Final Scope of the Risk Evaluation for Asbestos: Part 2: Supplemental Evaluation Including Legacy Uses and Associated Disposals of Asbestos


v>EPA

EPA Document# EPA-740-R-21-002

June 2022

United States	Office of Chemical Safety and

Environmental Protection Agency	Pollution Prevention

Final Scope of the Risk Evaluation for

Asbestos

Part 2: Supplemental Evaluation Including Legacy Uses and
Associated Disposals of Asbestos

June 2022

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	6

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS	7

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY	10

1	INTRODUCTION	14

2	SCOPE OF THE EVALUATION	15

2.1	Reasonably Available Information	15

2.1.1	Search of Gray Literature	15

2.1.2	Search of Literature from Publicly Available Databases (Peer-Reviewed Literature)	16

2.1.3	Search of TSCA Submissions	26

2.2	Conditions of Use	27

2.2.1	Categories and Subcategories of Conditions of Use Included in the Scope of Part 2 of the
Risk Evaluation	28

2.2.2	Activities Excluded from the Scope of Part 2 of the Risk Evaluation	33

2.2.3	Life Cycle Diagram	34

2.3	Exposures	36

2.3.1	Physical and Chemical Properties	36

2.3.2	Environmental Fate and Transport	43

2.3.3	Releases to the Environment	43

2.3.4	Environmental Exposures	46

2.3.5	Occupational Exposures	46

2.3.6	Consumer Exposures	47

2.3.7	General Population Exposures	47

2.4	Hazards (Effects)	48

2.4.1	Environmental Hazards	48

2.4.2	Human Health Hazards	48

2.5	Potentially Exposed or Susceptible Subpopulations	49

2.6	Conceptual Models	50

2.6.1	Conceptual Model for Legacy Industrial and Commercial Activities and Uses	50

2.6.2	Conceptual Model for Legacy Consumer Activities and Uses	52

2.6.3	Conceptual Model for Environmental Releases and Wastes: Potential Exposures and
Hazards	54

2.7	Analysis Plan	56

2.7.1	Physical and Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate	56

2.7.2	Exposure	57

2.7.2.1	Environmental Releases	57

2.7.2.2	Environmental Exposures	58

2.7.2.3	Occupational Exposures	59

2.7.2.4	Consumer Exposures	61

2.7.2.5	General Population	62

2.7.3	Hazards (Effects)	64

2.7.3.1	Environmental Hazards	64

2.7.3.2	Human Health Hazards	65

2.7.4	Summary of Risk Approaches for Characterization	67

2.8	Peer Review	68

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REFERENCES	69

APPENDICES	73

Appendix A ABBREVIATED METHODS FOR SEARCHING AND SCREENING	73

A. 1 Literature Search of Publicly Available Databases	73

A. 1.1 Special Considerations and Query Strings for Asbestos: Part II Literature	73

A. 1.2 Search Term Genesis and Chemical Verification	78

A. 1.3 Publicly Available Database Searches	79

A. 1.3.1 Data Prioritization for Environmental Hazard, Human Health Hazard, Fate, and

Physical Chemistry	79

A. 1.3.2 Data Prioritization for Occupational Exposures and Environmental Releases and Gen

Pop, Consumer, and Environmental Exposures	79

A.2 Peer-Reviewed Screening Process	80

A.2.1 Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria	80

A.2.1.1 PECO for Environmental and Human Health Hazards	80

A.2.1.2 PECO for Consumer, Environmental, and General Population Exposures	84

A.2.1.3 RESO for Occupational Exposure and Environmental Releases	85

A.2.1.4 PESO for Fate and Transport	87

A.2.1.5 Generation of Hazard Heat Maps	89

A.3 Gray Literature Search and Screening Strategies	90

A.3.1 Screening of Gray Literature	90

A.3.2 Initial Screening of Sources Using Decision Logic Tree	91

A.3.3 TSCA Submission Searching and Title Screening	92

A.3.4 Gray Literature Search Results for Asbestos	93

Appendix B PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ASBESTOS	96

Appendix C ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF

ASBESTOS	101

Appendix D REGULATORY HISTORY	113

D. 1 Federal Laws and Regulations	113

D.2 State Laws and Regulations	117

D.3	International Laws and Regulations	118

Appendix E PROCESS, RELEASE, AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE INFORMATION 121

E.l	Process Information	121

E.2 Uses	121

E.2.1 Chemical Substances in Construction, Paint, Electrical, and Metal Products	121

E.2.2 Chemical Substances in Furnishing, Cleaning, and Treatment Care Products	121

E.2.3 Chemical Substances in Packaging, Paper, Plastic, Toys, and Hobby Products	122

E.2.4 Chemical Substances in Products Not Described by Other Codes	122

E.2.5 Disposal	122

E.3 Preliminary Occupational Exposure Data	123

Appendix F SUPPORTING INFORMATION - CONCEPTUAL MODEL FOR

INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES AND USES	127

Appendix G SUPPORTING INFORMATION - CONCEPTUAL MODEL FOR CONSUMER

ACTIVITIES AND USES	135

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Appendix H SUPPORTING INFORMATION - CONCEPTUAL MODEL FOR

ENVIRONMENTAL RELEASES AND WASTES 145

Appendix I CHARACTERIZATION OF LITERATURE INCLUDING ASBESTOS AND

TALC 147

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2-1. Results of Title Screening of Submissions to EPA under Various Sections of TSCA 27

Table 2-2. Categories and Subcategories of Legacy Conditions of Use Included in the Scope of the

Risk Evaluation 28

Table 2-3. Physical and Chemical Properties for Chrysotile Asbestos (CASRN 12001-29-5) 36

Table 2-4. Physical and Chemical Properties for Crocidolite (CASRN 12001-28-4) 37

Table 2-5. Physical and Chemical Properties for Amosite (CASRN 12172-73-5) 38

Table 2-6. Physical and Chemical Properties for Anthophyllite (CASRN 77536-67-5) 39

Table 2-7. Physical and Chemical Properties for Tremolite (CASRN 77536-68-6) 40

Table 2-8. Physical and Chemical Properties for Actinolite (CASRN 77536-66-4 ) 41

Table 2-9. Physical and Chemical Properties for Libby Amphibole Asbestos 42

Table 2-10. Summary of Asbestos TRI Production-Related Waste Managed in 2019 44

Table 2-11. Summary of Releases of Asbestos to the Environment during 2019 45

Table 2-12. Total On- and Off-Site Disposal or Other Releases of Friable Asbestos (2015-2019),

Based on TRI Data 46

Table 2-13. Categories and Sources of Environmental Release Data 57

Table 2-14. Potential Sources of Occupational Exposure Data 60

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2-1. Gray Literature Tags by Discipline for Asbestos 16

Figure 2-2. Peer-Reviewed Literature - Physical and Chemical Properties Search Results for

Asbestos 18

Figure 2-3. Peer-Reviewed Literature - Fate and Transport Search Results for Asbestos 19

Figure 2-4. Peer-Reviewed Literature Inventory Heat Map - Fate and Transport Search Results for

Asbestos 20

Figure 2-5. Peer-Reviewed Literature Inventory Tree - Engineering Search Results for Asbestos 21

Figure 2-6. Peer-Reviewed Literature Inventory Heat Map - Engineering Search Results for Asbestos 22

Figure 2-7. Peer-Reviewed Literature and Gray Literature - Exposure Search Results for Asbestos 23

Figure 2-8. Peer-Reviewed and Gray Literature Inventory Heat Map - Exposure Search Results for

Asbestos 24

Figure 2-9. Peer-Reviewed Literature Inventory Tree - Human Health and Environmental Hazards

Search Results for Asbestos 25

Figure 2-10. Peer-Reviewed Literature Inventory Heat Map - Human Health and Environmental

Hazards Search Results for Asbestos 26

Figure 2-11. Asbestos Life Cycle Diagram 35

Figure 2-12. Asbestos Conceptual Model for Legacy Industrial and Commercial Activities and Uses:

Worker and ONU Exposures and Hazards 51

Figure 2-13. Asbestos Conceptual Model for Legacy Consumer Activities and Uses: Consumer

Exposures and Hazardsa 53

Figure 2-14. Asbestos Conceptual Model for Environmental Releases and Wastes: Environmental

and General Population Exposures and Hazards 55

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LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES

TableApx A-l. Hazards Title and Abstract and Full-Text PECO Criteria for Asbestos Part 2 81

TableApx A-2. Major Categories of "Potentially Relevant" Supplemental Materials for Asbestos 83

Table Apx A-3. Generic Inclusion Criteria for the Data Sources Reporting Exposure Data on General

Population, Consumers, and Environmental Receptors 84

Table Apx A-4. Inclusion Criteria for Data Sources Reporting Engineering and Occupational

Exposure Data for Asbestos Part 2 85

Table Apx A-5. Engineering, Environmental Release, and Occupational Data Needed to Develop the

Environmental Release and Occupational Exposure Assessments for Asbestos Part 2... 86
Table Apx A-6. Inclusion Criteria for Data or Information Sources Reporting Environmental Fate

and Transport Data for Asbestos Part 2 88

Table Apx A-7. Fate Endpoints and Associated Processes, Media, and Exposure Pathways

Considered in the Development of the Environmental Fate Assessment for Asbestos

Part 2 89

Table_Apx A-8. Decision Logic Tree Overview 91

Table Apx A-9. Gray Literature Sources that Yielded Results for Asbestos 93

Table Apx B-l. Physical and Chemical Properties of Chrysotile 96

Table Apx B-2. Physical and Chemical Properties of Crocidolite 97

Table_Apx B-3. Physical and Chemical Properties of Amosite 97

Table Apx B-4. Physical and Chemical Properties of Anthophyllite 98

Table Apx B-5. Physical and Chemical Properties of Tremolite 99

Table Apx B-6. Physical and Chemical Properties of Actinolite 100

Table Apx C-l. Aquatic Bioconcentration Study Summary for Asbestos 101

Table_Apx C-2. Hydrolysis Study Summary for Asbestos 103

Table_Apx C-3. Other Fate Endpoints Study Summary for Asbestos 106

Table_Apx D-l. Federal Laws and Regulations 113

Table Apx D-2. State Laws and Regulations 117

Table Apx D-3. Regulatory Actions by Other Governments, Tribes, and International Agreements... 118

Table Apx E-l. Summary of NIOSH HHEs with Monitoring for Asbestos 123

Table Apx E-2. Summary of Industry Sectors with Asbestos Monitoring Samples Available from

OSHA Inspections Conducted between 2010 and 2020 126

Table Apx F-l. Worker and Occupational Non-user Exposure Conceptual Model Supporting Table. 127

Table Apx G-l. Consumer Exposure Conceptual Model Supporting Table 135

Table Apx H-l. General Population and Environmental Exposure Conceptual Model Supporting

Table 145

LIST OF APPENDIX FIGURES

FigureApx A-l. Decision Logic Tree Used to Screen Gray Literature Results 91

FigureApx 1-1. Peer-Reviewed Literature Inventory Heat Map for Talc- or Magnesium-Silicate-

Contaminated Asbestos - Fate and Transport Search Results for Asbestos 147

Figure Apx 1-2. Peer-Reviewed Literature Inventory Heat Map for Talc- or Magnesium-Silicate-

Contaminated Asbestos - Engineering Search Results for Asbestos 148

Figure Apx 1-3. Peer-Reviewed Literature Inventory Heat Map for Talc- or Magnesium-Silicate-

Contaminated Asbestos - Exposure Search Results for Asbestos 149

Figure Apx 1-4. Peer-Reviewed Literature Inventory Heat Map for Talc- or Magnesium-Silicate-

Contaminated Asbestos - Human Health and Environmental Hazards Search Results
for Asbestos 150

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This report was developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), Office of
Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention (OCSPP), Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics (OPPT).

Acknowledgements

The OPPT Assessment Team gratefully acknowledges participation or input from intra-agency
reviewers that included multiple offices within EPA, inter-agency reviewers that included multiple
federal agencies, and assistance from EPA contractors ERG (Contract No. 68HERD20A0002), ICF
(Contract No. 68HERC19D0003), and SRC (Contract No. 68HERH19D0022F0213).

Docket

Supporting information can be found in public docket, Docket ID: EPA-HQ-OPPT-2021 -0254.
Disclaimer

Reference herein to any specific commercial products, process or service by trade name, trademark,
manufacturer or otherwise does not constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by
the United States Government.

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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

A/C

Asbestos-cement (products)

ACGM

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists

ACM

Asbestos-containing material

ADME

Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion

ADAF

Age-dependent adjustment factors

AHERA

Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act

ASHAA

Asbestos School Hazard Abatement Act

ASHARA

Asbestos School Hazard Abatement Reauthorization Act

BAF

Bioaccumulation factor

BBP

Butylbenzyl phthalate

BCF

Bioconcentration factor

BMF

Biomagnification factor

BOD

Biochemical oxygen demand

BW34

Body weight scaling to the 3/4 power

CASRN

Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number

CBI

Confidential business information

CDR

Chemical Data Reporting

CEHD

Chemical Exposure Health Data

CERCLA

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act

CEM

Consumer Exposure Model

CFR

Code of Federal Regulations

ChemSTEER

Chemical Screening Tool for Exposure and Environmental Releases

COC

Concentration of concern

COU

Condition of Use

CPSA

Consumer Product Safety Act

CPSC

Consumer Product Safety Commission

CPSIA

Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act

CSF

Cancer slope factor

CWA

Clean Water Act

ECHA

European Chemicals Agency

EC

European Commission

ECx

Effective Concentration that causes a response that is x% of the maximum

ECHA

European Chemicals Agency

EPA

Environmental Protection Agency

EPCRA

Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act

ERG

Eastern Research Group

ESD

Emission Scenario Document

EU

European Union

FDA

Food and Drug Administration

FFDCA

Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act

FHSA

Federal Hazardous Substances Act

FR

Federal Register

FYI

For your information (TSCA submissions)

GDIT

General Dynamics Information Technology

GS

Generic Scenario

FLAWC

Health Assessment Workplace Collaborative

HHE

Health Hazard Evaluation

HMTA

Hazardous Materials Transportation Act

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HQ
HSDB
I ARC
ICF
IECCU

IUR

Koc

Kow

LC50

LAA

LOAEL

LOEC

MAP

MOA

MOE

NESHAP

NHANES

NICNAS

NIOSH

NLM

NOAEL

NOEC

NPDES

NPL

OCSPP

OECD

OEL

ONU

OPPT

OSF

OSHA

PBPK

PBT

PECO

PEL

PESO

PESS

POD

POTW

PPE

RCRA

REACH

RESO

RQ

SDS

SDWA

SNUR

SRC

Headquarters

Hazardous Substances Data Bank
International Agency for Research on Cancer
ICF (a global consulting company)

Indoor Environmental Concentrations in Buildings with Conditioned and Unconditioned
Zones (model)

Inhalation unit risk

Organic carbon: water partition coefficient
Octanol: water partition coefficient
Lethal concentration of 50% test organisms
Libby Amphibole Asbestos
Lowest-ob served-adverse-effect level
Lowest-ob served-effect concentration
(Asbestos) Model Accreditation Plan
Mode of action
Margin of exposure

National Emission Standard for Hazardous Air Pollutants
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme (Australia)

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

National Library of Medicine

No-observed-adverse-effect level

No-observed-effect concentration

National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

National Priorities List

Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

Occupational Exposure Limit

Occupational non-user

Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics

Oral slope factor

Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic
Persistent, bioaccumulative, toxic
Population, exposure, comparator, and outcome
Permissible exposure limit

Pathways and processes, exposure, setting or scenario, and outcomes

Potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulation

Point of departure

Publicly owned treatment works

Personal protective equipment

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (European Union)

Receptors, exposure, setting or scenario, and outcomes

Risk quotient

Safety Data Sheet

Safe Drinking Water Act

Significant New Use Rule

SRC, Inc., formerly Syracuse Research Corporation

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T1/2

Half-life

TCCR

Transparent, clear, consistent, and reasonable

TIAB

Title and abstract

TMF

Trophic magnification factor(s)

TRI

Toxics Release Inventory

TSCA

Toxic Substances Control Act

UNEP

United Nations Environment Programme

U.S.C.

United States Code

WHO

World Health Organization

WWTP

Wastewater treatment plant

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

On December 19, 2016, EPA published a list of 10 chemical substances, including asbestos, which have
been the subject of the Agency's initial chemical risk evaluations (81 FR 91927), as required by section
6(b)(2)(A) of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) (Docket ID: • \ 1 \Q£\ >. I o i •).

Following the designation of asbestos as one the first 10 chemicals to undergo risk evaluation under
TSCA, as amended by Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act in June 2016,
EPA initially focused the risk evaluation for asbestos on chrysotile asbestos as this is the only asbestos
fiber type that is currently imported, processed, or distributed in the United States. EPA informed the
public of this decision to focus on ongoing uses of asbestos and exclude legacy uses and disposals in the
Scope of the Risk Evaluation for Asbestos document, published in June 2017 (U.S. EPA. 2017).
However, in late 2019, the court in Safer Chemicals, Healthy Families v. EPA, 943 F.3d 397 (9th Cir.
2019) held that EPA's Risk Evaluation Rule, 82 FR 33726 (July 20, 2017) should not have excluded
"legacy uses" (i.e., uses without ongoing or prospective manufacturing, processing, or distribution for
use) or "associated disposals" (i.e., future disposal of legacy uses) from the definition of conditions of
use—although the court did uphold EPA's exclusion of "legacy disposals" (i.e., past disposal).
Following this court ruling, EPA continued development of the risk evaluation for chrysotile asbestos
and determined that the complete Risk Evaluation for Asbestos would be issued in two parts. The Risk
Evaluation for Asbestos Part 1: Chrysotile Asbestos was released in December 2020, allowing the
Agency to expeditiously move into risk management for the unreasonable risk identified in Part 1. The
Risk Evaluation for Asbestos Part 2: Supplemental Evaluation Including Legacy Uses and Associated
Disposals of Asbestos is the subject of the current efforts for this final scope document, described
herein.

The first step of the risk evaluation process is the development of the scope, which generally includes
issuing a draft scope document as described in 40 CFR 702.41(c)(7). EPA published thq Draft Scope of
the Risk Evaluation for Asbestos Part 2: Supplemental Evaluation Including Legacy Uses and
Associated Disposals of Asbestos (EPA Document No. EPA-740-D-21 -002 (U.S. EPA. 2021) and
provided a 45-day comment period, including a 15-day extension, on the draft scope per 40 CFR
702.41(c)(7). EPA has considered comments received (Docket ID: EPA-HQ-OPPT-2021 -0254) during
the public comment period to inform the development of this final scope document, and public
comments received will continue to inform the development of the risk evaluation for Asbestos Part 2.
This document fulfills the statutory and regulatory requirements under TSCA to issue a final scope
document per TSCA section 6(b)(4)(D) and as described in 40 CFR 702.41(c)(8). The scope is specific
to Part 2 of the Risk Evaluation for Asbestos and includes the following information: the conditions of
use (primarily legacy uses and associated disposals); potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations
(PESS); hazards; and exposures that EPA plans to consider in Part 2 of the Risk Evaluation for
Asbestos, along with a description of the reasonably available information, conceptual models, analysis
plan and science approaches, and plan for peer review for this chemical substance.

General Information

For the purposes of scoping and risk evaluation, EPA initially adopted the definition of asbestos as
defined by TSCA Title II (added to TSCA in 1986), section 202 as the "asbestiform varieties of six fiber
types - chrysotile (serpentine), crocidolite (riebeckite), amosite (cummingtonite-grunerite),
anthophyllite, tremolite or actinolite." The latter five fiber types are amphibole varieties. However,
given that Part 2 of the risk evaluation will focus on legacy asbestos uses and associated disposals,
broader considerations are warranted. A unique consideration is the co-location of asbestos geologically
with commercially mined substances. In particular, Libby Amphibole Asbestos (LAA) is known to be
present with a silicate, mica-like mineral called vermiculite, extracted from an open pit mine near Libby,

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Montana, until its closure in 1990 ( >88). Vermiculite was widely used in building materials

that will be an important focus of the evaluation of legacy uses of asbestos. Thus, LAA (and its
tremolite, winchite, and richterite constituents) will be considered in Part 2 of the Risk Evaluation. To
identify these substances, EPA has used the following CAS Registry Numbers (CASRNs): 1332-21-4
(asbestos; this is the only asbestos on the TSCA Inventory), 12001-29-5 (chrysotile), 12001-28-4
(crocidolite), 12172-73-5 (amosite), 77536-67-5 (anthophyllite), 77536-68-6 (tremolite), 77536-66-4
(actinolite), 1318-09-8 (amphibole), 12425-92-2 (winchite), and 17068-76-7 (richterite). As described in
the scope document for Part 1 of the Risk Evaluation for Asbestos (Section 2.2), the implementation of
the TSCA Title II definition was initially appropriate because the focus of Part 1 was ongoing uses, and
chrysotile asbestos was the only relevant fiber type. Given that the focus of Part 2 includes legacy uses
of asbestos, it is appropriate to include Libby Amphibole Asbestos as it remains in buildings.

Additionally, another commercially mined substance, talc, has been implicated as a potential source of
asbestos exposure. Talc can also be co-located geologically with asbestos, where asbestos can remain in
small or trace amounts following extraction. Thus, EPA will determine the relevant conditions of use of
asbestos-containing talc, including but not limited to any "legacy use" and "associated disposal" where
asbestos is implicated.

Reasonably Available Information

To inform the development of this scope, EPA leveraged the data and information sources identified for
Part 1 of the Risk Evaluation for Asbestos. To further develop this final scope document, EPA
conducted a broader, comprehensive search to identify and screen multiple evidence streams {i.e.,
chemistry, fate, release and engineering, exposure, hazard), and the search and screening results to date
are provided in Section 2.1. EPA also updated the information identified from Part 1 to capture any
additional information relevant to Part 2. The approach is thoroughly described in Section 2.1 and
Appendix A.

Conditions of Use

EPA plans to the evaluate the industrial, commercial, and consumer legacy uses and associated disposal
of asbestos in Part 2 of the Risk Evaluation for Asbestos. Legacy asbestos uses are uses for which
manufacture (including import), processing, and distribution no longer occur, but the uses are still
known, intended, or reasonably foreseen to occur. Associated disposals are disposals from legacy uses.
As such, in Part 2 of the Risk Evaluation for Asbestos, EPA will be evaluating the conditions of use for
the use and disposal phases of the life cycle. Depending on where information implicates the presence of
asbestos in talc, the conditions of use may include manufacture, processing, and distribution. EPA did
not revise the conditions of use in the final scope document for Part 2 but did provide some clarifications
based on public comments received on the draft scope (Docket ID: EPA-HQ-OPPT-2021-0254). Section
2.2 provides additional details about the conditions of use within the scope of the risk evaluation.

Conceptual Model

The conceptual models for legacy uses of asbestos and associated disposal and asbestos-containing talc
are presented in Section 2.6. Conceptual models are graphical depictions of the actual or predicted
relationships of conditions of use, exposure pathways {e.g., media), exposure routes {e.g., inhalation,
dermal, oral), hazards, and receptors throughout the life cycle of a chemical substance. EPA considered
reasonably available information as well as public comments received on the draft scope document for
Asbestos Part 2 in finalizing the exposure pathways, exposure routes, and hazards. As a result, EPA
plans to focus Part 2 of the Risk Evaluation for Asbestos on the following exposures, hazards, and
receptors:

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•	Exposures (Pathways and Routes), PESS: EPA plans to evaluate releases to the environment as
well as human and environmental exposures resulting from the conditions of use of asbestos that
EPA plans to consider in Part 2 of the Risk Evaluation. Exposures for asbestos are discussed in
Section 2.3. Additional information gathered through systematic review searches will also
inform expected exposures.

In Section 2.6, EPA presents the conceptual models describing the identified exposures
(pathways and routes), receptors and hazards associated with the conditions of use of asbestos
within the scope of Part 2 of the Risk Evaluation.

EPA considered reasonably available information and comments received on the draft scope
document for Asbestos Part 2 in determining the human and environmental exposure pathways,
routes, receptors, and PESS for inclusion in the final scope. As a result, EPA plans to evaluate
the following human and environmental exposure pathways, routes, receptors, and PESS in the
scope of Part 2 of the Risk Evaluation.

-	Occupational Exposure: EPA plans to evaluate exposures to workers and occupational
non-users (ONUs) via the inhalation, dermal, and oral route associated with the use and
disposal of asbestos, to include any implicated conditions of use (COUs) for asbestos-
containing talc containing asbestos. EPA plans to analyze dermal exposure for workers
and ONUs to asbestos fibers that deposit on surfaces.

-	Consumer and Bystander Exposure: EPA plans to evaluate inhalation, dermal, and oral
exposure to asbestos for consumers and bystanders from the use of asbestos in
construction, paint, electrical, and metal products; asbestos in furnishing, cleaning,
treatment care products; asbestos in packaging, paper, plastic, toys, hobby products;
asbestos in automotive, fuel, agriculture, outdoor use products; and asbestos in products
not described by other codes; and the direct contact and/or mouthing of products or
articles containing asbestos for consumers. In addition, any implicated COUs for
asbestos-containing talc will be evaluated.

-	General Population Exposures: For the conditions of use within the scope of Part 2 of the
Risk Evaluation for Asbestos, EPA plans to evaluate general population exposure to
asbestos via the oral route from drinking water, surface water, groundwater, and soil; via
the inhalation route from particulate in ambient air; and via the dermal route from contact
with drinking water, surface water, groundwater, and soil.

-	PESS: EPA plans to consider children, workers, including firefighters, ONUs,
consumers, individuals who smoke, and bystanders as receptors and PESS in Part 2 of the
Risk Evaluation, as well as any other PESS identified in the screening and evaluation of
the reasonably available information (Section 2.5).

-	Environmental Exposure: For the conditions of use within the scope of Part 2 of the Risk
Evaluation for Asbestos, EPA plans to evaluate exposure to asbestos for aquatic and
terrestrial receptors.

•	Hazards: Hazards for asbestos are discussed in Section 2.4. In development of Part 1 of the Risk
Evaluation for Asbestos and for this scope for Part 2, EPA completed preliminary reviews of the
reasonably available information to identify potential environmental and human health hazards
related to exposures to asbestos fibers. EPA also considered reasonably available information
identified through systematic review methods as outlined in Appendix A to determine the broad
categories of environmental and human health hazard effects to be evaluated in the risk
evaluation. For Part 2 of the Risk Evaluation for Asbestos, EPA plans to evaluate the
epidemiological literature examining exposure to asbestos and certain cancers and non-cancer

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effects using revised systematic review strategies outlined in EPA's Draft Systematic Review
Protocol Supporting TSCA Risk Evaluations for Chemical Substances (Docket No	Q~

QPPT-2	).

EPA plans to evaluate the potential environmental and human health hazard effects characterized
for asbestos in Sections 2.4.1 and 2.4.2, respectively. The potential environmental hazard effects
and related information that EPA plans to consider for the risk evaluation for asbestos include
absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME), developmental, gastrointestinal,
mortality, neurological, nutritional and metabolic, reproductive, and respiratory effects.

Similarly, the potential human health hazard effects and related information identified through
the data screening phase of systematic review for asbestos that EPA plans to consider for the risk
evaluation include: ADME, physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) data, certain cancers,
cardiovascular, developmental, endocrine, gastrointestinal, hematological and immune, hepatic,
mortality, musculoskeletal, neurological, nutritional and metabolic ocular and sensory, renal,
reproductive, respiratory, skin and connective tissue.

Analysis Plan

The analysis plan for the evaluation of asbestos in Part 2 is presented in Section 2.7. The analysis plan
outlines the general science approaches that EPA plans to use for the various evidence streams {i.e.,
chemistry, fate, release and engineering, exposure, hazard) supporting the risk evaluation. The analysis
plan is based on EPA's knowledge of asbestos to date, which includes a review of identified information
as described in Section 2.1, as well as consideration of public comments and recommendations from the
SACC for Part 1 of the Risk Evaluation for Asbestos. EPA plans to consider new information submitted
by the public. Should additional data or approaches become reasonably available, EPA may consider
them for the risk evaluation.

Peer Review

The draft risk evaluation for Asbestos Part 2: Supplemental Evaluation Including Legacy Uses of
Asbestos and Associated Disposals will be peer reviewed. Peer review will be conducted in accordance
with relevant and applicable methods for chemical risk evaluations, including using EPA's Peer Review
Handbook (	2015b) and other methods consistent with section 26 of TSCA (see 40 CFR

702.45).

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1 INTRODUCTION

This document presents the final scope for Part 2 of the Risk Evaluation for Asbestos under the Frank R.
Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act, the legislation that amended TSCA on June 22,
2016. The law includes statutory requirements and deadlines for actions related to conducting risk
evaluations of existing chemicals. TSCA section 6(b)(4)(A) directs EPA, in conducting risk evaluations
for existing chemicals, to "determine whether a chemical substance presents an unreasonable risk of
injury to health or the environment, without consideration of costs or other nonrisk factors, including an
unreasonable risk to a potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulation identified as relevant to the risk
evaluation by the Administrator, under the conditions of use." Furthermore, TSCA section 6(b)(4)(D)
and implementing regulations require that EPA publish the scope of the risk evaluation to be conducted,
including the hazards, exposures, conditions of use and PESS that the Administrator expects to consider.
In addition, a draft scope document is to be published pursuant to 40 CFR 702.41.

Asbestos was designated as one of the first 10 chemical substances for the Agency's initial risk
evaluations in December 2016 (81 FR 91927), pursuant to TSCA section 6(b)(2)(A). Initially, the
Agency focused efforts on chrysotile asbestos, as this is the only asbestos fiber that is currently
manufactured, processed, and distributed in commerce for use. The Agency communicated the decision
to exclude legacy uses and associated disposals in a scope document published in June 2017 and the
problem formulation document published in May 2018. EPA released the draft Risk Evaluation for
Asbestos presenting risk determinations for conditions of use for chrysotile asbestos in March 2020.
During the development of the draft risk evaluation, EPA was challenged on the Risk Evaluation Rule's
exclusion of legacy uses of asbestos and associated disposals (82 FR 33726), and in late 2019, the court
in Safer Chemicals, Healthy Families v. EPA, 943 F.3d 397 (9th Cir. 2019) held that EPA should not
have excluded legacy uses or associated disposals from the definition of conditions of use. Following the
court decision, EPA determined that the risk evaluation for asbestos would be issued in two parts:

• Risk Evaluation for Asbestos Part 1: Chrysotile Asbestos (December 2020); and

• Risk Evaluation for Asbestos Part 2: Supplemental Evaluation Including Legacy Uses and
Associated Disposals of Asbestos.

The rationale to continue development and finalization of Part 1 focused on chrysotile asbestos was to
prevent delay of risk management rulemaking for unreasonable risks identified in Part 1. A risk
management rule has been proposed to address the unreasonable risks identified in Part 1 (87 FR 21706,
April 12, 2022).

In Part 1 of the Risk Evaluation for Asbestos, EPA clarified its intent to evaluate risks associated with
legacy uses of asbestos and associated disposals in a subsequent effort, which is now underway. This
document presents the final scope for Part 2 of the Risk Evaluation for Asbestos that will focus on
supplemental analyses, including legacy uses of asbestos and associated disposals and a limited
consideration of asbestos-containing talc.

Page 14 of 150

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2 SCOPE OF THE EVALUATION

2.1 Reasonably Available Information

EPA conducted a comprehensive search for reasonably available information1 to support the
development of this draft scope document for Part 2 of the Risk Evaluation for Asbestos. EPA leveraged
the data and information sources collected during the initial 2019 literature search and 2020
supplemental search for the systematic review process for Part 1 of the Risk Evaluation for Asbestos.
The full details for the Part 1 literature strategy are available in the Risk Evaluation for Asbestos, Part 1:
Chrysotile Asbestos (EPA-HQ-QPPT-2019-i	). In addition, in development of Part 1, EPA

conducted an independent search for additional data and information beyond the peer-reviewed literature
on physical and chemical properties, environmental fate, engineering, exposure, environmental, and
human health hazards that could be obtained from the following general categories of sources:

1.	Databases containing publicly available, peer-reviewed literature;

2.	Gray literature, which is defined as the broad category of data/information sources not found in
standard, peer-reviewed literature databases, including data/information sources such as white
papers, conference proceedings, technical reports, reference books, dissertations, information on
various stakeholder websites, and other databases; and

3.	Data and information submitted under TSCA sections 4, 5, 8(e), and 8(d), as well as "for your
information" (FYI) submissions.

Additionally, the comprehensive search was updated to capture any other information relevant to Part 2
that was not captured in the Part 1 search.

Search terms were used to search each of the literature streams and gather studies. These terms and the
methods used to develop them are listed in Appendix A. The studies resulting from the search process
were loaded into the EPA Health and Environmental Research Online (HERO) database and then
prioritized to screen the literature likely relevant for each of the disciplines: fate, physical and chemical
properties, engineering, exposure, and hazard. The tools and methods used to manage the screening
process are also outlined in Appendix A. The studies resulting from the search underwent a title/abstract
screening process, which tagged them by topic or category. Following this, a determination was made to
move studies forward into full-text screening. The criteria used in the screening process for each
discipline are found in the population, exposure, comparator, and outcome (PECO) statements listed in
Appendix A. The screening process results are presented in the form of literature inventory trees and
heat maps in Section 2.1.2. The screening process was conducted based on EPA's planning, execution,
and assessment activities outlined in Appendix A.

The subsequent sections summarize the data collection activities completed to date for the general
categories of sources and topic areas (or disciplines) as outlined in Appendix A and described in EPA's
Draft Systematic Review Protocol Supporting TSCA Risk Evaluations for Chemical Substances
(December 20, 2021) (Docket No. EPA-HQ-QPPT-2021 -04141

2.1.1 Search of Gray Literature

EPA surveyed the gray literature and identified 844 search results relevant to EPA's risk assessment
needs for Asbestos. Appendix A.3.3 lists the gray literature sources that yielded 844 discrete data or

1 Reasonably available information means information that EPA possesses or can reasonably generate, obtain, and synthesize
for use in risk evaluations, considering the deadlines specified in TSCA section 6(b)(4)(G) for completing such evaluation.
Information that meets the terms of the preceding sentence is reasonably available information whether or not the information
is confidential business information, that is protected from public disclosure under TSCA section 14 (40 CFR 702.33).

Page 15 of 150

-------
information sources relevant to Asbestos. EPA further categorized the data and information into the
various topic areas (or disciplines) supporting the risk evaluation (e.g., physical chemistry,
environmental fate, ecological hazard, human health hazard, exposure, engineering), and the breakdown
is shown in Figure 2-1. EPA will consider additional reasonably available information from gray
literature if it becomes available during the risk evaluation phase.

Physical. Chemical
I Iuman.Health .Hazard
Fate
Exposure
Environmental.Hazard
Engineering

Gray Literature Tags by Discipline

100/844

396/844

45/844

28/844

313/844

25 50

Percent Tagged (%)

595/844

100

Figure 2-1. Gray Literature Tags by Discipline for Asbestos

The percentages across disciplines do not add up to 100% as each source may provide data or information for
various topic areas (or disciplines). The gray literature sources depicted in this figure were those identified by
EPA using systematic review methods outline in Appendix A. 3.

2.1.2 Search of Literature from Publicly Available Databases (Peer-Reviewed Literature)

EPA has conducted searching and screening of the reasonably available literature using the process
outlined in Appendix A. The literature strategy for Part 2 comprises the following three pieces: (1)
reevaluation of all references used in Part 1, (2) evaluation of new literature produced by a Part 1 search
update, and (3) evaluation of new literature produced by inclusion of additional asbestos fiber search
terms. This search is comprehensive of peer-reviewed literature on physical and chemical properties;
environmental fate and transport; engineering (environmental release and occupational exposure);
exposure (environmental, general population, and consumer); and environmental and human health
hazards of asbestos. Eligibility criteria were applied in the form of PECO statements (see Appendix A).
Included references met the PECO criteria, whereas excluded references did not meet the criteria (i.e.,
not relevant), and supplemental material was considered as potentially relevant (see Appendix A.2).
EPA plans to evaluate the reasonably available information identified for each discipline during the
development of the risk evaluation.

EPA created literature inventory trees to graphically illustrate the flow of data and information sources
following full text screening (see Figure 2-2, Figure 2-3, Figure 2-5, Figure 2-7, and Figure 2-9). EPA
used the Health Assessment Workplace Collaborative (HAWC) tool to develop web-based literature
inventory trees illustrating, through interactive links, studies that were included or excluded. These
literature inventory trees enhance the transparency of the decisions resulting from the screening process
described in Appendix A. For each of the corresponding disciplines, the literature was tagged to be
included for evaluation during the risk evaluation. Literature inventory trees for physical and chemical
properties are provided as a static diagram (Figure 2-2). For all other disciplines, static screen captures
are provided in addition to links within each figure's caption to the interactive trees. The links show
individual studies that were tagged as included, excluded, or supplemental. Supplemental studies did not
meet all inclusion criteria but may be considered during the risk evaluation as supporting information

Page 16 of 150

-------
(see Appendix A). These studies can be accessed through the hyperlink provided in the associated
caption below each figure. In some figures, the sum of the numbers for the various sub-categories may
be larger than the broader category because some studies may be included under multiple sub-
categories. In other cases, the sum of the various sub-categories may be smaller than the main category
because some studies may not be depicted in the sub-categories if their relevance to the risk evaluation
was unclear.

In addition, EPA tabulated the number and characteristics of the data and information sources included
in the full-text screening process in the form of literature inventory heat maps for the fate, engineering,
exposure and hazard disciplines (see Figure 2-4, Figure 2-6, Figure 2-8, and Figure 2-10, respectively).
For each of these four disciplines, a static image of the literature inventory heat map is provided, and a
link to the interactive version presented in HAWC is included in the caption below each diagram.

Page 17 of 150

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TSCA PChem Asbestos - Part 2 (2021)

©

Data Sources Obtained from
Peer-Reviewed Literature
Search

©

Physical Form or State
©

Physical Property

Boiling Point

©

Melting Point

Water Solubility

©

Vapor Pressure

Vapor Density

©

Density

©

Viscosity

©

Refractive Index

©

Talc- or

Magnesium-Silicate-Contaminated

I 2774 /

©

Included f^PnH-text Review

( 2699 I

Excluded during TIAB Review

Included for Data Extraction and
Evaluation

©

Unavailable for Full-text Review

©

Excluded during Full-text
Review

©

Supplemental from Full-text
Review

@

Data Sources Obtained from
Gray Literature Search

30

Asbestos Only

©

Physical Property

©
Density

©

Refractive Index

@

Physical Form or State
©

Physical Property

©

Melting Point

©

Water Solubility

©

Vapor Pressure

©

Vapor Density

©

Density

©

Refractive Index

Figure 2-2. Peer-Reviewed Literature - Physical and Chemical Properties Search Results for
Asbestos

View the interactive literature inventory tree in HAWC. Data in this static figure represent references obtained
from the publicly available databases search (see Appendix A. 1.3) that were included during full-text screening as
of May 9, 2022. TIAB refers to "title and abstract" screening.

Page 18 of 150

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TSCA Fate Asbestos - Part 2

©

Bioconcentration

©
Hydrolysis

(28)
Asbestos Only

©
Sorption

©

Wastewater Treatment

©
Other

Data Sources Obtained from
Peer-Reviewed Literature
Search

©

©

Wastewater Treatment

Included for Data Extraction and
Evaluation

4

Talc- or

Magnesium-Silicate-Contaminated
Asbestos

©

Included for text Review

Unavailable for Full-text Review

0

Excluded during Full-text
Review

Excluded during TIAB Review

©

©

Data Sources Obtained from
Gray Literature Search

©
Asbestos Only

Supplemental from Full-text
Review

©
Other

©
Other

Figure 2-3. Peer-Reviewed Literature - Fate and Transport Search Results for Asbestos

View the interactive literature inventory tree in HAWC. Data in this figure represent references obtained from the
publicly available databases search (see Appendix A. 1.3) that were included during full-text screening as of May
12, 2022. Additional data may be added to the interactive version as they become available.

Page 19 of 150

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Fate Heat Map of Asbestos (Asbestos ONLY)

Media

Endpoint

Air

Soil, Sediment

Wastewater,
Biosolids

Water

Other

Grand Total

Bioconcentration







5



5

Biodegradation













Hydrolysis







1



1

Photolysis













Sorption



5



2



6

Volatilization













Wastewater T reatment



2

5

4



6

Other

10

6

3

2



17

Grand Total

10

9

7

13



31

Figure 2-4. Peer-Reviewed Literature Inventory Heat Map - Fate and Transport Search Results
for Asbestos

View the interactive version in HAWC for additional study details. The column totals, row totals, and grand totals
indicate total numbers of unique references, as some references may be included in multiple cells. The various
shades of color visually represent the number of relevant references identified by exposure media or data type.
The darker the color, the more references are available for a given exposure media or data type. Data in this figure
represent references obtained from the publicly available databases search (see Appendix A. 1.3) that were
included during full-text screening as of May 12, 2022. Additional data may be added to the interactive version as
they become available.

Page 20 of 150

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TSCA Engineering Asbestos - Part 2

<&
Asbestos Only

General Engineering
Assessment

Occupational Exposure

Environmental Release

Data Sources Obtained from
Peer-Reviewed Literature
Search

Talc- or

Magnesium-Silicate-Contaminated
Asbestos

General Engineering
Assessment

©

Occupational Exposure

©

Environmental Release

@

General Engineering
Assessment

Occupational Exposure

0

Environmental Release

2471

Included fop-PtrtHext Review

Included for Data Extraction and
Evaluation

©

Unavailable for Full-text Review

Data Sources Obtained from
Gray Literature Search

^8763^J

@

Excluded during TIAB Review

©

Supplemental from TIAB Review

Excluded during Full-text
Review

Supplemental from Full-text
Review

©

Talc- or

Magnesium-Silicate-Contaminated
Asbestos

General Engineering
Assessment

©

Occupational Exposure
®

Environmental Release

©

General Engineering
Assessment

Asbestos Only

Occupational Exposure
©

Environmental Release

Data Sources Obtained from
TSCA Literature Search

©

©

Talc- or

Magnesium-Silicate-Contaminated
Asbestos

General Engineering
Assessment

©

Occupational Exposure
*

Environmental Release

Figure 2-5. Peer-Reviewed Literature Inventory Tree - Engineering Search Results for Asbestos

View the interactive literature inventory tree in HAWC. Data in this figure represents references obtained from
the publicly available databases search (see Appendix A.1.3.) that were included during full-text screening as of
May 6,2022. Additional data may be added to the interactive version as they become available.

Page 21 of 150

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Engineering Heat Map of Asbestos (Asbestos ONLY)

Data Type	Evidence Tags



Description of release source

72



Release frequency

2

Environmental

Release or emission factors

21

Releases

Release quantity

24



Waste treatment methods and pollution control

82



Total

121



Chemical concentration

201



Exposure route





Life cycle description

27

General

Number of sites

54

Engineering

Physical form



Assessment

Process description

115



Production, import, or use volume

56



Throughput

15



Total

303



Area sampling data

19



Dermal exposure data

i



Engineering control

248



Exposure duration

152



Exposure frequency

19

Occupational
Exposures

Exposure route

318

Number of workers

103

Particle size characterization

81



Personal protective equipment

221



Personal sampling data

322



Physical form

275



Worker activity description





Total

682

Grand Total

775

Figure 2-6. Peer-Reviewed Literature Inventory Heat Map - Engineering Search Results for
Asbestos

View the interactive version in HAWC for additional study details. Data in this figure represent references
obtained from the publicly available databases search (see Appendix A. 1.3) that were included during full-text
screening as of May 6, 2022. Additional data may be added to the interactive version as they become available.

Page 22 of 150

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TSCA Exposure Asbestos - Part 2

(296)
Monitoring Study

(22)

Modeling Study

340

Asbestos Only

©

Completed Assessment

Data Sources Obtained from
Peer-Reviewed Literature
Search

(42)

Experimental Study
©

Epidemiological Study

©

Monitoring Study

©

Talc- or

Magnesium-Silicate-Contaminated
Asbestos

©

Completed Assessment
Epidemiological Study

3072

Included for Data Extraction and
Evaluation

o

Included forEulMext Review

( 6394 J
Excluded during TIAB Review
@

Supplemental from TIAB Review

(493)

Unavailable for Full-text Review

Excluded during Full-text
Review

Supplemental from Full-text
Review

®
Asbestos Only

(37)

Monitoring Study
©

Modeling Study
©

Completed Assessment
«

Experimental Study
©

Epidemiological Study

Data Sources Obtained from
Gray Literature Search



Database

©

Talc- or

Magnesium-Silicate-Contaminated
Asbestos

©

Monitoring Study
©

Completed Assessment

Figure 2-7. Peer-Reviewed Literature and Gray Literature - Exposure Search Results for
Asbestos

View the interactive literature inventory tree in HAWC. Data in this figure represents references obtained from
the publicly available databases search (see Appendix A. 1.3.) and gray literature search (see Appendix A.3) that
were included during full-text screening as of May 12, 2022. Additional data may be added to the interactive
version as they become available.

Page 23 of 150

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Exposure Heat Map of Asbestos (Asbestos ONLY)

Data Type

Media (group)

Monitoring

Modeling

Completed

Experimental Epidemiologic

Database

Survey

Grand Total

Study

Study

Assessment

Study

al Study





Ambient Air

ll 141

15

17

12

21

2



165

Biosolids/Sludge

3













3

Drinking Water

39

2

1

4

3

1



42

Groundwater

14



1

1



1



16

Sediment

16



3

2







16

Soil

24



9

3

4





31

Surface Water

44

2

3

4



1



46

Wastewater

3













3

Aquatic Species

4

1

2









6

Terrestrial Species

16



2

2

2





17

Consumer

45

8

3

37

1

11



87

Dietary

1

1

1









3

Dust

35



3

6

2





39

Exposure Factors

18

5

7

5

4





29

Exposure Pathway

67

8

10

7

14

1



80

Human Biomonitoring

1 113

2



7

73





116

Indoor Air

96

5

8

20

12

2



116

Isomers

















Use Information

25

4

6

15

3

1



39

Land Disposal/Landfill

8

2

3

1

1





10

Geology/Geochemistry

13

1

2

1







13

Grand Total

333

23

19

46

90

12



396

Figure 2-8. Peer-Reviewed and Gray Literature Inventory Heat Map - Exposure Search Results
for Asbestos

View the interactive version in HAWC for additional study details. The column totals, row totals, and grand totals
indicate total numbers of unique references only, as some references may be included in multiple cells. The
various shades of color visually represent the number of relevant references identified by exposure media or data
type. The darker the color, the more references are available for a given exposure media or data type. Data in this
figure represent all references obtained from the publicly available databases search (see Appendix A. 1.3), and
gray literature references search (see Appendix A.3) that were included during full-text screening as of May 17,
2022. Additional data may be added to the interactive version as they become available.

Page 24 of 150

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TSCA Hazard Asbestos - Part 2

Data Sources Obtained from
Peer-Reviewed Literature
Search

©

Talc-1

Magnesium-Silicate-Contaminated

Human

©
Animal

©
Plant

©

©

Environmental Model

Included for Data Extraction and
Evaluation

©

Data Sources Obtained from
Gray Literature Search

©
Asbestos Only

©
Human

3202

Included for Full-text Review

Unavailable for Full-text Review

Excluded during Full-text
Review

19745

Excluded during TIAB Review

Talc or Magnesium Silicate
^99<^
Mechanistic

©
Asbestos Only

©

Data Sources Obtained from
TSCA Literature Search

©

ADME/TK/PBPK
©

Case Study or Case Series
©

Conference Abstract

©
Mechanistic

©

Non-English Record

0

No Original Data
©

Susceptible Population

©

Talc- or

Magnesium-Silicate-Contaminated
Asbestos

©
Human

©

4081

Supplemental from TIAB Review

ADME/TK/PBPK

©

Mixture

®

Case Study or Case Series

©
No Original Data

®

Conference Abstract
©

Susceptible Population

@
Non-English Record

©

Field Study

Figure 2-9. Peer-Reviewed Literature Inventory Tree - Human Health and Environmental
Hazards Search Results for Asbestos

View the interactive literature inventory tree in I IAWC. Data in this figure represents references obtained from
the publicly available databases search (see Appendix A. 1.3) that were included during full-text screening as of
May 12, 2022. Additional data may be added to the interactive version as they become available.

Page 25 of 150

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Heat Map

Evidence Type

Health Outcomes

Human

Animal -
Environmental Model

Plant

Grand Total

ADME

Cancer

366

378

Cardiovascular

Developmental

117

125

Endocrine

Gastrointestinal

105

115

Hematological and Immune

Hepatic

Mortality

161

172

Musculoskeletal

Neurological

Nutritional and Metabolic

Ocular and Sensory

PBPK

Renal

Reproductive

Respiratory

410

415

Skin and Connective Tissue

No Tag

Grand Total

529

547

Figure 2-10. Peer-Reviewed Literature Inventory Heat Map - Human Health and Environmental
Hazards Search Results for Asbestos

View the interactive version in HAWC for additional study details. The numbers indicate the number of studies
with TIAB keywords related to a particular health outcome, not the number of studies that observed an
association with asbestos. Evidence types were manually extracted, and Health Systems were determined via
machine learning. Therefore, the studies examining multiple Health Outcomes and Evidence types, connections
between health outcome, and evidence type may not be accurately represented. If a study evaluated multiple
health outcomes or included multiple populations or study designs, it is shown here multiple times. Data in this
figure represents references obtained from the publicly available databases search (see Appendix A. 1.3) that were
included during full-text screening as of May 11, 2022. Additional data may be added to the interactive version as
they become available.

2.1.3 Search of TSCA Submissions

Table 2-1 presents the results of screening the titles of data sources and reports submitted to EPA under
various sections of TSCA for asbestos. EPA screened a total of 590 submissions2 using PECO or other
statements that identify inclusion/exclusion criteria specific to individual disciplines (see Table 2-1 for
the list of disciplines). The details about the criteria are presented in Appendix A.2.1. EPA identified
433 submissions that met the inclusion criteria in these statements and identified 6 submissions with
supplemental data. EPA excluded 151 submissions because they were identified as one of the following:
preliminary results of a final report that was included based on screening criteria, duplicate of a report

2 Records for four additional submissions were located, but no corresponding title or document was available. These
submissions were not screened due to insufficient information.

Page 26 of 150

-------
received in another submission that was included based on screening criteria, letter or notification
containing no data, and type of study that did not meet the screening criteria {i.e., study on animal model
of human health effects, study on a chemical not in scope).

Table 2-1. Results of Title Screening of Submissions to EPA under Various Sections of TSCA"

Discipline

Included

Supplemental''

Physical and Chemical Properties

Environmental Fate and Transport

Environmental and General Population Exposure

Occupational Exposure/Release Information

418

Environmental Hazard

Human Health Hazard

a Individual submissions may be relevant to multiple disciplines.

b Included submissions may contain supplemental data for other disciplines that will be identified at full-text
review.

2.2 Conditions of Use

EPA examined prior regulatory and information gathering efforts related to the July 12, 1989, Final
Rule, Prohibition of the Manufacture, Importation, Processing, and Distribution in Commerce of
Certain Asbestos-Containing Products; Labeling Requirements (54 FR 29507), including a review of
the associated Regulatory Impacts Analysis to formulate the COUs3 for legacy uses of asbestos and
associated disposals. EPA also consulted a variety of other sources (including published literature,
company websites, government publications, and commercial trade databases) to identify legacy uses of
asbestos and associated disposals.

The categories and subcategories of conditions of use that EPA plans to consider in Part 2 of the Risk
Evaluation are presented in Section 2.2.1 (Table 2-2). The conditions of use included in the scope of Part
2 are those reflected in the life cycle diagrams and conceptual models in Sections 2.2.3 and 2.6,
respectively.

Talc, a hydrous magnesium silicate mineral, is of commercial interest. Talc deposits can contain
impurities that may pose a risk to human health, including asbestos. Thus, Section 2.2.1 also describes
the implicated uses of asbestos-containing talc that may be evaluated in the Part 2 of the Risk
Evaluation.

After gathering reasonably available information related to the legacy use and associated disposal of
legacy asbestos, EPA identified those activities the Agency determined not to be conditions of use.

These excluded activities are described in Section 2.2.2.

3 Conditions of use means the circumstances, as determined by the Administrator, under which a chemical substance is
intended, known, or reasonably foreseen to be manufactured, processed, distributed in commerce, used, or disposed of (15
U.S.C. 2602(4)).

Page 27 of 150

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2.2.1 Categories and Subcategories of Conditions of Use Included in the Scope of Part 2 of the Risk Evaluation

Table 2-2 lists the conditions of use that are included in the scope of Part 2 of the Risk Evaluation.

Table 2-2. Categories and Subcategories of Legacy Conditions of Use Included in the Scope of the Risk Evaluation

Life Cycle Stage"

Category''

Subcategory'

Item/Application

Reference(s)

Industrial/
Commercial Uses

Chemical
Substances in
Construction,

Paint, Electrical,
and Metal Products

Construction and building
materials covering large surface
areas, including paper articles;
metal articles; stone, plaster,
cement, glass, and ceramic
articles

Siding; corrugated paper (for use in pipe wrap
insulation and appliances); commercial papers,
millboard; rollboard; specialty paper; roofing felt;
cement; shingles; corrugated cement; ceiling tiles;
loose-fill insulation (asbestos-containing
vermiculite); asbestos cement pipes and ducts
(water, sewer and air); Galbestos (wallboard &
joint compound); wall protectors; air duct
insulation; soldering and welding blocks and
sheets; stove gaskets and rings; asbestos-coated
steel pipelines; flooring felt; vinyl floor tiles

\ (1989)

M.

(vermiculite
weboaee)

Machinery, mechanical
appliances, electrical/electronic
articles

Corrugated commercial and specialty papers;
reinforced plastics for appliances such as ovens,
dishwashers, boilers, and toasters; miscellaneous
electro-mechanical parts for appliances including
deep fryers, frying pans and grills, mixers, popcorn
poppers, slow cookers, washers and dryers,
refrigerators, curling irons, electric blankets,
portable heaters, safes, safety boxes, filing
cabinets, and kilns and incinerators

4(1989)



Other machinery, mechanical
appliances, electronic/electronic
articles

Braking and gear-changing (clutch) components in
a variety of industrial and commercial machinery
including combines, mining equipment,
construction equipment such as cranes and hoists,
heavy equipment used in various manufacturing
industries (e.g., machine tools and presses),
military equipment, marine engine transmissions,
and elevators; packings/seals in rotary, centrifugal,
and reciprocating pumps, valves, expansion joints,

4(1989)



Page 28 of 150

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Life Cycle Stage"

Category''

Subcategory'

Item/Application

Reference(s)

Industrial/
Commercial Uses





soot blowers, and other types of mechanical
equipment; electro-mechanical parts including
commutators, switches, casings, and thermoplugs;
arc chutes; electrical panels; transformers (high
grade electrical paper)



Fillers and putties

Adhesives and sealants; extruded sealant tape;
rubber and vinyl sealants; epoxy adhesives

\ (1989)



Solvent-based/water-based paint

Coatings; corrugated coatings; textured paints;
vehicle undercoating

\ (1989)



Electrical batteries and
accumulators

Insulator for terminals

\ (1989)



Chemical
Substances in
Furnishing,
Cleaning,
Treatment Care
Products

Construction and building
materials covering large surface
areas, including fabrics, textiles,
and apparel

Asbestos textiles including yarn, thread, wick,
cord, rope, tubing (sleeving), cloth, and tape

4(1989)



Furniture & furnishings
including stone, plaster, cement,
glass, and ceramic articles; metal
articles; or rubber articles

Iron rests; burner mats; barbecue mitts; pot holders

CPSC-EPA 1979
(44 FR 60056)

Chemical
Substances in
Packaging, Paper,
Plastic, Toys,
Hobby Products

Packaging (excluding food
packaging), including rubber
articles; plastic articles (hard);
plastic articles (soft)

Asbestos reinforced plastics

\ (1989)



Toys intended for children's use
(and child dedicated articles),
including fabrics, textiles, and
apparel; or plastic articles (hard)

Mineral kits

CPSC (1977)

Chemical
Substances in
Products not

Other (artifacts)

Artifacts in museums and collections



Other (aerospace applications)

Other aerospace applications including RS-25
engine thermal isolator blocks; high-performance

4(1989)



Page 29 of 150

-------
Life Cycle Stage"

Category''

Subcategory'

Item/Application

Reference(s)



Described by Other
Codes



plastics for aerospace including heat shields, rocket
motor casings, and rocket motor liners



Consumer Uses

Chemical
Substances in
Construction,

Paint, Electrical,
and Metal Products

Construction and building
materials covering large surface
areas, including paper articles;
metal articles; stone, plaster,
cement, glass and ceramic
articles

Siding; corrugated paper (for use in pipe wrap
insulation and appliances); commercial papers;
millboard; rollboard; specialty paper; roofing felt;
cement; shingles; corrugated cement; ceiling tiles;
loose-fill insulation (asbestos-containing
vermiculite); asbestos cement pipes and ducts
(water, sewer and air); Galbestos; fireplace embers;
stove gaskets and rings; flooring felt; vinyl floor
tiles

\ (1989)

M.

(vermiculite

weboaee)

Machinery, mechanical
appliances, electrical/electronic
articles

Corrugated commercial and specialty papers;
reinforced plastics for appliances such as ovens,
dishwashers, boilers and toasters; miscellaneous
electro-mechanical parts for appliances including
deep fryers, frying pans and grills, mixers, popcorn
poppers, slow cookers, washers and dryers,
refrigerators, curling irons, electric blankets,
portable heaters, safes, safety boxes, filing
cabinets, and kilns and incinerators

4(1989)



Fillers and putties

Adhesives and sealants; extruded sealant tape

4(1989)



Solvent-based/water-based paint

Coatings; textured paints; vehicle undercoating

\(1989)



Chemical
Substances in
Furnishing,
Cleaning,

Construction and building
materials covering large surface
areas, including fabrics, textiles,
and apparel

Asbestos textiles including yarn, thread, wick,
cord, rope, tubing (sleeving), cloth, tape

4(1989)



Page 30 of 150

-------
Life Cycle Stage"

Category''

Subcategory'

Item/Application

Reference(s)



Treatment Care
Products

Furniture and furnishings,
including stone, plaster, cement,
glass, and ceramic articles; metal
articles; or rubber articles

Iron rests; burner mats; barbecue mitts; pot holders
and similar items

CPSC-EPA 1979
(44 FR 60056)

Chemical
Substances in
Packaging, Paper,
Plastic, Toys,
Hobby Products

Packaging (excluding food
packaging), including rubber
articles; plastic articles (hard);
plastic articles (soft)

Asbestos reinforced plastics

4(1989)



Toys intended for children's use
(and child dedicated articles),
including fabrics, textiles, and
apparel; or plastic articles (hard)

Mineral kits

CPSC (1977)

Chemical
Substances in
Automotive, Fuel,
Agriculture,
Outdoor Use
Products

Lawn and Garden Care Products

Asbestos-containing vermiculite soil treatment

(2000a)

Chemical
Substances in
Products not
Described by Other
Codes

Other (artifacts)

Vintage artifacts in private collections; vintage
cars, articles, curios

CPSC-EPA 1979
(44 FR 60056)

Disposal, including
Distribution for
Disposal

Disposal, including
Distribution for
Disposal

Disposal, including Distribution
for Disposal

Articles containing asbestos, demolition debris



a Life Cycle Stage Use Definitions (40 CFR 711.3)

-	"Industrial use" means use at a site at which one or more chemicals or mixtures are manufactured (including imported) or processed.

-	"Commercial use" means the use of a chemical or a mixture containing a chemical (including as part of an article) in a commercial enterprise providing
saleable goods or services.

-	"Consumer use" means the use of a chemical or a mixture containing a chemical (including as part of an article, such as furniture or clothing) when sold
to or made available to consumers for their use.

-	Although EPA has identified both industrial and commercial uses here for purposes of distinguishing scenarios in this document, the Agency interprets
the authority over "any manner or method of commercial use" under TSCA section 6(a)(5) to reach both.

Page 31 of 150

-------
Life Cycle Stage"

Category''

Subcategory'

Item/Application

Reference(s)

h These categories of conditions of use appear in the Life Cycle Diagram, reflect CDR codes, and broadly represent conditions of use of asbestos in industrial

and/or commercial settings.







c These subcategories reflect more specific conditions of use of asbestos.





Page 32 of 150

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Talc and Vermiculite

The COUs for a chemical substance are the circumstances under which a chemical substance is intended,
known, or reasonably foreseen to be present. However, a unique challenge can arise when a chemical or
substance is not intended but is known or reasonably foreseen to be present in a COU. In the case of
asbestos, there is concern about the presence of asbestos as a contaminant due to its natural geologic
colocation with other commercially mined substances, such as talc and vermiculite.

Vermiculite, a silicate, mica-like mineral, was widely used in building materials that will be a focus of
much of Part 2 of the risk evaluation. It is well established that LAA—which consists mostly of winchite,
richterite, and tremolite fibers with trace amounts of other amphiboles—is known to be present in
vermiculite that was extracted from an open pit mine near Libby, Montana. Although the mine closed in
1990, it provided over 70 percent of all vermiculite sold in the United States from 1919 to 1990 (

2014). It has been demonstrated that asbestos has been detected in other vermiculite but not to the same
degree or the same type of contamination. Thus, in Part 2 of the Risk Evaluation, it will be important to
consider asbestos fibers in vermiculite.

Talc is a hydrous magnesium silicate mineral that is of commercial interest because of several properties
including its chemical inertness, high dielectric strength, high thermal conductivity, and low electrical
conductivity. Some talc deposits and articles containing talc have been shown to contain impurities that
pose potential health risk, including asbestos. Thus, it is recognized that certain uses of asbestos-containing
talc may present the potential for asbestos exposure. Where EPA identifies reasonably available
information demonstrating asbestos-containing talc COUs that fall under TSCA authority, these will be
evaluated in Part 2 of the Risk Evaluation for asbestos. Unlike the majority of COUs to be considered in
Part 2, these uses of talc may not be strictly legacy. Preliminary information from title and abstract
screening of literature from systematic review as well as review of information submitted during
development of Part 1 led to the identification of the following COUs that may be evaluated in Part 2 of
the Risk Evaluation:

•	Manufacture - Import of talc-containing articles with asbestos;

•	Distribution - Distribution in commerce of articles with talc containing asbestos;

•	Industrial/Commercial/Consumer Uses - Use of filler/putty with talc containing asbestos;

•	Commercial/Consumer Uses - Use of crayons with talc containing asbestos;

•	Commercial/Consumer Uses - Use of toy crime scene kits with talc containing asbestos; and

•	Disposal - Disposal of articles with talc containing asbestos.

2.2.2 Activities Excluded from the Scope of Part 2 of the Risk Evaluation

TSCA section 6(b)(4)(D) requires EPA to identify the hazards, exposures, conditions of use, and the PESS
the Administrator expects to consider in a risk evaluation. TSCA section 3(4) also grants EPA discretion to
determine the circumstances that are appropriately considered to be conditions of use for a particular
chemical substance.4 As a result, EPA does not plan to include in this scope or in the risk evaluation
activities described below that the Agency does not consider to be conditions of use.

4 Chemical substance means any organic or inorganic substance of a particular molecular identity, including any combination of
such substances occurring in whole or in part as a result of a chemical reaction or occurring in nature, and any element or
uncombined radical. Chemical substance does not include (1) any mixture; (2) any pesticide (as defined in the Federal
Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act) when manufactured, processed, or distributed in commerce for use as a pesticide;
(3) tobacco or any tobacco product; (4) any source material, special nuclear material, or byproduct material (as such terms are
defined in the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 and regulations issued under such Act); (5) any article the sale of which is subject to

Page 33 of 150

-------
TSCA section 3(2) excludes from the definition of "chemical substance" "any food, food additive, drug,
cosmetic, or device (as such terms are defined in section 201 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
[21 U.S.C. 321]) when manufactured, processed, or distributed in commerce for use as a food, food
additive, drug, cosmetic, or device" as well as "any pesticide (as defined in the Federal Insecticide,
Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act [7 U.S.C. 136 et seq.]) when manufactured, processed, or distributed in
commerce for use as a pesticide."

Asbestos may contaminate certain personal care products (e.g., talcum powder and make-up) intended for
use as drugs or cosmetics. EPA has determined that asbestos that may contaminate personal care products
intended for use as drugs or cosmetics falls outside TSCA's definition of "chemical substance." Activities
and releases associated with such personal care products use are therefore not "conditions of use" (defined
as circumstances associated with "a chemical substance," TSCA section 3(4)) and will not be evaluated
during risk evaluation.

2.2.3 Life Cycle Diagram

Figure 2-11 provides the life cycle diagram for asbestos. The life cycle diagram is a graphical
representation of the various life stages of the industrial, commercial and consumer use categories included
within the scope of the risk evaluation. The information in the life cycle diagram is grouped according to
the CDR processing codes and use categories (including functional use codes for industrial uses and
product categories for commercial and consumer uses). Appendix E contains additional descriptions (e.g.,
process descriptions, worker activities, process flow diagrams) for each use and disposal category.

Figure 2-12 provides the life cycle diagram for the conditions of use for asbestos-containing talc identified
from the reasonably available information identified for asbestos.

the tax imposed by section 4181 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 (determined without regard to any exemptions from such
tax provided by section 4182 or 4221 or any other provision of such Code), and; (6) any food, food additive, drug, cosmetic, or
device (as such terms are defined in section 201 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act) when manufactured, processed,
or distributed in commerce for use as a food, food additive, drug, cosmetic, or device (TSCA section 3(2)).

Page 34 of 150

-------
INDUSTRIAL, COMMERCIAL, CONSUMER USES

WASTE DISPOSAL

Figure 2-11. Asbestos Life Cycle Diagram

Distribution in commerce not included in LCD. For the purposes of the risk evaluation, distribution in commerce is
the transportation associated with moving chemical substances in commerce. Unloading and loading activities are
associated with other conditions of use.

MFG/IMPORT	INDUSTRIAL, COMMERCIAL, CONSUMER USES	WASTE DISPOSAL

Environmental Releases and
Wastes

~ Import

	 Industrial/

I	I Commercial/

Consumer Uses

Figure 2-12. Life Cycle Diagram for Asbestos-Containing Talc

Distribution in commerce not included in LCD. For the purposes of the risk evaluation, distribution in commerce is
the transportation associated with moving chemical substances in commerce. Unloading and loading activities are
associated with other conditions of use.

Page 35 of 150

-------
2.3 Exposures

For TSCA exposure assessments, EPA plans to analyze human and environmental exposures and
releases to the environment resulting from the conditions of use within the scope of Part 2 of the Risk
Evaluation of asbestos. In this section, the physical and chemical properties, environmental fate and
transport properties and releases to the environment are described in addition to potential human and
environmental exposures from TSCA conditions of use and from other possible or known sources.
Release pathways and routes will be described in Section 2.6 to characterize the relationship or
connection between the conditions of use of the chemical and the exposure to human receptors,
including PESS, and environmental receptors. EPA plans to consider, where relevant, the duration,
intensity (concentration), frequency, and number of exposures in characterizing exposures to asbestos.

2.3.1 Physical and Chemical Properties

Consideration of physical and chemical properties is essential for a thorough understanding or prediction
of environmental fate {i.e., transport and transformation) and the eventual environmental concentrations.
It can also inform the hazard assessment. Table 2-3 through Table 2-9 summarize the physical and
chemical property values preliminarily selected for the asbestos fiber types and LAA. These values are
for use in Part 2 of the Risk Evaluation from among the range of reported values collected as of
September 2021. These tables may be updated as EPA continues to evaluate and integrate additional
information through systematic review methods. Appendix B presents summary statistics for reported
physical and chemical property values.

Table 2-3. Physical and <

Chemical Properties for Chrysotile Asbestos (CASRN 120C

11-29-5)

Property

Value

Reference

Data Quality
Rating

Essential composition

Silica sheet (Si20s), with a layer of
brucite (Mg(OH)2) with every 3 hydroxyls
replaced by oxygens

CNLM. 2021)

High

Color

Usually white to grayish green, may have
tan coloring

CNLM. 2021)

High

Luster

Silky

fNLM. 2021)

High

Surface area (m2/g)

13.5-22.4

(Addison et al..

Medium

Individual fiber diameter

(Mm)

0.02-0.03

fNLM. 2021)

High

Average fiber outer
diameter (A)

200

fNLM. 2021)

High

Particle dimension ((.un)

Largest dimension (L): 1.00 ± 0.44 (im;
Smallest dimension (S): 0.07 ± 0.02 (im;
Aspect ratio L/S: 13.8 ± 5.1

(Thome et al..
5)

High

Hardness (Mohs)

2.5-4.0

(NLM. 2021)

High

Density (g/mL)

2.19-2.68

(Elsevier. 2 )

High

Page 36 of 150

-------
Property

Value

Reference

Data Quality
Rating

Optical properties

Biaxial positive parallel extinction

(NLM. 2021)

High

Refractive index

1.53-1.56

(NLM. 2021)

High

Flexibility

High

fNLM. 2021)

High

Texture

Silky, soft to harsh

fNLM. 2021)

High

Spinnability

Very good

( lollet. 1951)

High

Tensile strength (MPa)

1,100-4,400

(NLM. 2021)

High

Resistance to: Acids
Bases

Weak, undergoes fairly rapid attack
Very good

f H;i dollci 1^1)

High

Zeta potential (mV)

+13.6 to+54

(Virta. 2011)

Medium

Decomposition
temperature (°C)

600-850

(Virta. 2011)

High

Dielectric constant

800

(Elsevier, 2 )

High

Table 2-4. Physical and <

Chemical Properties for Crocidolite (CASRN 12001-28-4)

Property

Value

Reference

Data Quality
Rating

Essential composition

Na, Fe silicate with some water

(Kidolln I n

Medium

Color

Lavender, blue, greenish

(Ktdollet r^l)

High

Luster

Silky to dull

(Ktdollet r^l)

High

Surface area (m2/g)

4.62-14.80

(Addison et al.,
5)

Medium

Individual fiber diameter

(Mm)

0.09

(Median true diameter)

(Hwane. 1983)

Medium

Average fiber outer
diameter (A)

-

-

-

Particle dimension ((.un)

1.16

(Median true length)

(Hwane. 1983)

Medium

Hardness (Mohs)

4.0

i lollet. 1951)

Medium

Specific gravity

3.2-3.3

(Hndollci t^t)

Medium

Page 37 of 150

-------
Property

Value

Reference

Data Quality
Rating

Optical properties

Biaxial extinction inclined

(Kidolln I n

Medium

Refractive index

1.654-1.701

CLott. 1989)

High

Flexibility

Good

( lollet. 1951)

High

Texture

Soft to harsh

(K;idollet t^t)

High

Spinnability

Fair

(Ktdollet t^t)

High

Tensile strength (MPa)

690-2100 MPa (100,000-300,000
lb./in.2)

(Kidolln I n

Medium

Resistance to: Acids
Bases

Fair
Good

CHndollci t^t)

High

Zeta potential (mV)

-32

(Virta. 2011)

Medium

Decomposition
temperature (°C)

400-900

(Virta. 2011)

High

Dielectric constant

-

-

-

Table 2-5. Physical and <

Chemical Properties for Amosite (CAS

RN 12172-73-5)

Property

Value

Reference

Data Quality
Rating

Essential composition

Fe, Mg silicate

(Kidollei 1 1)

Medium

Color

Ash gray, greenish, or brown

(Ktdolkt rM)

High

Luster

Vitreous to pearly

(Ktdolkt rM)

High

Surface area (m2/g)

2.25-7.10

(Addison et al.,
5)

Medium

Individual fiber diameter

(Mm)

0.26 (median true diameter)

(Hwang. 1983)

Medium

Average fiber outer
diameter (A)

-

-

-

Particle dimension (|_im)

2.53 (median true length)

(Hwane. 1983)

Medium

Hardness (Mohs)

5.5-6.0

(Badolloi I i)

Medium

Specific gravity

3.1-3.25

(Kidolloi I i)

Medium

Page 38 of 150

-------
Property

Value

Reference

Data Quality
Rating

Optical properties

Biaxial positive parallel extinction

(Kidolln I n

Medium

Refractive index

1.635-1.696

CLott. 1989)

High

Flexibility

Good

(Ktdollet r^t)

High

Texture

Coarse, but somewhat pliable

( lollet. 1951)

High

Spinnability

Fair

(K;idollet t^t)

High

Tensile strength (MPa)

110-620 MPa (16,000-90,000 lb./in.2)

(Kidolln I n

Medium

Resistance to: Acids
Bases

Fair, slowly attacked
Good

CHndollci t^t)

High

Zeta potential (mV)

-20 to -40

(Virta. 2011)

Medium

Decomposition
temperature (°C)

600-900

(Virta. 2011)

High

Dielectric constant

-

-

-

Table 2-6. Physical and <

Chemical Properties for Anthophyllite

(CASRN 77536-67-5)

Property

Value

Reference

Data Quality
Rating

Essential composition

Magnesium and iron silicates

(Larranaea et al.

2016)

High

Color

Grayish white, brown-gray or green

( lollet 1951)

High

Luster

Vitreous to pearly

(Hadolloi I n

High

Surface area (m2/g)

-

-

-

Individual fiber diameter

(Mm)

-

-

-

Average fiber outer
diameter (A)

-

-

-

Particle dimension ((.un)

-

-

-

Hardness (Mohs)

5.5-6.0

(Hadolloi I n

Medium

Specific gravity

2.85-3.1

(Ktdollet I n

Medium

Optical properties

Biaxial positive extinction parallel

(H;idollei l I)

Medium

Refractive index

1.596-1.652

CLott. 1989)

High

Page 39 of 150

-------
Property

Value

Reference

Data Quality
Rating

Flexibility

Poor

(Ktdollet r^t)

High

Texture

Harsh

(Ktdollet r^t)

High

Spinnability

Poor

(H;idollet t^t)

High

Tensile strength (MPa)

<30

(Kidolln I n

Medium

Resistance to: Acids
Bases

Fair

Very good

(Ktdollet r^t)

High

Zeta potential (mV)

-

-

-

Decomposition
temperature (°C)

1,150-1,340

(Elsevier. 2 )

High

Dielectric constant

-

-

-

Table 2-7. Physical and <

Chemical Properties for Tremolite (CASRN 77536-68-6)

Property

Value

Reference

Data Quality
Rating

Essential composition

Ca, Mg silicate with some water

i lollet. 1951)

Medium

Color

White to light-green

(Larranaga et al„
2016)

High

Luster

Silky

(Kidolln I n

High

Surface area (m2/g)

-

-

-

Individual fiber diameter

(Mm)

0.2-0.42

ru.s. EPA. 2014)

-

Average fiber outer
diameter (A)

-

-

-

Particle dimension ((.un)

-

-

-

Hardness (Mohs)

5 to 6

(Larranaga et al.
2016)

High

Density (g/m3)

3.0-3.3

(Larranaga et al..
)

Medium

Optical properties

Biaxial negative extinction inclined

(Hndollci t^t)

Medium

Refractive index

1.599-1.668

CLott. 1989)

High

Flexibility

Poor, generally brittle

(H;idollci t^t)

High

Page 40 of 150

-------
Property

Value

Reference

Data Quality
Rating

Texture

Generally harsh, sometimes soft

(Ktdollet r^t)

High

Spinnability

Generally poor, some are spinnable

(Ktdollet r^t)

High

Tensile strength (MPa)

7-60 MPa (1,000-8,000 lb./in.2)

(Kidolln I n

Medium

Resistance to: Acids
Bases

Resistance to acids: fair
Resistance to bases: good

m;idollet t^t)

High

Zeta potential (mV)

-

-

-

Decomposition
temperature (°C)

950-1,040

("Villa. 2011)

High

Dielectric vonstant

7.03

(Elsevier, 202Id)

High

Table 2-8. Physical and <

Chemical Properties for Actinolite (CASRN 77536-66-4 )

Property

Value

Reference

Data Quality
Rating

Essential composition

Ca, Mg, Fe silicate with some water

(Kidolln I n

Medium

Color

Greenish

(Kidotln r^l)

High

Luster

Silky, greasy to vitreous

CHndollci t^t)

and (Zhorig et al..

2019)

High

Surface Area (m2/g)

-

-

-

Individual fiber diameter

(Mm)

-

-

-

Average fiber outer
diameter (A)

-

-

-

Particle dimension ((.un)

20x0.5 (im

(Zhorig et al..

2019)

High

Hardness (Mohs)

6.0

(Ktdollet 1 1)

Medium

Specific gravity

3.015-3.149

(Zhorig et al..

2019)

High

Optical properties

Biaxial negative extinction inclined

(Hndollci t^t)

Medium

Refractive index

1.625-1.645

(Zhorig et al..

2019)

High

Page 41 of 150

-------
Property

Value

Reference

Data Quality
Rating

Flexibility

Poor

(Kidolln I n

High

Texture

Harsh

(Hadollei 1^1)

High

Spinnability

Poor

i lollet. 1951)

High

Tensile strength (MPa)

<7

(Kidolln I n

Medium

Resistance to: Acids
Bases

Fair
Fair

(Hadollei 1^1)

High

Zeta potential (mV)

-

-

-

Decomposition
temperature (°C)

1,140-1,296 °C

(Elsevier, 2021a)

High

Dielectric constant

-

-

-

Table 2-9. Physical and <

Chemical Properties for Libby Amphibole Asbestos

Property

Value

Reference

Data Quality
Rating

Essential composition

Winchite (84%), richterite (11%), and
tremolite (6%).

U.S. EPA. 2014

-

Color

-

-

-

Luster

-

-

-

Surface area (m2/g)

1.1-7.4

U.S. EPA. 2014

-

Individual fiber diameter

(Mm)

0.61 ± 1.22

U.S. EPA. 2014

-

Average fiber outer
diameter (A)

-

-

-

Particle dimension ((.un)

Length 4.98-88 (20.6 average)
Width (|im): 0.44-1.76 (0.63 average)
Aspect ratio: 32.6

U.S. EPA. 2014



Hardness (Mohs)

-

-

-

Density (g/mL)

-

-

-

Optical properties

-

-

-

Refractive index

-

-

-

Flexibility

-

-

-

Page 42 of 150

-------
Property

Value

Reference

Data Quality
Rating

Texture

-

-

-

Spinnability

-

-

-

Tensile strength (MPa)

-

-

-

Resistance to: Acids
Bases

-

-

-

Zeta potential (mV)

-

-

-

Decomposition
temperature (°C)

-

-

-

Dielectric Constant

-

-

-

2.3.2	Environmental Fate and Transport

Understanding of environmental fate and transport processes assists in the determination of the specific
exposure pathways and potential human and environmental receptors that need to be assessed in Part 2
of the Risk Evaluation. EPA plans to use the environmental fate characteristics described in Appendix C
to support the development of Part 2 of the Risk Evaluation for Asbestos. The values for the
environmental fate properties may be updated as EPA evaluates and integrates additional information
into the risk evaluation through systematic review methods.

2.3.3	Releases to the Environment

Releases to the environment from conditions of use are a component of potential exposure and may be
derived from reported data that are obtained through direct measurement, calculations based on
empirical data and/or assumptions and models.

EPA will consider multiple sources of information when characterizing releases of asbestos to the
environment. One source of information that EPA plans to evaluate is data reported to the Toxics
Release Inventory (TRI) program. EPA's TRI database contains information on chemical waste
management activities that are reported by industrial and federal facilities, including quantities released
into the environment {i.e., to air, water, and disposed of to landfills), treated, burned for energy,
recycled, or transferred off-site to other facilities for these purposes.

Under section 313 of the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA), asbestos
is a TRI-reportable substance effective January 1, 1987 (40 CFR 372.65). For TRI reporting,5 facilities
in covered sectors in the United States are required to disclose releases and other waste management
activity quantities of asbestos if they manufacture (including import) or process more than 25,000
pounds or otherwise use more than 10,000 pounds of the chemical in a given year by July 1 of the
following year. Facilities are required to report releases or other waste management of only the friable
form of asbestos, under the general CASRN 1332-21-4. According to the TRI Reporting Forms and
Instructions, "friable" refers "to the physical characteristic of being able to be crumbled, pulverized, or

5 View TRI reporting criteria on the EPA website.

Page 43 of 150

-------
reducible to a powder with hand pressure."6 For purposes of TRI reporting, "asbestos" includes the six
fiber types defined under Title II of TSC A.

Table 2-10 provides production-related waste managed data (also referred to as waste managed) for
friable asbestos that industrial facilities reported to TRI for reporting year 2019. Table 2-11 summarizes
the quantities that facilities reported releasing to air or water or disposed of on land.

Table 2-10. Summary of Asbestos TRI Production-Related Waste Managed in 2019

Year

Number of
Facilities

Recycled
(lbs)

Recovered for
Energy
(lbs)

Treated
(lbs)

Released"h c
(lbs)

Total Production
Related Waste
(lbs)

2019

1,499

12,084,362

12,085,861

Data source: 2019 TRI Data U.S. EPA (20.1.9b)

a Terminology used in these columns may not match the more detailed data element names used in the TRI public
data and analysis access points.

h Does not include releases due to one-time event not associated with production such as remedial actions or
earthquakes.

c Counts all releases including release quantities transferred and release quantities disposed of by a receiving facility
reporting to TRI.

In 2019, 38 facilities reported managing 12.1 million pounds of friable asbestos waste. Of this total, 0
pounds were recycled, 0 pounds were recovered for energy, approximately 1,500 pounds were treated,
and the nearly 12.1 million pounds were released into the environment. Of these releases, the vast
majority were released to land via Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Subtitle C
landfills and all other land disposal methods (approximately 11 million pounds), and 77 pounds were
released to air (stack and fugitive air emissions), and 0 pounds were released to water (surface water
discharges). Although asbestos disposal occurs via Subtitle C landfills, asbestos is not currently listed as
hazardous waste under RCRA.

6 Toxic Chemical Release Inventory Reporting Forms and Instructions; Revised 2019 Version; U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency; EPA 740-B-19-037; January 2020; https://ofmpnb.epa.gov/apex/gnideme ext/guidenie/fite/rv 20.1.9 rfi.pdf.

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Table 2-11. Summary of Releases of Asbestos to the Environment during 2019

Air Releases

Land Disposal

Year

Number
of

Facilities

Stack
Air
Releases
(lbs)

Fugitive

Air
Releases
(lbs)

Water
Releases

Class I
Under-
ground
Injection

(lbs)

RCRA
Subtitle C
Landfills

(lbs)

All other

Land
Disposal

(lbs)a

Other
Releases
(lbs)a

Total
Releases
(lbs)b'c

2019

7,052,146

4,001,623

11,053,846

11,053,769

Data source: 2019 TRI Data U.S.

EPA (2019b)

" Terminology used in these columns may not match the more detailed data element names used in the TRI public data and
analysis access points.

h These release quantities do include releases due to one-time events not associated with production such as remedial actions
or earthquakes.

c Counts release quantities once at final disposition, accounting for transfers to other TRI reporting facilities that ultimately
dispose of the chemical waste.

Although production-related waste managed shown in Table 2-10 excludes any quantities reported as
catastrophic or one-time releases (TRI section 8 data), release quantities shown in Table 2-11 include
both production-related and non-production-related quantities. The total release quantities between the
two tables differ due to facilities treating a small amount of asbestos waste on-site and due to double
counting of waste from facilities that transfer the waste off site and dispose of it at another reporting
facility, where it is counted as on-site disposal (U.S. EPA, 2019a).

Using the TRI data available in TRI Explorer. Table 2-12 shows that there have been variable increases
and decreases in total on-site and off-site disposal or other releases of friable asbestos since 2015. From
2015 to 2019, total on-site and off-site disposal or other releases of friable asbestos have decreased from
38.4 million pounds to 12.1 million pounds, respectively. The top 10 reporters of friable asbestos to TRI
in 2019 comprised 80 percent of total releases. All these reporters are in the hazardous waste sector and
release on-site, indicating that most friable asbestos releases are being reported from waste management
facilities. However, the source of the asbestos containing material may be coming from abatement
activities, demolition, and other various waste disposal activities, though the individual sources are not
reported.

The vast majority of the total on-site and off-site disposal or other releases of friable asbestos are
released to land (by means of RCRA Subtitle C landfills and other disposal landfills). As an example, in
2015, 36 industrial facilities reported a total of 38.4 million pounds of on- and off-site disposal or other
releases of friable asbestos, in which 35.9 million pounds were released to land on-site and 2.5 million
pounds were disposed of or otherwise released off-site. Release quantities to other media sources such as
air and water are of much smaller magnitude. For the same 2015 reporting year, 310 pounds of friable
asbestos were released to air (from both fugitive and point source air emissions), and 0 pounds were
released to water (from surface water discharges). Quantities released from surface water discharges
have been 0 pounds since 2015, but this observation may be driven by the fact that reporting is for
friable asbestos and asbestos in wastewater may be interpreted as not being friable. The industry
accounting for the highest release quantities of friable asbestos is the hazardous waste sector
(presumably for landfill disposal), followed by the petroleum and other chemical and electric utility
sectors (presumably for removal of asbestos-containing materials that are sent offsite for disposal).

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Table 2-12. Total On- and Off-Site Disposal or Other Releases of Friable Asbestos (2015-2019),
Based on TRI Data

Year

Total On- and Off-Site Disposal or Other Releases (lbs)

2015

38,419,830.93

2016

27,347,734.49

2017

31,318,282.85

2018

35,493,691.47

2019

11,938,882.35

Other sources of information provide evidence of releases of asbestos, including EPA effluent
guidelines promulgated under the Clean Water Act (CWA), National Emission Standards for
Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPs) promulgated under the Clean Air Act (CAA), or other EPA
standards and regulations that set legal limits on the amount of asbestos that can be emitted to a
particular media. EPA expects to consider these data in conducting the exposure assessment
component of the risk evaluation for asbestos.

The previous information sources pertain to asbestos releases primarily from industrial facilities. The
risk evaluation will consider asbestos releases from many other activities beyond industrial releases.
These other activities include, but are not limited to, asbestos in building materials and other products
that may be released during construction and demolition activity. EPA will consider other information
sources (e.g., the peer-reviewed literature) when characterizing asbestos releases from these various
other activities.

2.3.4 Environmental Exposures

The conditions of use described in Section 2.1.1 could result in releases to the environment and exposure
to aquatic and terrestrial receptors (biota). Environmental exposures are informed by releases into the
environment, overall persistence, and bioaccumulation within the environment, and partitioning across
different media. Concentrations of chemical substances in biota provide evidence of exposure. EPA
plans to review reasonably available environmental monitoring data for asbestos.

2.3.5 Occupational Exposures

EPA plans to evaluate worker activities where there is a potential for exposure under the various
conditions of use (e.g., industrial/commercial uses and disposal) described in Section 2.2. In addition,
EPA plans to evaluate exposure to ONUs (i.e., workers who do not directly handle the chemical but
perform work in an area where the chemical is present). EPA generally intends not to make risk
determinations based on assumptions about the use of PPE. However, EPA plans to develop exposure
scenarios with and without the use of PPE and engineering controls to inform any potential risk
management required subsequent to an unreasonable risk determination for workers or ONUs.

Examples of worker activities associated with the conditions of use within the scope for Part 2 of the
risk evaluation for asbestos that EPA may analyze include, but are not limited to

• handling, loading/unloading, and disposing of waste containing asbestos;

• cleaning and maintaining equipment and appliances; and

• performing other work activities in or near areas where asbestos is being handled.

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According to Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) asbestos standards, the employee
permissible exposure limit (PEL) is 0.1 fibers per cubic centimeter (f/cc) as an 8-hour, time-weighted
average (TWA) and an excursion limit of 1.0 f/cc as a 30-minute TWA (Asbestos General Standard 29
CFR 1910, Occupational Safety and Health Standards for Shipyard Employment 40 CFR 1915.1001,
Safety and Health Regulations for Construction 40 CFR 1926.1101). EPA expects to consider inhalation
exposure to asbestos fibers and dermal exposure, including skin contact with solids for workers and
ONUs.

Workers and ONUs may inadvertently ingest inhaled particles that deposit in the upper respiratory tract.
In addition, workers may transfer chemicals from their hands to their mouths. The frequency and
significance of this exposure route are dependent on several factors including the physical and chemical
properties of the substance during worker activities, the visibility of the chemicals on the hands while
working, workplace training and practices, and personal hygiene that is difficult to predict (Cherrie et
at.. 2006). EPA will consider the relevance of this exposure route on a case-by-case basis, taking into
consideration the aforementioned factors and any reasonably available information, and may assess oral
exposure for workers and ONUs for certain COUs and worker activities where warranted. For certain
conditions of use of asbestos, EPA plans to consider inhalation exposure to fibers for workers and
ONUs. As inhalation exposure to fibers may occur, EPA plans to consider potential exposure for
particulates that deposit in the upper respiratory tract from inhalation exposure and may be ingested via
the oral route.

2.3.6 Consumer Exposures

As described in Section 2.2, the presence of the asbestos fibers included in Part 2 is indicated in a
number of consumer products and articles including: construction, paint, electrical, and metal products;
furnishing, cleaning, treatment care products; packaging, paper, plastic, toys, hobby products;
automotive, fuel, agriculture, outdoor use products; and products not described by other codes (see
Section 2.6.2 and Figure 2-13) Q v ^ * * 989}, CPSC-EPA 1979 44 FR 60056). These uses can result
in exposures to consumers and bystanders (non-product users that are incidentally exposed to the
product). Part 2 will focus on legacy uses and associated disposals of asbestos meaning that products
and articles in consideration are no longer being manufactured, processed, or distributed for use.

Products and articles in consideration are typically those that have long-term uses, secondhand sales, and
hand-me-downs.

Based on reasonably available information on consumer conditions of use, inhalation of asbestos is
possible through inhalation of asbestos fibers during product usage and/or indoor air/dust. Oral exposure
of asbestos is possible through either ingestion through product use via transfer from hand to mouth or
through mouthing of articles containing asbestos. Dermal exposure may occur via contact with asbestos
fibers deposited onto the skin or direct dermal contact of articles containing asbestos. Based on these
potential sources and pathways of exposure, EPA plans to analyze oral, dermal, and inhalation
exposures to consumers and inhalation exposures to bystanders that may result from the COUs of
asbestos as described in Section 2.6.2 and the analysis plan.

2.3.7 General Population Exposures

Releases of asbestos from certain COUs or disposal activities may result in general population
exposures. The general population may be exposed via oral, dermal, or inhalation routes (ATSDR,
2001). Prior reports stated that the primary source of exposure to asbestos fibers for the general
population is expected to be via inhalation of the fibers from naturally occurring sources of asbestos or
from the wearing down or disturbance of manufactured products (ECHA. 2021; ATSDR. 2001). Dermal
exposure is possible via contact of skin with asbestos fibers. Oral exposure is possible via ingestion of

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asbestos fibers in drinking water and ingestion of inhaled fibers that are captured by throat mucus and
swallowed. Related to these possible exposures, it is worth noting that children may also ingest fibers
from soil and hand-to-mouth activities ( )R. 2001). and formula-fed infants drink

more water per unit of body weight than adults. In addition, take-home exposures may result from
workers performing renovations or activities that may result in asbestos fibers release or friable asbestos
fiber release and subsequent transportation and exposure in the home environment. EPA plans to review
the reasonably available information for the presence of asbestos in environmental media relevant to
general population exposure.

Human biomonitoring data for asbestos fibers is difficult to collect and currently there is no direct
human data on absorption or deposition of inhaled fibers (ECHA. 2021). Asbestos fibers can transport
through the digestive system and be measured in urine and feces to indicate recent exposure due to their
insoluble characteristics (Finn and Hallenbecl i Ps\4); Cook and Olson rs °V). Long-term exposure
can be quantified by measuring retained asbestos fibers in lung tissue via biopsy (ATSDR. 2001). which
is done by removing parts of the lungs of targeted tissue or after death.

The presence in environmental media and biomonitoring data suggest that general population exposures
are occurring. EPA plans to review reasonably available information related to general population
exposures in Part 2 of the Risk Evaluation. The general population pathways in the scope of this
evaluation are described in Section 2.6.3.

2.4 Hazards (Effects)

2.4.1 Environmental Hazards

EPA will consider reasonably available information as described in Section 2.1,

Using automated techniques during the data screening phase of systematic review, EPA identified the
following potential environmental hazard effects for aquatic and terrestrial organisms, along with related
information that may be considered for Part 2 of the Risk Evaluation (as explained in Appendix A):
ADME, cancer, cardiovascular, developmental, endocrine, hematological and immune, hepatic,
mortality, musculoskeletal, nutritional and metabolic, renal, reproductive, and respiratory (Figure 2-10).
A summary of references identified during the screening step of systematic review is included in the
interactive literature inventory tree (Figure 2-9). As EPA continues to evaluate reasonably available and
relevant hazard information identified through systematic review, EPA may update the list of potential
hazard effects to be analyzed in the risk evaluation.

2.4.2 Human Health Hazards

EPA will consider reasonably available information as described in Section 2.1. Broad human health
hazard effects indicated in previous assessments include the development of cancers including
mesothelioma and lung, ovarian, and laryngeal cancer and non-cancer effects, notably asbestosis.

Using automated techniques during the data screening phase of systematic review, EPA identified the
following additional potential human health hazards along with related information that may be
considered for Part 2 of the risk evaluation (as explained in Appendix A): ADME, PBPK, cancer,
cardiovascular, developmental, endocrine, gastrointestinal, hematological and immune, hepatic,
mortality, musculoskeletal, neurological, nutritional and metabolic ocular and sensory, renal,
reproductive, respiratory, skin and connective tissue (Figure 2-10). A summary of references identified
during the screening step of systematic review is included in the interactive literature inventory tree
(Figure 2-9). As EPA continues to evaluate reasonably available and relevant hazard information

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identified through systematic review, EPA may update the list of potential hazard effects to be analyzed
in Part 2 of the risk evaluation.

2.5 Potentially Exposed or Susceptible Subpopulations

TSCA section 6(b)(4) requires EPA to determine whether a chemical substance or category of chemical
substances presents an unreasonable risk to "a potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulation
identified as relevant to the risk evaluation." TSCA section 3(12) states that "the term 'potentially
exposed or susceptible subpopulation' means a group of individuals within the general population
identified by the Administrator who, due to either greater susceptibility or greater exposure, may be at
greater risk than the general population for adverse health effects from exposure to a chemical substance
or mixture, such as infants, children, women who are or may become pregnant, workers, or the elderly."
General population is "the total of individuals inhabiting an area or making up a whole group" and refers
here to the U.S. general population (	101 la).

EPA plans to consider the following groups as PESS: children, women of reproductive age (e.g., women
who are or may become pregnant), workers, including firefighters, ONUs, consumers and bystanders,
individuals who smoke, and indigenous, native populations as receptors and PESS in Part 2 of the Risk
Evaluation. Other PESS may be identified based on reasonably available information.

EPA plans to increase consideration of environmental justice7 issues by evaluating reasonably available
information on factors that may make population groups of concern more vulnerable to adverse effects
(e.g., unique pathways; cumulative exposure from multiple stressors; and behavioral, biological, or
environmental factors that increase susceptibility); identifying unique considerations for subsistence
populations when relevant; and following best practices from EPA's Technical Guidance for Assessing
Environmental Justice in Regulatory Analysis (	E016). For Part 2 of the Risk Evaluation, EPA

plans to include fenceline analyses where appropriate to screen for potential effects with emphasis on
PESS and environmental justice communities, followed by more in-depth analysis where warranted.
EPA will continue to develop the science of how to better consider different dimensions of susceptibility
when selecting critical endpoints, point of departures (PODs), determination of uncertainty factors, and
margins of exposure.

In developing exposure scenarios, EPA plans to analyze reasonably available information in order to
determine whether some human receptor groups may be exposed via exposure pathways that may be
distinct to a particular subpopulation or life stage (e.g., children at various developmental stages in life,
and elderly) and whether some human receptor groups may have higher exposure via identified
pathways of exposure due to unique characteristics (e.g., activities, duration or location of exposure)
when compared with the general population (	06). In particular, for asbestos, age at first

exposure is an important consideration due to the long latency between exposure and effect, as described
in Part 1. Because asbestos consist of insoluble fibers and does not undergo absorption, distribution,
metabolism, or excretion in a fashion similar to most other chemicals, which are characteristics that are
unique to asbestos, infants are not likely to be exposed to asbestos through human milk (ATSDR, 2001).
EPA plans to evaluate reasonably available human health hazard information in order to determine
whether some human receptor groups may have greater susceptibility than the general population to the
chemical's hazard(s). Based on these analyses, EPA may expand the PESS considered in the risk
evaluation.

7 Additional information is available regarding EPA's Office of Environmental Justice.

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2.6 Conceptual Models

In this section, EPA presents the conceptual models describing the identified exposures (pathways and
routes), receptors and hazards associated with the conditions of use. Pathways and routes of exposure
associated with workers and ONUs are described in Section 2.6.1, and pathways and routes of exposure
associated with consumers are described in Section 2.6.2. Pathways and routes of exposure associated
with environmental releases and wastes are discussed and depicted the conceptual model shown in
Section 2.6.3. Note that conceptual models have not been developed for potential exposures to asbestos
via COUs of asbestos-containing talc due to the preliminary nature of the information that EPA is
reviewing.

2.6.1 Conceptual Model for Legacy Industrial and Commercial Activities and Uses

Figure 2-12 illustrates the conceptual model for the pathways of exposure from legacy industrial and
commercial uses and associated disposal of asbestos that EPA plans to include in Part 2 of the risk
evaluation. There is potential for asbestos exposures to workers and/or ONUs via inhalation, oral, and
dermal routes from fugitive dust emissions. Also, workers and ONUs may be exposed to asbestos
suspended in liquid or asbestos in solid form through dermal and oral routes, as asbestos can be
used/transported in liquid or solid form. EPA plans to evaluate activities resulting in exposures
associated with distribution in commerce (e.g., loading, unloading) throughout the various life cycle
stages and conditions of use (e.g., industrial use, commercial use, and disposal) rather than a single
distribution scenario.

Appendix F presents the combinations of exposure pathways, routes, and receptors for each COU
identified in Table 2-2 along with supporting rationale for whether EPA plans to evaluate each
combination.

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INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES / USES

PATHWAY

EXPOSURE ROUTE

RECEPTORS

HAZARDS

Chemical Substances in Furnishing, Cleaning,
Treatment Care Products

Chemical Substances in Packaging, Paper, Plastic,
Toys, Hobby Products

Chemical Substances in Automotive, Fuel,
Agriculture, Outdoor Use Products

Other Uses (Artifacts in Museums, Other
Aerospace Applications)

Non-TSCA Uses

Chemical Substances in Construction, Paint,
Electrical, and Metal Products

Waste Handling,
Treatment and
Disposal**

Wastewater, Solid Wastes, Air Emissions

^ Liquid/Solid Contact

Fugitive Dust
Emissions

Dust Emissions from
Reuse, and Demolition
in Buildings

Indoor Air	—

Outdoor Air	—

Dermal

Oral*

Inhalation

Dust, Solid Contact

Oral, Inhalation,



Dermal





Hazards potentially
associated with acute
and/or chronic
exposures

* Oral exposure may occur through incidental ingestion of asbestos residue on hand/body or through deposits in the upper respiratory tract that are
eventually swallowed.

** Includes wastes from industrial, commercial and consumer uses.

Figure 2-12. Asbestos Conceptual Model for Legacy Industrial and Commercial Activities and Uses: Worker and ONU Exposures
and Hazards

The conceptual model presents the exposure pathways, exposure routes, and hazards to human receptors from legacy industrial and commercial activities
and uses of asbestos.

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2.6.2 Conceptual Model for Legacy Consumer Activities and Uses

The conceptual model in Figure 2-13 presents the exposure pathways, exposure routes and hazards to
human receptors from legacy consumer uses and associated disposal of asbestos. EPA expects that
consumers and bystanders may be exposed through use of products or articles containing asbestos via
oral, dermal, and inhalation routes. An "article," as defined at 40 CFR 704.3, is distinct from a
"product" in that an article is, "a manufactured item:

1.	which is formed to a specific shape or design during manufacture;

2.	which has end use function(s) dependent in whole or in part upon its shape or design during end
use; and

3.	which has either no change of chemical composition during its end use or only those changes of
composition which have no commercial purpose separate from that of the article, and that result
from a chemical reaction that occurs upon end use of other chemical substances, mixtures, or
articles; except that fluids and particles are not considered articles regardless of shape or
design."

Additionally, during use of articles, EPA expects that consumers may also be exposed via direct
dermal contact or mouthing (Figure 2-13). EPA plans to analyze pathways and routes of exposure that
may occur during the identified consumer activities and uses. The supporting rationale for consumer
pathways considered for asbestos are included in Appendix G.

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CONSUMER ACTIVITIES &
USES

EXPOSURE
PATHWAY

EXPOSURE
ROUTE

RECEPTORS

HAZARDS

ARTICLE

Chemical Substances in
Construction. Paint, Electrical, and
Metal Products

Chemical Substances in
Furnishing, Cleaning, Treatment
Care Products

Chemical Substances in
Packaging, Paper, Plastic, Toys,
Hobby Products

Chemical Substances in
Automotive, Fuel, Agriculture,
Outdoor Use Products

Chemical Substances in Products
not Described by Other Codes

jT Direct	y

Contact/Mouthing J

PRODUCT

Chemical Substances in
Construction, Paint, Electrical, and
Metal Products

Chemical Substances in
Furnishing, Cleaning, Treatment
Care Products

Chemical Substances in
Packaging. Paper, Plastic. Toys,
Hobby Products

Chemical Substances in
Automotive, Fuel. Agriculture,
Outdoor Use Products

Chemical Substances in Products
not Described by Other Codes

/

Indoor/Outdoor
Air/Dust

<

Direct Contact

Hazards Potentially
Associated with Acute
and/or Chronic
Exposures

Wastewater, Liquid Wastes and
Solid Wastes (See
Environmental Releases
Conceptual Model

Consumer Handling of
Disposal and Waste

Figure 2-13. Asbestos Conceptual Model for Legacy Consumer Activities and Uses: Consumer Exposures and Hazards"

The conceptual model presents the exposure pathways, exposure routes, and hazards to human receptors from legacy consumer activities and uses of
asbestos.

11 Receptors include PESS (see Section 2.5).

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2.6.3 Conceptual Model for Environmental Releases and Wastes: Potential Exposures
and Hazards

In this section, EPA presents the conceptual model describing the identified exposures (pathways and
routes from environmental releases and wastes) and hazards to general population and environmental
receptors associated with the COUs of asbestos within the scope for Part 2 of the risk evaluation.

The conceptual model in Figure 2-14 presents the potential exposure pathways, exposure routes and
hazards to general population and environmental receptors from releases and waste streams associated
with legacy industrial, commercial and consumer uses of asbestos within the scope for Part 2 of the risk
evaluation. EPA plans to evaluate exposures to receptors (e.g., general population, aquatic, terrestrial
species) that may occur from releases to air, drinking water, ground water, and land, including biosolids
and soil. EPA expects the general population to be exposed to asbestos from air emissions via inhalation
of particulate and asbestos fibers as well as from solid waste releases containing asbestos fibers; orally
via drinking water, and soil ingestion; and dermally from contact with groundwater and soil. The
supporting rationale for general population and environmental pathways considered for asbestos are
included in Appendix H.

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INDUSTRIAL /COMMERCIAL/	EXPOSURE PATHWAY EXPOSURE ROUTE RECEPTORS	HAZARDS

Figure 2-14. Asbestos Conceptual Model for Environmental Releases and Wastes: Environmental and General Population Exposures and
Hazards"6

The conceptual model presents the exposure pathways, exposure routes and hazards to human and environmental receptors from releases and wastes from legacy
industrial, commercial, and consumer uses of asbestos that EPA plans to consider in the risk evaluation.

" Industrial wastewater or liquid wastes may be treated on-site and then released to surface water (direct discharge), or pre-treated and released to publicly owned
treatment works (POTW) (indirect discharge). For consumer uses, such wastes may be released directly to POTW. Drinking water will undergo further treatment
in drinking water treatment plant. Groundwater may also be a source of drinking water. Inhalation from drinking water may occur via showering.

6 Receptors include PESS (see Section 2.5).

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2.7 Analysis Plan

The analysis plan is based on EPA's knowledge of asbestos resulting from the full-text screening of
reasonably available information identified in Section 2.1 and is additionally informed by the
development of Part 1 of the Risk Evaluation for Asbestos, including comments from the public and
peer-review. EPA encourages submission of additional existing information, such as full study reports or
workplace monitoring from industry sources, that may be relevant to EPA's evaluation of conditions of
use, exposures, hazards and PESS during Part 2 of the Risk Evaluation. Targeted supplemental searches
during the analysis phase may be necessary to identify additional reasonably available information (e.g.,
commercial mixtures) for Part 2 of the Risk Evaluation of Asbestos.

2.7.1 Physical and Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate

EPA plans to analyze the physical and chemical properties and environmental fate and transport of
asbestos fibers as follows:

1)	Review reasonably available measured or estimated physical and chemical properties and
environmental fate endpoint data.

EPA plans to evaluate data and information collected through the systematic review process and
public comments about the physical and chemical properties (Appendix B) and fate endpoints
(Appendix C). EPA plans to evaluate all sources cited in EPA's analysis plan according to the
procedures and metrics described in EPA's Draft Systematic Review Protocol Supporting TSCA
Risk Evaluations for Chemical Substances (Docket No. EP A-HQ-OPPT-2021 -0414). Where
experimentally measured values for chemical properties are not reasonably available or of
sufficiently high quality, values will be estimated using chemical parameter estimation models as
appropriate. Model-estimated fate properties will be reviewed for applicability and quality.

2)	Using measured data and/or modeling, determine the influence of physical and chemical
properties and environmental fate endpoints (e.gpersistence, bioaccumulation,
partitioning, transport) on exposure pathways and routes of exposure to human and
environmental receptors.

Measured data and, where necessary, model predictions of physical and chemical properties and
environmental fate endpoints will be used to characterize the persistence and movement of
asbestos within and across environmental media. The fate endpoints of interest include
wastewater treatment removal information, sorption to organic matter in soil and sediments,
suspension and resuspension, atmospheric deposition, particle transport, potential
bioconcentration and bioaccumulation. EPA plans to use these endpoints in exposure
calculations.

3)	Conduct a weight of the scientific evidence evaluation of physical and chemical properties
and environmental fate data, including qualitative and quantitative sources of information.

Using information identified, evaluated, integrated using systematic review methods described in
EPA's Draft Systematic Review Protocol Supporting TSCA Risk Evaluations for Chemical
Substances (Docket No. EP A-HQ-OPPT-2021 -0414), in developing Part 2 of the Risk
Evaluation EPA plans to conduct a weight of the scientific evidence evaluation of physical and
chemical properties and environmental fate data, including qualitative and quantitative sources of
information.

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2.7.2 Exposure

EPA plans to analyze exposure levels for indoor dust, indoor air, ambient air, surface water, drinking
water, groundwater, sediment, soil, biosolids, aquatic biota, and terrestrial biota associated to exposure
to asbestos. Based on their physical and chemical properties, expected sources, and transport and
transformation within the outdoor and indoor environment, asbestos fibers are more likely to be present
in some of these media and less likely to be present in others. EPA has not yet determined the exposure
levels in these media. Exposure level(s) can be characterized using a combination of reasonably
available monitoring data and estimated exposure levels from modeling approaches. Exposure scenarios
are combinations of sources (uses), exposure pathways, and exposed receptors. Draft exposure scenarios
corresponding to various conditions of use for asbestos are presented in Appendix F, Appendix G, and
Appendix H. EPA plans to analyze scenario-specific exposures.

2.7.2.1 Environmental Releases

EPA plans to analyze releases to environmental media as follows:

1) Review reasonably available published literature and other reasonably available
information on processes and activities associated with the conditions of use to analyze the
types of releases and wastes generated.

EPA has reviewed some sources containing information on processes and activities resulting in
releases, and the information found is described in Appendix E. EPA plans to review additional
data sources identified. Potential sources of environmental release data are summarized in Table
2-13.

Table 2-13. Categories and Sources of Environmental Release Data

U.S. EPA TRI Data

EPA Generic Scenarios

OECD Emission Scenario Documents

EU Risk Assessment Reports

EPA 1984 Analysis of Fiber Release from Asbestos Products

2) Review reasonably available chemical-specific release data, including measured or
estimated release data (e.gdata from risk assessments by other environmental agencies).

EPA has reviewed key release data sources including the TRI, and the data from this source is
summarized in Section 2.3.3. EPA plans to evaluate additional reasonably available information
during development of Part 2 of the Risk Evaluation. EPA plans to match identified data to
applicable conditions of use and identify conditions of use for which data are limited. EPA plans
to augment and/or supplement data through the use of models and potential surrogate data where
appropriate.

Additionally, for conditions of use where no measured data on releases are reasonably available,
EPA may use various methods including release estimation approaches and assumptions in the
Chemical Screening Tool for Exposures and Environmental Releases (ChemSTEER) (

2015aY

3) Review reasonably available data that may be used in developing, adapting, or applying
exposure models to the particular risk evaluation.

This item will be performed after completion of #1 and #2, above. EPA plans to evaluate
relevant data to determine whether the data can be used to develop, adapt, or apply models for
specific conditions of use (and corresponding release scenarios). EPA has identified information

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from various EPA statutes and sources (including, for example, regulatory limits, reporting
thresholds or disposal requirements) that may be relevant to release estimation and
environmental exposures. EPA plans to consider relevant regulatory requirements in estimating
releases in development of Part 2 risk evaluation.

4) Review and determine applicability of OECD Emission Scenario Documents (ESDs) and
EPA Generic Scenarios (GSs) to estimation of environmental releases.

EPA will review OECD ESDs and GSs to determine if any are relevant to the asbestos
conditions of use. If relevant ESDs and GSs are not available, other methods may be considered
to estimate environmental releases. EPA may also perform supplemental targeted searches of
peer-reviewed or gray literature for applicable models and associated parameters that EPA may
use to estimate releases for certain conditions of use. Additionally, for conditions of use where
no measured data on releases are reasonably available, EPA may use various methods including
the application of default assumptions.

5) Map or group each condition of use to a release assessment scenario(s).

EPA has completed initial mapping of release scenarios to relevant conditions of use as shown in
Appendix F. EPA plans to refine the mapping/grouping of release scenarios based on factors
(e.g., handling practices and exposure/release sources) corresponding to conditions of use using
reasonably available information. EPA may perform supplemental targeted searches of peer-
reviewed or gray literature to better understand certain conditions of use to further develop these
release scenarios.

6) Evaluate the weight of the scientific evidence of environmental release data.

In development of Part 2 of the Risk Evaluation, EPA plans to evaluate and integrate the
environmental release evidence identified in the literature inventory using revised systematic
review methods described in EPA's Draft Systematic Review Protocol Supporting TSCA Risk
Evaluations for Chemical Substances (Docket No. EP A-HQ-OPPT-2! ). EPA plans to

integrate the data using systematic review methods to assemble the relevant data, evaluate the
data for quality and relevance, including strengths and limitations, followed by synthesis and
integration of the evidence.

2.7.2.2 Environmental Exposures

EPA plans to analyze the following in developing its environmental exposure assessment of asbestos:

1) Review reasonably available environmental and biological monitoring data for all media
relevant to environmental exposure.

For asbestos, environmental media which EPA plans to analyze are sediment, soil, biosolids, air,
drinking water, groundwater, and surface water.

2) Review reasonably available information on releases to determine how modeled estimates
of concentrations near industrial point sources compare with reasonably available
monitoring data.

EPA plans to analyze and consider reasonably available environmental exposure models that
meet the scientific standards under TSCA section 26(h) and that estimate air, surface water,
groundwater, sediment, biosolids, and soil concentrations alongside reasonably available air,
surface water, groundwater, sediment, and soil monitoring data to characterize environmental
exposures. Modeling approaches to estimate air concentrations, surface water concentrations,
sediment concentrations, biosolids concentrations, and soil concentrations may generally include

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the following inputs: direct release into air, groundwater, surface water, sediment, or soil;
indirect release into air, groundwater, surface water, sediment, or soil (i.e., air deposition); fate
and transport (partitioning within media); and characteristics of the environment (e.g., river flow,
volume of lake, meteorological data).

3)	Determine applicability of existing additional contextualizing information for any
monitored data or modeled estimates during risk evaluation.

EPA plans to evaluate any studies which relate levels of asbestos in the environment or biota
with specific sources or groups of sources. EPA plans to review and characterize monitoring data
or modeled estimates to determine how representative they are of ongoing use patterns.

4)	Group each condition(s) of use to environmental assessment scenario(s).

EPA plans to refine and finalize exposure scenarios for environmental receptors by considering
combinations of sources (use descriptors), exposure pathways including routes, and populations
exposed. For asbestos, the following are noteworthy considerations in constructing exposure
scenarios for environmental receptors:

-	Estimates of air/particle concentrations, groundwater concentrations, surface water
concentrations, sediment concentrations and soil concentrations near point sources based
on reasonably available monitoring data;

-	Consider the following modeling inputs - release into the media of interest, fate and
transport and characteristics of the environment;

-	Reasonably available biomonitoring data. Monitoring data could be used to compare with
species or taxa-specific toxicological benchmarks;

-	Applicability of existing additional contextualizing information for any monitored data or
modeled estimates during risk evaluation. Review and characterize the spatial and
temporal variability, to the extent that data are reasonably available, and characterize
exposed aquatic and terrestrial populations; and

-	Weight of the scientific evidence of environmental occurrence data and modeled
estimates.

5)	Evaluate the weight of the scientific evidence of environmental occurrence data and
modeled estimates.

In development of Part 2 of the Risk Evaluation, EPA plans to evaluate and integrate the
exposure evidence identified in the literature inventory using revised systematic review methods
described in EPA's Draft Systematic Review Protocol Supporting TSCA Risk Evaluations for
Chemical Substances (Docket No. EP A-HQ-QPPT-2021 -04141

2.7.2.3 Occupational Exposures

EPA plans to analyze both worker and occupational non-user exposures as follows:

1) Review reasonably available exposure monitoring data for specific condition(s) of use.

EPA plans to review exposure data including workplace monitoring data collected by
government agencies such as OSHA and NIOSH, as well as monitoring data found in published
literature. These workplace monitoring data include personal exposure monitoring data (direct
exposures) and area monitoring data (indirect exposures).

EPA has preliminarily reviewed reasonably available monitoring data collected by NIOSH
(identified in Table 2-7) and will match these data to applicable conditions of use. EPA has also
identified additional data sources that may contain relevant monitoring data for the various

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conditions of use. EPA plans to review these sources (identified in Table 2-14) and extract
relevant data for consideration and analysis in development of Part 2 of the Risk Evaluation.
EPA also plans to consider any relevant, reasonably available information collected pursuant to
the final reporting and recordkeeping requirements for asbestos under TSCA section 8(a)(1) (87
FR 27060, May 6, 2022).

Table 2-14. Potential Sources of Occupational Exposure Data

U.S. NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluation (HHE) Program reports

2001 ATSDR Toxicological Profile for Asbestos

U.S. OSHA Chemical Exposure Health Data (CEHD) program data

EPA 1984 Analysis of Fiber Release from Asbestos Products

2) For conditions of use where data are limited or not reasonably available, review existing
exposure models that may be applicable in estimating exposure levels.

EPA plans to critically review potentially relevant OECD ESDs and EPA GSs to determine their
applicability to the conditions of use assessed. EPA may conduct or perform supplemental
targeted searches of peer-reviewed or gray literature to understand those conditions of use, which
may inform identification of exposure scenarios. EPA may also need to perform targeted
supplemental searches to identify applicable models that EPA may use to estimate exposures for
certain conditions of use.

3) Review reasonably available data that may be used in developing, adapting, or applying
exposure models to a particular risk evaluation scenario.

This step will be performed after #1 and #2 are completed. Based on information developed from
#1 and #2, EPA plans to evaluate relevant data to determine whether the data can be used to
develop, adapt, or apply models for specific conditions of use (and corresponding exposure
scenarios). EPA may use existing, peer-reviewed exposure models developed by EPA, other
government agencies, or reasonably available in the scientific literature, or EPA may elect to
develop additional models to assess specific condition(s) of use. Inhalation exposure models may
be simple box models or two-zone (near-field/far-field) models. In two-zone models, the near-
field exposure represents potential inhalation exposures to workers, and the far-field exposure
represents potential inhalation exposures to ONUs.

4) Consider and incorporate applicable engineering controls and PPE into exposure scenarios.

In Part 2 of the risk evaluation, EPA plans to examine the effects of engineering controls and
PPE on occupational exposures to support any potential risk management required in the event of
an unreasonable risk determination. OSHA recommends employers use the hierarchy of controls
to address hazardous exposures in the workplace. The hierarchy of controls strategy outlines, in
descending order of priority, the use of elimination, substitution, engineering controls,
administrative controls, and lastly PPE. EPA plans to identify the engineering controls and PPE
relevant to occupational exposure scenarios based on reasonably available information on control
technology and effectiveness. Furthermore, to better inform any potential risk management, EPA
plans to assess in the risk evaluation worker exposure pre- and post-implementation of
engineering controls (e.g., local exhaust ventilation) and with and without the use of PPE (e.g.,
respirator) when characterizing risk.

5) Map or group each condition of use to occupational exposure assessment scenario(s).

EPA has identified occupational exposure scenarios and mapped them to relevant conditions of
use (see Appendix F). As presented in the fourth column in Table Apx F-l, EPA has completed

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an initial mapping of exposure scenarios to conditions of use. EPA plans to refine mapping or
grouping of occupational exposure scenarios based on factors (e.g., handling practices or
exposure/release sources) corresponding to conditions of use as additional information is
identified. EPA plans to consider information submitted through public comment and may
perform supplemental targeted searches of peer-reviewed or gray literature to better understand
certain conditions of use to further develop exposure scenarios.

6) Evaluate the weight of the scientific evidence of occupational exposure data, which may
include qualitative and quantitative sources of information.

In development of Part 2 of the risk evaluation, EPA plans to evaluate and integrate the exposure
evidence identified in the literature inventory using revised systematic review methods described
in EPA's Draft Systematic Review Protocol Supporting TSCA Risk Evaluations for Chemical
Substances (Docket No. EP A-HQ-OPPT-2021 -0414). EPA plans to rely on the weight of the
scientific evidence when evaluating and integrating occupational data. EPA plans to integrate the
data using systematic review methods to assemble the relevant data, evaluate the data for quality
and relevance, including strengths and limitations, followed by synthesis and integration of the
evidence.

2.7.2.4 Consumer Exposures

EPA plans to analyze both consumers using a consumer product and bystanders associated with the
consumer using the product as follows:

1) Group each condition of use to consumer exposure assessment scenario(s).

EPA plans to refine and finalize exposure scenarios for consumers by considering combinations
of sources (ongoing consumer uses), exposure pathways including routes, and exposed
populations.

For asbestos, the following are noteworthy considerations in constructing consumer exposure
scenarios:

- Conditions of use and type of consumer product;

- Duration, frequency and magnitude of exposure;

- Weight fraction of chemical in products; and

- Amount of chemical used.

2) Evaluate the relative potential of indoor exposure pathways based on reasonably available
data.

Indoor exposures may include dust ingestion, mouthing of products, inhalation of indoor air and
dust, and dermal contact with dust, articles, and product use. EPA plans to evaluate all
reasonably available information in developing the consumer exposure scenarios and evaluating
the exposure pathways in indoor environments.

3) Review existing indoor exposure models that may be applicable in estimating indoor air
concentrations.

Indoor exposure models that estimate emissions from consumer products are available. These
models generally consider physical and chemical properties (e.g., molecular weight), product
specific properties (e.g., weight fraction of the chemical in the product), use patterns (e.g.,
duration and frequency of use), user environment (e.g., room of use, ventilation rates), and
receptor characteristics (e.g., exposure factors, activity patterns). The OPPT's Consumer

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Exposure Model (CEM) and other similar models can be used to estimate indoor air exposures
from consumer products.

The OPPT's Indoor Environmental Concentrations in Buildings with Conditioned and
Unconditioned Zones (IECCU) model and other similar models can be used to estimate indoor
air and dust exposures from indoor sources.

4) Review reasonably available empirical data that may be used in developing, adapting or
applying exposure models to a particular risk evaluation scenario. For example, existing
models developed for a chemical assessment may be applicable to another chemical
assessment if model parameter data are reasonably available.

To the extent other organizations have already modeled an asbestos consumer exposure scenario
that is relevant to the OPPT's assessment (e.g., ECH.A. 2021; AT SDR. 2001). EPA plans to
evaluate those modeled estimates as well as modeled estimates for any other chemicals similar to
asbestos that have been modeled for similar uses. The underlying parameters and assumptions of
the models will also be evaluated.

5) Review reasonably available consumer product-specific sources to determine how those
exposure estimates compare with each other and with indoor monitoring data reporting
asbestos in specific media (e.gindoor air).

EPA plans to evaluate the availability of asbestos concentration for various ongoing uses. These
data provide the source term for any subsequent indoor modeling. EPA plans to analyze source
attribution between overall indoor air levels and various indoor sources.

6) Review reasonably available population- or subpopulation-specific exposure factors and
activity patterns to determine if PESS need to be further refined.

For asbestos, EPA plans to evaluate exposure scenarios that involve PESS and plans to consider
age-specific behaviors, activity patterns and exposure factors unique to those subpopulations. For
some exposure scenarios related to consumer uses, EPA plans to consider whether exposures for
adults may differ from those of children due to different activities (e.g., children may mouth
certain products) or exposure factors (e.g., inhalation rates).

7) Evaluate the weight of the scientific evidence of consumer exposure estimates based on
different approaches.

EPA plans to rely on the weight of the scientific evidence when evaluating and integrating data
related to consumer exposure. The weight of the scientific evidence may include qualitative and
quantitative sources of information. EPA plans to integrate the data using systematic review
methods to assemble the relevant data, evaluate the data for quality and relevance, including
strengths and limitations, followed by synthesis and integration of the evidence.

2.7.2.5 General Population

EPA plans to analyze general population exposures as follows:

1) Refine and finalize exposure scenarios for general population by considering combinations
of sources and uses, exposure pathways including routes, and exposed populations.

For asbestos, the following are noteworthy considerations in constructing exposure scenarios for
the general population:

- Review reasonably available environmental and biological monitoring data for media to
which general population exposures are expected;

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- For exposure pathways where data are not reasonably available, review existing exposure
models that may be applicable in estimating exposure levels;

- Consider and incorporate applicable media-specific regulations into exposure scenarios
or modeling;

- Review reasonably available data that may be used in developing, adapting, or applying
exposure models to the particular risk evaluation. For example, existing models
developed for a chemical assessment may be applicable to another chemical assessment if
model parameter data are reasonably available;

- Review reasonably available information on releases to determine how modeled
estimates of concentrations near point sources compare with reasonably available
monitoring data;

- Review reasonably available population- or subpopulation-specific exposure factors and
activity patterns to determine if PES S need to be further defined;

- Review reasonably available information that may be used to build take-home exposure
scenarios;

- Evaluate the weight of the scientific evidence of general population exposure data; and

- Map or group each condition of use to general population exposure assessment
scenario(s).

EPA plans to evaluate a variety of data types to determine which types are most appropriate
when quantifying exposure scenarios. Environmental monitoring data, biomonitoring data,
modeled estimates, experimental data, epidemiological data, and survey-based data can all be
used to quantify exposure scenarios. EPA anticipates that there will be a range in the potential
exposures associated with the exposure scenarios identified in Section 2.6.

After refining and finalizing exposure scenarios, EPA plans to quantify concentrations and/or
doses for these scenarios. The number of scenarios will depend on how combinations of uses,
exposure pathways, and receptors are characterized. The number of scenarios is also dependent
upon the reasonably available data and approaches to quantify scenarios. When quantifying
exposure scenarios, EPA plans to use a tiered approach. First-tier analysis is based on data that is
reasonably available without a significant number of additional inputs or assumptions, and may
be qualitative, semi-quantitative, or quantitative. The results of first tier analyses inform whether
scenarios require more refined analysis. Refined analyses will be iterative and require careful
consideration of variability and uncertainty.

2) For exposure pathways where empirical data are not reasonably available, review existing
exposure models that may be applicable in estimating exposure levels.

For asbestos, media where exposure models may be considered for general population exposure
include models that estimate ambient air/particulate concentrations, drinking water
concentrations, surface water concentrations, groundwater concentrations, sediment
concentrations, soil concentrations, and uptake from aquatic and terrestrial environments.

3) Review reasonably available exposure modeled estimates. For example, existing models
developed for a previous asbestos chemical assessment may be applicable to EPA's
assessment. In addition, another chemical's assessment may also be applicable if model
parameter data are reasonably available.

To the extent other organizations have already modeled asbestos general population exposure
scenario that is relevant to this assessment, EPA plans to evaluate those modeled estimates. In
addition, if modeled estimates for other chemicals with similar physical and chemical properties

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and similar uses are reasonably available, EPA plans to evaluate those modeled estimates, along
with their underlying parameters and assumptions.

4) Review reasonably available information on releases to determine how modeled estimates
of concentrations near point sources compare with reasonably available monitoring data.

The expected releases from landfills and waste management facilities are changing over time.
EPA plans to carefully compare any modeled concentrations based on recent release/emission
estimates with reasonably available monitoring data to determine representativeness.

5) Review reasonably available information about population- or subpopulation-specific
exposure factors and activity patterns to determine if PESS need to be further defined (e.g
early life and/or puberty as a potential critical window of exposure).

EPA plans to consider age-specific behaviors, activity patters, and exposure factors unique to
any PESS for exposure scenarios that involve those subpopulations. For example, children will
have different intake rates for soil than adults.

6) Evaluate the weight of the scientific evidence of general population exposure estimates
based on different approaches.

During risk evaluation, EPA plans to evaluate and integrate the exposure evidence identified in
the literature inventory using revised systematic review methods described in EPA's Draft
Systematic Review Protocol Supporting TSCA Risk Evaluations for Chemical Substances
(Docket No. EPA-HQ-QPPT-2021 -04141

2.7.3 Hazards (Effects)

2.7.3.1 Environmental Hazards

For Part 2 of the Risk Evaluation for Asbestos, EPA plans to conduct an environmental hazard
assessment of asbestos as described below. The hazard assessment may be tailored to the results of the
environmental exposure analyses, where the evaluation of hazards could be based on results indicating
exposures to the environment from the relevant COUs.

1) Review reasonably available environmental hazard data, including data from alternative
test methods (e.g., computational toxicology and bioinformatics; high-throughput screening
methods; data on categories and read-across; in vitro studies).

EPA plans to analyze the hazards of asbestos to aquatic and/or terrestrial organisms, including
plants, invertebrates (e.g., insects, arachnids, mollusks, crustaceans), and vertebrates (e.g.,
mammals, birds, amphibians, fish, reptiles) across exposure durations and conditions if potential
environmental hazards are identified through systematic review results and public comments.
EPA also plans to consider additional types of environmental hazard information (e.g., analogue
and read-across data) when characterizing the potential hazards of asbestos to aquatic and/or
terrestrial organisms.

EPA plans to evaluate environmental hazard data using revised evaluation strategies described in
EPA's Draft Systematic Review Protocol Supporting TSCA Risk Evaluations for Chemical
Substances (Docket No. EPA-HQ-OPPT-2021 -0414). The study evaluation results will be
documented in the risk evaluation phase and data from acceptable studies will be extracted and
integrated in the risk evaluation process.

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Mechanistic data may include analyses of alternative test data such as novel in vitro test methods
and high throughput screening. The association between acute and chronic exposure scenarios to
the agent and each health outcome will also be integrated. Study results will be extracted and
presented in evidence tables or another appropriate format by organ/system.

2) Derive hazard thresholds for aquatic and/or terrestrial organisms.

Depending on the robustness of the evaluated data for a particular organism or taxa (e.g., aquatic
invertebrates), environmental hazard values (e.g., ECX, LCX, NOEC, LOEC) may be derived and
used to further understand the hazard characteristics of asbestos to aquatic and/or terrestrial
species. Identified environmental hazard thresholds may be used to derive concentrations of
concern (COC) based on endpoints that may affect populations of organisms or taxa analyzed.

3) Evaluate the weight of the scientific evidence of environmental hazard data.

In development of Part 2 of the risk evaluation, EPA plans to evaluate and integrate the
environmental hazard evidence identified in the literature inventory using revised systematic
review methods described in EPA's Draft Systematic Review Protocol Supporting TSCA Risk
Evaluations for Chemical Substances (Docket No. EP A-HQ-OPPT-21 ).

4) Consider the route(s) of exposure, based on reasonably available monitoring and modeling
data and other reasonably available approaches to integrate exposure and hazard
assessments.

EPA plans to consider aquatic (e.g., water and sediment exposures) and terrestrial pathways in
the asbestos conceptual model (Figure 2-14). These organisms may be exposed to asbestos via a
number of environmental pathways (e.g., air, surface water, sediment, soil, diet).

5) Consider a persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) assessment of asbestos.

EPA plans to consider the persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxic (PBT) potential of asbestos
after reviewing relevant physical and chemical properties and exposure pathways. EPA plans to
assess the reasonably available studies collected from the systematic review process relating to
bioaccumulation and bioconcentration (e.g., BAF, BCF) of asbestos. In addition, EPA plans to
integrate traditional environmental hazard endpoint values (e.g., LCso, LOEC) and exposure
concentrations (e.g., surface water concentrations, tissue concentrations) for asbestos with the
fate parameters (e.g., BAF, BCF, BMF, TMF).

2.7.3.2 Human Health Hazards

EPA plans to analyze human health hazards as follows:

1) Review reasonably available human health hazard data. It is expected that the hazard data
reviewed will be limited to human health studies, given the extensive information available.
If gaps in human health data are identified, animal studies (human health animal models
defined in Table Apx A-l) may be considered.

EPA plans to evaluate human health studies using revised evaluation strategies described in
EPA's Draft Systematic Review Protocol Supporting TSCA Risk Evaluations for Chemical
Substances (Docket No. EP A-HQ-OPPT-2021 -0414). EPA plans to document the study
evaluation results in the risk evaluation phase, to extract data from acceptable studies, and to
integrate those data into the risk evaluation process.

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The association between acute and/or chronic exposure scenarios to the relevant asbestos fibers
and each relevant health outcome will also be integrated. Study results will be extracted and
presented in evidence tables or another appropriate format by organ/system.

2) In evaluating reasonably available data, identify any PESS that may have greater
susceptibility to the chemical's hazard(s) than the general population.

Reasonably available human health hazard data will be evaluated to ascertain whether some
human receptor groups may have greater susceptibility than the general population to asbestos
hazard(s). Susceptibility of particular human receptor groups to asbestos will be determined by
evaluating information on factors that influence susceptibility.

EPA has reviewed some sources containing hazard information associated with PESS such as
children. Childhood is a susceptible lifestages for asbestos exposure given the long latency
between exposure to asbestos and human health effects (e.g., mesothelioma, lung cancer). EPA
may conduct age-specific analyses to account for this.

3) Conduct hazard identification (the qualitative process of identifying non-cancer and cancer
endpoints) and dose-response assessment (the quantitative relationship between hazard
and exposure) for identified human health hazard endpoints.

Human health hazards from acute and chronic exposures will be identified by evaluating the
human and animal data that meet the revised systematic review data quality criteria described in
EPA's Draft Systematic Review Protocol Supporting TSCA Risk Evaluations for Chemical
Substances (Docket No. EPA-HQ-OPPT-2021 -0414). Hazards identified by studies meeting data
quality criteria will be grouped by routes of exposure relevant to humans (e.g., oral, dermal,
inhalation) and by cancer and non-cancer endpoints identified in Section 2.4.2.

Dose-response assessment will be performed in accordance with EPA guidance (

2012. 201 lb. 1994) developing POD for either margins of exposure (MOEs), cancer slope
factors (CSFs), oral slope factors (OSFs), and/or inhalation unit risks (IURs). Dose-response
analyses may be used if the data meet data quality criteria and if additional information on the
identified hazard endpoints are not reasonably available or would not alter the analysis.

If necessary, the cancer mode of action (MO A) analyses will be used to determine the relevancy
of animal data to human risk and how data can be quantitatively evaluated. EPA may evaluate
information on genotoxicity and the MOA for all cancer endpoints to determine the appropriate
approach for quantitative cancer assessment in accordance with the U.S. EPA Guidelines for
Carcinogen Risk Assessment ( ?5a). in the context of the available evidence from

human studies. In accordance with EPA's Supplemental Guidance for Assessing Susceptibility
from Early-life Exposures to Carcinogens ( 1005b), EPA plans to determine whether

age-dependent adjustment factors (ADAFs) are appropriate for asbestos for specific conditions
of use based upon potential exposures to children.

4) Derive points of departure (PODs) where appropriate; conduct benchmark dose modeling
depending on the reasonably available data. Adjust the PODs as appropriate to conform

(ie.gadjust for duration of exposure) to the specific exposure scenarios evaluated.

EPA plans to evaluate hazard data to determine the type of dose-response modeling that is
applicable. Where modeling is feasible, a set of dose-response models that are consistent with a
variety of potentially underlying biological processes will be applied to empirically model the
dose-response relationships in the range of the observed data consistent with EP A's Benchmark

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Dose Technical Guidance Document (U. c. < I1 \ 201 J). Where dose-response modeling is not
feasible, NOAELs or LOAELs will be identified. Non-quantitative data will also be evaluated
for contribution to weight of the scientific evidence or for evaluation of qualitative endpoints that
are not appropriate for dose-response assessment.

EPA plans to evaluate whether the reasonably available PBPK and empirical kinetic models are
adequate for route-to-route and interspecies extrapolation of the POD, or for extrapolation of the
POD to standard exposure durations (e.g., lifetime continuous exposure). If application of the
PBPK model is not possible, oral PODs may be adjusted by BW3 4 scaling in accordance with
( ), and inhalation PODs may be adjusted by exposure duration and chemical

properties in accordance with (U.S. EPA. 1994).

It is anticipated that the exposures resulting from the relevant COUs will be from several types of
asbestos fibers. Thus, EPA does not plan to evaluate hazard for individual fiber types.

5) Evaluate the weight of the scientific evidence of human health hazard data.

In development of Part 2 of the Risk Evaluation, EPA plans to evaluate and integrate the human
health hazard evidence identified in the literature inventory under acute and chronic exposure
conditions using revised systematic review methods described in EPA's Draft Systematic Review
Protocol Supporting TSCA Risk Evaluations for Chemical Substances (Docket No. EPA-HQ-
OPPT-2' ). EPA will reference and build from prior assessments of asbestos (e.g., (U.S.

EPA, 2014), "i v * I - ij), as appropriate.

6) Consider the route(s) of exposure (e.goral, inhalation, dermal), reasonably available
route-to-route extrapolation approaches, biomonitoring data, and approaches to correlate
internal and external exposures to integrate exposure and hazard assessment.

Based on previous assessments of asbestos (e.g., see EPA IRIS) (\ v < < \ 201 i; r S I• >88)
EPA believes there will be sufficient reasonably available data to conduct dose-response analysis
and/or benchmark dose modeling for the inhalation route of exposure. EPA plans to also evaluate
any potential human health hazards following dermal and oral exposure to asbestos, which could
be important for worker, consumer, and general population risk analysis. Reasonably available
data will be assessed to determine whether or not a point of departure can be identified for the
dermal and inhalation routes.

2.7.4 Summary of Risk Approaches for Characterization

EPA plans to conduct a risk estimation and characterization of the asbestos conditions of use in the
scope of Part 2 of the Risk Evaluation to identify if there are risks to the environment or human health.
For environmental risk characterization, EPA plans to identify if there are risks to aquatic and/or
terrestrial environments from the measured and/or predicted concentrations of asbestos in environmental
media (e.g., air, water, sediment, soil). Risk quotients (RQs) may be derived by the application of hazard
and exposure benchmarks to characterize environmental risk (U.S. EPA. 1998; Bamthouse et at.. 1982).
Similarly, for human health risk characterization, EPA plans to integrate exposure estimates from
measured and/or modeled data with hazard data to characterize risk to human health. Analysis of
environmental or human health risk for characterization includes a confidence statement in risk
estimation. This confidence statement is based on qualitative judgment describing the certainty of the
risk estimate considering the strength of the evidence scores for hazard and exposure along with their
limitations and relevance. The lowest confidence evaluation for either hazard or exposure will drive the
overall confidence estimate.

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Risk characterization is an integral component of the risk assessment process for both environmental and
human health risks. EPA plans to derive the risk characterization in accordance with EPA's Risk
Characterization Handbook (	2000b). As defined in EPA's Risk Characterization Policy, "the

risk characterization integrates information from the preceding components of the risk evaluation and
synthesizes an overall conclusion about risk that is complete, informative and useful for decision
makers." Risk characterization is considered to be a conscious and deliberate process to bring all
important considerations about risk, not only the likelihood of the risk but also the strengths and
limitations of the assessment, and a description of how others have assessed the risk into an integrated
picture.

The level of information contained in each risk characterization varies according to the type of
assessment for which the characterization is written. Regardless of the level of complexity or
information, the risk characterization for TSCA risk evaluations will be prepared in a manner that is
transparent, clear, consistent, and reasonable (TCCR) (	2000b) and consistent with the

requirements of the Procedures for Chemical Risk Evaluation Under the Amended Toxic Substances
Control Act (82 FR 33726, July 20, 2017). As discussed in 40 CFR 702.43, risk characterization has a
number of considerations. This is the step where EPA integrates the hazard and exposure assessments
into risk estimates for the identified populations (including any PESS) and ecological characteristics and
weighs the scientific evidence for the identified hazards and exposures. The risk characterization does
not consider costs or other nonOrisk factors, and takes into account, "where relevant, the likely duration,
intensity, frequency, and number of exposures under the condition(s) of use...." The risk
characterization also summarizes the following considerations: (1) uncertainty and variability in each
step of the risk evaluation; (2) data quality, and any applicable assumptions used; (3) alternative
interpretations of data and analyses, where appropriate; and (4) any considerations for environmental
risk evaluations, if necessary (e.g., related to nature and magnitude of effects).

EPA also plans to be guided by EPA's Information Quality Guidelines (	1002) as it provides

guidance for presenting risk information. Consistent with those guidelines, EPA plans to identify the
following in the risk characterization (1) each population addressed by an estimate of applicable risk
effects; (2) the expected risk or central estimate of risk for the PESS affected; (3) each appropriate
upper-bound or lower-bound estimate of risk; (4) each significant uncertainty identified in the process of
the assessment of risk effects and the studies that would assist in resolving the uncertainty; and (5) peer-
reviewed studies known to the Agency that support, are directly relevant to, or fail to support any
estimate of risk effects and the methodology used to reconcile inconsistencies in the scientific
information.

2.8 Peer Review

The draft Risk Evaluation for Asbestos Part 2 will be peer reviewed. Peer review will be conducted in
accordance with EPA's regulatory procedures for chemical risk evaluations, including using EPA's Peer
Review Handbook (	) and other methods consistent with section 26 of TSCA (see 40

CFR 702.45). As explained in the final rule, Procedures for Chemical Risk Evaluation Under the
Amended Toxic Substances Control Act (82 FR 33726, 33744; July 20, 2017), the purpose of peer
review is for the independent review of the science underlying the risk assessment. Peer review will
therefore address aspects of the underlying science as outlined in the charge to the peer review panel
such as hazard assessment, assessment of dose-response, exposure assessment, and risk characterization.

Page 68 of 150

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APPENDICES

Appendix A ABBREVIATED METHODS FOR SEARCHING AND
SCREENING

A.l Literature Search of Publicly Available Databases

A.l.l Special Considerations and Query Strings for Asbestos: Part 2 Literature

The literature strategy for Asbestos Part 2 comprises three pieces: (1) reevaluation of all references used
in Part 1; (2) evaluation of new literature produced by performing a Part I search update; and (3)
evaluation of new literature produced by inclusion of additional asbestos fiber types {i.e., winchite,
richterite, and Libby Amphibole Asbestos [LAA]). These are the search terms compiled for asbestos
used in the search strategies for each of the databases listed below:

Asbestos Search Terms:

"Asbestos" OR "12001-28-4" OR "12001-29-5" OR "12172-67-7" OR "12172-73-5" OR "1332-21-4"
OR ("Asbestos" AND "exposure") OR ("Asbestos" AND ("fiber*" OR "fibre*")) OR "chrysotile" OR
"Asbestos, exposure" OR ("Asbestos" AND "dust") OR "crocidolite" OR "chrysotile asbestos" OR
"tremolite" OR "actinolite" OR ("chrysotile" AND "serpentine") OR "amosite" OR "Crocidolite
asbestos" OR "Asbestos crocidolite" OR "Asbestos, crocidolite" OR "anthophyllite" OR "asbestos,
amphibole" OR "amphibole asbestos" OR "Amosite asbestos" OR "Asbestos dust" OR "Asbestos,
amosite" OR "riebeckite" OR "14567-73-8" OR "grunerite" OR ("Silicates" AND ("tremolite" OR
"asbestiform")) OR "Amiante" OR "blue asbestos" OR "17068-78-9" OR "asbestos, chrysotile" OR
"Man-made mineral fibres" OR "Chrysotile A" OR "Tremolite asbestos" OR "Asbestiform minerals"
OR "Asbest" OR "Asbesto" OR "Asbestose" OR "magnesioriebeckite" OR "Asbestos substitutes" OR
("Asbestos" AND "synthetic fibers") OR "white asbestos" OR "Ascarite" OR "Asbestos, tremolite" OR
"serpentine chrysotile" OR "grunerite asbestos" OR "Brown asbestos" OR "riebeckite asbestos" OR
"Amianthus" OR ("asbestos" AND ("Mountain" AND ("cork" OR "leather" OR "wood"))) OR
("asbestos" AND "MTM") OR "Asbestos, grunerite" OR "Chrysotile A asbestos" OR "Amorphous
crocidolite asbestos" OR "Calidria RG 144" OR "Cassiar AK" OR "Fibrous crocidolite asbestos" OR
"Fibrous grunerite" OR "metaxite" OR "winchite" OR "12425-92-2" OR "richterite" OR "17068-76-7"
OR "Libby amphibole" OR "Libby asbestos" OR "1318-09-8" OR "Hornblendeasbest" OR "77536-66-
4" OR "132207-32-0" OR "77536-68-6" OR "77536-67-5" OR "14567-61-4" OR "12135-86-3" OR
"Antigorite" OR "17787-87-0"

Table Apx A-l. Summary of Data Sources, Search Dates, and Number of Peer-Reviewed
Literature Search Results for Asbestos

Source

Source-Specific Search Strategy

Results

Agricola

Search Date:
9/30/2021

TIAB("Asbestos" OR "12001-28-4" OR "12001-29-5" OR "12172-67-7" OR
"12172-73-5" OR "1332-21-4" OR ("Asbestos" AND "exposure") OR
("Asbestos" AND ("fiber*" OR "fibre*")) OR "chrysotile" OR "Asbestos,
exposure" OR ("Asbestos" AND "dust") OR "crocidolite" OR "chrysotile
asbestos" OR "tremolite" OR "actinolite" OR ("chrysotile" AND "serpentine")
OR "amosite" OR "Crocidolite asbestos" OR "Asbestos crocidolite" OR
"Asbestos, crocidolite" OR "anthophyllite" OR "asbestos, amphibole" OR
"amphibole asbestos" OR "Amosite asbestos" OR "Asbestos dust" OR
"Asbestos, amosite" OR "riebeckite" OR "14567-73-8" OR "grunerite" OR

771

Page 73 of 150

-------
Source

Source-Specific Search Strategy

Results



("Silicates" AND ("tremolite" OR "asbestiform")) OR "Amiante" OR "blue
asbestos" OR "17068-78-9" OR "asbestos, chrysotile" OR "Man-made mineral
fibres" OR "Chrysotile A" OR "Tremolite asbestos" OR "Asbestiform minerals"
OR "Asbest" OR "Asbesto" OR "Asbestose" OR "magnesioriebeckite" OR
"Asbestos substitutes" OR ("Asbestos" AND "synthetic fibers") OR "white
asbestos" OR "Ascarite" OR "Asbestos, tremolite" OR "serpentine chrysotile"
OR "grunerite asbestos" OR "Brown asbestos" OR "riebeckite asbestos" OR
"Amianthus" OR ("asbestos" AND ("Mountain" AND ("cork" OR "leather" OR
"wood"))) OR ("asbestos" AND "MTM") OR "Asbestos, grunerite" OR
"Chrysotile A asbestos" OR "Amorphous crocidolite asbestos" OR "Calidria RG
144" OR "Cassiar AK" OR "Fibrous crocidolite asbestos" OR "Fibrous
grunerite" OR "metaxite" OR "winchite" OR "12425-92-2" OR "richterite" OR
"17068-76-7" OR "Libby amphibole" OR "Libby asbestos" OR "1318-09-8"
OR "Hornblendeasbest" OR "77536-66-4" OR "132207-32-0" OR "77536-68-
6" OR "77536-67-5" OR "14567-61-4" OR "12135-86-3" OR "Antigorite" OR
"17787-87-0")

(Part I Update limited to September 30, 2019 to September 30, 2021)



Current
Contents

Search Date:
9/30/2021

TS=("Asbestos" OR "12001-28-4" OR "12001-29-5" OR "12172-67-7" OR
"12172-73-5" OR "1332-21-4" OR ("Asbestos" AND "exposure") OR
("Asbestos" AND ("fiber*" OR "fibre*")) OR "chrysotile" OR "Asbestos,
exposure" OR ("Asbestos" AND "dust") OR "crocidolite" OR "chrysotile
asbestos" OR "tremolite" OR "actinolite" OR ("chrysotile" AND "serpentine")
OR "amosite" OR "Crocidolite asbestos" OR "Asbestos crocidolite" OR
"Asbestos, crocidolite" OR "anthophyllite" OR "asbestos, amphibole" OR
"amphibole asbestos" OR "Amosite asbestos" OR "Asbestos dust" OR
"Asbestos, amosite" OR "riebeckite" OR "14567-73-8" OR "grunerite" OR
("Silicates" AND ("tremolite" OR "asbestiform")) OR "Amiante" OR "blue
asbestos" OR "17068-78-9" OR "asbestos, chrysotile" OR "Man-made mineral
fibres" OR "Chrysotile A" OR "Tremolite asbestos" OR "Asbestiform minerals"
OR "Asbest" OR "Asbesto" OR "Asbestose" OR "magnesioriebeckite" OR
"Asbestos substitutes" OR ("Asbestos" AND "synthetic fibers") OR "white
asbestos" OR "Ascarite" OR "Asbestos, tremolite" OR "serpentine chrysotile"
OR "grunerite asbestos" OR "Brown asbestos" OR "riebeckite asbestos" OR
"Amianthus" OR ("asbestos" AND ("Mountain" AND ("cork" OR "leather" OR
"wood"))) OR ("asbestos" AND "MTM") OR "Asbestos, grunerite" OR
"Chrysotile A asbestos" OR "Amorphous crocidolite asbestos" OR "Calidria RG
144" OR "Cassiar AK" OR "Fibrous crocidolite asbestos" OR "Fibrous
grunerite" OR "metaxite" OR "winchite" OR "12425-92-2" OR "richterite" OR
"17068-76-7" OR "Libby amphibole" OR "Libby asbestos" OR "1318-09-8"
OR "Hornblendeasbest" OR "77536-66-4" OR "132207-32-0" OR "77536-68-
6" OR "77536-67-5" OR "14567-61-4" OR "12135-86-3" OR "Antigorite" OR
"17787-87-0") AND PY=2019-2021

7,587

ProQuest
Dissertations
& Theses

Search Date:
9/30/2021

TIAB("Asbestos" OR "12001-28-4" OR "12001-29-5" OR "12172-67-7" OR
"12172-73-5" OR "1332-21-4" OR ("Asbestos" AND "exposure") OR
("Asbestos" AND ("fiber*" OR "fibre*")) OR "chrysotile" OR "Asbestos,
exposure" OR ("Asbestos" AND "dust") OR "crocidolite" OR "chrysotile
asbestos" OR "tremolite" OR "actinolite" OR ("chrysotile" AND "serpentine")
OR "amosite" OR "Crocidolite asbestos" OR "Asbestos crocidolite" OR
"Asbestos, crocidolite" OR "anthophyllite" OR "asbestos, amphibole" OR
"amphibole asbestos" OR "Amosite asbestos" OR "Asbestos dust" OR
"Asbestos, amosite" OR "riebeckite" OR "14567-73-8" OR "grunerite" OR

20

Page 74 of 150

-------
Source

Source-Specific Search Strategy

Results



("Silicates" AND ("tremolite" OR "asbestiform")) OR "Amiante" OR "blue
asbestos" OR "17068-78-9" OR "asbestos, chrysotile" OR "Man-made mineral
fibres" OR "Chrysotile A" OR "Tremolite asbestos" OR "Asbestiform minerals"
OR "Asbest" OR "Asbesto" OR "Asbestose" OR "magnesioriebeckite" OR
"Asbestos substitutes" OR ("Asbestos" AND "synthetic fibers") OR "white
asbestos" OR "Ascarite" OR "Asbestos, tremolite" OR "serpentine chrysotile"
OR "grunerite asbestos" OR "Brown asbestos" OR "riebeckite asbestos" OR
"Amianthus" OR ("asbestos" AND ("Mountain" AND ("cork" OR "leather" OR
"wood"))) OR ("asbestos" AND "MTM") OR "Asbestos, grunerite" OR
"Chrysotile A asbestos" OR "Amorphous crocidolite asbestos" OR "Calidria RG
144" OR "Cassiar AK" OR "Fibrous crocidolite asbestos" OR "Fibrous
grunerite" OR "metaxite" OR "winchite" OR "12425-92-2" OR "richterite" OR
"17068-76-7" OR "Libby amphibole" OR "Libby asbestos" OR "1318-09-8"
OR "Hornblendeasbest" OR "77536-66-4" OR "132207-32-0" OR "77536-68-
6" OR "77536-67-5" OR "14567-61-4" OR "12135-86-3" OR "Antigorite" OR
"17787-87-0")

(Part I Update limited to September 30, 2019 to September 30, 2021)



ProQuest
Agricultural
& Scientific
Database

Search Date:
9/30/2021

TIAB("Asbestos" OR "12001-28-4" OR "12001-29-5" OR "12172-67-7" OR
"12172-73-5" OR "1332-21-4" OR ("Asbestos" AND "exposure") OR
("Asbestos" AND ("fiber*" OR "fibre*")) OR "chrysotile" OR "Asbestos,
exposure" OR ("Asbestos" AND "dust") OR "crocidolite" OR "chrysotile
asbestos" OR "tremolite" OR "actinolite" OR ("chrysotile" AND "serpentine")
OR "amosite" OR "Crocidolite asbestos" OR "Asbestos crocidolite" OR
"Asbestos, crocidolite" OR "anthophyllite" OR "asbestos, amphibole" OR
"amphibole asbestos" OR "Amosite asbestos" OR "Asbestos dust" OR
"Asbestos, amosite" OR "riebeckite" OR "14567-73-8" OR "grunerite" OR
("Silicates" AND ("tremolite" OR "asbestiform")) OR "Amiante" OR "blue
asbestos" OR "17068-78-9" OR "asbestos, chrysotile" OR "Man-made mineral
fibres" OR "Chrysotile A" OR "Tremolite asbestos" OR "Asbestiform minerals"
OR "Asbest" OR "Asbesto" OR "Asbestose" OR "magnesioriebeckite" OR
"Asbestos substitutes" OR ("Asbestos" AND "synthetic fibers") OR "white
asbestos" OR "Ascarite" OR "Asbestos, tremolite" OR "serpentine chrysotile"
OR "grunerite asbestos" OR "Brown asbestos" OR "riebeckite asbestos" OR
"Amianthus" OR ("asbestos" AND ("Mountain" AND ("cork" OR "leather" OR
"wood"))) OR ("asbestos" AND "MTM") OR "Asbestos, grunerite" OR
"Chrysotile A asbestos" OR "Amorphous crocidolite asbestos" OR "Calidria RG
144" OR "Cassiar AK" OR "Fibrous crocidolite asbestos" OR "Fibrous
grunerite" OR "metaxite" OR "winchite" OR "12425-92-2" OR "richterite" OR
"17068-76-7" OR "Libby amphibole" OR "Libby asbestos" OR "1318-09-8"
OR "Hornblendeasbest" OR "77536-66-4" OR "132207-32-0" OR "77536-68-
6" OR "77536-67-5" OR "14567-61-4" OR "12135-86-3" OR "Antigorite" OR
"17787-87-0")

(Part I Update limited to September 30, 2019 to September 30, 2021)

14,493

PubMed

Search Date:
9/30/2021

("Asbestos"[tw] OR "12001-28-4"[rn] OR "12001-29-5"[rn] OR "77536-66-
4"[rn] OR "12172-73-5"[rn] OR "1332-21-4"[rn] OR ("Asbestos"[tw] OR
"12001-28-4"[rn] OR "12001-29-5"[rn] OR "12172-67-7"[rn] OR "12172-73-
5"[rn] OR "1332-21-4"[rn] OR ("Asbestos"[tw] AND "exposure"[tw]) OR
("Asbestos"[tw] AND ("fiber*"[tw] OR "fibre*"[tw])) OR "chrysotile"[tw] OR
"Asbestos, exposure"[tw] OR ("Asbestos"[tw] AND "dust"[tw]) OR
"crocidolite"[tw] OR "chrysotile asbestos"[tw] OR "tremolite"[tw] OR
"actinolite"[tw] OR ("chrysotile"[tw] AND "serpentine"[tw]) OR "amosite"[tw]

14,291

Page 75 of 150

-------
Source

Source-Specific Search Strategy

Results



OR "Crocidolite asbestos"[tw] OR "Asbestos crocidolite"[tw] OR "Asbestos,
crocidolite"[tw] OR "anthophyllite"[tw] OR "asbestos, amphibole"[tw] OR
"amphibole asbestos"[tw] OR "Amosite asbestos"[tw] OR "Asbestos dust"[tw]
OR "Asbestos, amosite"[tw] OR "riebeckite"[tw] OR "14567-73-8"[rn] OR
"grunerite"[tw] OR ("Silicates"[tw] AND ("tremolite"[tw] OR
"asbestiform"[tw])) OR "Amiante"[tw] OR "blue asbestos"[tw] OR "17068-78-
9"[rn] OR "asbestos, chrysotile"[tw] OR "Man-made mineral fibres"[tw] OR
"Chrysotile A"[tw] OR "Tremolite asbestos"[tw] OR "Asbestiform
minerals"[tw] OR "Asbest"[tw] OR "Asbesto"[tw] OR "Asbestose"[tw] OR
"magnesioriebeckite"[tw] OR "Asbestos substitutes"[tw] OR ("Asbestos"[tw]
AND "synthetic fibers"[tw]) OR "white asbestos"[tw] OR "Ascarite"[tw] OR
"Asbestos, tremolite"[tw] OR "serpentine chrysotile"[tw] OR "grunerite
asbestos"[tw] OR "Brown asbestos"[tw] OR "riebeckite asbestos"[tw] OR
"Amianthus"[tw] OR ("asbestos"[tw] AND ("Mountain"[tw] AND ("cork"[tw]
OR "leather"[tw] OR "wood"[tw]))) OR ("asbestos"[tw] AND "MTM"[tw]) OR
"Asbestos, grunerite"[tw] OR "Chrysotile A asbestos"[tw] OR "Amorphous
crocidolite asbestos"[tw] OR "Calidria RG 144"[tw] OR "Cassiar AK"[tw] OR
"Fibrous crocidolite asbestos"[tw] OR "Fibrous grunerite "[tw] OR
"metaxite"[tw] OR "winchite"[tw] OR "12425-92-2"[rn] OR "richterite"[tw]
OR "17068-76-7"[rn] OR"Libby amphibole "[tw] OR "Libby asbestos"[tw] OR
"1318-09-8"[rn] OR "Hornblendeasbest"[tw] OR "Amphibole"[tw] OR
"Amphybole"[tw] OR "14567-61-4"[rn] OR "12135-86-3"[rn] OR
"Antigorite"[tw] OR "17787-87-0"[rn] OR "77536-66-4"[rn] OR "132207-32-
0"[rn] OR "77536-68-6"[rn] OR "77536-67-5"[rn]) AND (2019/09/30 :
2021/09/30 [dp])



Scopus

Search Date:
9/30/2021

TITLE-ABS({Asbestos} OR {12001-28-4} OR {12001-29-5} OR {12172-67-
7} OR {12172-73-5} OR {1332-21-4} OR ({Asbestos} AND {exposure}) OR
({Asbestos} AND ({fiber*} OR {fibre*})) OR {chrysotile} OR {Asbestos,
exposure} OR ({Asbestos} AND {dust}) OR {crocidolite} OR {chrysotile
asbestos} OR {tremolite} OR {actinolite} OR ({chrysotile} AND {serpentine})
OR {amosite} OR {Crocidolite asbestos} OR {Asbestos crocidolite} OR
{Asbestos, crocidolite} OR {anthophyllite} OR {asbestos, amphibole} OR
{amphibole asbestos} OR {Amosite asbestos} OR {Asbestos dust} OR
{Asbestos, amosite} OR {riebeckite} OR {14567-73-8} OR {grunerite} OR
({Silicates} AND ({tremolite} OR {asbestiform})) OR {Amiante} OR {blue
asbestos} OR {17068-78-9} OR {asbestos, chrysotile} OR {Man-made mineral
fibres} OR {Chrysotile A} OR {Tremolite asbestos} OR {Asbestiform
minerals} OR {Asbest} OR {Asbesto} OR {Asbestose} OR
{magnesioriebeckite} OR {Asbestos substitutes} OR ({Asbestos} AND
{synthetic fibers}) OR {white asbestos} OR {Ascarite} OR {Asbestos,
tremolite} OR {serpentine chrysotile} OR {grunerite asbestos} OR {Brown
asbestos} OR {riebeckite asbestos} OR {Amianthus} OR ({asbestos} AND
({Mountain} AND ({cork} OR {leather} OR {wood}))) OR ({asbestos} AND
{MTM}) OR {Asbestos, grunerite} OR {Chrysotile A asbestos} OR
{Amorphous crocidolite asbestos} OR {Calidria RG 144} OR {Cassiar AK} OR
{Fibrous crocidolite asbestos} OR {Fibrous grunerite} OR {metaxite} OR
{winchite} OR {12425-92-2} OR {richterite} OR {17068-76-7} OR {Libby
amphibole} OR {Libby asbestos} OR {1318-09-8} OR {Hornblendeasbest} OR
{77536-66-4} OR {132207-32-0} OR {77536-68-6} OR {77536-67-5} OR
{14567-61-4} OR {12135-86-3} OR {Antigorite} OR {17787-87-0}) AND

16,892

Page 76 of 150

-------
Source

Source-Specific Search Strategy

Results



(LIMIT-TO (PUBYEAR,2021) OR LIMIT-TO (PUBYEAR,2020) OR LIMIT-
TO (PUBYEAR,2019)) AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE,"English"))



ToxLine

Search Date:
9/30/2021

tox [subset] AND ("Asbestos"[tw] OR "12001-28-4"[rn] OR "12001-29-5"[rn]
OR "77536-66-4"[rn] OR "12172-73-5"[rn] OR "1332-21-4"[rn] OR
("Asbestos"[tw] OR "12001-28-4"[rn] OR "12001-29-5"[rn] OR "12172-67-
7"[rn] OR "12172-73-5"[rn] OR "1332-21-4"[rn] OR ("Asbestos"[tw] AND
"exposure"[tw]) OR ("Asbestos"[tw] AND ("fiber*"[tw] OR "fibre*"[tw])) OR
"chrysotile"[tw] OR "Asbestos, exposure"[tw] OR ("Asbestos"[tw] AND
"dust"[tw]) OR "crocidolite"[tw] OR "chrysotile asbestos"[tw] OR
"tremolite"[tw] OR "actinolite"[tw] OR ("chrysotile"[tw] AND
"serpentine"[tw]) OR "amosite"[tw] OR "Crocidolite asbestos"[tw] OR
"Asbestos crocidolite" [tw] OR "Asbestos, crocidolite "[tw] OR
"anthophyllite"[tw] OR "asbestos, amphibole"[tw] OR "amphibole
asbestos"[tw] OR "Amosite asbestos"[tw] OR "Asbestos dust"[tw] OR
"Asbestos, amosite"[tw] OR "riebeckite"[tw] OR "14567-73-8"[rn] OR
"grunerite"[tw] OR ("Silicates"[tw] AND ("tremolite"[tw] OR
"asbestiform"[tw])) OR "Amiante"[tw] OR "blue asbestos"[tw] OR "17068-78-
9"[rn] OR "asbestos, chrysotile"[tw] OR "Man-made mineral fibres"[tw] OR
"Chrysotile A"[tw] OR "Tremolite asbestos"[tw] OR "Asbestiform
minerals"[tw] OR "Asbest"[tw] OR "Asbesto"[tw] OR "Asbestose"[tw] OR
"magnesioriebeckite"[tw] OR "Asbestos substitutes"[tw] OR ("Asbestos"[tw]
AND "synthetic fibers"[tw]) OR "white asbestos"[tw] OR "Ascarite"[tw] OR
"Asbestos, tremolite" [tw] OR "serpentine chrysotile "[tw] OR "grunerite
asbestos"[tw] OR "Brown asbestos"[tw] OR "riebeckite asbestos"[tw] OR
"Amianthus"[tw] OR ("asbestos"[tw] AND ("Mountain"[tw] AND ("cork"[tw]
OR "leather"[tw] OR "wood"[tw]))) OR ("asbestos"[tw] AND "MTM"[tw]) OR
"Asbestos, grunerite"[tw] OR "Chrysotile A asbestos"[tw] OR "Amorphous
crocidolite asbestos"[tw] OR "Calidria RG 144"[tw] OR "Cassiar AK"[tw] OR
"Fibrous crocidolite asbestos"[tw] OR "Fibrous grunerite"[tw] OR
"metaxite"[tw] OR "winchite"[tw] OR "12425-92-2"[rn] OR "richterite"[tw]
OR "17068-76-7"[rn] OR "Libby amphibole"[tw] OR "Libby asbestos"[tw] OR
"1318-09-8"[rn] OR "Hornblendeasbest"[tw] OR "Amphibole"[tw] OR
"Amphybole"[tw] OR "14567-61-4"[rn] OR "12135-86-3"[rn] OR
"Antigorite"[tw] OR "17787-87-0"[rn] OR "77536-66-4"[rn] OR "132207-32-
0"[rn] OR "77536-68-6"[rn] OR "77536-67-5"[rn]) AND (2019/09/30 :
2021/09/30 [dp])

TIAB("Asbestos" OR "12001-28-4" OR "12001-29-5" OR "12172-67-7" OR
"12172-73-5" OR "1332-21-4" OR ("Asbestos" AND "exposure") OR
("Asbestos" AND ("fiber*" OR "fibre*")) OR "chrysotile" OR "Asbestos,
exposure" OR ("Asbestos" AND "dust") OR "crocidolite" OR "chrysotile
asbestos" OR "tremolite" OR "actinolite" OR ("chrysotile" AND "serpentine")
OR "amosite" OR "Crocidolite asbestos" OR "Asbestos crocidolite" OR
"Asbestos, crocidolite" OR "anthophyllite" OR "asbestos, amphibole" OR
"amphibole asbestos" OR "Amosite asbestos" OR "Asbestos dust" OR
"Asbestos, amosite" OR "riebeckite" OR "14567-73-8" OR "grunerite" OR
("Silicates" AND ("tremolite" OR "asbestiform")) OR "Amiante" OR "blue
asbestos" OR "17068-78-9" OR "asbestos, chrysotile" OR "Man-made mineral
fibres" OR "Chrysotile A" OR "Tremolite asbestos" OR "Asbestiform minerals"
OR "Asbest" OR "Asbesto" OR "Asbestose" OR "magnesioriebeckite" OR
"Asbestos substitutes" OR ("Asbestos" AND "synthetic fibers") OR "white

12,289

Page 77 of 150

-------
Source

Source-Specific Search Strategy

Results



asbestos" OR "Ascarite" OR "Asbestos, tremolite" OR "serpentine chrysotile"
OR "grunerite asbestos" OR "Brown asbestos" OR "riebeckite asbestos" OR
"Amianthus" OR ("asbestos" AND ("Mountain" AND ("cork" OR "leather" OR
"wood"))) OR ("asbestos" AND "MTM") OR "Asbestos, grunerite" OR
"Chrysotile A asbestos" OR "Amorphous crocidolite asbestos" OR "Calidria RG
144" OR "Cassiar AK" OR "Fibrous crocidolite asbestos" OR "Fibrous
grunerite" OR "metaxite" OR "winchite" OR "12425-92-2" OR "richterite" OR
"17068-76-7" OR "Libby amphibole" OR "Libby asbestos" OR "1318-09-8"
OR "Hornblendeasbest" OR "77536-66-4" OR "132207-32-0" OR "77536-68-
6" OR "77536-67-5" OR "14567-61-4" OR "12135-86-3" OR "Antigorite" OR
"17787-87-0")

(Part I Update limited to September 30, 2019 to September 30, 2021)



WoS

Search Date:
9/30/2021

TS=("Asbestos" OR "12001-28-4" OR "12001-29-5" OR "12172-67-7" OR
"12172-73-5" OR "1332-21-4" OR ("Asbestos" AND "exposure") OR
("Asbestos" AND ("fiber*" OR "fibre*")) OR "chrysotile" OR "Asbestos,
exposure" OR ("Asbestos" AND "dust") OR "crocidolite" OR "chrysotile
asbestos" OR "tremolite" OR "actinolite" OR ("chrysotile" AND "serpentine")
OR "amosite" OR "Crocidolite asbestos" OR "Asbestos crocidolite" OR
"Asbestos, crocidolite" OR "anthophyllite" OR "asbestos, amphibole" OR
"amphibole asbestos" OR "Amosite asbestos" OR "Asbestos dust" OR
"Asbestos, amosite" OR "riebeckite" OR "14567-73-8" OR "grunerite" OR
("Silicates" AND ("tremolite" OR "asbestiform")) OR "Amiante" OR "blue
asbestos" OR "17068-78-9" OR "asbestos, chrysotile" OR "Man-made mineral
fibres" OR "Chrysotile A" OR "Tremolite asbestos" OR "Asbestiform minerals"
OR "Asbest" OR "Asbesto" OR "Asbestose" OR "magnesioriebeckite" OR
"Asbestos substitutes" OR ("Asbestos" AND "synthetic fibers") OR "white
asbestos" OR "Ascarite" OR "Asbestos, tremolite" OR "serpentine chrysotile"
OR "grunerite asbestos" OR "Brown asbestos" OR "riebeckite asbestos" OR
"Amianthus" OR ("asbestos" AND ("Mountain" AND ("cork" OR "leather" OR
"wood"))) OR ("asbestos" AND "MTM") OR "Asbestos, grunerite" OR
"Chrysotile A asbestos" OR "Amorphous crocidolite asbestos" OR "Calidria RG
144" OR "Cassiar AK" OR "Fibrous crocidolite asbestos" OR "Fibrous
grunerite" OR "metaxite" OR "winchite" OR "12425-92-2" OR "richterite" OR
"17068-76-7" OR "Libby amphibole" OR "Libby asbestos" OR "1318-09-8"
OR "Hornblendeasbest" OR "77536-66-4" OR "132207-32-0" OR "77536-68-
6" OR "77536-67-5" OR "14567-61-4" OR "12135-86-3" OR "Antigorite" OR
"17787-87-0") AND PY=2019-2021

40,781

Tot:il

Represents totals across all databases and strategies alter deduplicalion

54.431

A.1.2 Search Term Genesis and Chemical Verification

To develop the chemical terms for the subsequent literature search for asbestos, several online sources
were queried. From these sources, all validated chemical names, synonyms, CAS number(s), and trade
names are documented and used to generate terms for the database searches. Prior to inclusion in the
search string, all search terms are subjected to verification from multiple potential sources (e.g.,
CompTox Chemicals Dashboard, PubMed), including

•	Chem Spider

•	ChemlDpfa

•	FDA. Substance Registration System

•	European Chemicals Agency (ECHA)

Page 78 of 150

-------
• CompTox Chemicals Dashboard

• Pesticide Info Database

• Pesticide Properties DataBase (PPDB)

• OPP Pesticide Chemical Search

A. 1.3 Publicly Available Database Searches

The databases listed below were searched for literature containing the chemical search terms. Initial
database searching occurred during April and May of 2019 by an information specialist and the results
were stored in the Health and Environmental Research Online (HERO) database and assigned a HERO
reference identification number.8 The present literature search focused only on the chemical identifiers
(e.g., names, CASRNs, synonyms and trade names) with no additional limits. Full details of the search
strategy for each database are presented in Appendix A. 1.1.

After initial deduplication in HERO,9 these studies were imported into SWIFT Review software
(Hovuii! at., ) to identify those references most likely to be applicable to each discipline area
(i.e., consumer, environmental, and general population exposure; occupational exposure and
environmental releases; environmental hazards; human health hazards; and fate and physical chemistry).

A.l.3.1 Data Prioritization for Environmental Hazard, Human Health Hazard, Fate,
and Physical Chemistry

In brief, SWIFT Review has pre-set literature search strategies ("filters") developed by information
specialists that can be applied to identify studies that are more likely to be useful for identifying human
health and ecotoxicity content from those that likely do not (e.g., analytical methods). The filters
function like a typical search strategy where studies are tagged as belonging to a certain filter if the
terms in the filter literature search strategy appear in title, abstract, keyword or medical subject headings
(MeSH) fields content. The applied SWIFT Review filters focused on lines of evidence: human, animal
models for human health, ecological taxa (which includes ecotoxicological animal models, plants, and
other taxa), and in vitro studies. The details of the search strategies that underlie the filters are available
online. Studies not retrieved using these filters were not considered further. Studies that included one or
more of the search terms in the title, abstract, keyword, or MeSH fields were exported as a RIS file for
screening in SWIFT-ActiveScreener or DistillerSR.10

A.l.3.2 Data Prioritization for Occupational Exposures and Environmental Releases
and Gen Pop, Consumer, and Environmental Exposures

To prioritize references related to occupational exposure, environmental release, general population
exposure, consumer exposure, and environmental exposure, EPA used positive and negative seed studies
to build a classification model in SWIFT Review. The positive seeds were identified using relevant
literature pool for the first ten TSCA risk evaluations, while the negative seeds were identified from a
subset of literature for the current high-priority substances. The model was then applied to the
unclassified literature to generate a classification score for each reference. Scores above a certain
threshold value were then prioritized for further review in SWIFT-ActiveScreener.

8 EPA's HERO database provides access to the scientific literature behind EPA science assessments. The database includes
more than 600,000 scientific references and data from the peer-reviewed literature used by EPA to develop its regulations.

9 Deduplication in HERO involves first determining whether a matching unique ID exists (e.g., PMID, WOSid, or DOI). If
one matches one that already exists in HERO, HERO will tag the existing reference instead of adding the reference again.
Second, HERO checks if the same journal, volume, issue, and page number are already in HERO. Third, HERO matches on
the title, year, and first author. Title comparisons ignore punctuation and case.

10 DistillerSR is a web-based systematic review software used to screen studies.

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-------
A.2 Peer-Reviewed Screening Process

The studies identified from publicly available database searches and SWIFT-Review
filtering/prioritization were housed in the HERO system and imported into SWIFT-ActiveScreener or
DistillerSR for title/abstract and full-text screening. Both title/abstract and full-text screening were
conducted by two independent reviewers. Screening is initiated with a pilot phase of screening (between
10 and 50) studies to identify areas where clarification in screening criteria might be needed or
chemical-specific supplemental material tags might be identified. Records that met PECO (or equivalent
criteria (Appendix A.2.1) during title and abstract screening were considered for full-text screening. At
both the title/abstract and full-text review levels, screening conflicts were resolved by topic-specific
experts and/or discussion among the primary screeners. For citations with no abstract, the articles are
initially screened based on all or some of the following: title relevance (titles that suggest a record is not
relevant can be excluded rather than marked as unclear), and page numbers (articles two pages in length
or less were assumed to be conference reports, editorials, or letters). During title/abstract or full-text
level screening in DistillerSR, studies that did not meet the PECO criteria, but which could provide
supporting information were categorized (or "tagged") as supplemental information.

It is important to emphasize that being tagged as supplemental material does not mean the study would
necessarily be excluded from consideration in an assessment. The initial screening level distinctions
between a study meeting the PECO criteria and a supplemental study are often made for practical
reasons and the tagging structures (as seen in the literature inventory trees and heat maps in Section 2.1
of this document) are designed to ensure the supplemental studies are categorized for easy retrieval if
needed while conducting the assessment. The impact on the assessment conclusions of individual studies
tagged as supporting material is often difficult to assess during the screening phase of the assessment.
These studies may emerge as being critically important to the assessment and need to be evaluated and
summarized at the individual study level (e.g., cancer MOA mechanistic or non-English-language
studies), or be helpful to provide context (e.g., summarize current levels of exposure, provide hazard
evidence from routes or durations of exposure not pertinent to the PECO), or not be cited at all in the
assessment (e.g., individual studies that contribute to a well-established scientific conclusion). Studies
maybe be tagged as supplemental material during either title and abstract or full-text screening. When
tagged as supplemental material during title and abstract screening, it may not be completely clear
whether the chemical of interest is reported in the study (i.e., abstracts may not describe all chemicals
investigated). In these cases, studies are still tagged with the expectation that if full-text retrieval is
pursued, then additional screening would be needed to clarify if the study is pertinent.

A.2.1 Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria

A PECO statement is typically used to focus the research question(s), search terms, and
inclusion/exclusion criteria in a systematic review. PECO criteria were developed a priori to screening
and modified to fit the various discipline areas supporting the TSCA risk evaluations. Variations include
the RESO (receptor, exposure, scenario/setting, and outcome) used for the occupational exposure and
environmental releases discipline and PESO (pathways/processes, exposures, setting/scenario, and
outcomes) used by the fate and transport discipline. All PECOs and PECO-equivalent criteria can be
found in the following sections.

A.2.1.1 PECO for Environmental and Human Health Hazards

The PECO used in this evidence map to identify literature pertinent to asbestos effects on human health
and environmental hazard is presented in TableApx A-l. In addition to the PECO criteria, studies
containing potentially relevant supplemental material were tracked and categorized during the literature
screening process as outlined in Table Apx A-2.

Page 80 of 150

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Table Apx A-l. Hazards Title and Abstract and Full-Text PECO Criteria for Asbestos Part 2

PECO Element

Evidence

Population

Human: Any population and lifestage (e.g., occupational or general population,
including children and other sensitive populations).

Animal: Aquatic and terrestrial species (live, whole organism) from any lifestage (e.g.,
preconception, inutero, lactation, peripubertal, and adult stages). Animal models will be
inventoried according to the categorization below:

•	Ecotoxicoloaical models: invertebrates (e.s., insects, spiders, crustaceans,
mollusks, and worms) and vertebrates (e.g., mammals and all amphibians, birds,
fish, and reptiles).

Plants: All aquatic and terrestrial species (live), including algal, moss, lichen and fungi
species.

Screener notes:

•	All non-human animal (e.g., rodents, rabbits, hens, amphibians, fish, insects) and
plant models listed above are relevant as an ecotoxicological model.

•	PECO considerations should be directed toward effects on target species only and
not on the indirect effects expressed in taxa as a result of chemical treatment (e.g.,
substance is lethal to a targeted pest species leading to positive effects on plant
growth due to diminished presence of the targeted pest species).

•	Tests of single toxicants in in vitro and ex vivo systems or on gametes, embryos,
or plant or fungal sections capable of forming whole, new organisms will be
tagged as potentially supplemental (mechanistic studies). Bacteria and yeast
studies specific for assessing genotoxicity or mutagenicity (e.g., Ames assay) will
also be tagged as potentially supplemental (mechanistic studies) but are otherwise
excluded. Studies on viruses are excluded.

Exposure

Relevant forms:

Asbestos, as defined by the following fiber types (or combinations of fiber types):

•	asbestos: 1332-21-4

•	chrysotile (serpentine): 12001-29-5

•	crocidolite (riebeckite): 12001-28-4

•	amosite (grunerite): 12172-73-5

•	anthophyllite: 77536-67-5

•	tremolite: 77536-68-6

•	actinolite: 77536-66-4

•	winchite: 12425-92-2

•	richterite: 17068-76-7

•	Libby amphibole: 1318-09-8

•	Exposure reported as PCM or TEM (including conversion factors for dust)

•	Talc (or Magnesium silicate) contaminated with asbestos

For svnonvms see and a list of validated svnonvms on the EPA Chemistry Dashboard.

Human: Any exposure to one or more of the 9 asbestos fiber types listed, singularly or
in combination, that meets the following conditions:

•	Exposure based on measured or estimated concentrations of asbestos

Page 81 of 150

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PECO Element

Evidence



•	May be combined with estimates of duration of exposure, such as exposure
biomonitoring data (e.g., lung tissue specimens), environmental or occupational-
setting monitoring data (e.g., ambient air levels), job title or residence.

•	Quantitative measures or estimates of exposure onlv

•	For categorical exposures, a minimum of 2 exposure groups (referent group + 1)

Eco Animal: Anv oral exposure to one or more of the asbestos fiber tvoes. reaardless of
the exposure media (e.g., water, diet, soil, sediment), singularly or in combination. All
other exposure pathways (e.g., dermal, inhalation, injection) should be tagged as
excluded (please select the correct supplemental tag: apical/mechanistic and the non-oral
exposure pathway). For organism exposures to asbestos or PECO-relevant asbestos
fibers where oral exposures cannot be discerned from other exposure pathways that
are more characteristic of mammalian and avian studies, please select include (e.g.,
fish or invertebrates exposed to asbestos in surface water, sediment, and/or soil.
Plants: Any exposure to one or more of the 9 asbestos fiber types, regardless of the
exposure media (e.g., water, soil, sediment), singularly or mixed
Plants: Any exposure to one or more of the 9 asbestos fiber types, regardless of the
exposure media (e.g., water, soil, sediment), singularly or in combination

Screener notes:

•	Field studies with media concentrations (e.g., surface water, interstitial water, soil,
sediment) and/or body/tissue concentrations of animals or plants are to be
identified as Supplemental if anv biological effects are reported.

•	Controlled outdoor experimental studies (e.g., controlled crop/greenhouse studies,
mesocosm studies, artificial stream studies) are considered to be laboratory
studies (not field studies) because there is a known and prescribed exposure
dose(s) and an evaluation of hazardous effect(s). Whereas field studies (e.g.,
biomonitoring) where there is no prescribed exposure dose(s) will be excluded if
there is no evaluated hazardous effect, and taaaed as Supplemental field, if there
is an evaluated hazardous effect.

•	Papers reporting exposure to "asbestos" generally and not specific fiber type of
asbestos will be included for further consideration.

Comparator

Human: the source meets either of the following conditions:

•	Contains a comparison or referent population exposed to lower levels (or no
exposure/exposure below detection limits) of asbestos, and other relevant forms
listed above.

Eco Animal and Plants: A concurrent control group exposed to vehicle-only treatment
and/or untreated control (control could be a baseline measurement).

Screener note:

•	If no control group is explicitly stated or implied (e.g., by mention of statistical
results that could only be obtained if a control group was present), the study will
be marked as Unclear during Title/Abstract Screening.

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PECO Element

Evidence

Outcomes

Human: Health outcomes including lung cancer, mesothelioma, laryngeal cancer, and
ovarian cancer and all non-cancer at the system level (e.g., immune, cardiovascular,
respiratory) or higher.

Eco Animal and Plants: All apical biological effects (effects measured at the organ level
or higher) and bioaccumulation from laboratory studies with concurrently measured
media and/or tissue concentrations. Apical endpoints include but are not limited to
reproduction, survival, and growth.

Screener notes:

• Measurable biological effects relevant for humans, animals and plants may
include but are not limited to: mortality, behavioral, population, physiological,
growth, reproduction, systemic, point of contact (irritation and sensitization)
effects.

• Effects measured at the cellular level of biological organization and below are to
be tagged as supplemental, mechanistic. However, if there are apical and
mechanistic endpoints, the study will be marked as Yes- PECO
relevant/include.

Table Apx A-2. Major Categories of "Potentially Relevant" Supplemental Materials for Asbestos

Category

Evidence

Mechanistic studies

All studies that report results at the cellular level and lower in both mammalian and
non-mammalian model systems, including in vitro, in vivo, ex vivo, and in silico
studies. These studies include assays for genotoxicity or mutagenicity using bacteria
or yeast.

ADME, PBPK, and
toxicokinetic

Studies designed to capture information regarding absorption, distribution,
metabolism, and excretion (ADME), toxicokinetic studies, or physiologically based
pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models.

Case reports or case
series

Case reports (n < 3 cases) and case series (non-occupational) will be tracked as
potentially relevant supplemental information.

Susceptible
populations (no
health outcome)

Studies that identify potentially susceptible subgroups; for example, studies that
focus on a specific demographic, lifestage, or genotype. This tag applies primarily
during full text screening.

Screener note: if bioloaical susceptibilitv issues are clearlv present or strongly
implied in the title/abstract, this supplemental tag may be applied at the title abstract
level. If uncertain at title/abstract, do not apply this tag to the reference during
title/abstract screening.

Mixture studies

Experimental mixture studies that are not considered PECO-relevant because they
do not contain an exposure or treatment group assessing only the chemical of
interest. Human health animal model and eco animal model/plant will be tagged
separately for mixture studies.

Non-English records

Non-English records will be tracked as potentially relevant supplemental
information.

Page 83 of 150

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Category

Evidence

Records with no
original data

Records that do not contain original data, such as other agency assessments,
informative scientific literature reviews, editorials, or commentaries.

Conference abstracts

Records that do not contain sufficient documentation to support study evaluation
and data extraction.

Field studies

Field studies with media concentrations (e.g., surface water, interstitial water, soil,
sediment) and/or body/tissue concentrations of animals or plants if biological effects
reported

Studies that
investigate talc or
magnesium silicate

Studies with measured hazard endpoints (apical or mechanistic) where the exposure
is to talc or magnesium silicate as defined below should be tagged as supplemental:

•	Talc: 14807-96-6, 35592-05-3, talcum, agalite, antimyst, asbestine,
trimagnesium, soapstone, steatite, french chalk

•	Magnesium silicate: 1343-88-0, magnesium silicate, magnesium
oxosilanediolate, Silicic acid, magnesium salt, Florisil, magnesium
silandiolate

However, please exclude synthetic magnesium silicate (lab-synthesized and thus,
not asbestos-relevant) or synthetic magnesium silicate-products.

A.2.1.2 PECO for Consumer, Environmental, and General Population Exposures

Table Apx A-3. Generic Inclusion Criteria for the Data Sources Reporting Exposure Data on
General Population, Consumers, and Environmental Receptors	

PECO Element

Evidence

Population

Human: General population; consumers; bystanders in the home; near-facility
populations (includes industrial and commercial facilities processing/handling during
disposal or using product containing the chemical substance); children; susceptible
populations (life stages, preexisting conditions, genetic factors, pregnant women,
lactating women, women of child-bearing age). Many human population groups may
be exposed. No chemical-specific exclusions are suggested at this time.

Environmental: Aquatic species, terrestrial species, terrestrial plants, aquatic plants
(field studies only)

Exposure

Expected Primary Exposure Sources, Pathways, Routes:

Pathways: Indoor air; indoor dust; particles; fibers; outdoor/ambient air; surface water;
biosolids; sediment; consumer product uses in the home (including consumer product
containing chemical)

Routes of Exposure: Inhalation, Oral, Dermal

Comparator
(Scenario)

Human: Consider media-specific background exposure scenarios and use/source
specific exposure scenarios as well as which receptors are and are not reasonably
exposed across the projected exposure scenarios.

Environmental: Consider media-specific background exposure scenarios and
use/source specific exposure scenarios as well as which receptors are and are not
reasonably exposed across the projected exposure scenarios.

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PECO Element

Evidence

Outcomes for
Exposure
Concentration or
Dose

Human: Acute, subchronic, chronic, and/or Indoor or outdoor air concentration
estimates (fibers/cc) and water concentration estimates (mg/m3 or mg/L). Both external
potential dose and internal dose based on biomonitoring and reverse dosimetry will be
considered. Characteristics of consumer products or articles (weight fraction, emission
rates, etc) containing asbestos fibers

Environmental: A wide range of ecological receptors will be considered (range
depending on available ecotoxicity data) using surface water concentrations, sediment
concentrations.

A.2.1.3 RESO for Occupational Exposure and Environmental Releases

EPA developed a generic RESO statement to guide the screening of engineering and occupational
exposure data or information sources for the TSCA risk evaluations. Data or information sources that
comply with the inclusion criteria specified in the RESO statement are eligible for inclusion, considered
for evaluation, and possibly included in the environmental release and occupational exposure
assessments. On the other hand, data or information sources that fail to meet the criteria in the RESO
statement are excluded from further consideration.

Assessors seek information on various chemical-specific engineering and occupational exposure data
needs as part of the process of developing the exposure assessment for each risk evaluation. EPA uses
the RESO statement (TableApx A-4) along with the information in TableApx A-5 when screening the
engineering and occupational exposure data and information.

Table Apx A-4. Inclusion Criteria for Data Sources Reporting Engineering and Occupational
Exposure Data for Asbestos Part 2	

RESO
Element

Evidence

Receptors

•	Humans:

Workers, including ONUs

•	Environment:

All ecological receptors (relevant release estimates input to exposure)

Please refer to the conceptual models for more information about the ecological and human
receptors included in the TSCA risk evaluation.

Exposure

•	Exposure to a relevant fiber:

•	Asbestos, as defined by the following fiber types: chrysotile, amosite, anthophylite,
crocidolite, tremolite, and actinolite (includes studies of multiple asbestos fiber
types); or

•	Winchite and/or richterite

•	Worker exposure to and relevant environmental releases of the chemical substance from
occupational scenarios:

o Inhalation exposure routes (as indicated in the conceptual model)
o Oral route (as indicated in the conceptual model)
o Dermal route (as indicated in the conceptual model)

Please refer to the conceptual models for more information about the routes and
media/pathways included in the TSCA risk evaluation.

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RESO
Element

Evidence

Setting or
Scenario

• Any occupational setting or scenario resulting in worker exposure and relevant
environmental releases (includes all use and disposal indicated in Table A-3)

Outcomes

•	Quantitative estimates" of worker exposures and of relevant environmental releases
from occupational settings

•	General information and data related and relevant to the occupational estimates"

a Metrics (e.g., fibers/kg/day or fibers/cm3 for worker exposures, kg/site/day for releases) are determined by
toxicologists for worker exposures and by exposure assessors for releases; also, the Engineering, Release and
Occupational Exposure Data Needs (Table Apx A-5) provides a list of related and relevant general information.

TableApx A-5. Engineering, Environmental Release, and Occupational Data Needed to Develop
the Environmental Release and Occupational Exposure Assessments for Asbestos Part 2	

Objective Determined
during Scoping

Type of Data"

General Engineering
Assessment (may
apply to Occupational
Exposures and / or
Environmental
Releases)

Description of the life cycle of the chemical(s) of interest, from manufacture to end-
of-life (e.g., each manufacturing, processing, or use step), and material flow
between the industrial and commercial life cycle stages.

The total annual U.S. volume (lb/yr or kg/yr) of the chemical(s) of interest
manufactured, imported, processed, and used; and the share of total annual
manufacturing and import volume that is processed or used in each life cycle step.

Description of processes, equipment, and unit operations during each industrial/
commercial life cycle step.

Material flows, use rates, and frequencies (lb/site-day or kg/site-day and days/yr;
lb/site-batch and batches/yr) of the chemical(s) of interest during each industrial/
commercial life cycle step. Note: if available, include weight fractions of the
chemicals(s) of interest and material flows of all associated primary chemicals
(especially water).

Number of sites that manufacture, process, or use the chemical(s) of interest for each
industrial/ commercial life cycle step and site locations.

Concentration of the chemical of interest

Occupational
Exposures

Description of worker activities with exposure potential during the manufacture,
processing, or use of the chemical(s) of interest in each industrial/commercial life
cycle stage.

Potential routes of exposure (e.g., inhalation, dermal).

Physical form of the chemical(s) of interest for each exposure route (e.g., liquid,
vapor, mist) and activity.

Breathing zone (personal sample) measurements of occupational exposures to the
chemical(s) of interest, measured as time-weighted averages (TWAs), short-term
exposures, or peak exposures in each occupational life cycle stage (or in a
workplace scenario similar to an occupational life cycle stage).

Area or stationary measurements of airborne concentrations of the chemical(s) of
interest in each occupational setting and life cycle stage (or in a workplace
scenario similar to the life cycle stage of interest).

For solids, bulk and dust particle characterization data (e.g., size, shape,
composition).

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Objective Determined
during Scoping

Type of Data"

Dermal exposure data.

Exposure duration (hr/day).

Exposure frequency (days/yr).

Number of workers who potentially handle or have exposure to the chemical(s) of
interest in each occupational life cycle stage.

Personal protective equipment (PPE) types employed by the industries within scope.

Engineering controls employed to reduce occupational exposures in each

occupational life cycle stage (or in a workplace scenario similar to the life cycle
stage of interest), and associated data or estimates of exposure reductions.

Environmental
Releases (to relevant
environmental media)

Description of sources of potential environmental releases, including cleaning of
residues from process equipment and transport containers, involved during the
manufacture, processing, or use of the chemical(s) of interest in each life cycle
stage.

Estimated mass (lb or kg) of the chemical(s) of interest released from industrial and
commercial sites to each environmental medium (water) and treatment and
disposal methods (POTW), including releases per site and aggregated over all sites
(annual release rates, daily release rates)

Release or emission factors.

Number of release days per year.

Waste treatment methods and pollution control devices employed by the industries
within scope and associated data on release/emission reductions.

In addition to the data types listed above, EPA may identify additional data needs for mathematical modeling.
These data needs will be determined on a case-by-case basis.

a These are the tags included in the full-text screening form. The screener makes a selection from these specific
tags, which describe more specific types of data or information.

A.2.1.4 PESO for Fate and Transport

EPA developed a generic PESO statement to guide the screening of environmental fate data or
information sources for the TSCA risk evaluations. Data or information sources that comply with the
inclusion criteria in the PESO statement are eligible for inclusion, considered for evaluation, and
possibly included in the environmental fate assessment. On the other hand, data or information sources
that fail to meet the criteria in the PESO statement are excluded from further consideration.

Assessors seek information on various chemical-specific fate endpoints and associated fate processes,
environmental media and exposure pathways as part of the process of developing the environmental fate
assessment for each risk evaluation. EPA uses the PESO statement (TableApx A-6) along with the
information in Table Apx A-7 when screening the fate data or information sources to ensure complete
coverage of the processes, pathways, and data or information relevant to the environmental fate and
transport of the chemical substance undergoing risk evaluation.

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TableApx A-6. Inclusion Criteria for Data or Information Sources Reporting Environmental

Fate and Transport Dat

a for Asbestos Part 2

PESO
Element

Evidence

Pathways and Processes

Environmental fate, transport, partitioning and degradation behavior across
environmental media to inform exposure pathways in conceptual models of the
chemical substance of interest
Exposure pathways included in the conceptual models: air, surface water,

groundwater, wastewater, soil, sediment and biosolids
Processes associated with the target exposure pathways
Bioconcentration and bioaccumulation
Destruction and removal by incineration

Please refer to the conceptual models for more information about the exposure
pathways included in each TSCA risk evaluation

Exposure

Exposure to a relevant fiber:

•	Asbestos, as defined by the following fiber types: Chrysotile, Amosite,
Anthophylite, Crocidolite, Tremolite, and Actinolite (includes studies of
multiple asbestos fiber types); or

•	Winchite and/or richterite

Environmental exposure of environmental receptors (i.e., aquatic and terrestrial
organisms) to the chemical substance of interest, mixtures including the chemical
substance, and/or its degradation products and metabolites
Environmental exposure of human receptors, including any PESS, to the
chemical substance of interest, mixtures including the chemical substance,
and/or its degradation products and metabolites
Consumer and occupational exposure pathways to Asbestos
(Chemical-specific population[s] of interest may be determined by toxicologists

or by EPA policy decisions)

Please refer to the conceptual models for more information about the environmental
and human receptors included in each TSCA risk evaluation

Setting or Scenario

Any setting or scenario resulting in releases of the chemical substance of interest
into the natural or built environment (e.g., buildings including homes or
workplaces, or wastewater treatment facilities) that would expose environmental
(i.e., aquatic and terrestrial organisms) or human receptors (i.e., general
population, and PESS)

Consumer and occupational exposure scenarios to asbestos

Outcomes

Fate properties which allow assessments of exposure pathways:

•	Abiotic and biotic degradation rates, mechanisms, pathways, and products

•	Bioaccumulation magnitude and metabolism rates

•	Partitioning within and between environmental media (see Pathways and
Processes)

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TableApx A-7. Fate Endpoints and Associated Processes, Media, and Exposure Pathways
Considered in the Development of the Environmental Fate Assessment for Asbestos Part 2

Fate Data Endpoint

Associated Proccss(cs)

Associated Media/Exposure Pathways

Su rt'acc
Water,
Wastewater,
Sediment

Soil,
Biosolids

Groundwater

Air

Required en\ ii'oninenl;il l;ile d;ii;i

Desorption information

Sorption, Mobility

X

X

X

X

Destruction and removal by
incineration

Incineration







X

Koc and other sorption
information

Sorption, Mobility

X

X

X

X

Wastewater treatment
removal information

Wastewater treatment

X

X





Abiotic transformation
products

Hydrolysis, Photolysis,
Incineration







X

Atmospheric deposition
information

Atmospheric deposition







X

Coagulation information

Coagulation, Mobility

X







Suspension/resuspension
information

Suspension/resuspension,
Mobility

X





X

Particle transport

Mobility

X





X

A.2.1.5 Generation of Hazard Heat Maps

As stated in Appendix A. 1.3.1, SWIFT Review has pre-set literature search strategies ("filters")
developed by information specialists that can be applied to identify studies that are more likely to be
useful for identifying human health and ecotoxicity content. The filters function like a typical search
strategy where studies are tagged as belonging to a certain filter if the terms in the filter literature search
strategy appear in title, abstract, keyword, or MeSH fields content.

After the completion of full-text screening for hazard data, all references tagged as included (or "PECO-
relevant) were uploaded to the SWIFT Review tool for further filtering. The SWIFT Review filters
applied at this phase focused on types of health outcomes included, "ADME," "PBPK," "cancer,"
"cardiovascular," "developmental," "endocrine," "gastrointestinal," "hematological and immune,"
"hepatic," "mortality," "musculoskeletal," "neurological," "nutritional and metabolic," "ocular and
sensory," "renal," "reproductive," "respiratory," and "skin and connective tissue." The details of these

Page 89 of 150

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health outcome search strategies that underlie the filters are available online. Studies that included one
or more of the search terms in the title, abstract, keyword, or MeSH fields were exported and used to
populate the Hazard Heat Map (Figure 2-10). Studies that were not retrieved using these filters were
tagged as "No Tag." The evidence type listed in the heat map (e.g., human, animal-human health model,
animal-environmental model, and plant) was manually assigned to each reference by screeners during
the full-text screening.

The health outcome tags were originally designed for vertebrate systems, and as such, did not conform
well to plant evidence. Therefore, any plant studies tagged for: "cancer," "cardiovascular,"
"gastrointestinal," "hematological and immune," "hepatic," "musculoskeletal," "neurological," "ocular
and sensory" and "renal and respiratory" were manually reviewed and re-tagged to more appropriate
health outcomes.

A.3 Gray Literature Search and Screening Strategies

EPA utilized gray literature acquired during Part I and conducted a gray literature search update for
reasonably available information to support the TSCA risk evaluation for Asbestos and new fiber types
(i.e., winchite, richterite, and LAA). Gray literature is defined as the broad category of data/information
sources not found in standard, peer-reviewed literature databases (e.g., PubMed and Web of Science).
Gray literature includes data/information sources such as white papers, conference proceedings,
technical reports, reference books, dissertations, information on various stakeholder websites, and other
databases. Given the nature of how gray literature is searched and collected, results may not come with a
bibliographic citation or abstract and were therefore processed using a decision tree logic described in
Appendix A.3.1 for potential relevance prior to entering full text screening where a discipline-specific
PECO is applied.

Search terms were variable dependent on source and based on knowledge of a given source to provide
discipline-specific information. A summary of sources is provided in Appendix A.3.4. The criteria for
determining the potential relevance of documents identified from gray literature sources is described in
the following sections for each discipline.

A.3.1 Screening of Gray Literature

To reduce the overall burden of processing gray literature results, EPA developed a screening process to
determine the potential relevance of gray literature. This step was introduced prior to collecting the
resulting documents. Figure Apx A-l describes the decision logic used to screen gray literature results.

Page 90 of 150

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Potentially Rclvvum

/ Exc h>de from Gray Lieranirs. \
I Check if caught ia Peer Review I
\	Search	J

FigureApx A-l. Decision Logic Tree Used to Screen Gray Literature Results

A.3.2 Initial Screening of Sources Using Decision Logic Tree

The purpose of the inclusion/exclusion decision logic tree in Figure_Apx A-l is to provide a broad,
general screening technique to determine whether each gray literature source should be included and
further screened or excluded with no additional screening necessary. The diamonds in the decision tree
require analysis by the screener, whereas the rectangular boxes are used to classify the type of source.
All the questions used in the decision process are provided in Table_Apx A-8.

Table Apx A-8. Decision Logic Tree Overview

Step

Metric

Questions to Consider

1

Potential Relevance

Does the result have information (qualitative or quantitative)
related to TSCA risk evaluations?'1

2.1.1

Complete/Available

Is it a secondary data source (assessment, robust summary,
TSCA submission databases, etc.)?

2.1.2

Is the document from a peer reviewed/published journal?

Page 91 of 150

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Step

Metric

Questions to Consider

2.2

Complete/Available

Is there an established procedure for data collection,
communication, peer review, and/or reporting?

2.2.1

Has the data been provided by a US governmental/state source?

2.2.2

Has the data been provided by an international governmental
source?

2.3

Are these data publicly available/accessible?

2.3.1

Is the source TSCA CBI, proprietary, TSCA, or NGO
stakeholder submission?

Duplicate

Does the result contain any duplicative information found in
other sources?

a Apply discipline relevancy metric.

Results of the gray literature search and decision tree process are included in Appendix A.3.3.

A.3.3 TSCA Submission Searching and Title Screening

EPA screens information submitted under TSCA sections 4, 5, 8(e), and 8(d), as well as FYI
submissions. In the gray literature process defined in Appendix A.3.2, EPA considers the databases that
contain TSCA submissions to be secondary sources (Step 1.1) because the metadata in the databases are
secondary. These databases then advance to Step 2.3.1 and then to Process C. The Process C steps are
described here.

EPA first screens the titles using two screeners per title. EPA conducts this step primarily to reduce the
number of full studies to be obtained because some studies are available only on microfiche or in long-
term storage. Screening is done using the inclusion and exclusion criteria within the relevant PECOs,
PESOs, or RESOs for each topic area (Appendix A.2.1). EPA excludes interim reports (e.g., interim
sacrifices for toxicity studies) and only final reports are further considered. If the title is not clear
regarding the document's contents, EPA obtains the full text and advances to the next steps.

After full texts are obtained, EPA will review_some sources (prior to full-text screening) based on
whether they have several factors; primary data, an established procedure for peer review, data
collection, communication and/or reporting and are publicly available. Sources that have these factors
will move on to full text screening. Other sources will go straight to full text screening using PECO-type
criteria without going through this extra step.

EPA may decide to initiate a backwards search on sources that are deemed to have secondary data. In
situations where parameters such as procedures for peer review and data collection are unclear, EPA
may reach out to the authors to retrieve information to gauge whether the source should be included or
excluded. Studies that are not publicly available (such as proprietary or CBI sources) may undergo
additional screening steps.

During the full-text screening step, two individuals screen each source according to the PECOs, PESOs,
and RESOs (Appendix A.2.1).

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Results of the TSCA submission search and decision tree process are included in Appendix A.3.4

A.3.4 Gray Literature Search Results for Asbestos

Table Apx A-9 provides a list of gray literature sources that yielded results for asbestos.

Table Apx A-9. Gray Literature Sources that Yielded Results for Asbestos

Source
Agency

Source Name

Source Type

Sou rce
Category

Source Website

ATSDR

ATSDR

Miscellaneous/Other

Other US

Agency

Resources

Assessment
or Related
Document



ATSDR

ATSDR Toxicological
Profiles (Original
Publication)

Other US

Agency

Resources

Assessment
or Related
Document

httDs://www.atsdr.cdc.aov/

tGxprofiles/index.asp

CAL EPA

Technical Support
Documents for
Regulations: Drinking
Water Public Health
Goals

Other US

Agency

Resources

Technical
Report

https ://oehha. ca. aov/clieni i
cats

ECHA

European Chemicals
Agency (ECHA)
Documents

International
Resources

Assessment
or Related
Document

httos://echa.euroDa.eu/info

rmation-on-chemicals

ECHA

European Union Risk
Assessment Report

International
Resources

Assessment
or Related
Document

httos://echa.euroDa.eu/info

rmation-on-
chemicals/information-

from-existina-siibstances-
reaulation

Environment
Canada

Guidelines, Risk

Management,

Regulations

International
Resources

Assessment
or Related
Document

https://www.canada.ca/en.
html

EPA

EPA Office of Water:
Ambient Water Quality
Criteria documents

US EPA
Resources

Assessment
or Related
Document

https://www.epa.aov/wac

EPA

Integrated Risk
Information System
(IRIS) Tox Review

US EPA
Resources

Assessment
or Related
Document

https://cfpub.epa.aov/ncea/
iris2/atoz.cfm

EPA

Office of Water:
STORET and WQX

US EPA
Resources

Database

https://www.wateraualitvd

ata.us/portal/

EPA

OPPT: TSCATS
Database Maintained at
SRC (TSCA
Submissions)

US EPA
Resources

Database

http://chem.sis.nlm.nih.ao

v/clie ni i d p In s/clie midheav
v.isp

Page 93 of 150

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Source
Agency

Source Name

Source Type

Sou rce
Category

Source Website

EPA

Office of Air: Air
Emission Factors (AP-
42)

US EPA
Resources

Regulatory
Document or
List

https://www.epa.aov/air-
emissions-factors-and-

auantification/ap-42-

conipilation-air-eniissions-
factors

EPA

Other EPA: Misc
Sources

US EPA
Resources

General
Search

https ://www.epa. gov/

EPA

Integrated Risk
Information System
(IRIS) Summary

US EPA
Resources

Assessment
or Related
Document

https://cfDub.eDa.eov/ncea/
iris drafts/atoz.cfm?list tv

pe=alplia

EPA

Office of Air: Code of
Federal Regulations
(CFRs) and Dockets

US EPA
Resources

Regulatory
Document or
List

https://www.epa.aov/statio

narv-soiirces-air-Rolliition

EPA

EPA: Generic Scenario

US EPA
Resources

Assessment
or Related
Document

https://www.epa.aov/tsca-

screenina-tools/clienisteer-
clieniical-screenina-tool-
exposures-and-
environmental-

releasestfaenericscenarios

EPA

Office of Water: Code
of Federal Regulations
(CFRs)

US EPA
Resources

Regulatory
Document or
List

https://www.epa. eov/ee

IARC

International Agency for
Research on Cancer
(IARC) Monograph

International
Resources

Assessment
or Related
Document

http://monoaraphs.iarc.fr/
EN G/Monographs/PDF s/i
ndex.php

KOECT

Kirk-Othmer
Encyclopedia of
Chemical Technology
Journal Article

Other
Resources

Encyclopedia

https://onlinelibrarv.wilev.

coni/doi/book/l 0.1002/04
71238961

MSHA

Mine Safety and Health
Administration

Other US

Agency

Resources

Database

https ://www. nislia. aov/nii
ne-data-retrieval-svstem

NIOSH

CDC NIOSH: Pocket
Guides

Other US

Agency

Resources

Factsheet

https://www.cdc.aov/niosh
/npa/defau It. li tni 1

NIOSH

CDC NIOSH:
Publications and
Products

Other US

Agency

Resources

Assessment
or Related
Document

https://www2a.cdc.aov/nio

shtic-2/

NIOSH

CDC NIOSH: Health
Hazard Evaluations
(HHEs)

Other US

Agency

Resources

Assessment
or Related
Document

https ://www2a.cdc. aov/hh

e/searcli.asp

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Source
Agency

Source Name

Source Type

Sou rce
Category

Source Website

NIOSH

CDC NIOSH:
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Page 95 of 150

-------
Appendix B PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
ASBESTOS

TableApx B-l to TableApx B-6 summarize statistics for the physical and chemical property values
identified through systematic review as of September 2021. The "N" column indicates the number of
unique primary sources of data for that endpoint. That is, if multiple sources presented equivalent values
and cited the same primary source, only one of those was included in these statistics and included in the
statistical calculations.

Table Apx B-l. Physical and Chemical Properties of Chrysotile			

Property or Endpoint

N

Unit

Mean

Standard
Deviation

Min

Max

Essential composition

1

-

-

-

-

-

Color

6

-

-

-

-

-

Luster

2

-

-

-

-

-

Surface area

2

m2/g

18.0

6.3

13.5

22.4

Hardness

2

Mohs

3.3

1.1

2.5

4

Specific gravity

6

-

2.44

0.21

2.19

2.68

Optical properties

1

-

-

-

-

-

Flexibility

2

-

-

-

-

-

Texture

2

-

-

-

-

-

Spinnability

1

-

-

-

-

-

Fiber size, median true
diameter

1

|im

0.06

-

0.06

0.06

Fiber size, median true length

1

|im

0.55

-

0.55

0.55

Resistance to: Acids
Bases

1

-

-

-

-

-

Zeta potential

2

mV

34

29

14

54

Decomposition temperature

4

°C

700

146

500

850

Refractive index

2

-

1.656

0.040

1.627

1.684

Dielectric constant

1

-

-

-

-

-

Tensile strength

2

MPa

620

99

550

690

Page 96 of 150

-------
Table Apx B-2. Physical and Chemical Properties of Crocido

Property or Endpoint

N

Unit

Mean

Standard
Deviation

Min

Max

Essential composition

1

-

-

-

-

-

Color

3

-

-

-

-

-

Luster

1

-

-

-

-

-

Surface area

2

m2/g

9.7

7.2

4.62

14.8

Hardness

1

Mohs

4.0

-

4

4

Specific gravity

2

-

3.25

0.07

3.2

3.3

Optical properties

1

-

-

-

-

-

Flexibility

1

-

-

-

-

-

Texture

1

-

-

-

-

-

Spinnability

1

-

-

-

-

-

Fiber size, median true diameter

1

|im

0.09

-

0.09

0.09

Fiber size, median true length

1

|im

1.16

-

1.16

1.16

Resistance to: Acids
Bases

1

-

-

-

-

-

Zeta potential

1

mV

32

-

32

32

Decomposition temperature

1

°C

400

-

400

400

Refractive index

2

-

1.677

0.033

1.654

1.700

Dielectric constant

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tensile strength

2

MPa

1,395

997

690

2,100

ite

Table Apx B-3. Physical and Chemical Properties of Amosite

Property or Endpoint

N

Unit

Mean

Standard
Deviation

Min

Max

Essential composition

1

-

-

-

-

-

Color

3

-

-

-

-

-

Luster

1

-

-

-

-

-

Surface area

2

m2/g

4.7

3.4

2.25

7.1

Hardness

2

Mohs

5.8

0.4

5.5

6

Page 97 of 150

-------
Property or Endpoint

N

Unit

Mean

Standard
Deviation

Min

Max

Specific gravity

2

-

3.18

0.11

3.1

3.25

Optical properties

1

-

-

-

-

-

Flexibility

1

-

-

-

-

-

Texture

1

-

-

-

-

-

Spinnability

1

-

-

-

-

-

Fiber size, median true diameter

1

|im

0.26

-

0.26

0.26

Fiber size, median true length

1

|im

2.53

-

2.53

2.53

Resistance to: Acids
Bases

1

-

-

-

-

-

Zeta potential

2

mV

-30

14

-40

-20

Decomposition temperature

1

°C

600

-

600

600

Refractive index

2

-

1.666

0.043

1.635

1.696

Dielectric constant

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tensile strength

2

MPa

365

361

110

620

Table Apx B-4. Physical and Chemica

Properties of Anthophyllite

Property or Endpoint

N

Unit

Mean

Standard
Deviation

Min

Max

Essential composition

1

-

-

-

-

-

Color

3

-

-

-

-

-

Luster

1

-

-

-

-

-

Surface area

-

m2/g

-

-

-

-

Hardness

2

Mohs

5.8

0.4

5.5

6

Specific gravity

2

-

2.98

0.18

2.85

3.1

Optical properties

1

-

-

-

-

-

Flexibility

-

-

-

-

-

-

Texture

-

-

-

-

-

-

Spinnability

-

-

-

-

-

-

Fiber size, median true diameter

-

|im

-

-

-

-

Page 98 of 150

-------
Property or Endpoint

N

Unit

Mean

Standard
Deviation

Min

Max

Fiber size, median true length

-

|im

-

-

-

-

Resistance to Acids
Resistance to Bases

1

-

-

-

-

-

Zeta potential

-

mV

-

-

-

-

Decomposition temperature

1

°C

1,150

-

1,150

1,150

Refractive index

2

-

1.624

0.040

1.596

1.652

Dielectric constant

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tensile strength

1

MPa

30

-

30

30

Table Apx B-5. Physical and Chemical Properties of Tremolite

Property or Endpoint

N

Unit

Mean

Standard
Deviation

Min

Max

Essential composition

1

-

-

-

-

-

Color

4

-

-

-

-

-

Luster

1

-

-

-

-

-

Surface area

-

m2/g

-

-

-

-

Hardness

2

Mohs

5.5

0.71

5

6

Specific gravity

2

-

3.05

0.21

2.9

3.2

Optical properties

1

-

-

-

-

-

Flexibility

1

-

-

-

-

-

Texture

1

-

-

-

-

-

Spinnability

1

-

-

-

-

-

Fiber size, median true diameter

-

|im

-

-

-

-

Fiber size, median true length

-

|im

-

-

-

-

Resistance to: Acids
Bases

1

-

-

-

-

-

Zeta potential

-

mV

-

-

-

-

Decomposition temperature

1

°C

950

-

950

950

Refractive index

2

-

1.634

0.049

1.599

1.668

Dielectric constant

1

-

7.03

-

7.03

7.03

Page 99 of 150

-------
Property or Endpoint

N

Unit

Mean

Standard
Deviation

Min

Max

Tensile strength

2

MPa

34

37

7

60

Table Apx B-6. Physical and Chemical Properties of Actinoli

te

Property or Endpoint

N

Unit

Mean

Standard
Deviation

Min

Max

Essential composition

1

-

-

-

-

-

Color

2

-

-

-

-

-

Luster

1

-

-

-

-

-

Surface area

-

m2/g

-

-

-

-

Hardness

1

Mohs

6.0

-

6

6

Specific gravity

2

-

3.10

0.14

3

3.2

Optical properties

1

-

-

-

-

-

Flexibility

1

-

-

-

-

-

Texture

1

-

-

-

-

-

Spinnability

1

-

-

-

-

-

Fiber size, median true diameter

1

|im

0.50

-

0.5

0.5

Fiber size, median true length

1

|im

20.00

-

20

20

Resistance to: Acids
Bases

1

-

-

-

-

-

Zeta potential

-

mV

-

-

-

-

Decomposition temperature

1

°C

1,140

-

1,140

1,140

Refractive index

7

-

1.638

0.022

1.599

1.668

Dielectric constant

-

-

-

-

-

-

Tensile strength

1

MPa

7

-

7

7

Page 100 of 150

-------
Appendix C ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF ASBESTOS

TableApx C-l to TableApx C-3 provide the environmental fate characteristics that EPA identified and considered in developing the scope
for asbestos. This table may be updated as EPA collects additional information through systematic review methods.

Table Apx C-l. Aquatic Bioconcentration Study Summary for Asbestos

Study Type

Initial
Concentration

Species

Duration

Result

Comments

Reference

Data Quality
Evaluation Results
of Full Study Report

Wvsliis

Non-guideline;
experimental
study; uptake
monitoring of
chrysotile
asbestos in Coho
and juvenile
green sunfish

1.5><106and
3.0 xlO6 fibers/L

Coho salmon

(Oncorhynchus
kisutch) and
juvenile green
sunfish (Lepomis
cyanellus)

Coho salmon:
86 and 40
days; Green
sunfish: 67
and 52 days

Asbestos fibers were
found in the asbestos-
treated fish by
transmission electron
microscopy (TEM);
however total body
burdens were not
calculated. Sunfish lost
scales and had epidermal
tissue erosion. Asbestos
fibers were not identified
in control or blank
samples.

The reviewer
agreed with
this study's
overall
quality level.

(Belanger et
al. 1986c)

High

Non-guideline;
experimental
study; uptake
monitoring of
chrysotile by
Asiatic clams

2.5 x10s to
8.8 xlO9 fibers/L

Asiatic clams

(Corbicula sp.)

96 hours and
30 days

Chrysotile asbestos was
detected in clams at
69.1±17.1 fibers/mg
whole body homogenate
after 96 hours of
exposure to 108 fibers/L
and food.

Chrysotile asbestos was
detected in clams after 30
days of exposure to 108
fibers/L at 147.3±52.6
fibers/mg dry weight gill
tissue and 903.7±122.9
fibers/mg dry weight
visceral tissue. Chrysotile

The reviewer
agreed with
this study's
overall
quality level.

(Belanger et
al. 1986b)

High

Page 101 of 150

-------
Study Type

Initial
Concentration

Species

Duration

Result

Comments

Reference

Data Quality
Evaluation Results
of Full Study Report









asbestos was not detected
in clams after 96 hours at
all asbestos exposure
concentrations tested
with no food.







Non-guideline;
experimental
study; measuring
uptake of
chrysotile
asbestos by
Asiatic clams

0, 104, and 108
fibers/L

Asiatic clams
(Corbicula sp.,
collected in
winter and
summer)

30 days

Fibers were not detected
in clams from blank
control groups and after
exposure to 104 fiber/L
groups for 30 days.

Asbestos concentration in
tissue after exposure to
108 fiber/L for 30 days
(fibers/mg dry weight
tissue) in winter samples:
Gills: 132.1 ±36.4;
Viscera: 1055.1 ±235.9
and summer samples:
Gills: 147.5 ± 30.9;
Viscera: 1127.4 ± 190.2.

The reviewer
agreed with
this study's
overall
quality level.

(B danger et
al. 1986a)

High



Non-guideline;
experimental
study; BCF
determination of
asbestos in the
Asiatic clam

0, 104, and 108
fibers/L

Asiatic clam

(icorbicula sp.)

30 day and
field exposed

BCF = 0.308 in gill
tissue, 1.89 in viscera
tissue, and 1.91 in whole
clam homogenates after
30-days exposure to 108
fibers/L.

Field exposed BCFs =
0.16-0.19 in gills, 64.9-
102 in viscera, 1,442-
5,222 in whole clams.

The reviewer
agreed with
this study's
overall
quality level.

(Belanger et

al. 1987)

High

Non-guideline;
experimental
study; chrysotile

5.1 ± 2.8x10s
and 7.6 ±
8.1xl010fibers/L

Japanese Medaka

(Oryzias latipes)

28 days and
13 weeks

After 28 days of exposure
to chrysotile asbestos at
1010 fibers/L

The reviewer
agreed with
this study's

(Belanger et
al. 1990)

High

Page 102 of 150

-------
Study Type

Initial
Concentration

Species

Duration

Result

Comments

Reference

Data Quality
Evaluation Results
of Full Study Report

asbestos uptake
study in Japanese
Medaka







concentrations, fish total
body burden was 375.7
fibers/mg. After 3 months
of exposure to chrysotile
asbestos at 108 fibers/L
concentrations, fish total
body burden was 486.4 ±
47.9 fibers/mg.

overall
quality level.





Table Apx C-2.

lydrolysis Study Summary for Asbestos

Study Type

pH

Temperature

(°C)

Duration

Results

Comments

Reference

Data Quality
Evaluation Results
of Full Study Report

\slvMns

Non-guideline,
experimental
study; dissolution
of asbestos in
water at various
pH and
temperatures

7, 7, 7, 9, and 4
for experiments
1-5,

respectively

44, 6, 25, 25, and
25 for

experiments 1-5,
respectively

170 or 1,024
hours

170-hour study results
(proportion of 1 surface
layer in ppm/layer)
evaluating Mg removal
from Chrysotile:
Experiments 1-4: 0.32-
0.89

Experiment 5: (pH 4, 25
°C): 8.84.

170-hour study results
(proportion of 1 surface
layer in ppm/layer)
evaluating Si removal
from Chrysotile:
Experiments 1-4: 0.5-
0.25

Experiment5: 5.05.
170-hour study results

The reviewer
agreed with
this study's
overall
quality level.

(Gronow.
1987)

High

Page 103 of 150

-------
Study Type

pH

Temperature

(°C)

Duration

Results

Comments

Rct'erenee

Data Quality
Evaluation Results
of Full Study Report









(proportion of 1 surface
layer in ppm/layer)
evaluating Mg removal
from Crocidolite:
Experiments 1-5: 0.42-
1.80.















170-hour study results
(proportion of 1 surface
layer in ppm/layer)
evaluating Si removal
from Crocidolite: 0.03-
0.56.















1,024-hour results
(proportion of 1 surface
layer in ppm/layer) for
experiment 3 only:
Chrysolite, Mg: 0.94; Si:
0.36 Crocidolite, Mg:
1.42; Si: 0.37.







Non-guideline;
dissolution study;
sample size,
temperature and
pH evaluated; pH
change over time
compared for
asbestos
minerals,
amosite,
crocidolite and
chrysotile

5.9-6.1 (initial)

5 to 45

20 minutes;
1,000 hours

Rate of dissolution is a
function of surface area
and temperature. Mg2+
may be continuously
liberated from fibers
leaving a silica skeleton.
The rate-controlling step
was determined to be
removal of brucite layer.
Smaller particles
liberated more
magnesium.

The reviewer
agreed with
this study's
overall
quality level.

(Choi and
Smith. 1972)

High

Non guideline;
experimental
study; a particle

Not reported but
held constant

Not reported but
held constant

3-5 days

Chrysotile in natural
water acquires a negative
surface charge by rapid

The reviewer
agreed with
this study's

(Bales and

Morgan,

1985)

High

Page 104 of 150

-------
Study Type

pH

Temperature

(°C)

Duration

Results

Comments

Rct'erenee

Data Quality
Evaluation Results
of Full Study Report

electrophoresis
apparatus was
used to monitor
absorption
properties of
chrysotile
asbestos aging in
water







adsorption of natural
organic matter (<1 day).
Positively charged >Mg-
OH2+ sites are removed
by dissolution in the
outer brucite sheet
resulting in exposure of
underlying >SiO sites.

overall
quality level.





( Ill's sonic

Non-guideline;
dissolution study
under natural,
acidic, and basic
conditions

NR in water or
NaOH, 1.5-2.4
inO.lNHCl

25, 37, and 90

70 days

1.7 and <0.2 mg/100 mL
MgO and Si02 detected
at 70 days at 25 °C in
water.

100 and 20 mg/100 mL
MgO and SiCh detected
at 132 days at 37 °C in
0.1NHC1.

0 and 0.1 mg/100 mL
MgO and Si02 detected
at 49 days at 37°C in 0.1
N NaOH.

The reviewer
agreed with
this study's
overall
quality level.

(Clark and
Holt. 1961)

Medium

Steady-state
dissolution rate
study

2 to 8

22

187-659 hours

During the progress of
each experiment, solution
acidity decreased and
chrysotile dissolved,
releasing Mg and Si into
solution.

The reviewer
agreed with
this study's
overall
quality level.

("Thorn et al.

2013)

High

Mg and Si
dissolution from
Chrysotile over
the pH range 3.0-
8.5

3.0, 4.5,6.0,7.5,
and 8.5

20 ±2

336 hours

Mg = 552, 585 and 448
Hmol/L at pH 3.0. 7.5
and 8.5 and 0.5, 336 and
336 hours, respectively.

Si = 11.6, 15.4 and 8.5

The reviewer
agreed with
this study's
overall
quality level.

("Walter et al..

2019)

High

Page 105 of 150

-------
Study Type

pH

Temperature

(°C)

Duration

Results

Comments

Rct'erenee

Data Quality
Evaluation Results
of Full Study Report









Hmol/L at pH 3.0. 7.5
and 8.5 and 0.5, 336 and
336 hours, respectively.







Table Apx C-3. Other Fate Endpoints Study Summary for Asbestos

Study Type

System

Results

Comments

Refcrcnec

Data Quality
Evaluation Results
of Full Study Report

Asbestos

Non-guideline, experimental
study; the effect of lichen
colonization on chrysotile
structure is investigated by
analyzing the composition of
both colonized and
uncolonized field samples.
The effect of oxalic acid
exposure on chrysotile
structure is also investigated
at various concentrations.

Chrysotile fibers were
incubated in oxalic acid
solutions for 35 days to
observe its effect on MgO
content. Chrysotile (both
uncolonized or colonized
by lichens) from 3
serpentinite outcrops and
one asbestos cement roof
were collected.

In the three asbestos
outcrops and asbestos-
cement roof, MgO content
(wt %) was lower by 15-
20% in lichen colonized
chrysotile than in
uncolonized chrysotile.
Incubation in 50 mM oxalic
acid transformed chrysotile
fibers into "an amorphous
powdery material,
consisting mainly of pure
silica," and without fibrous
nature.

The reviewer agreed with
this study's overall quality
level.

CFavero-Loneo

et aL 2005)

High

Non-guideline, experimental
study; oxalic acid and citric
acid leaching of asbestos
rich sediment

Asbestos rich sediment
and a serpentine bedrock
sample underwent
leaching in 0.025 M oxalic
acid and 0.017 M citric
acid. Total elemental
analysis was performed
using inductively coupled
plasma spectrometry
(ICPS), individual fiber
analysis was done using
energy dispersive x-ray

ICPS results showed citric
acid was slightly more
effective at removing most
metals from the sediment
samples than oxalic acid;
however, EDX analysis of
individual fibers showed
Mg/Si ratios were reduced
from 0.68-0.69 to 0.07 by
oxalic acid and only to 0.38
by citric acid.

The reviewer agreed with
this study's overall quality
level.

(Schreier et aL.

1987)

High

Page 106 of 150

-------
Study Type

System

Results

Comments

Refcrcnee

Data Quality
Evaluation Results
of Full Study Report



analysis (EDX) and a
scanning and transmission
electron microscope
(STEM).









Non-guideline, experimental
study; decomposition study
of asbestos in 25% acid or
caustic solutions

Chrysotile, crocidolite,
amosite, anthophyllite,
actinolite, and tremolite
asbestos fibers were
dissolved in 25% acid or
NaOH solution

Degradation in 25% HC1,
acetic acid, H3PO4, H2SO4
and NaOH, respectively
was reported for:

•	Chrysotile (55.69, 23.42,

55.18,	55.75 and 0.99%)

•	Crocidolite (4.38, 0.91,
4.37, 3.69 and 1.35%)

•	Amosite (12.84, 2.63,
11.67, 11.35 and 6.97%)

•	Anthophyllite (2.66,
0.60,3.16,2.73 and
1.22%)

•	Actinolite (20.31, 12.28,

20.19,	20.38 and 9.25%)

•	Tremolite (4.77, 1.99,
4.99, 4.58 and 1.80%)

Due to limited information
assessing the results were
challenging.

(Soeil and
Leineweber,

1969)

Unacceptable

Non-guideline, U.S. Army
Water Purification
Equipment (ERDLator Unit)
was used to remove asbestos
fibers from Lake Superior
water.

The optimized system
operation was coagulation
with addition of 2 ppm
cationic polyelectrolyte
(added in ERDLator water
well), followed by
filtration with 0.4 lbs of
celite 535 precoat (Johns
Manville) and 28 ppm
body feed (Hyflo, Johns
Manville Co.) with a 4.75
hour time. Analysis by
Transmission Electron
Microscopy (TEM)

Fiber concentration (106
fibers/L): Analysis 1: Raw
Influent: 2.0; Effluent: 0;
Analysis 2: Raw Influent:
0.3; Effluent: 0.

The reviewer agreed with
this study's overall quality
level.

(Schmitt et al..

1977)

Medium

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Non-guideline, Water
Treatment Pilot Plant Study

Ultracentrifugation of
samples followed by
ultrasonic resuspension of
the residue in 1 mL of
water and placing a 1 uL
drop of this suspension on
a 3-mm carbon-coated
electron microscope grid.

Asbestos fiber in the
finished waters were
<0.05 xlO6 to 1.6xl06
fibers/L after dual media
filter #1;<0.05x106 to
0.8x 106 fibers/L after dual
media filter #2 and,
0.05x10s to 1.9x10s
fibers/L after the sand filter;
fiber concentrations in all
but two runs and <5 x 105
fibers/L in 76% of the
cases.

This overall score was
downgraded: Evaluation of
the reasonableness of the
study results was not
possible since a lack of a
specific relationship
between initial and final
concentrations could not be
determined.

(Hiiiisi tiger et
al. 1980)

Low

Non-guideline, Asbestos
fiber removal in a pilot plant

Well agitated suspension
10L tank, 8L flocculation
tank (20 mg/L alum, pH
6.5), 35L sedimentation
tank (120 min retention
time), sand and MgO filter
columns. Operation flow
rate 240 mL/min.

Asbestos removal: from the
feed water = 3 x 109 to
4xl09 f/L, post sediment =
1.9x10s to 2.0x10s f/L,
sand filter = 0.5 x 10s to
0.6x10s f/L, MgO filter =
0.2x10s to 0.3x10s f/L

Based on metric 7, 11, 15
and 17: Initial
concentrations, mass
balance and overall removal
efficiencies were not
reported.

(Ottaviani et
al.. 1986)

Unacceptable

Non-guideline, Laboratory
settling experiment with bed
sediment samples

Two bed-sediment
samples were collected in
the Sumas River at
Nooksack and Swift
Creek; samples (32.5 g
Nooksack; 19.5 g Swift
Creek) were suspended in
1 L asbestos free distilled
water and mixed.

# of fibers at time 0 = ca.
1 x 1012 f/L and after 144
hours = 1.75xlO7 to
1.75 x10s f/L (Nooksack), #
of fibers at time 0 = ca.
1.5xl012f/L and after 144
hours = 1.5xlO8 f/L (Swift
Creek); suspended fiber
size at time = 0 was ca. 16-
45 |im and 8-9 |im at 144
hours (Nooksack # of fibers
attime0 = ca. 1.5xl012f/L
and after 144 hours =
1.5xlO8 f/L (Swift Creek);
suspended fiber size at time
= 0 was ca. 16-45 |im and

Based on metric 15: Initial
target chemical
concentrations were not
specified; mass balance not
reported.

(Schreier and

Tavlor. 1981)

Unacceptable

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8-9 |im at 144 hours
(Nooksack), at time = 0 was
ca. 21 nm and 10 ^m at 144
hours (Swift Creek);
general observations:
asbestos fibers settle in the
absence of turbulence and
water movement; rate of
settling decreases over
time; smaller fibers remain
suspended longer than
larger fibers.







Non-guideline, Wastewater
treatment removal
efficiency: Denver Potable
Water Reuse Demonstration
Project in which a facility
remediated secondary treated
wastewater to meet potable
water standards.

Rapid mix basin,
flocculation basin,
chemical clarifier,
recarbonation basin,
ballast pond, filters, first-
stage carbon, ozone basin,
second-stage carbon,
reverse osmosis, and
disinfection stages

Influent: 12.2 M fibers/L.

Effluent: Below detection
limit or more than 50% of
data was below the
detection limit.

The reviewer agreed with
this study's overall quality
level.

(Lauer and
Com !8)

High

( hiy sonic

Non-guideline, Destructive
treatment of asbestos-
containing wastes (ACW)

Shaft furnace test facility:
gasification and melting
furnace with combustion
chamber (CC), boiler,
temperature reduction
tower, bag filter (BF), and
catalyst reaction tower; a
HEPA filter was used to
prevent discharge of fibers
into the atmosphere.
Melting temperature target
1500 °C (exceeded target
1568-696 °C), combustion
chamber target 850-900

Asbestos was not detected
in solid product or in
exhaust gas; TEM analysis
detected no asbestos fibers
in slag and fly ash (0
f/3,000 particles; <0.1%
asbestos concentration);
low levels were detected in
BF outlet comparable to the
surrounding ambient
environment (<0.13-0.19
f/L); Measured asbestos
concentration in the treated
waste: slate material (n = 2)

The reviewer agreed with
this study's overall quality
level.

COsada et al..

2013)

High

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°C, exhaust gas measured
in the combustion chamber
= 899-906 °C and exhaust
gas measured in the HEPA
filter inlet = 183-186 °C

chrysotile 7.3%, amosite
<0.1%, crocidolite <0.1%;
preformed
insulationxhrysotile
<0.1%, amosite 2.7%,
crocidolite <0.1%.







Non-guideline, Partitioning
in the environment

4 pond water and sediment
samples collected (north,
south, east, west), near an
asbestos cement factory

282-304 fibers/L in pond
water, 360-420 fibers/g dw
in pond sediment, plants
(range includes root,
pedicel, and leaves): 24-41
fiber/g dw in Nelumbo
nucifera, 38-47 fiber/g dw
in Nymphaea nouchali, 23-
44 fiber/g dw in
Ranunculus scleratus and
21 fiber/g dw in Lemna
gibba.

The reviewer agreed with
this study's overall quality
level.

(Trivedi et al.

2004)

High

Non-guideline, Treatment of
asbestos-containing material
(ACM) wastes containing
about 85 wt% chrysotile
with ferric oxide and
magnesium

Thermochemical method
based on self-propagating
high-temperature thermite
reactions; reactions
initiated using a tungsten
coil connected to the
power supply programmed
to produce an energy pulse
at 20V for ca. 4 seconds
and turn off as soon as
reaction began. Stainless
steel reaction chamber
filled with argon;
temperature during
reaction and average
velocity of the combustion
wave measured using
thermocouples in the
reaction mixture

Results for 50% ACM
indicate the chrysotile
reflections observed in the
XRD pattern related to the
initial material disappear
after treatment;
maintenance of self-
propagating character of the
system was optimal when
ACM content was equal to
or below 60 wt%.

The reviewer agreed with
this study's overall quality
level.

(Porcu et al.
2005)

High

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Non-guideline, Fiber
removal from water
treatment plants in Southern
California

Fiber concentrations were
measured in influent and
effluent at 5 water
treatment plants.

Removal of fibers by
coagulation and filtration
during water treatment (%):
Jensen: >97.7; Weymouth:
99.0; Diemer: 99.2; Mills:
99.8; Skinner: >86. Mean
fiber concentrations in
effluent from water plants
were all <5.4/106 fibers/L.

The reviewer agreed with
this study's overall quality
level.

(Bales et al.
1984)

Medium

Non-guideline, Removal of
fibers in downstream source-
water reservoirs

Fiber concentrations were
measured in the influent
and effluent of
downstream source-water
reservoirs.

Removal of fibers (%):

Lake Pyramid-Castaic:
99.8; Lake Silverwood: 27;
Lake Perris: 96; Lake
Skinner: 88. Mean fiber
concentrations (106
fibers/L) in effluents ranged
from 2.2 (Lake Pyramid-
Castaic) to 720 (Lake
Silverwood).

The reviewer agreed with
this study's overall quality
level.

(Bales et al..
1984)

Medium

Non-guideline, Thermal
decomposition study of the
dehydroxylation of
chrysotile, and subsequent
recrystallization into non-
hazardous minerals

A FEI Quanta 200 ESEM
equipped with a thermal
tungsten gun, a gaseous
secondary electron
detector (GSED), and a
1,500 °C hot stage for in
situ electron imaging. 1.9-
3.5 Torrfor He and 2.5-
3.4 Torr for water vapor
atm.

He atm: newly formed
crystals on the fiber surface
appear up to 1,000 °C and
crystallization continues up
to 1,150 °C. Water vapor
atmosphere: complete
recrystallization is not
accomplished during the
non-isothermal experiment
up to 1,300 °C.

The overall score was
downgraded: this study
evaluated thermal treatment
processes but did not
quantify all results.

(Gualtieri et al.

2008)

Low

Non-guideline, Asbestos
fiber removal efficiency in
direct filtration water
treatment plants

Water treatment process:
rapid mixing, flocculation,
sedimentation, filtration,
clear well; chemical
treatment included pre-,
intermediate, and post
chlorination, coagulation

Mean removal: Weymouth
99.89%, Diemer 94.74%,
Jensen NR, Skinner NR,
Mills 99.33%; under
optimized conditions >90%
removal was observed in
Weymouth; less effective

The reviewer agreed with
this study's overall quality
level.

(McGuire et
al. 1983)

High

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with alum and cationic
polymer and pH
stabilization with caustic
soda.

and more variable removals
observed in Diemer;
removal efficiency was not
quantifiable in Jensen due
to effluent values below
detection levels; poor
performance observed in
Skinner; removal rates were
among highest recorded in
Mills







Non-guideline, Removal via
coagulation

Open system; two
reactors: 1L Pyrex beaker
(mixed via stirred) and
0.9L Pyrex settling
column (mixed via
inversions).

5 to 50-fold reduction in
fiber concentration
observed; total fiber count
(108 fibers/L) = 0.05 ± 0.08
after 120 hours in beaker
experiment and 1.7 ± 0.6
and 0.5 ± 0.2 after 68 and
120 hr, respectively, in the
column experiment.

The reviewer agreed with
this study's overall quality
level.

(Kebler et aL
1989)

Medium

Non-guideline,
Sedimentation of asbestos
fibers

Asbestos suspensions
allowed to settle and
sedimentation rates were
determined by visible
settling rate or by
measuring turbidity as a
function of depth.
Suspensions allowed to
settle in graduated
cylinders.

Fibers flocculate and settle
rapidly (< 0 minutes) until
volume reduced to 20% of
initial volume, further
reduction proceeded more
slowly: 19% remaining
/24hr; Fiber concentration:
5xl0n fibers/L after 1 hr,
lxio11 fibers/L after 24 hr.

The reviewer agreed with
this study's overall quality
level.

(Lawrence and
Zimmermann,

1977)

High

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Appendix D REGULATORY HISTORY

The chemical substance, asbestos, is subject to federal and state laws and regulations in the United
States (TableApx D-l and TableApx D-2). Regulatory actions by other governments, tribes, and
international agreements applicable to asbestos are listed in Table Apx D-3.

D.l Federal Laws and Regulations

Table Apx D-l. Federal Laws and Regulations

Statutes/Regulations

Description of Authority/Regulation

Description of Regulation

EPA statues/regulations

Asbestos Hazard Emergency
Response Act (AHERA),
1986

TSCA Subchapter II:
Asbestos Hazard Emergency
Response 15 U.S.C. §2641-
2656

Defines asbestos as the asbestiform
varieties of chrysotile (serpentine),
crocidolite (riebeckite), amosite
(cummingtonite-grunerite),
anthophyllite, tremolite or actinolite.

Requires local education agencies (i.e.,
school districts) to inspect school
buildings for asbestos and submit
asbestos management plans to
appropriate state; management plans
must be publicly available, and
inspectors must be trained and
accredited.

Tasked EPA to develop an asbestos
Model Accreditation Plan (MAP) for
states to establish training requirements
for asbestos professionals who do work
in school buildings and also public and
commercial buildings.

Asbestos-Containing Materials in
Schools Rule (per AHERA), 1987
40 CFR Part 763, Subpart E
Requires local education agencies to
use trained and accredited asbestos
professionals to identify and manage
asbestos-containing building
material and perform asbestos
response actions (abatements) in
school buildings.

Asbestos: Manufacture,
Importation, Processing, and
Distribution in Commerce
Prohibitions; Final Rule
(1989)

40 CFRPart 763, Subpart I



EPA issued a final rule under section
6 of TSCA banning most asbestos-
containing products.

In 1991, this rule was vacated and
remanded by the Fifth Circuit Court
of Appeals. As a result, most of the
original ban on the manufacture,
importation, processing, or
distribution in commerce for the
majority of the asbestos-containing
products originally covered in the
1989 final rule was overturned. The
following products remain banned
by rule under TSCA:

• Corrugated paper

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Statutes/Regulations

Description of Authority/Regulation

Description of Regulation





•	Rollboard

•	Commercial paper

•	Specialty paper

•	Flooring felt

In addition, the regulation continues
to ban the use of asbestos in
products that have not historically
contained asbestos, otherwise
referred to as "new uses" of asbestos
(Defined by 40 CFR 763.163 as
"commercial uses of asbestos not
identified in §763.165 the
manufacture, importation or
processing of which would be
initiated for the first time after
August 25, 1989.").

Restrictions on Discontinued
Uses of Asbestos;

Significant New Use Rule
(SNUR), 2019
40 CFR Parts 9 and 721 -
Restrictions on Discontinued
Uses of Asbestos



This final rule strengthens the
Agency's ability to rigorously
review an expansive list of asbestos
products that are no longer on the
market before they could be sold
again in the United States. Persons
subject to the rule are required to
notify EPA at least 90 days before
commencing any manufacturing,
importing, or processing of asbestos
or asbestos-containing products
covered under the rule. These uses
are prohibited until EPA conducts a
thorough review of the notice and
puts in place any necessary
restrictions or prohibits use.

Asbestos Worker Protection
Rule, 2000

40 CFR Part 763, Subpart G



Extends OSHA standards to public
employees in states that do not have
an OSHA approved worker
protection plan.

Asbestos Information Act,
1988

15 U.S.C. §2607(f)



Helped to provide transparency and
identify the companies making
certain types of asbestos-containing
products by requiring manufacturers
to report production to the EPA.

Asbestos School Hazard
Abatement Act (ASHAA),
1984 and Asbestos School
Hazard Abatement
Reauthorization Act
(ASHARA), 1990



Provided funding for and established
an asbestos abatement loan and grant
program for school districts and
ASHARA further tasked EPA to
update the MAP asbestos worker
training requirements.

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Statutes/Regulations

Description of Authority/Regulation

Description of Regulation

20 U.S.C. 4011etseq.





Emergency Planning and
Community Right-to-Know
Act (EPCRA) - section 313

Requires annual reporting from facilities
in specific industry sectors that employ
10 or more full-time equivalent
employees and that manufacture, process
or otherwise use a TRI-listed chemical in
quantities above threshold levels. A
facility that meets reporting
requirements must submit a reporting
form for each chemical for which it
triggered reporting, providing data
across a variety of categories, including
activities and uses of the chemical,
releases and other waste management
(e.g., quantities recycled, treated,
combusted) and pollution prevention
activities (under section 6607 of the
Pollution Prevention Act). These data
include on- and off-site data as well as
multimedia data (i.e., air, land, and
water).

Under section 313, Toxics Release
Inventory (TRI), requires reporting
of environmental releases of friable
asbestos at a concentration level of
0.1%.

Friable asbestos is designated as a
hazardous substance subject to an
Emergency Release Notification at
40 CFR §355.40 with a reportable
quantity of 1 lb.

Clean Air Act, 1970
42 U.S.C. §7401 et seq.

Asbestos National Emission
Standard for Hazardous Air
Pollutants (NESHAP), 1973

40 CFR Part 61, Subpart M

Specifies demolition and renovation
work practices involving asbestos in
buildings and other facilities (but
excluding residences with 4 or fewer
dwelling units single family homes).

Requires building owner/operator
notify appropriate state agency of
potential asbestos hazard prior to
demolition/renovation.

Banned spray-applied surfacing
asbestos-containing material for
fireproofing/insulating purposes in
certain applications.

Requires that asbestos-containing
waste material from regulated
activities be sealed in a leak-tight
container while wet, labeled, and
disposed of properly in a landfill
qualified to receive asbestos waste.

Clean Water Act (CWA),
1972 33 U.S.C. §1251 et seq



Toxic pollutant subject to effluent
limitations per section 1317.
Asbestos is a Priority Pollutant.

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Statutes/Regulations

Description of Authority/Regulation

Description of Regulation

Safe Drinking Water Act
(SDWA), 1974 42 U.S.C.
§300f et seq



Asbestos Maximum Contaminant
Level (MCL) 7 million fibers/L
(longer than 10 ^m).

Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act (RCRA),
1976 42 U.S.C. §6901 et
seq.

40 CFR 239-282

Asbestos is subject to solid waste
regulation when discarded; NOT
considered a hazardous waste.

Comprehensive
Environmental Response,
Compensation and Liability
Act (CERCLA), 1980 42
U.S.C. §9601 et seq.

40 CFR Part 302.4 - Designation of
Hazardous Substances and Reportable
Quantities

13 Superfund sites containing
asbestos, 9 of which are on the
National Priorities List (NPL)
Reportable quantity of friable
asbestos is 1 lb.

Oilier federal slalules legukilions

Occupational Safety and
Health Administration
(OSHA):

Public Law 91-596
Occupational Safety and
Health Act, 1970

Asbestos General Standard 29 CFR 1910
Asbestos Shipvard Standard 29 CFR
1915 Asbestos Construction Standard 29

CFR 1926

Employee permissible exposure
limit (PEL) is 0.1 fibers per cubic
centimeter (f/cc) as an 8-hour, time-
weighted average (TWA) and/or the
excursion limit (1.0 f/cc as a 30-
minute TWA).

Consumer Product Safety
Act

Federal Hazardous
Substances Act (FHSA) 16

CFR 1500

The CPSA provides the Consumer
Product Safety Commission with
authority to recall and ban products
under certain circumstances.

The FHSA requires certain hazardous
household products to have warning
labels. It also gives CPSC the authority
to regulate or ban a hazardous substance,
and toys or other articles intended for
use by children, under certain
circumstances.

Consumer patching compounds and
artificial ash and embers containing
respirable freeform asbestos are
banned as hazardous products under
the CPSA. (16 CFR 1304 & 1305)

General-use garments containing
asbestos are banned as a hazardous
substance under the FHSA (16 CFR

1500.17(a))

Federal Food and Cosmetics
Act (FFDCA)

Provides the FDA with authority to
oversee the safety of food, drugs and
cosmetics.

Prohibits the use of asbestos-
containing filters in pharmaceutical
manufacturing, processing and
packing.

21 CFR 211.72

Mine Safety and Health
Administration (MSHA)



Surface Mines 30 CFR Dart 56.

subp

Underground Mines 30 CFR Dart 57.

subp

Federal Hazardous Materials
Transportation Act (HMTA)

Section 5103 of the Act directs the
Secretary of Transportation to:

Asbestos is listed as a hazardous
material with regard to
transportation and is subject to
regulations prescribing requirements

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Statutes/Regulations

Description of Authority/Regulation

Description of Regulation

• Designate material (including an
explosive, radioactive material,
infectious substance, flammable or
combustible liquid, solid or gas,
toxic, oxidizing or corrosive
material, and compressed gas) as
hazardous when the Secretary
determines that transporting the
material in commerce may pose an
unreasonable risk to health and
safety or property.

• Issue regulations for the safe
transportation, including security, of
hazardous material in intrastate,
interstate, and foreign commerce.

applicable to the shipment and
transportation of listed hazardous
materials. 49 CFR Dart
172.101ADDendix A.

D.2 State Laws and Regulations

Pursuant to AHERA, states have adopted through state regulation the EPA's Model Accreditation Plan
(MAP) for asbestos abatement professionals who do work in schools and public and commercial
buildings. Thirty-nine states have EPA-approved MAP programs and 12 states have also applied to and
received a waiver from EPA to oversee implementation of the Asbestos-Containing Materials in Schools
Rule pursuant to AHERA. States also implement regulations pursuant to the Asbestos NESHAP
regulations or further delegate those oversight responsibilities to local municipal governments. While
federal regulations set national asbestos safety standards, states have the authority to impose stricter
regulations. As an example, many states extend asbestos federal regulations—such as asbestos
remediation by trained and accredited professionals, demolition notification, and asbestos disposal—to
ensure safety in single-family homes. Thirty states require firms hired to abate asbestos in single family
homes to be licensed by the state. Nine states mandate a combination of notifications to the state,
asbestos inspections, or proper removal of asbestos in single family homes. Some states have regulations
completely independent of the federal regulations. For example, California and Washington regulate
products containing asbestos. Both prohibit use of more than 0.1 percent of asbestos in brake pads and
require laboratory testing and labeling.

Table Apx D-2 includes a non-exhaustive list of state regulations that are independent of the federal
AHERA and NESHAP requirements that states implement.

Table Apx D-2. State Laws and Regulations

State Actions

Description of Action

California

is listed on . as a carcinogen.
Under California's Propositions eo. businesses are required to warn
Californians of the presence and danger of asbestos in products, home,
workplace and environment.

California Brake Friction
Material Requirements
(Effective 2017)

Division 4.5, California Code of Regulations, Title 22 Chapter 30

Sale of any motor vehicle brake friction materials containing more than 0.1%
asbestiform fibers by weight is prohibited. All brake pads for sale in the state of
California must be laboratory tested, certified and labeled by the manufacturer.

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State Actions

Description of Action

Massachusetts

Requires companies in Massachusetts to provide annual pollution reports and to
evaluate and implement pollution prevention plans. Asbestos is included on the
Complete List of TURA Chemicals - March 2016.

Minnesota

Toxic Free Kids Act Minn. Stat. '401	116.940 7

Asbestos is included on the innesota Chemicals of High Concern List
as a known carcinogen.

New Jersey

New Jersev Right to Know Hazardous Substances

The state of New Jersey identifies hazardous chemicals and products. Asbestos
is listed as a known carcinogen and talc containing asbestos is identified on the
Right to Know Hazardous Substances list.

Rhode Island

Rhode Island Air Resources - Air Toxics Air Pollution Control Regulation No.

22

Establishes acceptable ambient air levels for asbestos.

Washington

Better Brakes Law 
-------
Country/
Organization

Requirements and Restrictions



E.C. of 26.7.1999. The use of products containing asbestos fibers
that were already installed and/or in service before the
implementation date of Directive 1999/77/ EC continues to be
authorized until such products are disposed of or reach the end of
their service life. However, Member States may prohibit the use of
such products before they are disposed of or reach the end of their
service life (Regulatory Status of chrvsotile asbestos in the EU).



The emissions and release of asbestos is regulated, and construction
materials containing asbestos are classified as hazardous waste.
Concerning the safety of workers, EU regulations stipulate that
employers shall ensure that no worker is exposed to an airborne
concentration of asbestos (including chrysotile) in excess of 0.1
fibers per cm3 as an 8-hour time-weighted average (Regulatory
Status of chrysotile asbestos in the EU).

Canada

Canada banned asbestos in 2018.

Prohibition of Asbestos and Products Containing Asbestos
Regulations: SORJ2018-196 (Canada Gazette, F rolume 152,
Number 21).

UNEP Rotterdam Convention

The Conference of Parties is considering a recommendation from
the Chemical Review Committee to list chrvsotile asbestos in
Annex III to the Rotterdam Convention. Annex III chemicals
require prior informed consent for importation.

UNEP Basel Convention

Under the Basel Convention. Asbestos (dust and fibres) is
designated a hazardous waste. Listed codes Y36 (Annex 1) and
A2050 (Annex VIII). Among its provisions, the Convention
restricts the import and export of hazardous waste and requires
parties to the convention to appropriate measures to ensure the
environmentally sound management of hazardous waste.

World Health Organization (WHO)

The World Health Assembly resolution 60.26 requests WHO to
carry out a global campaign for the elimination of asbestos-related
diseases ".. .bearing in mind a differentiated approach to regulating
its various forms - in line with the relevant international legal
instruments and the latest evidence for effective interventions...."

Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria,
Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Chile, Croatia,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Honduras, Hungary,
Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan,
Kuwait, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg,
Mozambique, Netherlands, New Zealand,
North Macedonia, Norway, Oman,
Poland, Portugal, Romania, Saudi Arabia,
Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Afrika,

National bans of asbestos are reported in these countries (IARC

2012 Lin R-T, Lancet 2019).

Page 119 of 150

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Country/
Organization

Requirements and Restrictions

South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan,
Turkey, United Kingdom, Uruguay



Page 120 of 150

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Appendix E PROCESS, RELEASE, AND OCCUPATIONAL
EXPOSURE INFORMATION

This appendix provides information and data found in preliminary data gathering for asbestos.

E.l Process Information

Process-related information potentially relevant to the risk evaluation may include process diagrams,
descriptions, and equipment. Such information may inform potential release sources and worker
exposure activities.

E.2 Uses

E.2.1 Chemical Substances in Construction, Paint, Electrical, and Metal Products

Asbestos has several unique properties, including low electrical conductivity, high tensile
strength, high friction coefficient and high heat resistance (Virta. 2011). These properties are one reason
why asbestos was previously incorporated in various products, like insulation (sound, heat and
electrical) and building materials (cement pipes, roofing compounds, adhesives, flooring). Due to health
concerns and consumer preference, manufacturers no longer incorporate asbestos in these products.
However, ongoing exposures to asbestos in these and other products continue to occur, particularly
when buildings are renovated or demolished. It is also possible that imported asbestos-containing
products could go into aftermarket sales and be used commercially.

Previously, asbestos was found in various construction materials such as cement sheets used in
corrugated cement, siding and roofing shingles used in residential and commercial buildings, and
various other construction applications (	2). Asbestos-cement (A/C) products typically

contained 30 to 40 percent chrysotile asbestos, by weight. At locations where these legacy products are
still found, asbestos can be released when the products are disturbed or removed.

In 1982, EPA reported that asbestos was used at the time in various adhesive, sealant, paint, and coating
products, including spackling compounds, drywall patching and taping compounds, and textured paints
(	2). EPA's 1982 analysis also concluded that asbestos was found in consumer and

commercial asphalt and tar-based sealants at concentrations ranging from 5 to 10 percent wetted
chrysotile fibers and in water-soluble latex or gypsum-based sealants at between 3 to 5 percent non-
wetted asbestos. These sealings and coatings were likely used by various contractors or tradesmen, and
were commercially spread on the roofing of level-top buildings using large brushes or trowels, but
certain sealant formulations were likely applied by brush or spray coating (	?82). Some of

the previously installed asbestos-containing products may still be found in buildings and other settings
today and represent a source of potential exposure during renovations, demolitions, fires, and other
scenarios.

E.2.2 Chemical Substances in Furnishing, Cleaning, and Treatment Care Products

An analysis by EPA conducted in 1982 identified numerous different textiles that contained asbestos,
some with concentrations between 75 to 100 percent. Examples of these products included: lap, roving,
yarn, cord, thread, cloth, tape, tubing, wick, rope, and felt. These intermediate textile forms were used to
manufacture fire resistant clothing, thermal and electrical insulation, packaging and gaskets, friction
materials, and specialty textiles (x v < < \ * '2).

Page 121 of 150

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E.2.3 Chemical Substances in Packaging, Paper, Plastic, Toys, and Hobby Products

EPA's 1982 analysis noted that asbestos fibers were incorporated into various forms of plastics available
at the time, when the asbestos was used to increase impact resistance, heat resistance, and dimensional
stability (	82). These plastic articles typically contained asbestos at low concentrations and

were used in many applications. In the early 20th century, amosite asbestos was used as decorative
"artificial snow" that was sprinkled onto trees, wreaths, and ornaments in homes fPovtak. 2011). EPA
plans to further investigate these asbestos-containing products during risk evaluation, to the extent that
the products may be encountered today.

E.2.4 Chemical Substances in Products Not Described by Other Codes

More recent literature has reported that asbestos has been found in artifacts in museum collections,
which presents a risk of exposure for curators and conservators that handle the items (Holzer. 2012). As
previously stated, asbestos has been incorporated into plastic products in order to increase their physical
properties. Some current specialty uses of these products include aerospace applications, such as thermal
isolator blocks for the RS-25 engine and high-performance plastics including heat shields, rocket motor
casings, and rocket motor liners (NASA. ). EPA plans to further investigate these uses of asbestos
during risk evaluation.

E.2.5 Disposal

Each of the conditions of use of asbestos may generate asbestos-containing waste streams that are
collected and transported to third-party sites for disposal or treatment. Industrial sites that treat or
dispose onsite wastes that they themselves generate are assessed in each condition of use assessment.
Similarly, point source discharges of asbestos to surface water are assessed in each condition of use
assessment (point source discharges are exempt as solid wastes under the Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act [RCRA]). Asbestos-containing wastes that are generated during a condition of use and
sent to a third-party site for treatment or disposal include

•	Wastewater: Asbestos may be contained in wastewater discharged to POTW or to other, non-
public treatment works for treatment. Industrial wastewater containing asbestos discharged to a
POTW may be subject to EPA or authorized NPDES state pretreatment programs. The
assessment of wastewater discharges to POTWs and non-public treatment works of asbestos is
included in each of the condition of use assessments.

•	Solid Wastes: Solid wastes are defined under RCRA as any material that is discarded by being:
abandoned; inherently waste-like; a discarded military munition; or recycled in certain ways
(certain instances of the generation and legitimate reclamation of secondary materials are
exempted as solid wastes under RCRA).

•	Wastes Exempted as Solid Wastes under RCRA: Certain conditions of use of asbestos may
generate wastes of asbestos that are exempted as solid wastes under 40 CFR 261.4(a).

The asbestos NESHAP minimizes asbestos release during renovation/demolition by requiring NESHAP
regulated asbestos-containing waste material be sealed in a leak-tight container while wet, labeled and
disposed of properly in a landfill qualified to receive asbestos waste.

Landfills have special requirements for handling and securing the asbestos-containing waste regulated
under NESHAP to prevent releases of asbestos into the air. Transportation vehicles that move the waste
from the point of generation to the asbestos landfill have special labeling requirements and waste
shipment recordkeeping requirements (	). Specific waste management practices are

controlled at the state level.

Page 122 of 150

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Asbestos has no vapor pressure at 25 °C (77 °F). Because of this and due to asbestos' fibrous form,
releases of asbestos "vapors" are not expected to occur. However, EPA anticipates dust releases of
asbestos to air because asbestos fibers are in solid form.

E.3 Preliminary Occupational Exposure Data

EPA presents below an example of occupational exposure-related information obtained from
preliminary data gathering. EPA plans to consider this information and data in combination with other
data and methods for use in the risk evaluation.

Table Apx E-l summarizes NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluations identified during EPA's preliminary
data gathering. HHEs can be found at https://www.cdc.eov/niosh/hhe/.

Table Apx E-l. Summary of NIOSH

IHEs with Monitoring for Asbestos

Year of
Publication

Report Number

Facility Description

2019

HETA-2018-0094-3355

Cleanup and debris removal companies (Northern California)

2019

HETA-2017-0076-3352

Federal forest management agency (Kootenai National Forest, MT)

2014

HETA-2012-0077-3223

Federal forest management agency (Kootenai National Forest, MT)

2009

HETA-2007-0201-3086

Electronics manufacturing plant (Sanmina-SCI Corporation,
Huntsville, AL)

2006

HETA-2005-0329-2995

Youth development center (Swannanoa, North Carolina)

2003

HETA-2002-0157-2887

Municipal waste transfer station (Dominic Tomaro Public Works
Garage Complex, Cleveland Heights, OH)

2003

HETA-2001 -0461-2889

Counter top design and installation firm (The Concrete Revolution,
Denver, CO)

2002

HETA-2002-003 8-2870

Federal office building (New York City, NY)

2002

HETA-98-0237-2872

Iron Foundry (Mueller Company, Chattanooga, TN)

1997

HETA-94-0078-2660

Office building (Washington, D.C.) and apartment complex
(Buffalo, NY)

1994

HETA-93-0696-23 95

Landfill (Hardy Road Landfill, Akron, OH)

1994

HETA-93-05 62-2464

University building (Copeland Hall, Ohio University)

1994

HETA-92-0319-2459

University building (L.K. Downing Hall, Howard University)

1993

HETA-91-0215-2293

Office building (IRS Appeals Office, Omaha, NE)

1992

HETA-92-0216-223 9

Office building (Kenton County Department for Social Insurance,
Covington, KY)

1992

HETA-91-0338-2187

Nitroparaffin plant (IMC Corporation, Sterlington, LA)

1992

HETA-89-0252-2178

Power plant (Albright Power Station, Albright, WV)

1990

HETA-90-0151-L2067

Residential homes (Westside Energy Co-Op, Denver, CO)

Page 123 of 150

-------
Year of
Publication

Report Number

Facility Description

1990

HETA-89-0270-2080

Steam power plant (Harrisburg Steam Generation Facility,
Harrisburg, PA)

1990

HETA-88-0348-2081

Wastewater treatment plant (A.E. Staley Manufacturing Company,
Decatur, IL)

1989

HETA-89-0262-1994

Power plant (Albright Power Station, Albright, WV)

1989

HETA-88-0372-1953

Government building, hospital, sugar factory, public school, and
vehicle maintenance shop (Bridgetown, Barbados)

1988

HETA-86-0422-1891

Power plant (City of Ames Municipal Power Plant, Ames, IA)

1987

HETA-87-0162-1864

Office buildings, garage, carpenter shop, kennels, plumbing shop,
apartments, storage buildings, houses, powerhouse (Denali
National Park and Preserve, Denali, AK)

1986

HETA-84-0257-1650

Municipal water distribution company (Denver Water Department,
Denver, CO)

1985

HETA-85-0226-1839

Vitamin manufacturing facility (Freshlabs, Warren, MI)

1985

HETA-84-0321-1590

Residential building (Rockford, IL)

1984

HETA-84-043-1429

Office building (Pennsylvania Department of Transportation and
Safety, Harrisburg, PA)

1984

HETA-84-029-1427

Office building (Jewish Family and Childrens Agency, Ardmore,
PA)

1984

HETA-83-0450-1468

Monument (George Rogers Clark National Historical Park,
Vincennes, IN)

1984

HETA-83-0418-1449

Office buildings (Randolph County Register of Deeds Office,
Asheboro, NC)

1984

HETA-82-0305-1541

Landfill (Fountain Avenue Landfill, Brooklyn, NY)

1984

HETA-82-0102-1464

University laboratory (University of Cincinnati, OH)

1983

HETA-83-358-1362

Federal office building (Baltimore, MD)

1983

HETA-83-189-1368

Aerospace product manufacturing plant (Goodyear Aerospace
Corporation, Akron, OH)

1983

HETA-83-134-1327

Visitor center (Mound City Group National Monument Visitors
Service Center, Chillicothe, OH)

1983

HETA-83-0112-1309

High school (Saint Francis High School, Morgantown, WV)

1983

HETA-83-0106-1311

Office building (West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey,
Morgantown, WV)

1983

HETA-83-0073-1293

Petrified wood storage facility (Russell-Zuhl, Inc., New York City,
NY)

Page 124 of 150

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Year of
Publication

Report Number

Facility Description

1983

HETA-83-040-1356

Motor vehicle part manufacturing plant (Drive Train Industries,
Casper, WY)

1983

HETA-83-039-1305

Motor vehicle part manufacturing plant (Drive Train Industries,
Grand Junction, CO)

1983

HETA-82-0373-1363

Office building (Transamerica Occidental Life Insurance
Company, Atlanta, GA)

1983

HETA-82-096-1259

Aluminum manufacturing plant (Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical
Corporation, Ravenswood, WV)

1983

HETA-82-067-1253

Roofing application sites (Anchor Hocking Glass Company,
Lancaster, OH)

1983

HETA-79-129-1350

Newspaper printing press (San Francisco Newspaper Agency, San
Francisco, CA)

1982

HETA-82-0131-1098

Office building (U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, D.C.)

1982

HETA-82-086-1126

Office building (Pennsylvania Department of Transportation,
Montoursville, PA)

1981

HETA-82-004-1006

Elementary school (Guilford School, Cincinnati, OH)

1981

HETA-81-03 8-801

Hotel (Hensel Phelps Construction Company, Greeley, CO)

1981

HETA-81-0028-1059

Freight car shop (Consolidated Railroad Corporation, Reading, PA)

1981

HETA-80-0176-0955

Office building (New England Telephone Company, Manchester,
NH)

1980

HETA-80-0114-0737

Retail location (Potomac Photo Supply, Washington, D.C.)

1980

HETA-79-141-711

Electronics manufacturing site (Fischer & Porter Company,
Warminster, PA)

1979

HETA-79-28

Warehouse (Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.)

1979

HETA-78-119-637

Petroleum product compounding site (Texaco, Bayonne, NJ)

1979

HETA-78-71-633

Flooring manufacturing plant (Kentile Floors, Brooklyn, NY)

1977

HETA-77-102-434

Airport Terminal (Trans World Airlines, Kansas City International
Airport, Kansas City, MO)

1976

HETA-76-63

Museums (Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.)

1976

HETA-76-000-040

Office building (National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C)

Data that inform occupational exposure assessment and which EPA expects to consider as part of the
occupational exposure assessment is the OSHA Chemical Exposure Health Data (CEHD), which are
monitoring data collected during OSHA inspections. According to OSHA asbestos standards, the
employee PEL is 0.1 fibers per cubic centimeter (f/cc) as an 8-hour, TWA and an excursion limit of 1.0
f/cc as a 30-minute TWA (Asbestos General Standard 29 CFR 1910).

Page 125 of 150

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A preliminary summary of OSHA's monitoring data from 2010 to 2020 is presented in TableApx E-2.
These data represent actual exposure levels of asbestos at specific workplaces encompassing several
industry sectors and conditions of use.

Table Apx E-2. Summary of Industry Sectors with Asbestos Monitoring Samples Available from

OSHA Inspections Conduci

ted between 2010 and 2020

North American Industrial
Classification System
(NAICS)

NAICS Description

Number of
Data Points

11

Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting

9

21

Mining, Quarrying, and Oil and Gas Extraction

4

22

Utilities

145

23

Construction

3,433

31-33

Manufacturing

892

42

Wholesale Trade

214

44-45

Retail Trade

228

48-49

Transportation and Warehousing

1,019

51

Information

114

52

Finance and Insurance

67

53

Real Estate and Rental and Leasing

536

54

Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services

103

55

Management of Companies and Enterprises

5

56

Administrative and Support and Waste Management and
Remediation Services

1,102

61

Educational Services

389

62

Health Care and Social Assistance

498

71

Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation

55

72

Accommodation and Food Services

129

81

Other Services (except Public Administration)

228

92

Public Administration

805

Page 126 of 150

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Appendix F

SUPPORTING INFORMATION - CONCEPTUAL MODEL FOR INDUSTRIAL
AND COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES AND USES

Table Apx F-l. Worker and Occupational Non-user Exposure Conceptual Model Supporting Ta

)le

Lite Cycle
Stage

Category

Subcategory

Release/
Exposure
Scenario

Exposure
Pathway

Exposure
Route

Receptor/
Population

Proposed for
Further Risk
Evaluation

Rationale for Further Evaluation / No
Further Evaluation

Industrial/

Commercial

Use

Chemical
Substances in
Construction,
Paint,

Electrical, and

Metal

Products

Construction
and building
materials
covering large
surface areas,
including paper
articles; metal
articles; stone,
plaster,
cement, glass,
and ceramic
articles

Used in
construction
and building
materials
covering large
surface areas,
including
paper articles;
metal articles;
stone, plaster,
cement, glass,
and ceramic
articles

Solid
Contact

Liquid
Contact

Vapor

Mist

Dust

Solid
Contact

Dermal, Oral

Workers

Yes

The potential for worker exposure exists during
this use, since in-place asbestos-containing
materials can be disturbed during activities
involving demolition or renovation.

Dermal, Oral

Workers,
ONU

Yes

Liquid exposure is possible during this use, as
workers and ONUs may contact asbestos-
contaminated stormwater, and workers may
contact dust suppression water, and other
wastewater found at construction and
demolition sites.

Inhalation

Workers,
ONU

No

Asbestos is a fibrous substance, thus would not
exist as a vapor.

Inhalation,

Dermal,

Oral

Workers,
ONU

No

Mist generation is not expected during use in
construction/building materials.

Inhalation,
Dermal, Oral

Workers,
ONU

Yes

Dust generation is possible during activities
involving demolition or renovation when in-
place asbestos-containing materials are
disturbed.

Dermal,
Oral

ONU

No

Exposures are expected to be primarily
restricted to workers who are working at
locations where in-place asbestos-containing
materials are disturbed. ONUs are not expected
to come in direct contact with asbestos.

Machinery,
mechanical
appliances,

Used in

machinery,

mechanical

Solid
Contact

Inhalation,
Dermal, Oral

Workers

Yes

The potential for worker exposure exists during
this use, as solid asbestos could be incorporated
into machinery and mechanical appliances.

Page 127 of 150

-------
Lite Cycle
Stage

Category

Subcategory

Release/
Exposure
Scenario

Exposure
Pathway

Exposure
Route

Receptor/
Population

Proposed for
Further Risk
Evaluation

Rationale for Further Evaluation / No
Further Evaluation





electrical/electro
nic articles

appliances,
and electronic
articles

Liquid
Contact

Dermal, Oral

Workers,
ONU

No

Liquid generation is not expected during use in
machinery.







Vapor

Inhalation

Workers,
ONU

No

Asbestos is a fibrous substance, thus would not
exist as a vapor.









Mist

Inhalation,
Dermal, Oral

Workers,
ONU

No

Mist generation is not expected during use in
machinery.









Dust

Inhalation,
Dermal, Oral

Workers,
ONU

Yes

Dust generation is possible during use in
machinery.



Chemical
Substances in
Construction,
Paint,





Solid
Contact

Dermal, Oral

ONU

No

Exposures are expected to be primarily
restricted to workers who are working at
locations where in-place asbestos-containing
materials are disturbed. ONUs are not expected
to come in direct contact with asbestos.

Industrial/





Solid
Contact

Inhalation,
Dermal, Oral

Workers

Yes

The potential for worker exposure exists during
this use, as solid asbestos could be incorporated
into other mechanical appliances.

Use

Electrical, and

Metal

Products





Liquid
Contact

Dermal, Oral

Workers,
ONU

No

Liquid generation is not expected during use in
other machinery.





Other

machinery,

mechanical

appliances,

electronic/electr

onic articles

Used in other

machinery,

mechanical

appliances,

and electronic

articles

Vapor

Inhalation

Workers,
ONU

No

Asbestos is a fibrous substance, thus would not
exist as a vapor.





Mist

Inhalation,
Dermal, Oral

Workers,
ONU

No

Mist generation is not expected during use in
other machinery.





Dust

Inhalation,
Dermal, Oral

Workers,
ONU

Yes

Dust generation is possible during use in other
machinery.









Solid
Contact

Dermal, Oral

ONU

No

Exposures are expected to be primarily
restricted to workers who are working at
locations where in-place asbestos-containing
materials are disturbed. ONUs are not expected
to come in direct contact with asbestos.





Fillers and
putties

Used in fillers
and putties

Solid
Contact

Inhalation,
Dermal, Oral

Workers

Yes

The potential for worker exposure exists during
this use, as dried fillers and putties containing
asbestos could chip away from the intended
surfaces.

Page 128 of 150

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Lite Cycle
Stage

Category

Subcategory

Release/
Exposure
Scenario

Exposure
Pathway

Exposure
Route

Receptor/
Population

Proposed for
Further Risk
Evaluation

Rationale for Further Evaluation / No
Further Evaluation









Liquid
Contact

Dermal, Oral

Workers,
ONU

Yes

Liquid exposure is possible during this use, as
workers and ONUs may contact asbestos-
contaminated wastewater from surfaces treated
with fillers and putties.









Vapor

Inhalation

Workers,
ONU

No

Asbestos is a fibrous substance, thus would not
exist as a vapor.









Mist

Inhalation,
Dermal, Oral

Workers,
ONU

No

Mist generation is not expected during use of
fillers and putties.









Dust

Inhalation,
Dermal, Oral

Workers,
ONU

Yes

Dust generation is possible during use of fillers
and putties, especially after drying.

Industrial/

Commercial

Use

Chemical
Substances in
Construction,





Solid
Contact

Dermal, Oral

ONU

Yes

The potential for exposures to ONUs exists
during this use, as dried fillers and putties
containing asbestos could chip away from the
intended surfaces after application.

Paint,

Electrical, and

Metal

Products





Solid
Contact

Inhalation,
Dermal, Oral

Workers

Yes

The potential for worker exposure exists during
this use, as dried paints containing asbestos
could chip away from the intended surfaces
after application.









Liquid
Contact

Dermal, Oral

Workers,
ONU

Yes

Liquid exposure is possible during this use, as
workers and ONUs may contact asbestos-
contaminated wastewater from surfaces coated
with solvent and water-based paints.





Solvent-
based/water-

Used in
solvent-based
and water-
based paints

Vapor

Inhalation

Workers,
ONU

No

Asbestos is a fibrous substance, thus would not
exist as a vapor.





based paint

Mist

Inhalation,
Dermal, Oral

Workers,
ONU

Yes

Mist generation is plausible if the paint
application method is via spraying.









Dust

Inhalation,
Dermal, Oral

Workers,
ONU

Yes

Dust generation is possible during use of
solvent and water-based paints, especially after
drying.









Solid
Contact

Dermal, Oral

ONU

Yes

The potential for exposures to ONUs exists
during this use, as dried paints containing
asbestos could chip away from the intended
surfaces after application.

Page 129 of 150

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Lite Cycle
Stage

Category

Subcategory

Release/
Exposure
Scenario

Exposure
Pathway

Exposure
Route

Receptor/
Population

Proposed for
Further Risk
Evaluation

Rationale for Further Evaluation / No
Further Evaluation









Solid
Contact

Inhalation,
Dermal, Oral

Workers

Yes

The potential for worker exposure exists during
this use, as solid asbestos could be incorporated
into electrical batteries and accumulators.









Liquid
Contact

Dermal, Oral

Workers,
ONU

No

Liquid generation is not expected during use in
batteries and accumulators.



Chemical

Electrical
batteries and
accumulators

Used in

Vapor

Inhalation

Workers,
ONU

No

Asbestos is a fibrous substance, thus would not
exist as a vapor.



Substances in
Construction,
Paint,

electrical
batteries and
accumulators

Mist

Inhalation,
Dermal, Oral

Workers,
ONU

No

Mist generation is not expected during use in
batteries and accumulators.



Electrical, and

Metal

Products



Dust

Inhalation,
Dermal, Oral

Workers,
ONU

Yes

Dust generation is possible during use in
batteries and accumulators.









Solid
Contact

Dermal, Oral

ONU

No

Exposures are expected to be primarily
restricted to workers who are working at
locations where in-place asbestos-containing
materials are disturbed. ONUs are not expected
to come in direct contact with asbestos.

Industrial/

Commercial

Use







Solid
Contact

Inhalation,
Dermal, Oral

Workers

Yes

The potential for worker exposure exists during
this use, since in-place asbestos-containing
materials can be disturbed during activities
involving demolition or renovation.



Chemical
Substances in

Construction
and building
materials

Used in
construction
and building
materials

Liquid
Contact

Dermal, Oral

Workers,
ONU

No

Liquid generation is not expected during use in
construction and building materials including
fabrics and textiles.



Furnishing,

Cleaning,

Treatment

covering large
surface areas,
including
fabrics, textiles,
and apparel

covering large
surface areas,
including
fabrics,
Textiles, and
apparel

Vapor

Inhalation

Workers,
ONU

No

Asbestos is a fibrous substance, thus would not
exist as a vapor.



Care Products

Mist

Inhalation,
Dermal, Oral

Workers,
ONU

No

Mist generation is not expected during use in
construction and building materials.







Dust

Inhalation,
Dermal, Oral

Workers,
ONU

Yes

Dust generation is possible during activities
involving demolition or renovation when in-
place asbestos-containing materials are
disturbed.

Page 130 of 150

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Lite Cycle
Stage

Category

Subcategory

Release/
Exposure
Scenario

Exposure
Pathway

Exposure
Route

Receptor/
Population

Proposed for
Further Risk
Evaluation

Rationale for Further Evaluation / No
Further Evaluation









Solid
Contact

Dermal, Oral

ONU

No

Exposures are expected to be primarily
restricted to workers who are working at
locations where in-place asbestos-containing
materials are disturbed. ONUs are not expected
to come in direct contact with asbestos.



Chemical





Solid
Contact

Inhalation,
Dermal, Oral

Workers

Yes

The potential for worker exposure exists during
this use, as solid asbestos could be incorporated
into furniture and furnishings.



Substances in

Furnishing,

Cleaning,

Furniture &
furnishings
including stone,
plaster,
cement, glass
add ceramic

Used in

Liquid
Contact

Dermal, Oral

Workers,
ONU

No

Liquid generation is not expected during use of
furniture and furnishings.



Treatment
Care Products

furniture &
furnishings
including
stone, plaster,
cement, glass a
nd ceramic
articles; metal
articles; or
rubber articles

Vapor

Inhalation

Workers,
ONU

No

Asbestos is a fibrous substance, thus would not
exist as a vapor.





Mist

Inhalation,
Dermal, Oral

Workers,
ONU

No

Mist generation is not expected during use of
furniture and furnishings.

Industrial/
Commercial



articles; metal
articles; or
rubber articles

Dust

Inhalation,
Dermal, Oral

Workers,
ONU

Yes

Dust generation is possible during use of
furniture and furnishings.

Use





Solid
Contact

Dermal, Oral

ONU

No

Exposures are expected to be primarily
restricted to workers who are working at
locations where in-place asbestos-containing
materials are disturbed. ONUs are not expected
to come in direct contact with asbestos.







Used in

Solid
Contact

Inhalation,
Dermal, Oral

Workers

Yes

The potential for worker exposure exists during
this use, as solid asbestos could be incorporated
into packaging.



Chemical
Substances in

Packaging
(excluding food
packaging),

packaging
(excluding
food

Liquid
Contact

Dermal, Oral

Workers,
ONU

No

Liquid generation is not expected during use of
packaging.



Packaging,
Paper, Plastic,
Toys, Hobby
Products

including rubber
articles; plastic
articles (hard);
plastic articles
(soft)

packaging),
including
rubber articles;

Vapor

Inhalation

Workers,
ONU

No

Asbestos is a fibrous substance, thus would not
exist as a vapor.



plastic articles
(hard); plastic
articles (soft)

Mist

Inhalation,
Dermal, Oral

Workers,
ONU

No

Mist generation is not expected during use of
packaging.







Dust

Inhalation,
Dermal, Oral

Workers,
ONU

Yes

Dust generation is possible during use of
packaging

Page 131 of 150

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Lite Cycle
Stage

Category

Subcategory

Release/
Exposure
Scenario

Exposure
Pathway

Exposure
Route

Receptor/
Population

Proposed for
Further Risk
Evaluation

Rationale for Further Evaluation / No
Further Evaluation









Solid
Contact

Dermal, Oral

ONU

No

Exposures are expected to be primarily
restricted to workers who are working at
locations where in-place asbestos-containing
materials are disturbed. ONUs are not expected
to come in direct contact with asbestos.









Solid
Contact

Inhalation,
Dermal, Oral

Workers

Yes

The potential for worker exposure exists during
this use, as solid asbestos could be incorporated
into children's toys.





Toys intended

Used in toys
intended for

Liquid
Contact

Dermal, Oral

Workers,
ONU

No

Liquid generation is not expected during use of
children's toys.





for children's
use (and child
dedicated

children's use
(and child
dedicated

Vapor

Inhalation

Workers,
ONU

No

Asbestos is a fibrous substance, thus would not
exist as a vapor.





articles),
including
fabrics, textiles,
and apparel; or
plastic articles
(hard)

articles),
including
fabrics,
textiles, and
apparel; or
plastic articles
(hard)

Mist

Inhalation,
Dermal, Oral

Workers,
ONU

No

Mist generation is not expected during use of
children's toys.

Industrial/
Commercial



Dust

Inhalation,
Dermal, Oral

Workers,
ONU

Yes

Dust generation is possible during use of
children's toys.

Use



Solid
Contact

Dermal, Oral

ONU

No

Exposures are expected to be primarily
restricted to workers who are working at
locations where in-place asbestos-containing
materials are disturbed. ONUs are not expected
to come in direct contact with asbestos.









Solid
Contact

Inhalation,
Dermal, Oral

Workers

Yes

The potential for worker exposure exists during
this use, as solid asbestos could be incorporated
into artifacts.



Chemical
Substances in
Products not
Described by
Other Codes



Used in

Liquid
Contact

Dermal, Oral

Workers,
ONU

No

Liquid generation is not expected during use of
artifacts.



Other (artifacts)

artifacts in
museums and
collections

Vapor

Inhalation

Workers,
ONU

No

Asbestos is a fibrous substance, thus would not
exist as a vapor.







Mist

Inhalation,
Dermal, Oral

Workers,
ONU

No

Mist generation is not expected during use of
artifacts.









Dust

Inhalation,
Dermal, Oral

Workers,
ONU

Yes

Dust generation is possible during use of
artifacts.

Page 132 of 150

-------
Lite Cycle
Stage

Category

Subcategory

Release/
Exposure
Scenario

Exposure
Pathway

Exposure
Route

Receptor/
Population

Proposed for
Further Risk
Evaluation

Rationale for Further Evaluation / No
Further Evaluation









Solid
Contact

Dermal, Oral

ONU

No

Exposures are expected to be primarily
restricted to workers who are working at
locations where in-place asbestos-containing
materials are disturbed. ONUs are not expected
to come in direct contact with asbestos.



Chemical





Solid
Contact

Inhalation,
Dermal, Oral

Workers

Yes

The potential for worker exposure exists during
this use, as solid asbestos could be present
during aerospace applications

Industrial/

Commercial

Use

Substances in
Products not
Described by





Liquid
Contact

Dermal, Oral

Workers,
ONU

No

Liquid generation is not expected during use of
aerospace applications.

Other Codes

Other

(aerospace

applications)

Used in

aerospace

applications

Vapor

Inhalation

Workers,
ONU

No

Asbestos is a fibrous substance, thus would not
exist as a vapor.





Mist

Inhalation,
Dermal, Oral

Workers,
ONU

No

Mist generation is not expected during use of
aerospace applications.









Dust

Inhalation,
Dermal, Oral

Workers,
ONU

Yes

Dust generation is possible during use of
aerospace applications.









Solid
Contact

Dermal, Oral

ONU

No

Exposures are expected to be primarily
restricted to workers who are working at
locations where in-place asbestos-containing
materials are disturbed. ONUs are not expected
to come in direct contact with asbestos.







Worker

Solid
Contact

Inhalation,
Dermal, Oral

Workers

Yes

The potential for worker exposure exists during
this use, as demolition debris and wastes are
often in solid form.

Disposal

Disposal

Disposal

handling of

asbestos-

containing

wastes,

demolition

debris

Liquid
Contact

Dermal, Oral

Workers,
ONU

Yes

Liquid exposure is possible during this use, as
workers and ONUs may contact asbestos-
contaminated stormwater, and workers may
contact dust suppression water, and other
wastewater found at demolition sites.









Vapor

Inhalation

Workers,
ONU

No

Asbestos is a fibrous substance, thus would not
exist as a vapor.

Page 133 of 150

-------
Lite Cycle
Stage

Category

Subcategory

Release/
Exposure
Scenario

Exposure
Pathway

Exposure
Route

Receptor/
Population

Proposed for
Further Risk
Evaluation

Rationale for Further Evaluation / No
Further Evaluation









Mist

Inhalation,
Dermal, Oral

Workers,
ONU

No

Mist generation is not expected during handling
of wastes and demolition debris.









Dust

Inhalation,
Dermal, Oral

Workers,
ONU

Yes

Dust generation is possible during disposal of
wastes and demolition.









Solid
Contact

Dermal, Oral

ONU

No

Exposures are expected to be primarily
restricted to workers who are working at
locations where in-place asbestos-containing
materials are disturbed. ONUs are not expected
to come in direct contact with asbestos.

Page 134 of 150

-------
Appendix G SUPPORTING INFORMATION - CONCEPTUAL MODEL FOR CONSUMER
ACTIVITIES AND USES

Table Apx G-l. Consumer Exposure Conceptual Model Supporting Table

Life Cycle
Stage

Category

Subcategory

Release from
Sou rcc

Exposure
Pathway

Route

Receptor

Plans to
Evaluate

Rationale



Chemical
Substances in
Construction,
Paint,

Electrical, and
Metal Articles

Construction
and building
materials

Direct contact
through handling
of articles
containing
chemical

Direct
Contact

Dermal

Consumers

Yes

Dermal exposure may occur
for this condition of use

Consumer
Use

covering large
surface areas,
including paper
articles; metal
articles; stone,
plaster, cement,
glass and
ceramic articles

Direct contact
through mouthing
of articles
containing
chemical

Mouthing

Oral

Consumers

Yes

Oral exposure may occur for
this condition of use





Long-term
emission/mass-
transfer, Abrasion,
Transfer to Dust

Dust

Dermal,

Inhalation,

Oral

Consumers,
Bystanders

Yes

Dermal, oral, and inhalation
exposure from this condition
of use may occur



Chemical
Substances in
Construction,
Paint,

Electrical, and
Metal Articles

Machinery,

mechanical

appliances,

electrical/

electronic

articles

Direct contact
through handling
of articles
containing
chemical

Direct
Contact

Dermal

Consumers

Yes

Dermal exposure may occur
for this condition of use

Consumer
Use

Direct contact
through mouthing
of articles
containing
chemical

Mouthing

Oral

Consumers

Yes

Oral exposure may occur for
this condition of use







Long-term
emission/mass-
transfer, Abrasion,
Transfer to Dust

Dust

Dermal,

Inhalation,

Oral

Consumers,
Bystanders

Yes

Dermal, oral, and inhalation
exposure from this condition
of use may occur

Page 135 of 150

-------
Life Cycle
Stage

Category

Subcategory

Release from
Sou rcc

Exposure
Pathway

Route

Receptor

Plans to
Evaluate

Rationale

Consumer
Use

Chemical
Substances in
Construction,
Paint,

Electrical, and
Metal Articles

Fillers and
putties

Direct contact
through handling
of articles
containing
chemical

Direct
Contact

Dermal

Consumers

Yes

Dermal exposure may occur
for this condition of use

Direct contact
through mouthing
of articles
containing
chemical

Mouthing

Oral

Consumers

Yes

Oral exposure may occur for
this condition of use

Long-term
emission/mass-
transfer, Abrasion,
Transfer to Dust

Dust

Dermal,

Inhalation,

Oral

Consumers,
Bystanders

Yes

Dermal, oral, and inhalation
exposure from this condition
of use may occur

Consumer
Use

Chemical
Substances in
Construction,
Paint,

Electrical, and
Metal Articles

Solvent-
based/water-
based paint

Direct contact
through

application or use
of products

Liquid
Contact

Dermal

Consumers

Yes

Exposure is expected to be
primarily restricted to
consumer who are directly
involved in using the
chemical.

Long-term
emission/mass-
transfer, Abrasion,
Transfer to Dust

Dust

Dermal,

Inhalation,

Oral

Consumers,
Bystanders

Yes

Dermal, oral, and inhalation
exposure from this condition
of use may occur

Consumer
Use

Chemical
Substances in
Furnishing,
Cleaning,
Treatment Care
Articles

Construction
and building
materials
covering large
surface areas,
including
fabrics, textiles,
and apparel

Direct contact
through handling
of articles
containing
chemical

Direct
Contact

Dermal

Consumers

Yes

Dermal exposure may occur
for this condition of use

Direct contact
through mouthing
of articles
containing
chemical

Mouthing

Oral

Consumers

Yes

Oral exposure may occur for
this condition of use

Page 136 of 150

-------
Life Cycle
Stage

Category

Subcategory

Release from
Sou rcc

Exposure
Pathway

Route

Receptor

Plans to
Evaluate

Rationale







Long-term
emission/mass-
transfer, Abrasion,
Transfer to Dust

Dust

Dermal,

Inhalation,

Oral

Consumers,
Bystanders

Yes

Dermal, oral, and inhalation
exposure from this condition
of use may occur



Chemical
Substances in
Furnishing,
Cleaning,
Treatment Care
Articles

Furniture &
furnishings

Direct contact
through handling
of articles
containing
chemical

Direct
Contact

Dermal

Consumers

Yes

Dermal exposure may occur
for this condition of use

Consumer
Use

including stone,
plaster, cement,
glass and
ceramic
articles; metal
articles; or
rubber articles

Direct contact
through mouthing
of articles
containing
chemical

Mouthing

Oral

Consumers

Yes

Oral exposure may occur for
this condition of use





Long-term
emission/mass-
transfer, Abrasion,
Transfer to Dust

Dust

Dermal,

Inhalation,

Oral

Consumers,
Bystanders

Yes

Dermal, oral, and inhalation
exposure from this condition
of use may occur



Chemical
Substances in
Packaging,
Paper, Plastic,
Toys, Hobby
Articles

Packaging
(excluding food
packaging),
including
rubber articles;
plastic articles
(hard); plastic

Direct contact
through handling
of articles
containing
chemical

Direct
Contact

Dermal

Consumers

Yes

Dermal exposure may occur
for this condition of use

Consumer
Use

Direct contact
through mouthing
of articles
containing
chemical

Mouthing

Oral

Consumers

Yes

Oral exposure may occur for
this condition of use





articles (soft)

Long-term
emission/mass-
transfer, Abrasion,
Transfer to Dust

Dust

Dermal,

Inhalation,

Oral

Consumers,
Bystanders

Yes

Dermal, oral, and inhalation
exposure from this condition
of use may occur

Page 137 of 150

-------
Life Cycle
Stage

Category

Subcategory

Release from
Sou rcc

Exposure
Pathway

Route

Receptor

Plans to
Evaluate

Rationale



Chemical
Substances in
Packaging,
Paper, Plastic,
Toys, Hobby
Articles

Toys intended
for children's
use (and child
dedicated
articles),
including
fabrics, textiles,
and apparel; or

Direct contact
through handling
of articles
containing
chemical

Direct
Contact

Dermal

Consumers

Yes

Dermal exposure may occur
for this condition of use

Consumer
Use

Direct contact
through mouthing
of articles
containing
chemical

Mouthing

Oral

Consumers

Yes

Oral exposure may occur for
this condition of use





plastic articles
(hard)

Long-term
emission/mass-
transfer, Abrasion,
Transfer to Dust

Dust

Dermal,

Inhalation,

Oral

Consumers,
Bystanders

Yes

Dermal, oral, and inhalation
exposure from this condition
of use may occur



Chemical



Direct contact
through handling
of articles
containing
chemical

Direct
Contact

Dermal

Consumers

Yes

Dermal exposure may occur
for this condition of use

Consumer
Use

Substances in

Automotive,

Fuel,

Agriculture,
Outdoor Use
Articles

Lawn and
Garden Care
Products

Direct contact
through mouthing
of articles
containing
chemical

Mouthing

Oral

Consumers

Yes

Oral exposure may occur for
this condition of use





Long-term
emission/mass-
transfer, Abrasion,
Transfer to Dust

Dust

Dermal,

Inhalation,

Oral

Consumers,
Bystanders

Yes

Dermal, oral, and inhalation
exposure from this condition
of use may occur

Consumer
Use

Chemical
Substances in
Products not
Described by
Other Codes

Other (artifacts)

Direct contact
through handling
of articles
containing
chemical

Direct
Contact

Dermal

Consumers

Yes

Dermal exposure may occur
for this condition of use

Page 138 of 150

-------
Life Cycle
Stage

Category

Subcategory

Release from
Sou rcc

Exposure
Pathway

Route

Receptor

Plans to
Evaluate

Rationale







Direct contact
through

application or use
of products

Liquid
Contact

Dermal

Consumers

Yes

Exposure is expected to be
primarily restricted to
consumer who are directly
involved in using the
chemical.







Direct contact
through mouthing
of articles
containing
chemical

Mouthing

Oral

Consumers

Yes

Oral exposure may occur for
this condition of use







Long-term
emission/mass-
transfer, Abrasion,
Transfer to Dust

Dust

Dermal,

Inhalation,

Oral

Consumers,
Bystanders

Yes

Dermal, oral, and inhalation
exposure from this condition
of use may occur.



Chemical
Substances in
Construction,
Paint,

Electrical, and
Metal Products

Construction
and building
materials

Direct contact
through handling
of products
containing
chemical

Direct
Contact

Dermal

Consumers

Yes

Dermal exposure may occur
for this condition of use

Consumer
Use

covering large
surface areas,
including paper
articles; metal
articles; stone,
plaster, cement,
glass and
ceramic articles

Direct contact
through mouthing
of products
containing
chemical

Mouthing

Oral

Consumers

Yes

Oral exposure may occur for
this condition of use





Long-term
emission/mass-
transfer, Abrasion,
Transfer to Dust

Dust

Dermal,

Inhalation,

Oral

Consumers,
Bystanders

Yes

Dermal, oral, and inhalation
exposure from this condition
of use may occur

Consumer
Use

Chemical
Substances in
Construction,
Paint,

Machinery,
mechanical
appliances,
electrical/

Direct contact
through handling
of products
containing
chemical

Direct
Contact

Dermal

Consumers

Yes

Dermal exposure may occur
for this condition of use

Page 139 of 150

-------
Life Cycle
Stage

Category

Subcategory

Release from
Sou rcc

Exposure
Pathway

Route

Receptor

Plans to
Evaluate

Rationale



Electrical, and
Metal Products

electronic
articles

Direct contact
through mouthing
of products
containing
chemical

Mouthing

Oral

Consumers

Yes

Oral exposure may occur for
this condition of use







Long-term
emission/mass-
transfer, Abrasion,
Transfer to Dust

Dust

Dermal,

Inhalation,

Oral

Consumers,
Bystanders

Yes

Dermal, oral, and inhalation
exposure from this condition
of use may occur



Chemical
Substances in
Construction,
Paint,

Electrical, and
Metal Products



Direct contact
through handling
of products
containing
chemical

Direct
Contact

Dermal

Consumers

Yes

Dermal exposure may occur
for this condition of use

Consumer
Use

Fillers and
putties

Direct contact
through mouthing
of products
containing
chemical

Mouthing

Oral

Consumers

Yes

Oral exposure may occur for
this condition of use







Long-term
emission/mass-
transfer, Abrasion,
Transfer to Dust

Dust

Dermal,

Inhalation,

Oral

Consumers,
Bystanders

Yes

Dermal, oral, and inhalation
exposure from this condition
of use may occur

Consumer
Use

Chemical
Substances in
Construction,
Paint,

Electrical, and
Metal Products

Solvent-
based/water-

Direct contact
through

application or use
of products

Liquid
Contact

Dermal

Consumers

Yes

Exposure is expected to be
primarily restricted to
consumer who are directly
involved in using the
chemical.

based paint

Long-term
emission/mass-
transfer, Abrasion,
Transfer to Dust

Dust

Dermal,

Inhalation,

Oral

Consumers,
Bystanders

Yes

Dermal, oral, and inhalation
exposure from this condition
of use may occur

Page 140 of 150

-------
Life Cycle
Stage

Category

Subcategory

Release from
Sou rcc

Exposure
Pathway

Route

Receptor

Plans to
Evaluate

Rationale



Chemical
Substances in
Furnishing,
Cleaning,
Treatment Care
Products

Construction
and building
materials
covering large
surface areas,
including
fabrics, textiles,

Direct contact
through handling
of products
containing
chemical

Direct
Contact

Dermal

Consumers

Yes

Dermal exposure may occur
for this condition of use

Consumer
Use

Direct contact
through mouthing
of products
containing
chemical

Mouthing

Oral

Consumers

Yes

Oral exposure may occur for
this condition of use





and apparel

Long-term
emission/mass-
transfer, Abrasion,
Transfer to Dust

Dust

Dermal,

Inhalation,

Oral

Consumers,
Bystanders

Yes

Dermal, oral, and inhalation
exposure from this condition
of use may occur



Chemical
Substances in
Furnishing,
Cleaning,
Treatment Care
Products

Furniture &
furnishings

Direct contact
through handling
of products
containing
chemical

Direct
Contact

Dermal

Consumers

Yes

Dermal exposure may occur
for this condition of use

Consumer
Use

including stone,
plaster, cement,
glass and
ceramic
articles; metal
articles; or
rubber articles

Direct contact
through mouthing
of products
containing
chemical

Mouthing

Oral

Consumers

Yes

Oral exposure may occur for
this condition of use





Long-term
emission/mass-
transfer, Abrasion,
Transfer to Dust

Dust

Dermal,

Inhalation,

Oral

Consumers,
Bystanders

Yes

Dermal, oral, and inhalation
exposure from this condition
of use may occur

Consumer
Use

Chemical
Substances in
Packaging,
Paper, Plastic,

Packaging
(excluding food
packaging),
including
rubber articles;

Direct contact
through handling
of products
containing
chemical

Direct
Contact

Dermal

Consumers

Yes

Dermal exposure may occur
for this condition of use

Page 141 of 150

-------
Life Cycle
Stage

Category

Subcategory

Release from
Sou rcc

Exposure
Pathway

Route

Receptor

Plans to
Evaluate

Rationale



Toys, Hobby
Products

plastic articles
(hard); plastic
articles (soft)

Direct contact
through mouthing
of products
containing
chemical

Mouthing

Oral

Consumers

Yes

Oral exposure may occur for
this condition of use







Long-term
emission/mass-
transfer, Abrasion,
Transfer to Dust

Dust

Dermal,

Inhalation,

Oral

Consumers,
Bystanders

Yes

Dermal, oral, and inhalation
exposure from this condition
of use may occur



Chemical
Substances in
Packaging,
Paper, Plastic,
Toys, Hobby
Products

Toys intended
for children's
use (and child
dedicated
articles),
including
fabrics, textiles,
and apparel; or

Direct contact
through handling
of products
containing
chemical

Direct
Contact

Dermal

Consumers

Yes

Dermal exposure may occur
for this condition of use

Consumer
Use

Direct contact
through mouthing
of products
containing
chemical

Mouthing

Oral

Consumers

Yes

Oral exposure may occur for
this condition of use





plastic articles
(hard)

Long-term
emission/mass-
transfer, Abrasion,
Transfer to Dust

Dust

Dermal,

Inhalation,

Oral

Consumers,
Bystanders

Yes

Dermal, oral, and inhalation
exposure from this condition
of use may occur

Consumer

Chemical
Substances in
Automotive,
Fuel,

Agriculture,
Outdoor Use
Products

Lawn and
Garden Care
Products

Direct contact
through handling
of products
containing
chemical

Direct
Contact

Dermal

Consumers

Yes

Dermal exposure may occur
for this condition of use

Use

Direct contact
through mouthing
of products
containing
chemical

Mouthing

Oral

Consumers

Yes

Oral exposure may occur for
this condition of use

Page 142 of 150

-------
Life Cycle
Stage

Category

Subcategory

Release from
Sou rcc

Exposure
Pathway

Route

Receptor

Plans to
Evaluate

Rationale







Long-term
emission/mass-
transfer, Abrasion,
Transfer to Dust

Dust

Dermal,

Inhalation,

Oral

Consumers,
Bystanders

Yes

Dermal, oral, and inhalation
exposure from this condition
of use may occur







Direct contact
through handling
of products
containing
chemical

Direct
Contact

Dermal

Consumers

Yes

Dermal exposure may occur
for this condition of use

Consumer
Use

Chemical
Substances in
Products not

Other (artifacts)

Direct contact
through

application or use
of products

Liquid
Contact

Dermal

Consumers

Yes

Exposure is expected to be
primarily restricted to
consumer who are directly
involved in using the
chemical.

Described by
Other Codes

Direct contact
through mouthing
of products
containing
chemical

Mouthing

Oral

Consumers

Yes

Oral exposure may occur for
this condition of use







Long-term
emission/mass-
transfer, Abrasion,
Transfer to Dust

Dust

Dermal,

Inhalation,

Oral

Consumers,
Bystanders

Yes

Dermal, oral, and inhalation
exposure from this condition
of use may occur.

Consumer
Handling
of Disposal
and Waste

Wastewater,

Wastewater,
liquid, wastes,
and solid
wastes

Long-term
emission/mass-
transfer, Abrasion,
Transfer to Dust

Dust

Dermal,

Inhalation,

Oral

Consumers,
Bystanders

Yes

Dust generation is possible
during the handling of solid
waste.

liquid, wastes,
and solid wastes

Direct contact
through handling
or disposal of
products

Liquid
Contact

Dermal

Consumers

Yes

Exposure is expected to be
primarily restricted to
consumers who are directly
involved in handling and
disposal of the chemical.

Page 143 of 150

-------
Life Cycle
Stage

Category

Subcategory

Release from
Sou rcc

Exposure
Pathway

Route

Receptor

Plans to
Evaluate

Rationale







Direct contact
through handling
of products
containing
chemical

Direct
Contact

Dermal

Consumers

Yes

Dermal exposure may occur
for this condition of use

Page 144 of 150

-------
Appendix H SUPPORTING INFORMATION - CONCEPTUAL MODEL FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL RELEASES AND WASTES

Table Apx H-l. General Population and Environmental Exposure Conceptual Model Supporting Table

Life Cycle
Stage

Category

Release

Exposure Pathway/
Media

Exposure Routes

Receptor/
Population

Plans to Evaluate

Rationale







Near source ambient
air concentrations

Inhalation

General
Population

Yes

Asbestos fibers
emissions and releases



Emissions to Air

Emissions to Air

Indirect deposition to
nearby bodies of
water and soil
catchments

Oral
Dermal

General
Population

Yes

from landfills and waste
management facilities is
expected. Deposition to







Inhalation

Aquatic and

Terrestrial

Receptors

Yes

nearby bodies of water
and soil are expected

All





Direct release into
surface water and

Oral
Dermal

Aquatic and

Terrestrial

Receptors

Yes

Release of Asbestos
fibers into surface water
and indirect partitioning
to sediment exposure
pathways to aquatic and
terrestrial receptors will
be evaluated

Wastewater or
Liquid Wastes

Wastewater
treatment, or
POTW

indirect partitioning
to sediment

Oral
Dermal

General
Population

Yes

Release of Asbestos
fibers into surface water
and indirect partitioning
to sediment and
exposure pathways to
the general population
will be evaluated.







Drinking Water via
Surface or Ground
Water

Oral

Dermal and
Inhalation (e.g.,
showering)

General
Population

Yes

Release of Asbestos
fibers into surface water
and indirect partitioning
to drinking water is an
expected exposure
pathway.







Biosolids:
application to soil
and/or migration to

Oral (e.g.,
ingestion of soil)
Dermal

General
Population

Yes

EPA plans to analyze the
pathway from biosolids
to the general

Page 145 of 150

-------
Life Cycle
Stage

Category

Release

Exposure Pathway/
Media

Exposure Routes

Receptor/
Population

Plans to Evaluate

Rationale







groundwater and/or
surface water

Inhalation





population, aquatic and
terrestrial species.

Oral

Dermal

Inhalation

Aquatic and

Terrestrial

Receptors

Yes

Disposal

Solid and Liquid
Wastes

Municipal landfill
and other land
disposal

Leachate to soil,
ground water and/or
mitigation to surface
water

Oral
Dermal

Inhalation (e.g.,
inhalation of soil
containing
asbestos fibers)

General
Population

Yes

EPA plans to analyze the
pathway from municipal
landfills and other land
disposal to the general
population, aquatic and
terrestrial receptors.

Oral

Dermal Inhalation
(e.g., inhalation of
soil containing
asbestos fibers)

Aquatic and

Terrestrial

Receptors

Page 146 of 150

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Appendix I CHARACTERIZATION OF LITERATURE
INCLUDING ASBESTOS AND TALC

This Appendix presents heatmaps for each disciplines characterizing the number and types of the data
and information sources included thus far in the screening of the literature obtained from the asbestos
literature search that also includes talc. Note, the studies included in these heatmaps (see FigureApx
1-1 and Figure Apx 1-2) are not presented in the heatmaps presented in Section 2.1.2.

Fate Heat Map of Asbestos (Talc- or Magnesium-Silicate-Contaminated Asbestos)

Media

Endpoint

Air

Soil, Sediment

Wastewater,
Biosolids

Water

Other

Grand Total

Bioconcentration













Biodegradation













Hydrolysis













Photolysis













Sorption













Volatilization













Wastewater T reatment





2

2



2

Other





2

3

1

4

Grand Total





2

3

1

4

Figure Apx 1-1. Peer-Reviewed Literature Inventory Heat Map for Talc- or Magnesium-Silicate-
Contaminated Asbestos - Fate and Transport Search Results for Asbestos

View the interactive version in HAWC for additional study details. The column totals, row totals, and grand totals
indicate total numbers of unique references, as some references may be included in multiple cells. The various
shades of color visually represent the number of relevant references identified by exposure media or datatype.
The darker the color, the more references are available for a given exposure media or data type. Data in this figure
represent references obtained from the publicly available databases search (see Appendix A. 1.3) that were
included during full-text screening as of May 12, 2022. Additional data may be added to the interactive version as
they become available.

Page 147 of 150

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Engineering Heat Map of Asbestos (Talc- or Magnesium-Silicate-Contaminated Asbestos)

Data Type

Evidence Tags





Description of release source

13

Environmental
Releases

Release or emission factors
Release quantity

Waste treatment methods and pollution control

2
4
17



Total

23



Chemical concentration

68



Exposure route





Life cycle description

12

General

Number of sites

12

Engineering

Physical form



Assessment

Process description

22



Production, import, or use volume

28



Throughput

2



Total

87



Area sampling data

100



Dermal exposure data

1



Engineering control

47



Exposure duration

39



Exposure frequency

3

Occupational
Exposures

Exposure route

69

Number of workers

34

Particle size characterization

44



Personal protective equipment

37



Personal sampling data

47



Physical form

101



Worker activity description

110



Total

126

Grand Total

138

FigureApx 1-2. Peer-Reviewed Literature Inventory Heat Map for Talc- or Magnesium-Silicate-
Contaminated Asbestos - Engineering Search Results for Asbestos

View the interactive version in HAWC for additional study details. Data in this figure represent references
obtained from the publicly available databases search (see Appendix A. 1.3) that were included during full-text
screening as of May 6, 2022. Additional data may be added to the interactive version as they become available.

Page 148 of 150

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Exposure Heat Map of Asbestos (Talc- or Magnesium-Silicate-Contaminated Asbestos)

Data Type

Media (group)

Monitoring
Study

Modeling
Study

Completed
Assessment

Experimental Epidemiologic

Database

Study al Study

Survey

Grand Total

Ambient Air

2



1





3

Biosolids/Sludge













Drinking Water

1









1

Groundwater













Sediment

1









1

Soil





1





1

Surface Water

3









3

Wastewater

1









1

Aquatic Species













Terrestrial Species













Consumer

1



1

1



2

Dietary













Dust













Exposure Factors













Exposure Pathway

1



1





2

Human Biomonitoring

w





2



4

Indoor Air













Isomers













Use Information

2



1





3

Land Disposal/Landfill













Geology/Geochemistry













Grand Total

8



2

2



10

FigureApx 1-3. Peer-Reviewed Literature Inventory Heat Map for Talc- or Magnesium-Silicate-
Contaminated Asbestos - Exposure Search Results for Asbestos

View the interactive version in HAWC for additional study details. The column totals, row totals, and grand totals
indicate total numbers of unique references only, as some references may be included in multiple cells. The
various shades of color visually represent the number of relevant references identified by exposure media or data
type. The darker the color, the more references are available for a given exposure media or data type. Data in this
figure represent all references obtained from the publicly available databases search (see Appendix A. 1.3), and
gray literature references search (see Appendix A.3) that were included during full-text screening as of May 17,
2022. Additional data may be added to the interactive version as they become available.

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Heat Map

Evidence Type

Health Outcomes

Human

Animal -
Environmental Model

Plant

Grand Total

ADME

2





2

Cancer

8





8

Cardiovascular

1





1

Developmental

3





3

Endocrine









Gastrointestinal

2





2

Hematological and Immune









Hepatic









Mortality

2





2

Musculoskeletal









Neurological

1





1

Nutritional and Metabolic

1





1

Ocular and Sensory

1





1

PBPK









Renal









Reproductive









Respiratory

13





13

Skin and Connective Tissue









No Tag

2





2

Grand Total

15





15

FigureApx 1-4. Peer-Reviewed Literature Inventory Heat Map for Talc- or Magnesium-Silicate-
Contaminated Asbestos - Human Health and Environmental Hazards Search Results for Asbestos

View the interactive version in HAWC for additional study details. The numbers indicate the number of studies
with TIAB keywords related to a particular health outcome, not the number of studies that observed an
association with asbestos. Evidence types were manually extracted, and Health Systems were determined via
machine learning. Therefore, the studies examining multiple Health Outcomes and Evidence types, connections
between health outcome, and evidence type may not be accurately represented. If a study evaluated multiple
health outcomes or included multiple populations or study designs, it is shown here multiple times. Data in this
figure represents references obtained from the publicly available databases search (see Appendix A. 1.3) that were
included during full-text screening as of May 11, 2022. Additional data may be added to the interactive version as
they become available.

Page 150 of 150

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