US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Programs PHED SURROGATE EXPOSURE GUIDE August 1998 ------- PHED SURROGATE EXPOSURE GUIDE Estimates of Worker Exposure from The Pesticide Handler Exposure Database Version 1.1 August 1998 ------- TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No, Table of Contents 2-3 Introduction 4-5 I. Comments/Formulas for the new user 6-13 II. Exposure Tables 14-51 Mixer/Loader Open Mixing/Loading Scenario 1. Dry Flowable: Open Mixing 15 Scenario 2. Granular: Open Mixing 16 Scenario 3. All Liquid Formulations: Open Mixing 17 Scenario 4. Wettable Powders: Open Bag 18 Scenario 5. Wettable Powders: Water Soluble Packets 19 Closed Mixing/Loading Scenario 6. All Liquid Formulations: Closed Mixing 20 Applicator Aerial Applications Scenario 7. Aerial-Fixed Wing: Liquid Formulations; Enclosed Cockpits 21 Scenario 8. Aerial-Fixed Wing: Granular Formulations; Enclosed Cab 22 Scenario 9. Helicopter: Enclosed Cockpit 23 Scenario 10. Aerosol Can 24 Airblast Scenario 11. Airblast: Open Cab 25 Scenario 12. Airblast: Enclosed Cab 26 Groundboom Scenario 13. Groundboom: Open Cab 27 Scenario 14. Groundboom: Enclosed Cab 28 Granular Applications Scenario 15. Solid Broadcast Spreader, Open Cab, Ag Uses 29 Scenario 16. Solid Broadcast Spreader, Enclosed Cab, Ag Uses 30 Scenario 17. Granular Bait Dispersed by Hand 31 2 ------- Handheld Spray Equipment Scenario 18. Low Pressure Handwand 32 Scenario 19. High Pressure Handwand 33 Scenario 20. Backpack 34 Scenario 21. Hand Gun (Lawn) 35 Paint Equipment Scenario 22. Paintbrush 36 Scenario 23. Airless Sprayer (House Stain) 37 Scenario 24. Rights-of-Way Sprayer 38 Flagger Scenario 25. Liquid Formulations 39 Scenario 26. Granular Formulations 40 Mixer/Loader/ Applicator Scenario 27. Airblast: Wettable Powder or Liquid, Open Pour, Open Cab 41 Groundboom Scenario 28. Groundboom - Liquid, Open Pour and Open Cab 42 Scenario 29. Groundboom - Liquid or Dry flowable, Open Pour, Enclosed Cab 43 Granular Application Scenario 30. Belly Grinder 44 Scenario 31. APush-type@ Granular Spreader (Granular, Open Pour) 45 Handheld Spray Equipment Scenario 32. Low Pressure Handwand: Liquid, Open Pour 46 Scenario 33. Low Pressure Handwand: Wettable Powder, Open Pour (also for Crack and Crevice) 47 Scenario 34. Backpack Sprayer: liquid, open pour 48 Scenario 35. High Pressure Hand Wand: liquid, open pour 49 Scenario 36. Garden Hose-End Sprayer: liquid, open pour 50 Scenario 37. Termiticide Injection : liquid, open pour 51 3 ------- III. APPENDIX 52-67 -Studies used in the estimation of dermal, hand and inhalation exposure estimates -Glossary 4 ------- INTRODUCTION Hello! This document, the Pesticide Handler Exposure Database (PHED) surrogate worker exposure guide, contains basic pesticide handler scenarios. The data contained in the following tables are summaries of the worker exposure outputs generated by PHED. These estimates were derived from actual field studies and are based on the physical factors of a handler scenario (e.g., the type of protective clothing worn, method of application, formulation type, etc.). This manual is divided into 3 sections. Section 1 discusses how this guide is most effectively used. This section details essentials for the new user, including explanations of data confidence, replicates, protective clothing, cab types, and formulas. It also instructs you how to incorporate the PHED Dermal and Inhalation unit exposure estimates into your Average Daily Dose (ADD), Average Annual Daily Dose (AADD) and Lifetime Average Daily Dose (LADD) equations. Section 2 contains tables of worker exposure estimates. It is divided into four parts, based on a specific handler function. These four parts are 1) mixer/loader 2) applicator 3) flagger and 4) mixer/loader/applicator. Each page refers to a specific handler scenario (e.g. wettable powder, open pour mixing and loading) and contains three different tables. The first table provides the user with an estimate of dermal unit exposure. The dermal unit exposure estimates are based on three different clothing scenarios. These scenarios are 1) Ano clothes@, which provides an estimation of exposure for a handler with no protective clothing (i.e., total deposition); 2) long sleeve shirt, long pants, and no gloves; and 3) long sleeve shirt, long pants, and chemical resistant gloves. The dermal exposure has been divided into sections of the body. These sections are 1) head and neck; 2) upper arm, forearm, chest, back, thigh, and lower leg; and 3) hand. This table is useful because it allows the reviewer to see which parts of the body are most vulnerable to exposure from a given handler scenario. Additionally a reviewer can apply arithmetically estimated protection factors (NOTE: it should be stressed that applying arithmetically estimated protection factors should be done only in the absence of good data). Finally, this table allows the reviewer to better evaluate changes in exposure from the addition of PPE. The TOTAL dermal exposure is provided in the final column of this table. The number of replicates and grade quality are listed in the second table. This table also includes anything noteworthy about the PHED analysis (e.g., high percentage of non- detects, spills, etc.). 5 ------- The inhalation exposure, replicate number and grade quality are listed in the third table at the bottom of each page. Section 3 is the appendix of this guide and lists the studies that went into each handler scenario. The importance of knowing which studies were used to estimate exposure can not be emphasized enough. This table is not a panacea. These estimates of exposure are very basic and may not be appropriate for every situation. The reviewer should always be familiar with the studies that were used in his or her analysis. In addition to the listing of studies, there are also definitions of formulations and methods of application in the appendix. PHED can often be complicated. Don=t give up! A good understanding of the database and what it can (and can=t) do is your best weapon. Enjoy Tracy Lynn Keigwin April, 1997 Revised August 1998 6 ------- SECTION 1 COMMENTS and FORMULAS for the NEW USER 7 ------- GRADING PHED SIIDIIS Each study in PHED has been graded from AA@ to AE@ according to certain QA/QC factors Data Grade % Lab Recovery ( \ - for l.ah recovery % l ield Recovery % Storage Stability Data Corrected For:*** A 90-110 #15 70-120 ** Field Recovery B 80-110 #25 50-120 ** Field Recovery C 70-120 70-120 #33 #33 30-120 or missing ** 50-120 Field Recovery D 60-120 #33 ** ** Field Recovery if available; if not then storage stability, if not then lab recovery E Does not meet above criteria * CV = Coefficient of Variation ** Does not matter if available or missing *** If a field recovery of 90% or greater is obtained, no correction of the data is necessary DATA CONFIDENCE Data confidence refers to both the quality and the amount of data for each PHED run. Each study in PHED has been graded from AA@ to AE@ according to certain Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) factors: High Confidence Run/: Grades A and B -AND- at least 15 replicates per body AB GRADE/15 Reps part. PHED runs having any combination of A or B grade data are listed as AAB grade@ data in the tables. Medium Confidence Run: Grades A, B, or C -AND- at least 15 replicates per body ABC GRADE/15 Reps part. PHED runs having any combination of A,B,and C grade data are listed as AABC grade@ data in the tables. Low Confidence Run/: Any run that includes D or E grade data - OR - has less AALL GRADE@ than 15 replicates per body part. PHED runs which include AD@ or AE@ grade data are referred to as having AALL GRADE@ data. AALL GRADE@ data are always low confidence. REPLICATES 8 ------- The term Areplicates@ refers to the number of observations for a specific body location. For example, A20 to 35 replicates@, means that the number of observations, per body location, ranges between 20 and 35. DATA CONFIDENCE AND COMMENT BOX The Comment Box discusses the grade quality, number of replicates and any items of note for a particular use scenario. For example: if the comment box lists a use scenario as ADermal = 75 to 121 replicates, AB grade. Hand = 53 replicates, AB grade. High Confidence run@ this would mean that the head, neck, upper arm, forearm, chest, back, thigh and lower leg replicates range between 75 to 121 and are of AB grade and that there are 53 hand replicates of AB grade. This would be considered a high confidence run because there are at least 15 replicates per body part of AB grade. TYPES OF CrOTHTNG ANo Clothing@ : This scenario is the most conservative estimate of exposure. Data collection is made with dosimeters/patches worn outside of all clothing. Examples of uses for this scenario might be with aerosol applications or for other residential uses. This might be a good choice when estimating exposure for a developing country where PPE are often not used. Single Layer - definition When this table refers to ASingle Layer@ it means either long sleeve shirt and long pants or coveralls. There are two types of Asingle layer@ clothing scenarios in this table: 1) Single Layer, No Gloves: This is the exposure when a handler is wearing a long sleeve shirt and pants or coveralls and no gloves. The dosimeters/patches are worn underneath one layer of permeable clothing 2) Single Layer, Gloves: This is the exposure a handler would receive when wearing a long sleeve shirt and pants or coveralls and chemical resistant gloves. The dosimeters/patches are worn underneath one layer of permeable clothing. RESIDENTIAL EXPOSURE Residential uses are not covered by the WPS (Worker Protection Standard) and the clothing worn by a homeowner will often be less protective than the PPE worn by a 9 ------- commercial applicator. Assessors should consult the Residential Exposure SOPs which discuss the estimation of residential exposure. CAB TYPES Open Cab/Cockpit:ANo cabs@ (Code 1) and enclosed cabs with windows open (Code 2). Closed Cab/Cockpit: Enclosed Cabs with windows closed (Code 3) and enclosed cabs with filtered air (Code 4). FEET PHED contains a small number of data entry errors for foot exposure. Because of this, foot exposure estimations have not been included in the estimation of Dermal Exposure. These errors will be corrected when PHED version 2.0 is released. 10 ------- CALCULATIONS Arithmetically estimated protection factors are sometimes used when data for handlers wearing the specified PPE are not available. In the following exposure mitigation table is a list of estimated protection factors (agreed to by USEPA/OPP/HED Science Peer Review Committee). These protection factors should be considered interim measures only. EXPOSURE MITIGATION TABLE PPE % reduction in exposure NOTE Long sleeve shirt and long pants or full coveralls 50% reduction in exposure to covered parts This estimate is being reviewed by EPA, Health Canada and CADPR. The percent reduction in exposure afforded by coveralls may be increased in the future. Please verify this protection factor before proceeding. As of January, 1998, HED=s policy is 50%. Chemical resistant gloves 90%) reduction in exposure to hands Dust/Mist respirator 80%o reduction in inhalation exposure Organic vapour respirator 90%o reduction in inhalation exposure Enclosed Cabs 98%o reduction in both dermal and inhalation exposure HOW TO APPLY A PROTECTION FACTOR Multiply the unit exposure for the body parts of concern (from exposure tables) by the percentage of those body parts that will still be exposed after PPE protection is applied. For instance: suppose the PHED exposure table lists the Ano glove@ hand exposure for a particular use scenario as 0.05 mg/lb ai handled, and you want to estimate hand exposure if the applicator wore gloves. From the exposure mitigation table you find that gloves provide a 90% protection factor (i.e., 10% of the hands remain unprotected). Therefore, if you multiply your Ano glove@ hand exposure (0.05 mg/lb ai handled) by the unprotected proportion of the hand (0.1) your gloved hand exposure would be 0.005 mg/lb ai handled. Examples of applying protection factors: If the estimated unit exposure is: and you want to: The arithmetically estimated exposure is: ANo glove@ hand exposure is 0.130 mg/lb ai handled estimate gloved hand exposure 0.130x0.1 =0.013 mg/lb ai handled 11 ------- Inhalation exposure = 0.023 mg/lb ai handled estimate inhalation exposure when wearing a dust-mist respirator 0.023 x 0.2 = 0.0046 mg/lb ai handled Open cab dermal exposure = 0.170 mg/lb ai handled estimate dermal exposure when using a enclosed cab 0.170x0.2 = 0.0034 mg/lb ai applied Additional layer of clothing Adding another protective layer of clothing (e.g., a second layer of clothing or coveralls) reduces exposure to relevant body parts (i.e., upper and lower body) by 50%. Therefore, in order to estimate the exposure after adding more clothing: 1) Multiply the value for the upper and lower body by 0.50. 2) Add this revised value for the upper and lower body to the columns for the head and the column for the hands to obtain the new total dermal exposure estimate. 12 ------- HOW TO ABACK CALCULATEŽ ABack-calculating@ is literally the reverse of applying a protection factor and is used when a baseline (i.e., no gloves) estimate of exposure is necessary and the data are unavailable. For example, if PHED contains monitored data for Agloved@ hand exposure as 0.005 mg/lb ai handled, and you want to estimate Ano glove@ exposure, you Aback calculateŽ by dividing the gloved exposure value by the portion of unprotected hand (10% or 0.1). Your estimated Ano glove@ exposure is then 0.05 mg/lb ai handled. Examples of Back Calculating: If the estimated unit exposure is: and you want to: The arithmetically estimated exposure is: Aglove@ hand exposure is 0.0059 mg/lb ai handled estimate Ano glove@ hand exposure 0.0059) 0.1 =0.059 mg/lb ai handled 13 ------- USING PHED UNIT EXPOSURE ESTIMATES IN YOUR EXPOSURE CALCULATIONS The estimates in this guide only provide you with the first stepping stone in estimating worker exposure. In order to estimate average daily dose, average annual daily dose and lifetime average daily dose, you will need to use your PHED unit exposure estimates in the equations listed below. Assessors should characterize the dose as either "potential" or "absorbed" depending upon the use of dermal absorption data. For more details on exposure and risk calculations, readers should refer to Series 875, Group B, Part D. Average Daily Dose (ADD) = Dermal Exposure (THED Unit Exposure) (maximum label rate) (max acres treated/day-) (% dermal absorption*') 60 or 70 kg body weight** Inhalation Exposure (THED Unit Exposure) (maximum label rate) (max acres treated/day-) flmg/lOOO ug) (% inhalation absorption) 60 or 70 kg body weight** Do Not multiply by the dermal absorption if your NOEL is based on a dermal study. A 60 kg body weight is used when calculating daily exposure if there are developmental toxicity concerns, otherwise, a 70 kg body weight is used. 14 ------- SECTION 2 EXPOSURE TABLES 15 ------- SCENARIO 1. DRY FLOW ABLE, OPEN MIXING and LOADING (MLOD) Dermal Exposure (lolhinu Scenario No Clothing Single Layer, No Gloves Single Layer, Gloves I lend aiicl Neck mm Ih ;ii kindled) 0.0186 0.0186 0.0186 + I pper and I .ower Arm. Cliesl. liack. Tliiuh and Lower l.eu dim lb ;n hnndlcdi 1.05 0.0382 0.0382 + I land (nm Ih ;n lundled) 0.00952 0.00952 0.0097 TOTAL Dermal Lxposure (inu Ih ;n lundled) 1.1 0.066 0.066 Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/hems of Note No Clothes Dermal = 16 - 19 replicates, AB grade. Hand = 7 replicates, AB grade. Low Confidence due to the small number of hand replicates. Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal = 16-26 replicates, AB grade. Hand = 7 replicates, AB grade. Low Confidence due to the small number of hand replicates. Single Layer, Gloves Dermal = 16-26 replicates, AB grade. Hand = 21 replicates, AB grade. NOTE: this run has a lot of non-detects for the glove exposure values. High Confidence Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence 0.77 (j,g/lb ai handled . Replicates = 23, AB grade. High Confidence 16 ------- SCENARIO 2. GRANULAR, OPEN MIXING and LOADING (MLOD) Dermal Exposure Clothing Scenario No Clothing Single Layer, No Gloves Single Layer, Gloves Coveralls over Single Layer, Gloves I lend mill Neck dim Ih ;n kindled I 0.00130 0.00130 0.00130 0.00130 + I pper mill Lower Arm. Cliesl. liack. Tliiuli mill I .ower I .eg (nm Ih ;u kindled) 0.0285 0.00523 0.00523 0.00174 + I land mm Ih ;ii kindled) 0.00184 0.00184 0.000345 0.000345 TOTAL Dermal Kxposurc mm Ih ;n kindled) 0.032 0.0084 0.0069 0.0034 Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/hems of Note No Clothes Dermal replicates = 25 - 59, ABC grade. Hand =10 replicates, All grade. Low Confidence due to the poor grade quality of the hand replicates and low replicate number. Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 33 - 78, ABC grade. Hand = 10 replicates, All grade. Low Confidence due to the poor grade quality of the hand replicates and low replicate number. Single Layer,Gloves Dermal replicates = 33 - 78, ABC grade. Hand = 45 replicates, AB grade. Medium Confidence Coveralls over Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 12 - 59, ABC grade. Hand = 45 replicates, AB grade. Low Confidence due to the low replicate number for many body parts. Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence 1.7 (j,g/lb ai handled. 58 replicates, AB grade. High Confidence 17 ------- SCENARIO 3. ALL LIQUIDS, OPEN MIXING and LOADING (MLOD) Dermal Exposure Clolhinu Scenario No Clothing Single Layer, No Gloves Single Layer, Gloves I lend aiicl Neck mm Ih ;ii kindled) 0.00527 0.00527 0.00527 + I pper and Lower Arm. Chest. Iiack. Thiuh aiicl I .ouer I .eg (m.u Ih ;ii kindled) 0.301 0.0110 0.0110 + I kind dim lh ;n hnndlcdi 2.84 2.840 0.00671 TOTAL Dermal Hxposure dim lh ;ii hnndlcdi 3.1 2.9 0.023 Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/hems of Note No Clothes Dermal = 75 to 122 replicates, AB grade. Hand = 53 replicates, AB grade. High Confidence Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal = 72 to 122 replicates, AB grade. Hand = 53 replicates, AB grade. High Confidence Single Layer, Gloves Dermal = 72 to 122 replicates, AB grade. Hand = 59 replicates, AB grade. High Confidence Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence 1.2 (j,g/lb ai handled. Replicates = 85, AB grade. High Confidence 18 ------- SCENARIO 4. WETTABLE POWDER, OPEN MIXING and LOADING (MLOD) Dermal Exposure Clolhinu Scenario No Clothing Single Layer, No Gloves Single Layer, Gloves I lend aiicl Neck mm Ih ;ii kindled I 0.0776 0.0776 0.0776 + I pper and Lower Arm. Chest. Iiack. Thiuh aiicl I .ower I .eg (inu Ih ;ii kindled) 3.06 0.0760 0.0760 + I kind nnu lh ;n linndledi 3.56 3.560 0.0138 TOTAL Dermal Hxposure dim lh ;ii linndledi 6.7 3.7 0.17 Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/hems of Note No Clothes Dermal replicates = 14-24, ABC grade. Hand replicates = 7, ABC grade. Low Confidence due to the low number of hand replicates (There were additional AD@ and AE@ grade hand replicates but hand exposure would have been reduced significantly and the data confidence would still have been quite low). Additionally, all the body parts did not have at least 15 replicates. Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 22-45, ABC grade. Hand replicates = 7, ABC grade. Low Confidence due to the low number of hand replicates (There were additional AD@ and AE@ grade hand replicates but hand exposure would have been reduced significantly and the data confidence would still have been quite low). Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 22-45, ABC grade. Hand replicates = 24, ABC grade. Medium Confidence Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence 43.4239 (j,g/lb ai handled. 44 replicates, ABC grade. Medium Confidence 19 ------- SCENARIO 5. WETTABLE POWDER, WATER SOLUBLE BAGS (MLOD) Dermal Exposure Clolhinu Scenario No Clothing Single Layer, No Gloves Single Layer, Gloves I lend aiicl Neck mm Ih ;ii kindled) 0.00147 0.00147 0.00147 + I pper and Lower Arm. Chest. Iiack. Thiuh aiicl I .ower I .eg (m.u Ih ;ii kindled) 0.0260 0.00827 0.00827 + I kind dim lh ;n hnndlcdi 0.0112 0.0112 0.0000625 TOTAL Dermal Hxposure dim lh ;ii hnndlcdi 0.039 0.021 0.0098 Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/hems of Note No Clothes Dermal replicates = 6 - 15, AB grade. Hand replicates = 5, AB grade. Low Confidence due to the low replicate number per body part. Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 6 - 15, AB grade. Hand replicates = 5, AB grade. Low Confidence due to the low replicate number per body part. Additionally, this run is based largely on non-detects. Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 6 - 15, AB grade. Hand replicates = 9, All grade. Low Confidence due to the low replicate number per body part. Additionally, this run is based largely on non-detects (e.g., all gloved data are nondetect). Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence 0.24 (j,g/lb ai handled. Replicates =15, All grade. Low Confidence (all grade data) 20 ------- SCENARIO 6. ALL LIQUIDS, CLOSED MIXING and LOADING (MLOD) Dermal Exposure Clolhinu Scenario No Clothing Single Layer, No Gloves Single Layer, Gloves I lend aiicl Neck mm Ih ;ii kindled I 0.000924 0.00126 0.00126 + I pper and Lower Arm. Chest. Iiack. Thiuh aiicl I .ower I .eg (inu Ih ;ii kindled) 0.0330 0.00564 0.00564 + I kind nnu lh ;n linndledi No Data No Data 0.00168 TOTAL Dermal Hxposure dim lh ;ii linndledi See Note (below) See Note (below) 0.0086 Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/hems of Note No Clothes Dermal = 14 to 40 replicates, All grade. Hand = 0 replicates. Low Confidence due to the lack of Ano glove@ hand replicates. The reviewer will need to back calculate the gloved hand value and add this estimate to the Ano clothes@ scenario to estimate Total Dermal Exposure. Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal = 16 to 22 replicates, AB grade. Hand = 0 replicates. Low Confidence due to the lack of Ano glove@ hand replicates. The reviewer will need to back calculate the gloved hand value and add this estimate to the Asingle layer, no gloves@ scenario to estimate Total Dermal Exposure. Single Layer, Gloves Dermal = 16 to 22 replicates, AB grade. Hand = 31 replicates, AB grade. High Confidence Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence 0.083 (j,g/lb ai handled. Replicates = 27, AB grade. High Confidence 21 ------- SCENARIO 7. AERIAL-FIXED WING/Enclosed Cockpit/Liquid Application (APPL) Dermal Exposure Clolhinu Scenario No Clothing Single Layer, No Gloves Single Layer, Gloves I lend aiicl Neck mm Ih ;ii kindled) 0.000156 0.000156 0.000156 + I pper and Lower Arm. Chest. Iiack. Thiuh aiicl I .ower I .eg (m.u Ih ;ii kindled) 0.00174 0.00174 0.00174 + I kind dim lh ;n hnndlcdi 0.00311 0.00311 0.000287 TOTAL Dermal Hxposure dim lh ;ii hnndlcdi 0.0050 0.0050 0.0022 Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/hems of Note No Clothes Dermal replicates = 20 to 28, AB grade. Hand replicates = 34, AB grade. High Confidence Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 24 to 48, ABC grade. Hand replicates = 34, AB grade. Medium Confidence Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 24 to 48, ABC grade. Hand replicates = 7, All grade. Low Confidence due to inadequate hand number and poor grade quality. Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence 0.068 (j,g/lb ai handled. 23 replicates, ABC grade. Medium Confidence 22 ------- SCENARIO 8. AERIAL-FIXED WING/Enclosed Cockpit/Granular Application (APPL) Dermal Exposure Clothing Scenario No Clothing Single Layer, No Gloves Single Layer, Gloves I lend iiml Neck (inu Ih ;n kindled i 0.000355 0.000355 0.000355 + I pper ii ml I .ower Arm. Chest. Buck. Thigh and I .ower I .eg (II1U Ih III lllllltllcdl 0.00398 0.00125 0.00125 + I land dim lh ;ii luindlcdi 0.0000735 0.0000735 0.0000756 TOTAL Dermal Lxposure dim lh ;n kindled) 0.0044 0.0017 0.0017 Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/hems of Note No Clothes Dermal replicates = 9 to 13, C grade. Hand replicates = 4, All grade. Low Confidence due to inadequate replicate number and poor grade quality. Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 0 to 13, C grade. Hand replicates = 4, All grade. Low Confidence due to inadequate replicate number and poor grade quality. The lower body (thighs and lower legs) were not monitored. All other body parts, including feet, are represented by 9 to 13 observations (only 7 of 103 dermal samples (including hands) are nondetect). Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 0 to 13, C grade. Hand replicates = 9, All grade. Low Confidence due to inadequate replicate number and poor grade quality. The lower body (thighs and lower legs) were not monitored. All other body parts, including feet, are represented by 9 to 13 observations (only 7 of 103 dermal samples (including hands) are nondetect). Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence 1.3 (j,g/lb ai handled. 13 replicates, All grade. Low Confidence due to the low replicate number and poor grade quality. 23 ------- SCENARIO 9. ROTARY (Helicopter) APPLICATION, ENCLOSED COCKPIT (APPL) Dermal Exposure Clolhinu Scenario No Clothing Single Layer, No Gloves Single Layer, Gloves I lend aiicl Neck mm Ih ;ii kindled) 0.000156 0.000156 0.000156 + I pper and Lower Arm. Chest. Iiack. Thiuh aiicl I .ouer I .eg (m.u Ih ;ii kindled) No Data 0.00174 0.00174 + I land dim lh ;n hnndlcdi 0.0000512 0.0000512 0.0000446 TOTAL Dermal Hxposure dim lh ;ii hnndlcdi See Note (below) 0.0019 0.0019 Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/hems of Note No Clothes Dermal replicates = 0 to 3, C grade. Hand replicates = 1, A grade. Extremely Low Confidence due to inadequate dermal and hand replicates. Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 3, C grade. Hand replicates = 2, A grade. Extremely Low Confidence due to inadequate dermal and hand replicates. Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 3, C grade. Hand replicates = 1, A grade. Extremely Low Confidence due to inadequate dermal and hand replicates. Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence 0.0018 (j,g/lb ai handled. Replicates = 3, A grade. Low Confidence due to inadequate replicate number. Note: All dermal (excluding hands) samples are nondetect (LOQ - 0.01 (j,g/cm2). All hand and airborne samples are above the LOQ. The policy of the Exposure Science Advisory Committee (EXPO SAC) is not to quantify this scenario in risk assessment using these unit exposures because there are insufficient data points. 24 ------- Dermal Exposure SCENARIO 10. AEROSOL APPLICATION (APPL) Clolhinu Scenario No Clothing Single Layer, No Gloves Single Layer, Gloves I lend aiicl Neck mm Ih ;ii kindled) 45.5 45.5 45.5 + I pper and Lower Arm. Chest. Iiack. Thiuh aiicl I .ouer I .eg (inu Ih ;ii kindled) 327 35.4 35.4 + I kind (111u Ih ;n hnndlcdi 106 106 0.532 TOTAL Dermal Hxposure dim Ih ;ii hnndlcdi 480 190 Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/hems of Note No Clothes Dermal replicates = 15, AB grade. Hand replicates = 15, Grade A. High Confidence Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 15, AB grade. Hand replicates = 15, Grade A. High Confidence Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 15, AB grade. Hand replicates = 15, Grade A. High Confidence Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence 1,300 (j,g/lb ai handled. 15 replicates, AB grade. High Confidence Note: Although the unit exposure appears higher, the values are normalized by lb ai applied. The amount of ai applied per replicate was only 0.01 lb ai (one aerosol can). This scenario represents an insecticide crack/crevice treatment. 25 ------- SCENARIO 11. AIRBLAST APPLICATION, OPEN CAB (APPL) Dermal Exposure Clolhinu Scenario No Clothing Single Layer, No Gloves Single Layer, Gloves I lend aiicl Neck (i 11 u Ih ;il kindled) 0.197 0.197 0.197 + I pper and Lower Arm. Chest. Iiack. Thiuh aiicl I .ower I .eg (m.u Ih ;n kindled) 1.86 0.0421 0.0421 + I kind dim Ih ;n h;indlcdi 0.123 0.123 0.00243 TOTAL Dermal Hxposure dim Ih ;ii li;indlcdi 2.2 0.36 0.24 Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/hems of Note No Clothes Dermal replicates = 33 to 44, AB grade. Hand replicates = 22 replicates, AB grade. High Confidence Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 32 to 49, AB grade. Hand replicates = 22 replicates, AB grade. High Confidence Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 31 to 48, AB grade. Hand replicates =18 replicates, AB grade. High Confidence Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence 4.5 (j,g/lb ai handled. 47 replicates, AB grade. High Confidence Note: The three turf airblast replicates (golf course) are not included in this scenario. Only tree crops and grapes are included. 26 ------- SCENARIO 12. AIRBLAST APPLICATION, ENCLOSED CAB (APPL) Dermal Exposure Clolhinu Scenario No Clothing Single Layer, No Gloves Single Layer, Gloves I lend aiicl Neck (i 11 u Ih ;il kindled) 0.00418 0.00418 0.00418 + I pper and Lower Arm. Chest. Iiack. Thiuh aiicl I .ower I .eg (m.u Ih ;n kindled) 0.0450 0.00186 0.00186 + I kind dim Ih ;n h;indlcdi No Data No Data 0.0129 TOTAL Dermal Hxposure dim Ih ;ii li;indlcdi See Note (below) See Note (below) 0.019 Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/llems of Note No Clothes Dermal replicates = 20, AB grade. Hand replicates = 0. Low Confidence due to the lack of Ano glove@ replicates. The only way to estimate Ano glove@ hand exposure is to back-calculate from the gloved hand value. Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 20 to 30, AB grade. Hand replicates = 0. Low Confidence due to the lack of Ano glove@ replicates. NOTE: Although not surprising for an enclosed cab scenario, there are a high number of non-detects for this scenario. The only way to estimate Ano glove@ hand exposure is to back-calculate from the gloved hand value. Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 20 to 30, AB grade. Hand replicates = 20, AB grade. NOTE: Although not surprising for an enclosed cab scenario, there are a large number of non-detects for this scenario. High Confidence Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence 0.45 (j,g/lb ai handled. 9 replicates, ABC grade. Low Confidence (less than 15 replicates) 27 ------- SCENARIO 13. GROUNDBOOM APPLICATION, OPEN CAB (APPL) Dermal Exposure Clolhinu Scenario No Clothing Single Layer, No Gloves Single Layer, Gloves I lend aiicl Neck mm Ih ;ii kindled) 0.00161 0.00161 0.00161 + I pper and Lower Arm. Chest. Iiack. Thiuh aiicl I .ower I .eg (m.u Ih ;ii kindled) 0.0381 0.00612 0.00612 + I kind dim lh ;n hnndlcdi 0.00650 0.00650 0.00629 TOTAL Dermal Hxposure dim lh ;ii kindled) 0.046 0.014 0.014 Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/hems of Note No Clothes Dermal replicates = 17 to 33, AB grade. Hand replicates = 29, AB grade. High Confidence Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 23 to 42, AB grade. Hand replicates = 29, AB grade. The neck location is limited to 23 observations; the next lowest number of observations is 32. High Confidence Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 23 to 42, AB grade. Hand replicates = 21, ABC grade. The neck location is limited to 23 observations; the next lowest number of observations is 32. Medium Confidence Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence 0.74 (j,g/lb ai handled. 22 replicates, AB grade. High Confidence 28 ------- SCENARIO 14. GROUNDBOOM APPLICATION, ENCLOSED CAB (APPL) Dermal Exposure Clolhinu Scenario No Clothing Single Layer, No Gloves Single Layer, Gloves I lend aiicl Neck mm Ih ;ii kindled) 0.000171 0.000171 0.000171 + I pper and Lower Arm. Chest. Iiack. Thiuh aiicl I .ower I .eg (m.u Ih ;ii kindled) 0.00933 0.00401 0.00401 + I kind dim lh ;n hnndlcdi 0.000836 0.000836 0.0009 TOTAL Dermal Hxposure dim lh ;ii hnndlcdi 0.010 0.0050 0.0051 Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/hems of Note No Clothes Dermal replicates = 13 to 26, ABC grade. Hand replicates =16, ABC grade. Low Confidence due to the low number of replicates per body part. Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 20 to 31, ABC grade. Hand replicates = 16, ABC grade. Medium Confidence Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 20 to 31, ABC grade. Hand replicates =12, All grade. Low Confidence due to the grades and small number of hand replicates. Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence 0.043 (j,g/lb ai handled. 16 replicates, AB grade. High Confidence 29 ------- SCENARIO 15. SOLID BROADCAST SPREADER APPLICATION/ OPEN CAB, AG USES (APPL) Dermal Exposure Clolhinu Scenario No Clothing Single Layer, No Gloves Single Layer, Gloves I lend aiicl Neck mm Ih ;ii kindled I 0.000863 0.000863 0.000863 + I pper and Lower Arm. Chest. Iiack. Thiuh aiicl I .ower I .eg (m.u Ih ;ii kindled) 0.0354 0.00603 0.00603 + I kind dim lh ;n kindled) 0.00304 0.00304 No Data TOTAL Dermal Hxposure dim lh ;ii kindled) 0.039 0.0099 See Note (below) Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note Clothing Scenario Data Conlldence/hems of Note No Clothes Dermal Replicates = 1 to 5, AB grade. Hand replicates = 5, AB grade. Low Confidence due to inadequate replicate number. Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal Replicates = 1 to 5, AB grade. Hand replicates = 5, AB grade. Low Confidence due to inadequate replicate number. Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 1 to 5, AB grade. Hand replicates = 0. Low Confidence due to inadequate replicate number. NOTE: Gloved hand replicates are unavailable for this exposure scenario. The onlv way to estimate gloved hand exposure is to reduce the Ano glove@ hand value by 90% and add this value to columns A and B. Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence 1.2 (j,g/lb ai handled 5 replicates, AB grade. Low Confidence due to the low replicate number. 30 ------- SCENARIO 16. SOLID BROADCAST SPREADER APPLICATION/ENCLOSED CAB, AG USES (APPL) Dermal Exposure Clolhinu Scenario No Clothing Single Layer, No Gloves Single Layer, Gloves I lend aiicl Neck mm Ih ;ii kindled I 0.000156 0.000156 0.000156 + I pper and Lower Arm. Chest. Iiack. Thiuh aiicl I .ower I .eg (m.u Ih ;ii kindled) 0.00174 0.00174 0.00174 + I kind dim lh ;n kindled) 0.000212 0.000212 0.0000606 TOTAL Dermal Hxposure dim lh ;ii kindled) 0.0021 0.0021 0.0020 Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/hems of Note No Clothes Dermal replicates = 2 to 27 AB grade. Hand replicates = 24, AB grade. Low Confidence due to inadequate replicate number. The majority of the body parts are represented by only 2 replicates. Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 2 to 30, AB grade. Hand replicates = 24, AB grade. High Confidence due to inadequate replicate number. The neck data are limited to 2 observations, otherwise, the replicates range from 27 to 30 for dermal (non-hand). Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 2 to 30, AB grade. Hand replicates = 17, AB grade. High Confidence due to inadequate replicate number. The neck data are limited to 2 observations, otherwise, the replicates range from 27 to 30 for dermal (non-hand). Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence 0.2201 (j,g/lb ai handled. 37 replicates, AB grade. High Confidence Note: Application equipment includes drop-type spreaders and row planters. 31 ------- SCENARIO 17. GRANULAR BAIT DISPERSED BY HAND (APPL) Dermal Exposure Clolhinu Scenario No Clothing Single Layer, No Gloves Single Layer, Gloves I lend aiicl Neck mm Ih ;ii kindled) 5.67 5.67 5.67 + I pper and Lower Arm. Chest. Iiack. Thiuh aiicl I .ower I .eg (m.u Ih ;ii kindled) 71.8 62.0 62.0 + I kind dim lh ;n hnndlcdi No Data No Data 3.61 TOTAL Dermal Hxposure dim lh ;ii hnndlcdi See Note (Below) See Note (Below) 71 Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/hems of Note No Clothes Dermal replicates =16, ABC grade. Hand replicates = 0. Low Confidence due to lack of Ano glove@ replicates for this use scenario. The only way to estimate Ano glove@ hand exposure is to back- calculate the gloved estimate. Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates =16, ABC grade. Hand replicates = 0. Low Confidence due to lack of Ano glove@ replicates for this use scenario. The only way to estimate Ano glove@ hand exposure is to back- calculate the gloved estimate. Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates =16, ABC grade. Hand replicates =15, ABC grade. Medium Confidence Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence 470 jag/lb ai handled. 16 replicates, ABC grade. Medium Confidence Note: The 15 hand replicates are all nondetect (LOQ = 41 Og). 32 ------- SCENARIO 18. LOW PRESSURE HANDWAND APPLICATION (APPL) Dermal Exposure Clothing Scenario No Clothing Single Layer, No Gloves Single Layer, Gloves I lend and Neck (inu Ih ;n kindled) 1.09 1.09 1.09 + I pper and I .ower Arm. Chest, liack. Thigh aiicl I .ower I .eg mm Ih ;n lundlcd i 18.5 5.97 5.97 + I kind mm Ih ;ii bundled i 4.92 4.92 0.0160 TOTAL Dermal Kxposurc i niu Ih ;ii lundled) 25 12 Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/I (ems of Note No Clothes Dermal replicates = 13, C grade. Hand replicates = 9, B,C grade. Low Confidence due to inadequate replicate number. Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 13, C grade. Hand replicates = 9, B,C grade. Low Confidence due to inadequate replicate number. Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 13, C grade. Hand replicates = 4, B,C grade. Low Confidence due to inadequate replicate number. Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence 940 jag/lb ai applied. 13 replicates, ABC grade. Low Confidence due to inadequate replicate number. NOTE: In most instances, the same individual would be responsible for mixing/loading and applying using a low pressure handwand sprayer. Therefore, the exposures from Scenario 32 (i.e., low pressure handwand mixer/loader/applicator) are more appropriate. 33 ------- SCENARIO 19. HIGH PRESSURE HANDWAND APPLICATION (APPL) Dermal Exposure Clothing Scenario No Clothing Single Layer, No Gloves Single Layer, Gloves I lend iiml Neck (inu Ih ;n kindled i 0.0836 0.0836 0.0836 + I pper ii ml I .ower Arm. Chest. Buck. Thigh and I .ower I .eg dim Ih ;n bundled i 12.2 0.550 0.550 + I land dim lh ;ii kindled i 1.16 1.16 0.00625 TOTAL Dermal Lxposure dim lh ;n linndledi 13 1.8 0.64 Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note Clothing Scenario Data Conlldence/hems of Note No Clothes Dermal Replicates = 9 to 11, All grade. Hand replicates = 2, All grade. Low Confidence due inadequate replicate number and poor grade quality. Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal Replicates = 9 to 11, All grade. Hand replicates = 2, All grade. Low Confidence due inadequate replicate number and poor grade quality. Single Layer, Gloves Dermal Replicates = 9 to 11, All grade. Hand replicates = 9, All grade. Low Confidence due inadequate replicate number and poor grade quality. Additionally, the gloved hand values are based primarily on non-detects. Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence 79 jag/lb ai handled. 11 replicates, All grade. Low Confidence due to low replicate number and poor grade quality. Note: Monitoring included applications to poultry manure indoors (n = 9) and to weeds and brush (n = 2) outdoors. All replicates applied a pesticide at 200 psi. 34 ------- SCENARIO 20. BACKPACK APPLICATION (APPL) Dermal Exposure Clolhinu Scenario No Clothing Single Layer, No Gloves Single Layer, Gloves I lend ancl Neck mm Ih ;n kindled) 9.78 9.78 9.78 + I pper ancl I .ouer Arm. Chest, liack. Tliiuh and I .ouer I .eu (in.u Ih ;n bundled i 394 No Data No Data + I land dim Ih ;ii kindled) 276 276 No Data TOTAL Dermal Kxposure dim Ih ;n kindled) 680 See Note (below) See Note (below) Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/lleins of Note No Clothes Dermal replicates = 69, AB grade. Hand replicates = 60, AB grade. High Confidence Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 69. AB arade (head and neck onlv) . Hand replicates = 60. AB arade. Low Confidence due to absence of dermal replicates. A protection factor may be applied to estimate the protection afforded by one layer of clothing. Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 69. AB arade (head and neck onlv). Hand replicates = 0. Low Confidence due to the absence of both dermal and hand replicates. A protection factor may be applied to estimate the protection afforded by one layer of clothing and gloves. Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence 330 jag/lb ai handled. 40 replicates, AB grade. High Confidence NOTE: Many of the studies used in this PHED scenario have used different application practices than in the United States (i.e., broadcast application in tea, rubber). This has lead to a potential over estimate of exposure for a typical spot treatment. The reviewer should pull the PHED studies (see appendix) and review them to see if the application procedures are acceptable. In most instances, the same individual would be responsible for mixing/loading and applying using a backpack sprayer. Therefore, the exposures from Scenario 34 (i.e., backpack mixer/loader/applicator) are more appropriate. 35 ------- SCENARIO 21. HAND GUN (LAWN) SPRAYER (APPL) Dermal Exposure Clolhinu Scenario No Clothing Single Layer, No Gloves Single Layer, Gloves I lend aiicl Neck mm Ih ;ii kindled) No Data No Data No Data + I pper and Lower Arm. Chest. Iiack. Thiuh and I .ouer I .eg (m.u Ih ;n kindled) No Data No Data 0.290 + I land dim lh ;n hnndlcdi No Data No Data 0.0480 TOTAL Dermal Hxposure dim lh ;ii hnndlcdi No Data No Data 0.34 Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/hems of Note No Clothes No Data Single Layer, No Gloves No Data Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 0 to 14, C grade. Hand replicates = 14, C grade. Low Confidence Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence 1.4 Og/lb ai handled. Replicates = 14, B grade. Low Confidence 36 ------- SCENARIO 22. PAINTBRUSH APPLICATION (APPL) Dermal Exposure Clothing Scenario No Clothing Single Layer, No Gloves Single Layer, Gloves I lend and Neck (inu Ih ;n kindled) 2.46 2.46 2.46 + I pper and I .ouer Arm. Chest, liack. Thigh and I .ouer I .eg mm Ih ;n kindled) 78.7 3.81 3.81 + I land mm Ih ;ii kindled) 175 175 No Data TOTAL Dermal Hxposure i niu Ih ;ii lundled) 260 180 See Note (Below) Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/hems of Note No Clothes Dermal replicates = 14 to 15, C grade. Hand replicates = 15, AB grade. Low to Medium Confidence due to inadequate replicate number. All body parts are represented by 15 replicates except for the forearms (n = 14). Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 14 to 15, C grade. Hand replicates =15, AB grade. Low Confidence due to inadequate replicate number. All body parts are represented by 15 replicates except for the forearms (n = 14). Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 14 to 15, C grade. Hand replicates = 0. Low Confidence due to inadequate replicate number. All body parts are represented by 15 replicates except for the forearms (n = 14). Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence 280 jag/lb ai handled. 15 replicates, C grade. Medium Confidence NOTE: PHED VI. 1 incorrectly lists the amount of active ingredient handled. The correct lb ai handled for replicates 0467 CC, DD, EE, FF, GG, HH, JJ, KK, LL, MM, and NN is 0.0510 lb ai, not 0.0253 lb ai. The exposure estimates in this table represent the recalculated (correct) values. 37 ------- SCENARIO 23. AIRLESS SPRAYER (EXTERIOR HOUSE STAIN) APPLICATION (APPL) Dermal Exposure Clolhinu Scenario No Clothing Single Layer, No Gloves Single Layer, Gloves I lend aiicl Neck mm Ih ;ii kindled I 10.2 10.2 10.2 + I pper and Lower Arm. Chest. Iiack. Thiuh aiicl I .ouer I .eu (m.u Ih ;ii kindled) 77.7 1.47 1.47 + I kind dim lh ;n kindled) 26.7 26.7 No Data TOTAL Dermal Hxposure dim lh ;ii hnndlcdi 110 38 See Note (below) Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/hems of Note No Clothes Dermal replicates = 15, B grade. Hand replicates = 15, B grade. High Confidence Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 15, B grade. Hand replicates = 15, B grade. High Confidence Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 15, B grade. Hand replicates = 0. Low Confidence due to lack of hand replicates. The reviewer will need to add a 90% protection factor to the Ano gloved@ hand value and add this estimate to the Asingle layer, gloves@ scenario to estimate Total Dermal Exposure. Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence 830 jag/lb ai handled. 15 replicates, C grade. Medium Confidence NOTE: There is only one study in PHED Version 1.1 that estimates airless sprayer exposure (study 0467). The reviewer is urged to pull study 0467 and see if it matches his or her parameters. 38 ------- SCENARIO 24. RIGHT-OF-WAY SPRAYER APPLICATION (APPL) Dermal Exposure Clolhinu Scenario No Clothing Single Layer, No Gloves Single Layer, Gloves I lend aiicl Neck mm Ih ;ii kindled) 0.175 0.175 0.175 + I pper and Lower Arm. Chest. Iiack. Thiuh and I .ower I .eg (m.u Ih ;n kindled) 0.850 0.210 0.210 + I kind dim lh ;n hnndlcdi 0.878 0.878 0.00954 TOTAL Dermal Hxposure dim lh ;ii hnndlcdi 1.9 1.3 0.39 Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/hems of Note No Clothes Dermal replicates = 4-5, ABC grade. Hand replicates =16, AB grade. Low Confidence due to lack of dermal replicates. Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 4-20, ABCgrade. Hand replicates =16, AB grade. Low Confidence due to lack of dermal replicates. Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 4-20, ABC grade. Hand replicates = 4, AB grade. Low Confidence due to lack of dermal and hand replicates. Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence 3.9 (j,g/lb ai handled. 16 replicates, A grade. High Confidence 39 ------- SCENARIO 25. FLAGGER/LIQUID (FLAG) Dermal Exposure Clolhinu Scenario No Clothing Single Layer, No Gloves Single Layer, Gloves 11 end and Neck mm Ih ;ii kindled) 0.00568 0.00663 0.00663 + I pper and Lower Arm. Chesl. Iiack. Thigh and I .ouer 1 .eg (m.u Ih ;n kindled) 0.0444 0.00174 0.00174 + I land dim lh ;n hnndlcdi 0.00272 0.00272 0.00313 TOTAL Dermal Hxposure dim lh ;ii hnndlcdi 0.053 0.011 0.012 Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/hems of Note No Clothes Dermal = 17 to 57 replicates, ABC grade. Hand = 30 replicates, AB grade. Medium Confidence Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal = 18 to 28 replicates, AB grade. Hand = 30 replicates, AB grade. High Confidence Single Layer, Gloves Dermal = 18 to 28 replicates, AB grade. Hand = 6 replicates, AB grade. Low Confidence due to the small number of hand replicates. Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence INHALATION EXPOSURE: 0.35 (J,g/lb ai applied. 28 replicates, AB grade. High Confidence Note: Data are pooled from both the flagger in the treatment area and on the perimeter of the treatment area. 40 ------- Dermal Exposure SCENARIO 26. FLAGGER/GRANULE (FLAG) TOTAL Dermal Lxposure (inu Ih ;ii kindled) 0.0050 See Note (below) See Note (below) Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/hems of Note No Clothes Dermal = 16 to 20 replicates, ABC grade. Hand = 4 replicates, all grade. Low Confidence due to the inadequate hand replicate number and poor grade quality. Single Layer, No Gloves Replicates = NA. There are no data to estimate Asingle layer@ or Agloved@ exposure. The only way to obtain a rough estimate of Asingle layer@ and/or Aglove@ exposure is to apply a protection factor to the "no clothing" or "no glove" values. Single Layer, Gloves Replicates = NA. There are no data to estimate Asingle layer@ or Agloved@ exposure. The only way to obtain a rough estimate of Asingle layer@ and/or Aglove@ exposure is to apply a protection factor to the "no clothing" or "no glove" values. Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence INHALATION EXPOSURE: 0.15 (J,g/lb ai handled. 4 replicates, E grade. Low Confidence due to the inadequate inhalation replicate number and poor grade quality. Clolliinu Scenario No Clothing Single Layer, No Gloves Single Layer, Gloves I lead and Neck mm Ih ;ii kindled I 0.000440 0.000440 0.000440 + I pper and Lower Arm. Clicsl. Iiack. Thigh and Lower I.eg (nm Ih ;n kindled) 0.00458 No Data No Data + I land dim Ih ;n kindled) 0.0000219 0.0000219 No Data 41 ------- SCENARIO 27. WETTABLE POWDER or LIQUID/OPEN POUR/AIRBLAST/OPEN CAB (MLAP) Dermal Exposure Clolhinu Scenario No Clothing Single Layer, No Gloves Single Layer, Gloves I lend and Neck (inu Ih ;n kindled) 1.04 1.04 1.04 + I pper and I .ouer Arm. Chest. liack. Tliiuh and I .ower I ,eu mm Ih ;il bundled) 17.9 No Data No Data + I land mm Ih ;ii bundled i 7.25 7.25 No Data TOTAL Dermal Lxposure mm Ih ;n kindled) 26 See Note (below) See Note (below) Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/hems of Note No Clothes Dermal replicates = 6 to 8, AB grade. Hand = 2 replicates, AB grade. This is a Low Confidence due to the extremely inadequate replicate number. Single Layer, No Gloves Replicates = NA. There are too many body parts with AO" observations. The only way to obtain a rough estimate of Asingle layer@ and/or Aglove@ exposure is to apply a protection factor to the "no clothing" or "no glove" values. Single Layer, Gloves Replicates = NA. There are too many body parts with AO" observations. The only way to obtain a rough estimate of Asingle layer@ and/or Aglove@ exposure is to apply a protection factor to the "no clothing" or "no glove" values. Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence INHALATION EXPOSURE: 21 j_ig/lb ai handled. 8 replicates, AB grade. Low Confidence due to the inadequate inhalation replicate number SPECIAL ITEMS OF NOTE FOR THIS USE SCENARIO: This use scenario includes both wettable powder replicates and liquid replicates in the Mixing/Loading portion of this analysis. This was only done because of the extremely limited number of replicates for this use scenario. This is not a recommended subsetting practice (under normal circumstances the formulation for the mixing/loading portion should have been wettable powder or liquid, but never the two combined). This is an extremely Low 42 ------- Confidence use scenario. The reviewer is advised to take the separate M/L value for liquid or wettable powder and the separate applicator exposure value for airblast and add them together. 43 ------- Dermal Exposure SCENARIO 28. LIQUID/OPEN POUR/GROUNDBOOM/OPEN CAB (MLAP) Clolhinu Scenario No Clothing Single Layer, No Gloves Single Layer, Gloves Protective overalls over single layer gloves I lead and Neck dim lb ;n li;iikIlot)) 0.0314 0.0276 0.0276 0.0276 + I pper and I .ouer Arm. Chesl. Back. Tliiuh and I .ouer I .eu i mu Ih ;n kindled) 0.524 0.0225 0.0225 0.00207 + I land mm 111 ;il kindled) 0.321 0.321 0.00654 0.00654 TOTAL Dermal Hxposure (niu lh ;n kindled) 0.88 0.37 0.057 0.036 Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note No Clothes Dermal = 16 to 36, AB grade. Hand = 29 replicates, ABC grade. Medium Confidence Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal = 17 to 67, ABC grade. Hand = 29 replicates, ABC grade. Medium Confidence Single Layer, Gloves Dermal = 17 to 67, ABC grade. Hand = 32 replicates, AB grade. Medium Confidence Protective overalls over single layer gloves Dermal = 7 to 67, ABC grade. Hand = 32 replicates, AB grade. Low Confidence due to inadequate replicate number. Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence INHALATION EXPOSURE: 1.3 (j,g/lb ai handled. 26 replicates, AB grade. High Confidence 44 ------- SCENARIO 29. LIQUID or DRY FLOWABLE/OPEN POUR/GROUNDBOOM/ENCLOSED CAB (MLAP) Dermal Exposure Clothing Scenario No Clothing Single Layer, No Gloves Single Layer, Gloves I lend iiml Neck dim Ih ;n kindled i 0.00780 0.00780 0.00780 + I pper ii ml I .ower Arm. Chesl. Buck. Thiuh unci Lower l.eu dim Ih ;n kindled) 0.141 0.00807 0.00807 + I land dim lh ;ii kindled i 0.0731 0.0731 0.0135 TOTAL Dermal Lxposure dim lh ;n bundled i 0.22 0.089 0.029 Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/hems of Note No Clothes Dermal = 29 to 38 replicates, ABC grade. Hand = 14 replicates, AB grade. Low Confidence due to inadequate replicate number. Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal = 17 to 38 replicates, ABC grade. Hand = 14 replicates, AB grade. Low Confidence due to inadequate replicate number. Single Layer, Gloves Dermal = 17 to 38 replicates, ABC grade. Hand = 24 replicates, AB grade. Medium Confidence Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence INHALATION EXPOSURE: 0.35 (j,g/lb ai handled. 15 replicates, ABC grade. Medium Confidence This use scenario includes both dry flowable replicates and liquid replicates in the Mixing/Loading portion of this analysis. This was only done because of the limited number of replicates for some body parts for this use scenario. This is not a recommended subsetting practice (under normal circumstances the formulation for the mixing/loading portion should have been dry flowable or liquid, but never the two combined). The reviewer may wish to take the separate M/L value for liquid or dry flowable and the separate applicator exposure value for groundboom enclosed cab and combine them together. 45 ------- SCENARIO 30. GRANULE/OPEN POUR/BELLY GRINDER (MLAP) TOTAL Dermal Hxposure dim lli ;ii kindled) 210 10 9.3 Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note Clothing Scenario Dala Confidence/Items of Note No Clothes Dermal replicates = 20 to 29, ABC grade. Hand replicates = 23, ABC grade. Medium Confidence Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 29 to 45, ABC grade. Hand replicates = 23, ABC grade. Medium Confidence Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 29 to 45, ABC grade. Hand replicates = 20, All grades. Low Confidence Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence INHALATION EXPOSURE: 62 jxg/lb ai applied. 40 replicates, AB grade. High Confidence SPECIAL ITEMS OF NOTE FOR THIS USE SCENARIO: PLEASE NOTE: If only grades ABC are used for the gloved data (n=15), the "gloved" hand exposure would be significantly more than the Ano gloved@ hand exposure. This artifact results because the distribution type for the glove data is "normal" (arithmetic mean reported). Therefore, the estimate reported above is based on all grades in order to increase the sample size. Dermal Exposure ( lolhing Scenario No Clothing Single Layer, No Gloves Single Layer, Gloves I lead and Neck mm Ih ;n kindled) 0.711 0.711 0.711 + I ppcr and Lower Arm. Chest. I Jack. Thiuh unci I .ower I .eu (m.u lh ;n kindled) 208 7.21 7.21 + I land dim lh ;ii kindled) 2.49 2.49 1.39 46 ------- SCENARIO 31. APUSH TYPE@ GRANULAR SPREADER Dermal Exposure ( lolllllliJ Scenario No Clothing Single Layer, No Gloves Single Layer, Gloves I laid ail J Neck mm Ih ;n handled) No Data No Data No Data + I |i|Vi' and Lowcr Aim. ( liesl. IJack. "I lliyh and Lower I.eiJ (nm Ih ai handled) No Data 1.09 1.09 + I land dim Ih ai handled) 1.83 1.83 No Data TOTAL Dermal Hxposure (nm Ih ai handled) See Note (Below) 2.9 See Note (Below) Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note No Clothes Dermal replicates = 0. Hand replicates = 15, C grade. Low Confidence due to inadequate replicate number. Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 0 to 15, C grade. Hand replicates = 15, C grade. Low Confidence due to inadequate replicate number. There are no head or neck replicates for this clothing scenario. All other body parts contain 15 replicates. Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 0 to 15, C grade. Hand replicates = 0. Low Confidence due to inadequate replicate number. There are no head, neck or hand replicates for this clothing scenario. All other body parts contain 15 replicates. Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence 6.3 (j,g/lb ai handled. 15 replicates, B grade. High Confidence 47 ------- SCENARIO 32. LIQUID /OPEN POUR/LOW PRESSURE HANDWAND (MLAP) Dermal Exposure Clolhinu Scenario No Clothing Single Layer, No Gloves Single Layer, Gloves I lend aiicl Neck mm Ih ;ii kindled) 0.300 0.300 0.300 + I pper and Lower Arm. Cliesl. Iiack. Thiuh aiicl Lower Leu (nm Ih ;ii bundled) 4.32 0.126 0.126 + I kind dim lh ;n hnndlcdi 102 102 0.00208 TOTAL Dermal Hxposure (niu lh ;n bundled I 110 100 0.43 Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/hems of Note No Clothes Dermal replicates = 79 to 80, ABC grade. Hand replicates = 70, All grade. Low Confidence due to low hand grades used (lots of AE@ grade.) Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 9 to 80, ABC grade. Hand replicates = 70, All grade. Low Confidence due to inadequate replicate number and low hand grades used (lots of AE@ grade.) Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 9 to 80, ABC grade. Hand replicates =10, ABC grade. Low Confidence due to inadequate replicate number. The gloved hand estimates are based almost entirely on non-detects. Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence INHALATION EXPOSURE: 30 j_ig/lb ai handled. 80 replicates, ABC grade. Medium Confidence 48 ------- SCENARIO 33. WETTABLE POWDER/OPEN POUR/LOW PRESSURE HANDWAND (MLAP) (This may also be used for Acrack and crevice@ mixer/loader/applicator) Dermal Exposure ( lolhintj Scenario No Clothing Single Layer, No Gloves Single Layer, Gloves I laid ail J Neck mm Ih ;n handled) 1.55 1.55 1.55 + I ppcr and Lower Anil. Chest. Iiack. Thigh and I .ower I .eg (mu Ih ;n handled) 127 4.78 4.78 + I land mm Ih ai handled) No Data No Data 2.28 TOTAL Dermal Hxposure (nm Ih ai handled) See Notes (below) See Notes (below) 8.6 Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/hems of Note No Clothes Dermal replicates =16, ABC grade. Hand replicates = 0. Low Confidence due to lack of Ano glove@ hand data available for this use scenario. Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates =16, ABC grade. Hand replicates = 0. Low Confidence due to lack of "no glove@ hand data available for this use scenario. Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates =16, ABC grade. Hand replicates =15, AB grade. Medium Confidence Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence INHALATION EXPOSURE: 1,100 (j,g/lb ai handled. 16 replicates, ABC grade. Medium Confidence run 49 ------- SCENARIO 34. LIQUID/OPEN POUR/BACKPACK (MLAP) Dermal Exposure ( lolll i IlL! Scenario No Clothing Single Layer, No Gloves Single Layer, Gloves I lead and Neck mm Ih ;ii kindled i 0.742 0.742 0.742 + I |i|vr and Lower Arm. ( liesl. Mack. Tlimli and Lower l.ejj (nm Ih ;ii handled) 22.1 1.72 1.72 + I land mm lh ai handled) No Data No Data 0.00462 TOTAL Dermal Lxposure (inu lh ai handled) See Note (below) See Note (below) 2.5 Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/Items of Note No Clothes Dermal replicates = 11, AB grade. Hand replicates = 0. Low Confidence due to the inadequate replicate number. ANo glove@ hand data are unavailable for this use scenario. Seven of the 11 glove observations are nondetect. It is not advisable to back calculate a "no glove" scenario. Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 9 to 11, AB grade. Hand replicates = 0. Low Confidence due to the inadequate replicate number. ANo glove@ hand data are unavailable for this use scenario. Seven of the 11 glove observations are nondetect. It is not advisable to back calculate a "no glove" scenario. Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 9 to 11, AB grade. Hand replicates = 11, C grade. Low Confidence due to the inadequate replicate number. Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence INHALATION EXPOSURE: 30 jxg/lb ai applied. 11 replicates, A grade. Low Confidence due to inadequate replicate number. 50 ------- SCENARIO 35. LIQUID/OPEN POUR/HIGH PRESSURE HANDWAND (MLAP) Dermal Exposure Clothing Scenario No Clothing Single Layer, No Gloves Single Layer, Gloves lend and Neck (inu ll"> ai handled) 0.525 0.525 0.525 + I pper and I .ouer Arm. Chest. Back. Thigh and I .ouer I .eg (inu lh ai handled) 41.3 1.89 1.89 + I land (mg lh ai handled) No Data No Data 0.113 TOTAL Dermal Kxposure (nm lh ai handled) See Note (below) See Note (below) 2.5 Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note Clothing Scenario Data Confidence/llems of Note No Clothes Dermal replicates = 6 to 13, AB grade. Hand replicates = 0. ANo glove@ hand data are unavailable for this use scenario. The only way to estimate Total Dermal Exposure is to back calculate the glove exposure (2 of 13 nondetect). Low Confidence Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates = 7 to 13, AB grade. Hand replicates = 0. ANo glove@ hand data are unavailable for this use scenario. The only way to estimate Total Dermal Exposure is to back calculate the glove exposure (2 of 13 nondetect). Low Confidence Single Layer, Gloves Dermal replicates = 7 to 13, AB grade. Hand replicates = 13, C grade. Low Confidence due to inadequate replicate number. Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence INHALATION EXPOSURE: 120 j_ig/lb ai applied. 13 replicates, A grade. Low Confidence due to inadequate replicate number. SPECIAL ITEMS OF NOTE FOR THIS USE SCENARIO: There is only ONE study in PHED that estimates exposure for this use scenario (#1024). The data were monitored in greenhouses; applications to floor, bench, and overhead plants (nozzle pressure not reported). 51 ------- SCENARIO 36. LIQUID /OPEN POUR/GARDEN HOSE END SPRAYER (MLAP) Dermal Exposure ( lolling Scenario No Clothing Single Layer, No Gloves Single Layer, Gloves I lead and Neck mm Ih ;ii li;incllccl) 0.467 0.467 0.467 + I |t|vr and Lower Arm. ( hcsl. Mack. Tliiuh and Lower l.eu dim Ih ai handled) 5.62 No Data No Data + I land mm Ih ai handled) 27.5 27.5 No Data TOTAL Dermal Lxposure (inu Ih ai handled) 34 See Note (below) See Note (below) Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note Clothing Scenario Dala Confidence/Items of Note No Clothes Dermal replicates= 8, C grade. Hand replicates = 8, E grade. Low Confidence due to inadequate replicate number and low grade confidence. Single Layer, No Gloves Replicates = N/A. There are no data available in this use scenario that estimates the Along sleeve shirt and long pants @ clothing scenario. The only way to estimate exposure is to apply a protection factor to the total exposure data. Very Low to Low Confidence due to the low replicate number and poor grade quality. Single Layer, Gloves Replicates = N/A. There are no data available in this use scenario that estimates a Along sleeve shirt, long pants and glove@ clothing scenario. The only way to estimate exposure is to apply a protection factor due to the total exposure data. Very Low to Low Confidence due to the low replicate number and poor grade quality. Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence INHALATION EXPOSURE: 9.5 jxg/lb ai applied. 8 replicates, ABC grade. Low Confidence due to inadequate replicate number. SPECIAL ITEMS OF NOTE FOR THIS USE SCENARIO: This is an extremely low confidence use scenario and should be viewed as a datagap. The hand grade is grade E and the replicate number is only 8. This use scenario is based on only one study (#0201). It should be viewed as a datagap. 52 ------- Dermal Exposure ( lolhintj Scenario No Clothing Single Layer, No Gloves Single Layer, Gloves Dermal Exposure Data Confidence and Items of Note Clothing Scenario Dala Confidence/llems of Note No Clothes Dermal replicates =17, AB grade. Hand replicates = 0. ANo glove@ hand data are unavailable for this use scenario. The only way to estimate TOTAL Dermal Exposure is to back calculate the glove exposure (1 of 17 nondetect). Low Confidence Single Layer, No Gloves Dermal replicates =17, AB grade. Hand replicates = 0. ANo glove@ hand data are unavailable for this use scenario. The only way to estimate TOTAL Dermal Exposure is to back calculate the glove exposure (1 of 17 nondetect). Low Confidence Single Layer, Gloves Dermal and Hand replicates =17, AB grade. High Confidence Inhalation Exposure and Data Confidence INHALATION EXPOSURE: 2.2 (j,g/lb ai applied. 17 replicates, AB grade. High Confidence Note: Termiticide applied at various types of structures (e.g., slab foundation, poured basements, crawl space). SCENARIO 37. LIQUID/OPEN POUR/TERMITICIDE INJECTION (MLAP) I laid an J Neck mm Ih ;n kindled i 0.0310 0.0310 0.0310 + I ppcr and Lower Anil. Chest. Back. Thigh and I .ouer I .eg (m.u Ih ;n kindled) 13.4 0.226 0.226 + I land mm lh ;n kindled I No Data No Data 0.103 TOTAL Dermal Hxposure dim lh ;ii kindled) See Note (below) See Note (below) 0.36 53 ------- APPENDIX 54 ------- Definitions of formulations and methods of application LIQUID FORMULATIONS SOLUTION Formulation wherein the active ingredient dissolves readily in a liquid solvent to form a homogenous mixture. EMULSIFIABLE CONCENTRATE Solution of active ingredient with emulsifiers such as glycols and sulfonates to form a homogenous suspension. Usually diluted for use. Typical uses include crop sprays, insect repellent lotions. AQUEOUS SUSPENSIONS Also known as "flowables". A particulate which is premixed with a liquid to form a suspension. Usually diluted for use. UNDILUTED LIQUID Liquid pesticide concentrates which can often have a high percentile of active ingredient (50% or above). They are designed to be used as is, or diluted with a small quantity of a specified solvent. MICROENCAPSULATED A suspension designed for the slow release of pesticide due to the microencapsulation of the active ingredient in tiny beads or capsules. In consistency it is similar to a liquid. SOLID FORMULATIONS DUST Active ingredient formulated with powdered dry inert substance such as talc or clay. Insoluble in water and containing no wetting or dispersing agents. Usually less than 30 |itn in diameter. Most dust formulations are ready to use and contain a low percentage of active ingredient. Typical uses include crop and livestock dusts, seed treatments, tracking powders and pet products. GRANULE 55 ------- Vermiculite, attaclay, ground walnut shells, or other similar coarse particles impregnated with an active ingredient. Insoluble. Can range between 80 |itn and 2360 |itn in particle size. Usually larger than 500 microns. Most granular formulations are ready to use and contain a low percentage of active ingredient. Typical uses include soil treatments, insect baits, and vaporizers. WATER DISPERSIBLE GRANULES/DRY FLOWABLE Similar to granule (above) except that it is soluble in water and is between granular and powder in particulate size. Usually includes a wetting or dispersing agent. WETTABLE POWDER Also known as dispersible or sprayable powders. Fine particulate solid containing wetting/dispersing agents which form a suspension that can "settle out" without frequent agitation. The highest proportion of particles are less than 5 |itn, with none greater than 44[im. Most wettable powder formulations contain 50% or more active ingredient. APPLICATION METHODS AIRBLAST An air sprayer in which the volume median diameter (VMD) of the spray is greater than 100 microns. They are typically trailer-mounted and large, with spray tanks ranging in size between 50 and 500 gallons and rotating "screens" that produce varying droplet sizes. The spray material is transported by pump from the tank where it is released into a high volume, high-speed air current produced by a fan or blower mounted behind the spray tank. Airblast equipment is used to apply dilute fungicides and insecticides to a variety of agricultural crops such as orchard crops, grapes, berries, and nursery crops. They are designed to deliver a high volume of spray to penetrate dense foliage crops. BOOM SPRAYERS Boom Sprayers are comprised of a tank for holding a reservoir of spray liquid, spray delivery lines to carry liquid to the nozzles, a bypass to return pumped liquid in excess of spray nozzle demand to the tank, a horizontal framework or boom on which the nozzles are mounted, and a pumping system. Tractor mounted booms are generally used for preplant and pre-emergent broadcast application of liquid pesticides, and for pos-emergent, band, or directed application to row crops. AEROSOL CAN A can holding pressurized liquid that is expelled by pushing a nozzle. The volume median diameter is typically less than 15 microns. Typically used for spot treatment or foggers. 56 ------- AERIAL FIXED WING Airplane application AERIAL ROTARY WING Helicopter application HAND WAND Light weight, hand operated sprayers. Their name is derived from the long metal extension which ends in an adjustable nozzle. A hose attaches the "wand" to a small portable tank or larger, stationary one. This type of sprayer can vary widely in type and pressure. The most commonly seen hand wands are compressed-air sprayers. The portable tanks may require occasional "shaking" by the applicator to assure a proper mixing of chemicals. They are often utilized for spot herbicide application in fields, crack and crevice treatments, along roadsides and in greenhouses. BACKPACK A spray tank that fits comfortably on the back like a knapsack. It contains a hand operated pump, a pressure chamber and a lance with an on/off tap or trigger valve and one or more nozzles. There is usually a UV-light inhibitor incorporated into the plastic. The usual tank capacity is about 15 litres so that the tank weight is not excessive to the handler. The volume of the tank is indicated by graduated marks, moulded in plastic tanks. AIRLESS SPRAYER Electrically powered handheld spraygun used in paint application. RIGHTS-OF-WAY SPRAYER Also known as a municipal sprayer. This "boom-less" sprayer utilizes off-center fan nozzles either as single or double units. The nozzle bodies are mounted on swivels and adjusted to different angles. Spray system is mounted on truck or rail car. GARDEN HOSE-END SPRAYER Attached to the end of a garden hose. When the hose is turned on, the water current runs across the opening of the siphon tube which leads to the bottom of the pesticide reservoir. The pesticide is drawn through the siphon tube and into the liquid stream and out the nozzle in a liquid spray. Hose-end sprayers are the most widely used home-and-garden sprayer and are commonly used for application of fungicides, herbicides, insecticides and fertilizers. SOLID BROADCAST SPREADER (tractor/truck/AG uses) 57 ------- Broadcast method of insecticide or herbicide application, usually in one of the following manners: 1) "Boom type" application, similar to groundboom application of a liquid formulation pesticide. The selected pesticide is placed in a hopper which contains a treadmill-type apparatus that moves the granules to evenly spaced nozzles and is subsequently broadcast out in a fan-shaped pattern. 2) "Whirly-bird" or "spinning disk" method of application. The pesticide is placed in a funnel shaped hopper with a singular nozzle and subsequently broadcast out by the movement of a spinning disk or whirley bird which propels the pesticide outward. 3) Large wheeled hopper with evenly spaced holes in the bottom and a small treadmill which pushes the granules out (a large version of the residential broadcast spreader). The above methods of broadcast application are primarily used for preplant treatments. SOLID BROADCAST SPREADER (belly grinder) Small hopper strapped in front of the applicator which contains a "spinning disk" that projects the granules in a fan-shaped pattern in front of the applicator. Belly grinders are typically used for herbicide application by nurseries, greenhouses, homeowners and small- scale landscapers. SOLID BROADCAST SPREADER (Scotts Type Residential) Hand push-type solid broadcast spreader. This method of solid broadcast application is almost exclusively used by homeowners TERMITICIDE INJECTION Injection treatment wherein the termiticide is passed from a large stationary tank through a hose into a handheld compression chamber and "injected" via a metal rod into pre-drilled holes. NON-DETECTS A Anon detect@ means that no chemical residue was able to be measured on a particular dosimeter. When this is the case, half the limit of detection is assumed in PHED. PPE PPE is an acronym for Personal Protective Equipment. Common examples of PPE include respirators, chemical resistant aprons, gloves or even the addition of coveralls Definition References - EPA LUIS Users Guide HED - Personal Communications, November 1995 PHED Taskforce - Personal Communications, November 1995 58 ------- Matthew, G.A. 1992. Pesticide Application Methods 59 ------- |