Preliminary Investigation of the Role of
Aquatic Macrophytes in Heavy Metal
Uptake from Water with Coal Particles
Wisconsin Univ.-Superior
Prepared for
Environmental Research Lab.
Duluth, HN
Aug 80
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please reed Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO. 2.
EPA-600/3-80-083b
3. R£Cl£JENT'S ACCESSION NO.
PB 80 2815*5
4. TITLE AND SUBTiTLE
Preliminary Investigation of the Role of Aquatic
Macrophytes in Heavy Metal Uptake from Water with
Coal Particles
5. REPORT DATE
August 1980 Issuing Date.
S. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7, AUTHOR4S)
Rudy G* Koch
B, PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT N<
9. performing organization NAME AND ADDRESS
Department of Biology
University of Wisconsin-Superior
Superior, Wisconsin 54880
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
EHE-625
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
NERC-R-803937-02-0
12 SPONSpRligG AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Environmental Research Laboratory-Duluth
6201 Congdon Boulevard
Duluth, Minnesota 55804
13, TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVEREC
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-600/03
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
A survey was made and representative samples of vascular macrophytes from the
Superior, Wisconsin-Duluth, Minnesota Harbor were collected in August 1975 and
stored In a frozen condition until processed. The processed samples were analyzed
for environmentally sensitive metal concentrations by flameless atomic absorption
spectrophotometry. .
The potential of using Lemna minor L. to examine the effects of Western coal
upon growth was investigated. Lemna minor L. was grown in Lake Superior water
in the presence of incremental amounts of particulate coal. Temperature, humidity
and light were controlled and growth rates were determined by plant frond counts.
Samples of Lemna were collected for metal uptake analyses. Preliminary evidence
suggested that coal particulates, at certain concentrations, may diminish the
growth of this aquatic plant. Increased metal uptake by the plant was noted.
17. KGY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
a. DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATi l icld/Oroup
Lemna minor L.
Fresh water
Fissidens qrandifrons Brid
Zizania aquatica L.
Survey
Vascular macrophytes
Coal
Metal uptake
06/F
21 /D
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This ft sport)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
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22, PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 {Rev. 4-77) previous edition is obsolete #
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PBBD-231£7 5
EPA-600/3-80-083b
August 1980
PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF THE ROLE
OF AQUATIC MACROPHYTES IN HEAVY METAL
UPTAKE FROM WATER WITH COAL PARTICLES
by
Rudy G. Koch
Department of Biology
University of Wisconsin-Superior
Superior, Wisconsin 54880
NERC-R-803927-02-0
Project Officer
Frank Puglisi
Environmental Research Laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
6201 Congdon Boulevard
Duluth, Minnesota 55804
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY-DULUTH
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
- DULUTH, MINNESOTA 55804
-------
DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Research Laboratory-
Duluth, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication,
Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views
and policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention
of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommenda-
tion for use.
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FOREWORD
Attempts to predict the environmental impacts of greatly increased
utilization of western coal clarified the need for data on the efl^cts of
each segment of the total coal-based fuel cycle, from the mine through
transport, storage and conversion to electrical energy. In order to partially
meet the need, a study was made of the environmental effects of the storage
of western coal in large open-air holding piles in a transshipment facility
located in the Superior, Wisconsin - Duluth, Minnesota harbor area.
This report presents the results of studies of the amounts of metals
leached from a western and an eastern coal and the effects of these metals
on several aquatic plant and invertebrate organisms.
Norbert A. Jaworski, Ph.D.
Director
Environmental Research Laboratory-Duiuth
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ABSTRACT
A survey was made and representative samples of vascular macrophytes
from the Superior, Wisconsin-Ouluth, Minnesota Harbor were collected in
; August 1975 and stored in a frozen condition until processed. The processed
samples were analyzed for environmentally sensitive metal concentrations by
, flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
The potential of using Lemna minor L. to examine the effects of Western
•coal upon growth was investigated. Lemna minor L. was grown in Lake Superior
water in the presence of incremental amounts of particulate coal. Tempera-
ture, humidity and light were controlled and growth rates were determined by
plant frond counts. Samples of Lemna were collected for metal uptake
analyses. Preliminary evidence suggested that coal particulates, at certain
i concentrations, may diminish the growth of this aquatic plant. Increased
metal uptake by the plant was noted.
iv
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TABLES
Number Page
1 Species and Habitats Monitored for Background Levels
of Heavy Metals in the Duluth-Superior Harbor Area . 6
. 2 Concentration of Metals (ppm) in Certain Duluth-
Superior Harbor Plants (By Dry Weight) 7
3 Growth of Lemna minor L, in Coal Fortified Lake Water
(Average frond Counts of Three Trials) 10
* 4 Growth Rate Constants for Lemna minor L. in Coal Fortified
Late Water {Average of Three Replicates) 11
5 Heavy Metal Concentration, ppb, in the Water Culture
Medium Before and After A 21 Day Lemna minor
Growth Period with Varying Concentrations of
Coal Additives (Average of Three Replicates) 12
6 Heavy Metal Concentration, ppm (By Dry Weight Basis) in
Lenina minor L. Grown in Differing levels of Coal-
; •• Fortified"Fedia (Average of Three Replicates) 13
v
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CONTENTS
Disclaimer if
Forward . . . i i i
Abstract iv
Tables v
Contents vi
1. Introduction . . .1
2. Conclusions 2
3. Recommendations 3
4. Background Levels of Heavy Metals in Harbor
Aquatic Macrophytes 4
Sample Collection and Preparation 4
Analysis 4
5. Effects of Particulate Coal on Lemna Minor Growth 8
Background 8
Procedures 9
Results 10
References 14
vi
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SECTION I
INTRODUCTION
Heavy metals are frequently sequestered by plants, and if these plants
are important in the food chains of an area, they may serve as a source for
the introduction of the same heavy'metals into higher level consumers. In
addition, heavy metals may be moved from the environment to the detritus food
chain only to be flushed back into the water. In examining the effect of the
coal transshipment facility on the addition and dispersion of heavy metals
throughout the Superior-Duluth Harbor, it was desirable to obtain some pre-
liminary estimates of background levels of the metals under study in the
aquatic vascular macrophytes which were present in the harbor.
Although many heavy metals ions are necessary for normal plant growth,
excessive levels of heavy metals may be toxic. The addition of coal particles
to the water of the Duluth-Superior harbor raises the possibility that plants
may be affected. In order to examine that possibility, initial studies to
evaluate the feasibility of establishing plant cultures for studying the up-
take of heavy metals from coal particulate additives was undertaken. In
addition, a first approximation of the relationship between growth and coal
additives was sought.
1
-------
SECTION 2
CONCLUSIONS
Results demonstrated that the different species concentrated the differ-
ent metals not only in differing amounts, but also that the various parts of
the plant had differing levels of metals present. Some plants (such as
Fissidens grandifrons Brid} appear to have high levels of selected metals.
Preliminary work suggests that Lemna minor is a useful plant to study
uptake of heavy metals. It does not require elaborate culture techniques and
its small size allows smaller (and less expensive) culture facilities,
l
Although the work reported above reflects only a first approximation in
examining the role of plants in heavy metal uptake from coal particles, there
is evidence that coal particulates may, in certain concentrations, diminish
the growth of an aquatic plant. In addition, there appears to be increased
uptake in the presence of coal particles. Certain metals (such as barium)
seem to be increasingly sequestered from the media with increasingly higher
amounts of added coal. Others (Zn, Pb) show greater levels of accumulation
at intermediate concentrations of coal additive. However, other metals
{cobalt, copper, manganese) exhibit no marked trends.
2
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SECTION 3
RECOMMENDATIONS
A continual monitoring program of selected plant species in the harbor
would be a useful tool in judging the role of plants in heavy metal uptake
within the Superior-Duluth Harbor ecosystem. The high levels present in
species such as the aquatic moss Fissidens grandifrons needs further study,
particularly to assess the potential of contamination from extraneous dust.
An aquatic system using temna minor as a test species provides a good
means to assess metal uptake but considerably more work remains to be done
in understanding the nature and extend of this uptake before assessing its
significance. The somewhat erratic results which are reported suggest the
potential of contamination in the system as described.
3
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SECTION 4
BACKGROUND LEVELS OF HEAVY METALS IN
HARBOR AQUATIC MACROPHYTiiS
SAMPLE COLLECTIONS AND PREPARATION
Samples of the aquatic macrophytes were collected in August 1975 from
areas in the Superior-Duluth Harbor near the coal transshipment facility con-
struction site. The samples were rinsed with distilled water to remove sur-
face contaminants and then placed in acid-washed polypropylene bottles. The
specimens were then frozen and stored in a frozen condition until processed
for metal analyses.
Representative portions of the stored specimens were oven dried to con-
stant weight, digested in an ignition bomb by means of ultrapure nitric acid,
and then metal concentrations were determined by flameless atomic absorption
spectrophotometry.
Samples, in the size range of 0.08-0.10 g, were accurately weighed on
an analytical balance. The weighed samples were then placed i i Pan®
Teflorfl* lined acid digestion bombs and 2.50 to 3.00 ml of ultrapure, con-
centrated nitric acid were added. The acic1 digestion bombs were then
assanbled, sealed and heated in an oven at 150°C for a period of two to
three hours.
?
• The digestion bombs were removed from the oven and allowed to cool to
room temperature. The bombs were then opened and the contents were quantita-
tively transferred to volumetric flasks and diluted to a standard volume with
deionized water.
Samples* after digestion, were analyzed for metal content by the use of
flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
Full details of preparation and analysis of the coal particles are pre-
sented by Coward and Norton, (1980).
ANALYSIS
Results of the preliminary population survey are shown in Tables 1 and
'2. Table 1 is a record of the species collected, and the portion of the
plant which comprises the analytical sample. Table 2 gives the results of
the various analyses for the metals under consideration.
4
-------
Results demonstrated that the different species concentrated the differ-
ent metals not only in differing amounts, but also that the various parts of
the plant had differing levels of metals present. Perhaps most unusual were
the levels of lead and manganese sequestered by the aquatic moss, Fissidens ^
crandifron; Brid. These high levels are worthy of further study, particular-
ly to determine if the concentration of these metals is a result of the sub-
strate from which they were collected, or if the species under consideration
has an unusual facility for sequestering these metals (lead and manganese).
Also noteworthy are the relatively low levels of metals in wild rice (Zizania
aguatica L.), which is one of the few aquatic macrophytes in the area now di-
rectly eaten by man.
Many of the other species investigated may be eaten by ducks or fish,
and in turn consumed by man (Fassett, 1960). Thus, the levels of environ-
mentally sensitive metals in these aquatic vascular macrophytes may eventu-
ally be a matter of concern to the region.
5
-------
Results demonstrated that the different species concentrated the differ-
ent metals not only in differing amounts, but also that the various parts of
the plant had differing levels of metals present. Perhaps most unusual were
the levels of lead and manganese sequestered by the aquatic moss, Fissidens<•
grand if rorts Br id. These high levels are worthy of further study, particular-
ly to determine if the concentration of these metals is a result of the sub-
strate from which they were collected, or if the species under consideration
has an unusual facility for sequestering these metals (lead and manganese).
Also noteworthy are the relatively low levels of metals in wild rice (Zizania
aquatica L.), which is one of the few aquatic macrophytes in the area now di-
rectly eaten by man.
Many of the other species investigated may be eaten by ducks or fish,
and in turn consumed by man' (Fassett, 1960). Thus, the levels of environ-
mentally sensitive metals in these aquatic vascular macrophytes may eventu-
ally be a matter of concern to the region.
5
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TABLE 1. SPECIES AND HABITATS MONITORED FOR BACKGROUND LEVELS OF HEAVY
METALS IN THE DULUTH-SUPERIOR HARBOR AREA.
Sample
Number
Taxon
Portion
Analyzed
Habit
1
Lemnar minor L.
Whole Plant
Free-Floating
2
Fissidens qrandifrons Brid.
(a moss)
Attached to
Wood Piling
4A
Bidens cernua
Stem
Emergent
4B
Leaves
Flower
5
Ceratophyllum demersum L.
Submerged
7
Scirpus valfdus Vahl.
Rhizome
Emergent
8
Root
9
Leaf
10
Nuphar variegatum Engelm
Whole Plant
Floating Leaved
11
Zizania aquatica L.
Sead
Emergent
12
Root
13A
Stem
138
Leaf
14
Bidens beckii Torr.
Leaf
Submerged
15
Root
16
Sparganium chlorocarpum Rydb.
Root
Emergent
17
F1ower
18
Leaf
19
Sagittaria latifolia Willd.
Root
Emergent
20
Leaf
ZlA
Stem
218
Flower
6
-------
1
2
4A
4B
4C
5-
7
8
9
10
n
12
13A
138
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21A
CONCENTRATION OF METALS (ppm) IN CERTAIN DULUTH-SUPERIOR HARBOR PLANTS (BY DRY WEIGHT)
As
Ba
Cd
Cr
Co
Cu
Pb
Mn
Mo
Ni
Se
V
Zr>
1
237
0,4
4.9
6,5
15
29.4
5000
1.5
23
0.8
5
16
11
528
0.8
14.8
15.0
32
198.8
15400
<1.5
11
<0.1
8
9
<1
25
0.2
0.9
0.7
12
4.7
653
— *r
39
__
__
10
<1
95
0.1
1.8
4,6
17
2.2
2080
3
__
—
8
<1
23
0.1
0.9
1.0
13
2.0
1170
3
—
__
5
5
604
0.8
4.1
5.7
106
30.5
746
—
11
—
—
11
__
4
<0.1
—
2
0.4
102
—
2
__
__
3
12
20
0.5
1.9
6.9
7
11.5
2040
—
6
<0.1
—
10
<1
78
0.1
0.5
1.9
2
3.3
962
1.2
4
0.3
<4
3
<1
367
0.3
1.7
5.0
28
78.8
618
<2.1
79
1.2
<5
23
<1
<7
0.1
0.4
0.8
11
2.4
250
__
4
1.6
<5
8
5
50
0.1
2.5
5.4
9
8,8
573
14
...
9
8
176
0.5
11.7
9.0
208
23.5
781
59
—
—
22
<1
87
0.3
3.2
5.5
31
13.3
353
__
12
__
__
18
<1
112
0,2
1,3
2.3
8
3.8
1250
2
__
—
- 4
6
95
0.2
2.5
3.5
24
10.4
1570
—
2
__
—
6
6
64
0.1
1.8
5.8
10
11.8
1520
—
35
—
—
7
<1
<3
0.1
0.3
2.4
3
1.4
SO
__
1
__
—
7
<1
50
0.1
0.8
2.8
18
23.1
254
—
29
<0,2
—
8
10
479
0.4
5.5
1.0
18
15.9
479
—
5
—
__
21
<1
18
0.1
0.4
1.6
8
1.8
261
—
6
—
5
<1
<9
0.2
0.6
1,4
36
3.1
263
—
6
__
11
1
<4
0.1
0.6
0.6
85
4.5
168
<1.2
1
0.2
<3
6
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SECTION 5
EFFECTS OF PARTICULATE COAL ON
LEMNA MINOR GROWTH
BACKGROUND
The effects of heavy metals on plants has been studied in the context of
agriculture (such as Millikan, 1949) and, to a lesser extent, in the context
of polluted terrestrial substrates (such as A11oway and Davies, 1971).
Studies also have been done with marsh plants, particularly Spartina
alterniflora (Dunstan and Windom, 1974) but little work exists with aquatic
plants.
Many metal ions have been found to be essential for normal plant growth
and function. Manganese was found by early workers (Epstein, 1972) to be re-
quired. The role of many such elements has been shown in enzyme activation,
regulation or stimulation. Epstein has reported (1972) that, in addition to
its primary function, manganese served as an activator of some enzymes by
substituting for magnesium in certain phosphate transferring enzymes. The
same author also reported that manganese, if present in high concentration,
induced iron deficiency in some plants. Treshow (1970) demonstrated that
certain trace elements and/or alien metal ions could induce metal deficien-
cies or be directly toxic to plants.
In view of the relatively low levels of nutrients and dissolved ions in
the waters of Lake Superior, addition of even small amounts of coal, from
which a variety of materials can leach, Is potentially disruptive. The ad-
dition of coal particles to the aquatic environment would presumably have an
; effect on the aquatic vascular macrophytes, depending on the amount of coal
present. The presence of coal could result in increased growth (through the
addition of nutrients) or increased environmentally sensitive metal uptake
from the coal -enriched surroundings (which could result in growth inhibition
at excessive metal levels).
Tne second phase of this aspect of the study was to investigate the
feasibility of studying heavy metal uptake in vascular aquatic plants.
First year efforts were directed toward selecting a study species and deter-
mining a potentially useful procedure. Within the limitations of the budget
I and time allocation of the first year (and in anticipation of further work
: in subsequent years), it was possible to make only preliminary attempts to
answer the major questions. Initial efforts were focused upon a study of
the effect of coal ;pon lemna minor L.
8
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Lemna minor L. was selected as the plant for these Initial studies be-
causeofits smal1 size, relatively rapid growth and structural simplicity,
Lemna minor L. produces new daughter fronds from pockets at the base of the
parent plant and these new plants may, in turn, produce daughter fronds even
before they are detached from the original parent. Growth may be followed by
counting these fronds, a procedure which has proven to be quite reliable
(Hillman, 1961).
Another factor which lead to the adoption of Lemna minor L, as the test
organism was the extensive experimental literature on Lemna sp, (see Hillman,
1961, for a review of the description and use of the Lemnacae in experimental
procedures).
PROCEDURES
Field col lection of Lerona minor L. were made from indigenous populations,
rinsed with deionized water to remove any gross contamination, and reared in
acid-washed aquaria using Lake Superior water as a culture medium. From the
above culture, groups of twenty-five (25) unattached Lemna minor L. fronds
(without daughter fronds) were removed, rinsed three times with deionized
water and placed in 600 ml acid-washed polypropylene beakers which contained
300 ml of Lake Superior water.
Western Coal No. 1 was used in studying effects on Lemna mi nor L. A
report of the properties of the Decker coal delivered to the Superior-Ouluth
area may be found in the Environmental Impact Statement by Roy F. Weston,
Inc. Train-load composite figures on representative trace metal concentra-
tions (in ppm) for this coal are as follows:
As. 2.30 Cc 3.70 No 4.80
" Ba 170 Cu 15.0 Ni 3.00
Cd 25.0 Pb 0.39 Se 1.00
Cr 10.0 Mn 41.0 Zn 0.58
A portion of this coal was ground in the Wile^® mil 1 and then added to
the beakers of Lemna minor L. culture. The amount of coal added to each
beaker (of 300 ml watirTwas 5.00 g, 10.00 g or 25.00 g. Triplicate sets of
Lemna minor L. culture samples were prepared with each size of coal adduct.
The beakers were covered with acid-washed glass, plates and placed in an
environmental chamber in which temperature was held constant at 25°C. A six-
teen-hour light period at an intensity of 1200 foot-candles (12,900 lumens/
square meter) alternated with eight hours of darkness. Growth was allowed to
proceed for 21 days. Water lost through evaporation was replaced with deion-
ized water.
The lake water culture medium was sampled prior to the start of the
growth chamber study, and all growth media which had been in contact with
coal were sampled at the end of the 21 day growth period. The samples were
acidified with ultrapure nitric acid and were stored in acid-washed polypro-
pylene bottles until analysis for metal content were performed. In addition,
9
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samples of the Lemna minor were taken from the population for metal analyses
at the initiation of the run, as well as from each culture at the conclusion
of the test period.
At the end of the growth, the Lemna were harvested (after counting),
dried to constant weight, and the residue analyzed for its metal content.
Individual counts of all plant fronds {as previously described) were
made at intervals, to determine growth rates and to observe the plant growth
response to the presence of coal derived materials in the Lake Superior water
growth medium,
RESULTS
Initial efforts in the laboratory phase of this study were directed to-
ward establishing procedures for the culturing of Lemna minor L. in media
which was fortified by the addition of ground coal in various concentrations.
As a result, time was not available for the adequate retesting of the results
tabulated in this report. Inspection of these data showed no consistent pat-
terns. Because of the preliminary nature of the data (and the inherent vari-
ance), it was felt that no statistical tests were warranted.
A summary of the growth response of Lemna minor to varying concentra-
tions of ground coal present in the lake water medium is presented in Table
3.
, TABLE 3. Growth of Lemna minor L, in Coal Fortified Lake Water
(Average Frond Counts of Three Trials)
Number of Fronds by Day
Medium (300 ml)
1
3
7
10
13
16
20
22
23
Lake Water, No Coal Added
25
52
128
184
215
243
140
147
—
Lake Water, 5.00 g Coal Added
(1.67% coal, by weight)
25
61
146
182
191
218
169
193
___
Lake Water, 10.00 g Coal Added
(3.331 coal, by weight)
25
71
126
163
195
241
232
—
267
Lake Water, 25.00 g Coal Added
"(8,33% coal, by weight)
25
61
148
188
200
235
228
—
256
Table 4 presents the growth rate constants as determined from frond
counts (Hillman, 1961). The first three days are omitted on the assumption
that they represent more nearly the conditions existing in the original cul-
ture than that of the experimental media. Frond count data after 16 days are
also omitted from this table since frond counts for unfortified lake water
-------
and water with 5.00 grams of added coal are declining—perhaps due to lack of
nutrients.
TABLE 4. Growth Rate Constants for Lenina minor L. in Coal Fortified
Lake Water (Average of Three Replicates)
Interval (Days)
Medium (300 ml)
3-7
7-10
10-13
13-16
Lake Water, No Coal Added
.098
.053
.023
.018
Lake Water, 5.00 g Coal Added
(1.67%Coal, by weight)
.095
.033
.007
.019
Lake Water, 10.00 g Coal Added
(3.33% Coal, by weight)
.083
.037
.026
.031
Lake Water, 25.00 g Coal Added
(8.33* Coal, by weight)
.096
.035
.009
.023
Table 5 presents data for the average metal concentration in the lake
water culture media (with and without coal) at the beginning and end of the
21 day growth test with Lemna minor. Table 6 contains data for the average
metal concentration in the Lemna grown in the above culture media.
The use of unfortified lake water alone as the medium poses some dif-
ficulties since the level of available nutrients is low. However, within the
harbor ecosystem, uptake of these metals by aquatics is likely to be limited
by similarly low nutrient levels. Further work to relate uptake with the
nutrient level of the growth media would be useful.
This work involved only static testing, simulating coal accumulation at
the bottom of the water column. Since water currents are present, much coal,
especially fine particles, could be held in suspension for periods of time,
increasing the likelihood of leaching. In addition there is need to better
understand the effect of particle size upon leaching rate which should be
reflected in uptake rates.
:
The significance of metal concentrations reported in Table 6 must be
interpreted with extreme caution. It is hard to explain the variance present
without a much greater understanding of the behavior of each metal tested,
i The possibility of error in metal determinations, particularly due to the
small amount of tissue available, must be considered.
In addition, tht bioaccumulation of all metals tested (such as 8a, Co,
Mn, V and Zn) are not expected and may suggest contamination, either in the
culture or in the later chemical analysis.
11
-------
TABLE 5.
HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATION, ppb, IN THE WATER CULTURE MEDIUM BEFORE AND AFTER A 21 DAY
Lemna minor GROWTH PERIOD WITH VARYING CONCENTRATIONS OF COAL ADDITIVES (AVERAGE OF
THIEF RTPUTCATES).
As
Ba
Cd
Cr
Co
Cu
Pb
Mn
Mo
Ni
Se
V
Zn
Initial Lake Water
Levels
0.0
3.3
0.00
0.0
0,0
1.30
0.70
0.4
0.00
0.7
0.20
0.0
0.4
Water Levels After
21 Days of Growth
No Coal Additive
0.0
0.0
0.08
0.1
0.0
1.80
0.00
0.1
0,00
20,5
0.30
0.0
1.4
5.00 g Coal Added
0.0
1.1
0.05
0.1
0.2
0.10
0.30
0.1
0,60
* 3,7
0.00
1.0
1.9
10.00 g Coal Added
0.1
2.2
0.05
0.0
0.2
1.60
0.10
1.1
2.32
0.0
0.00
1.9
0.8
25.00 g Coal Added
0.0
3.3
0.07
0.1
0.2
1.10
0.06
1.0
2.10
7.1
0.95
0.0
0.1
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TABLE 61. HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATION, ppm (BY DRY WEIGHT BASIS J IN Lemna minor L. GROWN IN DIF-
FERING LEVELS OF COAL-FORTIFIED MEDIA (AVERAGE OF THREE HEPntSTKT. ;
As
Ba
Cd
Cr
Co
Cu
Pb
Mn
Mo
Ni
Se
V
Zn
Initial Concentrations
in Lemna
0.30
10,0
1.9
0.5
0.30
40.0
0.8
33.0
1.6
3.0
8.0
4.0
50.0
Final Concentrations
in Lemna
Lake Water,
No Coal Added
0.70
11.0
0.4
0.4
0.70
14.0
41.2
257.0
3.4
9,0
0.5
8.0
17.0
Lake Water,
5.00 g Coal Added
0.80
161.0
0.7
0.7
2.20
20.2
4.1
117.0
4.3
10.0
0.6
11.0
28,0
Lake Water,
10.00 g Coal Added
0.80
210.0
0.8
2.9
1,05
81.0
7.7
268.0
4.2
19.0
0.7
11.0
42.0
Lake Water,
25.00 g Coal Added
1.33
114.0
1.6
0,8
1.30
21.0
16.0
143.0
6.7
46,0
13.9
17.0
62.0
-------
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Effects on the Aquatic Environment. Report to U.S. E.P.A. by Center
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3. Dunstan, W. M. and Windom, H. L. 1974. The Influence of Environmental
Changes in Heavy Metal Concentration of Spartina alterniflora.
-—Proceedings, Second International Estuarine Research Conference, Myrtle
Beach, Calif. ,
4. Environmental Impact Report, Coal Transshipment Facility, Superior,
Wisconsin, 1974. Prepared by Roy F. Weston, Inc., Wilmette, Illinois.
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spectives. John Wiley and Sons.
6. Fassett, Norman C. 1960. A Manual of Aquatic Plants. University of
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7. Hillman, W. S. 1961. The Lemnaceae, or Duckweeds. Bot. Rev.,
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8. Millikan, C. R. 1949. Effects on Flax of a Toxic Concentration of
I, Fe, Mo, A1, Cu, Zn, Mn, Co, or Ni in the Nutrient Solution.
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14
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