LABORATORY ACCREDITATION PROGRAM GUIDELINES:
MEASUREMENT OF LEAD IN PAINT, DUST, AND SOIL

Final Report

Prepared by the
Task Group on
Methods and Standards
of the

Federal Interagency Lead-Based Paint Task Force

Distributed By

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Exposure Evaluation Division, TS-798
Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics
401 M Street, SW
Washington, D.C. 20460

March
1992


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NOTICE

In 1989, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Department of Housing
and Urban Development (HUD) formed an Interagency Task Force to evaluate issues related to
the reduction of lead-based paint exposure to children. This eighteen member Interagency Task
Force operates to exchange information, coordinate activities, and conduct joint projects aimed
at reducing childhood poisoning from exposure to lead-based paint. One effort of the Task Force
is aimed at improving the measurement of lead in a variety of media including blood, paint, dust,
and soil. Specific activities include improving the accuracy and precision of analytical methods
for the laboratory, the development of standard reference materials for lead in environmental
media, and establishing the evaluation components of a laboratory proficiency testing and
accreditation program. This report presents the guideline recommendations of the Interagency
Task Force for the establishment of a national laboratory accreditation program for the analysis
ofPb in paint, dust, and soil samples. These recommendations, as well as others provided by the
scientific community, are being considered by EPA in an effort to develop a national laboratory
accreditation program for the analysis of Pb in paint, dust, and soil samples.


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Special Committee on Laboratory Accreditation
Chairman, James R. DeVoe

Members

Abel, Ray, Supervisory Chemist, Branch 1 Inorganic Division,

Occupational Safety and Health Agency, 1781 South 300
West, Salt Lake City, UT, 84165

Telephone: 8-588-4270	FAX: 801-524-4081

Ashley, Kevin, Research Chemist, National Institute for Occupational Safety &
Health, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45226
Telephone: 513-841-4402	FAX: 513-841-4500

Beard, Michael, AREAL/MRDD/APMB, MD-77, Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711
Telephone: 8-629-2623	FAX: 919-541-4609

Breen, Joseph, OTS/EED, TS-798, Environmental Protection Agency,
401 M Street, SW., Washington, D.C. 20460
Telephone: 202-260-3569	FAX: 202-260-0001

DeVoe, James, R., Chief, LARD, National Institute of Standards and

Technology, Chemistry Building, Room A349, Gaithersburg, MD
20899

Telephone: 301-975-4144	FAX: 301-926-6182

Galowin, Larry, NVLAP, National Institute of Standards and Technology,
TRF, Building, Room A130, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
Telephone: 301-975-4016	FAX: 301-975-3839

Harper, Sharon, AREAL/QATSD/AMSB, MD-78, Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711
Telephone: 8-629-2443	FAX: 919-541-3527

Huang, Miau, Consumer Product Safety Commission, 9620 Medical
Center, Suite 310, Rockville, MD, 20850
Telephone: 301-443-9420	FAX: 301-492-5402

Lim, Ben, TS-798, OTS/EED/FSB, Environmental Protection Agency,
401 M Street, SW., Washington, D.C. 20460
Telephone: 202-260-1509	FAX: 202-260-0001


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McKnight, Mary, BMD, National Institute of Standards and Technology,
BR Building, Room B348, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899
Telephone: 301-975-6714	FAX: 301-975-4032

Morony, Ron, Housing and Urban Development, 451 7th Street,
SW., Washington, D.C. 20410

Telephone: 202-755-1805	FAX: 202-755-1000

Scalera, John, TS-798, OTS/EED/FSB, Environmental Protection Agency,
401 M Street, SW., Washington, D.C. 20460
Telephone: 202-260-3569	FAX: 202-260-0001

Schlecht, Paul, Quality Assurance Activities, National Institute of Occupational
Safety and Health, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45226
Telephone: 513-841-4266	FAX: 513-841-4500

Tholen, Albert, Laboratory Accreditation, National Institute of Standards

and Technology, TRF Building, Room A146, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
Telephone: 301-975-4017	FAX: 301-975-3839


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CONTENTS

Executive Summary		1

Introduction 		2

Administrative Structure 		3

Lead Organization 		3

Accreditor Monitor 		5

Advisory Committee 		5

Financial Support		5

Establishment of Quality Assurance

and Training Programs		6

Quality Assurance System		6

Training Programs		6

Performance Evaluation Materials		7

Real Materials 		7

Distribution 		7

Primary Reference Materials		8

Specifications		8

Financial Support		8

Method Protocols		8

Selection Strategy 		8

Compendium of Methods 		9

Quality Assurance/Quality Control 		9

Field Methods 		10

Site Inspections 		10

Assessment Requirements		11

Frequency of Inspections		11

Qualifications of Inspectors		11

Administrative Rules		12

Federal Register Notice		12

Public Notices 		12

Expert Advice 		12

Federal Agencies 		12

Notice of Laboratory Accreditation,

Schedule, and Fees		12

Fees 		13

Denial, Suspension, Revocation, and

Voluntary Termination of Accreditation		13

Termination 		13


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References


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REPORT ON GUIDELINES FOR
ESTABLISHMENT OF A
LABORATORY ACCREDITATION PROGRAM
FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF LEAD IN
PAINT AND THE ENVIRONMENT

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

rri his report summarizes the results of meetings that were held to discuss guidelines and
recommendations for conducting an intergovernmental agency laboratory accreditation
program (LAP) for the chemical analysis of lead in paint, dust, and soil.

The main factors to consider in establishing a LAP are the administrative structure, quality
assurance policy, performance evaluation materials, method protocols, site inspections, and
administrative rules.

This report suggests guidelines for structuring a LAP for lead in paint, dust and soil. It is
recommended that existing programs be utilized as much as possible, but uniformity of
requirements between the programs is needed. This can be accomplished by establishing an
organization that monitors and coordinates the activities of the laboratory accreditors. The
development of uniform requirements will create the potential for reciprocity between accrediting
organizations in the LAP.

The implementing agency will have to establish from already existing models, concepts of quality
assurance to be expected from the accredited laboratories. Training programs to propagate this
policy will have to be established. It is also recommended that annual symposia for
representatives of the accredited laboratories and other members of the environmental community
be established for the purpose of updating methods and standards.

While test method protocols used by any given laboratory must be clearly identified and detailed,
it is not recommended specific methods be mandated. It is believed a comprehensive and
rigorous performance evaluation material program coupled with laboratory site inspections can
verify laboratory capabilities. It is expected the fees paid by the laboratories participating in the
LAP will cover a substantial part of the program's cost; however, additional support from the lead
agency may be necessary.

It is recommended the lead agency establish an advisory committee consisting of representatives
of the users of the accredited laboratories, the accredited laboratories, the laboratory accreditors,
accreditor monitor, and lead agency. This committee would review specific procedures and
requirements developed by the lead agency from the guidelines established in this report.


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INTRODUCTION

rj-i he Interagency Lead-Based Paint Task Force has formulated a Task Group on Methods
and Standards. At the September 1991 Interagency Task Force meeting, the Group was
asked to perform a brief study on accreditation procedures for laboratories performing analyses of
paint, dust and soil samples for lead. To that end, a Special Committee was assembled to include
representatives from the various government agencies that have particular interest in laboratory
accreditation. (See list of members at the beginning of this report.) The Special Committee on
Laboratory Accreditation limited its consideration to the analysis of lead in paint, dust, and soil.
It was decided the best way to proceed was to discuss briefly the attributes of existing laboratory
accreditation programs and to generate functional guidelines that could be used for the
establishment of a laboratory accreditation program (LAP) for the analysis of lead in paint, dust,
and soil.

The reason for establishing a LAP for lead is based upon the desire to obtain lead compositional
data of known and appropriate quality, so proper decisions may be made regarding the protection
of those exposed to lead in paint, soil or dust. A LAP provides recognition of competent
laboratories, and if properly implemented, improves the overall quality of compositional
measurement.

The reference list at the end of this report contains a number of documents from which
information has been obtained. The review prepared by Research Triangle Institute1 is of
particular interest. Laboratory accreditation programs2 are presently in place for the analysis of
lead in blood, air and water. The Center for Disease Control monitors the performance of lead
analysis in blood. NIOSH, through its Proficiency Analytical Testing (PAT) Program with the
American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA), evaluates laboratory performance for lead in
air particulates. EPA's Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water monitors laboratory
performance for the analysis of lead in drinking water.

It is up to laboratories to choose under which LAP(s) they may wish to participate, and this choice
may depend in large part on the types of samples (e.g., blood, air, or water), the laboratory
needing accreditation is most concerned. In view of the anticipated magnitude of the lead analysis
program for paint, dust, and soils, it is desirable to have an accreditation program which will be
employed universally so each laboratory will respond to the same set of requirements.

There is always a compromise that must occur between the comprehensiveness of the LAP rules
and their cost of implementation. Because the cost of accreditation is usually paid for by the user
of the analytical services, those laboratories participating in a more comprehensive accreditation
program may be at a competitive disadvantage. In addition, many laboratories are overburdened
with responses to the multi-variate regulations required for the various LAP's. For these reasons,
it is important for the various accreditors to normalize their rules and

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regulations. Several standards organizations have provided guidelines3,4, and these can provide
the impetus toward effective normalization. It might be important to establish some
organization that has the mission to assist in such a rules leveling between LAP's. There are
efforts both in the United States by the EPA Committee on National Accreditation of
Environmental Laboratories (CNAEL) and internationally by the International Association of
Environmental Testing Laboratories (IAETL) to establish uniform laboratory requirements
across all environmental testing.5 The guidelines set forth here attempt to establish some
uniformity between LAP's for lead analysis of paint, dust, and soil.

This report breaks down the LAP function into sections involving administration, training
programs, quality assurance, performance evaluation materials, method protocols, site visits,
and administrative rules. While these guidelines were explicitly developed to deal with
accreditation of laboratory based operations, it is clear these guidelines may be implemented
for all types of chemical analysis for lead whether field or laboratory based, however, the
Special Committee considered the accreditation of field based analytical operations such as
portable XRF or test kit field evaluations to be beyond the mandate of this assignemnt. In
some instances, the guidelines attempt to be quite specific, but in other cases, it is felt some of
the rules need to be established by the accreditation advisory groups with proper representation
of the affected parties.

ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE

j- nput for the basic administrative structure for the LAP came from guidance provided by
ISO Guide 254 and the experience of members of the Special Committee which included
representatives from HUD, NIOSH, EPA, NIST and CPSC.

Lead Organization

To establish an effective LAP for lead, it is desirable to have a clear articulation of the
authority under which such a program would operate. Congress in its appropriation bill for FY
1991 included language directing EPA to establish a federally based laboratory accreditation
program for lead. HUD received directions to determine the need to remove leaded paint from
housing, and to decide through dust analysis, if the abatement of lead contamination was
effective. OSHA has continuing responsibility for evaluating lead exposures and cleanup in the
workplace. DHHS has a mandate to evaluate the lead levels in human blood, especially
children. It would be desirable to have normalized and consistent rules for LAP's in all of
these areas. Figure 1 depicts a straightforward mode by which an effective LAP for lead can
be implemented.

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The lead organization, whether it be EPA, HUD, OSHA, or DHHS, would be responsible for
administering the program. In some instances, it might be possible if it is within the mandate
of one organization to delegate this responsibility to another. For example, HUD may request
EPA to operate a LAP from which HUD can utilize laboratory services.

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
FOR

LABORATORY ACCREDITATION

Figure 1 - Organizational Structure for Laboratory Accreditation

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Accreditor Monitor

Either as part of the lead organization or as a recognized agent of the lead organization, a monitor
of accreditors should be established. This subunit is responsible for seeing that there is
uniformity among the accreditors in the LAP. It is recommended that this unit be responsible for
developing uniform accreditation criteria. An additional responsibility would be the
establishment of reciprocity between the accreditors. The national LAP should take maximum
advantage of existing accreditation programs both in the private professional sector and at the
public state government level; thereby, saving the cost of establishing an entirely new program.
To the extent state programs exist, attempts should be made to establish uniformity across the
state accreditation programs for lead analysis.

Advisory Committee

The lead organization should establish an advisory committee for the purpose of formulating
technical specifications for the LAP. For example, such a committee can assist the lead
organization in implementing many of the recommended technical requirements listed in the
sections of this report. This committee should contain representation from the lead organization,
accreditor monitor, accreditor(s), accredited laboratories, and users of the laboratory' services.

This committee, with the lead organization's support, should establish a team-like environment by
sponsoring at least one meeting per year open to all parties affected by the LAP to discuss
methods, standards, and uniform requirements.

Financial Support

In general, the LAP should be financially supported from fees obtained from the accredited
laboratories. For some aspects of the LAP, it will be necessary to provide start-up funding, and in
other parts continuous funding may be necessary. For example, initial funding will be required
for the production of performance evaluation and primary reference materials (see below), and for
establishing training programs. Continuous funding will be required for monitoring accreditor
operations, as well as for activities involving the advisory committee.

ESTABLISHMENT OF QUALITY ASSURANCE AND TRAINING
PROGRAMS

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Quality Assurance System

Quality assurance requires that the laboratory establish and maintain a quality assurance system
that is represented by the combination of good laboratory practices, proper data processing, final
result reporting procedures, and well-documented methods. Good Laboratory Practices (GLP's)
have been adopted by many countries to ensure the scientific reliability and quality of test data for
chemicals that have the potential to adversely affect human health and the environment. Food,
drug, and environmental regulatory agencies in various countries, including the U.S. Food and
Drug Administration and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, have cooperated to develop
a uniform set of good laboratory practices.6 In manufacturing and service industries, a series of
international guides covering quality systems from initial design/development to final inspection
and testing and servicing of products has been developed and is in wide use.7 As a result of the
development and widespread use of these new and improved quality requirements, ISO Guide 254
which is the basis of many national laboratory accreditation programs covering many fields of
testing was revised in 1990 to take into account OECD GLP and ISO Guide 9000 requirements.

It is particularly important to recognize the need for data security since computer processing and
storage of the data are preferred.8

In addition, it is suggested that establishment of quality assurance in a laboratory be implemented
in steps. Before the accreditation procedure begins, it should be possible for a laboratory to
participate in the analysis of performance evaluation materials as part of a routine proficiency
testing procedure as implemented by a laboratory accreditor. This would permit laboratories that
are not yet certain that they can meet the necessary qualifications for accreditation to gain
important information concerning their ability to analyze lead environmental samples.

Training Programs

It is important to provide training opportunities in quality assurance for the accredited laboratory
staff. In some instances, existing courses that are given in conjunction with specific standards
organizations can be utilized. Additional courses will be required for site inspectors and for
accreditors in order to establish the uniformity of requirements intended via these guidelines. It is
suggested that the lead agency give consideration to the use of instructional computer generated
video tapes to support the various training programs.

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION MATERIALS

ecause of the importance of performance evaluation to a laboratory accreditation program,
an effective lead analysis program will make available quality performance evaluation

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materials (PEM's). PEM's provide a practical test of quality performance. Properly designed
PEM's can make it possible to evaluate a wide variety of methods including field methods and test
kits, as well as laboratory based methods. Furthermore, PEM's can serve as suitable comparator
materials for the development of new methods. In the following paragraphs, key attributes of a
system for the preparation of PEM's are presented along with recommendations for the lead LAP.

Real Materials

Most PEM's that are used for laboratory accreditation are not similar to the routine samples that
are measured. For example, some accreditation systems provide reference materials of water
solutions containing the elements of interest at concentration levels that approximate those of
routine samples after chemical processing. This procedure does not test the quality of the sample
preparation. It is recommended that the PEM be a real world material, and made as close as
possible to those materials that are routinely analyzed. The PEM's are to be prepared in small lot
quantities, with each lot containing lead at different levels. The level of lead in each lot is
quantitated prior to distribution by submitting representative samples to laboratories known to
provide reliable measurements (reference laboratories). The quality assurance of the laboratory
preparing the PEM's should be carefully and continually evaluated. It is important that the
laboratory accreditor work closely with the PEM producer to assure that the best possible
materials are provided for the program.

Distribution

The mode and frequency of distribution of the PEM's is very important. The PEM's can be
delivered to the laboratory to be tested in single or double-blind mode. Submission of PEM's is
usually done single blind where the laboratory is aware that the samples are PEM's, but is
unaware of the concentration of the analyte(s). In this case, laboratories usually analyze these
samples more carefully than routine samples. In the case of the double-blind mode, the laboratory
is unaware of either which sample is the PEM or the concentration levels of the analyte(s). This
mode ensures that the PEM's are analyzed with approximately the same care as routine samples,
thereby giving a truer estimate of the measurement quality. Distribution of PEM's in this mode is
somewhat more costly than single blind. The routine mode for distribution of PEM's should be
single blind. Even though the cost of distributing double-blind materials is higher than for single
blind, it is suggested that occasionally, selected materials be distributed in the double blind mode
to a small representative sample of the accredited laboratories, with appropriate followup if
problems arise.

Primary Reference Materials

It is important to establish primary reference materials (PRM's) for the most frequently analyzed
PEM's. The accuracy of the measurement of lead content should be greater than for the PEM's.
The PRM serves as a benchmark whose certified concentration is well known, and therefore

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provides a different function than that of a PEM. The PEM producers and the accredited
laboratories as well, will use these materials to reduce systematic errors in their measurements.

Specifications

It is necessary in some instances to design a PEM for a specific method of chemical analysis.

This means that special design criteria must be established. For example, if lead in dust is to be
measured by X-ray fluorescence, then the PEM must be made homogeneous to at least the target
accuracy of the method for a sample size of a few tens of milligrams. These and other
specifications along with a large number of production-oriented criteria need to be established on
a case-by-case basis.

Financial Support

The cost of fulfilling the above requirements will be significant, but compromising the quality of
the reference materials defeats the core function of the LAP. It will be necessary for the lead
agency to support prototype production of reference materials, and to provide support for
production PEM's if necessary.

METHOD PROTOCOLS

crucial component in a laboratory accreditation program is the choice of the methods
which are to be used to analyze for lead in environmental samples. Choice of method will
depend on a large number of criteria: composition of sample matrix, concentration range, amount
of necessary sample preparation, detection limit, dynamic range, precision, potential interferences,
ease of use, cost, etc. Based on these considerations, some general guidelines on the choice of
methods for the lead analysis program are proposed.

Selection Strategy

The primary concern will be the analysis of three types of environmental sources: paint, dust, and
soil. It is recommended that the choice of method for lead analysis be left up to the laboratory
seeking accreditation, since a number of methods have been shown to perform well. Methods that
are able to handle all three sample matrices are strongly encouraged to help reduce costs and
improve data quality. This is especially important when considering digestion procedures. A
strategy for the selection of suitable methods for these matrices should be guided by (at a
minimum) the following considerations:

1. Target extraction efficiency and precision (95 percent confidence limit) should be

quantitative with total uncertainties for standard reference materials (SRM's), 10 percent
relative; for real-world samples, sieved only, 25 percent (NOTE: EPA/CLP program
allows 15 percent), sieved and ground, 10 percent.

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2.	Target working range (using NIOSH model, for example) is for the detection limit: 0.1 x
action concentration (or level of concern), and for the upper limit: 10 x action
concentration (or level of concern). NOTE: Action concentration should be based on
health effects data. Unfortunately, these data are not available for any of the three
materials.

3.	Interferences (and their remedies) will depend on the sample matrix, digestion
procedure, and instrumentation employed for analysis. The type of sample matrix
should be reported to the laboratory performing the analysis. Recommendations can be
made on digestion procedures based on the type of sample matrix.

4.	Cost per sample. Due to the large volume of samples expected, this will be very
important information to provide to the users of the proposed accreditation program. Cost
considerations will be a result of such factors as; equipment and materials costs, training
required (skill level) and the availability of trained personnel, through-put rate (usually
limited by rate of sample digestion), ease of use of the methodology, special precautions
required, and disposal of wastes.

Compendium of Methods

As a starting point, a compendium of method protocols from such organizations as EPA, NIOSH,
ASTM, RTI, and others should be assembled. The performance of a number of candidate methods
is currently being evaluated by many investigators. Protocols for methods which are found to
perform well should be made available to user/consumers.*

Quality Assurance/Quality Control

There should be a strong quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) component in the lead
analysis accreditation program. It is emphasized that realistic sample matrices should be used for
QA/QC samples. Recommended minimal considerations to ensure good laboratory practice are
that 5 percent of the samples should be blanks, both reagent and field types where possible; 5
percent-duplicates which are independently prepared samples run as "blinds"; one reference
material per batch**; and 5 percent are instrument check solutions which are a known spiked
solution or spiked sample matrix. The spike must be prepared from a standard stock which is
different from the calibration standard stock, and should have a lead concentration that is within
the range of the samples to be run.

* It is the intent of the Task Group on Methods and Standards to provide such a compendium of
methods and standards.

** This reference material is often referred to as a secondary reference material whose
concentration is established from and is traceable to a PRM.

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It is noted that both the PRM and the check solution should have "real-time evaluation" with
quantitative lead recovery within 10 percent relative. Control charts are also recommended.

Field Methods

Field collection techniques are not specified here because field collection methodologies are
rapidly changing and improving due to identification of problems in ongoing studies. As results
from further research become available, we will be in a better position to recommend more
specific sampling protocols for field analysis.

The choice of laboratory technique (consisting of digestion and instrumental analysis) will depend
on the sample matrix. Also, field analysis techniques are not addressed here as they will probably
fall under "Training" or "Certification of Abatement Personnel." Decisions on what technique is
to be used, be it a field technique or laboratory method, will depend on the purpose of the
sampling (e.g., screening vs. quantitative). For any field analytical method, which is to be used
for quantitative purposes, the performance criteria that the field method satisfies should be the
same as those criteria recommended above for laboratory methods. The issue of sample
collection in the field is extremely important, but at present remains in its formative stages. It is
too early in the process of method development to address this issue, and it is recommended that
the field sampling protocols outlined in the HUD guidelines be followed.9

SITE INSPECTIONS

ssessment of a laboratory to be accredited by a skilled and knowledgeable person is

considered to be mandatory. Most of the existing LAP's use site inspections. There are a
number of advantages to having a well-trained inspector visit the laboratory. The quality of the
facilities, equipment, written procedures, and personnel can be perceived in ways that are
impossible by other means. A properly conducted site inspection can result in improvement in
performance of the laboratory, because the inspector can suggest improvements in procedure. In
addition to the obvious factor that the inspector determines the existence of specific methods and
equipment, it is possible to verify from laboratory records that PEM's have been rotated among
analysts and instruments, and that special precautions have not been taken in the analysis of these
samples. The fact that the assessor can witness all or part of the analysis using a PEM, provides
added assurance that performance evaluation results are representative of typical analytical
performance. The assessor can provide important feedback to various groups within the
government that are conducting analytical research on any problems that the accredited
laboratories are having in using the analytical methods.

Assessment Requirements

On-site assessments, the appointment of assessors, the training and qualifications of assessors,
and the laboratory accreditation program's quality assurance program for on-site assessments

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should follow the general requirements of appropriate international guides for laboratory
accreditation programs such as ISO Guides 54 and 55.1011 This will provide a common base from
which cooperation among various accreditation programs in closely related areas could occur.

This is important because some laboratories that perform environmental lead analyses also
operate in other fields of testing and are subjected to multiple laboratory accreditations. This
would facilitate the use of a single assessor with training and experience in multiple fields to
conduct simultaneous site visits for more than one laboratory accreditation program at
considerable cost savings to the laboratory.

Frequency of Inspections

The frequencies of site assessments for similar laboratory accreditation programs range from once
every two years to once every three years with the option of more frequent site visits if other
information indicates that problems exist. It is recommended that on-site assessments be
performed at least once every three (3) years.

Qualifications of Inspectors

Similar laboratory accreditation programs require assessors to have experience in the field and in
laboratory quality assurance techniques. It is recommended that assessors have a bachelors
degree in chemistry, at least five (5) years' analytical chemistry experience with senior position
responsibilities, and at least two (2) years' specific knowledge of laboratory quality assurance and
inorganic environmental analyses. Masters or Ph.D. degrees in chemistry or closely related fields
may reduce the number of required years of experience in analytical chemistry. The assessor
should also complete a short course on laboratory quality assurance, accreditation program
procedures, and lead analytical requirements which includes an examination of competence. The
assessor should also accompany an experienced assessor on at least one site visit before being
qualified. Experienced assessors may initially be drawn from lists of assessors that are currently
performing assessments and have taken the required training course.

Other laboratory accreditation programs have schemes to rate the effectiveness of assessors. The
accreditation program should have a scheme to either rate assessor reports or to obtain feedback
from participating laboratories on the usefulness and completeness of assessor laboratory
evaluations and recommendations. This should be part of the laboratory accreditation program's
own quality assurance system that conforms to the requirements of Section 8 of ISO/IEC Guide
54.10

ADMINISTRATIVE RULES

Špp xamples of rules for accreditation are listed below. Some items are from NIST 449312 that
reflect NVLAP operating requirements. Selection of specific rules should be the

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responsibility of the lead agency with advice from the advisory group described above. There are
a number of pertinent references.1314

Federal Register Notice

Conclusions related to the lead agency's decisions associated with the lead LAP (including lists of
accredited laboratories) should be published in the Federal Register.

Public Notices

Means should be available for disseminating widely adequate and impartial LAP information to
the private sector.

Expert Advice

Input based on specialist's skills and knowledge shall be utilized in the development of technical
requirements. The use of an advisory group as described above, and public workshops or reviews
is an important consideration.

Federal Agencies

Coordination, consultation, and communication with appropriate department components shall be
maintained.

Notice of Laboratory Accreditation. Schedule, and Fees

Details of Lead Laboratory Accreditation Program shall be announced in the Federal Register. FR
Notice would include processes to be implemented both for organizations seeking status as
accrediting organizations and for individual laboratories seeking status as accredited laboratories.

Fees

A fully reimbursable fee structure for all services performed by the accreditation entity should be
the objective of the programs once operational. It is envisioned some measure of federal funding
may be required to support the initial stages of implementing the program. This could include
initial funding for the development of performance evaluation materials (PEM's); proficiency
testing of federal laboratories; the use of federal agency staff in monitoring accreditor operations
and in serving on the technical advisory committee.

Denial. Suspension. Revocation, and Voluntary Termination of Accreditation

Conditions need to be stipulated in an unequivocal manner and formulated with a suitable appeals
procedure for fairness and objectivity.

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Termination

When determination of the need for accreditation no longer exists, a public notice and period for
commentary shall be provided prior to the evaluation and decision for termination.

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REFERENCES

1.	Estes, E. D., E. E. Williams and W. F. Gutknecht, "Options for a Lead Analysis
Laboratory Accreditation Program," EPA Contract 68-02-4550, RTI Project 91U-4699-
037, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, January 1991.

2.	NIST Special Publication 808, "Directory of Federal Government Laboratory
Accreditation/Designation Programs," Maureen Breitenberg, Ed., February 1991.

3.	ASTM E548 (1990), "Standard Practice for Preparation of Criteria for Use in the
Evaluation of Testing Laboratories and Inspection Bodies." (This document is currently
under revision to incorporate appropriate information contained in reference 4.)

4.	ISO/IEC Guide 25: (1990), "General Requirements for the Technical Competence of
Testing Laboratories."

5.	Report to the Administrator EPA, Committee on National Accreditation of
Environmental Laboratories (CNAEL) to be published in 1992.

6.	OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development), Code of Good
Laboratory Practice (GLP).

7.	ISO 9000:1987, Quality Management and Quality Assurance Standards-Guidelines for
Selection and Use. ISO 9001:1987, Quality Systems- Model for Quality Assurance in
Design/Development, Production, Installation, and Servicing. ISO 9002:1987, Quality
Systems-Model for Quality Assurance in Production and Installation. ISO 9003:1987,
Quality Systems-Model for Quality Assurance in Final Inspection and Test. ISO
9004:1987, Quality Management and Quality System Elements-Guidelines.

8.	EPA Report "Good Automated Laboratory Practices," Scientific Systems Staff, Office of
Information Resources Management, U.S. EPA. Research Triangle Park, NC 27711,
December 28, 1990, Final Draft.

9.	Lead-Based Paint, Interim Guideline for Hazard Identification for Lead Abatement in
Public and Indian Housing, September 1990, Office of Public and Indian Housing,
Department of Housing and Urban Development, 451 7th Street, SW., Washington, D.C.

10.	ISO/IEC Guide 54: 1988, "Testing Laboratory Accreditation Systems-General
Recommendations for the Acceptance of Accreditation Bodies." [Currently under
revision.]

11.	ISO/IEC Guide 55: 1988, "Testing Laboratory Accreditation Systems-General
Recommendations for Operation." [Currently under revision.]

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12.	National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program Procedures, NISTTR 4493,
November 1990.

13.	American Association for Laboratory Accreditation, "General Requirements for
Accreditation", 656 Quince Orchard Road, #704, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, March 1991.

14.	American Industrial Hygiene Association: "Quality Assurance Programs for Success.
AIHA Laboratory Programs: Your Benchmark of Quality," 475 Wolf Ledges Parkway,
Akron, OH, 44311 (1990).

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Task Group on
Methods and Standards
Chairman, James R. DeVoe

Members

Ashley, Kevin, Research Chemist, National Institute for Occupational Safety &
Health, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45226
Telephone: 513-841-4402	FAX: 513-841-4500

Breen, Joseph, OTS/EED, TS-798, Environmental Protection Agency,
401 M Street, SW., Washington, D.C. 20460
Telephone: 202-260-3569	FAX: 202-260-1724

DeVoe, James, R., Chief, LARD, National Institute of Standards and

Technology, Chemistry Building, Room A349, Gaithersburg, MD
20899

Telephone: 301-975-4144	FAX: 301-926-6182

Harper, Sharon, AREAL/QATSD/AMSB, MD-78, Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711
Telephone: 8-629-2443	FAX: 919-541-3527

Huang, Miau, Consumer Product Safety Commission, 9620 Medical
Center, Suite 310, Rockville, MD, 20850
Telephone: 301-443-9420	FAX: 301-492-5402

McKnight, Mary, BMD, National Institute of Standards and Technology,
BR Building, Room B348, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899
Telephone: 301-975-6714	FAX: 301-975-4032

Paschal, Dan, CHAM.17/2810, F18, Centers for Disease Control, 1600
Clifton Road, NE., Atlanta, GA 30333
Telephone: 8-236-4026	FAX: 404-488-4609

Simpson, James, Childhood Lead Program, Center for Environmental
Health, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30338
Telephone: 404-488-4788	FAX: 404-488-4308

Weitz, Steve, Housing and Urban Development, 451 7th Street,
SW., Washington, D.C. 20410

Telephone: 202-755-1810	FAX: 202-755-1000

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