SWMM CAT User's Guide Version 1 1


*>EPA

United States

Environmental

Agency

https://www.epa.gov/water-
rm-water-management-model-swmm

SWMM-CAT User's
Guide (Version 1.1)

Research and Deve
>r Environmental So

lent

ris & Emergency Response

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EPA 600/C-22/130

July 2022

SWMM-CAT User's Guide
Version 1.1

by

Lewis A. Rossman (retired)

Water Infrastructure Division
Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, OH 45268

Michelle A. Simon
Water Infrastructure Division
Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response
United States Environmental Protection Agency

Colleen M. Barr
Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE)
Corvallis, OR 97333

July 2022

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DISCLAIMER

The information in this document has been funded wholly by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA). It has been subjected to the Agency's peer and administrative review and has been approved for
publication as an EPA document. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.

Although a reasonable effort has been made to assure that the results obtained are correct, the computer
programs described in this manual are experimental. Therefore, the authors and the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency are not responsible and assume no liability whatsoever for any results or any use made of
the results obtained from these programs, nor for any damages or litigation that result from the use of these
programs for any purpose.

3

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ABSTRACT

The Storm Water Management Model Climate Adjustment Tool (SWMM-CAT) is a simple to use software
utility that allows future climate change projections to be incorporated into the Storm Water Management
Model (SWMM). SWMM can accept a set of monthly adjustment factors for each input meteorological time
series to represent future changes in climatic conditions. SWMM-CAT provides a set of location-specific
adjustments that were derived from global climate change models run as part of the World Climate
Research Programme (WCRP) Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) archive. In SWMM-
CAT Version 1.1 climate change projections are obtained from EPA's Climate Resilience Evaluation and
Awareness Tool Version 3.1; historical data for 24-Hour design storms are based on CREAT 3.1; evaporation
values are determined by the Hargreaves method, using historical temperature data from PRISM
observations and GLDAS if PRISM data are unavailable.

4

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FORWARD

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is charged by Congress with protecting the Nation's land,
air, and water resources. Under a mandate of national environmental laws, the Agency strives to formulate
and implement actions leading to a compatible balance between human activities and the ability of natural
systems to support and nurture life. To meet this mandate, EPA's research program is providing data and
technical support for solving environmental problems today and building a scientific knowledge base
necessary to manage our ecological resources wisely, understand how pollutants affect our health, and
prevent or reduce environmental risks in the future.

The Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response (CESER) within the Office of Research and
Development (ORD) is the Agency's center for investigation of technological and management approaches
for preventing and reducing risks from pollution that threaten human health and the environment. The
focus of the Center's research program is on methods and their cost-effectiveness for prevention and
control of pollution to air, land, water, and subsurface resources; protection of water quality in public water
systems; remediation of contaminated sites, sediments, and ground water; prevention and control of indoor
air pollution; and restoration of ecosystems. CESER collaborates with both public and private sector partners
to foster technologies that reduce the cost of compliance and to anticipate emerging problems. CESER's
research provides solutions to environmental problems by: developing and promoting technologies that
protect and improve the environment; advancing scientific and engineering information to support
regulatory and policy decisions; and providing the technical support and information transfer to ensure
implementation of environmental regulations and strategies at the national, state, and community levels.

SWMM-CAT Version 1.1 is an update from Version 1.0. It is a utility that adds location-specific climate
change adjustments to a Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) project file. Adjustments can be
applied on a monthly basis to air temperature, evaporation rates, and precipitation, as well as to the 24-
hour design storm at different recurrence intervals.

Gregory Sayles, PhD., Director

Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response

5

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The 2014 version of this report was written by Lewis A. Rossman, Environmental Scientist Emeritus, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH (USEPA).

Michelle Simon (USEPA) and Colleen Barr (ORISE) updated the original SWMM-CAT Manual to Version 1.1.
SWMM-CAT. Version 1.1 contains historical data covering 1990-2019, climate change data from CREAT 3.1,
updated NOAA Atlas-14 24-Hour Storm Disaggregation methodologies, and the Hargreaves method for
calculating evaporation.

Colleen Barr acquired the updated historical meteorological, climate change, and 24-Hour Storm
disaggregation methodologies for SWMM-CAT Version 1.1. Ms. Barr was supported in part by an
appointment to the Postgraduate Research Program at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, administered by
the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education through Interagency Agreement No. (DW-8992433001)
between the U.S. Department of Energy and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

Michelle Simon and Matthew Hopton (USEPA) were the work assignment managers for Contract EP-C-17-
041 Work Assignments 4-52 with Eastern Research Group. RESPEC was a subcontractor to this work
assignment and programmed the updated historical and climate change data into Version 1.1 of SWMM-
CAT.

The authors would like to acknowledge the assistance provided by EPA's CREAT project team for the
assistance they rendered for us to acquire updated Climate Change Data.

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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

CAT

Climate Adjustment Tool

CMIP5

Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5

CREAT

Climate Resilience Evaluation and Analysis Tool

EPA

United States Environmental Protection Agency

GLDAS

Global Land Data Assimilation System

IPCC

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

NCDC

National Climatic Data Center

NOAA

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

NWS

National Weather Service

PRISM

Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model

SWMM

Storm Water Management Model

WCRP

World Climate Research Programme

7

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Table of Contents

DISCLAIMER	3

ABSTRACT	4

FORWARD	5

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	6

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS	7

1.0 Introduction	9

2.0 Installing SWMM-CAT	10

3.0 Running SWMM-CAT	11

4.0 Source of Data for Climate Adjustments	17

5.0 Summary	19

6.0 References	20

Table of Figures

Figure 1 Dialog for Registering SWMM-CAT Add-in Tool	11

Figure 2 SWMM-CAT's Main Window	12

Figure 3 Example of Monthly Temperature Adjustments	13

Figure 4 Example of 24-Hour Design Storm Adjustments	15

Figure 5 Dialog Box Used to Save Adjustments to SWMM	16

Figure 6 SWMM's Climatology Editor	17

8

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1.0 Introduction

The Storm Water Management Model Climate Adjustment Tool (SWMM-CAT) is a simple to use
software utility that allows future climate change projections to be incorporated into the Storm Water
Management Model (SWMM). SWMM is a dynamic rainfall-runoff-routing simulation model used for
single event or long-term (continuous) simulation of stormwater runoff quantity and quality from
primarily urban areas. Various versions of SWMM have been in existence since 1971 and it has been
used in thousands of hydrology and drainage system design projects.

SWMM uses externally supplied time series of the following climate-related variables in its hydrologic
calculations:

• precipitation is the primary driving force in a SWMM simulation

• evaporation determines how quickly surfaces and soils dry out between storm events

• air temperature is used to model snow melt routines and can also be used to estimate
evaporation rates.

SWMM can accept a set of monthly adjustment factors for each of these input time series that
represent potential future changes in climatic conditions. Each monthly factor is used to modify all of
the user-supplied climate data for a given month. As an example, if the June adjustment factor for
precipitation was 1.3, then all June rainfall values supplied to SWMM would be multiplied by 1.3.

Although SWMM users are free to use any set of adjustment factors they want, SWMM-CAT provides a set
of location-specific adjustments that were derived from global climate change models run as part of the
World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5)
archive. These are the same climate change simulations that helped inform the United Nations
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in preparing its Fifth Assessment report (IPCC 2014).
Downscaled results from this archive were generated and converted into changes relative to historical
values by another EPA project called CREAT 3.1 (Climate Resilience Evaluation and Analysis Tool) (EPA 2021).
It contains a database of climate change effects across the US localized to a grid of 0.5 degrees in latitude
and longitude (about 30 by 30 miles). These effects include changes in monthly average precipitation,
monthly average temperature, and extreme event 24-hour rainfall amounts for each of three different
climate change scenarios in two different future time periods. SWMM-CAT provides the linkage between
CREAT 3.1's downscaled climate change estimates and the monthly adjustment factors used by SWMM.

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You don't have to run or have knowledge of SWMM to run SWMM-CAT if all you want to see are the
projected future changes in monthly air temperature and rainfall at any specific location. However, if
you do want to run the two together then you must use SWMM version 5.1.007 or higher for it to
recognize the climate adjustments that SWMM-CAT passes on to it.

2.0 Installing SWMM-CAT

SWMM-CAT runs as a desktop application on the Windows 7 or higher operating system. It is distributed
as a zipped file named swmm-catl_ld (the label will be updated as newer releases are made). It can be
downloaded from the following web site:

https://www.epa.gov/water-research/storm-water-management-model-swmm

The zip file contains three files, swmm-cat.exe, ZedGraph.dll, and this document that should be
extracted into any folder of your choosing. You can launch SWMM-CAT independently of SWMM by
double-clicking swmm-cat.exe in Windows Explorer or by creating a shortcut to it for your Start Menu.

If you wish to run SWMM-CAT from within SWMM itself, you have to register it as an add-in tool with
SWMM. This can be done using the following steps:

1. Launch SWMM and select Tools | Configure Tools from the main menu bar.

2. Click the Add button in the Tool Options dialog that appears.

3. Fill in the Tool Properties dialog as shown in Figure 1 below. Note that this example has the

SWMM-CAT program located in the folder C:\SWMM-CAT. You can click the feJ button to bring up a
file dialog to find its location on your machine.

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Tool Properties

-£3-

P a ra meters
Macros:

Tool Name Climate Adjustment Tool
Program	C:\SWMM-CAT\swmm-cat.exe

Working
Directory

SINPFILE



l+J

$PROJDIR

Project directory



$SWMMDIR

SWMM directory



SINPFILE

SWMM input file



$RPTFILE

SWMM report file



$OUTFILE

SWMM output file



$RIFFILE

SWMM runoff interface

file

[j\ Disable SWMM while executing
W\ Update SWMM after closing

OK

Cancel

Help

Figure 1 Dialog for Registering SWMM-CAT Add-in Tool

4.	Click OK to close the Tool Properties dialog and then click Close on the Tool Options dialog to
close it as well.

5.	SWMM-CAT is now registered with SWMM. It appears as a separate option named "Climate
Adjustment Tool" on the Tools menu which you would select to launch it from within SWMM.

3.0 Running SWMM-CAT

After SWMM-CAT is launched you are presented with the program's main window shown in Figure 2. You
can find concise instructions on how to proceed on the Help tab, but we will cover these in more detail here.

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<31SWMM-Climate Adjustment Tool — ~ X

Enter your location's latitude, longitude in
decimal degrees or its 5-digit zip code:

1 11 -i

Monthly Temperature Monthly Evaporation Monthly Rainfall 24-Hour Design Storm Help

Near Term Change in Monthly Temperature (deg.C)

HotOry Centra! Warm/Wet

1.2



Select a future projection period:

® Near Term (2035)

O Far Term (2060)

Select a climate change scenario:
O Hot/Dry
(§) Central
O Warm/Wet

Select an extreme storm scenario to apply:

(§) No Change (Historical)

O Stormy
O Less Stormy

Save Adjustments to SWMM and Exit

1.0 -
0.8 -
0.6 -
0.4 -
0.2 -































































































































































Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec



Version 1.1 Exit

Figure 2 ESWMM-CAT's Main Window

The first step is to identify the location you are interested in viewing adjustments for. You can either enter
its latitude and longitude coordinates (in decimal degrees separated by a comma) or its five-digit zip code.

You would then hit the Enter key or click the	button to load in the CMIP5-CREAT 3.1 adjustments that

are closest to your site. Figure 3 is a screenshot showing how SWMM-CAT looks after a location has been
supplied to it:

12

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SWMM-Climate Adjustment Tool — ~ X

Monthly Temperature Monthly Evaporation Monthly Rainfall 24-Hour Design Storm Help

Enter your location's latitude, longitude in
decimal degrees or its 5-digit zip code:

38.14426, -84.51986]

Select a future projection period:

® Near Term (2035)

O Far Term (2060)

Select a climate change scenario:
O Hot/Dry
® Central
O Warm/Wet

Select an extreme storm scenario to apply:

(•) No Change (Historical)

O Stormy
O Less Stormy

Save Adjustments to SWMM and Exit

Version 1.1 Exit

Near Term Change in Monthly Temperature (deg. C)

Hot/Dry Central Warm/Wet

i i i
: .-*-~

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Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Figure 3 Example of Monthly Temperature Adjustments

The Monthly Temperature tab shows the change in average air temperature by month of the year over a
future projection period. These changes are relative to the historical average monthly air temperatures from
1981 - 2010 (EPA 2021). A choice of two future 30-year projection periods is available: a near term
projection from 2035 (average projections from 2025 - 2045) and a far term projection from 2060 (averaged
projections from 2050 - 2070).

Note that for each month three different values are displayed. These reflect the variability in the outputs of
the different global climate models from which the changes were derived. The Hot/Dry values reflect
projections from models that were closer to both the highest annual average temperature and lowest
annual rainfall, the Warm/Wet values represent model projections closer to the lowest annual temperature
and highest annual rainfall, while the Central values come from model projections whose results fell closer
to the median annual temperature and rainfall. More information on how the projections were selected
from the CMIP5 model runs is presented in section 4 of this manual.

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The Monthly Evaporation and Monthly Rainfall tabs display changes in potential monthly evapotranspiration
rate and monthly precipitation, respectively. Changes in potential evaporation rates are expressed as
differences between the average monthly evapotranspiration rate computed from the Hargreaves
Evapotranspiration equation for the selected projection period as compared to the historical period. The
rainfall changes are expressed as a percentage change from historical values. E.g., a 20 percent change for
August means that the average total rainfall in August over the future projection period is 20 percent higher
than over the historical record at the location being considered. A -10 percent change would mean that
average rainfall was 10 percent lower than that from the historical record.

The 24-Hour Design Storm tab shows the percent change in the highest annual 24-hour rainfall that occurs
at a given return period. "Stormy" and "Less Stormy" scenarios are displayed. A stormy future scenario
represents ensemble-averaged models that produce a higher change in precipitation per degree of warming
for the 5-year storm event and a less stormy future scenario represents models with lower changes in
precipitation per degree of warming. Looking at Figure 4, we see that for the near-term projection period
under the Warm/Wet scenario, the largest 24-hour rainfall that occurs on average once every 5 years
increases by 6 percent relative to the historical value. The once in 50-year rainfall for this scenario increases
by only 2 percent.

You can observe the numerical value of a point plotted on any of SWMM-CAT's graphs by holding the
mouse over the point.

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<£U SWMM-Climate Adjustment Tool

Enter your location's latitude, longitude in
decimal degrees or its 5-digit zip code:

X

38.14426, -84.51986

IH

Select a future projection period:

® Near Term (2035)

O Far Term (2060)

Select a climate change scenario:

O HotfDry
(§) Central
O Warm/Wet

Select an extreme storm scenario to apply:

O No Change (Historical)

(§) Stormy
O Less Stormy

Save Adjustments to SWMM and Exit

Monthly Temperature Monthly Evaporation Monthly Rainfall 24-Hour Design Storm Help

Near Term Percentage Change in 24-Hour Design Storm

Stormy -V- Less Stormy









1 !









A





J

		^

t	



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15	30

Return Period (years)

Version 1.1

Exit

Figure 4 Example of 24-Hour Design Storm Adjustments

Once you have selected a future projection period, a climate change scenario (Hot/Dry, Central, or
Warm/Wet), and an extreme storm scenario (Stormy or Less Stormy) to use, you can click the Save
Adjustments to SWMM and Exit label to save the adjustments associated with those choices to a SWMM
input file. Figure 5 shows the dialog box that appears asking for the name of an existing SWMM input file

and which type of adjustments to save to it. You can click the	button to open a file selection dialog to

locate your SWMM input file.

If you launched SWMM-CAT from within SWMM then the SWMM file name box will be disabled since
SWMM has created and passed in to SWMM-CAT a temporary file containing the project data, you
were working on in SWMM. After SWMM-CAT closes, control is passed back to SWMM which reads
the climate adjustments from the updated input file and makes them available for editing in its
Climatology Editor (see below).

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Adjustments Saved to SWMM

CD ;! a !\r£3n

Name of SWMM file:

Adjustments to be saved:

IVI	Monthly Temperature

[7]	Monthly Evaporation

J	Monthly Rainfall

~

5-year	~ 24-Hour Design Storm

Save and Exit

Cancel

Figure 5 Dialog Box Used to Save Adjustments to SWMM

Since only one set of rainfall adjustments can be used in a SWMM project, the Monthly Rainfall and 24- Hour
Design Storm options are mutually exclusive. If you select the Design Storm option, then you should also
select a return period for the adjusted storm's magnitude from the drop-down list box next to it.

SWMM-CAT always displays temperature changes in degrees Celsius and evaporation changes in
inches/day. When saving these adjustments to a SWMM file it will automatically detect the unit system
used in the file and convert temperature to degrees Fahrenheit for US units and convert evaporation to
mm/day for SI units.

Once you click the Save and Exit button SWMM-CAT will terminate with your selected set of adjustments
saved to your SWMM input file. If you launched SWMM-CAT from within SWMM, then the SWMM window
will appear once again. At this point you can verify that the adjustments were made (or edit them if you
wish) by opening SWMM's Climatology Editor and selecting its Adjustments tah^fTo open the editor, select
Climatology from the Project Browser list box and click the button below it.) The Climatology Editor is
pictured in Figure 6 below.

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£2 SWMM 5.1
File Edit View

0 ME3-

Project Report Tools Window Help



Project

Map

Title/Notes

Options

Climatology

Hydrology

Hydraulics

Quality

Curves

4x

Climatology

~ t

SI

Temperature
Evaporation
Wind Speed
Snow Melt
Area I Depletion

Adjustments

Study t (;|imat0|0gy Editor

Wind Speed

Snow Melt Areal Depletion Adjustments

Month Temperature, F

Evap., in/day

Rainfall

r

Jan

2.8620

0,0050

1.021

Feb

2.8980

0.0050

0,997

Mar

2.7900

0,0120

1,047

Apr

2.4120

0.0080

1,005

May

2.7720

0.0120

0,968

Jun

2.9340

0.0030

1,064

Jul

2.8620

0.0130

1.081

Aug

2.6820

0.0070

1,227

Sep

2.7540

0,0070

1,052

Oct

2.9520

0,0060

0,956

Nov

2.7720

0,0080

0,937

Dec

2,8800

0,0050

1,037

Adjustments are +- changes to temperature and evaporation or
multipliers for rainfall that can vary by month of the year.

OK

Cancel

Help

(3 -13.

Auto-Length: Off » Offsets: Depth » Flow Units: CFS -	Zoom Level: 100% X,Y: 3200.000, 9957.895

Figure 6 SWMM's Climatology Editor

4.0 Source of Data for Climate Adjustments

As stated earlier, SWMM-CAT obtains its climate change scenarios, e.g., projected changes in precipitation
and temperature from another EPA project called CREAT 3.1 (Climate Resilience Evaluation and Analysis
Tool) (EPA, 2021). CREAT is a decision support tool to assist drinking water and wastewater utility owners in
understanding, evaluating, and addressing climate change risks. It contains a database of climate change
effects across the US localized to a grid of 0.5 degrees in latitude and longitude (about 30 by 30 miles). These
effects include changes in monthly average precipitation, monthly average temperature, and extreme event
24-hour rainfall amounts for each of three different climate change scenarios in two different future time
periods.

17

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Climate change scenarios are based on projections from 38 global climate models available in the CMIP5
archive. CREAT uses an ensemble-informed selection method to define three scenarios. Hot/Dry projection
is the average of five individual model results that are nearest to the 95th percentile temperature projection
and 5th percentile precipitation projection. Central projection is the average of five individual model results
nearest to the median (50th percentile) of both temperature and precipitation projections. Warm/Wet
future conditions were determined from the average of five models nearest to the 95th percentile
precipitation projection and 5th percentile temperature projection. Once the individual models were
selected, they were ensemble-averaged to calculate annual and monthly changes for temperature and
precipitation. The future time periods represented are 2035 (near term; based on projection data for 2025-
2045) and 2060 (far term; based on projection data for 2050-2070). More detail on CREAT methodology can
be found in EPA (2021).

24-Hour Design Storms were based on CREAT 3.1 estimates for 5, 10, 15, 30, 50, and 100-year return
periods. A storm event with a return period of 100 years is an event that has a 1% chance of being observed
or exceeded in any year, based on the historical record. This event is sometimes called the 100-year storm.
It is possible for historically rare events to occur more often than the return period (EPA 2021, Section
4.3.2).

Changes in evaporation rate, which were not part of the CREAT database, were developed in a slightly
different manner. SWMM-CAT's historical evaporation data were determined from the Hargreaves Method
(EPA 2016), which uses the daily minimum and maximum temperatures and the study area's latitude. The
equation for calculating the evaporation rate E (mm/day) is:

SWMM uses a 7-day running average of the daily temperature range and daily temperature. For more detail
on the Hargreaves Method, please see Hargreaves and Samani (1985) and Hargreaves and Allen (2003).

where:

Ra
X
Tr
Ta

water equivalent of incoming extraterrestrial radiation, (MJm"2d_1),
latent heat of vaporization, (MJkg1), X = 2.50-0.0023661Ta,
average daily temperature range for a period of days, (degree C),
average daily temperature for a period of days, (degree C).

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The daily minimum and maximum air temperatures were found at all locations where precipitation data was
available. Where possible, PRISM was used as the daily temperature source. When not available, GLDAS
data was used. If GLDAS data was not available, the closest grid cell with available GLDAS data was used.

The extraterrestrial radiation Ra is computed as:

Ra = 37.6dr(ws sin 
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6.0 References

Hargreaves, G.H. and Samani, Z.A. (1985). "Reference Crop Evapotranspiration from Temperature." Applied
Engineering in Agriculture, 1, 96-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2Q13.26773

Hargreaves, G.H., and R.G. Allen (2003). "History and Evaluation of Hargreaves Evapotranspiration
Equation." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering. 129(1) 53-60. DPI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-
9737(2003):1(53)

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (2014). Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report -
Summary for Policymakers, https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/ [Accessed February 25, 2022],

National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS) at the University of East Anglia's Climatic Research Unit
(CRU) United Kingdom. (2013). Climate Research Unit TS Version 3.2 . [Accessed February 25, 2022],

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/land-
based-station/noaa-global-temp . [Accessed February 25, 2022],

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Atlas 14 14 Point Precipitation Frequency
Estimates https://hdsc.nws.noaa.gov/hdsc/pfds/pfds map cont.html . [Accessed February 25, 2022],

Parameter-elevation Regression on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) (1997). Oregon State University.
https://prism.oregonstate.edu/documents/pubs/1997appclim PRISMapproach daly.pdf

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2014). SWMM-CAT User's Guide EPA/600/R-14/428
https://nepis.epa.gov/Adobe/PDF/P100KY8L.PDF . [Accessed February 22, 2022],

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2016). Storm Water Management Model Reference
Manual Volume I (Revised) EPA/600/R-14/428. https://www.epa.gov/water-research/storm-water-
management-model-swmm [Accessed February 22, 2022],

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2021). Climate Resilience Evaluation and Awareness Tool
Version 3.1 Methodology Guide https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2021-
03/documents/creat 3.1 methodology guide march 2021.pdf [Accessed February 25, 2022],

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Storm Water Management Model

https://www.epa.gov/water-research/storm-water-management-model-swmm . [Accessed February 25,
2022],

World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) Fifth Phase of the Coupled Modeling Intercomparison
Project (CMIP5) https://www.wcrp-climate.org/wgcm-cmip/wgcm-cmip5 [Accessed February 25, 2022],

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