Speciation Profiles and Toxic Emission
Factors for Nonroad Engines in MOVES3
£% United States
Environmental Protect
Agency
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Speciation Profiles and Toxic Emission
Factors for Nonroad Engines in MOVES3
This technical report does not necessarily represent final EPA decisions
or positions. It is intended to present technical analysis of issues using
data that are currently available. The purpose in the release of such
reports is to facilitate the exchange of technical information and to
inform the public of technical developments.
Assessment and Standards Division
Office of Transportation and Air Quality
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
NOTICE
4>EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
EPA-420-R-22-015
July 2022
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Table of Contents
Table of Contents 1
1 Introduction 4
1.1 Air Toxics in MOVES 4
1.2 Speciation 7
1.3 Data and Methods 7
2 Gasoline Exhaust 8
2.1 Organic Gas Aggregations and Air Toxic Emission Factors 8
2.2 Poly cyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 10
2.3 Metals 11
2.4 Dioxins and Furans 12
3 Diesel Exhaust 14
3.1 Organic Gas Aggregations and Air Toxic Emission Factors 14
3.2 Poly cyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 17
3.3 Metals 20
3.4 Dioxins and Furans 22
4 Compressed Natural Gas Exhaust 24
4.1 Organic Gas Aggregations and Air Toxic Emission Factors 24
4.2 Poly cyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 25
4.3 Metals 25
4.4 Dioxins and Furans 27
5 Liquefied Petroleum Gas 28
5.1 Organic Gas Aggregations and Air Toxic Emission Factors 28
5.2 Poly cyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 30
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5.3 Metals 30
5.4 Dioxins and Furans 30
6 Evaporative Emissions 32
6.1 Gasoline Engines 32
6.2 Diesel Engines 33
6.3 CNG and LPG Engines 33
7 Crankcase Exhaust Emissions 35
7.1 Organic Gas Aggregations and Air Toxic Emission Factors 35
7.2 Poly cyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 36
7.3 Metal and Dioxin Emissions 36
Appendix A Development of Exhaust TOG and VOC Speciation Profiles for Spark-Ignition
and Compression-Ignition Nonroad Engines 37
A. 1 Introduction 37
A.2 Methods 37
A.2.1 Exhaust Emissions Data 37
A.2.2 Assignment of SPECIATE Identification Numbers for TOG Speciation Profiles ....42
A.2.3 Speciation Profile Development 43
A.3 Results 46
Appendix B TOG Speciation Map for Nonroad emissions 73
Appendix C PM Speciation Map for Nonroad emissions 74
Appendix D Post-Processing Nonroad For Air Quality Modeling 75
D.l TOG Speciation 75
D.2 PM2.5 Speciation 75
D.3 Updates for MOVES3.0.4 76
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References
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1 Introduction
MOVES2014a was the first version of MOVES to include estimates of volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) and toxics from nonroad equipment.1 For the most part, the data and report
here are unchanged from MOVESlOMa1, however, this report has been updated to reflect the
toxics and speciation data updates made to MOVES2014b (as summarized in Section 1.3).
This document details the research and development behind MOVES2014b's estimates of
speciation profiles and air toxic emissions for nonroad engines and equipment run on
conventional gasoline without ethanol (EO) and gasoline blended with 10 percent ethanol (E10),
as well as diesel fuel, compressed natural gas (CNG), and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).
The research and development described in this document remain valid for MOVES3, although
we updated the post-processing script for nonroad emissions for MOVES3.0.4 (see Appendix
D.3).
MOVES uses the same datasets used to develop speciation profiles and toxic emission rates to
develop estimates of organic gas emissions for a number of different aggregations. These
aggregations vary based on measurement method, and presence or absence of methane, ethane,
alcohols and aldehydes. The aggregations are defined as follows:
Total Hydrocarbons (THC): "THC is the measured hydrocarbon emissions using a Flame
Ionization Detector (FID) calibrated with propane. The FID is assumed to respond to all
hydrocarbons identically as it responds to propane in determining the concentration of carbon
atoms in a gas sample. Most hydrocarbons respond nearly identically as propane with notable
exceptions being oxygenated hydrocarbons such as alcohols and aldehydes commonly found in
engine exhaust."2 That is because THC measurements do not respond fully to carbon-oxygen
bonds in oxygenated compounds, such as aldehydes, alcohols, and ketones.
Total Organic Gases (TOG): hydrocarbon emissions plus oxygenated hydrocarbons such as
alcohols and aldehydes.1 TOG is measured using gas and liquid chromatography methods.
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC): TOG emissions minus those hydrocarbons that
contribute little to ozone formation, such as methane, ethane, and acetone.1.
Non-Methane Hydrocarbons (NMHC): NMHC = THC - CH4 (methane).
Non-Methane Organic Gases (NMOG): NMOG = TOG - CH4 (methane).
1.1 Air Toxics in MOVES
The air toxics included in MOVES are classified into four categories:
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Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC): EPA defines VOC as any compound of carbon— excluding
carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, metallic carbides or carbonates, and ammonium
carbonate—which participates in atmospheric photochemical reactions, except those designated
by EPA as having negligible photochemical reactivity.3
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): This category is defined as hydrocarbons containing
fused aromatic rings. These compounds can be measured in the gaseous phase, particulate phase,
or both, depending on properties of the compound, particle characteristics and conditions in the
exhaust stream or the atmosphere. Currently, we use two separate sets of partitioning factors (one
based on onroad diesel engine testing, and the other based on onroad gasoline testing) that
represent the conditions under which the PAHs were measured.
Dioxins and furans: This category includes polychlorinated organic compounds which are
persistent in the environment and considered bio accumulative in aquatic and terrestrial food
chains.
Metals: This category includes metals or metal-containing compounds in elemental, gaseous and
particulate phases.
Specific compounds in each category are listed in Table 1-1 through Table 1-4 and are identical
to the compounds modeled for highway vehicles. Note that each compound is identified by its
"pollutantID" in the MOVES database. Each compound is also identified by its Chemical
Abstracts Service Registry number (CAS number).
Table 1-l.Hydrocarbons and Volatile Organic Compounds Included in MOVES
Pollutant
pollutantID
CAS Number
Benzene
20
71-43-2
Ethanol
21
64-17-5
1,3-Butadiene
24
106-99-0
Formaldehyde
25
50-00-0
Acetaldehyde
26
75-07-0
Acrolein
27
107-02-8
2,2,4-Trimethy lpentane
40
540-84-1
Ethyl Benzene
41
100-41-4
Hexane
42
110-54-3
Propionaldehyde
43
123-38-6
Styrene
44
100-42-5
Toluene
45
108-88-3
Xylcnc(s)"
46
1330-20-7
Note:
a This species represents the sum of emissions from three isomers of xylene, i.e., ortho-, meta-, and
para-xylene.
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Table 1-2. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Included in MOVES
Pollutant
pollutantID
CAS Number
(gaseous phase)
(particulate
phase)
Acenaphthene
170
70
83-32-9
Acenaphthylene
171
71
208-96-8
Anthracene
172
72
120-12-7
B cnz(fl)anthraccnc
173
73
56-55-3
Bcnzo(fl)pvrcnc
174
74
50-32-8
B enzo (b )fluoranthene
175
75
205-99-2
Bcn/o(w./?./)pcnlcnc
176
76
191-24-2
B enzo (&)fluoranthene
111
77
207-08-9
Chrysene
178
78
218-01-9
D i be n/o (a, h )a nt h race n c
168
68
53-70-3
Fluoranthene
169
69
206-44-0
Fluorene
181
81
86-73-7
Indeno(l ,2,3 ,c, d) pyrene
182
82
193-39-5
Naphthalene
185
23
91-20-3
Phenanthrene
183
83
85-01-8
Pyrene
184
84
129-00-0
Table 1-3. Dioxins and Furans Included in MOVES
Pollutant
pollutantID
CAS Number
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin
142
1746-01-6
1,2,3,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin
135
40321-76-4
1,2,3,4,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin
134
39227-28-6
1,2,3,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin
141
57653-85-7
1,2,3,7,8,9-Hexachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin
130
19408-74-3
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-Heptachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin
132
35822-46-9
Octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
131
3268-87-9
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzofuran
136
51207-31-9
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-Heptachlorodibenzofuran
144
67562-39-4
1,2,3,4,7,8,9-Heptachlorodibenzofuran
137
55673-89-7
1,2,3,4,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzofuran
145
70648-26-9
1,2,3,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzofuran
140
57117-44-9
1,2,3,7,8,9-Hexachlorodibenzofuran
146
72918-21-9
1,2,3,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran
139
57117-41-6
2,3,4,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzofuran
143
60851-34-5
2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran
138
57117-31-4
Octachlorodibenzofuran
133
39001-02-0
Table 1-4. Metals Included in MOVES
Pollutant
pollutantID
CAS Number
Mercury (elemental gaseous)
60
7439-97-6
Mercury (divalent gaseous)
61
7439-97-6
Mercury (particulate)
62
7439-97-6
Arsenic compounds
63
7440-38-2 (metal)
Chromium (Cr6+)
65
18540-29-9
Manganese compounds
66
7439-96-5 (metal)
Nickel compounds
67
7440-02-0 (metal)
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1.2 Speciation
In addition to estimating emissions of pollutants that are discrete chemical compounds, such as
carbon monoxide (CO) and sulfur dioxide (S02), MOVES produces emission rates for
aggregates of individual chemical compounds, including total hydrocarbons (THC), volatile
organic compounds (VOC), total organic gases (TOG) and particulate matter (PM). Organic gas
aggregations are described in the introduction, above. Particulate matter is operationally defined
as the measured mass collected on a filter using EPA-defined sampling filter media, conditions,
and practices. PM2.5 refers to particulate matter emissions collected downstream of a cyclone
that removes the particles with aerodynamic diameter greater than 2.5 microns, while PM10
refers to particulate matter emissions with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 microns.
The process of apportioning aggregate TOG and PM2.5 into sets of separate components is called
"speciation". For nonroad, toxics speciation is estimated in the nonroad portion of MOVES.
However, detailed TOG speciation (including the calculation of chemical mechanism speciesa)
and speciation of PM2.5 are conducted as part of post-processing of MOVES nonroad results with
EPA's Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions processor (SMOKE)4 The nonroad emission
output from MOVES can be distinguished by engine type, engine technology, engine size, fuel
and fuel sub-type, and emission processes—the same factors used to categorize TOG and PM
speciation profiles stored in EPA's database SPECIATE. Thus, post-processing scripts can map
the MOVES nonroad output to the SPECIATE profiles without any loss of information. The
assignment of nonroad TOG emissions to SPECIATE profiles is documented here in Table A4-
13 in Appendix A. The assignment of PM profiles is documented in Appendix C. SMOKE uses
these profiles to speciate both TOG and PM2.5. Further details on speciation for air quality
modeling are described in Appendix D.
1.3 Data and Methods
Exhaust emissions data from two test programs conducted by Southwest Research Institute
(SwRI), under contracts from EPA, were used to create VOC speciation profiles and gaseous
toxic emission fractions for nonroad spark-ignition (SI) engines5 and nonroad compression
ignition (CI) engines.6'7 The test programs and derivation of these speciation profiles are
explained further in Appendix A and in the literature.8 Data from the CI test programs were also
used to develop PAH emission fractions. Data from the SI engine test program provided the basis
for profiles of uncontrolled 2-stroke and 4-stroke engines operating on gasoline (E0) and
gasoline containing 10 percent ethanol by volume (E10). Data from the CI engine test programs
provided the basis for profiles of pre-Tier 1, Tier 1, and Tier 2 engines at various power levels.
In MOVES2014b, we created new engine technology classes to distinguish Tier 4 engines with
different aftertreatment configurations, including use of diesel particulate filters (DPFs) and
selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems. In conjunction, we incorporated new speciation and
toxic data from on-highway diesel engines equipped with diesel particulate filters and selective
catalytic reduction systems from Phase 2 of the Advanced Collaborative Emissions Study
a To make the chemistry of air quality models computationally feasible, the thousands of actual chemical species are
mapped to a relatively few "chemical mechanism" species.
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(ACES)20. Moreover, nonroad diesel emission factors were corrected for hexavalent chromium.
Details on these changes are provided in Section 3.
Where data on nonroad emissions were absent, nonroad emission factors were derived from
onroad vehicles. Onroad emission factors were used as surrogates for nonroad gasoline engine
emissions of PAHs, metals, and dioxins/furans. Furthermore, highway diesel engine emission
factors were used as surrogates for VOCs, PAHs and metals from Tier 4 engines with DPF but
no SCR and Tier 4 with both DPF and SCR. Dioxin/furan emission rates for large (>56kW) Tier
4 diesel engines are also estimated from onroad surrogates. Finally, all air toxics from CNG and
LPG nonroad engines are estimated from onroad surrogates. For detailed information on the data
and derivation of emission factors for onroad vehicles, please refer to the Air Toxic Emissions
from Onroad Vehicles in MOVES2014 (referred to in this document as the "onroad air toxics
report").9
It is important to note that emissions factors for nonroad engines and equipment are based on
composites of running and cold start emissions, and currently, there are not separate emission
factors for idling, start, or hot-stabilized running emissions. In highway vehicles, emission
factors vary substantially between these modes. It should also be mentioned that toxic fractions
are mass-based (as opposed to using molar-ratios) and inputs used to estimate emissions of toxics
do not vary by temperature. In addition, data from a limited number of equipment types were
applied to other equipment types with the same engine technology type (i.e. 2-stroke SI, 4-stroke
SI). For example, data collected on lawn and garden equipment with 4-stroke engines were
applied to 4-stroke recreational vehicles. Differences in operating characteristics could affect the
composition of the emissions.
2 Gasoline Exhaust
2.1 Organic Gas Aggregations and Air Toxic Emission Factors
A single nonroad spark-ignition test program5 (further described in Appendix A) was used to
develop exhaust emission factors for organic gases according to engine type (2-stroke or 4-
stroke) and fuel subtype (EO or E10). The choice of 2-stroke or 4-stroke technology and the
choice of gasoline ethanol level are generally the most important factors influencing nonroad
gasoline engine speciated emissions, and thus, all nonroad gasoline engines were assigned
volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles according to stroke and fuel subtype. The presence of
a three-way catalyst also influences emissions1013; however, as described in Appendix A, the
limited data for catalyst-equipped engines from 2-strokes had many inconsistencies which
rendered the data unusable.
In the MOVES model, individual VOC fractions are multiplied by total VOC emissions to obtain
emission factors. Total VOC was derived from NMHC by first calculating NMOG according to
40 CFR §1066.635) 11 as defined in Equation 1.
b For MY 2011, 54 percent of the small 2-cycle SI nonroad engines in EPA's certification database are equipped
with aftertreatment, with 28 percent of the small 4-cycle SI nonroad engines certified with aftertreatment. In MY
2015, 57 percent of the small 2-cycle SI nonroad engines include aftertreatment, with 23 percent of the small 4-cycle
SI nonroad engines reporting aftertreatment. These numbers only reflect the percentage of engines certified for sale
in the US, and may not reflect the percentage of engines sold with aftertreatment10.
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mNMOG ~ mNMHC + m.
oxygenates
Pnmhc
N
I
i=1
m
oxygenatei
Poxygenatei
FID
RFi
Equation 1
Where:
mNMHC = the mass of NMHC in the exhaust
wnmog = the mass of NMOG in the exhaust
^oxygenates = the mass of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde (from Table A4-3)
Pnmhc = the effective Ci-equivalent density of NMHC, calculated using a C:H ratio of 1:2.64
^oxygenate i = the mass of oxygenated species i in the exhaust (from Table A4-3)
^oxygenate i = the Ci-equivalent density of oxygenated species i
From NMOG, TOG can be obtained by the addition of methane. VOCs are obtained from
NMOG by the removal of ethane and acetone as defined in Equation 2.
VOC = NMOG — ethane — acetone
Equation 2
Table 2-1 lists aggregate species (or groups of chemical compounds defined operationally or for
modeling purposes) including THC, NMHC, NMOG, TOG and VOC, and also includes ratios
used to derive NMOG, VOC and methane from THC and NMHC. NMHC was derived from the
THC and methane emissions, NMOG was derived from Equation 1, VOC from Equation 2, and
TOG as the sum of NMOG + methane. NMOG/NMHC and VOC/NMHC factors derived from
these values are also presented in Table 2-1.
Table 2-1. Organic Gas Aggregations Estimated from THC for Nonroad
Gasoline Engines
Engine Technology
2-stroke
2-stroke
4-stroke
4-stroke
Fuel sub-type
EO
E10
E0
E10
Mass units"
mg/mi
mg/mi
mg/hp-hr
mg/hp-hr
THC
36,235
31,510
6,667
5,855
NMHC
35,491
30,875
5,622
4,981
NMOG
35,687
32,733
5,774
5,232
TOG
36,432
33,368
6,819
6,107
VOC
35,586
32,631
5,692
5,156
CH4
744
635
1,045
874
NMOG/NMHC
1.006
1.060
1.027
1.051
CH4/THC
0.021
0.020
0.157
0.149
VOC/NMHC
1.003
1.057
1.012
1.035
Note:
a 2-stroke engines were measured on a transient test cycle and 4-stroke engines were
measured on a steady-state cycle, per Appendix A.
Emission factors for individual VOC are reported as the fraction of the individual species divided
by total VOCs (Table 2-2). The remaining VOC species have been integrated into the term
NONHAPTOG which is listed at the bottom of Table 2-2. NONHAPTOG is also referred to as
residual total organic gas (TOG), and refers to the TOG minus the specific organic gas species
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that MOVES estimates. More discussion of the use of NONHAPTOG is included in the onroad
speciation report.27
Table 2-2. Nonroad Gasoline Toxic Fractions for VOC
Pollutant
EO
4 stroke
E0
2 stroke
E10
4 stroke
E10
2 stroke
1,3-Butadiene
0.01280
0.00214
0.01240
0.00272
2,2,4-Trimethy lpentane
0.04610
0.08110
0.05720
0.13000
Acetaldehyde
0.00425
0.00103
0.00897
0.00336
Acrolein
0.00037
0.00031
0.00045
0.00044
Benzene
0.06940
0.01390
0.04590
0.01260
Ethanol
0.00172
0.00058
0.03030
0.07810
Ethyl Benzene
0.02200
0.03440
0.01670
0.02230
Formaldehyde
0.01980
0.00368
0.01760
0.00498
Hexane
0.00233
0.00772
0.00520
0.00715
m-& p-Xylene
0.04400
0.06440
0.05460
0.05390
o-Xylene
0.01460
0.02320
0.01530
0.01860
Propionaldehyde
0.00049
0.00051
0.00041
0.00052
Styrene
0.00976
0.00223
0.00715
0.00177
Toluene
0.08640
0.08640
0.07770
0.07770
NONHAPTOG
0.66600
0.67800
0.65000
0.58600
2.2 Poly cyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Emissions of PAH in the gaseous and particulate phases were estimated as fractions of total
VOC and PM2.5, respectively (Equation 3 and Equation 4). PAH emission factors for nonroad
gasoline engines were adapted from onroad gasoline engine data (described in the onroad air
toxics report9), due to unavailability of data for nonroad engines, assuming the same partitioning
between gas and particle as onroad gasoline (Table 2-3). Since the nonroad portion of MOVES
does not produce speciated PM2.5 measurements (in particular, it does not estimate the carbon
fraction of PM2.5), the nonroad PAH emissions are estimated from total PM2.5 emissions as
opposed to the OC2.5c used for onroad emissions. The onroad gasoline PAH emission factor is
applied to both 2-stroke and 4-stroke gasoline engines and to both EO and E10 fuel subtypes.
PAH 1
PAH gaseous emission fraction = x Gaseous Fraction Equation 3
total
PAH 1
PAH particulate emission fraction = — x Particulate Fraction Equation 4
'2.5
Where:
0 OC2 5 refers to the organic carbon portion of PM2 5 emissions
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PAHi (g) = mass of PAH species i (e.g. naphthalene)
VOC (g) = mass of volatile organic compounds
PM2.5 (g) = particulate matter mass
Gaseous Fraction (unitless) = fraction of PAH; measured in the gaseous phase (Table 2-3)
Particulate Fraction (unitless) = fraction of PAH; measured in the particulate phase (Table 2-3)
Table 2-3. Toxic Fractions for PAH Compounds in Gaseous and Particulate Phases for Nonroad Gasoline
Species
Gaseous
Phase
(PAH/VOC)
Particulate
Phase
(PAH/PM2.5)
Naphthalene
2.07 xlO"3
6.38xl0"5
Acenaphthylene
1.81xl0"4
2.09xl0"5
Acenaphthene
3.99xl0"5
0.0
Fluorene
8.08X10"5
0.0
Anthracene
3.35xl0"5
2.21 xlO"5
Phenanthrene
2.14xl0"4
7.80xl0"5
Fluoranthene
5.60xl0"5
7.81 xlO"5
Pyrene
6.40xl0"5
8.47xl0"5
B enz(a)anthracene
5.40xl0"6
2.03 xlO"4
Chrysene
6.05 xlO"6
1.72 xlO"4
Benzo(a)pyrene
2.94xl0"7
5.09xl0"4
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
4.01 xlO"6
2.48xl0"4
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
4.01 xlO"6
2.48xl0"4
Benzo(g,h,i)perylene
0.0
1.38xl0"3
Indeno(l ,2,3 ,c,d)pyrene
0.0
5.17xl0"4
Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene
0.0
1.19xl0"5
2.3 Metals
Emission factors for chromium 6, manganese, nickel, elemental gas-phase mercury (Hg),
reactive gas-phase Hg, particulate Hg, and arsenic were developed based on the onroad gasoline
emission factors in MOVES9 (due to the lack of nonroad emissions tests data for these
compounds. Onroad emission factors in MOVES were used as surrogates and converted from
grams-per-mile to grams-per-gallon using study-specific, miles per gallon (mpg) fuel economy
estimates. A considerable source of uncertainty in this approach is that the onroad data were
obtained from vehicles with catalysts, but are being applied to nonroad engines without catalyst
controls.
Chromium 6 was estimated using data collected at U.S. EPA's National Vehicle Emissions
Laboratory and analyzed at the Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene at the University of
Wisconsin-Madison. The study was conducted on a single vehicle, a 2008 Chevrolet Impala
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flexible-fuel vehicle. They are the only available data with direct measurement of hexavalent
chromium from a highway vehicle, gasoline or diesel. Development of a gasoline vehicle
emission rate from these data is detailed in the onroad air toxics report. To obtain the nonroad
gasoline emission factor for chromium 6, the onroad emission factor was converted to grams-
per-gallon by using the Impala's fuel economy estimate of 18 miles per gallon.
Nonroad gasoline vehicle emission factors for mercury (all phases) were obtained from the
onroad air toxics report. Nonroad grams-per-gallon emission factors were calculated from the
onroad factors using a fuel economy estimate of 18 miles per gallon, based on average fuel
economy estimates for gasoline vehicles used to develop the onroad estimates.9
Emission rates for manganese and nickel were developed from 99 vehicles sampled for chemical
composition in the Kansas City test program.12 For manganese and nickel, the mean rates were
calculated as weighted averages of metal measured on Bag 2 of the LA92 test cycle. A fuel
economy estimate of 20.43 mpg was calculated from vehicles in the Kansas City test program.
The emission rate for arsenic is from a Health Effects Institute research report.13 In the absence
of a study-specific fuel economy estimate for the vehicles used in the study, the 2000 fuel
economy standard for gasoline vehicles (27.5 mpg) was used to reflect the fleet average fuel
economy at the time when the majority of data were collected.
The resulting metal emission rates for nonroad gasoline engines are presented in Table 2-4. A
single factor for each metal is applied to all nonroad gasoline engines and fuel sub-types (E0 and
E10).
Table 2-4. Metal Emission Factors for Nonroad Gasoline Engines
Pollutant
Emission Factor (g/gal)
Chromium 6
2.20xl0"7
Manganese
2.72x10-5
Nickel
3.06x10-5
Elemental Gas-Phase Hg
1.80xl0"6
Reactive Gas-Phase Hg
1.70xl0"7
Particulate Hg
6.90xl0"9
Arsenic
6.33x10-5
2.4 Dioxins and Furans
Emission factors for 17 dioxins and furans were developed (See Table 2-5) based on onroad
emission factors (detailed in the onroad air toxics report9) because of a lack of available data for
nonroad engines. Onroad emission rates from MOVES were obtained from a tunnel study14 and
used in EPA's dioxin assessment.15 These emission rates were converted from grams-per-mile to
grams per gallon using a fuel economy of 23.5 miles per gallon from the tunnel study. Due to a
lack of dioxin and furan test data differentiating 2-stroke and 4-stroke engines, the dioxin/furan
emission factors in Table 2-5 will be applied to all nonroad gasoline engines. Each dioxin and
furan rate is also applied across all fuel sub-types. MOVES uses the gram-per-gallon emission
rate, but we also calculated a gram-per-gram-fuel emission rate by converting gallons to grams
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of gasoline using the default fuel density (2,839 g/gallon) of highway conventional gasoline in
MOVES2014. The fuel-based emission factor (grams-per-grams-fuel) is calculated as a reference
that is used for estimating CNG and LPG emissions as described in Sections 4 and 5.
Table 2-5. Dioxin and Furan Emission Factors for Nonroad Gasoline Engines
Pollutant
Onroad
Emission
Rate (mg/mi)
Nonroad
Emission
Factor
(g/gal)
Nonroad
Emission
Factor (g/g-
gasoline)
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin (TCDD)
8.27xlO"10
1.94xl0"n
6.85xl0"15
1,2,3,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin
3.70xl0"10
8.70xl0"12
3.06xl0"15
1,2,3,4,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin
3.87xlO"10
9.09xl0"12
3.20xl0"15
1,2,3,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin
7.92xlO"10
1.86xl0"n
6.56xl0"15
1,2,3,7,8,9-Hexachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin
4.93 xlO"10
1.16X10"11
4.08xl0"15
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-Heptachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin
5.95xl0"9
L40X10"10
4.93 xlO"14
Octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
4.70xl0"8
l.lOxlO"9
3.90xl0"13
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzofuran
2.76xl0"9
649x10""
2.28xl0"14
1,2,3,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran
1.32xl0"9
3.10X10"11
1.09xl0"14
2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran
9.68xlO"10
2.27xl0"n
8.00xl0"15
1,2,3,4,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzofuran
1.09xl0"9
2.56xl0"n
9.02xl0"15
1,2,3,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzofuran
1.16xl0"9
2.73 xlO"11
9.60xl0"15
1,2,3,7,8,9-Hexachlorodibenzofuran
3.17xlO"10
7.45xl0"12
2.62xl0"15
2,3,4,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzofuran
1.36xl0"9
3.20xl0"n
1.13xl0"14
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-Heptachlorodibenzofuran
1.21xl0"8
2.84xlO"10
l.OOxlO"13
1,2,3,4,7,8,9-Heptachlorodibenzofuran
3.87xlO"10
9.09xl0"12
3.20xl0"15
Octachlorodibenzofuran
1.37xl0"8
3.22xlO"10
1.13xl0"13
13
-------
3 Diesel Exhaust
MOVES contains emission factors for nonroad diesel (fuelSubTypelD 23) and marine diesel
(fuelSubTypelD 24). The emission factors presented in this section apply to both nonroad diesel
and marine diesel engines, with some exceptions for marine diesel engines.d
3.1 Organic Gas Aggregations and Air Toxic Emission Factors
Diesel engines were assigned VOC exhaust emission factors according to engine control
technology, as determined by the engine certification tier or phase, and engine size. Pre-Tier 1,
Tier 1, and Tier 2 diesel engine VOC profiles were developed from EPA's nonroad CI test
programs.6'7 Because no speciated emissions data were available for Tier 3 engines, we applied
the VOC profile developed for Tier 2 engines to Tier 3 engines.
The Tier 4 nonroad diesel standards require lower NMHC, NOx, and PM emissions than Tier 2
and Tier 3, particularly for engines larger than 56 kW (75 hp).16 The Tier 4 NMHC and NOx
standards are unchanged from Tier 2 and Tier 3 for engines smaller than 19 kW (25 hp), and are
moderately reduced from Tier 2 and Tier 3 for engines between 19 kW and 56 kW (25 to 75 hp).
Tier 4 PM standards are substantially more stringent for all engine sizes.
In order to achieve the Tier 4 nonroad diesel standards, nonroad engine manufacturers have
employed a variety of different aftertreatment emission control technologies, utilizing advanced
technology such as diesel oxidation catalysts, diesel particulate filters, selective reduction
catalysts, and ammonia slip catalysts.
Table 3-1 displays the use of different aftertreatment emission control strategies across engine
families, by engine size, from the 2014 EPA certification database. The smallest Tier 4 nonroad
engines (<19 kW, or 25 hp) do not utilize any aftertreatment devices. Many of the engines
between 19 and 56 kw employ diesel oxidation catalysts, but do not have diesel particulate filters
(DPFs), and none had selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems. The majority of the engines
above 75 kW have SCR systems, but there is little use of diesel particulate filters.
d The speciation and toxic factors for recreational marine diesel are unchanged from MOVES2014a. The speciation
and toxic values for pre-Tier 1, Tier 1, Tier 2 & Tier 3 recreational marine diesel engines (BaseM, TIM, T2M, and
T3M), are equivalent to the corresponding nonroad diesel values by tier presented in this report. For recreational
marine engines with engineTechID 182 (T4M), the engines use the Tier 4 toxic and speciation values documented in
the MOVES2014a nonroad speciation and toxic report1. Updating the recreational marine emission factors was not
within the scope of the Tier 4 emission updates made for MOVES2014b.
14
-------
Table 3-1. Aftertreatment Configurations of Selective Catalytic Reduction Systems and Diesel Particulate
Filters for Nonroad Engine Families Certified to the Model Year 2014 Tier 4 Nonroad Engine Standards
Engine Size
No aftertreatment
DOC, no SCR, no
DPF
SCR, no
DPF
DPF, no
SCR
DPF+SCR
kW<8
100%
0%
0%
0%
0%
8<=kW<19
100%
0%
0%
0%
0%
19<=kW<37
35%
33%
0%
33%
0%
37<=kW<56
16%
41%
0%
43%
0%
75<=kW<130
0%
0%
100%
0%
0%
130
-------
which contains measurements on three 2011 on-highway heavy-duty diesel engines equipped
with both DPF and SCR. 19>2° The original profile based on ACES Phase 2, 95335, was corrected
to subtract the mass of several alcohol species which was probably due to sample contamination,
as discussed in the onroad speciation report27. The corrected profile was named 9533 5a.e>21
NMOG and VOC ratios for diesel engines were calculated using THC measurements, similar to
the way we generated gasoline ratios (Section 2.1); this information is displayed in Table 3-3.
NMOG was calculated using Equation 1, but the effective Ci-equivalent density of NMHC was
calculated from emissions from combustion of a #2 diesel fuel, with a C:H molar ratio of 1:1.8.
VOC and methane emission rates used to develop emission factors for the pre-Tier 1, Tier 1, and
Tier 2 & 3 engine technologies listed in Table 3-3 were developed from the final TOG speciation
profiles listed in Appendix A of this document. The CH4/THC, NMOG/NMHC and
VOC/NMHC rates for Tier 4: DPF, no SCR and Tier 4: DPF+SCR are taken from the ACES
Phase 1 and 2 programs, as documented in the MOVES2014b Speciation of TOG and PM
Emissions report.
VOC profiles were created by subtracting the values for methane, ethane, and acetone from TOG
profiles in Appendix A. Emission factors are reported in fractions of individual species over
total VOCs as shown in Table 3-4. The remaining VOC species have been integrated into the
term NONHAPTOG, which is listed at the bottom of Table 3-4.
Table 3-3. Methane Emission Rates and Organic Gas Ratios Estimated from THC for Nonroad Diesel
Engines
Engine
technology:
Pre-Tier 1
Tier 1
Tiers 2 & 3
Tier 4:
No DPF
Tier 4: DPF,
no SCR
Tier 4:
DPF+SCR
Fuel type
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
CH4 a
3.567
4.722
7.960
7.960
NMOG/NMHC
1.067
1.116
1.233
1.233
1.343
1.085
CH4/THC
0.005
0.022
0.098
0.098
0.589
0
VOC/NMHC
1.062
1.110
1.233
1.233
1.285
0.965
Note:
a The units for methane emission rates are all mg/hp-hr.
e The removal of the alcohol species from profile 95355 was done in response to a comment made by one of the
peer-reviewers of the draft report' Speciation of Total Organic Gas and Particulate Matter Emissions from Onroad
Vehicles inMOVES201X'. The comments from the peer-reviews are available onEPA's science inventory
webpage21.
16
-------
Table 3-4. Toxic Fractions of VOC for Nonroad Diesel Vehicles by Engine Standard
Toxic fraction
Pollutant
Pre-Tier 1
Tier 1
Tiers 2
& 3
Tier 4:
no DPF
Tier 4:
DPF,
no
SCR
Tier 4: DPF
+ SCR
1,3-Butadiene
0.00186
0.00186
0.00186
0.00186
0.00080
0.0000
2,2,4-
Trimethylpentane
0.00807
0.00712
0.00783
0.00783
0.00782
0.0045
Acetaldehyde
0.0746
0.0783
0.104
0.104
0.06934
0.0417
Acrolein
0.0302
0.0160
0.0187
0.0187
0.00999
0.0036
Benzene
0.0196
0.0225
0.0541
0.0541
0.01291
0.0000
Ethyl Benzene
0.00944
0.00384
0.00438
0.00438
0.00627
0.0117
Formaldehyde
0.207
0.223
0.292
0.292
0.21744
0.0266
Hexane
0.00230
0.00279
0.000
0.000
0.00541
0.0009
Xylenes
0.02256
0.01644
0.0116
0.0116
0.0380
0.0848
Propionaldehyde
0.0141
0.0386
0.0220
0.0220
0.00314
0.0029
Styrene
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.0000
Toluene
0.0122
0.0215
0.0378
0.0378
0.02999
0.0183
NONHAPTOG
0.598
0.568
0.446
0.446
0.59889
0.80568
3.2 Poly cyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Unlike gasoline, we had measurements of PAHs from nonroad diesel engines from EPA's
nonroad CI test programs, but we did not have the PAH emissions measured separately from the
gaseous and particulate phases. We partitioned the nonroad PAH emission factors into gaseous
and particulate phases using the same set of partitioning factors used for pre-2007 highway diesel
exhaust documented in the onroad air toxics report (Section 3). The data used to represent
partitioning is the sampled diluted exhaust, which may not be representative of partitioning as
seen in the atmosphere. However, because the PAH emissions in MOVES are based on the VOC
and PM emission factors, we felt it was more important that the partitioning be consistent with
the laboratory sampling conditions under which the VOC and PM emission factors were
measured.
Emissions of PAH in the gaseous and particulate phases were estimated as fractions of total
VOC and PM2.5, respectively (Equation 3 and Equation 4). Toxic fractions were determined
according to the same emission standard and horsepower distinctions discussed in the prior
section. Toxic fractions for pre-Tier 1, Tier 1, Tier 2, Tier 3, and "Tier 4: no DPF", were
calculated using the composite mass results from the EPA nonroad compression-ignition
transient test program described in Appendix A.
In the absence of PAH data on nonroad engines with advanced controls ("Tier 4: DPF, no SCR",
and "Tier 4 DPF + SCR")), we relied on speciated emissions data for onroad engines from Phase
1 and 2 of the ACES study, which tested vehicles equipped with only DPF (Phase l)18, and with
both DPF and SCR (Phase 2),19-20 The PAH toxic fractions for nonroad "Tier 4: no DPF, no
SCR" engines were taken from the onroad conventional heavy-duty diesel engines (hot stabilized
17
-------
running, profile 8995) detailed in Section 3 of the onroad air toxics report9. However, while
onroad PAHs are calculated from OC2.5, MOVES does not estimate organic carbon for nonroad
equipment. Thus, MOVES calculates nonroad PAH emissions as a fraction of total PM2.5.
Gaseous results and particulate results were averaged separately according to the categories
identified in Table A3-2 of Appendix A. The resulting PAH EFs are displayed in Table 3-5.
18
-------
Table 3-5. PAH Emission Factors for Nonroad Diesel Engines
Pre-Tier 1
Tier 1
Tier 2, Tier 3, & Tier 4:
no DPF
Tier 4: DPF, no SCR
Tier 4: DPF + SCR
Pollutant
Gaseous
Particle
Gaseous
Particle
Gaseous
Particle
Gaseous
Particle
Gaseous
Particle
Benz(a)anthracene
2.56xl0"6
4.51xl0"6
3.22xl0"6
3.24 xlO"6
7.81xl0"6
7.76xl0"6
3.00xl0"7
8.00xl0"7
6.92xl0"7
1.94xl0"5
Benzo(a)pyrene
0.0
2.14xl0"6
0.0
2.13xl0"6
0.0
6.67xl0"6
0.0
3.30xl0"6
0.0
0.0
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
0.0
2.47 xlO"6
0.0
2.60xl0"6
0.0
1.07 xlO"5
0.0
1.40 xlO"6
0.0
0.0
B enzo (k)fluoranthene
0.0
2.09xl0"6
0.0
2.03 xlO"6
0.0
8.10xl0"6
0.0
1.40xl0"6
0.0
0.0
Chrysene
1.96xl0"6
7.89xl0"6
3.85xl0"6
6.26xl0"6
7.68xl0"6
1.31 xlO"5
5.00xl0"7
2.50xl0"6
2.51 xlO"7
5.32xl0"6
Dibenz(a,h)anthracene
0.0
1.89xl0"6
0.0
9.64xl0"7
0.0
9.52xl0"7
0.0
1.00 xlO"6
0.0
0.0
Indeno( 1,2,3 -cd)pyrene
0.0
2.02xl0"6
0.0
1.53 xlO"6
0.0
6.72xl0"6
0.0
5.00xl0"7
0.0
0.0
Benzo(ghi)perylene
6.20xl0"7
1.80xl0"6
1.22xl0"6
1.62 xlO"6
5.70xl0"6
7.55xl0"6
2.00xl0"7
2.00xl0"7
0.0
0.0
Acenapthene
9.59xl0"4
0.0
3.79xl0"4
0.0
6.06xl0"4
0.0
5.26xl0"5
0.0
1.56xl0"5
0
Acenapthylene
4.64xl0"4
0.0
4.95xl0"4
0.0
1.24xl0"3
0.0
8.53 xlO"5
0.0
1.49xl0"5
1.29xl0"6
Anthracene
8.74xl0"5
6.63 xlO"5
4.63 xlO"5
1.95xl0"5
8.81 xlO"5
2.90xl0"5
3.04 xlO"5
2.65 xlO"5
6.47xl0"6
3.19X10"6
Fluoranthene
2.27 xlO"5
2.07 xlO"5
5.22xl0"5
1.78xl0"5
1.45xl0"4
5.59xl0"5
4.57xl0"5
4.87xl0"5
6.41 xlO"6
6.68xl0"6
Fluorene
1.15xl0"3
2.71xl0"4
5.00xl0"4
5.75xl0"5
7.90xl0"4
7.98xl0"5
1.96xl0"4
5.38xl0"5
3.35xl0"5
0
Napthalene
3.18xl0"3
0.0
2.73 xlO"3
0.0
4.64xl0"3
0.0
1.63 xlO"2
0.0
5.84xl0"4
1.35xl0"5
Phenanthrene
1.56X10"3
6.79xl0"4
1.03 xlO"3
2.03 xlO"4
1.28xl0"3
2.37xl0"4
8.51 xlO"4
4.29xl0"4
9.62xl0"5
2.61 xlO"5
Pyrene
7.51xl0"5
8.28xl0"5
6.65 xlO"5
3.20xl0"5
1.30xl0"4
6.15xl0"5
3.79xl0"5
4.67 xlO"5
4.72xl0"6
4.67xl0"6
19
-------
3.3 Metals
Emission factors for chromium 6 (also seen as chromium-6, chromium VI, Cr6+ and CrVI),
manganese, nickel, elemental gas-phase mercury (Hg), reactive gas-phase Hg, particulate Hg,
and arsenic were developed based on existing onroad emission factors in MOVES9 due to the
lack of nonroad emissions test data for these compounds. Onroad emission factors were
converted from grams-per-mile to grams-per-gallon using study-specific, miles-per-gallon (mpg)
fuel economy estimates. Studies used in developing onroad emission factors and study-specific
fuel economy estimates are described below. When the study-specific fuel economy estimates
were unavailable for some engine types, the average fuel economies were used instead. Where
there was information to do so, diesel engine emission factors were determined by engine tier
and power (as described in Section 3.1).
Chromium 6 emissions factors for nonroad diesel engines were developed from measurements
on an onroad gasoline engine. The chromium 6 emission factors for nonroad engines certified to
Tier 0 through Tier 3 and "Tier 4: No DPF" diesel engines were obtained by multiplying the
nonroad gasoline engine emission rate (Table 2-4) by the ratio of total chromium in grams per
gallon from pre-2007 highway diesel vehicle exhaust22 to that in highway vehicle gasoline
exhaust (Equation 5).23 To convert the grams-per-mile highway vehicle emission rate to grams-
per-gallon, an average (4.3 g/gal) was computed from the UDDS mile/gallon values from Tables
26 and 27 of the E55/59 report. 24
For "Tier 4: DPF, no SCR" engines, the chromium 6 emission rate was obtained by multiplying
the gasoline vehicle emission rate by the ratio of total chromium from 2007 - 2009 diesel and
gasoline engines (Equation 6). The total chromium estimates came from the ACES Phase 118 and
Kansas City test programs, respectively. A study-specific fuel economy of 6 mile-per-gallon was
used from page 31 of the ACES Phase 1 report.18
For Tier 4: DPF+SCR, the chromium 6 emission rate was obtained from measurements from the
ACES Phase 2 by multiplying the gasoline vehicle emission rate by the ratio of total chromium
from 2010 and later diesel (ACES Phase 2)20 (Equation 7). Since ACES Phase 2 provided no fuel
economy estimates, we assumed the fuel economy of 6 miles per gallon estimated from ACES
Phase 1.
Nonroad Diesel Without DPF Emission Factor (from pre-2007 highway diesel engine data).
6.8xl0"6-^ X 4.3 ^
EF = 2.2xl0~7 — x — = 7.78xl0~8 — Equation 5
gal 4.07xl0"6-^ X 20.43 gal
mi gal
Where:
Nonroad chromium VI gasoline emission rate= 2.2 x 10"7 (g/gal)
Total chromium emission rate for pre-2007 diesel from the E55/59 program = 6.8xl0"6 (g/mi)
Pre-2007 diesel fuel economy from the E55/59 program=4.3 (mi/gal)
Total chromium emission rate for gasoline vehicles =4.07xl0"6 (g/mi)
Gasoline vehicle fuel economy from the Kansas City Program=20.43 (mi/gal)
20
-------
Nonroad Diesel With DPF Emission Factor (from 2007-2009 highway diesel engine data).
2.01xl0"6-^ X 6.0 -2^
EF = 2.2xl0"7— x — S^L. _ 3 i9xio~8 Equation 6
gal 4.07xl0"6-^ X 20.43 gal
mi gal
Where:
Nonroad chromium VI gasoline emission rate= 2.2 x 10"7 (g/gal)
Total chromium emission rate for 2007-2009 diesel from the ACES Phase 1 program =
2.01xl0"6 (g/mi)
2007-2009 diesel fuel economy from the ACES Phase 1 program=6(mi/gal)
Total chromium emission rate for gasoline vehicles =4.07xl0"6 (g/mi)
Gasoline vehicle fuel economy from the Kansas City Program=20.43 (mi/gal)
Nonroad Diesel With DPF and SCR Emission Factor (from 2010+ highway diesel engine data).
7^Tin-7— x fi n mi
EF = 2.2xl0"7—x — i^l_= lml6xio~B— Equation 7
aal 4.07xl0"6^ x 20.43 gal
mi gal
Where:
Nonroad chromium VI gasoline emission rate= 2.2 x 10"7 (g/gal)
Total chromium emission rate for 2010 diesel from the ACES Phase 2 program = 7.33xl0"7
(g/mi)
Pre-2007 diesel fuel economy from the ACES Phase 1 program=6 (mi/gal)
Total chromium emission rate for gasoline vehicles =4.07xl0"6 (g/mi)
Gasoline vehicle fuel economy from the Kansas City Program=20.43 (mi/gal)
Mercury (all phases) emission factors were calculated from two Ford F-250 diesel vehicles as
documented in Appendix B of the onroad air toxics report. The fuel economy estimate for these
vehicles was 19 miles per gallon.
Emission factors for arsenic were developed from onroad data reported in tunnel studies.13
Because the average fuel economy for these vehicles was not reported in those studies, the
average heavy-duty diesel fuel economy of 7 miles-per-gallon for model year 2007 was used
since most of the data was collected in 2000.
Emission factors for manganese and nickel for Tier 0 - Tier 3 and "Tier 4: No DPF" diesel
engines were developed from the CRC E-55/5924 test program, using the same reported fuel
economy (4.3 mi/gal) used in Equation 5. For "Tier 4: DPF, no SCR" nonroad diesel engines,
emission factors were developed from ACES Phase l.9'18 A study-specific fuel economy of 6
mile-per-gallon was used from page 31 of the ACES Phase 1 report.18 For "Tier 4: DPF+SCR",
we used the emission factors from ACES Phase 2.19'20 Since ACES Phase 2 provided no fuel
economy estimates, we assumed the fuel economy of 6 miles per gallon.
21
-------
Table 3-6. Metal Emission Factors for Nonroad Diesel Engines
Engine Tier &
Emission Factor
Power
Pollutant
(g/gal)
Tier 0 - Tier 3, Tier
Chromium 6
7.78xl0"8
4: no DPF
Manganese
3.46xl0"5
Nickel
6.05 xlO"5
Elemental Gas-Phase Hg
1.20xl0"7
Reactive Gas-Phase Hg
6.20xl0"8
Particulate Hg
3.20xl0"8
Arsenic
1.61xl0"5
Tier 4: DPF, no
Chromium 6
3.19xl0"8
SCR
Manganese
4.09xl0"6
Nickel
4.15xl0"6
Elemental Gas-Phase Hg
1.20xl0"7
Reactive Gas-Phase Hg
6.20xl0"8
Particulate Hg
3.20xl0"8
Arsenic
1.61xl0"5
Chromium 6
1.16xl0"8
Tier 4: DPF+SCR
Manganese
1.2xl0"6
Nickel
1.58xl0"6
Elemental Gas-Phase Hg
1.20xl0"7
Reactive Gas-Phase Hg
6.20xl0"8
Particulate Hg
3.20xl0"8
Arsenic
1.61xl0"5
3.4 Dioxins and Furans
Emission factors for 17 dioxins and furans were developed based on onroad emission factors
because of a lack of available data for nonroad engines. Onroad emission rates in MOVES were
used as surrogates and converted from grams-per-mile to grams-per-gallon (Table 3-7).
To represent emissions of dioxins and furans from onroad pre-2007 heavy-duty diesel engines,
the emissions rates for 17 related compounds or congeners were calculated from the results of an
EPA diesel dioxin/furan study of legacy onroad engines.25 The data used to calculate the
emission rates for 2007-2009 onroad engines were obtained from the EPA diesel dioxin study
using a MY 2008 onroad diesel engine with a catalyzed diesel particulate filter (DPF). The
2010+ later emission rates used the same MY 2008 diesel engine, and diesel particulate filter
(DPF), but also included a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) emission control system.26 More
information on the development of the onroad diesel emission rates and the studies used can be
found in the onroad air toxics report.9
In applying the onroad dioxin and furan rates to nonroad diesel engines, we grouped the engines
differently than for other pollutants. This is because dioxins and furans are formed in the exhaust
after combustion and may not be affected by after-treatment control technologies in the same
way as other air toxics. In particular, we expect less sophisticated engine combustion
technologies on Tier 0, Tier 1, Tier 2 and the smaller Tier 3 and Tier 4 diesel engines, and thus,
higher dioxin and furan emissions on a per gallon basis. For all Tier 0, Tier 1, Tier 2 and the Tier
22
-------
3 and Tier 4 engines diesel engines less than 56 kW we used an average of emission factors from
three legacy onroad engines.25 The rated-power of 56 kW (75 hp) was used as the dividing line
between smaller and larger engines because NMHC-specific Tier 4 standards only apply to 56
kW-and-larger engines. Tier 3 > 56kW engines are considered to have similar dioxin/furan
emissions as Tier 4 engines > 56kW based on observations of onroad engines.26 Thus, for Tier 3
and Tier 4 diesel engines > 56kW, we used the emission factor representing model year 2010 on-
highway engine (including DPF+SCR).
Table 3-7. Dioxin and Furan Emission Factors (g/gallon) for Nonroad Diesel Engines
Tier 0 - Tier 2
(all hp
categories),
Diesel > 56
CAS
Tier 3 and Tier 4
kW Tiers 3
Pollutant ID
Number
Pollutant
(<56 kW)1
and 42
142
17466016
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin (TCDD)
4.04xl0"12
ND3
135
40321764
1,2,3,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin
ND
ND
134
39227286
1,2,3,4,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin
ND
ND
141
57653857
1,2,3,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin
1.88xl0"12
ND
130
19408743
1,2,3,7,8,9-Hexachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin
8.68xl0"12
ND
132
35822469
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-Heptachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin
7.59X10"11
1.90xl0"n
131
3268879
Octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
2.93 xlO"10
1.27xlO"10
136
51207319
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzofuran
1.18xlO"10
9.24xl0"13
139
57117416
1,2,3,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran
2.52X10"11
1.95xl0"12
138
57117314
2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran
4.03 xlO"11
5.86xl0"12
145
70648269
1,2,3,4,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzofuran
1.46xl0"n
4.00xl0"12
140
57117449
1,2,3,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzofuran
7.71xl0"12
4.41xl0"12
146
60851345
1,2,3,7,8,9-Hexachlorodibenzofuran
5.51xl0"12
3.27xl0"12
143
72918219
2,3,4,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzofuran
ND
ND
144
67562394
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-Heptachlorodibenzofuran
3.93X10"11
1.80xl0"n
137
55673897
1,2,3,4,7,8,9-Heptachlorodibenzofuran
ND
1.06xl0"12
133
39001020
Octachlorodibenzofuran
3.37X10"11
3.15xl0"n
Notes:
1 Used an average of the onroad pre-2007 legacy engines, converted pg/L to g/gal.
2 Used the emission factors from representing an onroad 2010 engine, converted pg/L to g/gal.
3 ND = non-detect, fractions set to zero. Detection limits ranged from 2 to 18 pg/L, depending on the compound.
23
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4 Compressed Natural Gas Exhaust
4.1 Organic Gas Aggregations and Air Toxic Emission Factors
In the absence of data on nonroad engines, VOC exhaust emission factors for compressed natural
gas equipment are replicated from onroad exhaust CNG transit buses in the onroad air toxics
report9. Toxic fractions are based on uncontrolled (pre-2002) transit buses (Table 4-1), since
CNG nonroad engines are typically uncontrolled. However, since transit buses are quite
different from CNG nonroad engines, the quality of this surrogate is unclear.
Table 4-1. Toxic Fractions of VOC for Nonroad CNG Engines
Pollutant
Toxic fraction
1,3 Butadiene
0.000234
Benzene
0.00135
Toluene
0.000691
Ethylbenzene
0.0000841
Xylenes
0.000823
Formaldehyde
0.517
Acetaldehyde
0.0305
Acrolein
0.00235
Propionaldehyde
0.0153
The derivation of the exhaust NMOG/NMHC and VOC/NMHC ratios used for CNG nonroad
engines (Table 4-2) is documented in the Onroad speciation report27 and comes from CNG
transit bus emissions with no control technologies.
Table 4-2. NMOG/NMHC and VOC/NMHC Ratios estimated from CNG Transit Bus Exhaust
Measured values (mg/mile)
THC
8,660.0
Methane
7,670.0
Ethane
217.0
Acetone
4.7
Formaldehyde
860.0
Acetaldehyde
50.7
Calculated values (mg/mile)
NMHC
990
NMOG
1,881
VOC
1,664
Ratios
NMOG/NMHC
1.90
VOC/NMHC
1.68
24
-------
4.2 Poly cyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
In the absence of data, PAH toxic fractions for CNG engines are estimated in a manner similar to
how PAH toxic fractions for gasoline engines were derived, using Equation 3 and Equation 4.
The PAH toxic fractions for CNG engines developed from onroad CNG transit buses (see onroad
air toxics report9) are displayed in Table 4-3.
Table 4-3. PAH Emission Factors for CNG Engines
Gaseous
Phase
(PAH/VOC)
Particulate
Phase
(PAH/PM25)
Naphthalene
9.554xl0"6
1.144xl0"5
Acenaphthylene
4.230xl0"6
ND1
Acenaphthene
1.243 xlO"6
9.027 xlO"6
Fluorene
2.986xl0"6
1.580xl0"5
Anthracene
1.164xl0"6
1.315xl0"6
Phenanthrene
8.356xl0"6
1.062 xlO"5
Fluoranthene
1.936xl0"6
1.507xl0"5
Pyrene
3.743 xlO"6
2.891 xlO"5
B enz(a)anthracene
1.682xl0"7
5.155xl0"6
Chrysene
2.441 xlO"7
1.083 xlO"5
Benzo(a)pyrene
ND
ND
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
ND
ND
B enzo (k)fluoranthene
ND
ND
Indeno( 1,2,3 -cd)pyrene
ND
ND
Benzo(g,h,i)perylene
ND
2.633 xlO"6
Dibenz(a,h)anthracene
ND
ND
Note:
1 ND = not detected, fractions set to 0.
4.3 Metals
Emission factors for chromium 6, manganese, nickel, elemental gas-phase mercury (Hg),
reactive gas-phase Hg, particulate Hg, and arsenic were developed based on the same data used
for the onroad CNG emission factors in MOVES (see onroad air toxics report9) due to the lack of
nonroad emissions test data for these compounds. For Chromium 6 and nickel, the CNG onroad
emission factors originate from measurements made by Okamoto et al. (2006)28 on a CNG
transit bus operating on the Central Business District (CBD) driving cycle. We used
Equation 8 to calculate fuel-based chromium 6 and nickel emission factors for nonroad
equipment.
25
-------
g
Nonroad CNG emission factor (—-)
gal
1
= Emission rate,_g_^ x — — x Energy Content
\miJ
vmr
Energy rate(Kj\
\mi)
x Fuel Density^
1
Equation 8
.galJ
= Emission rate
\miJ
x 48.632/kj\ x 2.767/
Vg/ \gallonJ
( 9 )
\aallonJ
Where:
Average energy rate measured for a model year 2000 CNG transit bus operating on the CBD
driving cycle reported in the MOVES HD emissions rate report29= 45,137.4 (KJ/mile)
Default CNG energy content in MOVE = 48.632 (KJ/g)
Fuel density of CNG at ambient temperature and pressure (uncompressed)=2.767 (g/gallon)
The resulting emission rates calculated using Table 4-4 are presented in Table 4-4.
Pollutant
CNG Transit
Bus Emission
Rate (g/mi)
CNG Emission
Rate (g/g-fuel)
CNG Nonroad
Emission Rate
(g/gal)
CR6+
2.20xl0"7
2.37xlO"10
6.56xlO"10
Nickel
3.06xl0"5
3.30xl0"8
9.14xl0"8
We derived the elemental gas-phase mercury (Hg), reactive gas-phase Hg, particulate Hg, and
arsenic emission rates for CNG nonroad equipment from the nonroad gasoline emission rates.
We assume that the grams-per-grams-fuel burned emission rates are the same for gasoline and
CNG fuels. We first converted the grams-per-gallon gasoline emission rates from Table 4-4 to
grams-per-grams gasoline using the energy density of conventional onroad gasoline in MOVES
(2,839 g/gal). We then converted the grams-per-grams-gasoline emission rates to grams-per-
gallon-CNG using
Equation 9.
Nonroad CNG emission factor. g .
gal>
= Gasoline emission rate, g „ x CNG Fuel Density(g-fUei\
g-fueV I gal J
(1 gallon\ Equation 9
= Gasoline emission rate, g „ x ( ) x 2.767ra-fuei\
(jauUd \ 2,839 g J {~^u^)
Where:
Gasoline emission rate (g/gallon) = Elemental gas-phase mercury (Hg), reactive gas-phase Hg,
particulate Hg, and arsenic emission rates in Table 2-4 (g/gallon)
Energy density of conventional gasoline = 2,839 g/gal
Fuel density of CNG at ambient temperature and pressure (uncompressed)=2.767 (g/gallon)
26
-------
The resulting emission rates calculated using Equation 9 are presented in Table 4-5.
Pollutant
Gasoline
Emission
Rate (g/gal)
Emission Rate
CNG Emission
(g/g-gasoline)
Rate (g/gal)
Manganese
2.72xl0"5
9.57xl0"9
2.65 xlO"8
Elemental Gas-
Phase Hg
1.80xl0"6
6.34xlO"10
1.75xl0"9
Reactive Gas-
Phase Hg
1.70xl0"7
5.99xl0"n
1.66xlO"10
Particulate Hg
6.90xl0"9
2.43 xlO"12
6.73 xlO"12
Arsenic
6.33 xlO"5
2.23 xlO"8
6.16xl0"8
4.4 Dioxins and Furans
Emission factors for 17 dioxins and furans were developed based on emission factors from
onroad gasoline engines9 because of a lack of available data for nonroad CNG engines (Table
4-5). Because PAHs are emitted from CNG engines, and formation of dioxins and furans can be
driven by the presence of these compounds combined with the availability of chlorine,30 it is
reasonable to expect CNG engines emit dioxins. Therefore, we concluded it was better to use
surrogate data rather than assume emissions are zero. Onroad emission rates from MOVES were
used as surrogates, and we assume that the fuel-specific (g/kg-fuel) emission rates are the same
for gasoline and CNG fuels.
MOVES estimates CNG nonroad dioxin emissions from CNG fuel-usage expressed in gallons at
ambient pressure and volume (2.767 g/gallon). We converted the grams-per-gram-fuel to grams-
per-gallon-CNG using Equation 10. The gasoline fuel-based emission rates and resulting CNG
grams-per-gallon emission factors are shown in Table 4-6.
Nonroad CNG emission factor, g ,
Oal Equation 10
= Gasoline emission rate, g ^ x CNG Fuel Density(2.767)(g-fUei\
^g-fueV { gal )
Where:
Gasoline emission rate (g/g-fuel) = Stored in Table 4-6.
Fuel density of CNG at ambient temperature and pressure (uncompressed)=2.767 (g/gallon)
27
-------
Table 4-6. Dioxin and Furan Emission Factors for Nonroad CNG Engines
Pollutant
Emission
Factor
(g/g-fuel)
CNG
(g/gallon)
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin (TCDD)
6.85xl0"15
1.89xl0"14
1,2,3,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin
3.06xl0"15
8.47 xlO"15
1,2,3,4,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin
3.20xl0"15
8.86xl0"16
1,2,3,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin
6.56xl0"15
1.81xl0"14
1,2,3,7,8,9-Hexachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin
4.08xl0"15
1.13xl0"14
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-Heptachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin
4.93 xlO"14
1.36xl0"13
Octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
3.90xl0"13
1.08xl0"12
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzofuran
2.28xl0"14
6.32xl0"14
1,2,3,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran
1.09xl0"14
3.02xl0"14
2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran
8.00xl0"15
2.21xl0"14
1,2,3,4,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzofuran
9.02xl0"15
2.50xl0"14
1,2,3,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzofuran
9.60xl0"15
2.66xl0"14
1,2,3,7,8,9-Hexachlorodibenzofuran
2.62xl0"15
7.26xl0"15
2,3,4,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzofuran
1.13xl0"14
3.11xl0"14
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-Heptachlorodibenzofuran
l.OOxlO"13
2.77xl0"13
1,2,3,4,7,8,9-Heptachlorodibenzofuran
3.20xl0"15
8.86xl0"15
Octachlorodibenzofuran
1.13xl0"13
3.14xl0"13
5 Liquefied Petroleum Gas
5.1 Organic Gas Aggregations and Air Toxic Emission Factors
In the absence of nonroad LPG VOC data, the onroad VOC speciation profile 8860 was used to
develop exhaust VOC toxic fractions for nonroad LPG engines (Table 5-1).31>32 This profile is
based on the average of three light-duty onroad LPG vehicles equipped with three-way catalysts,
tested in 2003. It should be noted since this profile is based on data from catalyst-equipped
onroad vehicles, it may not be representative of the nonroad equipment.
28
-------
Table 5-1. VOC Toxic Fractions for Nonroad LPG Engines
Pollutant
Fraction
1,3-butadiene
0.000357
Acetaldehyde
0.004466
Acetylene
0.001189
Acrolein
0.004924
Ethane
0.05549
Ethylene
0.038902
Formaldehyde
0.024523
Methane
0.176432
N-butane
0.001402
Propane
0.658555
Propylene
0.017313
Unknown
0.016448
The VOC ratios calculated from the 8860 speciation profile following a method similar to that
used for nonroad gasoline engines are presented in
Table 5-2. In absence of a THC or NMHC measurement, we calculated NMHC by reversing the
equation in 40 CFR §1066.635 as shown in
Equation 11.
N
mNMHC = mNMOG ~ moxygenates + Pnmhc ' ^ ~~ '' Equation 11
Poxygenatei
Where:
fflNMHC = the mass of NMHC
jbnmog = the mass of NMOG in the exhaust
^oxygenates = the mass of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde (Table 5-1)
Pnmhc = the effective Ci-equivalent density of NMHC, calculated using a C:H ratio of 1:2.64
^oxygenate i = the mass of oxygenated species i in the exhaust as indicated in Table 5-1
^oxygenate i = the Ci-equivalent density of oxygenated species i
Table 5-2. Organic Gas Aggregations Estimated from THC for Nonroad LPG Engines
Aggregation
THC
Ratio
NMOG/NMHC
1.035
CH/THC
0.181
VOC/NMHC
0.965
VOC/THC
0.790
TOG/THC
1.028
29
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5.2 Poly cyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
The toxic fractions used for PAHs from nonroad LPG engines are the same as those for nonroad
CNG engines (Table 4-3).
5.3 Metals
For metals, we used the same fuel-specific emission factors for LPG as for CNG. For use in
MOVES, we calculate gram-per-gallon-LPG emission factors using the default MOVES LPG
fuel density (1,923 g/gallon), as shown in Equation 12.
Table 5-3 presents g/g-fuel emission rates and resulting g/gal emission factors.
Nonroad LPG emission factor, g ^
gay
= CNG emission factor Equation 12
X LPG fuel densityr g \
Vgallon)
Where:
CNG fuel-based emission factor (g/g-fuel) = Stored in Table 5-3.
MOVES default fuel density ofLPG=l,923 (g/gallon)
Table 5-3 Metal Emission Factors for Nonroad LPG Engines
Emission
LPG Nonroad
Pollutant
Factor (g/g-
Emission Factor
fuel)
(g/gal)
CR6+
2.37xlO"10
4.56xl0"7
Nickel
3.30xl0"8
6.35xl0"5
Manganese
9.57xl0"9
1.84xl0"5
Elemental Gas-Phase Hg
6.34-xlO"10
1.22 xlO"6
Reactive Gas-Phase Hg
5.99xl0"n
1.15xl0"7
Particulate Hg
2.43 xlO"12
4.67xl0"9
Arsenic
2.23 xlO"8
4.28xl0"5
5.4 Dioxins and Furans
As for nonroad CNG engines, we used the gasoline fuel-specific emission factors for dioxins and
furans. We converted the factors from units of gram-per-gram-fuel to gram-per-gallon-LNG
using the default LPG fuel density in MOVES (1,923 g/gallon) as shown in Equation 13. The
resulting dioxin and furan emission factors are shown in Table 5-4.
30
-------
Nonroad LPG emission factor, g ,
{gaV
= Gasoline emission factor^ g ^ Equation 13
x LPG fuel densityt g \
Vgallon)
Where:
Gasoline emission rate (g/g-fuel) = Stored in Table 4-6 and Table 5-4.
MOVES default fuel density ofLPG=l,923 (g/gallon)
Table 5-4. Dioxin and Furan Emission Factors for Nonroad LPG Engines
Pollutant
Emission
Factor
(g/g-fuel)
LPG
Emission
Factor
(g/gallon)
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin (TCDD)
6.85xl0"15
1.32X10"11
1,2,3,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin
3.06xl0"15
5.89xl0"12
1,2,3,4,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin
3.20xl0"15
6.16xl0"12
1,2,3,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin
6.56xl0"15
1.26xl0"n
1,2,3,7,8,9-Hexachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin
4.08xl0"15
7.85xl0"12
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-Heptachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin
4.93 xlO"14
9.47xl0"n
Octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
3.90xl0"13
7.47 xlO"10
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzofuran
2.28xl0"14
4.39xl0"n
1,2,3,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran
1.09xl0"14
2.10xl0"n
2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran
8.00xl0"15
1.54X10"11
1,2,3,4,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzofuran
9.02xl0"15
1.74xl0"n
1,2,3,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzofuran
9.60xl0"15
1.85xl0"n
1,2,3,7,8,9-Hexachlorodibenzofuran
2.62xl0"15
5.05xl0"12
2,3,4,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzofuran
1.13xl0"14
2.16xl0"n
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-Heptachlorodibenzofuran
l.OOxlO"13
1.93X10"10
1,2,3,4,7,8,9-Heptachlorodibenzofuran
3.20xl0"15
6.16xl0"12
Octachlorodibenzofuran
1.13xl0"13
2.18xlO"10
31
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6 Evaporative Emissions
Emissions of toxics from the evaporation of unburned fuel are estimated as fractions of total
evaporative VOC. Currently, MOVES only estimates evaporative VOC emissions from nonroad
engines powered by gasoline (including gasoline-ethanol blends). Thus, air toxics from
evaporative emission processes are only estimated from nonroad gasoline engines in MOVES.
We anticipate incorporating evaporative emissions for LPG, CNG (e.g. refueling natural gas
leaks), and diesel engines (e.g. spillage emissions) in future versions of MOVES. Although only
the gasoline VOC speciation values and associated toxic fractions for evaporative processes are
currently used in MOVES, this section documents the HC speciation factors and toxic ratios that
are stored in the MOVES database for evaporative emissions from all nonroad engines, including
diesel, CNG, and LPG fueled engines.
6.1 Gasoline Engines
6.1.1 Vapor Venting and Refueling Emission Processes
Vapor venting processes in the nonroad portion of MOVES include diurnal fuel, hot soak, and
running loss. Refueling emission processes in the nonroad portion of MOVES include spillage
loss and displacement vapor loss. In absence of detailed data for nonroad engines, toxic fractions
for these evaporative VOC emission processes were taken from onroad vehicles. Simple
fractions for air toxics in evaporative non-permeation emissions were obtained from profiles
developed for EPA by Environ Corporation, using data from the Auto/Oil program conducted in
the early 1990's.33'34 These toxic fractions are listed below in Table 6-1.
Table 6-1. Toxic Fractions for Evaporative VOC Emissions, for Vapor-venting and Refueling processes
Pollutant
Ethanol Level
0.0% (E0)
10% (E10)
Ethanol
0.00000
0.11896
2,2,4-Trimethy lpentane
0.01984
0.03354
Ethyl Benzene
0.02521
0.01721
N-Hexane
0.02217
0.02536
Toluene
0.09643
0.14336
Xylene
0.07999
0.06423
Benzene
0.03318
0.03187
6.1.2 Permeation
Permeation processes in the nonroad portion of MOVES include tank and hose permeation. In
absence of detailed permeation data for nonroad engines, toxic fractions representing permeation
emissions were taken from onroad vehicles. The study characterizing permeation emissions was
conducted by Southwest Research Institute for EPA and the Coordinating Research Council in
the CRC E-77-2b test program.35 It is important to note that tank and hose permeation were not
differentiated in the onroad portion of MOVES and the supporting studies. Thus, data on
separate tank and hose permeation processes is unavailable and a single value is used in
32
-------
MOVES. The toxic fractions representing permeation emissions are listed below in Table 6-2.
Each of the toxic fractions listed in Table 6-2 are applied across all nonroad gasoline engine
types.
Table 6-2. Toxic Fractions Representing Permeation
Emissions as Components of Total VOC Emissions
Pollutant
Ethanol Level
0.0% (E0)
10% (E10)
Ethanol
0.000
0.202
2,2,4-Trimethy lpentane
0.036
0.024
Ethyl Benzene
0.003
0.001
N-Hexane
0.050
0.065
Toluene
0.110
0.101
Xylene
0.016
0.011
Benzene
0.025
0.023
6.2 Diesel Engines
As stated earlier, MOVES does not estimate evaporative or refueling emissions from diesel
nonroad engines. Currently, the CHVTHC values are zero for these processes, and the
NMOG/NMHC and VOC/NMHC values are set to one. The toxic ratios are also set equal to zero
currently as placeholder values.
6.3 CNG and LPG Engines
As stated earlier, MOVES does not estimate evaporative or refueling emissions from CNG or
LPG emissions. However, the MOVES database contains CHVTHC, NMOG/NMHC, and
VOC/NMHC values based on data analysis of CNG and LPG fuels.
We estimated organic gas aggregation values for evaporative and refueling emissions based on
speciated measurements of CNG fuel reported by Kato et al. (2005).36 Table 6-3 includes the
speciated measurements from two CNG fuel samples measured by Kato et al. (2005) used for
fueling CNG transit buses operating in Los Angeles, California. From the two fuel samples, we
calculated an average weight percent of methane, ethane, and propane, normalized to the total
hydrocarbon emissions. From these values, we calculated CHVTHC, NMOG/NMHC, and
VOC/NMHC values as shown in Table 6-4.
33
-------
Table 6-3. Speciation of CNG Fuel Reported by Kato et al. (2005)36
Species
mole %,
Test 1
mole %, Test
2
Average
mole %
g/mol
Average weight
%, normalized
to THC
Methane
94.33%
86.93%
90.63%
16.04
86.32%
Ethane
2.43%
6.40%
4.42%
30.07
7.88%
C3-propane
0.83%
3.60%
2.22%
44.1
5.80%
C02 + N2
2.14%
2.39%
2.27%
Oxygen
0.07%
0.12%
0.10%
Table 6-4. Estimated Organic Gas Aggregations Used for Evaporative and Refueling CNG Emissions
Calculated from Table 6-3
Pollutant Ratio
Calculation
Value
CH/THC
CH4/(CH4 + ethane + C3-propane)
0.863
NMOG/NMHC
(C3-propane + ethane)/(C3-propane + ethane)
1.0
VOC/NMHC
C3-propane/(C3-propane + ethane)
0.424
Organic gas aggregations for evaporative and refueling emissions from LPG-fueled nonroad
equipment were estimated from the speciation profile ('LPG from Super Energy Propane &
Westex Conversion' #2444).31 The weight percent of the organic species are provided in Table
6-5.
Table 6-5. Organic Speciation of LPG Fuel Reported by SPECIATE Profile 244431, and the Estimated
Organic Gas Aggregations Used for Evaporative and Refueling LPG Emissions
Species
Weight Percent
Propane
91.91%
Ethane
7.31%
Isobutane
0.42%
Propylene (1-Propene)
0.25%
N-butane
0.11%
Organic Aggregation
Ratio
CH4/THC
0.000
NMOG/NMHC
1.000
VOC/NMHC
0.927
As for diesel, the toxic ratios are currently set to zero as placeholder values.
34
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7Crankcase Exhaust Emissions
Unlike onroad, MOVES does not estimate CO, NOx, and PM crankcase emissions from nonroad
engines. However, MOVES does produce organic gas aggregations (e.g., VOC) and air toxics
(e.g., benzene) that are based on the THC crankcase emissions.
MOVES models THC crankcase emissions from nonroad equipment using ratios to tailpipe
exhaust using the ratios shown in Table 7-1. The crankcase/exhaust THC ratios are documented
in the NONROAD spark-ignition37 and compression-ignition17 exhaust and crankcase emission
factor reports.
By model year 2004, all nonroad gasoline, LPG, and CNG engines are modeled to have no
crankcase emissions, due to pre-control engines adopting closed crankcases and the
implementation of the Phase 1 nonroad gasoline standards (which require closed crankcases on
all spark-ignition engines under 25 hp and all recreational equipment). Tier 4 compression-
ignition engines are modeled to have no crankcase emissions, because Tier 4 engines are
assumed to either have closed crankcase emission systems, or the crankcase emission systems
are included in the tailpipe exhaust emission rates.17
Table 7-1. Crankcase/Exhaust THC Ratios Used in MOVES for Nonroad Equipment
Fuel
Nonroad engines
Crankcase/Exhaust
THC Ratio
2-stroke
0
4-stroke gasoline recreational marine
0
Gasoline
Baseline (Pre-control) lawn and garden 4-
stroke gasoline < 25 HP
0.083
Other Baseline (Pre-control) 4-stroke
0.393
Pre-control 4-stroke recreational equipment
equipped with closed crankcases
0
Phase 1 or later 4-stroke engines
0
LPG and
Baseline (Pre-control) LPG and CNG
0.33
CNG
Phase 1 or later LPG and CNG
0
Diesel
Compression-ignition Tier 3 and prior engines
0.02
Compression-ignition Tier 4 engines (including
Tier 4 transitional)
0
7.1 Organic Gas Aggregations and Air Toxic Emission Factors
MOVES models crankcase CH4, NMHC, NMOG, VOC, and TOG using the corresponding
ratios for tailpipe exhaust. From crankcase VOC emissions, MOVES estimates all of the VOC
toxics listed in Table 1-1, using the corresponding toxic/VOC ratios used for modeling toxics
from the tailpipe exhaust.
35
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7.2 Poly cyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Similar to the VOC toxics, the gaseous phase PAH toxics are modeled from the crankcase VOC
emission, using the same PAH factors used for tailpipe exhaust.
Particle phase PAHs (based off of PM2.5) are not modeled for crankcase emissions as the
nonroad portion of the model does not currently model crankcase PM.
7.3 Metal and Dioxin Emissions
MOVES does not produce crankcase emission rates for metals, dioxins or furans from nonroad
or onroad engines. Because crankcase emissions are small in comparison to exhaust emissions,
we assume that these emissions are negligible.
36
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Appendix A Development of Exhaust TOG and VOC Speciation
Profiles for Spark-Ignition and Compression-Ignition Nonroad
Engines.
A.l Introduction
Exhaust emissions from nonroad engines or equipment vary based on engine/equipment type,
control technology, fuel, and operating conditions. Characterizing the magnitude and chemical
composition of these emissions is necessary for inventory and air quality modeling. To model
the impact of air pollutant emissions, speciation profiles are used to distribute individual
chemical compounds in total organic gas (TOG) emissions into emission estimates for individual
species. However, speciation data for nonroad engines is limited, especially for engines with
emission controls running on gasoline/ethanol blends and more recent diesel technologies.
In this document, we present the results of an extensive review and analysis of available
speciation data for TOG. Our review concluded that the best available data sets for nonroad
engines that had different levels of emission controls and were running on representative fuels
were from two test programs conducted by Southwest Research Institute (SwRI), under contracts
from EPA. Exhaust emissions data from these programs were used to create TOG speciation
profiles for nonroad spark-ignition (SI) engines5 and nonroad compression ignition (CI)
engines.6'7 Data from the SI engine test program provided the basis for profiles of uncontrolled 2-
stroke and 4-stroke engines operating on gasoline (EO) and gasoline containing 10 percent
ethanol by volume (E10). Data from the CI engine test programs using low and high sulfur
diesel fuel provided the basis for profiles of pre-Tier 1, Tier 1, and Tier 2 engines with varying
power levels. Profiles were developed for use in air quality modeling runs such as those done
with the Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) model and were submitted to EPA's
database for TOG and particulate matter (PM) speciation profiles. This database, called
SPECIATE, maintains the record of each profile including its referenced source, testing
methods, a subjective rating of the quality of the data, and other detailed data that allow
researchers to decide which profile is most suitable for model input.
A.2 Methods
A.2.1 Exhaust Emissions Data
A.2.3.1 Engines
Engines in the SI test program include those in Table A2-1. Seven small off-road engines
(SOREs) were used to create EO and E10 4-stroke uncatalyzed profiles. The profiles were
applied to all off-road 4-stroke engines regardless of size. These engines include two mowers,
two riding mowers, two generators and a blower (three non-handheld Class I, three non-handheld
Class II, one handheld). Data on recreational vehicles from the SI test program, including two
all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) and two nonroad motor cycles (NRMCs), were used to create EO and
E10 2-stroke uncatalyzed profiles. It should be noted that the 4-stroke blower and 2-stroke
37
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ATVs and NRMC are not representative of most engines for those equipment types. Engines in
the CI test programs are listed in Table A2-2 and include a forklift truck, construction
engines/equipment, and an agricultural tractor.
38
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Table A2-1. Spark-Ignition Test Engines and Equipment
Type
SORE
SORE
SORE
SORE
SORE
SORE
SORE
Equipment
Make
MTD
Honda
MTD 638RL
Snapper
Briggs & Stratton
Honda
Makita
Model Year
2006
2007
2007
2007
2004
2006
2007
Model
11A-084F229
HRC
Yard machine
S150X
Elite Series 6200
EB11000
BHX2500
2163HXA
13A1762F229
30386
Type
22" Mower
Mower
Riding Mower
Riding Mower
Generator
Generator
Blower
Engine
Make
Briggs & Stratton
Honda
Techumseh
Kawasaki
Briggs & Stratton
Honda
Makita
Model
10T502158
GXV160
OV358 EA
FH641V-ES25-R
1015499427
GX620KI
EH025
2-stroke or 4-stroke
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Three-way Catalyst
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Type
NRMC
NRMC
ATV
ATV
Engine
Make
Honda
Kawasaki
Yamaha
Polaris
Model
CR125
KX250
Blaster
Trailblazer
Model Year
2007
2002
2006
2005
2-stroke or 4-stroke
2
2
2
2
Three-way Catalyst
No
No
No
No
Oil Lubrication
Pre-mixed
Pre-mixed
Injected
Injected
Table A2-2. Compression-Ignition Test Engines
Model
Intended Application Manufacturer Model Year Tier hp rpm
forklift truck
Kubota
V2203E
1999
1
50
2800
construction equipment
Cummins
QSL9
1999
1
330
2000
rubber-tired loader
Caterpillar
3408
1999
1
480
1800
motor grader
Deere
6068T
1996
0
160
2200
Excavator
Cummins
M11C
1997
1
270
1700
agricultural tractor
Caterpillar
3196
2001
2
420
2100
telescoping boom excavator
Cummins
ISB190
2001
1
194
2300
39
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A.2.3.2 Fuels
Test fuels for the SI test program included federal certification fuels (CERT1 and CERT2), fuels
used in a concurrent California Air Resources Board (ARB) program which are similar to
California Phase III fuel without ethanol (ARB EO), fuel being used for the California ARB
program with ten percent ethanol (ARB El0-7), a modified ARB E10 fuel with 10-psi RVP
(designated as ARB E10-10), and an EPA gasoline blend of E10. A brief description of the fuels
is provided in Table A2-3 and the test properties of these fuels is included in Table A2-4.
Table A2-3. Fuel Used for SI Engine Testing
Fuels Fuel description
CERT1 Federal Certification, non-oxygenated
CERT2 Federal Certification, non-oxygenated
ARB EO Non-oxygenated gasoline
ARB E10-7 10% ethanol, RVP 7 psi
ARB E10-10 10% ethanol, RVP 10 psi by adding butane to ARB E10-7
EPA-E10 10% ethanol, RVP 9 psi
E0
Table A2-4. SI Test Fuel Properties
E10
Test fuel
ARB E0
CERT1
CERT2
ARB E10-7a
ARB E10-7b
ARB E10-10
EPA-E10
Ethanol (Wt%)
<0.2
<0.1
NP
9.65
9.98
9.69
9.39
RVP (psi)
7.15
8.98
9.2
6.96
6.76
9.79
8.99
T50 (deg F)
228
224
223
214
213
207
211
T90 (deg F)
304
309
318
315
314
313
319
Aromatics (Vol%)
31.78
31.5
27.9
22.08
24.92
22.66
24.7
Benzene (Wt%)
0.31
0.7*
NR
0.97
0.72*
0.70*
0.68
Sulfur Content (ppm)
<10
2.3
3.2
<10
2.8
4.6
21.9
Note:
NP = Not performed for this non-oxygenated fuel
NR = Not reported
* Benzene content reported as volume percent
Fuels used in the CI test programs were an emissions certification test grade Type-2D diesel fuel
and a high-sulfur Nonroad-2D diesel fuel. The Type-2D fuel had a sulfur level of 390 ppm and
the Nonroad-2D had a sulfur level of 2570 ppm. Additional fuel properties are described in
Table A2-5. The high-sulfur diesel fuel was in compliance with EPA fuel sulfur regulations at
the time of the test program. The Type-2D diesel fuel sulfur level complies with EPA diesel fuel
sulfur standards (500 ppm) for nonroad engines as of 2007. Nonroad diesel fuel sulfur levels
have been further tightened by the Tier 4 Nonroad Diesel Rule to 15 ppm starting in 2010 and
fully phased in by 2015.
40
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Table A2-5. CI Test Fuel Properties
Test fuel
Sulfur, ppm
Cetane Number
390
48.0
505
Type-2D
Nonroad-2D
2570
46.1
511
T50 (deg F)
T90 (deg F)
618
613
Total Aromatics (Vol%)
Saturates (Vol%)
Specific Gravity
API Gravity
66.05
0.8444
32.15
36.1
67.45
0.8507
31.9
34.8
A.2.3.3 Sample Collection and Analysis, Spark-Ignition Engines
Exhaust emission testing for the small SI engines was performed using modal test cycles
applicable to the type of equipment. One complete emission test was performed with each test
fuel using dilute exhaust test methodologies. Steady-state modal emissions tests were performed
on the small SI engines. More detail on the steady-state operation modes used on these engines
can be found in Table 18 of the SI test report.5 All non-handheld engines were tested with the
governor in control of load, and speed was controlled by the dynamometer according to 40CFR
Part 1065.510 protocols. Handheld engine load and speed were controlled by the engine
operator and dynamometer, respectively.
Testing for the ATVs and NRMCs was conducted using a Superflow CycleDyn Motorcycle and
ATC eddy-current (chassis) dynamometer modified for vehicle-plus-driver weights as low as
153 kg (337 lbs.). Each ATV and NRMC was tested using the Urban Dynamometer Drive
Schedule (UDDS) drive cycle from 40 CFR, Part 86, Appendix I. The test cycle consists of two
test intervals of the UDDS, each 1370 s long (7.5 miles). The first test interval begins with a
single cold-start UDDS. The two test intervals were separated by stopping the test vehicle for 10
minutes. Composite emission rates were calculated using weighting factors of 0.43 and 0.57 for
the first (cold-start and running) and second phases (hot-start and running), respectively.
Regulated emissions were measured along with aldehydes, alcohols, ammonia, nitrous oxide,
and speciated hydrocarbons. Exhaust samples were analyzed for the presence of more than 200
different exhaust species. Proportional dilute exhaust gas samples were collected in bags for the
analysis of hydrocarbons. Four gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID)
procedures, using a method similar to the Phase II Auto-Oil method/ were used to identify and
quantify C2-C4 species, C5-C12 species, benzene and toluene, and alcohols. The collection of
alcohols was accomplished by bubbling a fraction of the sample through glass impingers.
Aldehyde and ketone samples were collected on cartridges packed with silica gel impregnated
with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DHPH) and were extracted with acetonitrile. A high
F Coordinating Research Council (1997). Auto/Oil Air Quality Improvement Research Program
Final Report
41
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performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) procedure was used to analyze aldehydes and
ketones. More details on the test procedures can be found in the SI test report, Appendix A.
A.2.3.4 Sample Collection and Analysis, Compression-Ignition Engines
The transient duty cycles used in testing each of these seven engines were the U.S. on-highway
heavy-duty Federal Test Procedure (FTP) and the backhoe loader nonroad duty cycle (BHL).
Engine emissions were sampled under transient operating conditions for each engine using a test
cell control strategy developed for commanding dynamometer and throttle control for each
engine over the FTP cycle. The on-highway FTP cycle ran 20 minutes, and the BHL cycle ran
16 minutes. All results were from single tests.
Steady-state engine tests were based on an 8-mode ISO Type-Cl weighting scheme. Calibration
and sampling methods of the steady-state CI test adhered to test procedures in CFR, Part 89, and
generally satisfied ISO 8178-1 guidelines.
Prior to emissions testing, engines were run over a preparatory test cycle, followed by a 20-
minute engine-off soak period. After engine soak, each transient emission test was run from a
hot-start, utilizing procedures and sampling processes given in CFR 40, Part 86, Subpart N.
Another 20-minute engine-off soak period separated any duplicate runs of a test cycle.
Measurements of unregulated emissions consisted of carbonyls, ammonia, N2O, sulfate, and
several C1-C12 hydrocarbons. Proportional bag samples of dilute exhaust were analyzed via GC-
FID to speciate hydrocarbons from Ci through C12 using a method similar to the Phase II Auto-
Oil method.0 For carbonyls, an array of impingers was used during each emission test to capture
gaseous samples of dilute exhaust for later analyses. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were
measured using a DNPH (2,4-dinitrophenyl solution) technique, as outlined in CFR Title 40, Part
86. A liquid chromatograph was used to quantify additional aldehydes and ketones captured by
the impingers in a DNPH solution.
A.2.2 Assignment of SPECIATE Identification Numbers for TOG
Speciation Profiles
For use in the SPECIATE database and air quality modeling, each speciated compound must be
assigned a unique identification number. SPECIATE identification numbers were matched to
compounds in the TOG exhaust emission profiles using CAS numbers. For compounds that did
not have a one-to-one match with a SPECIATE identification number, the most similar listed
compound was used. Table A2-6 lists the SPECIATE substitutions used in developing the
nonroad profiles.
G E.R. Fanick (2005). Diesel Exhaust Standard - Phase II: CRC Project No. AVFL-lOb. Final
Report.
42
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Original Chemical Analysis
SPECIATE Substitution
Dimethylbenzaldehyde
2,5-Dimethylbenzaldehyde
Tert-l-but-2-methylbenzene
l-Methyl-2-tert-butylbenzene
3,4-Dimethylcumene
l,3-Dimethyl-4-isopropylbenzene
Methylpropylbenzene
(l-Methylpropyl)benzene
Cis-l-methyl-2-ethylcyclopentane
Cis-l-ethyl-2-methylcyclopentane
Trans-l-methyl-2-ethylcyclopentane
Tran-l-ethyl-2-methylcyclopentane
3-Ethyl-cis-2-pentene
3-Ethyl-2-pentene
Cyclopentadiene
1,3-Cyclopentadiene
2,2-Dimethylpropane
Neopentane
2-Methylpropene
Isobutylene
2-Methylbutane
Isopentane
For some species that co-elute, the chromatography peak area was split equally between the two
compounds by the contractor. For other species, the contractor noted co-elution but only
reported one of the co-eluted compounds and assigned all mass to that species. In such cases, the
mass was subsequently split equally between the co-eluted compounds and the unreported
species were added to the chemical list. The following were indicated as co-eluted species:
2,2-dimethylpentane and methylcyclopentane
3-methyl-3-ethyl-pentane and 3,4-dimethylhexane
Cis-l,4-dimethylcyclohexane and trans-l,3-dimethylcyclohexane
Propylcyclopentane and 2,6-dimethylheptane
2,5-dimethylheptane and 3,5-dimethylheptane
Decane and isobutylbenzene
n-butylbenzene and l-methyl-4-n-propylbenzene
Isobutyraldehyde and methyl ethyl ketone
Unknown hydrocarbons were reported by the lab according to carbon number as unidentified C5,
C6, C7, C8, and C9-C12+. Reported designations were maintained in assigning species
identification numbers instead of combining unknowns into one specie identification number.
A.2.3 Speciation Profile Development
A.2.3.1 SI Engine Profiles
Four profiles were developed from the SI engine test program, one for each of the following
engine/fuel combinations shown in Table 3-1:
4-stroke uncatalyzed engines running on EO
4-stroke uncatalyzed engines running on E10
2-stroke uncatalyzed engines running on EO
2-stroke uncatalyzed engines running on E10
A speciation profile comprised of weight percents for every compound was created for each
individual test by dividing each compound's mass by the total mass of the all species. These
individual test profiles were averaged within their respective engine/fuel categories to obtain a
43
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composite profile representing that particular engine/fuel combination. The number of tests for
each composite profile are indicated in Table A3-1 (note that CERT1 and CERT2 test fuels are
EO fuels). Two tests, not shown in Table A3-1, were excluded from the 4-stroke EO profile: the
B&S walk behind mower test (1-El0-759) was missing seven low weight paraffins and olefins,
and the Honda walk behind mower test (2-E0-776) was missing all alcohol data. We evaluated
data to identify potential outliers, defined as outside the range of 3.5 standard deviations. No SI
data met this criterion.
Table A3-1. Engine/Fuel Combinations Used for SI Engine Speciation Profile Development
Engines Tests Fuels
4 stroke uncatalyzed, E0
SOREs
7
ARB E0
SOREs
1
CERT2
4 stroke uncatalyzed, E10
SOREs
6
ARB E10-7
SOREs
1
EPA-E10
2 stroke uncatalyzed, E0
ATV-Blaster
1
CERT1
ATV-Polaris
1
CERT1
NRMC-CR125
1
CERT1
NRMC-Kawasaki
1
CERT1
2 stroke uncatalyzed, E10
ATV-Blaster
1
ARB E10-10
1
ARB E10-10
1
ARB E10-7
ATV-Polaris
1
ARB E10-7
1
ARB E10-10
NRMC-CR125
1
ARB E10-7
1
ARB E10-10
NRMC-Kawasaki
1
ARB E10-7
1
ARB E10-10
Although no outliers meeting the criteria described above were identified, several adjustments
were made to individual compounds following a thorough quality assurance assessment of the
composite profiles. First, due to the nature of the fuels used in the SI emissions testing, toluene
was highly variable across both 2-stoke and 4-stroke uncatalyzed profiles (ranging from 0.05
percent to 12.48 percent). As a result, we replaced the nonroad composite profile toluene values
with values from pre-Tier 2 onroad vehicle profiles (from profiles 8750a and 875 la).31
Specifically, toluene was adjusted to 8.64 percent for the EO profiles and 7.77 percent for the
E10 profiles. Second, the 1,3-butadiene values in the 4-stroke uncatalyzed EO profiles were
replaced with the composite E10 value because the EO values were low for olefins. Third, 2,3-
dimethylhexane in one of the 4-stroke E10 tests (the Makita blower) was zeroed out due to its
abnormally high value (1408 mg/hp-hr, 7.6 percent) and erroneously strong influence (1 percent)
on the composite profile. Finally, in the 2-stroke non-catalyst E0 profile, one test (the CR125)
had an abnormally high fraction of 3-methylpentane (10.8 percent in the hot-start bag), causing
the composite profile fraction to be subsequently high (2.5 percent). The composite profile was
44
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adjusted by replacing the high 3-methylpentane value in the hot-start CR125 test with the
average value from the other 2-stroke EO tests.
The profiles for each engine/fuel combination were recalculated following the adjustments
outlined above, and the resulting profiles are listed in Table A4-3.
We note that there were emissions test data from 2-stroke catalyst engines, however we were
unable to use these tests to create speciation profiles due to many inconsistencies and high values
in the data. For example, cyclohexane E10 values were eight times higher than EO values, 2,2,4-
trimethylpentane decreased from EO to E10 opposite the uncatalyzed profiles), and values of
hexane, 3-methylheptane and 3-methyl-cis-2-pentene were abnormally high in the E10 profiles.
Without additional test programs on catalyzed 2-stroke engines to validate these variable
measurements, we decided to exclude these tests from our analysis.
A.2.3.2 CI Engine Profiles
Three profiles were developed from the CI engine test program by the following emission
control categories:
Pre-Tier 1 uncontrolled engines
Tier 1 controlled engines
Tier 2 controlled engines
While both CI engine steady state and transient operation tests are presented in this report, only
the transient data were used for NONROAD-MOVES because transient tests better represent real
world conditions. In addition, we have a greater number of transient tests, allowing for greater
confidence in the data. We initially looked at the breakpoint of 50 horsepower (37 kW) to
differentiate low and high horsepower engines because the Tier 1 emission standards for 11 to 50
Hp engines are less stringent (NMHC + NOx g/hp-hr) than +50 hp engines. However,
differences in horsepower between profiles were insignificant and thus all Tier 1 engines were
grouped together.
As with the SI engine profiles, a speciation profile was first created for each individual test by
dividing each compound's mass by the total mass of the all species for that test. These profiles
were averaged within their respective emission control/power categories to obtain a composite
profile representing that particular control/power combination under steady state and transient
operating conditions. The number of tests for each CI engine profile are indicated in Table 3-2.
As discussed in Section A2.1.2, tests for each engine were performed on both a high sulfur fuel
and a low sulfur fuel. To increase the robustness of the composite profiles, we doubled the
number of samples by including tests on both fuel types after our analysis found that speciated
compounds had similar weight percent values between high and low sulfur fuel tests (Table 3-3).
After incorporating both high and low sulfur fuels, a standard deviation test was performed to
identify potential outliers. All measurements outside the range of 3.5 standard deviations were
evaluated as potential outliers. Outliers were addressed as described below.
45
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Table A3-2. Engine Combinations Used for CI Engine Speciation Profile Development
Transient Rated Power
Model
Total Tests
(Hp, kW)
Year
Engines
Pre-Tier 1
6
160hp
1996
Deere 6068T motor grader
119kW
Tier 1
36
270hp
1997
Cummins M11C excavator
201kW
194hp
2001
Cummins ISB190 telescoping boom
145kW
excavator
330hp
1999
Cummins QSL9 construction equipment
261kW
480hp
1999
Caterpillar 3408 rubber-tired loader
358kW
50hp
1999
Kubota V2203E fork lift truck
37kW
Tier 2
6
420hp
2001
Caterpillar 3196 agriculture tractor
313kW
Table A3-3. Regression comparing low and high sulfur diesel fuels
95% confidence
R2
Slope
interval
Pre-Tier 1
0.98
0.98
0.95 1.00
Tier 1
0.99
0.99
0.97 1.01
Tier 2
0.91
1.03
0.96 1.09
Following a quality assurance assessment of the initial transient profiles, several adjustments
were made to individual compounds. Unusual variability was observed in the 1,3-butadiene tests
across all profiles, so all weight percents were replaced with the current NONROAD CI engine
exhaust weight percent of 0.18616 percent. The acetone mass in one Caterpillar 3196 high-
sulfur fuel test (E12DBHL1) and one Kubota V2203E low-sulfur fuel test (KP2DFTP1) failed
the standard deviation checks and were subsequently zeroed out (41.9 mg/hp-hr for the
Caterpillar 3196 while all other similar tests were 0.0 mg/hp-hr; 28.1 mg/hp-hr for the Kubota
V2203E while all other similar tests were 0-0.7 mg/hp-hr). One Caterpillar 3196 test
(E12DFTP1) had an abnormally high propane value which was also zeroed out (19.54 percent
where other tests were 0.00 percent). Finally, a different Caterpillar 3196 test (E12DBHL1) had
an unrealistically high acetylene value (10.82 percent where the other tests averaged to 1.15
percent); thus we did not use this high value in developing the profile.
The profiles for each emission control/power combination were recalculated following the
adjustments outlined above, and the resulting profiles are listed in Table A4-9.
A.3 Results
Chemical comparisons between currently used onroad profiles and the profiles developed in this
report are also detailed in the literature.8 The final composite SI speciation profiles are presented
in Tables A4-1, A4-2, and A4-3. Table A4-1 shows percentages of compounds grouped by
class. Table A4-2 shows percentages for 10 compounds of interest. Table A4-3 shows the
46
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complete profiles with all compounds and includes CAS and SPECIATE ID numbers. In a
similar fashion, the composite CI speciation profiles are presented in Tables A4-4 through A4-9.
Composite SI and CI VOC emission factors are presented in Tables A4-10 through A4-12. The
assignment of nonroad emissions to SPECIATE profiles is documented in Table A4-13.
Table A4-1. Composite SI TOG Profile Percentages by Compound Class
Compound
EO %
4 stroke,
noncatalyst
EO %
2 stroke,
noncatalyst
E10 %
4 stroke,
noncatalyst
E10 %
2 stroke,
noncatalyst
Paraffins
33.90
50.88
31.85
47.31
Aromatics
27.32
31.46
24.75
26.72
Olefins
33.76
11.79
35.76
12.98
Aldehyde/Ketones
3.25
0.85
3.06
1.21
Oxygenates
0.47
0.15
2.76
7.76
Unknowns
1.30
4.86
1.81
4.03
Table A4-2. Composite SI TOG Profile Percentages of Selected Compounds
EO % EO % E10 % E10 %
Compound 4 stroke 2 stroke 4 stroke 2 stroke
Methane
15.89
1.70
15.40
1.74
Ethylene
8.94
1.79
10.11
1.94
Propylene
5.29
1.14
5.29
1.26
2,2,4-Trimethy lpentane
3.76
7.94
4.70
12.72
2-Methylbutane
2.22
10.25
1.46
6.14
Toluene
8.64
8.64
7.77
7.77
m-& p-Xylene
3.58
6.30
4.49
5.27
o-Xylene
1.20
2.27
1.26
1.82
Ethylbenzene
1.79
3.37
1.37
2.18
2,3 -Dimethy lpentane
1.87
0.62
1.42
0.00
Table A4-3. Composite SI Organic Gas Exhaust Speciation Profiles Displayed as Weight Percentages of TOG
EO % EO % E10 % E10 %
Specie ID CAS Number Compound 4 stroke 2 stroke 4 stroke 2 stroke
1
135-98-8
(1 -methy lpropy l)benzene
0.00E+00
3.33xl0"3
4.43 xlO"2
3.23 xlO"3
9
4259-00-1
1,1,2-
TRIMETH YL C Y CLOPENT ANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
12
3073-66-3
1,1,3-
TRIMETHYLCY CLOHEXANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
13
4516-69-2
1,1,3-
TRIMETH YL C Y CLOPENT ANE
2.30E-02
0.00E+00
2.54E-02
0.00E+00
19
590-66-9
1,1-
DIMETHYLCY CLOHEXANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
20
1638-26-2
1,1-
DIMETHYLC Y CLOPENT ANE
3.20E-03
8.70E-03
3.16E-03
2.92E-03
47
-------
EO % EO % ElO % ElO %
Specie ID CAS Number Compound 4 stroke 2 stroke 4 stroke 2 stroke
21
16747-50-5
1,1 -Methy lethy Icy clopentane
5.91E-04
1.86E-02
1.55E-03
1.90E-02
36
135-01-3
1,2 DIETHYLBENZENE
2.73E-02
8.83E-02
0.00E+00
7.61E-02
22
488-23-3
1,2,3,4-
TETRAMETHYLBENZENE
1.50E-03
6.99E-02
4.05E-02
6.97E-02
23
527-53-7
1,2,3,5-
TETRAMETHYLBENZENE
8.65E-02
1.29E-02
4.89E-02
1.16E-02
25
526-73-8
1,2,3 -TRIMETHYLBENZENE
2.24E-01
2.09E-02
1.63E-01
6.39E-02
28
95-93-2
1,2,4,5-
TETRAMETHYLBENZENE
1.44E-02
1.26E-01
8.82E-03
1.41E-01
29
877-44-1
1,2,4-TRIETHYLBENZENE
6.84E-04
2.32E-02
0.00E+00
2.02E-02
30
95-63-6
1,2,4-TRIMETHYLBENZENE
1.39E+00
2.10E+00
1.29E+00
2.00E+00
37
933-98-2
1,2-dimethyl-3 -ethylbenzene
0.00E+00
5.66E-03
0.00E+00
4.09E-03
39
934-80-5
l,2-DIMETHYL-4-
ETHYLBENZENE
1.25E-01
3.58E-02
9.44E-02
2.75E-02
42
463-49-0
1,2-PROP ADIENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
43
102-25-0
1,3,5-TRIETHYLBENZENE
0.00E+00
2.42E-02
0.00E+00
1.84E-02
44
108-67-8
1,3,5-TRIMETHYLBENZENE
4.33E-01
7.52E-01
5.71E-01
7.21E-01
55
934-74-7
l,3,-DIMETHYL-5-
ETHYLBENZENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
46
106-99-0
1,3-BUT ADIENE
1.02E+00
2.08E-01
1.02E+00
2.65E-01
51
141-93-5
1,3-DIETHYLBENZENE
6.40E-02
1.73E-01
6.40E-02
1.69E-01
52
2870-04-4
1,3 -DIMETHYL -2 -
ETHYLBENZENE
6.25E-02
1.74E-02
2.50E-02
1.38E-02
53
874-41-9
1,3 -DIMETHYL -4 -
ETHYLBENZENE
3.43E-02
7.90E-02
9.26E-02
7.72E-03
54
4706-89-2
1,3 -dimethy 1-4-isopropy lbenzene
2.54E-02
0.00E+00
5.91E-02
0.00E+00
59
105-05-5
1,4-DIETHYLBENZENE
1.98E-02
4.10E-01
0.00E+00
3.91E-01
60
1758-88-9
l,4-DIMETHYL-2-
ETHYLBENZENE
5.71E-02
2.50E-01
6.49E-02
2.40E-01
64
106-98-9
1-BUTENE
3.61E-01
1.17E-01
4.34E-01
1.27E-01
65
107-00-6
1-butyne
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
357
15890-40-1
1-CIS,2-TRANS,3-
TRIMETH YL C Y CLOPENT ANE
3.53E-02
1.44E-01
5.17E-02
1.56E-01
996
872-05-9
1-DECENE
0.00E+00
1.52E-02
7.69E-02
1.36E-02
75
637-92-3
1 -ethy ltertbuty lether
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
76
592-76-7
1-HEPTENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
78
592-41-6
1-HEXENE
3.34E-02
9.29E-02
9.76E-02
1.08E-01
80
611-14-3
1 -METHYL-2-ETHYLBENZENE
3.35E-01
6.14E-01
3.36E-01
4.93E-01
81
527-84-4
l-METHYL-2-
ISOPROPYLBENZENE
1.77E-01
6.51E-02
2.66E-01
5.08E-02
84
1074-17-5
1 -METHYL-2-N-
PROPYLBENZENE
3.82E-02
3.65E-02
9.27E-02
2.82E-02
89
620-14-4
1 -METHYL-3 -ETHYLBENZENE
1.01E+00
1.81E+00
9.11E-01
1.53E+00
90
535-77-3
1-METHYL-3 -
ISOPROPYLBENZENE
2.83E-01
3.94E-02
2.22E-01
2.65E-02
92
1074-43-7
1-METHYL-3-N-
PROPYLBENZENE
1.27E-01
2.20E-01
2.32E-01
1.84E-01
94
622-96-8
1 -METHYL-4-ETHYLBENZENE
4.16E-01
7.70E-01
2.98E-01
6.37E-01
48
-------
E0 %
E0 %
E10 %
E10 %
Specie ID
CAS Number
Compound
4 stroke
2 stroke
4 stroke
2 stroke
1-METHYL-4-
97
99-87-6
ISOPROPYLBENZENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
1-METHYL-4-N-
100
1074-55-1
PROPYLBENZENE
1.15E-01
4.37E-02
5.86E-02
2.33E-02
103
693-89-0
1 -METHYLCYCLOPENTENE
1.42E-02
1.11E-01
6.36E-02
1.66E-01
106
124-11-8
1-NONENE
1.09E-01
1.74E-01
2.41E-02
6.89E-02
107
111-66-0
1-OCTENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
108
109-67-1
1-pentene
0.00E+00
1.71E-01
0.00E+00
2.23E-01
607
71-23-8
1-Propanol
9.58E-02
0.00E+00
5.96E-02
0.00E+00
1 -TRAN S -2-CIS -3 -
730
15890-40-1
TRIMETHYLCYCLOPENTANE
7.23E-03
6.32E-02
1.77E-02
7.80E-02
1-TRANS-2-CIS-4-
1540
2815-58-9
TRIMETH YL C Y CLOPENT ANE
0.00E+00
746E-02
0.00E+00
6.90E-02
112
464-06-2
2,2,3-TRIMETHYLBUTANE
2.46E-02
5.81E-02
4.54E-02
6.84E-02
113
564-02-3
2,2,3-TRIMETHYLPENTANE
4.21E-01
940E-01
2.99E-01
1.05E+00
117
16747-26-5
2,2,4-trimethylhexane
4.45E-03
2.56E-02
0.00E+00
1.93E-02
118
540-84-1
2,2,4-TRIMETHYLPENTANE
3.76E+00
7.94E+00
4.70E+00
1.27E+01
121
3522-94-9
2,2,5-TRIMETHYLHEXANE
3.08E-01
5.77E-01
5.06E-02
4.09E-02
122
75-83-2
2,2-DIMETHYLBUTANE
2.94E-02
9.06E-02
4.12E-02
6.98E-02
123
1071-26-7
2,2-DIMETHYLHEPTANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
124
590-73-8
2,2-DIMETHYLHEXANE
4.50E-03
9.91E-02
7.65E-03
8.83E-02
125
15869-87-1
2,2-DIMETHYLOCTANE
5.59E-02
9.31E-02
2.81E-02
5.55E-02
126
590-35-2
2,2-DIMETHYLPENTANE
6.08E-02
4.21E-01
2.16E-01
6.11E-01
2,2-DIMETHYLPROPANE
127
463-82-1
(NEOPENTANE)
0.00E+00
8.52E-02
0.00E+00
7.04E-02
128
560-21-4
2,3,3 -TRIMETHYLPENTANE
6.05E-01
1.45E+00
1.08E-01
2.08E-01
129
921-47-1
2,3,4-TRIMETHYLHEXANE
0.00E+00
1.98E-02
0.00E+00
2.04E-02
130
565-75-3
2,3,4-TRIMETHYLPENTANE
9.31E-01
2.40E+00
2.17E-01
6.65E-01
132
1069-53-0
2,3,5-TRIMETHYLHEXANE
4.82E-02
9.10E-02
1.16E-02
3.74E-02
135
10574-37-5
2,3 -DIMETHYL-2-PENTENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
136
79-29-8
2,3-DIMETHYLBUTANE
3.88E-01
7.34E-01
1.95E-01
540E-01
137
3074-71-3
2,3-DIMETHYLHEPTANE
0.00E+00
1.81E-02
0.00E+00
245E-02
138
584-94-1
2,3-DIMETHYLHEXANE
1.38E-01
0.00E+00
1.14E-02
1.29E-01
140
565-59-3
2,3-DIMETHYLPENTANE
1.87E+00
6.24E-01
142E+00
147E-03
141
107-39-1
2,4,4-TRIMETHYL-l-PENTENE
7.17E-03
8.99E-02
6.60E-02
1.07E-01
142
107-40-4
2,4,4-TRIMETHYL-2-PENTENE
0.00E+00
1.17E-02
5.20E-02
1.84E-02
143
16747-30-1
2,4,4-TRIMETHYLHEXANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
148
2213-23-2
2,4-DIMETHYLHEPTANE
4.42E-02
7.87E-02
2.31E-02
5.99E-02
149
589-43-5
2,4-DIMETHYLHEXANE
4.78E-01
1.29E+00
3.50E-01
1.14E+00
151
4032-94-4
2,4-DIMETHYLOCTANE
7.68E-03
5.93E-02
3.31E-02
6.70E-02
152
108-08-7
2,4-DIMETHYLPENTANE
1.09E+00
1.41E+00
3.29E-01
947E-01
155
2216-30-0
2,5-DIMETHYLHEPTANE
5.39E-02
8.94E-02
3.22E-02
6.76E-02
156
592-13-2
2,5 -dimethy lhexane
0.00E+00
2.37E-03
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
160
1072-05-5
2,6-DIMETHYLHEPTANE
0.00E+00
445E-03
0.00E+00
6.71E-03
170
503-17-3
2-butyne
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
511
78-79-5
2-METHYL-l,3-BUTADIENE
1.89E-01
1.09E-01
2.62E-01
143E-01
181
563-46-2
2-methy 1-1 -butene
0.00E+00
2.91E-01
0.00E+00
442E-01
49
-------
E0 %
E0 %
E10 %
E10 %
Specie ID
CAS Number
Compound
4 stroke
2 stroke
4 stroke
2 stroke
2185
6094-02-6
2-METHYL-l-HEXENE
0.00E+00
2.66E-02
4.24E-03
2.97E-02
184
763-29-1
2-METHYL-l-PENTENE
3.34E-02
1.04E-01
9.76E-02
1.28E-01
185
513-35-9
2-METHYL-2-BUTENE
2.01E-01
5.86E-01
2.40E-01
7.56E-01
186
2738-19-4
2-methyl-2-hexene
0.00E+00
1.06E-01
1.32E-02
1.32E-01
187
625-27-4
2-METHYL-2-PENTENE
3.68E-02
1.31E-01
7.13E-02
1.84E-01
2-METHYLBUTANE
508
78-78-4
(ISOPENTANE)
2.22E+00
1.02E+01
1.46E+00
6.14E+00
2-METHYLBUTYLBENZENE
2568
03968-85-2
(sec AMYLBENZENE)
1.18E-02
1.55E-01
0.00E+00
1.54E-01
193
592-27-8
2-METHYLHEPTANE
2.17E-01
7.75E-01
2.07E-01
5.49E-01
194
591-76-4
2-METHYLHEXANE
0.00E+00
2.60E+00
0.00E+00
5.02E+00
198
3221-61-2
2-METHYLOCTANE
1.83E-01
6.15E-01
1.63E-01
4.70E-01
199
107-83-5
2-METHYLPENTANE
3.31E-01
1.73E+00
7.82E-01
2.32E+00
2-METHYLPROPANE
491
75-28-5
(ISOBUTANE)
1.40E-01
2.24E-01
3.15E-02
1.58E-02
2-METHYLPROPENE
497
115-11-7
(ISOBUTYLENE)
2.66E+00
7.48E-01
3.07E+00
1.02E+00
513
67-63-0
2-Propanol
1.42E-02
1.67E-02
4.77E-03
0.00E+00
203
558-37-2
3,3 -DIMETHYL-1 -BUTENE
1.80E-02
9.77E-03
3.83E-02
9.95E-03
205
4032-86-4
3,3 -DIMETHYLHEPTANE
0.00E+00
3.17E-02
0.00E+00
3.74E-02
206
563-16-6
3,3-DIMETH YLHEX ANE
2.53E-02
8.53E-02
4.40E-02
8.09E-02
208
562-49-2
3,3 -DIMETH YLPENT ANE
2.60E-02
9.62E-02
7.03E-03
4.08E-02
209
7385-78-6
3,4-DIMETHYL-1 -PENTENE
8.31E-03
1.69E-02
1.29E-02
2.13E-02
211
922-28-1
3,4-DIMETHYLHEPTANE
0.00E+00
4.27E-02
0.00E+00
2.90E-02
212
583-48-2
3,4-DIMETHYLHEXANE
3.85E-02
8.67E-02
9.33E-03
7.15E-02
215
926-82-9
3,5 -DIMETHYLHEPTANE
5.39E-02
8.94E-02
3.22E-02
6.76E-02
221
816-79-5
3-ethyl-2-pentene
0.00E+00
1.00E-02
0.00E+00
1.21E-02
226
619-99-8
3-ETH YLHEX ANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
229
617-78-7
3 -ETHYLPENTANE
2.65E-02
2.14E-01
1.01E-01
3.27E-01
230
563-45-1
3 -METHYL-1 -BUTENE
4.18E-02
1.98E-01
7.99E-02
1.27E-01
231
3404-61-3
3 -methyl-1 -hexene
0.00E+00
1.91E-02
0.00E+00
1.98E-02
232
760-20-3
3-METHYL-1-PENTENE
3.09E-02
8.00E-02
4.21E-02
8.82E-02
233
1067-08-9
3 -Methy 1-3 -ethy 1-pentane
3.85E-02
8.67E-02
9.33E-03
7.15E-02
236
922-62-3
3-METHYL-CIS-2-PENTENE
3.20E-02
1.56E-01
6.75E-02
2.35E-01
242
1120-62-3
3 -METHYLCYCLOPENTENE
3.41E-03
3.00E-03
1.85E-02
3.33E-03
244
589-81-1
3 -METHYLHEPT ANE
2.69E-01
1.20E+00
2.31E-01
7.25E-01
245
589-34-4
3 -METHYLHEXANE
1.89E-01
1.57E+00
4.07E-01
1.35E+00
247
2216-33-3
3 -METHYLOCTANE
1.14E-01
4.35E-01
9.49E-02
3.11E-01
248
96-14-0
3 -METHYLPENT ANE
2.01E-01
1.07E+00
5.36E-01
1.55E+00
3 -METHYL-TRANS -2-
239
616-12-6
PENTENE
3.70E-02
1.97E-01
9.19E-02
2.74E-01
240
3899-36-3
3 -methy l-trans-3 -hexene
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
253
1068-19-5
4,4-DIMETHYLHEPTANE
4.23E-03
9.56E-02
9.31E-03
7.20E-02
1471
2216-32-2
4-ETHYLHEPTANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
258
691-37-2
4-METHYL-l-PENTENE
0.00E+00
1.20E-03
0.00E+00
1.95E-02
260
691-38-3
4-METHYL-CIS-2-PENTENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
264
589-53-7
4-METHYLHEPTANE
5.92E-02
7.29E-01
3.44E-02
1.76E-01
50
-------
Specie ID CAS Number Compound 4 stroke 2 stroke 4 stroke 2 stroke
267
2216-34-4
4-methyloctane
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
262
674-76-0
4-METHYL-TRANS-2-
PENTENE
5.18E-03
6.54E-02
0.00E+00
8.16E-02
279
75-07-0
Acetaldehyde
3.49E-01
1.01E-01
7.40E-01
3.28E-01
281
67-64-1
Acetone
2.48E-01
3.92E-02
2.04E-01
4.86E-02
282
74-86-2
ACETYLENE
1.35E+01
3.10E+00
1.30E+01
2.69E+00
283
107-02-8
Acrolein
3.05E-02
3.04E-02
3.71E-02
4.33E-02
301
100-52-7
Benzaldehyde
4.26E-01
1.06E-01
2.13E-01
6.51E-02
302
71-43-2
BENZENE
5.64E+00
1.36E+00
3.77E+00
1.23E+00
592
106-97-8
BUTANE
6.22E-01
1.69E+00
5.01E-01
1.17E+00
351
2207-01-4
CIS-1,2-
DIMETHYLCY CLOHEXANE
3.55E-02
1.10E-01
3.63E-02
9.95E-02
360
1192-18-3
CIS-1,2-
DIMETHYLC Y CLOPENT ANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
352
638-04-0
Cis-1,3 -dimethy Icy clohexane
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
353
2532-58-3
CIS-1,3-
DIMETHYLC Y CLOPENT ANE
2.13E-02
6.81E-02
8.82E-02
1.91E-02
354
624-29-3
Cis-1,4-Dimethy Icy clohexane
1.14E-03
2.59E-02
7.12E-03
2.71E-02
362
930-89-2
Cis-l-ethyl-2-methylcyclopentane
9.97E-03
8.48E-02
1.65E-02
6.56E-02
364
2613-66-3
CIS -1 -METHYL-3 -
ETHYLCYCLOPENTANE
1.78E-02
4.71E-02
4.03E-02
5.83E-02
367
590-18-1
CIS-2-BUTENE
1.79E-01
7.69E-02
1.95E-01
1.04E-01
368
6443-92-1
CIS-2-HEPTENE
1.62E-02
5.13E-02
2.19E-02
5.69E-02
369
7688-21-3
CIS-2-HEXENE
2.40E-02
7.63E-02
2.06E-02
9.53E-02
370
7642-04-8
CIS-2-OCTENE
0.00E+00
7.55E-02
0.00E+00
1.26E-02
371
627-20-3
CIS-2-PENTENE
1.01E-01
2.15E-01
1.43E-01
2.81E-01
2616
7642-10-6
CIS-3-HEPTENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
372
7642-09-3
CIS-3-HEXENE
5.50E-03
9.20E-02
2.78E-02
1.16E-01
373
20237-46-1
CIS-3-NONENE
0.00E+00
6.70E-03
0.00E+00
6.23E-03
382
4170-30-3
Crotonaldehyde
3.01E-02
1.91E-02
2.45E-02
2.35E-02
385
110-82-7
CYCLOHEXANE
5.26E-02
5.26E-02
5.31E-01
7.58E-02
388
110-83-8
CYCLOHEXENE
1.19E-01
2.77E-02
4.58E-02
3.71E-02
48
542-92-7
CYCLOPENTADIENE
3.47E-01
1.17E-01
3.92E-01
1.21E-01
390
287-92-3
CYCLOPENTANE
3.65E-02
7.45E-02
5.60E-02
1.04E-01
391
142-29-0
CYCLOPENTENE
2.94E-02
9.05E-02
7.18E-02
1.27E-01
598
124-18-5
DECANE
5.43E-02
7.60E-02
3.90E-02
5.86E-02
2735
108-20-3
DI-ISOPROPYL ETHER
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
1712
5779-94-2
Dimethy lbenzaldehyde
8.82E-02
1.99E-02
4.35E-02
2.37E-02
599
112-40-3
DODECANE
1.90E-02
8.03E-02
9.15E-03
5.22E-02
438
74-84-0
ETHANE
9.26E-01
2.46E-01
8.63E-01
2.86E-01
442
64-17-5
Ethanol
1.40E-01
5.67E-02
2.49E+00
7.63E+00
449
100-41-4
ETHYLBENZENE
1.79E+00
3.37E+00
1.37E+00
2.18E+00
450
1678-91-7
ETHYLCYCLOHEXANE
2.24E-02
1.75E-01
2.44E-02
1.07E-01
451
1640-89-7
ETHYLCYCLOPENTANE
1.95E-03
0.00E+00
1.13E-02
0.00E+00
452
74-85-1
ETHYLENE
8.94E+00
1.79E+00
1.01E+01
1.94E+00
465
50-00-0
Formaldehyde
1.61E+00
3.60E-01
1.45E+00
4.86E-01
600
142-82-5
HEPTANE
2.60E-01
1.15E+00
2.22E-01
6.18E-01
51
-------
EO % EO % ElO % ElO %
Specie ID CAS Number Compound 4 stroke 2 stroke 4 stroke 2 stroke
840
66-25-1
Hexanaldehyde
9.63E-04
1.89E-03
4.49E-03
1.91E-03
601
110-54-3
HEXANE
1.89E-01
7.55E-01
4.29E-01
6.99E-01
602
1077-16-3
HEXYLBENZENE
0.00E+00
1.78E-02
0.00E+00
2.84E-02
485
496-11-7
INDAN
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
3
538-93-2
ISOBUTYLBENZENE
5.12E-02
7.17E-02
3.68E-02
5.53E-02
2119
78-84-2
ISOBUTYRALDEHYDE
1.37E-02
9.61E-03
1.97E-02
9.95E-03
514
98-82-8
ISOPROPYLBENZENE
(CUMENE)
9.56E-02
1.08E-01
3.83E-02
6.22E-02
2560
3875-51-2
ISOPROPYLCYCLOPENTANE
4.85E-03
1.13E-02
6.00E-03
3.37E-02
517
590-86-3
Isovaleraldehyde
5.06E-02
1.39E-02
4.42E-02
1.85E-02
522
1330-20-7
m-& p-XYLENE
3.58E+00
6.30E+00
4.49E+00
5.27E+00
2164
1334-78-7
m/p-Tolualdehyde
2.67E-01
4.58E-02
1.94E-01
7.57E-02
536
78-93-3
MEK
1.38E-02
9.61E-03
1.97E-02
9.95E-03
529
74-82-8
METHANE
1.59E+01
1.70E+00
1.54E+01
1.74E+00
531
67-56-1
Methanol
1.68E-01
7.63E-02
1.72E-01
1.29E-01
548
1634-04-4
Methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE)
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
550
108-87-2
METHYLCYCLOHEXANE
8.24E-02
4.30E-01
2.30E-01
6.30E-01
551
96-37-7
METHYLCYCLOPENTANE
5.96E-02
4.13E-01
2.12E-01
5.99E-01
611
91-20-3
NAPHTHALENE
3.36E-02
5.84E-02
7.17E-02
4.58E-02
595
71-36-3
N-butyl alcohol
5.64E-02
0.00E+00
3.21E-02
0.00E+00
596
104-51-8
n-Butylbenzene
1.15E-01
2.97E-02
5.86E-02
2.33E-02
603
111-84-2
NONANE
1.70E-01
3.41E-01
6.08E-02
1.56E-01
606
538-68-1
N-PENT-BENZENE
2.62E-02
7.75E-02
2.77E-02
8.99E-02
608
103-65-1
n-PROPYLBENZENE
2.76E-01
6.70E-01
2.40E-01
4.75E-01
604
00111-65-9
OCTANE
2.21E-01
4.49E-01
1.44E-01
3.01E-01
1467
529-20-4
o-Tolualdehyde
6.87E-02
4.46E-02
3.34E-02
1.77E-02
620
95-47-6
o-XYLENE
1.20E+00
2.27E+00
1.26E+00
1.82E+00
605
109-66-0
PENTANE
3.33E-01
8.44E-01
3.21E-01
8.67E-01
671
74-98-6
PROPANE
2.68E-01
4.51E-02
7.13E-02
3.05E-02
673
123-38-6
Propionaldehyde
4.07E-02
4.94E-02
3.43E-02
5.10E-02
677
2040-96-2
Propylcyclopentane
0.00E+00
2.99E-03
0.00E+00
6.71E-03
678
115-07-1
PROPYLENE
5.29E+00
1.14E+00
5.29E+00
1.26E+00
109
74-99-7
PROPYNE
3.60E-03
2.27E-02
0.00E+00
1.88E-02
698
100-42-5
STYRENE
7.93E-01
2.18E-01
5.86E-01
1.73E-01
701
994-05-8
T -amy lmethy lether
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
86
1074-92-6
TERT -1 -BUT-2-
METHYLBENZENE
3.58E-03
1.29E-01
3.00E-02
1.57E-01
63
98-19-1
TERT-l-BUT-3,5-
DIMETHYLBENZENE
2.24E-03
1.16E-01
7.28E-04
1.36E-01
2329
7364-19-4
TERT -1 -BUTYL-4-
ETHYLBENZENE
0.00E+00
5.62E-02
2.33E-02
6.05E-02
703
98-06-6
TERT-BUTYLBENZENE
0.00E+00
2.98E-02
0.00E+00
3.14E-02
717
108-88-3
TOLUENE
8.64E+00
8.64E+00
7.77E+00
7.77E+00
724
6876-23-9
TRANS-1,2-
DIMETHYLCY CLOHEXANE
5.85E-03
3.84E-01
2.20E-02
1.73E-01
725
822-50-4
TRANS-1,2-
DIMETHYLC Y CLOPENT ANE
2.86E-02
1.01E-01
2.88E-02
9.91E-02
52
-------
EO % EO % ElO % ElO %
Specie ID CAS Number Compound 4 stroke 2 stroke 4 stroke 2 stroke
726
2207-03-6
TRANS-1,3-
DIMETHYLCY CLOHEXANE
1.14E-03
3.07E-02
7.12E-03
3.03E-02
727
1759-58-6
TRANS-1,3-
DIMETHYLC Y CLOPENT ANE
3.23E-03
2.27E-01
0.00E+00
3.52E-01
729
2207-04-7
TRANS-1,4-
DIMETHYLCY CLOHEXANE
0.00E+00
9.26E-03
9.87E-03
2.39E-02
1586
930-90-5
Trans-l-ethyl-2-methyl-
cyclopentane
1.60E-03
9.08E-02
2.66E-02
1.12E-01
736
2613-65-2
TR ANS -1-METHYL-3-
ETHYLCYCLOPENTANE
0.00E+00
1.05E-01
2.55E-02
1.37E-01
737
624-64-6
TRANS-2-BUTENE
3.20E-01
2.04E-01
2.53E-01
2.28E-01
739
14686-13-6
TRANS-2-HEPTENE
1.23E-02
5.96E-02
2.47E-02
6.73E-02
740
4050-45-7
TRANS-2-HEXENE
1.29E-02
1.40E-01
4.27E-02
1.78E-01
2244
6434-78-2
TRANS-2-NONENE
0.00E+00
1.25E-02
0.00E+00
7.99E-03
741
13389-42-9
TRANS-2-OCTENE
6.34E-03
8.23E-02
4.15E-02
1.11E-01
742
646-04-8
TRANS-2-PENTENE
3.34E-02
3.75E-01
9.06E-02
4.91E-01
743
14686-14-7
TR AN S -3 -HEPTENE
7.30E-04
8.62E-02
2.57E-02
1.09E-01
744
13269-52-8
TR AN S -3 -HEXENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
745
20063-92-7
TR AN S -3 -NONENE
0.00E+00
4.49E-02
1.18E-02
5.13E-02
746
14850-23-8
Trans-4-octene
0.00E+00
5.47E-02
0.00E+00
4.55E-02
610
1120-21-4
UNDECANE
3.12E-02
1.14E-01
3.21E-02
1.08E-01
1989
#N/A
UNIDENTIFIED C5 OLEFINS
0.00E+00
1.35E-02
0.00E+00
8.74E-03
1999
#N/A
UNIDENTIFIED C6
1.32E-01
7.24E-02
1.57E-01
6.99E-02
2005
#N/A
UNIDENTIFIED C7
1.03E-01
7.53E-01
9.89E-02
2.70E-01
2011
#N/A
UNIDENTIFIED C8
1.99E-03
1.63E-01
8.50E-03
1.17E-01
327
#N/A
UNIDENTIFIED C9-C12+
1.06E+00
3.86E+00
1.55E+00
3.56E+00
845
110-62-3
Valeraldehyde
1.34E-02
4.47E-03
4.39E-03
4.73E-03
Table A4-4. Composite Transient CI TOG Profile Percentages by Compound Class
Compound Pre-Tier 1 Tier 1 Tier 2
Paraffins
16.55
17.66
17.69
Aromatics
11.80
6.48
9.37
Olefins
26.39
30.45
22.67
Aldehydes/Ketones
39.72
43.96
44.36
Oxygenates
0.00
0.00
0.00
Unknowns
5.54
1.46
5.91
53
-------
Table A4-5. Composite Transient CI TOG Profile Percentages of Selected Compounds
Compound
Pre-Tier 1
Tier 1
Tier 2
Methane
1.74
7.09
7.95
Ethylene
16.65
18.94
17.42
Propylene
0.00
3.79
0.00
2,2,4-Trimethy lpentane
0.78
0.65
0.61
2-Methylbutane
0.00
0.49
0.00
Toluene
1.17
1.97
3.20
m-& p-Xylene
1.48
1.09
1.07
o-Xylene
0.70
0.41
0.00
Ethylbenzene
0.91
0.36
0.39
2,3 -Dimethy lpentane
0.09
0.14
0.26
Table A4-6. Composite Transient Cycle CI Organic Gas Exhaust Speciation Profiles Displayed as Weight
Percentages of TOG
CAS Number
COMPOUND
Pre-Tier 1
Tier 1
Tier 2
135-98-8
(1 -methy lpropy l)benzene
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
4259-00-1
1,1,2-TRIMETHYLCYCLOPENTANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
3073-66-3
1,1,3 -TRIMETHYLCYCLOHEXANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
4516-69-2
1,1,3 -TRIMETHYLCYCLOPENTANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
590-66-9
1,1 -DIMETHYLC YCLOHEXANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
1638-26-2
1,1 -DIMETHYLC YCLOPENTANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
16747-50-5
1,1 -Methy lethy Icy clopentane
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
135-01-3
1,2 DIETHYLBENZENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
488-23-3
1,2,3,4-TETRAMETHYLBENZENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
527-53-7
1,2,3,5-TETRAMETHYLBENZENE
1.10E-01
3.03E-02
0.00E+00
526-73-8
1,2,3 -TRIMETHYLBENZENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
95-93-2
1,2,4,5-TETRAMETHYLBENZENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
877-44-1
1,2,4-TRIETHYLBENZENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
95-63-6
1,2,4-TRIMETHYLBENZENE
3.79E-01
2.34E-02
0.00E+00
933-98-2
1,2-DIMETHYL-3 -ETHYLBENZENE
0.00E+00
1.74E-02
0.00E+00
934-80-5
1,2-DIMETHYL-4-ETHYLBENZENE
3.95E-02
6.87E-02
0.00E+00
463-49-0
1,2-PROPADIENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
102-25-0
1,3,5 -TRIETH YLBENZENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
108-67-8
1,3,5-TRIMETHYLBENZENE
4.41E-01
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
934-74-7
l,3,-DIMETHYL-5-ETHYLBENZENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
106-99-0
1,3-BUTADIENE
1.86E-01
1.86E-01
1.86E-01
141-93-5
1,3 -DIETHYLBENZENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
2870-04-4
1,3 -DIMETHYL-2-ETHYLBENZENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
874-41-9
1,3 -DIMETHYL-4-ETHYLBENZENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
4706-89-2
1,3 -dimethyl-4-isopropylbenzene
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
105-05-5
1,4-DIETHYLBENZENE
4.89E-01
2.28E-02
0.00E+00
54
-------
CAS Number
COMPOUND
Pre-Tier 1
Tier 1
Tier 2
1758-88-9
1,4-DIMETHYL-2-ETHYLBENZENE
9.40E-02
3.15E-03
0.00E+00
106-98-9
1-BUTENE
0.00E+00
2.98E-01
0.00E+00
107-00-6
1-BUTYNE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
15890-40-1
1 -CIS ,2 -TRANS ,3 -TRIMETHYLCY CLOPENT ANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
872-05-9
1-DECENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
637-92-3
1 -ethy ltertbuty lether
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
592-76-7
1-HEPTENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
592-41-6
1-HEXENE
6.44E-01
4.10E-01
1.48E-01
611-14-3
1 -METHYL-2-ETHYLBENZENE
2.85E-01
3.28E-03
0.00E+00
527-84-4
1 -METHYL-2-ISOPROPYLBENZENE
3.85E-01
1.04E-01
0.00E+00
1074-17-5
1 -METHYL-2-N-PROPYLBENZENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
620-14-4
1 -METHYL-3 -ETHYLBENZENE
4.15E-01
1.47E-02
0.00E+00
535-77-3
1 -METHYL-3 -ISOPROPYLBENZENE
0.00E+00
7.96E-02
0.00E+00
1074-43-7
1 -METHYL-3 -N-PROPYLBENZENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
622-96-8
1 -METHYL-4-ETHYLBENZENE
2.43E-01
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
99-87-6
1 -METHYL-4-ISOPROPYLBENZENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
1074-55-1
1 -METHYL-4-N-PROPYLBENZENE
2.51E-01
1.16E-02
0.00E+00
693-89-0
1 -METHYLCYCLOPENTENE
3.48E-01
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
124-11-8
1-NONENE
7.74E-01
9.19E-02
0.00E+00
111-66-0
1-OCTENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
109-67-1
1-PENTENE
1.27E+00
5.46E-01
2.22E-01
15890-40-1
1 -TR AN S -2-CIS -3 -TRIMETHYLCY CLOPENT ANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
2815-58-9
1 -TR AN S-2-CIS-4 -TRIMETHYLCY CLOPENT ANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
464-06-2
2,2,3-TRIMETHYLBUT ANE
6.62E-01
4.47E-03
0.00E+00
564-02-3
2,2,3-TRIMETHYLPENTANE
0.00E+00
2.56E-01
0.00E+00
16747-26-5
2,2,4-TRIMETHYLHEXANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
540-84-1
2,2,4-TRIMETHYLPENTANE
7.78E-01
6.49E-01
7.27E-01
3522-94-9
2,2,5-TRIMETHYLHEXANE
0.00E+00
4.14E-02
0.00E+00
75-83-2
2,2-DIMETHYLBUTANE
3.52E-02
1.69E-01
0.00E+00
1071-26-7
2,2-DIMETHYLHEPTANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
590-73-8
2,2-DIMETHYLHEXANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
15869-87-1
2,2-DIMETHYLOCTANE
4.50E-01
1.72E-02
0.00E+00
590-35-2
2,2-DIMETHYLPENTANE
1.84E-02
5.65E-02
5.39E-02
463-82-1
2,2-DIMETHYLPROPANE (NEOPENTANE)
0.00E+00
8.29E-02
0.00E+00
560-21-4
2,3,3 -TRIMETHYLPENTANE
7.75E-02
4.07E-01
3.77E-01
921-47-1
2,3,4-TRIMETHYLHEXANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
565-75-3
2,3,4-TRIMETHYLPENTANE
2.50E-01
6.46E-02
4.56E-01
1069-53-0
2,3,5-TRIMETHYLHEXANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
10574-37-5
2,3-DIMETHYL-2-PENTENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
79-29-8
2,3-DIMETHYLBUTANE
0.00E+00
1.55E-01
0.00E+00
55
-------
CAS Number
COMPOUND
Pre-Tier 1
Tier 1
Tier 2
3074-71-3
2,3 -DIMETHYLHEPTANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
584-94-1
2,3 -DIMETHYLHEXANE
0.00E+00
3.12E-01
0.00E+00
565-59-3
2,3 -DIMETHYLPENTANE
8.81E-02
1.38E-01
2.92E-01
107-39-1
2,4,4-TRIMETHYL-1 -PENTENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
107-40-4
2,4,4-TRIMETHYL-2-PENTENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
16747-30-1
2,4,4-TRIMETHYLHEXANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
2213-23-2
2,4-DIMETHYLHEPTANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
589-43-5
2,4-DIMETHYLHEXANE
4.93E-01
1.06E-01
0.00E+00
4032-94-4
2,4-DIMETHYLOCTANE
5.29E-01
5.34E-02
0.00E+00
108-08-7
2,4-DIMETHYLPENTANE
1.90E-01
4.33E-01
3.64E-01
2216-30-0
2,5-DIMETHYLHEPTANE
2.19E-01
3.65E-02
0.00E+00
592-13-2
2,5-DIMETHYLHEXANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
1072-05-5
2,6-DIMETHYLHEPTANE
5.40E-01
1.72E-01
9.92E-02
503-17-3
2-BUTYNE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
78-79-5
2-METHYL-1,3 -BUTADIENE
9.20E-02
3.21E-01
0.00E+00
563-46-2
2-METHYL-l-BUTENE
2.65E-01
1.76E-01
5.69E-01
6094-02-6
2-METHYL-l-HEXENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
763-29-1
2-METHYL-1 -PENTENE
6.44E-01
4.10E-01
1.48E-01
513-35-9
2-METHYL-2-BUTENE
0.00E+00
9.71E-02
2.96E-01
2738-19-4
2-METHYL-2-HEXENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
625-27-4
2-METHYL-2-PENTENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
78-78-4
2-METHYLBUTANE (ISOPENTANE)
0.00E+00
4.93E-01
0.00E+00
03968-85-2
2-METHYLBUTYLBENZENE (sec AMYLBENZENE)
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
592-27-8
2-METHYLHEPTANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
591-76-4
2-METHYLHEXANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
3221-61-2
2-METHYLOCTANE
1.12E+00
1.92E-01
0.00E+00
107-83-5
2-METHYLPENTANE
1.46E-01
2.72E-01
2.19E-01
75-28-5
2-METHYLPROPANE (ISOBUTANE)
0.00E+00
4.46E-01
6.57E-01
115-11-7
2-METHYLPROPENE (ISOBUTYLENE)
3.41E-01
7.38E-01
0.00E+00
558-37-2
3,3 -DIMETHYL-1 -BUTENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
4032-86-4
3,3 -DIMETHYLHEPTANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
563-16-6
3,3 -DIMETHYLHEXANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
562-49-2
3,3 -DIMETHYLPENTANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
7385-78-6
3,4-DIMETHYL-l -PENTENE
0.00E+00
1.45E-02
0.00E+00
922-28-1
3,4-DIMETHYLHEPTANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
583-48-2
3,4-DIMETHYLHEXANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
926-82-9
3,5-DIMETHYLHEPTANE
2.19E-01
3.65E-02
0.00E+00
816-79-5
3 -ETHYL-2-PENTENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
619-99-8
3 -ETH YLHEX ANE
1.11E-01
2.44E-02
0.00E+00
617-78-7
3 -ETHYLPENT ANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
56
-------
CAS Number
COMPOUND
Pre-Tier 1
Tier 1
Tier 2
563-45-1
3-METHYL-1-BUTENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
3404-61-3
3-METHYL -1-HEXENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
760-20-3
3 -METHYL-1 -PENTENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
1067-08-9
3 -Methyl-3 -ethyl-pentane
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
922-62-3
3 -METHYL-CIS -2-PENTENE
0.00E+00
1.56E-02
0.00E+00
1120-62-3
3 -METHYLCYCLOPENTENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
589-81-1
3 -METHYLHEPTANE
0.00E+00
2.19E-02
1.92E-01
589-34-4
3 -METHYLHEXANE
1.00E-01
9.25E-02
0.00E+00
2216-33-3
3 -METHYLOCT ANE
5.97E-01
7.07E-02
1.98E-01
96-14-0
3 -METHYLPENTANE
5.51E-01
6.93E-01
3.71E-02
616-12-6
3 -METHYL-TRANS -2-PENTENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
3899-36-3
3 -METHYL-TRANS -3 -HEXENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
1068-19-5
4,4-DIMETHYLHEPTANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
2216-32-2
4-ETHYLHEPTANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
691-37-2
4-METHYL-1 -PENTENE
2.62E-01
4.97E-02
3.84E-01
691-38-3
4-METHYL-CIS -2-PENTENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
589-53-7
4-METHYLHEPTANE
3.11E-01
2.48E-02
0.00E+00
2216-34-4
4-METHYLOCTANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
674-76-0
4-METHYL-TRANS -2-PENTENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
75-07-0
ACETALDEHYDE
7.18E+00
7.14E+00
9.51E+00
67-64-1
ACETONE
1.89E+00
1.04E+00
0.00E+00
74-86-2
ACETYLENE
2.91E+00
3.41E+00
1.12E+00
107-02-8
ACROLEIN
2.92E+00
1.47E+00
1.70E+00
100-52-7
BENZALDEHYDE
3.49E-01
8.94E-01
7.02E-01
71-43-2
BENZENE
1.88E+00
1.97E+00
5.07E+00
106-97-8
BUTANE
3.36E-01
9.72E-01
5.47E-01
2207-01-4
CIS-1,2-DIMETHYLCY CLOHEXANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
1192-18-3
CIS-1,2-DIMETHYLCYCLOPENTANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
638-04-0
CIS-1,3 -DIMETHYLCYCLOHEXANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
2532-58-3
CIS-1,3 -DIMETHYLCYCLOPENTANE
2.31E-01
3.48E-02
0.00E+00
624-29-3
Cis-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
930-89-2
Cis-1 -ethyl-2-methylcyclopentane
3.52E-02
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
2613-66-3
CIS -1 -METHYL-3 -ETHYL CYCLOPENT ANE
6.16E-01
2.47E-01
0.00E+00
590-18-1
CIS-2-BUTENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
6443-92-1
CIS -2-HEPTENE
0.00E+00
1.76E-01
0.00E+00
7688-21-3
CIS-2-HEXENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
7642-04-8
CIS-2-OCTENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
627-20-3
CIS-2-PENTENE
0.00E+00
2.35E-02
0.00E+00
7642-10-6
CIS-3-HEPTENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
7642-09-3
CIS-3-HEXENE
0.00E+00
2.48E-02
0.00E+00
57
-------
CAS Number
COMPOUND
Pre-Tier 1
Tier 1
Tier 2
20237-46-1
CIS-3-NONENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
4170-30-3
CROTONALDEHYDE
1.94E+00
3.85E+00
3.16E+00
110-82-7
CYCLOHEXANE
9.16E-02
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
110-83-8
CYCLOHEXENE
3.93E-01
1.15E-01
0.00E+00
542-92-7
CY CLOPENT ADIENE
0.00E+00
8.87E-03
0.00E+00
287-92-3
CYCLOPENTANE
2.02E-01
3.75E-02
0.00E+00
142-29-0
CYCLOPENTENE
4.34E-02
3.71E-02
0.00E+00
124-18-5
DECANE
1.85E-01
2.55E-02
0.00E+00
108-20-3
DI-ISOPROPYL ETHER
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
5779-94-2
DIMETHYLBENZALDEHYDE
1.42E-01
2.77E-01
3.90E-01
112-40-3
DODECANE
4.43E-01
1.12E-01
0.00E+00
74-84-0
ETHANE
1.26E-01
4.66E-01
0.00E+00
64-17-5
ETHANOL
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
100-41-4
ETHYLBENZENE
9.09E-01
3.56E-01
3.87E-01
1678-91-7
ETHYLCYCLOHEXANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
1640-89-7
ETHYLCYCLOPENTANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
74-85-1
ETHYLENE
1.66E+01
1.89E+01
1.84E+01
50-00-0
FORMALDEHYDE
1.99E+01
2.03E+01
2.66E+01
142-82-5
HEPTANE
2.63E-01
9.25E-02
0.00E+00
66-25-1
HEXANALDEHYDE
2.09E-01
2.20E-01
0.00E+00
110-54-3
HEXANE
2.24E-01
2.45E-01
0.00E+00
1077-16-3
HEXYLBENZENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
496-11-7
INDAN
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
538-93-2
ISOBUTYLBENZENE
1.77E-01
2.40E-02
0.00E+00
78-84-2
ISOBUTYRALDEHYDE
6.16E-01
7.02E-01
8.43E-01
98-82-8
ISOPROPYLBENZENE (CUMENE)
3.70E-01
7.32E-02
0.00E+00
3875-51-2
ISOPROPYLCYCLOPENTANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
590-86-3
ISOVALERALDEHYDE
6.75E-01
4.90E-01
0.00E+00
1330-20-7
m-& p-XYLENE
1.48E+00
1.09E+00
1.07E+00
1334-78-7
M/P-TOLUALDEHYDE
1.36E+00
1.75E+00
6.78E-01
78-93-3
MEK
6.16E-01
7.07E-01
8.43E-01
74-82-8
METHANE
1.74E+00
7.09E+00
8.28E+00
67-56-1
METHANOL
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
1634-04-4
Methyl t-butyl ether
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
108-87-2
METHYLCYCLOHEXANE
3.48E-01
2.56E-01
0.00E+00
96-37-7
METHYLCYCLOPENTANE
1.84E-02
5.51E-02
5.39E-02
91-20-3
NAPHTHALENE
4.74E-02
5.42E-02
0.00E+00
71-36-3
N-butyl alcohol
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
104-51-8
n-Butylbenzene
2.51E-01
1.16E-02
0.00E+00
111-84-2
NONANE
2.23E+00
4.19E-01
0.00E+00
58
-------
CAS Number
COMPOUND
Pre-Tier 1
Tier 1
Tier 2
538-68-1
N-PENT-BENZENE
4.52E-02
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
103-65-1
n-PROPYLBENZENE
9.57E-01
1.95E-02
0.00E+00
00111-65-9
OCTANE
7.49E-01
3.62E-01
2.29E-01
529-20-4
O-TOLUALDEHYDE
1.09E-01
6.03E-01
0.00E+00
95-47-6
o-XYLENE
6.97E-01
4.09E-01
0.00E+00
109-66-0
PENTANE
1.17E-01
6.81E-01
1.56E+00
74-98-6
PROPANE
6.28E-02
5.71E-01
1.48E-01
123-38-6
PROPIONALDEHYDE
1.39E+00
3.55E+00
1.99E+00
2040-96-2
Propylcyclopentane
5.40E-01
1.72E-01
9.92E-02
115-07-1
PROPYLENE
0.00E+00
3.79E+00
0.00E+00
74-99-7
PROPYNE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
100-42-5
STYRENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
994-05-8
T-AMYLMETHYLETHER
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
1074-92-6
TERT-1 -BUT -2-METHYLBENZENE
3.52E-01
4.12E-02
0.00E+00
98-19-1
TERT-1 -BUT-3,5-DIMETHYLBENZENE
3.41E-01
8.15E-02
0.00E+00
7364-19-4
TERT-1 -BUTYL-4-ETHYLBENZENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
98-06-6
TERT-BUTYLBENZENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
108-88-3
TOLUENE
1.17E+00
1.97E+00
3.43E+00
6876-23-9
TRANS-1,2-DIMETHYLCYCLOHEXANE
7.14E-02
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
822-50-4
TRANS-1,2-DIMETHYLCYCLOPENTANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
2207-03-6
TRANS-1,3 -DIMETHYLCYCLOHEXANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
1759-58-6
TRANS-1,3 -DIMETHYLCYCLOPENTANE
0.00E+00
8.59E-03
0.00E+00
2207-04-7
TRANS-1,4-DIMETHYLCYCLOHEXANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
930-90-5
Trans-1 -ethyl-2-methyl-cyclopentane
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
2613-65-2
TRANS -1 -METHYL-3 -ETHYL CYCLOPENTANE
0.00E+00
2.88E-02
0.00E+00
624-64-6
TRANS-2-BUTENE
1.50E+00
4.79E-01
0.00E+00
14686-13-6
TRANS-2-HEPTENE
0.00E+00
8.08E-03
0.00E+00
4050-45-7
TRANS-2-HEXENE
0.00E+00
6.71E-03
0.00E+00
6434-78-2
TRANS-2-NONENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
13389-42-9
TRANS-2-OCTENE
0.00E+00
6.58E-02
0.00E+00
646-04-8
TRANS-2-PENTENE
7.47E-02
3.72E-03
5.32E-01
14686-14-7
TR AN S -3 -HEPTENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
13269-52-8
TR AN S -3 -HEXENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
20063-92-7
TR AN S -3 -NONENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
14850-23-8
TRANS-4-OCTENE
0.00E+00
9.29E-03
0.00E+00
1120-21-4
UNDECANE
4.41E-01
2.65E-01
7.61E-01
UNIDENTIFIED C5 OLEFINS
0.00E+00
1.08E-01
0.00E+00
UNIDENTIFIED C6
4.50E-01
5.63E-01
0.00E+00
UNIDENTIFIED C7
4.60E-02
5.85E-02
0.00E+00
UNIDENTIFIED C8
3.95E-02
2.82E-02
0.00E+00
59
-------
CAS Number
COMPOUND
Pre-Tier 1
Tier 1
Tier 2
UNIDENTIFIED C9-C12+
5.00E+00
6.98E-01
6.08E+00
110-62-3
VALERALDEHYDE
4.53E-01
9.24E-01
1.85E-01
Table A4-7. Composite SI VOC Profile Percentages by Compound Class
EO % EO % E10 % E10 %
Compound 4 stroke 2 stroke 4 stroke 2 stroke
Paraffins
20.96
50.01
18.95
46.31
Aromatics
31.61
31.97
28.46
27.15
Olefins
41.57
12.07
43.56
13.29
Aldehyde/Ketones
3.68
0.83
3.47
1.19
Oxygenates
0.58
0.15
3.35
7.94
Unknowns
1.60
4.97
2.20
4.12
Table A4-8. Composite SI VOC Profile Percentages of Selected Compounds
E0 %
E0 %
E10 %
E10 %
Compound
4 stroke
2 stroke
4 stroke
2 stroke
Formaldehyde
1.98
0.37
1.76
0.50
Acctaldchvdc
0.43
0.10
0.90
0.34
Ethylene
11.00
1.83
12.32
1.99
Propylene
6.51
1.17
6.44
1.30
2,2,4-Trimethy lpentane
4.61
8.11
5.72
13.01
2-Methylbutane
2.73
10.47
1.79
6.28
Toluene
8.64
8.64
7.77
7.77
m-& p-Xylene
4.40
6.44
5.46
5.39
o-Xylene
1.46
2.32
1.53
1.86
Ethylbenzene
2.20
3.44
1.67
2.23
Table A4-9. Composite SI VOC profile percentages with all compounds
EO % EO % E10 % E10 %
Specie
ID
CAS
Number
Compound
4 stroke
2 stroke
4 stroke
2 stroke
1
135-98-8
(1 -methy lpropy l)benzene
0.00E+00
3.41E-03
5.38E-02
3.31E-03
9
4259-00-1
1,1,2-TRIMETHYLCYCLOPENTANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
12
3073-66-3
1,1,3 -TRIMETHYLCYCLOHEXANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
13
4516-69-2
1,1,3 -TRIMETHYLCYCLOPENTANE
2.84E-02
0.00E+00
3.11E-02
0.00E+00
19
590-66-9
1,1 -DIMETHYLC YCLOHEXANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
20
1638-26-2
1,1 -DIMETHYLC YCLOPENTANE
3.99E-03
8.79E-03
3.81E-03
2.99E-03
21
16747-50-5
1,1 -Methy lethy Icy clopentane
7.32E-04
1.90E-02
1.90E-03
1.94E-02
36
135-01-3
1,2 DIETHYLBENZENE
3.39E-02
9.03E-02
0.00E+00
7.78E-02
22
488-23-3
1,2,3,4-TETRAMETHYLBENZENE
1.87E-03
7.15E-02
5.00E-02
7.12E-02
23
527-53-7
1,2,3,5-TETRAMETHYLBENZENE
1.07E-01
1.32E-02
6.05E-02
1.19E-02
25
526-73-8
1,2,3 -TRIMETHYLBENZENE
2.75E-01
2.13E-02
1.98E-01
6.57E-02
28
95-93-2
1,2,4,5-TETRAMETHYLBENZENE
1.77E-02
1.28E-01
1.07E-02
1.44E-01
60
-------
Specie
ID
29
30
37
39
42
43
44
55
46
51
52
53
54
59
60
64
65
357
996
75
76
78
80
81
84
89
90
92
94
97
100
103
106
107
108
607
730
1540
112
113
117
118
121
122
123
124
E0 %
EO %
E10 % E10 %
CAS
Number
Compound
4 stroke 2 stroke 4 stroke 2 stroke
877-44-1
1,2,4-TRIETHYLBENZENE
8.47E-04
2.37E-02
0.00E+00
95-63-6
1,2,4-TRIMETHYLBENZENE
1.71E+00
2.14E+00
1.58E+00
933-98-2
1,2-dimethyl-3 -ethylbenzene
0.00E+00
5.79E-03
0.00E+00
934-80-5
1,2-DIMETHYL-4-ETHYLBENZENE
1.53E-01
3.67E-02
1.16E-01
463-49-0
1,2-PROPADIENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
102-25-0
1,3,5 -TRIETH YLBENZENE
0.00E+00
2.47E-02
0.00E+00
108-67-8
1,3,5-TRIMETHYLBENZENE
5.36E-01
7.68E-01
6.95E-01
934-74-7
1,3-DIMETHYL-5-ETHYLBENZENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
106-99-0
1,3-BUTADIENE
1.28E+00
2.14E-01
1.24E+00
141-93-5
1,3 -DIETHYLBENZENE
7.93E-02
1.77E-01
7.83E-02
2870-04-4
1,3 -DIMETHYL-2-ETHYLBENZENE
7.72E-02
1.78E-02
3.04E-02
874-41-9
1,3 -DIMETHYL-4-ETHYLBENZENE
4.13E-02
8.14E-02
1.14E-01
4706-89-2
1,3 -dimethyl-4-isopropylbenzene
3.13E-02
0.00E+00
7.21E-02
105-05-5
1,4-DIETHYLBENZENE
2.36E-02
4.19E-01
0.00E+00
1758-88-9
1,4-DIMETHYL-2-ETHYLBENZENE
6.99E-02
2.55E-01
7.94E-02
106-98-9
1-BUTENE
4.43E-01
1.20E-01
5.27E-01
107-00-6
1-butyne
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
15890-40-1
1 -CIS ,2 -TRANS ,3 -TRIMETHYLCY CLOPENT ANE
4.34E-02
1.48E-01
6.27E-02
872-05-9
1-DECENE
0.00E+00
1.55E-02
9.41E-02
637-92-3
1 -ethy ltertbuty lether
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
592-76-7
1-HEPTENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
592-41-6
1-HEXENE
4.08E-02
9.50E-02
1.18E-01
611-14-3
1 -METHYL-2-ETHYLBENZENE
4.15E-01
6.28E-01
4.09E-01
527-84-4
1 -METHYL-2-ISOPROP YLBENZENE
2.17E-01
6.66E-02
3.24E-01
1074-17-5
1-METHYL-2-N-PROP YLBENZENE
4.63E-02
3.73E-02
1.12E-01
620-14-4
1 -METHYL-3 -ETHYLBENZENE
1.25E+00
1.85E+00
1.11E+00
535-77-3
1 -METHYL-3 -ISOPROP YLBENZENE
3.46E-01
4.03E-02
2.73E-01
1074-43-7
1 -METHYL-3 -N-PROP YLBENZENE
1.56E-01
2.25E-01
2.82E-01
622-96-8
1 -METHYL-4-ETHYLBENZENE
5.13E-01
7.87E-01
3.64E-01
99-87-6
1 -METHYL-4-ISOPROP YLBENZENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
1074-55-1
1-METHYL-4-N-PROP YLBENZENE
1.40E-01
4.47E-02
7.16E-02
693-89-0
1 -METHYLCYCLOPENTENE
1.76E-02
1.14E-01
7.73E-02
124-11-8
1-NONENE
1.34E-01
1.78E-01
2.94E-02
111-66-0
1-OCTENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
109-67-1
1-pentene
0.00E+00
1.75E-01
0.00E+00
71-23-8
1-Propanol
1.17E-01
0.00E+00
7.27E-02
15890-40-1
1 -TR AN S -2-CIS -3 -TRIMETHYLCY CLOPENT ANE
8.82E-03
6.46E-02
2.15E-02
2815-58-9
1 -TR AN S-2-CIS-4 -TRIMETHYLCY CLOPENT ANE
0.00E+00
7.61E-02
0.00E+00
464-06-2
2,2,3-TRIMETHYLBUT ANE
3.01E-02
5.95E-02
5.49E-02
564-02-3
2,2,3-TRIMETHYLPENTANE
5.17E-01
9.61E-01
3.64E-01
16747-26-5
2,2,4-trimethylhexane
5.29E-03
2.63E-02
0.00E+00
540-84-1
2,2,4-TRIMETHYLPENTANE
4.61E+00
3.11E+00
5.72E+00
3522-94-9
2,2,5-TRIMETHYLHEXANE
3.78E-01
5.90E-01
6.16E-02
75-83-2
2,2-DIMETHYLBUTANE
3.61E-02
9.26E-02
5.02E-02
1071-26-7
2,2-DIMETHYLHEPTANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
590-73-8
2,2-DIMETHYLHEXANE
5.44E-03
1.01E-01
9.04E-03
61
-------
Specie
ID
125
126
127
128
129
130
132
135
136
137
138
140
141
142
143
148
149
151
152
155
156
160
170
511
181
2185
184
185
186
187
508
2568
193
194
198
199
491
497
513
203
205
206
208
209
211
CAS
Number
E0 %
EO %
E10 % E10 %
Compound
4 stroke 2 stroke 4 stroke 2 stroke
15869-87-1
2,2-DIMETHYLOCTANE
6.82E-02
9.52E-02
3.41E-02
590-35-2
2,2-DIMETHYLPENTANE
7.50E-02
4.30E-01
2.62E-01
463-82-1
2,2-DIMETHYLPROPANE (NEOPENTANE)
0.00E+00
8.74E-02
0.00E+00
560-21-4
2,3,3 -TRIMETHYLPENTANE
7.43E-01
1.48E+00
1.31E-01
921-47-1
2,3,4-TRIMETHYLHEXANE
0.00E+00
2.03E-02
0.00E+00
565-75-3
2,3,4-TRIMETHYLPENTANE
1.14E+00
2.46E+00
2.65E-01
1069-53-0
2,3,5-TRIMETHYLHEXANE
5.92E-02
9.31E-02
1.39E-02
10574-37-5
2,3-DIMETHYL-2-PENTENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
79-29-8
2,3-DIMETHYLBUTANE
4.76E-01
7.50E-01
2.37E-01
3074-71-3
2,3 -DIMETHYLHEPTANE
0.00E+00
1.85E-02
0.00E+00
584-94-1
2,3 -DIMETHYLHEXANE
1.70E-01
0.00E+00
1.40E-02
565-59-3
2,3 -DIMETHYLPENTANE
2.28E+00
6.31E-01
1.72E+00
107-39-1
2,4,4-TRIMETHYL-1 -PENTENE
3.70E-03
9.19E-02
7.99E-02
107-40-4
2,4,4-TRIMETHYL-2-PENTENE
0.00E+00
1.19E-02
6.27E-02
16747-30-1
2,4,4-TRIMETHYLHEXANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
2213-23-2
2,4-DIMETHYLHEPTANE
5.42E-02
8.05E-02
2.81E-02
589-43-5
2,4-DIMETHYLHEXANE
5.85E-01
1.32E+00
4.26E-01
4032-94-4
2,4-DIMETHYLOCTANE
9.48E-03
6.06E-02
3.94E-02
108-08-7
2,4-DIMETHYLPENTANE
1.34E+00
1.44E+00
4.00E-01
2216-30-0
2,5-DIMETHYLHEPTANE
6.60E-02
9.15E-02
3.93E-02
592-13-2
2,5 -dimethy lhexane
0.00E+00
2.45E-03
0.00E+00
1072-05-5
2,6-DIMETHYLHEPTANE
0.00E+00
4.56E-03
0.00E+00
503-17-3
2-butyne
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
78-79-5
2-METHYL-1,3 -BUTADIENE
2.33E-01
1.12E-01
3.19E-01
563-46-2
2-methyl-1 -butene
0.00E+00
2.97E-01
0.00E+00
6094-02-6
2-METHYL-l-HEXENE
0.00E+00
2.72E-02
5.24E-03
763-29-1
2-METHYL-1 -PENTENE
4.08E-02
1.06E-01
1.18E-01
513-35-9
2-METHYL-2-BUTENE
2.45E-01
5.99E-01
2.92E-01
2738-19-4
2-methyl-2-hexene
0.00E+00
1.08E-01
1.58E-02
625-27-4
2-METHYL-2-PENTENE
4.53E-02
1.34E-01
8.68E-02
78-78-4
2-METHYLBUTANE (ISOPENTANE)
2.73E+00
1.05E+01
1.79E+00
03968-85-2
2-METHYLBUTYLBENZENE (sec
AMYLBENZENE)
1.44E-02
1.58E-01
0.00E+00
592-27-8
2-METHYLHEPTANE
2.66E-01
7.91E-01
2.51E-01
591-76-4
2-METHYLHEXANE
0.00E+00
2.66E+00
0.00E+00
3221-61-2
2-METHYLOCTANE
2.24E-01
6.29E-01
1.99E-01
107-83-5
2-METHYLPENTANE
4.07E-01
1.77E+00
9.50E-01
75-28-5
2-METHYLPROPANE (ISOBUTANE)
1.72E-01
2.29E-01
3.85E-02
115-11-7
2-METHYLPROPENE (ISOBUTYLENE)
3.28E+00
7.64E-01
3.74E+00
67-63-0
2-Propanol
1.76E-02
1.71E-02
5.81E-03
558-37-2
3,3 -DIMETHYL-1 -BUTENE
2.22E-02
9.98E-03
4.66E-02
4032-86-4
3,3 -DIMETHYLHEPTANE
0.00E+00
3.24E-02
0.00E+00
563-16-6
3,3 -DIMETHYLHEXANE
3.10E-02
8.73E-02
5.36E-02
562-49-2
3,3 -DIMETHYLPENTANE
3.20E-02
9.83E-02
8.52E-03
7385-78-6
3,4-DIMETHYL-l -PENTENE
1.01E-02
1.73E-02
1.56E-02
922-28-1
3,4-DIMETHYLHEPTANE
0.00E+00
4.35E-02
0.00E+00
62
-------
Specie
ID
212
215
221
226
229
230
231
232
233
236
242
244
245
247
248
239
240
253
1471
258
260
264
267
262
279
282
283
301
302
592
351
360
352
353
354
362
364
367
368
369
370
371
2616
372
373
382
CAS
Number
E0 %
EO %
E10 % E10 %
Compound
4 stroke 2 stroke 4 stroke 2 stroke
583-48-2
3,4-DIMETHYLHEXANE
4.71E-02
8.84E-02
1.13E-02
926-82-9
3,5-DIMETHYLHEPTANE
6.61E-02
9.15E-02
3.93E-02
816-79-5
3-ethyl-2-pentene
0.00E+00
1.03E-02
0.00E+00
619-99-8
3 -ETH YLHEX ANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
617-78-7
3 -ETHYLPENT ANE
3.23E-02
2.19E-01
1.23E-01
563-45-1
3-METHYL-1-BUTENE
5.11E-02
2.03E-01
9.65E-02
3404-61-3
3 -methyl-1 -hexene
0.00E+00
1.96E-02
0.00E+00
760-20-3
3 -METHYL-1 -PENTENE
3.78E-02
8.18E-02
5.11E-02
1067-08-9
3 -Methyl-3 -ethyl-pentane
4.71E-02
8.84E-02
1.13E-02
922-62-3
3 -METHYL-CIS -2-PENTENE
3.95E-02
1.60E-01
8.21E-02
1120-62-3
3 -METHYLCYCLOPENTENE
4.18E-03
3.06E-03
2.24E-02
589-81-1
3 -METHYLHEPTANE
3.29E-01
1.23E+00
2.81E-01
589-34-4
3 -METHYLHEXANE
2.35E-01
1.61E+00
4.95E-01
2216-33-3
3 -METHYLOCT ANE
1.40E-01
4.45E-01
1.15E-01
96-14-0
3 -METHYLPENTANE
2.47E-01
1.09E+00
6.51E-01
616-12-6
3 -METHYL-TRANS -2-PENTENE
4.54E-02
2.01E-01
1.12E-01
3899-36-3
3 -methyl-trans-3 -hexene
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
1068-19-5
4,4-DIMETHYLHEPTANE
5.18E-03
9.77E-02
1.13E-02
2216-32-2
4-ETHYLHEPTANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
691-37-2
4-METHYL-1 -PENTENE
0.00E+00
1.23E-03
0.00E+00
691-38-3
4-METHYL-CIS -2-PENTENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
589-53-7
4-METHYLHEPTANE
7.24E-02
7.48E-01
4.15E-02
2216-34-4
4-methyloctane
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
674-76-0
4-METHYL-TRANS -2-PENTENE
6.44E-03
6.68E-02
0.00E+00
75-07-0
Acetaldehyde
4.25E-01
1.03E-01
8.97E-01
74-86-2
ACETYLENE
1.66E+01
3.17E+00
1.59E+01
107-02-8
Acrolein
3.71E-02
3.12E-02
4.49E-02
100-52-7
Benzaldehyde
5.24E-01
1.08E-01
2.59E-01
71-43-2
BENZENE
6.94E+00
1.39E+00
4.59E+00
106-97-8
BUTANE
7.65E-01
1.72E+00
6.09E-01
2207-01-4
CIS-1,2-DIMETHYLCY CLOHEXANE
4.37E-02
1.13E-01
4.37E-02
1192-18-3
CIS-1,2-DIMETHYLCYCLOPENTANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
638-04-0
Cis-1,3 -dimethy Icy clohexane
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
2532-58-3
CIS-1,3 -DIMETHYLCYCLOPENTANE
2.61E-02
7.00E-02
1.07E-01
624-29-3
Cis-1,4-Dimethy Icy clohexane
1.42E-03
2.65E-02
8.64E-03
930-89-2
Cis-1 -ethyl-2-methylcyclopentane
1.22E-02
8.66E-02
2.02E-02
2613-66-3
CIS -1 -METHYL-3 -ETHYL CYCLOPENT ANE
2.20E-02
4.80E-02
4.86E-02
590-18-1
CIS-2-BUTENE
2.21E-01
7.86E-02
2.37E-01
6443-92-1
CIS -2-HEPTENE
1.98E-02
5.24E-02
2.67E-02
7688-21-3
CIS-2-HEXENE
2.94E-02
7.79E-02
2.52E-02
7642-04-
CIS-2-OCTENE
0.00E+00
7.71E-02
0.00E+00
627-20-3
CIS-2-PENTENE
1.24E-01
2.20E-01
1.74E-01
7642-10-6
CIS-3-HEPTENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
7642-09-3
CIS-3-HEXENE
6.63E-03
9.40E-02
3.38E-02
20237-46-1
CIS-3-NONENE
0.00E+00
6.86E-03
0.00E+00
4170-30-3
Crotonaldehyde
3.67E-02
1.96E-02
2.96E-02
63
-------
Specie
ID
385
388
48
390
391
598
2735
1712
599
442
449
450
451
452
465
600
840
601
602
485
3
2119
514
2560
517
522
2164
536
531
548
550
551
611
595
596
603
606
608
604
1467
620
605
671
673
677
678
CAS
Number
E0 %
EO %
E10 % E10 %
Compound
4 stroke 2 stroke 4 stroke 2 stroke
110-82-7
CYCLOHEXANE
6.54E-02
5.38E-02
6.40E-01
110-83-8
CYCLOHEXENE
1.43E-01
2.83E-02
5.54E-02
542-92-7
CY CLOPENT ADIENE
4.27E-01
1.20E-01
4.77E-01
287-92-3
CYCLOPENTANE
4.50E-02
7.61E-02
6.80E-02
142-29-0
CYCLOPENTENE
3.61E-02
9.25E-02
8.73E-02
124-18-5
DECANE
6.56E-02
7.76E-02
4.72E-02
108-20-3
DI-ISOPROPYL ETHER
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
5779-94-2
Dimethylbenzaldehyde
1.08E-01
2.03E-02
5.23E-02
112-40-3
DODECANE
2.32E-02
8.21E-02
1.12E-02
64-17-5
Ethanol
1.72E-01
5.79E-02
3.03E+00
100-41-4
ETHYLBENZENE
2.20E+00
3.44E+00
1.67E+00
1678-91-7
ETHYLCYCLOHEXANE
2.72E-02
1.78E-01
2.98E-02
1640-89-7
ETHYLCYCLOPENTANE
2.43E-03
0.00E+00
1.41E-02
74-85-1
ETHYLENE
1.10E+01
1.83E+00
1.23E+01
50-00-0
Formaldehyde
1.98E+00
3.68E-01
1.76E+00
142-82-5
HEPTANE
3.18E-01
1.18E+00
2.70E-01
66-25-1
Hexanaldehyde
1.19E-03
1.93E-03
5.32E-03
110-54-3
HEXANE
2.33E-01
7.72E-01
5.20E-01
1077-16-3
HEXYLBENZENE
0.00E+00
1.82E-02
0.00E+00
496-11-7
INDAN
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
538-93-2
ISOBUTYLBENZENE
6.19E-02
7.32E-02
4.46E-02
78-84-2
ISOBUTYRALDEHYDE,
1.68E-02
9.85E-03
2.37E-02
98-82-8
ISOPROPYLBENZENE (CUMENE)
1.18E-01
1.11E-01
4.69E-02
3875-51-2
ISOPROPYLCYCLOPENTANE
6.02E-03
1.16E-02
7.23E-03
590-86-3
Isovaleraldehyde
6.12E-02
1.42E-02
5.26E-02
1330-20-7
m-& p-XYLENE
4.40E+00
6.44E+00
5.46E+00
1334-78-7
m/p-Tolualdehyde
3.27E-01
4.65E-02
2.35E-01
78-93-3
MEK
1.69E-02
9.85E-03
2.37E-02
67-56-1
Methanol
2.05E-01
7.84E-02
2.09E-01
1634-04-4
Methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE)
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
108-87-2
METHYLCYCLOHEXANE
1.02E-01
4.40E-01
2.79E-01
96-37-7
METHYLCYCLOPENTANE
7.35E-02
4.22E-01
2.57E-01
91-20-3
NAPHTHALENE
4.15E-02
5.96E-02
8.86E-02
71-36-3
N-butyl alcohol
6.80E-02
0.00E+00
3.94E-02
104-51-8
n-Butylbenzene
1.40E-01
3.03E-02
7.16E-02
111-84-2
NONANE
2.08E-01
3.49E-01
7.42E-02
538-68-1
N-PENT-BENZENE
3.23E-02
7.90E-02
3.38E-02
103-65-1
n-PROPYLBENZENE
3.39E-01
6.85E-01
2.91E-01
00111-65-9
OCTANE
2.71E-01
4.59E-01
1.75E-01
529-20-4
o-Tolualdehyde
8.48E-02
4.58E-02
4.04E-02
95-47-6
o-XYLENE
1.46E+00
2.32E+00
1.53E+00
109-66-0
PENTANE
4.11E-01
8.63E-01
3.90E-01
74-98-6
PROPANE
3.30E-01
4.61E-02
8.69E-02
123-38-6
Propionaldehyde
4.94E-02
5.06E-02
4.11E-02
2040-96-2
Propylcyclopentane
0.00E+00
3.06E-03
0.00E+00
115-07-1
PROPYLENE
6.51E+00
1.17E+00
6.44E+00
64
-------
Specie
ID
109
698
701
86
63
2329
703
717
724
725
726
727
729
1586
736
737
739
740
2244
741
742
743
744
745
746
610
1989
1999
2005
2011
327
845
E0 %
EO %
E10 % E10 %
CAS
Number
Compound
4 stroke 2 stroke 4 stroke 2 stroke
74-99-7
PROPYNE
4.52E-03
2.31E-02
0.00E+00
100-42-5
STYRENE
9.76E-01
2.23E-01
7.15E-01
994-05-8
T -amy lmethy lether
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
1074-92-6
TERT-1 -BUT -2-METHYLBENZENE
4.44E-03
1.32E-01
3.64E-02
98-19-1
TERT-1 -BUT-3,5-DIMETHYLBENZENE
2.66E-03
1.19E-01
5.90E-04
7364-19-4
TERT-1 -BUTYL-4-ETHYLBENZENE
0.00E+00
5.73E-02
2.85E-02
98-06-6
TERT-BUTYLBENZENE
0.00E+00
3.05E-02
0.00E+00
108-88-3
TOLUENE
5.64E+00
3.64E+00
7.77E+00
6876-23-9
TRANS-1,2-DIMETHYLCYCLOHEXANE
7.25E-03
3.92E-01
2.67E-02
822-50-4
TRANS-1,2-DIMETHYLCYCLOPENTANE
3.52E-02
1.03E-01
3.51E-02
2207-03-6
TRANS-1,3 -DIMETHYLCYCLOHEXANE
1.42E-03
3.14E-02
8.64E-03
1759-58-6
TRANS-1,3 -DIMETHYLCYCLOPENTANE
4.02E-03
2.32E-01
0.00E+00
2207-04-7
TRANS-1,4-DIMETHYLCYCLOHEXANE
0.00E+00
9.47E-03
1.18E-02
930-90-5
Trans-1 -ethyl-2-methyl-cyclopentane
1.99E-03
9.29E-02
3.28E-02
2613-65-2
TRANS -1 -METHYL-3 -ETHYL CYCLOPENTANE
0.00E+00
1.08E-01
3.10E-02
624-64-6
TRANS-2-BUTENE
3.93E-01
2.08E-01
3.08E-01
14686-13-6
TRANS-2-HEPTENE
1.50E-02
6.09E-02
3.01E-02
4050-45-7
TRANS-2-HEXENE
1.56E-02
1.43E-01
5.20E-02
6434-78-2
TRANS-2-NONENE
0.00E+00
1.28E-02
0.00E+00
13389-42-9
TRANS-2-OCTENE
7.72E-03
8.42E-02
5.05E-02
646-04-8
TRANS-2-PENTENE
4.11E-02
3.83E-01
1.10E-01
14686-14-7
TR AN S -3 -HEPTENE
9.04E-04
8.81E-02
3.13E-02
13269-52-8
TR AN S -3 -HEXENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
20063-92-7
TR AN S -3 -NONENE
0.00E+00
4.59E-02
1.41E-02
14850-23-8
Trans-4-octene
0.00E+00
5.59E-02
0.00E+00
1120-21-4
UNDECANE
3.85E-02
1.17E-01
3.94E-02
UNIDENTIFIED C5 OLEFINS
0.00E+00
1.38E-02
0.00E+00
UNIDENTIFIED C6
1.62E-01
7.41E-02
1.91E-01
UNIDENTIFIED C7
1.26E-01
7.69E-01
1.21E-01
UNIDENTIFIED C8
2.48E-03
1.68E-01
1.03E-02
UNIDENTIFIED C9-C12+
1.31E+00
3.94E+00
1.88E+00
110-62-3
Valeraldehyde
1.62E-02
4.58E-03
5.35E-03
65
-------
Table A4-10. Composite Transient Cycle CI VOC Profile Percentages by Compound Class
Compound Pre-Tier 1 Tier 1 Tier 2
Paraffins
15.26
11.16
7.54
Aromatics
12.23
7.13
10.79
Olefins
27.56
33.16
24.04
Aldehydes/Ketones
39.22
47.00
51.08
Oxygenates
0.00
0.00
0.00
Unknowns
5.73
1.54
6.55
Table A4-11. Composite Transient Cycle CI VOC Profile Percentages of Selected Compounds
Compound Pre-Tier 1 Tier 1 Tier 2
Formaldehyde
20.67
22.27
29.19
Acetaldehyde
7.46
7.83
10.41
Ethylene
17.36
20.74
20.34
Propylene
0.00
4.10
0.00
2,2,4-Trimethy lpentane
0.81
0.71
0.78
2-Methylbutane
0.00
0.53
0.00
Toluene
1.22
2.15
3.78
m-& p-Xylene
1.53
1.20
1.16
o-Xylene
0.73
0.44
0.00
Ethylbenzene
0.94
0.38
0.44
Table A4-12. Composite Transient Cycle CI VOC Exhaust Speciation Profiles Displayed as Weight
Percentages of Total VOCs
Specie ID
CAS Number
COMPOUND
Pre-Tier 1
Tier 1
Tier 2
1
135-98-8
(1 -methy lpropy l)benzene
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
9
4259-00-1
1,1,2-TRIMETHYLCYCLOPENTANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
12
3073-66-3
1,1,3 -TRIMETHYLC YCLOHEXANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
13
4516-69-2
1,1,3 -TRIMETHYLC YCLOPENTANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
19
590-66-9
1,1 -DIMETHYLC YCLOHEXANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
20
1638-26-2
1,1 -DIMETHYLCYCLOPENTANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
21
16747-50-5
1,1 -Methy lethy Icy clopentane
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
36
135-01-3
1,2 DIETHYLBENZENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
22
488-23-3
1,2,3,4-TETRAMETHYLBENZENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
23
527-53-7
1,2,3,5-TETRAMETHYLBENZENE
1.15E-01
3.11E-02
0.00E+00
25
526-73-8
1,2,3 -TRIMETHYLBENZENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
28
95-93-2
1,2,4,5-TETRAMETHYLBENZENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
29
877-44-1
1,2,4-TRIETHYLBENZENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
30
95-63-6
1,2,4-TRIMETHYLBENZENE
3.95E-01
2.47E-02
0.00E+00
37
933-98-2
1,2-DIMETHYL-3 -ETHYLBENZENE
0.00E+00
1.74E-02
0.00E+00
39
934-80-5
1,2-DIMETHYL-4-ETHYLBENZENE
4.06E-02
7.23E-02
0.00E+00
66
-------
Specie ID
CAS Number
COMPOUND
Pre-Tier 1
Tier 1
Tier 2
42
463-49-0
1,2-PROPADIENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
43
102-25-0
1,3,5 -TRIETH YLBENZENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
44
108-67-8
1,3,5 -TRIMETH YLBENZENE
4.59E-01
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
55
934-74-7
l,3,-DIMETHYL-5-ETHYLBENZENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
46
106-99-0
1,3-BUTADIENE
1.86E-01
1.86E-01
1.86E-01
51
141-93-5
1,3 -DIETHYLBENZENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
52
2870-04-4
1,3 -DIMETHYL-2-ETHYLBENZENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
53
874-41-9
1,3 -DIMETHYL-4-ETHYLBENZENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
54
4706-89-2
1,3 -dimethyl-4-isopropylbenzene
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
59
105-05-5
1,4-DIETHYLBENZENE
5.04E-01
2.33E-02
0.00E+00
60
1758-88-9
1,4-DIMETHYL-2-ETHYLBENZENE
9.66E-02
3.36E-03
0.00E+00
64
106-98-9
1-BUTENE
0.00E+00
3.05E-01
0.00E+00
65
107-00-6
1-BUTYNE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
357
15890-40-1
1 -CIS ,2 -TRANS ,3 -TRIMETHYLCY CLOPENT ANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
996
872-05-9
1-DECENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
75
637-92-3
1 -ethy ltertbuty lether
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
76
592-76-7
1-HEPTENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
78
592-41-6
1-HEXENE
6.66E-01
4.31E-01
1.48E-01
80
611-14-3
1 -METHYL-2-ETHYLBENZENE
2.90E-01
3.37E-03
0.00E+00
81
527-84-4
1 -METHYL-2-ISOPROP YLBENZENE
3.96E-01
1.11E-01
0.00E+00
84
1074-17-5
1-METHYL-2-N-PROP YLBENZENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
89
620-14-4
1 -METHYL-3 -ETHYLBENZENE
4.32E-01
1.54E-02
0.00E+00
90
535-77-3
1 -METHYL-3 -ISOPROP YLBENZENE
0.00E+00
8.13E-02
0.00E+00
92
1074-43-7
1 -METHYL-3 -N-PROP YLBENZENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
94
622-96-8
1 -METHYL-4-ETHYLBENZENE
2.48E-01
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
97
99-87-6
1 -METHYL-4-ISOPROP YLBENZENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
100
1074-55-1
1-METHYL-4-N-PROP YLBENZENE
2.62E-01
1.17E-02
0.00E+00
103
693-89-0
1 -METHYLC YCLOPENTENE
3.89E-01
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
106
124-11-8
1-NONENE
8.04E-01
9.49E-02
0.00E+00
107
111-66-0
1-OCTENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
108
109-67-1
1-PENTENE
1.33E+00
5.86E-01
2.22E-01
730
15890-40-1
1 -TR AN S -2-CIS -3 -TRIMETHYLCY CLOPENT ANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
1540
2815-58-9
1 -TR AN S-2-CIS-4 -TRIMETHYLCY CLOPENT ANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
112
464-06-2
2,2,3-TRIMETHYLBUTANE
7.36E-01
4.77E-03
0.00E+00
113
564-02-3
2,2,3 -TRIMETHYLPENT ANE
0.00E+00
2.79E-01
0.00E+00
117
16747-26-5
2,2,4-TRIMETHYLHEXANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
118
540-84-1
2,2,4-TRIMETHYLPENTANE
8.07E-01
7.12E-01
7.83E-01
121
3522-94-9
2,2,5-TRIMETHYLHEXANE
0.00E+00
4.41E-02
0.00E+00
122
75-83-2
2,2-DIMETHYLBUTANE
3.68E-02
1.82E-01
0.00E+00
123
1071-26-7
2,2-DIMETHYLHEPTANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
67
-------
Specie ID
CAS Number
COMPOUND
Pre-Tier 1
Tier 1
Tier 2
124
590-73-8
2,2-DIMETHYLHEXANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
125
15869-87-1
2,2-DIMETHYLOCTANE
4.60E-01
1.76E-02
0.00E+00
126
590-35-2
2,2-DIMETHYLPENTANE
1.91E-02
5.95E-02
6.15E-02
127
463-82-1
2,2-DIMETHYLPROPANE (NEOPENTANE)
0.00E+00
8.75E-02
0.00E+00
128
560-21-4
2,3,3 -TRIMETHYLPENTANE
8.10E-02
4.85E-01
4.30E-01
129
921-47-1
2,3,4-TRIMETHYLHEXANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
130
565-75-3
2,3,4-TRIMETHYLPENTANE
2.58E-01
7.42E-02
4.88E-01
132
1069-53-0
2,3,5-TRIMETHYLHEXANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
135
10574-37-5
2,3-DIMETHYL-2-PENTENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
136
79-29-8
2,3 -DIMETHYLBUTANE
0.00E+00
1.77E-01
0.00E+00
137
3074-71-3
2,3 -DIMETHYLHEPTANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
138
584-94-1
2,3 -DIMETHYLHEXANE
0.00E+00
3.63E-01
0.00E+00
140
565-59-3
2,3 -DIMETHYLPENTANE
9.07E-02
1.60E-01
3.00E-01
141
107-39-1
2,4,4-TRIMETHYL-1 -PENTENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
142
107-40-4
2,4,4-TRIMETHYL-2-PENTENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
143
16747-30-1
2,4,4-TRIMETHYLHEXANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
148
2213-23-2
2,4-DIMETHYLHEPTANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
149
589-43-5
2,4-DIMETHYLHEXANE
5.11E-01
1.30E-01
0.00E+00
151
4032-94-4
2,4-DIMETHYLOCTANE
5.50E-01
5.52E-02
0.00E+00
152
108-08-7
2,4-DIMETHYLPENTANE
1.94E-01
5.06E-01
4.08E-01
155
2216-30-0
2,5-DIMETHYLHEPTANE
2.27E-01
3.78E-02
0.00E+00
156
592-13-2
2,5-DIMETHYLHEXANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
160
1072-05-5
2,6-DIMETHYLHEPTANE
5.62E-01
1.83E-01
1.11E-01
170
503-17-3
2-BUTYNE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
511
78-79-5
2-METHYL-1,3 -BUTADIENE
9.85E-02
3.59E-01
0.00E+00
181
563-46-2
2-METHYL-l-BUTENE
2.74E-01
1.87E-01
5.92E-01
2185
6094-02-6
2-METHYL-1 -HEXENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
184
763-29-1
2-METHYL-1 -PENTENE
6.66E-01
4.31E-01
1.48E-01
185
513-35-9
2-METHYL-2-BUTENE
0.00E+00
1.09E-01
2.96E-01
186
2738-19-4
2-METHYL-2-HEXENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
187
625-27-4
2-METHYL-2-PENTENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
508
78-78-4
2-METHYLBUTANE (ISOPENTANE)
0.00E+00
5.29E-01
0.00E+00
2568
03968-85-2
2-METHYLBUTYLBENZENE (sec
AMYLBENZENE)
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
193
592-27-8
2-METHYLHEPTANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
194
591-76-4
2-METHYLHEXANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
198
3221-61-2
2-METHYLOCTANE
1.15E+00
1.98E-01
0.00E+00
199
107-83-5
2-METHYLPENTANE
1.54E-01
3.19E-01
2.19E-01
491
75-28-5
2-METHYLPROPANE (ISOBUTANE)
0.00E+00
5.45E-01
6.57E-01
497
115-11-7
2-METHYLPROPENE (ISOBUTYLENE)
3.54E-01
7.71E-01
0.00E+00
203
558-37-2
3,3 -DIMETHYL-1 -BUTENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
68
-------
Specie ID
CAS Number
COMPOUND
Pre-Tier 1
Tier 1
Tier 2
205
4032-86-4
3,3 -DIMETHYLHEPTANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
206
563-16-6
3,3 -DIMETHYLHEXANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
208
562-49-2
3,3 -DIMETHYLPENTANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
209
7385-78-6
3,4-DIMETHYL-l -PENTENE
0.00E+00
1.48E-02
0.00E+00
211
922-28-1
3,4-DIMETHYLHEPTANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
212
583-48-2
3,4-DIMETHYLHEXANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
215
926-82-9
3,5-DIMETHYLHEPTANE
2.27E-01
3.78E-02
0.00E+00
221
816-79-5
3 -ETHYL-2-PENTENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
226
619-99-8
3 -ETHYLHEXANE
1.14E-01
2.53E-02
0.00E+00
229
617-78-7
3 -ETHYLPENT ANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
230
563-45-1
3-METHYL-1-BUTENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
231
3404-61-3
3 -METHYL-1 -HEXENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
232
760-20-3
3 -METHYL-1 -PENTENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
233
1067-08-9
3 -Methyl-3 -ethyl-pentane
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
236
922-62-3
3 -METHYL-CIS -2-PENTENE
0.00E+00
1.58E-02
0.00E+00
242
1120-62-3
3 -METHYLC YCLOPENTENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
244
589-81-1
3 -METHYLHEPTANE
0.00E+00
2.77E-02
1.92E-01
245
589-34-4
3 -METHYLHEXANE
1.01E-01
9.78E-02
0.00E+00
247
2216-33-3
3 -METHYLOCT ANE
6.20E-01
7.34E-02
2.22E-01
248
96-14-0
3 -METHYLPENTANE
5.69E-01
7.72E-01
3.71E-02
239
616-12-6
3 -METHYL-TRANS -2-PENTENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
240
3899-36-3
3 -METHYL-TRANS -3 -HEXENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
253
1068-19-5
4,4-DIMETHYLHEPTANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
1471
2216-32-2
4-ETHYLHEPTANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
258
691-37-2
4-METHYL-1 -PENTENE
2.71E-01
5.18E-02
4.07E-01
260
691-38-3
4-METHYL-CIS -2-PENTENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
264
589-53-7
4-METHYLHEPTANE
3.24E-01
2.76E-02
0.00E+00
267
2216-34-4
4-METHYLOCTANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
262
674-76-0
4-METHYL-TRANS -2-PENTENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
279
75-07-0
ACETALDEHYDE
7.46E+00
7.83E+00
1.04E+01
282
74-86-2
ACETYLENE
3.04E+00
3.78E+00
1.15E+00
283
107-02-8
ACROLEIN
3.02E+00
1.60E+00
1.87E+00
301
100-52-7
BENZALDEHYDE
3.56E-01
9.84E-01
7.21E-01
302
71-43-2
BENZENE
1.96E+00
2.25E+00
5.41E+00
592
106-97-8
BUTANE
3.56E-01
1.09E+00
5.47E-01
351
2207-01-4
CIS -1,2-DIMETHYLCY CLOHEXANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
360
1192-18-3
CIS -1,2-DIMETHYLCY CLOPENTANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
352
638-04-0
CIS -1,3 -DIMETHYLC YCLOHEXANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
353
2532-58-3
CIS -1,3 -DIMETHYLC YCLOPENTANE
2.36E-01
3.64E-02
0.00E+00
354
624-29-3
Cis-l,4-Dimethylcyclohexane
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
69
-------
Specie ID
CAS Number
COMPOUND
Pre-Tier 1
Tier 1
Tier 2
362
930-89-2
Cis-1 -ethyl-2-methylcyclopentane
3.68E-02
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
364
2613-66-3
CIS -1 -METHYL-3 -ETHYL CYCLOPENTANE
6.38E-01
2.62E-01
0.00E+00
367
590-18-1
CIS-2-BUTENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
368
6443-92-1
CIS -2-HEPTENE
0.00E+00
1.87E-01
0.00E+00
369
7688-21-3
CIS-2-HEXENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
370
7642-04-8
CIS-2-OCTENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
371
627-20-3
CIS -2-PENTENE
0.00E+00
2.58E-02
0.00E+00
2616
7642-10-6
CIS-3-HEPTENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
372
7642-09-3
CIS-3-HEXENE
0.00E+00
2.65E-02
0.00E+00
373
20237-46-1
CIS-3-NONENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
382
4170-30-3
CROTONALDEHYDE
1.98E+00
4.27E+00
3.47E+00
385
110-82-7
CYCLOHEXANE
9.57E-02
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
388
110-83-8
CYCLOHEXENE
4.39E-01
1.21E-01
0.00E+00
48
542-92-7
CY CLOPENT ADIENE
0.00E+00
9.20E-03
0.00E+00
390
287-92-3
CYCLOPENTANE
2.09E-01
3.93E-02
0.00E+00
391
142-29-0
CYCLOPENTENE
4.41E-02
3.84E-02
0.00E+00
598
124-18-5
DECANE
1.86E-01
2.70E-02
0.00E+00
2735
108-20-3
DI-ISOPROPYL ETHER
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
1712
5779-94-2
DIMETHYLBENZALDEHYDE
1.47E-01
3.01E-01
4.28E-01
599
112-40-3
DODECANE
4.58E-01
1.14E-01
0.00E+00
442
64-17-5
ETHANOL
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
449
100-41-4
ETHYLBENZENE
9.44E-01
3.84E-01
4.38E-01
450
1678-91-7
ETHYLCYCLOHEXANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
451
1640-89-7
ETHYLCYCLOPENTANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
452
74-85-1
ETHYLENE
1.74E+01
2.07E+01
2.03E+01
465
50-00-0
FORMALDEHYDE
2.07E+01
2.23E+01
2.92E+01
600
142-82-5
HEPTANE
2.73E-01
9.71E-02
0.00E+00
840
66-25-1
HEXANALDEHYDE
2.14E-01
2.40E-01
0.00E+00
601
110-54-3
HEXANE
2.30E-01
2.79E-01
0.00E+00
602
1077-16-3
HEXYLBENZENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
485
496-11-7
INDAN
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
3
538-93-2
ISOBUTYLBENZENE
1.79E-01
2.54E-02
0.00E+00
2119
78-84-2
ISOBUTYRALDEHYDE
6.31E-01
7.96E-01
9.19E-01
514
98-82-8
ISOPROPYLBENZENE (CUMENE)
3.71E-01
7.41E-02
0.00E+00
2560
3875-51-2
ISOPROPYLCYCLOPENTANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
517
590-86-3
ISOVALERALDEHYDE
7.01E-01
5.20E-01
0.00E+00
522
1330-20-7
m-& p-XYLENE
1.53E+00
1.20E+00
1.16E+00
2164
1334-78-7
M/P-TOLUALDEHYDE
1.41E+00
1.92E+00
7.52E-01
536
78-93-3
MEK
6.31E-01
8.01E-01
9.19E-01
531
67-56-1
METHANOL
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
70
-------
Specie ID
CAS Number
COMPOUND
Pre-Tier 1
Tier 1
Tier 2
548
1634-04-4
Methyl t-butyl ether
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
550
108-87-2
METHYLCYCLOHEXANE
3.63E-01
2.74E-01
0.00E+00
551
96-37-7
METHYLCYCLOPENTANE
1.91E-02
5.81E-02
6.15E-02
611
91-20-3
NAPHTHALENE
4.87E-02
6.07E-02
0.00E+00
595
71-36-3
N-butyl alcohol
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
596
104-51-8
n-Butylbenzene
2.62E-01
1.17E-02
0.00E+00
603
111-84-2
NONANE
2.31E+00
4.37E-01
0.00E+00
606
538-68-1
N-PENT-BENZENE
4.52E-02
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
608
103-65-1
n-PROPYLBENZENE
9.92E-01
2.03E-02
0.00E+00
604
00111-65-9
OCTANE
7.81E-01
3.76E-01
2.80E-01
1467
529-20-4
O-TOLUALDEHYDE
1.12E-01
6.44E-01
0.00E+00
620
95-47-6
o-XYLENE
7.26E-01
4.44E-01
0.00E+00
605
109-66-0
PENTANE
1.23E-01
7.39E-01
1.63E+00
671
74-98-6
PROPANE
6.94E-02
6.30E-01
1.48E-01
673
123-38-6
PROPIONALDEHYDE
1.41E+00
3.86E+00
2.20E+00
677
2040-96-2
Propylcyclopentane
5.62E-01
1.83E-01
1.11E-01
678
115-07-1
PROPYLENE
0.00E+00
4.10E+00
0.00E+00
109
74-99-7
PROPYNE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
698
100-42-5
STYRENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
701
994-05-8
T-AMYLMETHYLETHER
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
86
1074-92-6
TERT-1 -BUT-2-METHYLBENZENE
3.65E-01
4.17E-02
0.00E+00
63
98-19-1
TERT -1 -BUT-3,5 -DIMETHYLBENZENE
3.54E-01
8.22E-02
0.00E+00
2329
7364-19-4
TERT-1 -BUTYL-4-ETHYLBENZENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
703
98-06-6
TERT-BUTYLBENZENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
717
108-88-3
TOLUENE
1.22E+00
2.15E+00
3.78E+00
724
6876-23-9
TRANS -1,2-DIMETHYLCYCLOHEXANE
7.36E-02
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
725
822-50-4
TRANS -1,2-DIMETHYLCYCLOPENTANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
726
2207-03-6
TRANS -1,3 -DIMETHYLC YCLOHEXANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
727
1759-58-6
TRANS -1,3 -DIMETHYLC YCLOPENTANE
0.00E+00
9.03E-03
0.00E+00
729
2207-04-7
TRANS -1,4-DIMETHYLCYCLOHEXANE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
1586
930-90-5
Trans-l-ethyl-2-methyl-cyclopentane
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
736
2613-65-2
TRANS -1 -METHYL-3 -ETHYL C YCLOPENTANE
0.00E+00
3.00E-02
0.00E+00
737
624-64-6
TRANS-2-BUTENE
1.57E+00
5.01E-01
0.00E+00
739
14686-13-6
TRANS-2-HEPTENE
0.00E+00
8.36E-03
0.00E+00
740
4050-45-7
TRANS-2-HEXENE
0.00E+00
6.71E-03
0.00E+00
2244
6434-78-2
TRANS-2-NONENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
741
13389-42-9
TRANS-2-OCTENE
0.00E+00
6.93E-02
0.00E+00
742
646-04-8
TRANS-2-PENTENE
7.74E-02
3.98E-03
5.55E-01
743
14686-14-7
TR AN S -3 -HEPTENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
744
13269-52-8
TR AN S -3 -HEXENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
71
-------
Specie ID
CAS Number
COMPOUND
Pre-Tier 1
Tier 1
Tier 2
745
20063-92-7
TR AN S -3 -NONENE
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
746
14850-23-8
TRANS-4-OCTENE
0.00E+00
9.37E-03
0.00E+00
610
1120-21-4
UNDECANE
4.44E-01
2.69E-01
8.52E-01
1989
UNIDENTIFIED C5 OLEFINS
0.00E+00
1.15E-01
0.00E+00
1999
UNIDENTIFIED C6
4.59E-01
5.91E-01
0.00E+00
2005
UNIDENTIFIED C7
4.77E-02
6.80E-02
0.00E+00
2011
UNIDENTIFIED C8
4.06E-02
2.87E-02
0.00E+00
327
UNIDENTIFIED C9-C12+
5.18E+00
7.38E-01
6.55E+00
845
110-62-3
VALERALDEHYDE
4.66E-01
9.75E-01
1.85E-01
72
-------
Appendix B TOG Speciation Map for Nonroad emissions
Table A4-13. Total Organic Gas SPECIATE Profiles assigned to nonroad engines, fuels, and emission
processes
Profile
Profile Description
Engine
Type
Engine Tech
Fuel
Fuel
Subtype
Emission
Process
1001
CNG Exhaust
All
all
CNG
all
exhaust
95331
CI PreTier 1
CI
PreTier 1
Diesel
all
exhaust
95332
CI Tier 1
CI
Tier 1
Diesel
all
exhaust
95333
CI Tier 2
CI
Tier 2, Tier 3
Diesel
all
exhaust
95333
CI Tier 2
CI
Tier 4: No DPF,
and Tier 4Ma
Diesel
all
exhaust
8775
ACES Phase 1 Diesel
Onroad
CI Tier 4
Tier 4: DPF, no
SCR
Diesel
all
exhaust
95335a
ACES Phase 2 Diesel
Onroad
CI Tier 4
Tier 4: DPF+SCR
Diesel
all
exhaust
8753
E0 Evap
SI
all
Gasolin
e
E0
evaporative
8869
E0 Headspace
SI
all
Gasolin
e
E0
headspace
8766
E0 evap permeation
SI
all
Gasolin
e
E0
permeation
95327
SI 2-stroke E0
SI 2-
stroke
all
Gasolin
e
E0
exhaust
95329
SI 4-stroke E0
SI 4-
stroke
all
Gasolin
e
E0
exhaust
8754
E10 Evap
SI
all
Gasolin
e
E10
evaporative
8870
E10 Headspace
SI
all
Gasolin
e
E10
headspace
8769
E10 evap permeation
SI
all
Gasolin
e
E10
permeation
95328
SI 2-stroke E10
SI 2-
stroke
all
Gasolin
e
E10
exhaust
95330
SI 4-stroke E10
SI 4-
stroke
all
Gasolin
e
E10
exhaust
8860
LPG exhaust
All
all
LPG
all
exhaust
aEngine Tech Tier4M refers to recreational marine engines subject to the full phase-in of the recreational marine
Tier 3
standards. These engines are not submitted to Tier 4 nonroad emission standards as discussed in the Exhaust
and Crankcase Emission Factors for Nonroad Compression-Ignition Engines inMOVES2014b report.17
73
-------
Appendix C PM Speciation Map for Nonroad emissions
Table A4-14. PM SPECIATE Profiles assigned to nonroad engines by engine technology and fuels
EC/PM
Profile
Profile Description
ratio
Engine Type
Engine Tech
Fuel
All non-DPF
8994a
HDDV Exhaust - Composite
77.1%
CI
equipped engines
Diesel
Tier 4: DPF
8996
2007 and Newer Diesel Exhaust- Composite
9.98%
CI
equipped
Diesel
91113
Nonroad Gasoline Exhaust - Composite
12.2%
SI
all
Gasoline
95219
CNG transit bus exhaust - Oxidation Catalyst
(95219)
9.25%
all
all
LPG, CNG
aMOVES3.0.3 and earlier versions assigned profile 91106. However, recent studies38-39 showed an EC/PM ratio closer to profile
8994 and we have updated the assigned profile accordingly in MOVES3.0.4.
74
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Appendix D Post-Processing Nonroad For Air Quality Modeling
To prepare nonroad inventories for air quality modeling, every county-month is run for the
region and time period of interest. For EPA's air quality modeling platforms, the region includes
the lower 48 states plus Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, and the period is a calendar year.
Most of the pollutants needed by air quality models are present in nonroad MOVES output, but
two categories are not: 1) chemical mechanism species that represent the components of TOG
and 2) components of Exhaust PM2.5. These missing pollutants must be calculated in a post-
processing step, after the MOVES run is complete. This post-processing is not strictly part of
MOVES2014b.
For onroad vehicles, unlike for nonroad equipment, MOVES2014b produces output that includes
chemical mechanism species for TOG and PM2.5. These species are generated inside MOVES
for onroad output and are partially post-processed for nonroad output. The three mechanisms are
CB05, CB6CMAQ, and SAPRC07T. For more information on chemical mechanisms and
speciation for air quality modeling, see "Speciation of Total Organic Gas and Particulate Matter
Emissions from On-road Vehicles in MOVES2014b27."
D.l TOG Speciation
TOG speciation required for air quality models is different than PM speciation, due to the
concept of chemical mechanisms. Chemical mechanisms are used to simplify the thousands of
individual organic compounds into a manageable set of CM species to use for air quality
modeling. For the purposes of MOVES, a chemical mechanism may be thought of as a set of CM
species and the mapping between regular MOVES output species and the CM species. The
mapping from nonroad MOVES pollutants to chemical mechanism species depends on engine
technology, process, and fuelsubtype. Each combination of these parameters is associated with a
"speciation profile." In practice, a profile is the product of a measurement program, as
comprehensive as practicable, of all the individual TOG species actually emitted by the engine
technology when burning the fuel subtype and engaged in the process associated with the profile.
The profiles for TOG for nonroad equipment are listed in the table in Appendix B.
D.2 PM2.5 Speciation
Unlike TOG, PM is not mapped into CM species, but is split into various real species and some
aggregated groups for use in air quality models. The mapping from nonroad MOVES pollutants
to PM2.5 species depends on engine technology, process, and fuelsubtype. As for TOG, each
combination of these parameters is associated with a "profile." In practice, a profile is the
product of a measurement program, as comprehensive as practicable, of all the individual PM2.5
species actually emitted by the engine technology when burning the fuel subtype and engaged in
the process associated with the profile. The profiles for PM2.5 for nonroad equipment are listed in
the table in Appendix C.
75
-------
D.3 Updates for MOVES3.0.4
Speciating nonroad emissions in post-processing remains the same as in previous versions of
MOVES. However, in MOVES3.0.4, we updated the post-processing script mentioned in section
1.2 to provide similar capabilities than the onroad emissions speciation post-processing, and to
include the necessary elements to allow future speciation under the Reactive Organic Carbon
framework40. The new script has been incorporated into the Tools menu of the MOVES GUI.
To fulfill the new requirements of the updated post-processing script, we have created a new
table in the default database called nrrocSpeciation that records the mapping between the
emissions output by engine type, engine technology, engine size, fuel and fuel subtype and
emission process for each of the speciation profiles for TOG and PM presented in Appendix A
and C. The new table contains the following columns: fuelSubTypelD, tierlD, strokes,
engTechID, processID, pmSpeciationProfilelD, CROCCode, CROCOMratio,
togSpeciationProfilelD, GROCCode and GROCNMOGRatio. The first five columns
characterize the equipment source; togSpeciationProfilelD and pmSpeciationProfilelD indicate
the traditional speciation profiles41 associated with each equipment source; the "Code" columns
specify the ROC speciation profiles42 (listed in EPA's SPECIATE5.24141) associated with a
given equipment source and the "Ratio" columns contain adjustment factors applied within the
post-processing script to generate Condensable Reactive Organic Carbon (CROC) mass and
Gaseous Reactive Organic Carbon (GROC) mass. The new nrrocSpeciation table is not used by
MOVES and it is only intended to be used by the new post-processing script.
For modelers planning to speciate nonroad emissions outside of MOVES, the runspec must
include the appropriate pollutants (NONHAPTOG, PM2.5) in addition to specifying output by
SCC, fuel type, emission process, engine technology and HP class to provide the information
required by the post-processing step. The post-processing script generates a SQL database with
NONHAPTOG and PM2.5 speciated emissions grouped into SMOKE SCCs to facilitate the
combination with vehicle activity within SMOKE-MOVES. Further details on how to run the
script and how to use the output are provided in the instructions associated with the post-
processing speciation script included in the MOVES GUI.
76
-------
MOVES I MOVES
N on road I NONROAD
inputs
NONHAPTOG
PM„
MOVES Output:
Emissions
per SCC
I
nrrocSpeciation
table
»
SPECIATE
Speciation
Profiles
I
Explicit
Compound
Profiles
Profile |
Weighting
Script
Generates
profile % per
SCC
(GSREF-COMBO)
Speciation
Tool
Transforms
explicit
compound
profiles into
chemical
mechanism
species {GSPRO) |
SMOKE-
MOVES
Gridded
emissions of
chemical
mechanism
species
Figure D-l. Diagram showing the new workflow to post-process the speciation of nonroad emissions into
chemical mechanism species and how it interacts with other modeling platform tools.
77
-------
8 References
1 USEPA (2016). Speciation Profiles and Toxic Emission Factors for Nonroad Engines. EPA-420-R-16-
017. Ann Arbor, MI, Office of Transportation and Air Quality. US Environmental Protection Agency.
November 2016. https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=Pl00PUQI.txt
2 USEPA (2003). Conversion Factors for Hydrocarbon Emission Components. EPA420-P-03-002. May
2003
3 Code of Federal Regulations, 40: Chapter 1, Subchapter C, Part 51, Subpart F, 51100
4 SMOKE version 3.6.5. Accessed August, 2015 at www.cmascenter.org/smoke.
5 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2014. Broad Emissions Testing Support for In-Use Vehicles
and Engines. EPA-420-R-14-029. http://www.epa.gov/otaq/emission-factors-research/index.htm
6 M. Starr (2004) Air Toxic Emission from In-Use Nonroad Diesel Equipment. US EPA Contract 68-C-
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022, Office of Transportation and Air Quality. US Environmental Protection Agency. March 2016
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18 Khalek, I., Bougher, T., and Merritt, P. M. (2009). Phase 1 of the Advanced Collaborative Emissions
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19 Khalek, I. A, M. G. Blanks, P. M. Merritt and B. Zielinska (2015). Regulated and unregulated
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21 USEPA. (2017). "EPA Science Inventory: Speciation and Toxic Emissions from On road Vehicles, and
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24 Clark, Nigel N., Mridul Gautam, W. Scott Wayne, Donald W. Lyons, Gregory Thompson, Barbara
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27 USEPA (2018). Speciation of Total Organic Gas and Particulate Matter Emissions from On-road
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30 Laroo, C., C. A. Schenk, L. J. Sanchez, J. McDonald, P. L. Smith. Emissions of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and
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33 C.E. Lindhjem (2008). Emission Profiles for EPA SPECIATE Database, EPA Contract No. EP-C-06-
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