U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Abandoned Mine Lands Team

Reference
Notebook

Disclaimer The policies and procedures set forth herein are intended as guidance for employees of the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. They do not constitute rulemakings by the Agency and may not be relied on to create a substantive or
procedural right enforceable by any person. The Government may take action that is at variance with the policies and
procedures in this reference document. This is a living document and may be revised periodically without public notice.
Nothing in this document constitutes a regulatory determination nor does the use of definitions reflect official Agency policy.

September 2004

&EPA


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Front Cover Photos, top to bottom: Lower retention pond at Libby Asbestos Mine, Libby, Montana; Rocks stained by acid
drainage in Squaw Creek, Mammoth Mine, California; Mine tailings piles in residential areas of Eureka, Utah.


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Reference Notebook

Table of Contents	

Chapter 1 • Introduction	 1

Chapter 2 • Background	3

Chapter 3 • EPA's Abandoned Mine Lands Programs	 17

Chapter 4 • Coordinating with Federal AML Programs	29

Chapter 5 • State AML Programs	39

Chapter 6 • Reuse and Redevelopment of AML	53

Glossary	63

Acronyms	69

References	73

Thble 2-1 • Selected AML Inventory Estimates
Thble 2-2 • Reclamation Costs Per State

Thble 4-1 • Federal Regulatory & Programmatic Authorities for Cleaning Up AML

Thble 4-2 • Bureau of Land Management (BLM) AML Sites Funded for FYO1

Table 4-3 • National Park Service (NPS) AML Reclamation Site Summaries

Table 4-4 • USDA Forest Service AML Reclamation Site Summaries

Thble 5-1 • State Requirements for Hardrock Mine Sites

Table 5-2 • State and Tribal AML Programs and Inventory Resources

Appendix A • CERCLIS and EPA Regional AML Inventory

Appendix B • Other Non-Federal AML Data Resources

Appendix C • Current Information on Mine Waste Treatment Technologies

Appendix D • Programs and Organizations Involved in AML Reclamation


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Chapter

Introduction

This reference document is intended to illustrate the extent of
the abandoned mine lands (AML) contamination problems across
the U.S. and the range of actions that EPA's AML Team intends
to take in addressing this problem. Its aim is to provide assis-
tance to EPA staff in better coordinating their AML functions.
The policies and procedures set forth herein are intended as
guidance for employees of the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. They do not constitute rulemakings by the Agency and
may not be relied on to create a substantive or procedural
right enforceable by any person. The Government may take
action that is at variance with the policies and procedures in
this reference document. This is a living document and may be
revised periodically without public notice. Nothing in this
document constitutes a regulatory determination nor does the
use of definitions reflect official Agency policy.

This document is divided into six parts;

•	Chapter 1, an introduction to EPA's AML Team;

•	Chapter 2, an overview of the cause and extent of the
AML problem;

•	Chapter 3, an overview of EPA's AML Programs;

•	Chapter 4, a summary of federal AML Programs;

•	Chapter 5, a review of state AML Programs; and

•	Chapter 6, a look at AML site reuse and redevelopment.

As this document provides an overview of many topics, numer-
ous appendices and tables supplement the text by offering a
deeper examination of individual chapter components.

Waste rock pile and warning sign at Mammoth
Mine, California.

1.1 The Scope of Abandoned Mine Lands

As a first step in understanding the AML problem, the AML
Team created the following scope:

Abandoned mine lands" are those lands, waters,
and surrounding watersheds contaminated or scarred

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Reference Notebook

For purposes of this re ference
document, "abandoned mine
lands " are those lands, waters, and
surrounding watersheds contami-
nated or scarred by the extraction,
beneficiation or processing of ores
and minerals (excluding coal).
Abandoned mine lands include
areas where mining or processing
activity is determined to be tempo-
rarily inactive.

by the extraction, beneficiation or processing of ores
and minerals (excluding coal). Abandoned mine lands
include areas where mining or processing activity is
determined to be temporarily inactive.

This scope is intended to focus the AML Team on the chemical
and physical contamination problems at hardrock mines. Al-
though this scope does not specifically state it, mining opera-
tions associated with coal, oil, natural gas, gravel, sand, and
stone are not included as abandoned mine lands. However,
mining sites associated with phosphate extraction are included
as abandoned mine lands, even though they are categorized as
"leasable minerals" in the glossary.

1.2 Role of ERft'sflbandoned Mine LandsTeam

EPA's AML Team has been created to provide EPA Headquar-
ters and regions access to expertise on issues at abandoned
mine sites. The team is a subgroup to the already existing
EPA National Mining Team (NMT) and will address issues
related to abandoned mine sites. The AML Team will also
serve as a focal point for coordinating and facilitating EPA
policy, funding, process, and technical issues with stakehold-
ers such as, but not limited to, National Mining Association,
Mineral Policy Center, Bureau of Land Management (BLM),
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service, West-
ern Governors Association (WGA), states, tribes, and others
on abandoned/inactive mine research, characterization,
cleanup, and redevelopment activities.

A goal of the AML Team is to set priorities for the evaluation,
cleanup, and redevelopment of abandoned mine sites to reduce
federal government financial liabilities in addressing these
sites. This group has also been established to identify and
resolve key EPA technical and policy issues at abandoned mine
sites to promote a nationally consistent and fiscally sound
decision-making process for AML sites across the country. In
addition, the AML Team will work to identify opportunities to
prevent future AML problems in active mining operations. This
team will work with and support existing Office of Superfund
Remediation and Technology Innovation (OSRTI) teams and
national teams (e.g., remedy selection, sediments, National
Mining team). The AML Team is composed of regional and
Headquarters technical and policy staff from EPA's Office of
Enforcement, OSRTI, Office of Solid Waste (OSW), and Office of
Radiation and Indoor Air (ORIA).

For more information on EPA's Abandoned Mine Lands Pro-
gram, visit: http://www.epa.gov/superfund/programs/aml.

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	Chapter

Background

To set the stage for discussing the problems associated with
abandoned mines, this document will first present how ore and
mineral extraction and beneficiation of specific minerals and
metals occurs. The nature and extent of the abandoned mine
lands problem is discussed, followed by a general overview of
the estimated costs of addressing the problem.

2

2.1 The Processes of Hard Rock Mining

Metal mining processes include
extraction and beneficiation.
Extraction removes the ore from
the ground; beneficiation concen-
trates the metal in the ore by
removing unwanted constituents.

2.1.1 Mining and Ore
Extraction

Most ore-bearing rock lies beneath
unwanted "overburden." Accessing
the ore may be as environmentally
destructive as the beneficiation and
processing of the ore.

Metals are mined from two basic types of deposits, lode and
placer deposits. Lode deposits are concentrated mineral
deposits in solid rock. Iron,
copper, lead, gold, silver, and zinc
are mined mainly from lode
deposits. Placer deposits are
alluvial deposits of sand, gravel,
and rock, containing valuable
metals. They usually contain
metals that were once part of a
lode deposit. Only a small
percentage of domestic gold and
silver is derived from placer
deposits.

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Historical mine portal at Elizabeth Mine,
Strafford, Vermont

The following describes three basic approaches to mining/
extracting ore:

•	Surface or open-pit mining, which requires blasting
rock, soil movement, and vegetation removal to reach
lode deposits. Open pit mining is the primary domestic
source of iron, copper, gold, and silver. Open pit
mining was also once the principal means of uranium
mineral extraction.

•	Underground mining entails sinking a shaft to reach the
main body of ore. Underground mines do not create the
volume of overburden waste associated with surface
mining. Lead, antimony, and zinc mining are solely
underground operations in the U.S.

•	Solution or fluid mining entails drilling into intact rock
and using chemical solutions to dissolve lode deposits.
During solution mining, the leaching solution, usually a
dilute acid, penetrates the ore and dissolves soluble
metals. This pregnant leach solution is then retrieved
for recovery at a solvent extraction and electrowinning
plant. This method of mining is used to recover copper,
gold, and uranium.

2.1.2 Beneficiation

Beneficiation is the process of concentrating or enriching ores.
Under regulations promulgated pursuant to the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), (40 CFR §261.4)
beneficiation of ores and minerals is defined as including the
following activities: crushing, grinding, washing, dissolution,
crystallization, filtration, sorting, sizing, drying, sintering,
smelting, pelletizing, briquetting, calcining to remove water
and/or carbon dioxide, roasting, autoclaving, and/or chlorination
in preparation for leaching, gravity concentration, magnetic
separation, electrostatic separation, flotation, ion exchange,
solvent extraction, electrowinning, precipitation, amalgamation,
and heap, dump, vat, tank and in situ leaching.

Some of the more commonly used practices of beneficiation
include the following:

•	Milling extracts ore to produce uniform-sized particles
using crushing and grinding processes.

•	Magnetic separation is used to sort magnetically
susceptible minerals from gangue minerals by applying
a magnetic field. Iron ores are commonly separated
this way.

•	Flotation uses a chemical reagent to make minerals
adhere to air bubbles for collection.

•	Gravity concentration separates minerals based on
differences in their gravity.

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•	Thickening/filtering removes most of the liquid from
slurried concentrates and mill tailings.

•	Leaching is the process of extracting a soluble metallic
compound from an ore by selectively dissolving it in a
solvent such as water, sulfuric or hydrochloric acid, or
cyanide solution. The desired metal is then removed
from the "pregnant" leach solution by chemical precipi-
tation or another chemical or electrochemical process.
Leaching methods include dump, heap, and tank opera-
tions.

•	Smelting requires melting down the metallic ore
concentrate, and the metal is separated from other
substances in the concentrate.

•	Electrowinning mixes a metal-bearing solution with
chemicals that transfer the metal to a more concentrated
solution called an electrolyte. The electrolyte is pumped
to steel tanks. Starter sheets hang in the solution and,
using an electric current, the metal is plated from the
electrolyte onto the sheet, forming purer metal on the
plates.

2.1.3 Mineral Specific Operations

The following summaries describe the extraction and
beneficiation processes used for mineral-specific mining
operations and the associated wastes generated during these
processes:

•	Iron ore is almost exclusively surface mined. Typical
beneficiation steps applied to iron ore include: milling,
washing, sorting, sizing, magnetic separation, flotation,
and agglomerations. Milling followed by magnetic
separation is the most common beneficiation sequence
used, according to the American Iron Ore Association.
Agglomeration generates byproducts such as carbon
dioxide, sulfur compounds, chlorides, and fluorides.
Primary wastes are overburden/waste rock and tailings.

•	Copper is generally extracted from surface, under-
ground, and increasingly, from in situ operations (the
practice of percolating dilute sulfuric acid through ore to
extract copper). Beneficiation of copper consists of
crushing and grinding; washing; filtration; sorting and
sizing; gravity concentration; flotation; chlorination;
dump and in situ leaching; ion exchange; solvent
extraction; electrowinning; and precipitation. The
methods vary according to the particular copper ore
characteristics and economic factors. Approximately
half of copper beneficiation occurs through dump
leaching, while the other half uses flotation. Typical
leaching agents include hydrochloric and sulfuric acids.

Former copper/eachate collection,
concentration, and electrowinning operations at
Anaconda Mine, Yerington, Nevada.

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Mining operations are per-
formed throughout the U.S., but
the concentration of metal
mining is in the western region
of the country.

Solvent extraction requires impure leach solutions
containing copper, iron, and other base-metal ions to be
mixed with an active organic extractant, usually kero-
sene, forming a copper-organic complex. Primary
wastes include overburden/waste rock, tailings, spent
ore and spent or escaped leach solutions.

•	Lead and zinc, which are typically found together in
common ores, are extracted from underground opera-
tions. Beneficiation of lead and zinc includes crushing
and grinding; filtration; sizing; flotation; and sintering of
concentrates. Flotation is the most common method for
concentrating lead-zinc minerals. Lead-zinc ores are
conditioned to prepare for flotation; common condition-
ers include lime, soda ash, caustic soda, or sulfuric acid.
Reagents used in the flotation processes typically
include sulfur dioxide, zinc sulfate, coal tar, copper
sulfate, and sodium or calcium cyanide. Primary wastes
consist of overburden/waste rock and tailings.

•	Gold and silver, also typically found together in com-
mon ores, are extracted from surface, underground, and
in situ (experimental) operations. Beneficiation consists
of three principal techniques: cyanide leaching, flotation
of base metal ores followed by smelting, and gravity
concentration. Cyanide leaching generated 88 percent
of all domestic lode gold in 1991. Over half of the
silver produced in 1991 was from smelting concentrates
produced by flotation. Gravity concentration is used
primarily for gold and silver placer deposits. Primary
wastes include overburden/waste rock, spent process
solutions, tailings, slag, and spent ore.

•	Uranium has been extracted from surface, under-
ground, and in situ operations, and quite commonly
produced along with either precious metals, copper,
vanadium, or phosphate from the same geologic de-
posit. The mining of uranium ores by both underground
and surface methods produces large amounts of bulk
waste material, including bore hole drill cuttings, exca-
vated top soil, barren overburden rock, weakly uranium-
enriched waste rock, and subgrade ores (or protore). At
some abandoned mine sites, ore enriched with uranium
was left on site when prices fell, while transfer stations
at some distance from remote mines may contain
residual radioactive soil and rock without any visible
facilities to mark their location. Beneficiation enrichment
of ores and chemical processing to yield "yellowcake"
takes place at mills, which place their finely ground
waste rock byproducts in tailings impoundments. In
situ operations have moved the chemical processing
steps from the mill to plants at the solution well field
site and directed spent leachate solutions and produced

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waterto evaporation ponds; the evaporite and any
disturbed soil and drill cuttings are either buried on site
or trucked to other disposal locations.

2.1.4	Diversity of the Mining Industry

Mining operations are performed throughout the U.S., but the
concentration of metal mining operations is in the western
region of the country. Copper deposits are found primarily in
Utah, Michigan, New Mexico, and Arizona. The majority of
gold and silver production in the U.S. is concentrated in Ne-
vada, Montana, Idaho, and Colorado. The Viburnum area of
Missouri is the center of U.S. lead production. Alaska is the
largest producer of zinc; central Tennessee and northern New
York are also major zinc sources. Phosphate is mined primarily
in Florida. Additional large-scale phosphate operations are also
located in North Carolina, and smaller operations are located in
Idaho, Montana, and Utah. More than 90 percent of the U.S.
uranium production has come from sandstone deposits located
in western states. Most of those deposits occur in Wyoming,
Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, and Texas.

2.1.5	The End Result of Mining Activities

Due to fluctuating market value and depleted concentrations of
ore, mines are often abandoned after they are no longer profit-
able. As a result, inactive and abandoned mines often contain
significant environmental and public safety hazards. If market
prices increase and ore processing technologies allow for
greater metal recovery, mines may become active again as
low-grade ores become profitable to reprocess. In other
instances, abandoned mine lands and their environs may be
reused and redeveloped for other purposes beyond mining
(e.g., golf courses and wind farms).

Ore extraction pit at Anaconda Mine, Yerington,
Nevada.

2.2 Nature of the Problem

The extraction and beneficiation of ores to produce metals
result in significant waste generation and unwanted byproducts.
Initial site preparation creates erosion due to the removal of
vegetation. Blasting and excavation of the overburden to allow
access to the ore or mineral body may produce acid mine
drainage (AMD), erosion of sediments, and waste rock. Blast-
ing and exploration drill holes may alter natural patterns of
ground waterflow providing new and unsuspected migration
paths for mine contaminants into surface and ground water
bodies. Crushing and ore concentration generates waste rock,
additional tailings, and possible AMD from drainage of waste
rock or tailings piles. Beneficiation and mineral processing
may produce spent process and leach solutions, spent ore,
slag, sludge from neutralization of contaminated water, and

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The extraction and beneficiation
of ores to produce metals result in
significant waste generation and
unwanted byproducts.

Wind and water erosion of tailings piles at
Anaconda Mine, Yerington, Nevada.

1960s photo of mine effluent in Davis Mill Creek
and the Ocoee River and, at center, the acid
production facility: Copper Basin Mining area,
Ducktown, Tennessee.

particulate and gas emissions including compounds such as
carbon dioxide, sulfur compounds, chlorides, and fluorides.

2.2.1 Contaminant Origins

Mine contamination can originate from any number of source
areas at an abandoned or inactive mine. The following
describes typical sources:

•	Waste rock and overburden dumps are generally
constructed on unlined terrain or backfilled in previ-
ously excavated areas.

•	Tailings are created by most beneficiation processes
and usually leave the mill as a slurry. They contain a
mixture of impurities, trace metals, and residue of
chemicals used in the beneficiation process. Typically,
tailings consist of 40 to 70 percent liquid mill effluent
and 30 to 60 percent solids. (Liquids are commonly
used in the milling processes.) Most mine tailings are
disposed of in on-site impoundments. However,
slurried tailings are sometimes disposed of as backfill
into underground mines to provide ground or wall
support.

•	PCB-containing electrical equipment may be found
in mines throughout the world because electrical sys-
tems in mines follow the same general patterns as any
other industry. This threat is particularly prevalent in the
mining industry because mines generally penetrate the
water table. When polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are
spilled or PCB equipment is abandoned underground,
the PCBs can be expected to be released into the
ground water with no possibility of source retrieval. This
can result in water pollution for which there may be no
solution.

•	Surface impoundments are created to de-water
tailings and as a holding area for the tailings. They are
also used as evaporation ponds for process waters or
waste water cleanup of in situ leach operations.

•	AMD, or highly acidic water rich in metals, forms as a
result of a chemical reaction of surface water and/or
shallow subsurface water with rocks that contain sulfur-
bearing minerals (e.g., pyrite). This reaction causes
oxidation to produce ferrous ions and sulfuric acid,
which can cause metals to be leached from rocks that
come in contact with the acid. When mixed with
ground water, surface water, and soil, AMD may have
harmful effects on humans, animals, and plants as it
poisons ground and drinking water and destroys aquatic
life and habitat. AMD is accentuated and accelerated by
mining activities such as extraction and beneficiation.

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These mining activities increase the rate of these
chemical reactions by exposing increased surface area
of sulfide rock material, which would have otherwise
been protected in the host rock where oxidation occurs
very slowly. Increased erosion of the surrounding areas
is an additional AMD impact that feeds into its destruc-
tive cycle. Acid drainage can and does occur naturally
when sulfide minerals are exposed to weathering and
react with water and oxygen to produce sulfuric acid.
This natural process is acid rock drainage.

• Heap leaching produces spent ores, spent leach and
process solutions, sludge, and slag.

2.2.2 Environmental Hazards

Sedimentation and Sediment Contamination

Surface runoff can carry AML-originated silt and debris down-
stream, eventually leading to stream clogging. Sedimentation
results in the blockage of the stream and can cause flooding of
roads and/or residences and pose a danger to the public.
Sedimentation may also cause adverse impacts on fish.

Another sediment concern is the large area of land that is
disturbed during mining operations. As a result, erosion can be
a major concern at mining sites. This type of erosion can cause
significant loading of sediments and pollutants into nearby
water bodies. The sediments are then deposited in naturally
low-lying lands, impacting surface water, ground water, and
terrestrial systems. Minerals associated with deposited sedi-
ments may lower the pH of surface runoff, mobilizing metals
that can infiltrate into the surrounding subsoil or can migrate to
nearby waters. Contaminated sediments may lower the pH of
soils enough to destroy suitable habitat for vegetation and
wildlife.

Water Pollution

AMD is a serious problem at many abandoned mines. Aban-
doned mines can produce AMD for more than 100 years and,
consequently, pose significant risks to surface water and
ground water. AMD can lowerthe pH of surrounding surface
water, making it corrosive and unable to support many forms of
aquatic life and vegetation. Humans may also be affected by
consuming water and fish tissue with a metal content.

Acid leaching operations are a potential source of water pollu-
tion. The leaching process itself resembles AMD, but is con-
ducted using high concentrations of acids to extract metals from
the ore. The leaching process produces large volumes of
metal-bearing acid solutions. Most of the environmental

Unlined leachate and contaminated ground water
evaporation ponds at Anaconda Mine, Yerington,
Nevada.

Acid mine drainage leaking from the Stowell
portal at Mammoth Mine, California.

Inactive copper leachate collection pond
adjacent to heap leach pile (left) at the Anaconda
Mine, Yerington, Nevada.

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Mercury contaminated waters at the Sulfur Bank
Mercury Mine at Clear Lake, Califorina.

damage associated with leaching is caused by leakage, spill-
age, or seepage of the leaching solution. Therefore, the leach
dumps and associated extraction areas need to be designed to
prevent releases.

Surface water can be contaminated by runoff containing AMD,
metals, acid solutions from leaching, and sediment loading due
to erosion. In the past, overburden and tailings were some-
times placed in the stream beds because they were natural
depressions. This loaded the stream with metals and AMD.
The lowered pH and increased metal content may damage
aquatic animals and vegetation, as well as humans and other
organisms that drink from the streams or eat plant and animals
that have bioaccumulated hazardous substances from the stream.

Ground water can be contaminated when there is a hydraulic
connection between surface and ground water, when there is
mining below the water table, and when waters infiltrate through
surface materials (including overlying wastes or other material)
into the ground water. Blasting, underground mine excavations
and collapse, and exploration drilling all can create pathways for
water seepage through mines into ground water. Ground water
is also affected by the pumping of mine water that creates a cone
of depression in the ground water table increasing infiltration. It
can take decades or centuries for ground water to return to its
pre-mining level after pumping stops.

Air Pollution

Air pollution occurs at mining sites during excavation and
transportation. Blowing dust from AML sites is a common
concern, as many mines are in arid western states. Some
sources of dust may be from road traffic in the mine pit and
surrounding areas, rock crushers located in pits and in mills,
and tailings ponds. The toxicity of the dust depends on the
proximity of environmental receptors and the type of ore being
mined. High levels of arsenic, lead, and radionuclides tend to
pose the greatest risk, according to EPA's 1997 "National
Hardrock Mining Framework" and radiation guidance from
EPA's Office of Radiation and Indoor Air.

Exhaust fumes from diesel engines and blasting agents may
also be a serious hazard in underground mines. These ex-
hausts produce carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide gas,
which collect in underground areas. Radon gas from the decay
of naturally occurring radioactive materials is present in all rocks
and mines and may accumulate to hazardous levels in under-
ground mines, or be vented from unclosed air shafts resulting in
high concentrations in surface air in some mine districts.

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2.2.3 Public Safety Hazards

In addition to numerous environmental hazards, abandoned
mine sites present many threats to public safety. In response
to the dozens of injuries resulting from individuals exploring or
playing on mine property, the U.S. Department of Labor's Mine
Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) created "Stay Out -
Stay Alive," a public safety campaign to educate children and
adults about the existing hazards at active and abandoned mine
sites. The following describes some of the public safety
hazards that can exist at abandoned mine sites:

•	Vertical mine shafts - Usually hundreds of feet deep,
they may be completely unprotected at the surface,
hidden by vegetation or covered by rotting boards;

•	Horizontal openings - Rotting timbers and unstable rock
formations can make cave-ins a real danger;

•	Deadly gases - Lethal concentrations of gases can
accumulate in underground passages;

•	Unused or misfired explosives - Vibrations from a touch
or footfall can trigger an explosion;

•	Highwalls, or excavated vertical cliffs - Highwalls in
open pit mines and quarries can become unstable and
prone to collapse;

•	Stockpiles - Hills of loose material or refuse heaps can
unsuspectingly collapse;

•	Hidden rock ledges and mining debris - Water-filled
quarries and pits can hide rock ledges, old machinery,
and other hazards.

Irrigation and mine runoff drainage ditch near
Anaconda Mine, Yerington, Nevada.

Erosion on mine tailings ponds atKennecott
Copper Mine, Magna, Utah.

2.2.4 Who is Affected?

The historic impact of mining on the environment is significant.
Contaminants from mining affect the biological, recreational,
industrial, and municipal use of watersheds for many miles.
AMD and metals affect waterbodies and water supplies and the
aquatic organisms, vegetation, and humans that rely on them for
survival purposes. Modern mines are required to more fully
address environmental concerns through the permit process.

The following overview provides examples of the environmen-
tal impacts that mining activities have caused:

• Environmental problems and liabilities have resulted
from cyanide heap-leach gold mining operations at the
Zortman-Landusky Gold Mine in Montana. Now bank-
rupt and abandoned, the mining operations impacted
surrounding communities, water and cultural resources.
Numerous cyanide spills from the mine have contami-

In addition to numerous envi-
ronmental hazards, abandoned
mine sites present many threats
to public safety.


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Warning sign near Anaconda Mine, Yerington,
Nevada

Contaminants from mining affect
the biological, recreational
industrial, and municipal use of
watersheds for many miles.

I 2

nated locai tap waterwith cyanide concentrations above
drinking water standards and contaminated nearby
streams.

Surface water and ground water contamination resulted
from numerous sources of the Summitvilie Mine in
Colorado. Cyanide-bearing processing solutions mixed
with acidic ground water as they began leaking into an
underdrain system beneath the heap leach pad. Several
times over the course of mining operations, cyanide
solutions also leaked from transfer pipes directly into the
Wightman Fork of the Alamosa River. Due to extensive
downstream use of the Alamosa River water for live-
stock, agricultural irrigation, and wildlife habitat, the
environmental problems at Summitville have been of
particular concern. A 1990 disappearance of stocked fish
from Terrace Reservoir and farm holding ponds along the
Alamosa River was suspected to have been caused by
increased acid and metal loadings from Summitville.

In 1990, nearly 11,000 fish were killed over an 80-
kilometer stretch of the Lynches River in South Carolina
when rains caused an earthen dam to collapse and
release more than 10 million gallons of a cyanide
solution.

In 1969, an uncontrolled release of contaminated water
from Iron Mountain Mine (mined for copper, gold,
silver, and zinc) in California killed approximately
200,000 salmon. Due to discharges with rates as high as
1,500,000 gallons per day from Iron Mountain Mine,
AMD and metal contamination caused a decline in King
Salmon as well.

At the East Helena Smelter in Montana (smelted lead
and zinc), blood tests in children residing in the adjacent
community had shown blood-lead levels twice the
national average. The sources of contamination were
primary and fugitive emissions and seepage from
process ponds and process fluids.

The Plant City Chemical Complex (produced phosphoric
acid) in Florida had contaminated aquifers beneath the
plant. Elevated levels of fluoride, sodium, gross alpha
radiation, metals, sulfate, and total dissolved solids were
detected in wells in excess of applicable guidance
concentrations and/or state and federal drinking water
standards.

A 1972 aerial radiation survey of selected western state
communities found over 500 habitable buildings had
been constructed with uranium mine waste rock. In
2001, EPA removed a Utah house constructed with
uranium waste, due to radiation levels in the living area
500 times greater than the maximum permissible level.


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2.3 Extent of the Problem

There is little agreement ori the number of abandoned mine
lands and what constitutes or defines an AML. For example,
individual mine "features" are sometimes used to delineate
individual AML sites, whereas in other instances, collections of
mine features for an individual mining operation are defined as
an AML site. This has resulted in varying methods for conduct-
ing AML inventories among agencies, states, and mining-
related associations. For instance, the 1997 EPA "National
Hardrock Mining Framework" estimates over 200,000 inactive
and abandoned mines nationwide, although a 1993 estimate by
the Mineral Policy Center puts the number of hardrock aban-
doned mines at 557,650 nationwide.

Multiple inventories exist for various agencies, states, and
mining-related associations across the country. Each entity
possesses their own methods of designation, identification, and
prioritization for AML sites within their universes making
comparisons and coordination difficult for AML response,
reclamation, and policy development managers. However,
with the emergence of multi-agency, state, and association
collaborations in developing AML inventories, hope exists of
producing standardized, complete, and comparable AML
universes to help in AML response and reclamation efforts as
well as the development of useful, worthwhile and consistent
AML policy. A compilation of other programs and organizations
involved in the AML reclamation process can be found in
Appendix D of this document. A more detailed look into the
various inventory studies conducted by the agencies and
programs involved in addressing AML can be found in Table 2-
1.

Large tailings pile at the Elizabeth Mine,
Strafford, Vermont.

Highwall at Golden Sunlight Mines near
Whitehall, Montana.

2.4 Magnitude of Cleanup Costs

Information on the actual cost of AML site cleanup is not readily
available to the public. However, several major studies have
been conducted in the past regarding the possible cost associ-
ated with addressing AML sites.

Information developed by the Department of Energy for inclu-
sion in an international report on remediation of uranium
production facilities found that for 22 U.S. mines, the cost for
cleanup per metric ton of ore produced ranged from a low of
$0.24 to a high of $33.33. A median was approximately $3.00
and the average costs for all mines was $5.07, The cleanup costs
did not include long term maintenance and water treatment.

As of April 2002, EPA's estimated and actual cleanup costs at
88 NPL mining sites were over $2.8 billion.

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Anaconda smelter (smokestackin background)
and reclaimed wetlands in foreground,
Anaconda, Montana.

A 2001 study conducted by Resources for the Future (RFF),
Superfund's Future: What Will It Cost?, determined that the
average cost of addressing a mining site under the Superfund
program is approximately $22 million per site. The study also
found that the problem of cost is further compounded by
increasingly insufficient financial assurance amounts being
provided by mining companies. As a result, western states
could face unfunded reclamation bonding liabilities exceeding
$1 billion.

According to the General Accounting Office (GAO) 1996 report,
Federal Land Management: Information on Efforts to Inventory
Abandoned Hard Rock Mines, the Forest Service estimates
about $4.7 billion and the National Park Service (NPS) about
$165 million in costs to reclaim AML sites on the public lands
that they manage.

In 1993, the Mineral Policy Center estimated that the worst
363,000 (out of 557,650) AML sites would require between $32
and $72 billion for reclamation.

In the 1991 scoping study, Inactive and Abandoned Noncoal
Mines, by the Western Interstate Energy Board, estimates for
the cost of reclamation were presented for 31 states. The
estimated costs ranged from $1.3 billion in Missouri to $2.5
million in Nevada. Table 2-2 provides a summary of the
estimated reclamation costs per state as presented in the 1991
Western Interstate Energy Board report.

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Ch apter Sources

Bench, Dan. PCBs, Mining, and Waste Pollution. London, England. Mining Environmental Management.
July 2003.

Bureau of Land Management. (BLM) State AML Programs Web page, http://www.nv.blm.gov/minerals/
special/AM L_App_2.htm

EPA. Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (TENORM) program Web page:
http://www.epa.gov/radiation/tenorm

EPA. Office of Radiation Programs, "Potential Health and Environmental Concerns of Uranium Mine
Wastes," Report to Congress, EPA 520/1-83-007, June 1983.

EPA. Office of Solid Waste. Human Health and Environmental Damages from Mining and Mineral Pro-
cessing Wastes. December 1995.

EPA. National Hardrock Mining Framework. September 1997.

EPA. Office of Compliance Sector Notebook Project, Profile of the Metal Mining Industry. September 1995.

EPA. Technical Report: Treatment of Cyanide Heap Leaches and Tailings. September 1994.

EPA. Terms of the Environment Web page. http://www.epa.gov/OCEPAterms/oterms.html

Environmental Mining Council of British Columbia. Acid Mine Drainage. Web page, http://
www.miningwatch.org/emcbc/primer/acid_mine_drainage.htm

General Accounting Office of the U.S. Federal Land Management: Information on Efforts to Inventory
Abandoned Hard Rock Lands. February 1996.

National Research Council. Hardrock Mining on Federal Lands. Washington, D.C. National Academy
Press. 1999.

Nuclear Energy Agency of the Organization for Economic and Community Development, and International
Atomic Energy Agency, "Environmental Remediation of Uranium Production Facilities". Joint Report,

Paris, France, and Vienna, Austria. 2002.

Probst, Katherine; David Konisky. Superfund's Future: What Will It Cost? Washington, D.C. Resources for
the Future. 2001.

Sowder, A, S. Hernandez, A. Bain, L. Setlow, and E. Forinash. "Abandoned Uranium Mines: A Continuing
Legacy for the Navajo Nation". Health Physics Society Annual Meeting Proceedings, June 12-14, 2001,
Cleveland, Ohio.

University of Washington - College of Forest Resources. Environmental Impacts of Hardrock Mining in
Eastern Washington. http://www.cfr.washington.edu/Research/fact_sheets/08-CSSminingimpacts.pdf

U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI) Office of the Inspector General. Report No. 91-1-1248. Noncoal
Reclamation, Abandoned Mine Land Reclamation Program, Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and
Enforcement. September 1991.

continued on next page

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Chapter Sources (continued)

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Bulletin 2220. Environmental Considerations of Active and Abandoned
Mine Lands: Lessons from Summitville, Colorado. 1995.

Western Interstate Energy Board. Inactive and Abandoned Noncoal Mines: A Scoping Study. August
1991.


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Chapter

EPA's Abandoned Mine
Lands Programs

As environmental policies became increasingly focused on the
integration of multi-media, multi-statute approaches in dealing
with environmental concerns posed by hardrock mining, EPA
recognized the need to develop a framework to improve the
understanding of the use of existing authorities and the role of
other stakeholders. In 1997, EPA developed the Hardrock
Mining Framework. The primary purpose of the framework was
to promote a coordinated approach at mining sites, which
would lead to the protection of human health and the environ-
ment over the long-term. The Framework presents recommen-
dations and action items to assist the Agency in meeting these
goals at mining sites. One of the recommendations from the
Framework included that "the Agency should promote use of a
geographic/risk-based approach to determining priorities for
Inactive and Abandoned Mine (IAM) reclamation. Setting
priorities and selecting appropriate cleanup strategies (includ-
ing tools for implementation) should be conducted in coopera-
tion with appropriate stakeholders."

In response to the Hard Rock Mining Framework and its recom-
mendations, the National Mining Team was formed in 1998.
The NMT is composed of Regional and Headquarters technical
and policy staff from EPA's Office of Water, Office of Enforce-
ment, Office of Air and Radiation, and OSRTI. This group has
been established to identify and resolve key technical and
policy issues at active, inactive, and abandoned mine sites to
promote a nationally consistent decision making framework for
mine sites across the country. In 2001, the AML Team, report-
ing to EPA's Office of Emergency and Remedial Response
(OERR) (now OSRTI) Director, was created as a subgroup to the
National Mining Team. The primary goal of the AML Team is to
facilitate evaluation and cleanup of abandoned mine sites and to
find ways to reduce federal government financial liabilities at
these sites.

3.1 CurrentflMLTeam Initiatives

In an effort to provide a general scope of the AML problem, the
AML Team has developed this document to act as an internal
EPA reference document. It is intended to illustrate the extent

Setting priorities and selecting
appropriate cleanup strategies
(including tools for implementa-
tion) should be conducted in
cooperation with appropriate
stakeholders.


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Reference Notebook

Each abandoned mine site faces a
somewhat unique set of regulatory
requirements, depending on
federal and state statutes or
regulations; whether it is on
federal state, tribal or private
land; local regulations; and site-
specific environmental consider-
ations.

of AML contamination problems across the U.S., the regulatory
complexity inherent with AML issues, and the course that
EPA's AML Team intends to take in addressing this problem.

Since its inception, the AML Team has been active in forming
collaborations with other agencies and programs, as well as
private organizations involved in addressing AML. One goal of
the AML Team in forging such collaborations is to develop an
inventory of AML sites that are located on private lands and
pose serious threats to human health and the environment. In
an attempt to begin building the foundation for such a multi-
agency AML inventory, the AML Team has started by assessing
and compiling information from EPA data sources.

An initial AML inventory of 562 sites was compiled primarily
from the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensa-
tion, and Liability Information System (CERCLIS) database and
information gathered by EPA Regional staff. The result is the
CERCLIS and EPA Regional AML Inventory, presented in Ap-
pendix A of this report. However, it should be noted that this is
an initial step toward a more collaborative and complete inven-
tory as envisioned by the AML Team. Next steps may include
further research and assessment into other available EPA
resources, as well as initialization of outreach efforts to other
entities for future AML inventory collaborations.

3.2 CERCLA Statute Discussion

Each abandoned mine site faces a somewhat unique set of
regulatory requirements, depending on federal and state
statutes or regulations; whether it is on federal, state, tribal,
or private land; local regulations; and site-specific environmen-
tal considerations. When an AML is located on public or private
lands, it may be addressed under EPA authorities. The Compre-
hensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability
Act (CERCLA), commonly known as Superfund, provides the
primary tools available to EPA project managers in developing
strategies for assessment, investigation, and cleanup of envi-
ronmental risks from abandoned mine sites. The law authorizes
two kinds of response actions: removal and remedial actions.
CERCLA provides funding for cleanups, eitherthrough payment
for or by direct implementation of cleanups by responsible
parties or by the government; it also provides for site-specific
approaches to environmental problems and is not limited to
particular media.

However, the use of CERCLA authorities is not limited to EPA.
Other federal agencies, under the authority of Executive Order
12580, have used CERCLA to implement cleanup activities on
their lands. Executive Order 13016 expanded the ability of


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Reference Notebook

other federal agencies to use CERCLA authority to achieve mine
site cleanups. Other federal authorities used to address AML
are discussed in Chapter 4 of this document.

3.3 Overview of the National Priorities List (NPL)

Process

The National Priorities List (NPL) was established by CERCLA
§ 105(a)(8)(B) to provide a guide to EPA in determining which
sites warrant further investigation, to assess the nature and
extent of the public health and environmental risks associated
with the site, and to determine what CERCLA-financed or Re-
sponsible Party (RP) financed remedial action(s), if any, may be
necessary. Inclusion of a site on the NPL does not establish
that EPA will undertake response action. Moreover, listing
does not require any action of any private party, nor does it
determine the liability of any party for the cost of cleanup of
the site. A site need not be on the NPL to be CERCLA-financed
as a removal action, an action brought pursuant to CERCLA
§106 or 107(a)(4)(9b), or a Remedial Investigation/Feasibility
Study (RI/FS).

Section 300.425(c) of the National Oil and Hazardous Sub-
stances Pollution Contingency Plan (NCP), the federal regulation
by which CERCLA is implemented (55 FR 8845, March 8, 1990),
provides the following three mechanisms for placing sites on
the NPL:

•	Hazard Ranking System (HRS) - the scoring system EPA
uses to assess the relative threat associated with the
release or potential release of hazardous substances
from a waste site. An HRS score of 28.50 or above is
used to determine if a site is eligible for the NPL;

•	"Each State can nominate one site to the NPL as a State
top priority regardless of its HRS score; and

•	Sites may also be added in response to a health advi-
sory from the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR)" [51532 Federal Register, Vol. 55, No.

241],

The current policy approach to NPL listing has evolved as the
federal Superfund program and state programs have matured. In
recent years, requests from states or tribal governments or
affected communities have played a more important role in
listing decisions. EPA's current approach results in the following:

•	Listing sites where there are no potentially responsible
parties (PRPs);

•	Listing sites where cleanup is beyond a state's ability to
fund or oversee a remedial action and that lack a PRP;

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and

• Listing sites where non-NPL response options have not
proved viable, primarily due to recalcitrant PRPs.

Although formal governor's concurrence is no longer statutorily
required for NPL listings, as a matter of policy, EPA requests
states and, where appropriate, tribal concurrence before all NPL
listing proposals.

In addition to the NPL process, there is another commonly used
approach termed "Superfund Alternative (SA)EPA regions
and other stakeholders (e.g., PRPs) may initiate this SA ap-
proach when there is adequate documentation to demonstrate
that the site scores 28.5 or higher, requires long-term action,
and has a willing and viable PRP. An enforcement agreement
must be in place (e.g., Consent Decree) by the time the site is
in remedial action to be an SA site. Fro more information
regarding SA sites policy, see OSWER 9208.0-18, "Revised
Response Selection and Settlement Approach for Superfund
Alternative Sites," dated December 17, 2003.

The success of the EPA AML
program is connected to routine
coordination with federal, state,
and private groups due to the
complexity of mining and
cleanup of private, federal, and
mixed land use sites.

3.4 Components of the NPL

Since the NPL was established in 1982, 1,499 sites have been
listed on the NPL and 278 have been deleted, resulting in a
current NPL of 1,305 sites. As of March 2004, 65 additional
sites were proposed for listing, although many of the sites may
not be finalized. Out of these sites the number of mining sites
include the following (current as of March 8, 2004):

•	NPL Final Mining Sites - 70

•	NPL Proposed Mining Sites - 8

•	NPL Deleted Mining Sites - 10

The following two categories are not components of the NPL but
comprise a large segment of Superfund work and, therefore,
need to be recognized:

•	Removal Mining Sites - 74

•	Superfund Alternative Mining Sites - 10 (The Superfund
Alternative approach is another tool besides the NPL for
cleaning up a site according to the NCP without going
through the lengthy NPL proposal and listing process
and avoids the possible stigma of the NPL.)

It is important to note that the number of sites in all of the
previous categories is constantly changing.

3.5 ERR Coordination in Addressing AWL Sites

The success of the EPA AML program is connected to routine

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coordination with federal, state, and private groups due to the
complexity of mining and cleanup of private, federal, and
mixed land use sites. Coordination begins with EPA Headquar-
ters staff. EPA Regions 8 and 10 have established mining
teams that meet with federal, state, and industry representa-
tives. Region 8's mining program resides in the Office of
Ecosystem Protection and Remediation (EPR) and contact
information is available at: http://www.epa.gov/region08/
land_waste/mining/m inewho.htm I.

3.6 Other Statutes that Potentially Impact MIL Sites

Historically, EPA has relied on other regulatory tools to address
AML sites. The following provides overviews of other statutes
that have or can potentially impact AML sites.

3.6.1 Clean Water Act

After CERCLA, the Clean Water Act (CWA) of 1972 is probably
the most widely used regulatory tool for addressing environ-
mental problems at mining sites. Section 402 of the CWA
authorizes EPA or delegated states to regulate "point source
discharges" of "pollutants" to "waters of the United States." Each
discharge must be permitted. Section 404 of the CWA pro-
vides authority for regulating the discharge of "dredged or fill
material." Many mine sites suffer from the uncontrolled
discharge of acidified water, which becomes contaminated as it
flows through abandoned mine workings. Section 402, in
particular, may be of use as EPA or states try to control this
flow. If a mine site is discharging contaminated waters, and if a
responsible party can be identified, EPA or a delegate of the
state may be able to address the problem under Section 309.

In 1987, Congress amended the CWA by adding provisions
concerning the control of point source discharges composed
entirely of storm water by directing EPA to publish permit
application regulations for "discharges of storm water associ-
ated with industrial activity." EPA defines "storm water" as
storm water runoff, snow melt runoff, and surface runoff and
drainage. It also defined "[s]torm water discharge associated
with industrial activity" to include the discharge of pollutants
from any conveyance that is used for collecting and conveying
storm water, which is directly related to manufacturing, pro-
cessing, or raw materials storage area at an industrial plant.

This includes conveyances at mining facilities from active or
inactive mining operations that discharge storm water contami-
nated by contact with, or that has come into contact with,
overburden. EPA noted that "a permit application will be
required when discharges of storm water runoff from mining
operations come into contact with any overburden. . . ."

In 1987, Congress amended the Clean Water Act by adding

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section 319, which established a national policy that states
develop and implement programs for the control of non-point
source pollution. Non-point source pollution causes or contrib-
utes to beach closures, destroyed habitat, unsafe drinking
water, fish kills, and many other severe environmental and
human health problems. States were to address non-point
source pollution by conducting statewide assessments of their
waters; developing non-point source management programs;
and implementing their EPA-approved non-point source man-
agement programs. For example, a 319 project in 1991 consoli-
dated five tailings piles to a location just below the Mary
Murphy mill ruins in central Colorado. The consolidated tailings
were stabilized and revegetated with grasses, forbs, and trees.
The drainage from the mine works was diverted around the
consolidation pile into a constructed wetland between the
consolidated tailings and Chalk Creek. Sampling in subsequent
years found that the recovery zone had moved upstream from 12
miles to just approximately 4 miles below the mining activity.

Per the CWA, the NCP was revised in 1973 to include a frame-
work for responding to our Nation's hazardous substance spills
and oil discharges. The NCP has been revised repeatedly,
including broadening under CERCLA in 1982 to cover emer-
gency removal actions at hazardous waste sites. It is by such
broadening of existing statutes that a multitude of statutes and
programmatic authorities exist and are applicable for use in
responding to AML sites.

The Clean Water Act gives EPA authority to implement pollu-
tion control programs such as:

•	Setting wastewater standards for industry;

•	Setting water quality standards for all contaminants in
surface waters;

•	Making it illegal for any person to discharge any pollut-
ant from a point source into navigable waters without a
permit; and

•	Addressing nonpoint sources.

3.6.2 National Environmental Policy Act

The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) requires that
federal agencies consider the environmental consequences of
their actions and decisions as they carry out their mandated
functions. EPA has been actively involved in NEPA as a lead
agency, a cooperating agency, and a reviewer of NEPA environ-
mental impact statements. The NEPA process offers an oppor-
tunity to understand potential, indirect, direct, and cumulative
impacts of mining projects and to identify permit conditions
that may be appropriate to manage or mitigate environmental


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Reference Notebook

concerns.

The purposes of NEPA are to declare a national policy that will
encourage productive and enjoyable harmony between humans
and their environment; promote efforts that will prevent or
eliminate damage to the environment and biosphere and
stimulate human health and welfare; enrich the understanding
of the ecological systems and natural resources important to
the Nation; and establish a Council on Environmental Quality.
More information regarding the purpose of NEPA is available at:
http://ceq.eh.doe.gov/nepa/regs/nepa/nepaeqia.htm.

Under NEPA, the federal government must consider environ-
mental impacts when approving a federally funded project, and
the NEPA document is used to meet that requirement. Depend-
ing on the potential for significant impacts one of three NEPA
documents would be used: an Environmental Impact Statement
(EIS), an Environmental Assessment (EA), or a Finding of No
Significant Impact (FONSI). The document would describe the
proposed project, characterize the existing environmental
conditions at the site, describe how the project will affect
environmental resources, and identify any unavoidable signifi-
cant impacts. The significance of the proposed action deter-
mines which type of NEPA document would be utilized.

3.6.3	Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) gives
EPA the authority to control hazardous waste from "cradle-to-
grave." This includes the generation, transportation, treatment,
storage, and disposal of hazardous waste. RCRA also sets forth
a framework for the management of non-hazardous wastes. In
October 1980, Congress amended RCRA through the Solid
Waste Disposal Act, which included the Bevill Amendment.
The Bevill Amendment excluded "solid waste from the extrac-
tion, beneficiation, and processing of ores and minerals" and
required EPA to study mining wastes to determine if regulation
under RCRA Subtitle C was warranted. In 1986, EPA issued a
regulatory determination that certain hardrock mining wastes
(i.e., those wastes generated by the removal and treatment of
the ore to concentrate its valuable constituents) should not be
regulated as hazardous wastes under Subtitle C at that time. As
a consequence of EPA's analysis and subsequent regulatory
interpretations and rulemakings, relatively little mining waste is
currently subject to RCRA regulation as hazardous waste.

3.6.4	Safe Drinking Water Act

The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) of 1974, is the main
federal law that ensures the quality of Americans' drinking
water. Under SDWA, EPA sets standards for drinking water
quality and oversees the states, localities, and water suppliers

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who implement those standards. Implementing regulations for
40 CFR 141 includes the establishment of national primary
drinking water standards, which currently include maximum
contaminant level goals (MCLGs) and maximum contaminant
levels (MCLs) for radiation and radionuclides, metals, pesti-
cides, total dissolved solids, and other contaminants.

Enacted under the SDWA, the Underground Injection Control
(UIC) program works with state and local governments to
oversee the use of underground injection wells in order to
prevent contamination of drinking water resources. Because a
number of minerals are mined by using injection wells, this
program is of particular importance.

In general, this type of mining technology involves the injec-
tion of a fluid, usually called lixiviant, which contacts an ore that
contains minerals that dissolve in the fluid. The pregnant fluid
is pumped to the surface where the mineral is removed from
the fluid.

The following practices are examples of mining operations that
use mining wells:

•	Salt solution mining - fifty percent of the salt used in the
U.S. is obtained this way;

•	In-situ leaching of uranium - eighty percent of the
uranium extracted in the U.S. is produced this way; and

•	Sulfur production using the Frasch process - super
heated steam is injected in order to recover a sulfur
solution.

Through the UIC program, EPA protects drinking water from
contamination from mining wells by implementing regulations.
Of the five classes of injection systems defined and regulated
by the UIC program, mining wells are addressed under Class
III. Among other things, the regulations underthe UIC program
require mining well operators to perform the following:

•	Case and cement their wells to prevent the migration of
fluids into an underground drinking water source;

•	Never inject fluid between the outer-most casing and
the well bore; and

•	Test the well casing for leaks at least once every five
years.

3.6.5 Atomic Energy Act

The Atomic Energy Act (AEA)(1954) provides for the control of
source materials - uranium and thorium - used for the produc-

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Reference Notebook

tion of atomic energy and weapons. With the exception of in
situ uranium production facilities, the Nuclear Regulatory
Commission (NRC), (and its predecessor, the Atomic Energy
Commission) was not authorized to permit or regulate uranium,
radium, or thorium mines. Oversight of these facilities falls to
the land management agencies, EPA, and the states. Standard
setting for radiation protection under the AEA was transferred to
EPA in 1970 through government reorganizations. Recognition
of this authority served as the precedent for EPA's establish-
ment of radionuclide and radiation protection limits. The Office
of Air and Radiation recently released a guidance titled "Poten-
tial for Radiation Contamination Associated With Mineral and
Resource Extraction Industries." This guidance informs EPA
personnel of the potential for radioactive contamination associ-
ated with a list of specific minerals and certain resource extrac-
tion, processing, or manufacturing industries. The identification
of listed minerals and materials at an inspection or investigation
site should serve as cause for EPA personnel to contact EPA
regional radiation staff to help implement radiation safety
measures, and conduct radiation surveys as appropriate.

3.6.6	Toxic Substances Control Act

Section 6(e) of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) regu-
lates the use and disposal of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
by manufacturers. PCB-containing electrical equipment may be
found in mines throughout the world because electrical sys-
tems in mines follow the same general patterns as any other
industry. This threat is particularly prevalent in the mining
industry because mines generally penetrate the water table.
When PCBs are spilled or PCB equipment is abandoned under-
ground, the PCBs can be expected to be released into the
ground water with no possibility of source retrieval. This can
result in water pollution for which there may be no solution. It
should be emphasized that surface mines and the attendant
crushing and milling facilities of both surface and underground
mines may use PCB-containing electrical equipment. Depend-
ing on the cost effectiveness of removal and salvage, mines
may be abandoned without removing any of the underground
mining, haulage, hoisting, or electrical equipment. Under-
ground mines are emphasized here because abandoned PCB-
containing equipment is likely to cause water pollution that can
affect the environment and the health of downstream fish,
wildlife, and human populations.

3.6.7	Clean Air Act

The Clean Air Act (CAA) regulates area, stationary, and mobile
source air emissions and authorizes EPA to establish National
Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) to protect human health
and the environment by setting maximum pollutant standards.

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The CAA was amended in 1990 primarily to address problems
that were not sufficiently considered in previous versions of the
CAA, such as air toxics, acid rain, and ground-level and strato-
spheric ozone depletion. Under the amended CAA, Title II of
Section 234 Provisions Related to Mobile Sources, Fugitive
Dust, requires EPA to review and revise "the accuracy of the
Industrial Source Complex (ISC) Model and AP-42 emission
factors for estimating fugitive emissions of PM-10from surface
coal mines." Mining sites can produce substantial amounts of
air pollution during excavation and transportation, particularly
through fugitive and windblown dust. The sources of these air
pollution types at mine sites include tailings ponds, rock clus-
ters and road traffic in the mine pit and surrounding areas. The
fugitive emissions reviews on surface mines required by CAA
Section 234 are conducted in order to demonstrate surface
coal mine compliance with NAAQS or for purposes of new
source review.

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Reference Notebook

Chapter aJ_ Sources	

Bench, Dan. PCBs, Mining, and Waste Pollution. London, England. Mining Environmental Manage-
ment. July 2003.

Clean Air Act Amendment Provision, Pertaining to Air Quality Modeling, http://www.epa.gov/ttn/
oarpg/gen/model.txt

EPA. 1990 Clean Air Act Amendment Provisions Related to Specific Stationary Source Categories.
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/oarpg/gen/stasor.pdf

EPA. CERCLA Overview Web page, http://www.epa.gov/superfund/action/law/cercla.htm

EPA. Clean Air Act Overview, http://www.epa.gov/region5/defs/html/caa.htm

EPA. Major Environmental Laws Web page, http://www.epa.gov/region5/defs/

EPA. National Contingency Plan (NCP) Overview Web page, http://www.epa.gov/oilspill/
ncpover.htm

EPA. National Hardrock Mining Framework. September 1997.

EPA. Office of Compliance. Sector Notebook Project: Profile of the MetalMining Industry. EPA/
310-R-95-008. September 1995. http://www.epa.gov/compliance/resources/publications/assistance/
sectors/notebooks/metm insnpt1.pdf

EPA. Office of the Inspector General Audit Report. EPA Can Do More to Help Minimize Hardrock
Mining Liabilities. June 11, 1997.

EPA. Radiation Protection Division Web page, http://www.epa.gov/radiation and http://
www.epa.gov/radiation/tenorm/about.htm

EPA. Underground Injection Control (UIC) Program, http://www.epa.gov/safewater/uic.html

Legal Information Institute. U.S. Code Collection Section 7401. http://www4.law.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/
htm_hl?DB = uscode42&STEMMER = en&WORDS = 7401 +&COLOUR = Red&STYLE = s&URL=/uscode/
42/7401. htm l#muscat_highlighter_first_match

National Association of Abandoned Mine Lands Programs Web page, http://www.onenet.net/
— naamlp/

National Coalition for Abandoned Mine Reclamation Web page, http://web.infoave.net/~ncamr/
National Mining Association Web page, http://www.nma.org/

National Research Council. Hardrock Mining on Federal Lands. Washington, D.C. National Acad-
emy Press. 1999.

U.S. DOI; Colorado Center for Environmental Management. Inactive and Abandoned Noncoal Mine
Inventory and Reclamation: A Status Report on 19 States. January 1994.

Western Governors' Association. Cleaning Up Abandoned Mines: A Western Partnership, Policy
Resolution 98-004. June 29, 1998. http://www.westgov.org/wga/publicat/miningre.pdf

Western Interstate Energy Board. Inactive and Abandoned Noncoal Mines: A Scoping Study.

August 1991.

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Chapter

Coordinating with Federal
AML Programs

AMLs exist under private, mixed, and federal land uses adding
to the complexity of the issue. A number of federal statutes
address environmental contamination issues associated with
AML. Federal statutory authority is spread among several
agencies with no one agency having overall statutory responsi-
bility. Ensuring that appropriate authorities are used at AML
sites will work to facilitate cleanup.

This chapter discusses possible federal regulatory and program-
matic authorities that have been or could be used for cleaning up
AML. However, the following descriptions only summarize the
key aspects of their programs. For additional information about
their statutes, programs, or activities, please contact your local
Bureau of Land Management, National Park Service, or Forest
Service office. A review of federal regulatory and programmatic
authorities can be found in Table 4-1.

4

Federal statutory authority is
spread among several agencies
with no one agency having overall
statutory responsibility. Ensuring
that each of these regulations is
enforced at AML sites will facili-
tate cleanup.

4.1 Department of the Interior

4.1.1 Bureau of Land Management

The Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (FLPMA)
authorizes the Secretary of the Interiorthrough the Bureau of
Land Management (BLM) to control mining to the extent that the
Secretary can, by regulation or otherwise, take actions neces-
sary to prevent unnecessary or undue degradation of the land.

In conjunction with other laws, FLPMA provides the authority to
remediate abandoned mine lands created in 1981 or later to
meet the principles of the Act including reasonable safety of the
general public. BLM regulations also require financial assur-
ances for all sites except for those sites having negligible land
disturbances.

The BLM works in partnerships with EPA, state agencies, tribes,
private parties, and other groups to accelerate the rate of
cleanup of watersheds affected by abandoned hard rock mines.

With special emphasis on ensuring that viable responsible
parties contribute their share of cleanup costs, federal land
managers will add three to five watersheds or major mine

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cleanup actions to the program each year from 1999 through
2005. Because BLM manages roughly 264 million acres in eleven
western states and Alaska, collaborations would be openly
welcomed for mine sites located on these BLM-managed lands.
BLM is attempting to identify, prioritize, and take appropriate
actions on those historic mine sites that pose safety risks to the
public or present serious threats to the environment.

Inventory

BLM has developed an inventory based on data collected
during a 1993-1995 on-the-ground survey of BLM-managed
public lands. The resulting data were compiled into a database
system that bears the same name as the Office of Surface
Mining (OSM) AML inventory system, Abandoned Mine Lands
Inventory System (AMLIS). Through the BLM AMLIS, a user
can locate a site entry, print reports, and create Geographic
Information System (GIS) maps, all via the Internet. The origi-
nal inventory efforts were directed toward physical safety
hazards. Presently, the emphasis has shifted toward a water-
shed approach. As of 2002, 10,200 records were posted on the
AMLIS database. Individual states included in the BLM inven-
tory and the resulting state AML inventory estimates are dis-
cussed according to each individual state in Chapter 5 of this
document. The BLM AMLIS system and further information on
sites currently undergoing cleanup can be found at: http://
www.blm.gov/aml/amlis.htm.

Cleanup

In 1997, BLM, the States of Colorado and Montana, the USDA
Forest Service, and other watershed partners leveraged their
combined resources to generate $7 million in funding and
technical support for watershed-based cleanup pilot projects in
Montana and Colorado. Removal of tailings and mine wastes
from stream beds, stabilization of flood plains, and capture of
acidic drainage in priority watersheds were all accomplished
through the reclamation work of the collaborative partners.

Additional information regarding sites addressed by BLM in
fiscal year 2001 is provided in Table 4-2.

Funding

For fiscal year 2003, $10 million in 1010 (soil, water, and air)
funding has been allocated for AML activities, of which $8.9
million will be provided to the field and the remainder will
support information technology activities, National Science and
Technology Center (NSTC), and the Washington, D.C. BLM
office. BLM sets its own priorities on how sites are selected for
cleanup based on the following factors:

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•	If unreclaimed land presents a danger to public health or
safety; or

•	If unreclamied land causes the degradation of environ-
mentally sensitive areas such as wilderness study
areas.

4.1.2 National Park Service

Although mineral operations are generally prohibited on Na-
tional Park Service (NPS) lands, as stated in the Mineral Leasing
Act of 1920, it does have some statutory and regulatory author-
ity for controlling allowed mineral development, including
mineral development rights such as valid mining claims that
had vested before designating the lands as protected areas.

In addition to eliminating the location of mining claims in NPS
lands under the 1872 Mining Law, the Mining in the Park Act of
1976 directed the Secretary of the Interior to develop regula-
tions to control all activities resulting from the exercise of valid
existing mineral rights on patented and unpatented mining
claims in any area of the National Park System to preserve the
pristine beauty of these areas. The NPS also has extensive
regulations governing exercise of valid existing mineral rights
(36 CFR Part 9 Subpart A) including restrictions on water use,
limitations on access, and requirements for complete reclama-
tion. These reclamation requirements and restrictions are
enforceable on all mining operations within NPS lands estab-
lished after September 28, 1976.

As part of NPS's Disturbed Lands Restoration Program, the
Abandoned Mineral Land Restoration Program encourages the
full restoration of lands affected by mining activities, addresses
environmental concerns (metals contamination, acid mine
drainage), safety hazards (vertical mine openings, unstable
slopes), and the sustainability of bat species, which may rely on
mine shafts for habitat.

Inventory

The NPS maintains an inventory of AMLs for reclamation
projects on NPS lands through its Disturbed Lands Restoration
Program. As of February 2001, a total of 3,199 AML sites were
listed in the NPS inventory of AML reclamation sites. A com-
plete list of NPS's AML Reclamation Sites can be found at http://
den2-s11 .aqd.nps.gov/grd/distland/amlreports/

AMLinventory02-23-01 .pdf.

Cleanup

Summaries of AML reclamation conducted and ongoing on NPS
administered lands is provided in Table 4-3.

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Funding

In 1993, the estimated cost of reclamation of all remaining AML
sites in the National Park System was $200 million.

4.2 U.S. Department of Agriculture - Forest Service

As early as 1897, the Organic Act gave the USDA Forest
Service power to manage mining impacts by making rules to
preserve America's forests from destruction. The National
Forest Management Act of 1976 (NFMA), the primary statute
governing the administration of the national forests, is the
broader statutory authority for the Secretary of Agriculture's
resource management of the national forests. NFMA reorga-
nized, expanded, and otherwise amended the Forest and
Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act of 1974, which
called for the management of renewable resources on national
forest lands. It requires the Secretary of Agriculture to assess
forest lands, develop a management program based on mul-
tiple-use and sustained-yield principles, and implement a
resource management plan for each unit of the national forest
system. It is the primary statute governing the administration
of national forests and can be found at: http://ipl.unm.edu/cwl/
fedbook/nfma.html. Forest Service regulations also require
financial assurances for all mine sites.

Inventory

The Forest Service has based its own inventory off the lower
limit on the number of abandoned and inactive mines on or
near national forests (1,800 total) as listed in the Minerals
Availability System/Mineral Industry Location System (MAS/
MIL) developed by the U.S. Department of the Interior's U.S.
Geological Survey. The Forest Service is no longer conducting
inventories. A detailed estimate for total number of abandoned
mines and features is not publicly available at this time; how-
ever, a CD of the MAS/MIL database can be purchased at: http://
minerals.er.usgs.gov/sddp/html/mrdsorder.html.

Cleanup

Collaboration with state and federal agencies and other AML
stakeholders aids the Forest Service in addressing AML on
their administered lands. For example, the Forest Service, in
partnership with BLM, the States of Colorado and Montana, and
other watershed partners, combined their resources to generate
$7 million in funding and technical support for the Interdepart-
mental Abandoned Mine Lands Watershed Cleanup Initiative, a
series of watershed-based cleanup pilot projects in Montana
and Colorado as previously described in section 4.1.1.

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Additional summaries of AML reclamation conducted and ongo-
ing on Forest Service administered lands are provided in Table
4-4.

Funding

For fiscal year 2004, the President's Budget request for the
Forest Service totaled $4.8 billion. Of this total, approximately
$1.3 billion would be appropriated to Minerals and Geology
Management, under which the Forest Service addresses
abandoned mine lands. The Forest Service sets its own priori-
ties on how sites are selected for cleanup based on the follow-
ing factors:

•	If unreclaimed land presents a danger to public health or
safety; or

•	If unreclaimed land causes the degradation of environ-
mentally sensitive areas such as wilderness study
areas.

4.3 Other Federal Programs that Impact JHMLs

4.3.1 Surface Mining Control and Reclamation
Act

The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA) is
aimed at mining operation controls and allows specifically for
AML cleanups. SMCRA taxes coal mined today and distributes
the money to states and Indian tribes for reclamation activities
at coal mine sites abandoned before 1977 and their associated
waters. After reclamation is completed at abandoned coal mine
sites, a state or tribe can also use the funds to remediate
environmental hazards at abandoned hardrock mine sites. The
States of Montana, Louisiana, Wyoming, and Texas have been
certified as having substantially addressed abandoned coal
mines and are therefore released to do reclamation on other
mineral mines and to fund public facilities projects in commu-
nities that are eligible under the regulations.

Established and funded by SMCRA's AML fund, the AML
program is administered primarily by the DOI's Office of
Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSMRE) and
funds the reclamation of eligible mine sites abandoned prior to
the act's passage. Under its AML program, OSMRE has granted
23 states and two Indian tribes authority for reclaiming sites
within their borders. Funding for reclamation within state or
tribal authority is appropriated from 50 percent of the fees
collected from mining operations in any state or Indian lands.
The remaining 50 percent may be spent largely at the discre-
tion of the Secretary of the Interior, typically for reclaiming

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problem sites that pose an imminent hazard to public safety and
well being and require a rapid response.

In addition, SMCRA's AML fund also provides resources to the
Rural Abandoned Mine Program (RAMP), which is administered
by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Natural Resources
Conservation Service (NRCS). RAMP provides assistance to
landowners and land users for reclamation, conservation, and
development of rural abandoned mine lands. Differing from
OSMRE directed projects, RAMP projects involve a contract or
"partnership" directly with the landowner, who must apply to
the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) for RAMP assistance.

A national coalition of states and tribes, in cooperation with
OSMRE, has grown out of SMCRA and has been very effective
in promoting good reclamation science and engineering and
publicizing the many AML program successes. This coalition,
the National Association of AML Programs, is led by state
agencies and is a major player in the remediation of all types of
abandoned mine sites throughout the country.

In Fiscal Year 1999, SMCRA grants totaling $145,252,000 were
distributed to 26 states and tribes for traditional AML cleanup
and the Appalachian Clean Streams program. Fee collections
are currently authorized until the end of fiscal year 2004, and at
this time there is about $1.4 billion in the fund carried over
from previous years.

4.3.2 Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control
Act

The Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act (UMTRCA) of
1978 allows the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) to regulate
cleanup activities at inactive uranium tailings disposal sites.
The statute provided for the Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial
Action Project, which identified 24 inactive uranium sites (two
of which have been delisted) at which the DOE monitored the
contamination, ground water, and maintenance. These sites
also will be part of the Long-Term Surveillance and Mainte-
nance Program, which provides for surveillance, ground water
monitoring, and maintenance of sites cleaned up underthe
UMTRCA Program. In addition, DOE cleaned up properties in
the vicinity of the sites contaminated with residual radioactive
materials. DOE's Office of Environmental Management now
calls it "DOE's oldest and most successful environmental
restoration project."

UMTRCA amended the Atomic Energy Act by directing EPA to
set generally applicable health and environmental standards to
govern the stabilization, restoration, disposal, and control of
effluents and emissions at both active and inactive uranium and

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thorium mill tailings sites. The standards limit air emissions
and address soil and ground water contamination at both
operating and closed facilities (42 USC 2022 et seq.).

Title I of the Act covers inactive uranium mill tailing sites,
depository sites, and vicinity properties. Under this Act, EPA
must set standards that provide protection as consistent with
the requirements of RCRA as possible. The standards must
include ground water protection limits. Title II of the Act covers
operating uranium processing sites licensed by the NRC. EPA
was directed to promulgate disposal standards in compliance
with Subtitle C of the Solid Waste Disposal Act, as amended, to
be implemented by NRC or the Agreement States. The 1993
Amendments to UMTRCA further directed EPA to promulgate
general environmental standards for the processing, posses-
sion, transfer, and disposal of uranium mill tailings. The NRC
was required to implement these standards at Title II sites.

In 1983, EPA developed standards to protect the public and the
environment from potential radiological and nonradiological
hazards at abandoned processing sites. These standards
include exposure limits for surface contamination and concen-
tration limits for ground water contamination. DOE is respon-
sible for bringing surface and ground water contaminant levels
at the 22 sites (two sites were delisted) into compliance with
EPA standards. DOE is accomplishing this through the
UMTRCA Surface and Ground Water Projects.

4.3.3 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Reclama-
tion of Abandoned Mine Sites (RAMS) Program

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) RAMS program
was developed for the restoration of abandoned and inactive
non-coal mines where water resources (ecosystems/habitat)
have been degraded by past mining practices. The purpose of
the USACE RAMS program is to "support activities and
priorities of Federal, State, Tribe, and nonprofit entities and as
such provide a support role rather than a lead in addressing this
national environmental clean-up need." The USACE RAMS
program was authorized for approximately $45 million on
remediating mine sites. It is not clear how much money will
be spent on mine sites by this program.

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Chapter Sources

BLM.	Abandoned Mine Lands Program Web page, http://www.blm.gov/aml

EPA.	National Hardrock Mining Framework. September 1997.

EPA.	The Revised Hazard Ranking System: Background Information. OSWER November 1990.

EPA.	Major Environmental Laws Web page, http://www.epa.gov/region5/defs/

EPA. Office of the Inspector General Audit Report. EPA Can Do More to Help Minimize Hardrock
Mining Liabilities. June 11, 1997.

EPA. National Contingency Plan (NCP) Overview Web page, http://www.epa.gov/oilspill/ncpover.htm

EPA. How Sites Are Placed on the National Priorities List Web page.
http://www.epa.gov/superfund/programs/npl_hrs/nplon.htm

General Accounting Office of the U.S. Report GAO/RCED-91-192. Surface Mining, Management of the
Abandoned Mine Land Fund. July 25, 1991.

General Accounting Office of the U.S. Report GAO/RCED-89-74. Surface Mining Interior's Response to
Abandoned Mine Emergencies. January 31, 1989.

General Accounting Office of the U.S. Report GAO/RCED-89-35. Surface Mining Complete Reconcilia-
tion of the Abandoned Mine Land Fund Needed. October 28, 1988.

General Accounting Office of the U.S. Report GAO/RCED-88-123BR. Federal Land Management: An
Assessment of Hardrock Mining Damage. April 19, 1988.

Greely, Michael N., USDA Forest Service. National Reclamation of Abandoned Mine Lands. March 1999.
http://www.fs.fed.us/geology/amlpaper.htm

National Forest Management Act of 1976 Overview Web page.
http://ipl.unm.edu/cwl/fedbook/nfma.html

National Park Service. Abandoned Mineral Land Program Web page, http://www2.nature.nps.gov/
geology/aml/#program

National Park Service. Abandoned Mineral Lands in the National Parks Web page.
http://www2.nature.nps.gov/geology/aml

National Research Council. Hardrock Mining on Federal Lands. Washington, D.C. National Academy
Press. 1999.

Office of Surface Mining. A Plan to Clean up Streams Polluted by Acid Drainage Web page.
http://www.osmre.gov/acsiplan.htm

Office of Surface Mining. Abandoned Mine Lands Inventory System (AMLIS) Web page.
http://www.osmre.gov/aml/inven/zintroin.htm

continued on next page

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Reference Notebook

Chapter Sources (confirmed)

USDA. Forest Service. Fiscal Year 2004 President's Budget Web page, http://www.fs.fed.us/bud-
get_2004/overview.shtml

U.S. Department of Energy. Office of Environmental Management Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial
Action Cleanup Completed Web page, http://web.em.doe.gov/emprog/win9901.html

U.S. Department of Energy. Office of Environmental Management Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial
Action Sites Web page, http://web.em.doe.gov/emprimer/erumtra.html

U.S. DOI Office of the Inspector General. Report No. 91-1-1248. Noncoal Reclamation, Abandoned Mine
Land Reclamation Program, Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement. September 1991.

West Virginia Water Research Institute. Appalachian Clean Streams Initiative Web page, http://
wvwri.nrcce.wvu.edu/programs/acsi/index.cfm

Western Governors' Association. Cleaning Up Abandoned Mines: A Western Partnership, Policy
Resolution 98 - 004. June 29, 1998. http://www.westgov.org/wga/publicat/miningre.pdf

Western Interstate Energy Board. Inactive and Abandoned Noncoal Mines: A Scoping Study. August
1991.

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R

Chapter \*J

State AML Programs

Compared to EPA and other federal AML programs, state AML
programs may have a farther reaching capacity to address AML
due to their ability to be involved with issues on both private
and public lands. Many states have their own statutes protect-
ing the same CERCLA and otherfederal resources discussed
earlier in this document. Although the degree of protection
varies among states, many of these statutes are designed to
mirror federal regulations and allow states to respond to envi-
ronmental degradation independently, in conjunction with, or
prior to federal actions. Although a detailed discussion of
specific state statutes is beyond the scope of this document,
the following provides a list of examples of some state statutes
and regulations affecting mining activities:

•	State Voluntary Cleanup Programs;

•	California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA);

•	California Surface Mined Land Reclamation Act
(SMLRA);

•	California Chap. 15 Discharges of Waste to Land, Article
7, Mine Waste Management;

•	Colorado Mined Land Reclamation Act;

•	Montana Metal Mine Reclamation Act;

•	Montana Environmental Protection Act (MEPA);

•	Nevada Water Pollution Control Law;

•	Nevada Mined Land Reclamation Act;

•	South Dakota Mined Land Reclamation Act;

•	Utah Mined Land Reclamation Act;

•	Wisconsin Metallic Mining Reclamation Act; and

•	Wisconsin Metallic Mineral Mining and Regulation of
Metallic Mining Waste.

Table 5-1 provides a summary of 11 states and their require-
ments for hardrock mine sites.

Bi-phasic chemical treatment system of acid
mine drainage at Leviathan Mine, California.



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The complexity and maturity of AML programs vary greatly
among the states: some are just starting their inventory; others
are doing site assessments; and others have very sophisticated
programs to address abandoned mine cleanup. The States of
Montana, Wyoming and Colorado possess the most successful
AML programs due to their relatively high levels of funding and
broad statutory authorities.

Further information on individual state and tribal AML programs
and inventory resources is provided in Table 5-2 including Web
addresses for AML programs.

5.1 State AML Inventories

Many agencies and programs involved in addressing AML have
conducted AML inventories at the state level. The following
sections provide a brief overview of individual state-level
inventories. Internet Web searches were conducted to identify
AML inventories developed by federal agency and state AML
programs. Although information presented for the AML inven-
tory summaries below reflects the sources found as of July 22,
2003, many sources are out of date and have not been updated.

In addition, state AML inventory information as listed in the
Western Interstate Energy Board's 1991 "Inactive and Aban-
doned Noncoal Mines: A Scoping Study," is also provided in
the following summaries.

More recently, the Mineral Policy Center (MPC) conducted its
own research of state AML programs. In a report released in
May 2002, the MPC provided general program, AML inventory,
and funding information for 13 state AML programs, including
Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada,
New Mexico, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, and
Wyoming. EPA further assessed the state AML programs
researched in the MPC study and reached their own conclu-
sions. The results of both research efforts regarding state AML
inventories and program funding are also summarized in the
following sections.

When reviewing the overviews of state AML inventories
provided in the following sections, it is important to keep in
mind that a universally applied definition of an AML site does
not exist at present. Therefore, the various agencies and state-
developed AML inventories presented below may possess
inconsistencies and are not intended for exact quantitative
comparisons. They have been presented within this document
for reference purposes only.

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Alabama

According to the Alabama Department of Industrial Relations,
approximately 15,000 acres of abandoned mine lands existed
in the State as of 1991.

Alaska

According to a 1991 literature search conducted by the Alaska
Department of Natural Resources (DNR)/Division of Mining,

Land, and Water, 432 non-coal abandoned mine sites were
identified in Alaska; however, the inventory was deemed
incomplete for state, private and native lands. The State is
currently working to computerize its database of non-coal AML.

Further information can be found at: http://www.dnr.state.ak.us/
mlw/mining/aml/. According to BLM efforts, 106 abandoned
mine lands exist on BLM administered lands in Alaska and
have been funded or await future funding for AML related
activities.

The Alaska DNR/Division of Mining, Lands, and Water's AML
program has an annual budget of approximately $200,000 for
use in addressing non-coal abandoned mine sites, according to
MPC and EPA studies.

Arizona

According to MPC and EPA research, state estimates of AML in
Arizona are between 8,000 and 10,000 sites. The Arizona
Abandoned Mines Program, underthe direction of the Arizona
Mine Inspector, is now conducting an inventory of abandoned
mines on state lands known as the Arizona Abandoned and
Inactive Mine (A.I.M.) survey. As of 2002, the survey had
identified a total of 8,787 mines, of which 288 mines were
found to present environmental hazards and 1,149 mines
contained significant public health hazards. The A.I.M. survey
is available in a database version, which includes digitized
maps and photos. Further information regarding the Arizona
Abandoned Mines Program can be found at: http://
www.asmi.state.az.us/abandoned.html.

An additional Arizona AML inventory is maintained by the
Arizona Department of Mines and Mineral Resources. Its site-
specific database, AzMILS, includes 4,000 mines and is avail-
able, by request, on disk. Further information about AzMILS
can be found at: http://www.admmr.state.az.us/mingen.htm.

According to BLM efforts, approximately 2,008 abandoned
mine lands exist on BLM administered lands in Arizona.

As discovered during MPC and EPA research, the Abandoned
Mine Safety Fund, created through State legislature in 1998,
was approximately $15,000 at the end of fiscal year 2001.

A I

It is important to keep in mind
that a universally applied defini-
tion of an AML does not exist at
present. Therefore, the various
agencies and state-developed
AML inventories presented below
may possess inconsistencies and
are not intended for exact
quantitative comparisons.


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Funding is uncertain for fiscal year 2003 due to budget short-
falls in the State. The fund can be used only to abate physical
hazards, not for environmental projects. Because all active coal
operations lie on the Hopi and Navajo Reservations in the
northeast portion of the State, Arizona receives no funding from
OSM and relies on State appropriations and contracts with BLM
andNPS.

Arkansas

The Arkansas Department of Environmental Quality/Division of
Surface Mining and Reclamation has developed an open-cut
mining database of Arkansas mines, which is available via the
Internet at: http://www.adeq.state.ar.us/home/pdssql/pds.asp.
The database can be queried according to permit ID, county,
mine name, mine operator, and mineral of interest. A detailed
estimate of the total number of abandoned mines is not publicly
available at this time.

According to the Arkansas Department of Pollution Control and
Ecology, Arkansas contained 5,000 acres of disturbed land as a
result of mining activities as of 1991.

California

According to MPC and EPA studies, the California State AML
inventory contains between 40,000 and 47,000 sites. Fifty
percent of the sites are on private lands, 48 percent on federal
lands, and 1.5 percent on State lands.

In addition, a three-year effort conducted by the California
Department of Conservation (DOC) to determine "the magni-
tude and scope of the abandoned mine problem in California"
produced an inventory of abandoned mines, which is included
and further described in the resulting report "California's Aban-
doned Mines: A Report on the Magnitude and Scope of the
Issue in the State." Inventory information was collected
through examination of existing literature and data and spatially
analyzed through the implementation of a GIS. Field investiga-
tions were used to fill in any identified data gaps and acquire
site-specific information. A detailed estimate of total number of
abandoned mines is not publicly available at this time. A
downloadable copy of the California DOC report and further
information can be found at: http://www.consrv.ca.gov/OMR/
abandoned_mine_lands/california_abandoned_mines/
index.htm.

In 1991, California State Water Resources Control Board/Division
of Clean Water Programs estimated a total of 2,400 inactive and
abandoned mine sites.

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According to BLM efforts, approximately 688 abandoned mine
lands exist on BLM administered lands in California. However,
BLM AML records for the state are far from complete and the
detail and quality vary considerably. AML data for the desert
area of Southern California are very much under-represented.

State legislature appropriated funding to the California DOC's
AML program ranges from $125,000 to $450,000, according to
MPC and EPA sources.

Colorado

According to MPC and EPA efforts, Colorado State estimates
identify between 8,000 to 23,000 AML sites in the State. Addi-
tionally, the Colorado Department of Natural Resources/Division
of Minerals and Geology has developed an on-line database of
mining data that identifies 23,000 mine openings in the State.
The database can be queried according to county, mine opera-
tor, permit number, permit status, mine name, and commodity.
Further information about the Colorado Abandoned Mines
Program and its database of mining data can be found at: http://
m ining.state.co. us/dmg inactive, htm I.

In 1991, Colorado Inactive Mine Reclamation Program esti-
mated 22,000 mine openings existed in the State.

According to BLM efforts, a total of 2,600 abandoned mine
lands exists on BLM administered lands in Colorado. Because
Colorado's BLM has made inventory and record keeping a high
priority from the outset, their records are highly detailed and
reliable with new AML sites added as they are reported.

Funding for Colorado DNR/Division of Minerals and Geology's
Inactive Mine Reclamation Program is received from various
avenues. SMCRA funds, of approximately $2 million per year,
are the greatest contribution of funding to the program. Colo-
rado has been certified as having substantially addressed
abandoned coal mines in the State and is therefore released to
do reclamation on other mineral mines and to fund public
facilities projects in communities that are eligible under the
regulations. Limited-stakes gambling to safeguard hazardous
openings in the Central City, Blackhawk, and Cripple Creek
areas provides an additional $111,655 per year. Clean Water
Act Section 319 funds also provide approximately $750,000 per
year for abandoned mine projects. Approximately $200,000 to
$300,000 per year is acquired through State abandoned mine
cleanup agreements with the BLM and Forest Service. Finally,
the State is in the early stage of a cleanup project with the
National Mining Association (NMA) in which the NMA has
committed $100,000.

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Florida

Florida's Department of Natural Resources/Bureau of Mine
Reclamation estimated that 49,000 acres (clay settling ponds)
and 13,000 acres (non-clay settling ponds) of phosphate mine
dumps existed in the State as of 1991.

Idaho

The number of AML sites in Idaho ranges between 8,000 and
16,000 sites, according to State estimates provided in MPC and
EPA research efforts. According to BLM efforts, Idaho pos-
sesses approximately 400 priority abandoned mine lands.
However, BLM records for the State are far from complete
because records reflect a mixture of data from U.S. Geological
Survey (USGS) databases, a State database, and BLM records.

Idaho's Department of Health and Welfare/Division of Environ-
mental Quality estimated 8,700 mineral exploration sites
existed in the State in 1991.

As provided in MPC and EPA studies, funding for Idaho Depart-
ment of Lands' AML program is received from a mine license
tax, created by the State as a source of funds for abandoned
mine reclamation. Due to legislature-enforced tax reductions
and a drop in ore production, the mine license tax yields
approximately $40,000 per year.

Illinois

According to the Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals in
1991, 35,000 acres of AML existed in the State.

Indiana

Indiana's Department of Natural Resources/Bureau of Mine
Reclamation estimated, in 1991, that 1,200 AML sites existed in
the State.

Louisiana

In 1991, Louisiana's Department of Natural Resources/Injection
and Mining Divisions estimated 900 AML sites existed in the
State.

Maine

According to the Maine Department of Environmental Protec-
tion, 700 mine openings existed in the State as of 1991.

Maryland

According to the Maryland Water Resources Administration, a
total of 200 AML sites existed in the State as of 1991.

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Minnesota

In 1991, Minnesota's Department of Natural Resources/Miner-
als Division estimated 650 AML sites existed in the State.

Missouri

According to the Missouri Department of Natural Resources and
Department of Environmental Quality, a total of 48,000 affected
acres, as measured from USGS, Soil Conservation Service, and
Forest Service aerial photos, existed in the State as of 1991.

Montana

Within its Web site, the Montana Department of Environmental
Quality's Mine Waste Cleanup Bureau (MWCB) presents five
downloadable databases pertaining to Montana's inactive mine
sites (http://www.deq.state.mt.us/rem/mwc/download.asp). The
databases include: MWCB Priority Site Rank List, MWCB
Priority Cleanup Sites, Montana Inactive Mine Sites, Water
Sampling Sites for Montana Inactive Mines, and Sediment
Sampling Sites for Montana Inactive Mines. Approximately
6,000 hardrock abandoned mines were identified through the
MWCB survey. BLM AML inventory efforts also identified
approximately 6,000 abandoned mine lands on BLM adminis-
tered lands in Montana.

An additional inventory was developed by the Montana Bureau
of Mines and Geology (MBMG). Its abandoned-inactive mines
database contains more than 8,000 records and includes sev-
eral data tables that include information on location (latitude/
longitude and cadastral as determined from 1:24,000-scale
maps, Global Positioning System (GPS), or other sources),
ownership, office and field screening results, and water/soil
sampling (sample-ID, location, and field parameters). Informa-
tion contained in the inventory was collected first by obtaining
an accurate location, followed by determining the ownership of
the site, assessing the relationship of the site to Forest Service
or BLM land, and finally assessing the potential impact of sites
on or affecting federal land. Additional information about the
MBMG inventory can be found at: http://
www.mbmg.mtech.edu/env-abldbms.htm#database.

In 1991, Montana's Department of State Lands/Reclamation
Division estimated 19,000 mine sites, 1,200 mill sites, and
1,000 smelters existed in the State.

According to MPC and EPA sources, SMCRA money is the
primary funding mechanism used to address AML sites in
Montana. Montana has been certified as having substantially
addressed abandoned coal mines in the State and is therefore
released to do reclamation on other mineral mines and to fund
public facilities projects in communities that are eligible under
the regulations. If a site is only partially eligible for SMCRA

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funds, the State supplements with State funds, obtained by
taxes on oil, gas, coal, metal mines, and other mineral extrac-
tions. The tax money is placed in a Resource Indemnity Trust
Fund and disbursed via grants to up to three abandoned mine
projects each grant cycle, at up to $300,000 per project.

Nevada

A 1999 Nevada Abandoned Mine Land Environmental Task
Force report estimates 200,000 to 500,000 AML sites are
present in the State. Presently, the task force has cataloged and
verified 8,000 of these sites. Additional information can be
found at: http://www.nbmg.unr.edu.

Nevada's Department of Minerals identified approximately
50,000 mines in the State as of 1991.

Through research of USGS, former Bureau of Mines, Nevada
Division of Mines and Geology, and Nevada Division of Miner-
als inventory records, BLM AML efforts have identified a total of
approximately 165,000 abandoned mine lands on BLM admin-
istered lands in Nevada. Of these, 1,550 have been visited and
verified by BLM.

Approximately $2 million in State bonds is spent on AML
reclamation each year, according to Alan Coyner, Abandoned
Mine Program, Nevada Division of Minerals. Funding for the
State's "Stay Out and Stay Alive" program is generated from
industry fees of $1 per mining filing and $20 per acre of newly
permitted mining disturbance on public lands for a total of
approximately $200,000 per year, depending on the level of
mining industry. Additionally, Nevada receives funding
through Western Governors' Association and BLM grants.

New Mexico

According to MPC and EPA studies, State estimates place the
number of AML sites in New Mexico between 10,000 to 20,000
sites; the BLM estimates that approximately 595 abandoned
mine lands exist on public lands administered by the BLM in
New Mexico. However, the BLM inventory reflects roughly 40
percent of the estimated hardrock AML sites on BLM land in
New Mexico.

In 1991, New Mexico's Energy, Minerals, and Natural Re-
sources/Mining and Minerals Division estimated 7,200 AML
sites existed in the State.

Approximately $1.8 million per year of funding is allocated to
the state under SMCRA, as provided in MPC and EPA sources.
In addition, New Mexico has entered into various partnerships
with BLM, Forest Service, State Land Offices, and other entities
in an effort to coordinate reclamation activities on public lands.

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New York

According to the New York Department of Environmental
Conservation/Division of Mineral Resources, 30,000 mine-
affected acres existed in the State as of 1991.

North Carolina

As of 2001, the North Carolina Geological Survey Minerals
Resources Division had estimated the total number of inactive
mines in North Carolina as 150. Further information about the
North Carolina AML program and its annual mining inventory
estimates can be found at: http://www.geology.enr.state.nc.us/
Mineral%20resources/M ineral_Resources.htm I.

Ohio

According to the Ohio Department of Natural Resources/Divi-
sion of Reclamation, 6,000 acres of AML existed in the State as
of 1991.

Oklahoma

In 1991, the Oklahoma Conservation Commission estimated
26,000 acres of AML in the State.

Oregon

According to the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality
(DEQ) and Department of Geology and Mineral Industries
(DOGAMI), the number of AML sites in Oregon is estimated to
be between 94 to 120 sites.

The Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries/
Mined Land Reclamation estimated 3,500 AML sites existed in
the State as of 1991.

According to initial BLM efforts, 323 AML sites were identified
on public lands managed by BLM in Oregon and Washington.
Of these, 50 sites have been determined to be in need of some
form of remediation. To date, this inventory information for
Oregon and Washington has not been completely entered into
BLM's AMLIS database. AM LIS data entry continues to be a
priority task for fiscal year 2003 in these states.

Funding to address AML sites comes from the State's Orphan
Site Account, which is used to address orphaned contamina-
tion at landfills and industrial sites. According to DEQ's Aban-
doned Mine Land Coordinator, the fund allocates $1 million to
AML sites every two years. Additional funds are received
through collaborations with the BLM and Forest Service. For
instance, the Forest Service recently provided the State with a
$50,000 grant.

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Pennsylvania

According to the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental
Resources/Bureau of Mining and Reclamation, 1,300 AML sites
exist in the State.

South Carolina

The South Carolina Geological Survey maintains a database,
which contains information on more than 1,000 sites in South
Carolina, including metallic and nonmetallic deposits. The
database is a collaboration of the USGS Mineral Resources Data
System (MRDS) and the Mineral Availability System (MAS).
Further information about the South Carolina AML inventory
database can be found at: http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/FS/FS-
040-96/.

According to the South Carolina Land Resources Conservation
Commission/Mining and Reclamation Division, 19,000 acres of
AML existed in the State as of 1991.

South Dakota

Through a study conducted by the South Dakota Department of
Natural Resources in conjunction with the South Dakota School of
Mines and Technology, approximately 900 non-coal mines were
identified, of which 700 were on private lands and 200 on Forest
Service administered lands. Additional information can be found
at: http://www.state.sd.us/denr/DES/mining/acidmine.htm.

According to MPC and EPA research efforts, no funding for
abandoned mine cleanup is allocated by the State, and South
Dakota does not receive funds under SMCRA. Therefore, most
of the sites remain unclaimed, except for voluntary efforts
completed by industry, Forest Service, and the State. A mine
reclamation fund exists under State mine reclamation laws and
may receive monies to reclaim lands previously affected by
mining as allocated by the South Dakota Board of Minerals and
Environment. Contributions to the fund have been very limited,
mainly consisting of bond forfeitures.

Texas

In 1991, the Railroad Commission of Texas/Surface Mining and
Reclamation Division estimated 20,000 sites existed in the
State. Funding for the Texas AML program is primarily ob-
tained by AML grants through the OSM. Texas has been
certified as having substantially addressed abandoned coal
mines in the State and is therefore released to do reclamation
on other mineral mines and to fund public facilities projects in
communities that are eligible under the regulations. According
to funding levels as of 1998 that totaled $1.5 million annually,
the State estimated that its AML program could complete all of
its remaining uranium and hardrock AML sites by 2007.

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Reference Notebook

Utah

Through reviews of mining industry and State mineral occur-
rences databases, USGS maps, and mining district information,
the State estimates that there are 20,000 mine openings in
Utah, according to MPC and EPA research. Additional informa-
tion on Utah's Abandoned Mine Reclamation Program can be
found at: http://dogm.nr.state.ut.us/AMR/.

According to the BLM efforts in Utah, approximately 478 AML
have been identified throughout the State. However, these
records represent only a fraction of the State, but the informa-
tion they contain is highly reliable and detailed.

As of 1991, Utah's DNR/Division of Oil, Gas, and Mining esti-
mated that 25,000 acres had been affected by mining activities
in the State.

As provided in MPC and EPA studies, the Utah DNR/Division
of Oil, Gas, and Mining's Abandoned Mine Reclamation
Program receives approximately $1.5 million per year of
funding from SMCRA and approximately $30,000 per year of
funding from the State legislature. State legislature funding is
typically applied to the federal partnership projects. Utah also
works cooperatively with NPS and BLM in addressing AML in
the State.

Virginia

According to the Virginia Department of Mines/Minerals and
Energy, approximately 2,000 AML sites existed in the State as
of 1991.

Washington

Washington DNR/Division of Geology and Earth Resources
and the Department of Ecology estimate that there are ap-
proximately 3,800 sites in Washington. According to MPC
and EPA efforts, no dedicated funding source to address
problems of abandoned mines exists in Washington. How-
ever, there is a State law that allows that "fines, interest, and
other penalties collected by the department [DNR]...shall be
used to reclaim surface mines abandoned prior to 1971."
(Revised Code of Washington 78.44.045.) Pursuant to this
statute, a few thousand dollars per year has been collected
and spent on the inventory study. Washington DNR has also
applied for EPA grant funding to reclaim three small aban-
doned operations that are on State lands.

Additional information about the Washington AML inventory
effort can be found at: http://www.dnr.wa.gov/geology.

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Reference Notebook

Wisconsin

Wisconsin's DNR estimated that 200 acres had been affected by
mining activities in the State as of 1991.

Wyoming

Presently, the Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality's
Abandoned Mine Reclamation Program AML inventory lists
3,371 records; however, some of these may be duplicates
because the database has not been field-checked after being
converted into an ARC/GIS system last year. Through the
combined efforts of BLM and OSM, approximately 931 AML
have been identified in Wyoming. More than 530 of the
records are from the database maintained by the State AML
Division, of which the quality of the data varies widely. An-
other 320 records are from the OSM AM LIS tracking system
and represent multiple "problem areas" associated with 36
AML sites on BLM land. The remaining records are the result
of BLM inventory efforts.

The Wyoming Abandoned Mine Reclamation Program is
primarily federally funded based on SMCRA funds, as deter-
mined during MPC and EPA research efforts. Wyoming has
been certified as having substantially addressed abandoned
coal mines in the State and is therefore released to do reclama-
tion on other mineral mines and to fund public facilities projects
in communities that are eligible under the regulations. The
State relies on bonding and reclamation fees collected from the
coal industry by the State as additional funding sources and has
worked cooperatively with BLM, Forest Service, and NPS in
addressing AML in Wyoming.

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Reference Notebook

Chapter ¦ Sources

Alaska Department of Natural Resources. Division of Mining, Land and Water. Abandoned Mine Lands
Program Web page, http://www.dnr.state.ak.us/mlw/mining/aml/

Arizona State Mine Inspector's Office. Arizona Abandoned and Inactive Mine Survey Web page.
http://www.asmi.state.az.us/AIM.PDF

Arizona Department of Mines and Mineral Resources. AzMILS Database Web page.
http://www.admmr.state.az.us/mingen.htm

Arkansas Department of Environmental Quality. Division of Surface Mining and Reclamation Web page.
http://www.adeq.state.ar.us/mining/

Bureau of Land Management. BLM State AML Programs Web page.
http://www.nv.blm.gov/minerals/special/AML_App_2.htm

Bureau of Land Management. Abandoned Mine Lands Inventory System (AMLIS) Web page.
http://www.blm.gov/aml/amlis.htm

California Department of Conservation. California's Abandoned Mines: A Report on the Magnitude and
Scope of the Issue in the State Web page. http://www.consrv.ca.gov/OMR/abandoned_mine_lands/
california_abandoned_mines/overview.htm

Colorado Department of Natural Resources. Division of Minerals and Geology Web page.
http://mining.state.co.us/

Custer, Kelly. Current Status of Hardrock Abandoned Mine Land Programs. Washington, D.C. Mineral
Policy Center. May 2002.

General Accounting Office of the U.S. Report GAO/RCED-88-123BR. Federal Land Management: An
Assessment of Hardrock Mining Damage. April 19, 1988.

Idaho Department of Lands. Abandoned Mine Land Program Web page, http://www2.state.id.us/lands/
Bureau/Minerals/Abandoned%20M in e%20Program_files/Abandoned%20M in e% 20Program.htm

Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Web page, http://www.mbmg.mtech.edu/

Montana Department of Environmental Quality. Mine Waste Cleanup Bureau Web page.
http://www.deq.state.mt.us/Rem/MWCB/index.asp

Nevada Commission on Mineral Resources. Division of Minerals Web page.
http://minerals.state.nv.us/

North Carolina Department of Environmental and Natural Resources. Division of Land Resources Web
page, http://www.dlr.enr.state.nc.us/mining.html

North Carolina Geological Survey. Mineral Resources Web page.
http://www.geology.enr.state.nc.us/Mineral%20resources/Mineral_Resources.html

continued on next page

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Reference Notebook

Chapter ¦ Sources

(continued)

South Dakota. Department of Environment and Natural Resources. Minerals and Mining Program
Web page. http://www.state.sd.us/denr/DES/mining/acidmine.htm

U.S. DOI; Colorado Center for Environmental Management. Inactive and Abandoned Noncoal Mine
Inventory and Reclamation: A Status Report on 19 States. January 1994.

U.S. Geological Survey Programs in South Carolina Web page. http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/FS/FS-040-
96/

Washington Department of Natural Resources. Division of Geology and Earth Sciences Web page.
http://www.dnr.wa.gov/geology/

Western Governors' Association. Cleaning Up Abandoned Mines: A Western Partnership, Policy
Resolution 98 - 004. June 29, 1998. http://www.westgov.org/wga/publicat/miningre.pdf

Western Interstate Energy Board. Inactive and Abandoned Noncoal Mines: A Scoping Study. August

1991.

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Reference Notebook

Chapter

Reuse and Redevelopment
of AML

The reuse of hazardous waste sites, including AMLs, is an
Agency-wide priority at EPA. Most recently, the Agency has
implemented the Land Revitalization Agenda, which seeks to
ensure that cleanups integrate the protection of public health,
welfare, and the environment with consideration of future land
use. While land use planning and regulation remain the
responsibility of local governments, EPA recognizes that site
cleanups directly impact the future use of these sites, and that
thoughtful Agency decisions and activities can help to mitigate
these impacts. In addition, the AML Team recognizes that
reuse opportunities at AMLs may provide the critical impetus
to expedite environmental cleanup. Examples of Agency
actions that can support reuse include: deferring the listing of a
site in order to avoid stigma and accelerate cleanup; choosing
and designing remedies that do not prohibit the likely future
use of a site; implementing policies that encourage site reuse;
and providing communities with general information about
potential site reuse opportunities, resources, and lessons
learned.

EPA's AML Team is dedicated to providing tools and resources
to support the reuse of AMLs. As part of this effort, the AML
Team serves as a focal point for: 1) coordinating and facilitating
collaborative efforts with other organizations; 2) developing
technical and policy guidance for the reuse of AMLs; and 3)
exploring options for the reuse of AMLs. In addition to its own
undertakings, the AML Team seeks to leverage the activities of
other programs that support reuse of contaminated properties.
Through programs such asthe Superfund Redevelopment
Initiative and the Brownfields program, the AML Team has
identified a number of projects that have supported AML Team
goals and serve as examples for parties interested in seeking
reuse options for AML sites. The following sections describe
these efforts in greater detail, provide several anecdotes that
illustrate the successful reuse of AMLs, and detail the ongoing
work of the AML Team in support of reuse.

6

EPA s AML Team is dedicated to
providing tools and resources to
support the reuse of AMLs. As
part of this effort, the AML Team
serves as a focal point for:
1) coordinating and facilitating
collaborative efforts with other
organizations: 2) developing
technical and policy guidance
for the reuse of AMLs: and 3)
exploring options for the reuse
of AMLs.

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Reference Notebook

6.1 Supeifund Redevelopment and Brownfield Pro-
grams

Through the Superfund Redevelopment Initiative and the
Brownfields program, the Agency has been working with
communities since the late 1990s to actively reclaim AML sites
through reuse projects.

6.1.1 Superfund Redevelopment Initiative

EPA's Superfund Redevelopment Initiative (SRI) is a coordi-
nated national effort to facilitate the return of the country's most
hazardous waste sites (NPL sites) to productive use by provid-
ing communities and key stakeholders with the tools they need
as they seek to reuse these lands. SRI has undertaken a wide
variety of projects to support NPL site reuse including a pilot
program to provide funding for community based reuse plan-
ning efforts. Since 1999, SRI has contributed nearly $5 million
in grants and in-kind services to support reuse planning efforts
in approximately 70 communities across the country, including
communities with AMLs.

The Initiative's grants and in-kind services have frequently
been used to support community-based reuse planning pro-
cesses, which bring together a wide range of stakeholders,
including community residents, local government representa-
tives, site owners, and potentially responsible parties. These
community stakeholders work together to develop reuse
recommendations for sites, which can then be taken into
consideration by EPA site managers to make appropriate
decisions about remedy selection and design. Integrating a
site's reasonably anticipated future land use as a criteria in
remedial decisions helps to ensure the effectiveness of EPA
cleanups, while the reuse of sites provides communities with a
wide range of economic, environmental and social benefits.

The following section summarizes several examples of suc-
cessful reuse outcomes at NPL sites contaminated by mining
waste that have been supported or documented by EPA's
Superfund Redevelopment Initiative.

California Gulch - Leadville, CO

Through collaboration between EPA, the State of Colorado, local
communities, and mining companies, the California Gulch
Superfund site is being remediated and reused. Due to metal
contamination in area soils and the Arkansas River from aban-
doned mine tailings, the site was added to EPA's NPL in 1983.
In an effort to enhance the area's growing tourism industry, a
unique bike path was developed. The 12-mile Mineral Belt
Bike Path, inspired by the area's significant mining heritage,
loops around the historic mine tailing piles and mining artifacts

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within the site and the City of Leadville. A year-round attrac-
tion, the bike path is used in the winter as a trail for recreational
skiers. Future public access to open space on the site has been
finalized through two agreements signed by EPA and the State
of Colorado, allowing the Colorado Division of Parks and Out-
door Recreation and the City of Aurora to purchase ranches
along the Arkansas River. The ranches will be used as parks,
wildlife habitat, and for recreational activities.

Anaconda Smelter - Anaconda, MT

Once a copper smelting facility, the Anaconda Smelter is now
an award-winning golf course designed by Jack Nicklaus.
Following the closure of the smelting facility, the Town of
Anaconda experienced severe economic impacts from the loss
of local jobs and revenue that the facility had provided. The
landscape of the area was also left heavily contaminated.
Successful cleanup and reuse of the site were achieved through
collaboration between EPA, the community, and current owners
of the smelter in the development of a cleanup design that
allowed for redevelopment of the property. The resulting golf
course has provided local jobs and a foundation for the
community's plan to redefine itself as a recreational resort town.

Silver Bow Creek/Butte Area - Butte, MT

Multiple innovative reuse methods have been employed at the
Silver Bow Creek/Butte Area site. Once a copper smelter, the
site was added to the NPL in 1983 by the EPA to begin address-
ing its severely polluted ponds and soil. EPA and Atlantic
Richfield Company (ARCO) formed a partnership and have
cleaned up and redeveloped portions of the site into a sports
complex including youth baseball fields, a driving range, and
volleyball courts. Through restoration of many of the site's
ponds and wetlands, fly-fishermen have been attracted from
neighboring towns. Additional uses for the cleaned property
are being developed by the local residents. Plans include
walking trails and a playground.

Oronogo-Duenweg Mining Belt - Jasper County, MO

Contaminated ground water, surface water, and soil, including
at least 2,700 residential yards, were the result of mining,
milling, and smelting of lead and zinc ores that occurred at the
Oronogo-Duenweg Mining Belt site. Through the collaborative
efforts of EPA, the State of Missouri, and the local community,
reuse is ongoing at the site. A scrap metal recycler bought and
cleaned up 40 acres of the site in exchange for a release from
liability for preexisting contamination. The recycler opened a
scrap metal recycling center in 1995 and has provided perma-
nent jobs to 20 local residents. Additionally, EPA in partnership
with the Missouri Highway and Transportation Department is
planning to build a highway bypass through part of the site as

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well as use the mine wastes as fill in the construction of the
highway. This will provide a dual purpose by providing the
Highway Department with the fill it needs to construct the
bypass as well as providing containment of the mine waste to
prevent future exposures to the contaminants. Further negotia-
tions are underway for other contaminated portions of the site
to be cleaned up and redeveloped for commercial purposes,
which would provide increased annual incomes and tax rev-
enues for the local community.

Bunker Hill Mining & Metallurgical Complex - Silver Valley, ID

The area of Silver Valley is experiencing new commercial
development through the reuse of the Bunker Hill lead smelter
site. Redevelopment of the site includes Motel 8, McDonalds,
and the Silver Mountain Resort, now a popular ski resort. The
new businesses have created approximately 225 new jobs, and
more than 800 acres have been recovered for reuse. Fifteen
years ago, the Bunker Hill lead smelter and several other area
mines closed, leaving the Silver Valley economy close to
collapse and its landscape poisoned with metals. After adding
the site to the NPL, EPA in partnership with the Panhandle
Health District and the State of Idaho worked to restore the
area's ecology and residential soils through cleanups of lawns
and parks, containment of tons of mine tailings, and the planting
of hundreds of trees. Institutional controls were also developed
to ensure the protection of the area residents from remaining
contaminated soil on site.

Additional information about redeveloped Superfund sites and
ongoing efforts to support reuse is available at http://
www.epa.gov/superfund/programs/recycle/.

6.1.2 Brownfields Program

On November 9, 1994, EPA initiated its Brownfields program.
The purpose of the program is to help communities develop
innovative ways to overcome the current obstacles to the
cleanup and reuse of potentially contaminated urban properties
in a sustainable, environmentally sound manner. Through the
Brownfields program, communities identify and work with
developers to restore abandoned sites, thereby supporting new
jobs and economic growth, increasing property values, stimu-
lating tax revenues, and rejuvenating neighborhoods.

Most recently, new brownfields legislation was signed by
President Bush in January 2002. In Section 104(k) of the 2002
Small Business Liability and Brownfields Revitalization Act, the
term "brownfield" includes, for the first time, "mine-scarred
lands," thus making AMLs eligible for brownfields revitalization
funding. The implications and applicability of this new legisla-
tion in addressing AML are currently under EPA review.

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This section provides several examples of how AML sites have
been and currently are being reused with support from the
Brownfields program.

Murray City, UT

Murray Smelter exemplifies a successful collaborative effort
between Superfund and Brownfields. The former Murray
Smelter in Murray City is a 141-acre site surrounded by single-
family and multiple-unit residential areas, schools, and office
buildings. Concerns regarding residual contamination, as a
result of operations at the smelter, coupled with potential
environmental liability concerns have prevented the redevelop-
ment of the site.

Today, the Murray Smelter site contains a Utah Transit Author-
ity (UTA) light rail station with a 300-space parking lot, a desig-
nated connector road, and a major retail membership ware-
house club. Groundbreaking for a one-million-square-foot
hospital facility began in 2003. The site is being redeveloped
as several multi-use properties that address Murray City's need
for regional health care facilities, public transit access, and
diversified economic development. Redevelopment is being
supported in part through a $176,000 Brownfields program
grant, which was used to pay for a seismic analysis and a real
estate consultant to advise on potential reuse opportunities.
Murray Smelter was eligible for brownfield funding because
interested parties worked with EPA to keep the site off of the
NPL. In addition, cooperative efforts between EPA and site
stakeholders, including Murray City, interested developers, the
PRP, and others allowed the site's remedial project manager
(RPM) to integrate the site's remedy with identified reuse
opportunities.

Summit County, CO

The hardrock mining industry left Summit County with a legacy
of contaminated and abandoned mine sites that lay idle and
continue to degrade the environment. Mining and its associated
AMD have significantly impacted Peru Creek. The 15-square
mile Peru Creek Basin is located 70 miles west of Denver and is
a tributary of the Snake River. About 3,000 people live year-
round in the Snake River watershed in Summit County, though
seasonal resort use swells that number to over 20,000.

Through the Brownfields program, the community hopes to
restore the natural ecosystem and thereby enhance recreational
opportunities and create economic benefit to the county.
Presently, the following preliminary steps have been planned
for addressing the site:

• Gather existing data and conduct preliminary environ-
mental site assessments;


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•	Prioritize sites on the basis of the preliminary assess-
ments;

•	Conduct Phase I and Phase II environmental site assess-
ments for the highest priority sites;

•	Develop a cleanup plan; and

•	Engage the community in brownfields decisions
through the county's web site, local newspapers, and
public meetings.

For more information on the Brownfields program, visit EPA's
brownfields web site: http://www.epa.gov/epahome/hi-
brownfields.htm.

6.2 AWL Team - Pursuing Innovative Reuse Opportu-
nities

Over the last several years, significant progress in the innova-
tive reuse of mining sites has been achieved. Examples of
innovative reuses include wind farms, conservation areas,
recreational parks, historical parks, resorts, hotels, retail stores
and highway bypasses. In addition, the AML Team is exploring
other creative reuse options for AMLs such as wetland banking,
water quality trading credits, and carbon sequestration.

The AML Team has investigated and published reports on two
of these innovative uses, and is currently working on the
creation of additional reports. These reports can be found on
the AML Team Web site at http://www.epa/gov/superfund/
programs/aml/revital/index.htm. Wind Energy at Former
Mining Sites describes the reuse of AMLs as wind farms,
provides anecdotal examples of former mining sites used as
wind farms, and discusses benefits and limitations associated
with wind energy. Recreational Opportunities at Abandoned
Mine Lands describes active and passive recreation opportuni-
ties at AMLs and provides examples highlighting the successful
reuse of AMLs as ski resorts, parks, and golf courses. Addi-
tional reports will describe opportunities associated with reus-
ing AMLs to create "credits" associated with water quality,
carbon sequestration, and wetlands and protecting the re-
sources associated with AMLs through land conservation.

The following provides brief snap-shot summaries of several
current and ongoing mine site redevelopment projects and
partnerships in addition to those presented in the innovative
reuse reports.


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Reference Notebook

Green Mountain Wind Farm - Garrett, PA

•	Located on Decker farm, which was once used for coal

strip mining

•	Partners included:

-	GreenMountain.com

-	National Wind Power - owner and operator (National
Wind Power Ltd. of the United Kingdom and Ameri-
can National Power of Texas)

-	Nordex GmbH - Danish manufacturer of the turbines,
towers, and blades

-	Somerset Rural Electric Cooperative - electricity
produced by the wind turbines flows through under-
ground cables to an existing substation owned by
Somerset Rural Electric Cooperative

-	Distributed Generation Systems, Inc. (Disgen) of
Evergreen, Colorado - developer of the project

-	Public Utility Commission

-	Exelon Community Energy - a green electricity
marketing company headquartered in Wayne, Dela-
ware County, Pennsylvania, who will market the wind
power generated to commercial and residential
customers

•	Customers to buy wind energy generated included:

-	University of Pennsylvania

-	Penn State University

-	Carnegie Mellon University

-	Philadelphia Suburban Water Corporation

-	Giant Eagle Inc.

•	Other supporters included:

-	Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection

-	Pennsylvania Public Utilities Commission Chairman,
John M. Quain

-	Sierra Club's representative to the Mid-Atlantic Green
E-Advisory Committee, Jeff Schmidt

-	Ridge-Schweiker Administration's Energy Task Force

59


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Coyote Creek Parkway - Santa Clara, CA

•	Formerly a sand and gravel mining quarry

•	Presently transformed into a 60-mile paved trail used by
bicyclists, rollerbladers, and hikers

•	Partners included:

-	Graniterock- designed trail with cooperation of the
County Parks and Recreation Department and wildlife
habitat consultants, performed reclamation of the area
and developed the trail, and paved and landscaped
trail to enhance the contours created through mining
operations

-	Santa Clara County Parks - worked with Graniterock in
design of trail

Independence Mine State Historical Park - Willow Creek
Valley, AK

•	Previously gold and sheelite mines

•	A state historical park that displays the history of the
mining area, including a visitor center and guided tours

•	In 1974, Independence Mine was entered into the
National Register of Historic Places

•	Partners included:

-	Alaska-Pacific Consolidated Mining Company (APC) -
donated land to the Alaska Division of Parks and
Outdoor Recreation to develop Independence Mine
State Historical Park

-	Friends of Independence Mine - volunteer, nonprofit
citizens' group dedicated to the preservation, contin-
ued restoration, and interpretation of this historic area

-	Alaska Division of Parks and Outdoor Recreation -
established Independence Mine State Historical Park

There is a core group of programs and organizations dedicating
funding, tools, information, and other resources to facilitate the
cleanup of abandoned mine lands through restoration, reclama-
tion, or other reuses. A compilation of these programs and
organizations is provided in Appendix D.

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Reference Notebook

Ch apter Soi

irnes

Alaska Department of Natural Resources/Division of Parks and Outdoor Recreation. Independence Mine
State Historical Park, Web page, http://www.dnr.state.ak.us/parks/units/indmine.htm

EPA. Brownfields program Web site, http://www.epa.gov/epahome/hi-brownfields.htm

EPA. Superfund Redevelopment Program Web site, http://www.epa.gov/superfund/programs/
recycle/

Green Mountain Energy Company. Green Mountain Wind Farm Celebrates One Year Anniversary
Web Page, http://www.greenmountain.com/about/press_events/archive/20010607.jsp

Illinois Department of Natural Resources. Kickapoo State Recreation Area Web page.
http://dnr.state.il.us/lands/landmgt/parks/r3/kickapoo.htm

Santa Clara County Department of Parks and Recreation. Coyote Creek Parkway Web page.
http://www.parkhere.org/channel/0,4770,chid%253D16482%2526sid%253D12761,00.html

Disclaimer The policies and procedures set forth herein are intended as guidance for employees of the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. They do not constitute rulemakings by the Agency and may not be relied on to create a substantive or
procedural right enforceable by any person. The Government may take action that is at variance with the policies and
procedures in this reference document. This is a living document and may be revised periodically without public notice.
Nothing in this document constitutes a regulatory determination nor does the use of definitions reflect official Agency policy.

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Glossary^	

For the purposes of this document, the following definitions are:

ACQUIRED LANDS - Lands in federal ownership which were obtained by the
government through purchase, condemnation, gift, or by exchange. They are
one category of public lands (Bureau of Land Management, 1999b).

ALLUVIUM - Natural accumulations of unconsolidated clay, silt, sand, or
gravel that have been transported by water, wind, or gravity to their present
position.

AQUIFER - A body of rock that contains sufficient saturated permeable material
to conduct groundwater and to yield significant quantities of waterto wells and
springs.

BACKFILLING - The filling in again of a place from which the rock or ore has
been removed.

BACKGROUND GEOCHEMISTRY - The abundance of an element in a naturally
occurring material in an area where the concentration is not anomalous.

BASE METALS - Those metals usually considered to be of lesser value and of
greater chemical reactivity compared to the noble (or precious) metals, most
commonly copper, lead, zinc and tin.

BENEFICIATION - Improvement of the grade of ores by milling, flotation,
sintering, gravity concentration, or other processes. Also termed "concentra-
tion".

CASUAL USE - Mining activities that only negligibly disturb BLM lands and
resources.

CLAIM - The portion of mining ground held under the Federal and local laws
by one claimant or association, by virtue of one location and record. Also
called a "location."

CLOSURE - In this report the term refers to the point at which a company
permanently stops activity (although it may still retain liabilities for unforeseen
environmental or safety concerns).

COMMON VARIETY MINERALS - Mineral materials that do not have a special
quality, quantity, character, or location that makes them of unique commercial
value. On public lands such minerals are considered saleable and are dis-
posed of by sales or by special permits to local governments.

CONCENTRATION - See "beneficiation." It also refers to the amount of a
material in a host (e.g., the amount of gold in a ton of ore.)

*As cited from Hardrock Minins on Federal Lands. National Research Council, Committee on
Hardrock Mining on Federal Lands, Committee on Earth Resources, Board on Earth Sciences and
Resource, Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources: NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS,
Washington, D.C. 1999. http://books.nap.edu/html/hardrock_fed_lands/index.html

These definitions may not represent official agency position and should not be used as regulatory definitions. ©3


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Reference Notebook

CONSTRUCTION MINERALS (OR MATERIALS) - Materials used in construction,
notably sand, gravel, crushed stone, dimension stone, asbestos, clay, cement,
and gypsum.

COOPERATING AGENCY - Any federal, state, or local agency or Indian tribe with
jurisdiction by law or special expertise enabling it to cooperate with the lead
agency preparing an environmental impact statement under NEPA.

CORPORATE BONDING - As used in this report, the use of corporate assets as
part or all of the financial assurance for the successful completion of reclama-
tion or other corporate responsibility.

CRITICAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN - Describes an area under BLM
management and having special attributes.

CULTURAL RESOURCES - As used in this report, natural or man-made fea-
tures having cultural or historical significance, such as structures, graves,
religious sites, vistas, or bodies of water.

CUMULATIVE IMPACT - As used in this report, the collective impacts of
several operations involving human activities, including mining, grazing,
farming, timbering, water diversion or discharge, and industrial processing,
also includes future impacts not immediately observable.

DEVELOPMENT - The preparation of a mining property so that an ore body can
be analyzed and its tonnage and quality estimated. Development is an inter-
mediate stage between exploration and mining.

DISCOVERY - As used in this report, initial recognition and demonstration of
the presence of valuable mineral within a claim.

DUMP - A pile of ore, coal, or waste at a mine.

EMERGENCY FUNDS (re: for low-probability, post-closure events) - As used
in this report, funds provided to deal with unexpected failures of reclamation
on closed mining sites.

EPHEMERAL STREAM - A stream or reach of a stream that flows briefly only in
direct response to precipitation in the immediate locality and whose channel is
at all times above the water table.

EXPLORATION - As used in this report, the search for valuable minerals by
geological, geochemical, geophysical, or intrusive physical examination. (See
also "prospecting," which in this report is considered part of exploration.)

FEDERAL LAND MANAGEMENT AGENCIES - In this report the term refers to
the Bureau of Land Management and the U.S. Forest Service; management
agencies not discussed here might include the National Park Service, the
Department of Energy, the Department of Defense, and others.

FERROUS METALS - Metals commonly occurring in alloys with iron, such as
chromium, nickel, manganese, vanadium, molybdenum, cobalt, silicon,
tantalum, and columbium (niobium).

FINANCIAL ASSURANCE - Funding or enforceable pledges of funding used to
guarantee performance of regulatory obligations in the event of default on such
obligations by the permittee.

64 These definitions may not represent official agency position and should not be used as regulatory definitions.


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Reference Notebook

GOOD SAMARITAN ACTION - An action taken forthe benefit of part or all of
the community at large rather than for that of the doer. In the context of this
report, it usually refers to the correction of some prior detrimental environ-
mental legacy as a convenience or as a public service, but without direct
personal or institutional benefit.

GROUNDWATER - Underground water.

HARDROCK - Locatable minerals that are neither leasable minerals (oil, gas,
coal, oil shale, sodium, phosphate, potassium, sulphur, asphalt, or gilsonite)
nor saleable mineral materials (e.g., common variety sand and gravel). How-
ever, the EPA AML Team includes mining sites associated with phosphate
extraction in this category even though they are categorized as "leasable
minerals." Hardrock minerals include, but are not limited to, copper, lead,
zinc, magnesium, nickel, tungsten, gold, silver, bentonite, barite, feldspar,
fluorspar, and uranium. (BLM, 1999b) Usually refers to rock types or mining
environments where the rocks are hard and strong and where blasting is
needed to break them for effective mining. As used in this report, the term
hardrock minerals is defined synonymous with "locatable minerals."

HEAP LEACHING - As used in this report, a process for recovery of minerals
from heaps of crushed ore by percolation of a solvent (such as cyanide for
gold, or ferric sulfate and sulfuric acid for copper) through the heap, followed
by chemical processing of the lixiviant.

LEACH PAD - The surface upon which ore is piled for heap leaching, including
those facilities to collect the lixivant for mineral recovery.

LEASABLE MINERALS - A legal term that identifies a mineral or mineral
commodity that is leasable by the federal government under the Mineral
Leasing Act of 1920 and similar legislation. Leasable minerals include oil, gas,
sodium, potash, phosphate, coal, and all minerals on acquired lands.

LIXIVIANT - A liquid medium that selectively extracts the desired metal from
the ore or material to be leached rapidly and completely, and from which the
desired metal can be recovered in a concentrated form.

LOCATABLE MINERALS - A legal term that identifies minerals acquired
through the General Mining Law of 1872, as amended. Examples are given in
Table A-1. Locatable minerals are distinguished from federally owned miner-
als that are disposed of by leasing (see leasable minerals). In some situations,
the term "hardrock minerals" is applied to locatable minerals.

LOCATION - See "claim." Also, the process of claiming or appropriating a
parcel of mineral land.

LODE CLAIM - Synonymous with "vein claim." As used in this report, a claim
based on the presumption that the valuable mineral is a part of a bed-rock
lode, vein, stockwork, stratum, or intrusion and is not dominantly a physical
redistribution of values by surficial processes (the latter constitutes a placer
deposit).

MINE - An opening or excavation in the ground for the purpose of extracting
minerals.

These definitions may not represent official agency position and should not be used as regulatory DEFINITIONS. 65


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Reference Notebook

MINERAL - Several other common meanings, but the following is used in this
report: Any natural resource extracted from the earth for human use; e.g.,
ores, salts, coal, or petroleum.

MINERAL DEPOSIT-A mineral occurrence of sufficient size and grade that it
might, under favorable circumstances, be considered to have economic
potential.

MINERAL OCCURRENCE - A concentration of mineral that is considered to
be valuable or that is of technical or scientific interest.

MINERAL SPECIES - Term used in this report to distinguish specific mineral-
ogical species from the unmodified term "mineral" as defined above.

MULTIPLE USE - A combination of balanced and diverse resource uses that
takes into account the long-term needs of future generations for renewable and
nonrenewable resources, including, but not limited to, recreation, range,
timber, minerals, watershed, wildlife and fish, and natural scenic, scientific and
historical values; and harmonious and coordinated management of the various
resources without permanent impairment of the productivity of the land and the
quality of the environment with consideration being given to the relative values
of the resources and not necessarily to the combination of uses that will give the
greatest economic return orthe greatest unit output. [43 U.S.C. §1702 ©)].

NOTICE-LEVEL OPERATION - A mining or exploration operation on BLM land
involving more than casual use but requiring that the operator submit only a
Notice rather than a plan of operations. It is limited to an area of disturbance of
5 or fewer acres.

OPERATIONS - As used in this report, all activities and facilities involved in
management, access, exploration, extraction, beneficiation, maintenance, or
reclamation.

ORE - The naturally occurring material from which a mineral or minerals of
economic value can be extracted profitably or to satisfy social or political
objectives.

OVERBURDEN - Material of any nature, consolidated or unconsolidated, that
overlies a deposit of useful minerals or ores.

OXIDATION - As used in this report, the reaction of ores or waste with oxygen
(usually above the water table); in sulfide ores this results in the release of
sulfuric acid that, in the absence of neutralization, mobilizes iron, copper, zinc,
and other minerals. (See also redox.)

PATENT - Concerning the ownership of a mining claim: as a noun, A docu-
ment that conveys title to the ground; orthe process of securing a patent.

PERFORMANCE-BASED STANDARDS - Standards expressed in terms of a
desired result or outcome rather than a method, process, or technology. See
also "technically prescriptive standards."

PHREATOPHYTE - A plant that obtains its water supply from the zone of satura-
tion or through the capillary fringe and is characterized by a deep root system.

PIT LAKE - As used in this report, a lake that forms within the open pit of a
mining operation.

6e These definitions may not represent official agency position and should not be used as regulatory definitions.


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Reference Notebook

PLACER - A mineral deposit that has achieved its present distribution through
the prior action of moving water or wind. Placers are usually in poorly consoli-
dated materials and are the sources of much, but not all, tin, titanium, rare
earths, diamonds, and zirconium, and some gold.

PLAN OF OPERATIONS - A plan for mining exploration or development on
BLM land involving more than 5 acres or a plan for mining where the operator
with preexisting, valid claims intends to mine in an area of Critical Environ-
mental Concern or a Wilderness area.

POINT SOURCE DISCHARGE - Discharge of pollutant from a discernible,
confined and discrete conveyance, including but not limited to any pipe, ditch,
channel, tunnel, conduit, well, discrete fissure, or container.

POST-CLOSURE - As used in this report, referring to the time after a property
formerly used for mining has been reclaimed.

PRECIOUS METAL - Any of several relatively scarce and valuable metals,
such as gold, silver, and the platinum group metals.

PROSPECTING - The search for outcrops or surface exposures of mineral
deposits. Searching for new deposits; also preliminary explorations to test the
values of lodes or placers already known to exist. (See also "exploration".)

PUBLIC DOMAIN - Land owned, controlled, or heretofore disposed of by the
U.S. government.

PUBLIC LAND - The part of the U.S. public domain to which title is still vested
in the federal government and that is subject to appropriation, sale, or disposal
under the general laws.

RECLAMATION - Restoration of mined land to original contour, use, or condi-
tion. But as used in this report, also describes the return of land to alternative
uses that may, under certain circumstances, be different from those prior to
mining.

RECORD OF DECISION - Under NEPA, a concise public record that states what
an agency's decision was, identifies all alternatives considered by the agency
and the factors considered by the agency, and states whether all practicable
means to avoid or minimize environmental harm from the alternative selected
have been adopted or if not, why not.

REDOX - Adjective identifying chemical reactions involving oxidation (and
reduction).

RESERVED LANDS - Federal lands which are dedicated to or set aside for a
specific purpose or program and which are, therefore, generally not subject to
disposition underthe operation of all of the public land laws.

RESERVE - The quantity of mineral demonstrated to be present and known to
be economically producible.

SALEABLE MINERALS - A legal term that defines mineral commodities that
are sold by contract from the Federal Government. These are generally con-
struction materials and aggregates.

SEDIMENTARY - A rock composed of sediments, or ores formed during a
process of sedimentation.

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SUCTION DREDGE - A dredge in which the material is lifted by pumping through
a suction pipe.

TAILINGS - As used in this report, the waste from mineral beneficiation. They
are usually regarded as liabilities, but under some circumstances they may be
reprocessed to recover additional values.

TECHNICALLY PRESCRIPTIVE STANDARDS - As used in this report: stan-
dards expressed in terms of the techniques to be applied. See also "Perfor-
mance-based standards."

UNCOMMON VARIETY MINERALS - Mineral materials that have a special
quality, quantity, character, or location that makes them of unique commercial
value. On public lands such minerals are locatable under the Mining Law of
1872, as amended. See Sidebar 1.2.

UNNECESSARY OR UNDUE.- A surface disturbance greater than what would
normally result when an activity is being accomplished by a prudent operator
in usual, customary, and proficient operations of similar character and taking
into consideration the effects of operations on other resources and land uses,
including those resources and uses outside the area of operations. Failure to
initiate and complete reasonable mitigation measures, including reclamation
of disturbed areas or creation of a nuisance, may constitute unnecessary or
undue degradation. Failure to comply with applicable environmental protection
statutes and regulations thereunder will constitute unnecessary or undue
degradation. Where specific statutory authority requires the attainment of a
stated level of protection or reclamation, such as in the California Desert
Conservation Area, Wild and Scenic Rivers, areas designated as part of the
National Wilderness System administered by the Bureau of Land Management
and other such areas, that level of protection shall be met.

WASTE - The part of an ore deposit that is too low grade to be of economic
value at the time of mining, but which may be stored separately for possible
treatment later.

WATER TABLE - As used in this report, the surface separating the zone is
water-saturated from the zone containing air that is freely connected to the
atmosphere.

WEATHERING - As used in this report, the process of decomposition of rocks
or ores through the action of air and water.

WITHDRAWAL - Segregation of particular lands from the operation of specified
public land laws, making those laws (including the mineral location and leas-
ing laws) inapplicable to the withdrawn lands.

YEAR EVENT - The probabilistic frequency for an event of a given magnitude
(e.g., a 1000-year flood).

228 AUTHORITY - U.S. Forest Service regulations found at 36 CFR Part 228.

261 AUTHORITY - U.S. Forest Service regulations found at 36 CFR Part 261.

3809 REGULATIONS - Bureau of Land Management regulations found at 43
CFR Subpart 3809.

68 These definitions may not represent official agency position and should not be used as regulatory definitions.


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Acronyms

A.I.M.

Arizona Abandoned and Inactive Mine

AMD

Acid Mine Drainage

AML

Abandoned Mine Lands

AMLIS

Abandoned Mine Lands Inventory System

AMLRP

Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program

ARD

Acid Rock Drainage

AzMILS

Arizona Department of Mines and Mineral Resources Database

BLM

Bureau of Land Management

BOD

Biological Oxygen Demand

BOM

Bureau of Mines

CDBG

Community Development Block Grant

CEQA

California Environmental Quality Act

CERCLA

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act

CPFM

Colloid Polishing Fiber Method

CTSP

Conservation Technology Support Program

CVI

Canaan Valley Institute

CWA

Clean Water Act

DENR

Department of Environmental and Natural Resources

DEQ

Department of Environmental Quality

DO

Dissolved Oxygen

DOC

Department of Conservation

DOD

Department of Defense

DOE

Department of Energy

DOT

Department of Transportation

DNR

Department of Natural Resources

EA

Environmental Assessment

EDA

U.S. Department of Commerce's Economic Development Association

EPA

Environmental Protection Agency

EMNRD

Energy, Minerals, and Natural Resources Department

©Q


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ESA

Endangered Species Act

FFT

Filter Flow Technology

FHWA

U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration

FLMA

Federal Land Management Agency

FLPMA

Federal Land Policy and Management Act

FONSI

Finding of No Significant Impact

FS

see USFWS

FTA

Federal Transit Administration

FWS

see USFWS

GIS

Geographical Information System

GMI

Green Mountain Institute

GPS

Global Positioning System

HPF

Historic Preservation Fund

HUD

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development

1AM

Inactive and Abandoned Mine Lands

ICMM

International Council on Mining and Metals

ILS

In-line Aeration and Neutralization System

IMCC

Interstate Mining Compact Commission

IRP

USDA Intermediary Relending Program

ISM

Ionic State Modification Process

LEPC

Local Emergency Planning Committee

MAS/MIL

Mineral Availability System/Mineral Industry Location System

MBMG

Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology

MDE

Maryland Department of the Environment

MDIG

USGS Mine Drainage Interest Group

MEND

Mine Environment Natural Drainage

MEPA

Montana Environmental Protection Act

MPC

Mineral Policy Center

MRDS

USGS Mineral Resources Data Systems

MSHA

Mine Safety and Health Administration

MWCB

Mine Waste Cleanup Bureau


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NASLR

National Association of State Land Reclamationists

NCP

National Contingency Plan

NEA

National Endowmentforthe Arts

NEPA

National Environmental Policy Act

NFMA

National Forest Management Act

NFS

National Forest Service

NHPA

National Historical Preservation Act

NMA

National Mining Association

NMLRC

National Mine Land Reclamation Center

NORM

Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials

NPL

National Priorities List

NPO

Non-profit Organization

NPS

National Park Service

NRCS

Natural Resources Conservation Service

NSE

National Science Foundation

OCS

Office of Community Services

OERR

Office of Emergency and Remedial Response

OSM

Office of Surface Mining

OSMRE

Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement

RAMP

Rural Abandoned Mine Program

RC&D

Resource Conservation and Development

RCRA

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

RMMLF

Rocky Mountain Mineral Law Foundation

RO

Reverse Osmosis

SERC

State Emergency Response Commission

SMARA

California Surface Mined Lands Reclamation Act

SRI

Superfund Redevelopment Initiative

TASWER

Tribal Association on Solid Waste and Emergency Response

TBA

Targeted Brownfields Assessment

TSS

Total Suspended Solids

UMTRA

Uranium Mills Tailing Remedial Action


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UMTRCA
URP
USACE
USDA
USDOI
USFS
USFWS
USGS
WGA
SMCRA
SME
SMRD
SRF

Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act

Urban Resources Partnership

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

U.S. Department of Agriculture

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Forest Service

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

U.S. Geological Survey

Western Governors'Association

Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act

Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc.

Surface Mining Reclamation Division

State Revolving loan Fund

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Alaska Department of Natural Resources. Division of Mines, Land and Water.
Abandoned Mine Lands Program Web page, http://www.dnr.state.ak.us/mlw/
mining/ami/

Arizona State Mine Inspector's Office, http://www.asmi.state.az.us/

Arizona Abandoned and Inactive Mine Survey Web page.
http://www.asmi.state.az.us/AIM.PDF

Arizona Department of Mines and Mineral Resources. AzMILS Database Web
page, http://www.admmr.state.az.us/mingen.htm

Arkansas Department of Environmental Quality. Division of Surface Mining
and Reclamation Web page, http://www.adeq.state.ar.us/mining/

Bench, Dan. PCBs, Mining, and Waste Pollution. London, England. Mining
Environmental Management. July 2003.

Bureau of Land Management. (BLM) Abandoned Mine Lands Cleanup Program
Web page, http://www.blm.gov/aml

Bureau of Land Management. Abandoned Mine Lands Inventory System
(AMLIS) Web page, http://www.blm.gov/aml/amlis.htm

Bureau of Land Management. California BLM Abandoned Mine Land (AML)
Activity Web page, http://www.ca.blm.gov/pa/aml/

Bureau of Land Management. National Science and Technology Center AML
Projects 1999-2001 Web page, http://www.blm.g0v/aml/narscproj.htm#top

Bureau of Land Management. BLM State AML Programs Web page.
http://www.nv.blm.gov/minerals/special/AML_App_2.htm

California Department of Conservation. California's Abandoned Mines: A
Report on the Magnitude and Scope of the Issue in the State Web page.
http://www.consrv.ca.gov/OMR/abandoned_mine_lands/
california_abandoned_mines/overview.htm

Clean Air Act Amendment Provision, Pertaining to Air Quality Modeling, http://
www.epa.gov/ttn/oarpg/gen/model.txt

Colorado Department of Natural Resources. Division of Minerals and Geology
Web page, http://mining.state.co.us/dmpinactive.html http://
mining.state.co. us/

Custer, Kelly. Current Status of Hardrock Abandoned Mine Land Programs.
Washington, D.C. Mineral Policy Center. May 2002.

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EPA. 1990 Clean Air Act Amendment Provisions Related to Specific Stationary
Source Categories, http://www.epa.gov/ttn/oarpg/gen/stasor.pdf

EPA. Abandoned Mine Lands Web site, http://www.epa.gov/superfund/
programs/ami

EPA. Brownfields Program Web site, http://www.epa.gov/epahome/hi-
brownfields.htm

EPA. CERCLA Overview Web page, http://www.epa.gov/superfund/action/law/
cercla.htm

EPA. Clean Air Act Overview, http://www.epa.gov/region5/defs/html/caa.htm

EPA. Federal Facilities Restoration and Reuse Office Web page.
http://www.epa.gov/fedfac

EPA. How Sites Are Placed on the NPL Web page, http://www.epa.gov/
superfund/programs/npl_hrs/nplon.htm

EPA. Major Environmental Laws Web page, http://www.epa.gov/region5/defs/

EPA. National Contingency Plan (NCP) Overview Web page.
http://www.epa.gov/oilspill/ncpover.htm

EPA. National Hardrock Mining Framework. September 1997.

EPA. Office of Solid Waste. Human Health and Environmental Damages from
Mining and Mineral Processing Wastes. December 1995.

EPA. Office of Radiation Programs, "Potential Health and Environmental
Concerns of Uranium Mine Wastes," Report to Congress, EPA 520/1 -83-007,
June 1983.

EPA. Office of the Inspector General Audit Report. EPA Can Do More to Help
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Independence Mine State Historical Park. Alaska Department of Natural
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Interstate Mining Compact Commission Web site, http://www.imcc.isa.us

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National Research Council. Hardrock Mining on Federal Lands. Washington,
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Reference Notebook

National Tribal Environmental Council Web site, http://www.ntec.org/

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Natural Resources Conservation Service. Rural Abandoned Mine Program
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