.sigmaaldrich.eom/catalog/product/aldrich/l 32292?lang=en®ion=US as of May 22,2012.
3N0M05. 1987. Programs to Enhance PC-Gems Estimates of Physical Properties for Organic Compounds. The Mitre Corp.
4SRC. 2012. Hie Physical Properties Database (PHYSPROP). Syracuse, NY: Syracuse Research Corporation. Available online
at http://www.svrres.com/esc/phvsprop.htm as of May 22,2012.
5U.S. EPA. 2012. Estimation Programs Interface Suite™ for Microsoft® Windows, v4.10. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, DC, USA. Available online at http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/exposure/pubs/episuitedl.htm as of May 22,
2012. '
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2. General Information on Exposure
2.1	Production Volume and Use Pattern
2-Vinylpyridine had an aggregated production and/or import volume in the United States
between 1 and 10 million pounds during calendar year 2005.
Non-confidential information in the IUR indicated that the industrial processing and uses of the
chemical include resin and synthetic rubber manufacturing as process regulators, used in
vulcanization or polymerization processes. No commercial and consumer uses were reported for
the chemical.
2.2	Environmental Exposure and Fate
2-Vinylpyridine is expected to have moderate mobility in soil. 2-Vinylpyridine achieved 0% of
its theoretical biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) over the course of a 28-day incubation period
using an activated sludge inoculum during the modified MITI (OECD 301C) test and is
considered not readily biodegradable. This substance is a reactive monomer that is produced
with an inhibitor to prevent spontaneous polymerization; therefore, it is not likely to be highly
persistent in the environment. Volatilization of 2-vinylpyridine is moderate based on the
Henry's Law constant. The rate of hydrolysis is expected to be negligible. The rate of
atmospheric photooxidation is moderate. 2-Vinylpyridine is expected to have moderate
persistence (P2) and low bioaccumulation potential (Bl).
The environmental fate properties of 2-vinylpyridine are summarized in Table 2.
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Hazard Characterization Document
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Table 2. Environmental Fate Properties of 2-Vinylpyridine1
Property
Value
CASRN
100-69-6
Photodegradation Half-life
4.8 hours (estimated reaction with hydroxyl radicals)2;
13.0 hours (estimated reaction with ozone)
Hydrolysis Half-life
Stable
Biodegradation
0% after 28 days (not readily biodegradable)
Bioaccumulation Factor
BAF = 3.9 (estimated)3
Log Koc
2.3 (estimated)3
Fugacity
(Level III Model)2
Air (%)
0.4
Water (%)
25.8
Soil (%)
73.6
Sediment (%)
0.3
Persistence3
P2 (moderate)
Bi oaccumul ati on3
Bl (low)
'Reilly Industries, Inc. 2003. Test Plan and Robust Summary for 2-Vinylpyridine. Available online at
http://www.epa. gov/chemrtk/pubs/summaries/2 vinvlpv/c 15018tc.htm as of May 22, 2012.
2U.S. EPA. 2012. Estimation Programs Interface Suite™ for Microsoft® Windows, v4.10. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, DC, USA. Available online at http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/exposure/pubs/episuitedl.htm as of May 22,
2012. '
'Federal Register. 1999. Category for Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic New Chemical Substances. Federal Register 64,
Number 213 (November 4, 1999) pp. 60194-60204.
Conclusion: 2-Vinylpyridine is a colorless liquid with high vapor pressure and high water
solubility. It is expected to have moderate mobility in soil. Volatilization of 2-vinylpyridine is
moderate based on its Henry's Law constant. The rate of hydrolysis is expected to be negligible.
The rate of atmospheric photooxidation is moderate. 2-Vinylpyridine is not readily
biodegradable. 2-Vinylpyridine is expected to have moderate persistence (P2) and low
bioaccumulation potential (Bl).
3. Human Health Hazard
A summary of the health effects data submitted for SIDS endpoints is provided in Table 3.
Acute Oral Toxicity
(1)	Male and female rats (number and strain not specified) were administered undiluted 2-
vinylpyridine (98.95% purity) via an unspecified oral route at unspecified doses. No details
regarding the length of the observation period or dose-specific timing of mortalities were noted.
The LD50 confidence interval is 240-472 mg/kg. Additional details were obtained from TSCATS
OTS0546362.
LD50 = 336 mg/kg
(2)	Fasted male and female rats (number and strain not specified) were administered 2-
vinylpyridine (20% solution, 98.95% purity) in corn oil via gavage at unspecified doses. The
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LD50 confidence interval for fasted male and female rats is 677-1336 mg/kg and 479-945 mg/kg,
respectively and for fed male and female rats is 677-1336 mg/kg. Additional details were
obtained from OTS0546362.
LD5o= 951 mg/kg (for fed male and female rats and fasted male rats)
LD50 = 673 mg/kg (for fasted female rats)
Acute Dermal Toxicity
(1)	New Zealand White rabbits (5/sex/dose) were
(98.7% purity) via the dermal route at 400, 650 or
conditions for 24 hours and observed for 14 days,
hours and 900 (10/10) mg/kg within one hour.
LD50 = 640 mg/kg
(2)	Male New Zealand White rabbits (1/dose) were administered undiluted 2-vinylpyridine
(97.689% purity) via the dermal route at 60, 90, 200, 300, 450 or 670 mg/kg to the back under
occluded conditions for 24 hours and observed for 14 days. Mortality occurred at various time
intervals at the three highest dose levels of 300 (died within 2 hours), 450 (died within 2.5 hours)
and 670 (died within 1 day) mg/kg doses, respectively. Additional details were obtained from
OTS0571402.
LD50 > 200 and < 300mg/kg
Repeated-Dose Toxicity
(1) Sprague-Dawley rats (30/sex/dose) were administered 2-vinylpyridine (97.93% purity) in
corn oil via gavage at 0, 20, 60 or 180 mg/kg-day for 90 days. An unspecified decrease in body
weight gain and feed consumption were observed in male rats at the 180 mg/kg-day. At the high
dose, a statistically significant (slight but unspecified) increase in the number of platelets in male
and female rats and a statistically significant (slight but unspecified) decrease in aspartate
aminotransferase in male rats were observed. In male rats, the absolute weights of the brain and
heart were affected at the high dose and absolute adrenal weights were affected at the low and
high doses. In males, relative brain and testes weights were affected in the high-dose group,
relative liver weights at the mid- and high-dose levels, relative adrenal weights at the low- and
high-dose groups and relative kidney weights at all dose levels. In female rats, absolute liver
weight changes were observed along with effects on relative organ weights of the kidneys and
ovaries at the high dose. At the mid-dose, relative liver to body and liver to brain weights were
affected for female rats. The only microscopic effects observed were related to the irritation of
the non-glandular stomach epithelium characterized by degeneration, hyperkeratosis and
acanthosis in both sexes in the high-dose group.
LOAELmaies = 20 mg/kg -day (based on effects on relative kidney to body weight ratios
observed at all dose levels in male rats; lowest dose tested)
NOAELmaies = Not Established
LOAELfemaies = 180 mg/kg-day (based on microscopic effects related to the irritation of the
non-glandular stomach epithelium characterized by degeneration, hyperkeratosis and acanthosis)
NOAELfemaies = 60 mg/kg-day
administered undiluted 2-vinylpyridine
900 mg/kg to intact skin under occluded
Mortality occurred at 650 (8/10) within 3
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(2) Crj: CD (SD) rats (5/sex/dose) were administered 2-vinylpyridine (98.3% purity) in corn oil
via gavage at 0, 12.5, 50 or 200 mg/kg-day for 28 days. Additional groups of control and 200
mg/kg-day rats were allowed a 14-day recovery after the exposure period. Statistically
significant decreases in body weight gain and food consumption were observed in male rats at
200 mg/kg-day. Salivation was observed in both male and female rats at 50 and 200 mg/kg-day.
Urinalysis of female rats exhibited statistically significant decreases in specific gravity at 50 and
200 mg/kg-day and increases in urine volume at 200 mg/kg-day. The urinalysis changes were
not observed in the recovery animals. Relative testes weights were statistically significant
increased (% or not specified) in male rats at 200 mg/kg-day. Female rats exposed to 200
mg/kg-day exhibited statistically significant decreases (% or not specified) in absolute and
relative spleen weights and increased relative liver weights. Changes in organ weights or ratios
were not observed in the recovery animals. Squamous hyperplasia and submucosal edema in the
forestomach were observed in male and female rats exposed to 50 and 200 mg/kg-day with
thickening of the mucosa at 200 mg/kg-day in both sexes. Erosions and cellular infiltration in
the forestomach in male rats exposed to 200 mg/kg-day and submucosal edema and erosion in
the glandular stomach in the female rats exposed to 50 and 200 mg/kg-day was observed.
LOAEL = 50 mg/kg-day (based on histopathological effects to the non-glandular portion of the
stomach in male and female rats and decreased specific gravity in urine of female rats)
NOAEL = 12.5 mg/kg-day
Reproductive Toxicity
No specific reproductive toxicity data are available for this endpoint.
In the 90-day oral repeated-dose toxicity study in rats described previously, reproductive organs
were weighed and examined for gross lesions; any observed gross lesion was examined
microscopically. The reproductive organs of the control and high-dose groups and interim kill
groups animals were also examined microscopically. Chronic inflammation of the epididymides
was observed in 7/20 high-dose males (180 mg/kg-day), compared with 4/20 control males.
Chronic inflammation of the prostate was observed in 9/20 high-dose males, compared with 6/20
control males. In male rats, there was a statistically significant (20.3%) increase in the relative
testes to body weight in the high-dose group (compared with the controls). Statistical
significance was also reached in relative testes weight to body weights at 20 and 180 mg/kg-day
in rats killed mid-way through the experiment (at day 43), with 9.7 and 14.6% increases,
respectively. Statistically significant increases in relative ovary weight to body weight and ovary
to brain weight (24.1 and 18.2%, respectively) were observed at 180 mg/kg-day. There were no
gross pathology and histopathology findings corresponding to the statistically significant changes
in the relative testes and ovary weights. One rat in the high-dose group of 30 female rats
exhibited ovarian congestion.
Developmental Toxicity
No data were available for this endpoint.
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Genetic Toxicity - Gene Mutations
In vitro
(1)	Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535 and TA1537 and Escherichia coli
strain WV2wvrA were exposed to 2-vinylpyridine (98.3% purity) in DMSO at concentrations of
39.1 - 2500 [j,g/plate in the absence of metabolic activation or 156 - 5000 [j,g/plate in the
presence of metabolic activation. Positive and negative controls were tested concurrently, but
control responses were not provided. Cytotoxicity was observed at high doses. Precipitation
was not observed during the test. A positive mutagenic response was observed with E. coli in the
presence of metabolic activation.
2-Vinylpyridine was mutagenic in this assay.
(2)	Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100 and TA1535 were exposed to 2-vinylpyridine
(> 98% purity) at concentrations of 0, 0.1 or 0.5 mL/9 L desiccators in the presence or absence of
metabolic activation. Exposure was conducted in sealed desiccators for 7 hours, followed by
incubation for 40 - 50 hours. Severe cytotoxicity was observed at the high concentration.
Positive and negative controls were tested concurrently, but no details regarding control
responses were provided. No evidence of mutagenicity was observed in any of the strains.
2-Vinylpyridine was not mutagenic in this assay.
(3)	Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535 and TA1538 were exposed to 2-
vinylpyridine (>99% purity) at concentrations of 5, 10, 25 or 50 |imol/plate in the presence of
absence of metabolic activation. Cytotoxicity (with survival rates ranging from 30-65%) was
observed at 25 and 50 |imol/plate. No data regarding the use or response of positive and
negative controls were provided. No further experimental details were provided. No evidence of
mutagenicity was observed in any of the strains.
2-Vinylpyridine was not mutagenic in this assay.
Genetic Toxicity — Chromosomal Aberrations
In vitro
Chinese hamster adenofibroblast cells were exposed to 2-vinylpyridine (98.3% purity) for 6, 24
or 48 hours in the presence and absence of metabolic activation. Tested concentrations ranged
from 37.5 - 300 |ag/mL for the 6-hour exposures with metabolic activation, 15 - 120 |ag/mL for
6-hour exposures without metabolic activation, 3.75 - 30 |ag/mL for 24-hour exposures and 1.88
-15.0 |ig/mL for 48-hour exposures. Negative and positive controls were tested concurrently,
but control responses were not provided. Cytotoxic responses with > 50% inhibition of cell
proliferation occurred at the highest or two highest concentrations. Precipitation was not
observed at the tested doses. Dose-dependent induction of chromosomal aberrations was
observed with all exposure duration protocols. No polyploidy was observed.
2-Vinylpyridine induced chromosomal aberrations in this assay.
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Genetic Toxicity - Other
In vitro
In a DNA repair test, rat hepatocytes were exposed to 2-vinylpyridine (>99% purity) at
concentrations of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 or 10 mmol. 2-Vinylpyridine was toxic to rat hepatocytes at 5, 7.5
and 10 mmol. Positive controls were tested concurrently, but control responses were not
provided. No genotoxicity was observed at the non-toxic concentration of 2.5 mmol.
2-Vinylpyridine did not induce DNA repair in this assay.
Additional Information
Skin Irritation
(1)	Guinea pigs (10/dose, sex/strain not specified) were administered undiluted 2-vinylpryridine
(98.95% purity) at 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.35, 0.5, 1, 2 or 5 mL/kg under occluded conditions for an
unspecified duration. No further experimental details were provided. All animals exposed to
doses > 0.35 mL/kg died, 6/10 at 0.2 mg/kg, and 1/10 at each of the two lowest dose groups.
Skin irritation was observed in this standardized 24-hour test. Additional details were obtained
from OTS0546362
2-Vinylpyridine was severely irritating to guinea pig skin in this assay.
(2)	Five guinea pigs (sex/strain not specified) were administered undiluted 2-vinylpryridine
(98.95%) purity) at 0.1 mL/kg in repeated doses to uncovered skin. All animals died after 4-7
applications. Evidence of "strong exacerbation" and percutaneous absorption were noted. No
further details were provided. Additional details were obtained from OTS0546362
2-Vinylpyridine was irritating to guinea pig skin in this assay.
Skin Sensitization
Ten guinea pigs (sex not specified) were administered undiluted 2-vinylpyridine (98.95%) purity)
to the skin. Sensitization responses were 2/10 showed no response, 3/10 showed a weak
response, 4/10 showed a moderated response, and 1/10 showed a potent response. 2-
vinylpyridine elicited reactions indicating an estimated moderate risk to human sensitization.
2-Vinylpyridine is a dermal sensitizer to guinea pig skin in this assay.
Skin Corrosion
(1) New Zealand White rabbits (5 males and 1 female) were administered 0.5 mL undiluted 2-
vinylpyridine (purity not stated) to the intact, shaved skin for 1 hour under occluded conditions.
Skin necrosis was observed at all test sites 48 hours after dosing.
2-Vinylpyridine was corrosive to rabbit skin in this assay.
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(2) In the acute dermal toxicity study described above that resulted in a LD50 of 640 mg/kg, the
site of application of the New Zealand White rabbits was not abraded intentionally or
accidentally during preparation. The test substance was introduced under gauze patches 2 single
layers thick and applied directly to the skin. Necrosis of the skin was observed at all dosing sites.
2-Vinylpyridine was corrosive to rabbit skin in this assay.
Eye Irritation
Undiluted 2-vinylpyridine (98.95% purity) was instilled into the eyes of three rabbits. One eye
of each rabbit was unwashed after dosing, and one eye of each rabbit was washed after dosing.
Irritation was strong in all unwashed eyes and moderate in all eyes washed following application
of 2-vinylpyridine. Corneal and adnexal staining was observed in both washed and unwashed
eyes of all rabbits.
2-Vinylpyridine was irritating to rabbit eyes in this assay.
Conclusion: Acute oral toxicity of 2-vinylpyridine to rats and acute dermal toxicity to rabbits is
moderate. In a 90-day oral repeated-dose toxicity study in rats, changes in the relative kidney to
body weight ratio were observed in males in all tested doses and histopathological effects in the
non-glandular portion of the stomach were observed in males and females at 180 mg/kg-day
(highest dose tested). The NOAEL for systemic toxicity in male rats was not established and for
female rats is 60 mg/kg-day. In a 28-day oral repeated-dose toxicity study in rats,
histopathological effects in the non-glandular portion of the stomach were observed in male and
female rats at 50 mg/kg-day; the NOAEL for systemic toxicity is 12.5 mg/kg-day. No specific
reproductive toxicity study is available for 2-vinylpyridine. However, in the 90-day oral
repeated-dose toxicity study, increases in testes to body weight ratios, incidences of chronic
inflammation of epididymides and prostate in male rats and increased ovary to body and ovary to
brain weight ratios in female rats were observed. No data are available for the developmental
toxicity endpoint. 2-Vinylpyridine induced gene mutations in Escherichia coli, but not in
Salmonella typhimurium in vitro. 2-Vinylpyridine induced chromosomal aberrations in vitro, but
was not genotoxic in a DNA repair test. 2-Vinylpyridine is irritating to guinea pig skin,
corrosive to rabbit skin, irritating to rabbit eyes and sensitizing to guinea pig skin.
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Table 3. Summary Table of the Screening Information Data Set under the
U.S. HPV Challenge Program - Human Health Data
Endpoint
SPONSORED CHEMICAL
2-Vinylpyridine
(100-69-6)
Acute Oral Toxicity
LDso (mg/kg)
336
Acute Dermal Toxicity
LD50 (mg/kg)
~ 200 - 300
Repeated-Dose Toxicity
NOAEL/LOAEL (oral, mg/kg-day)
(rat; 90-d)
NOAELmaies = Not Established
LOAELmales = 20
NO AELfemales = 180
LOAELfemales = 60
(rat; 28-d)
NOAEL = 12.5
LOAEL = 50
Reproductive Toxicity
NOAEL/LOAEL (mg/kg-day)
No specific reproductive toxicity data
available. However, increased relative
weights of testes and ovaries were observed
in the 90-day oral repeated dose toxicity
study in rats.
Developmental Toxicity
NOAEL/LOAEL (oral, mg/kg-day)
No Data
Genetic Toxicity - Gene Mutation
In vitro
Positive
Genetic Toxicity - Chromosomal Aberrations
In vitro
Positive
Genetic Toxicity - Other
In vitro
DNA Repair Assay
Negative
Additional Information
Skin Irritation
Eye Irritation
Skin Sensitization
Skin Corrosion
Irritating
Irritating
Not sensitizing
Corrosive
Measured data in bold
4. Hazard to the Environment
A summary of aquatic toxicity data submitted for SIDs endpoints is provided in Table 4.
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Acute Toxicity to Fish
Medaka (Oryzias latipes; 5 organisms per replicate, 2 replicates per test concentration) were
exposed to 2-Vinylpyridine (purity 99.2 %) for 96 hours under semi-static conditions. Nominal
concentrations were 0 (control), 0.938, 1.88, 3.75, 7.50, 15.0, and 30.0 mg/L and mean measured
concentrations were 0 (control), 0.908, 1.77, 3.57, 7.15, 14.3, and 28.8 mg/L which were 96.3 -
99.1 % of nominal at test preparation and 91.7 - 94.5 % (before the renewal). Temperature =
23.5 - 24 °C, DO = 6.8 - 8.4 mg/L, and pH = 7.2 - 7.8. Mortality was 10 %, 60 %, 100%, and
100 % in the 3.75, 7.50, 15.0 and 30.0 nominal test concentrations, respectively. Sub-lethal
responses were also observed in all test concentrations except the 0.938 mg/L.
http ://echa. europa. eu
96-h LCso = 6.48 mg/L (95% C.I. = 4.90 - 8.55 mg/L)
Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Invertebrates
Daphnia (Daphnia magna; 5 organisms per replicate / 4 replicates per test concentration) were
exposed to 2-Vinylpyridine (purity 99.2 %) for 48 hours under semi-static conditions. Nominal
concentrations were 25.0, 15.6, 9.77, 6.10, 3.81 mg/L, and 0 (control). Measured concentrations
were 19.4, 12.5, 7.93, 5.18, 3.23, and 0 (control) mg/L and were % 101 - 103 % of nominal at
the start of the exposure and 58.1 - 70.7 % at the end of the exposure. Temperature = 20.2 -
20.7°C, pH = 7.2 - 7.8, and DO = 8.7 - 8.8 mg/L. Mortality was 5, 10, 100 and 100 % in the
5.18, 7.93, 12.5, and 19.4 mg/L test concentrations, respectively at 48 hours. Sub-lethal
responses were also observed in all test concentrations except the 3.23 mg/L test concentrations.
http ://echa. europa. eu
48-h ECso = 9.48 mg/L (95% C.I. = 7.93 - 12.5 mg/L)
Toxicity to Aquatic Plants
Green algae (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) were exposed to 2-Vinylpyridine (99.2 % purity)
for 72 hours under static conditions. Nominal concentrations were 0 (control), 9.53, 17.1, 30.9,
55.6, and 100 mg/L and corresponding measured concentrations were 0 (control), 8.25, 15.0,
27.2, 48.1, and 87.4 mg/L which were 98.2 -102 % of nominal at 0 h and 72.7 -78.1 % of
nominal at 72 h. Temperature 22.9 - 23.0 °C, pH = 7.7 - 7.9. http://echa.europa.eu
72-h ECso = 50.8 mg/L (biomass)
72-h ECso = 64.4 mg/L (growth rate)
NOEC = 30.9 mg/L (biomass)
Chronic Toxicity to Aquatic Invertebrates
Daphnia (Daphnia magna; 1 organism per replicate, 10 replicates per test concentration) were
exposed to 2-Vinylpyridine (purity 99.2 %) under semi-static conditions for 21 days. Nominal
concentrations were 4.00, 2.00, 1.00, 0.500, 0.250, and 0 (control) mg/L. Measured
concentrations: 3.71, 1.80, 0.901, 0.452, 0.223, and 0 (control) mg/L (% of the nominal: 94.2 -
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Hazard Characterization Document
September, 2014
102 % (at freshly prepared test solution) and 78.5 - 87.7 % (before renewal of the test solution).
Hardness = 36.0 - 41.6 mg/L (as CaCCb), Temperature = 20.2 - 20.7 °C, pH = 7.8 - 8.0, DO =
8.3 - 8.7 mg/L. http://echa.europa.eu
21-d LCso = 0.933 mg/L (mortality) (95% C.I. = 0.648-1.35 mg/L)
21-d LCso = 1.06 mg/L (reproduction) (95% C.I. = 0.939-1.19 mg/L)
LOEC = 1.8 mg/L (reproduction)
NOEC = 0.901 mg/L (reproduction)
Conclusion: For 2-vinylpyridine, the 96-h LC50 value for fish is 6.48 mg/L, the 48-h EC50 value
for aquatic invertebrates is 9.48 mg/L and the 72-h EC50 values for aquatic plants are 50.8 mg/L
and 64.4 mg/L, for biomass and growth rate, respectively. The 21-d LC50 values for aquatic
invertebrates are 0.933 mg/L and 1.06 mg/L for mortality and reproduction, respectively.
Table 4. Summary of the Screening Information Data Set
as Submitted under the U.S. HPV Challenge Program - Aquatic Toxicity Data
Endpoints
SPONSORED CHEMICAL
2-Vinylpyridine
(100-69-6)
Fish
96-h LCso (mg/L)
6.48
Aquatic
Invertebrates
48-h ECso (mg/L)
9.48
Aquatic Plants
72-h ECso (mg/L)
biomass
growth rate
50.8
64.4
Chronic Toxicity to
Aquatic
Invertebrates
21-d LCso (mg/L)
0.993 (mortality)
1.06 (reproduction)
Bold = measured data (i.e., derived from testing)
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