Elec KEY FINDINGS Projected electricity supply is higher in all three electric power sector models under the Reference scenario, reflecting a higher demand for cooling, and lower under the Mitigation scenario as a result of lower temperatures and the demand response to GHG mitigation. The relative magnitude of costs to the electric power system are similar under the Reference and Mitiga- tion scenarios, highlighting that the costs associated with rising temperatures in the Reference are compara- ble to the costs associated with reducing GHG emis- sions in the Mitigation scenario. Specifically, the higher demands under the Reference scenario increase system costs by 1.7%-8.3% above the Con- trol. Under the Mitigation scenario, system costs increase by 2.3%-10% above the Control, or 0.6%- 5.5% above Reference scenario costs. Climate Change and Electricity Supply As described in the Electricity Demand section, warmer air temperatures under climate change are expected to result in higher demand for electricity, leading to the need for increased capacity in the power system to meet this demand. At the same time, higher temperatures reduce the capacity of both thermal power plants and transmission lines. The power sector accounts for the largest share of GHG emissions in the U.S.,15 and is also considered the most cost-effective source of emission reductions under mitigation policies.16 A variety of impacts and changes are therefore expected to occur in this sector, including changes in sector emissions, system costs, and generation mix (i.e., the assortment of fuels used to generate electricity). Effects on Electricity Generation In the CIRA analyses, a large amount of C02 reductions in the U.S. underthe Mitigation scenario occur in the electricity sector.17 As a result, the generation capacity and mix of energy sources used to produce electricity is projected to change over time. Figure 1 shows the projected change in generation mix in 2050 from the three electric power sector models under the CIRA scenarios. Projected electricity supply is higher in all three models under the Reference, reflecting a higher demand for cooling, and lower under the Mitigation scenario as a result of lower temperatures and the costs of reducing GHG emissions. For any given model, the supply mix in the Reference does not differ substantially from the Control, which accounts for future population and economic growth, but no temperature change. However, all three models underthe Mitigation scenario project substantial reductions in coal generation and expanded generation from nuclear and renewables. Figure 1. Electricity Generation by Technology and Scenario in 2050 with Percent Change in Generation from Control18 1.6% -0.5% I Coal Coal w/CCS Gas Gas w/CCS ¦ Oil I Nuclear l Hydro ¦ Non-Hydro Renewables I Other GCAM 48 ------- Change in System Costs Rising temperatures under both scenarios, especially under the Reference, result in higher demands for electricity and increased power system costs to expand capacity. At the same time, altering the generation mix to reduce GHG emissions imposes costs on the power system. Figure 2 presents the percent change in cumulative system costs under the Reference and Mitigation scenarios compared to a Control with no temperature change (2015-2050, discounted at 3%). The costs increase by 1.7%-8.3% under the Reference and by 2.3%-10% under the Mitigation scenario. The incremental system costs of the Mitigation scenario above the Reference are 0.6%-5.5%, highlighting that the costs to the electric power sector associated with rising temperatures in the Reference are compara- ble to the costs associated with reducing GHG emissions in the Mitigation scenario. It is important to note, however, that this does not account for benefits of GHG mitigation outside of the electricity sector, nor does it examine other effects of climate change on electricity supply, such as changes in cooling water availability or extreme weather events. Figure 2, Percent Change in Cumulative System Costs (2015-2050) in the Reference and Mitigation Scenarios Compared to the Control Grey bars represent the difference between the Reference and Mitigation scenarios. 12%- 10%. Reference Mitigation 5.5% 6%. 4%. 2%- 0%. 0.6% ¦ I GCAM ReEDS IPM APPROACH The CIRA analysis assesses impacts on the U.S. electricity sector's supply side using the same three models described in the Electricity Demand section. The models project changes in the genera- tion mix needed to meet increasing demand due to future warming and socioeconomic changes (e.g., popula- tion and economic growth) under the CIRA scenarios. The three models also estimate the corresponding system costs—comprised of capital, opera- tions and maintenance, and fuel costs—and the changes in C02 emissions over time. This analysis is unique compared to the other sectoral analyses of this report in that the costs of GHG mitigation in the electric power sector are estimated alongside the benefits. The three electric power sector models simulate these costs over time, and the rationale for presenting them here is to provide a comparison between the increase in power system costs due to mean temperature increases under the two scenarios and the costs associated with reducing GHG emissions from electric power generation. It is import- ant to note that the effect of tempera- ture change on generation accounts for only a small portion of the total effects of climate change on electricity supply. Other important effects, such as changes in hydropower generation or the availability of cooling water for thermoelectric combustion, are not included. Inclusion of these impacts on the electricity supply system would likely increase the benefits of mitiga- tion to this sector. For more information on the CIRA approach and results for the electricity supply sector, please refer to A/lcFarland et al. (2015).19 49 ------- |