CAP88-PC Version 2.1 User Guide
Draft Revision 1
Produced in Response to Work Assignment 14
Contract 68-D-00-210
Sanjib Chaki, EPA Work Assignment Manager
Office of Radiation and Indoor Air
Ariel Rios Building
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW
Washington, DC 20460
By
Trinity Engineering Associates, Inc.
8832 Falmouth Dr.
Cincinnati, OH 45231-5011
May, 2002
-------
Table Of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Purpose 1
1.3 Model Summary 2
1.4 Validation 3
1.5 Limitations 3
1.6 Summary of Version 2.1 Change s from Version 2.0 4
2. GETTING STARTED 6
2.1. Installation of Version 2.1 6
2.2 Installation Notes: 6
2.2.1 Installation Procedure 7
2.3. Running Version 2.1 8
2.3.1 Initial Post-Installation Running of Version 2.1 8
2.3.2 Building an Example Data Set 8
2.4 Uninstall CAP88-PC Version 2.1 19
3. FILE MENU 20
3.1 NewDataset 20
3.2 OpenDataset 20
3.3 Close Dataset 20
3.4 Save Dataset 20
3.5 Save Dataset As 20
3.6 Print Setup 20
3.7 Print Preview 20
3.8 Maintenance 21
3.9 File Maintenance 21
3.10 List Maintenance 21
3.11 Convert SCR File 21
3.12 Create INPUT.DAT File 21
3.13 Exit 21
4. RUN MENU 22
4.1 Execute 22
4.2 Scan Population File Format 22
4.3 Population File Editor 23
4.4 Population File Library 23
4.5 Scan Wind File Format 23
4.6 Wind File Library. 23
4.7 Stability Array/Wind File Generator 24
5. NEW DATASET INFORMATION 25
5.1 New Dataset Information Form 25
6. SELECT DATASET INFORMATION 26
6.1 Select Dataset Form 26
7. PRINT/VIEW 27
7.1 Print/View. 27
8. MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS 28
8.1 File Maintenance Operations Form 28
8.2 Select File 29
8.3 Save File As Form 29
8.4 Change List Information Form 30
9. DATASET DATA 32
9.1 Facility Data 32
9.2 Run Captions 33
9.3 Meteorological Data 35
9.4 Source Data 36
9.5 Agricultural Data 37
TOC. 1
-------
9.6 Nuclide Data 38
10. DEFAULT FILE CHANGES 40
10.1 Purpose Of Default Value 40
10.1.1 User Changeable Defaults 40
10.1.2 Permanent Defaults 40
10.2 Changeable Defaults 40
10.2.1 Variable Names and Descriptions 40
10.2.2 Changing Default Values 43
10.2.3 Restoring DEFAULT.DAT Values 45
10.2.4 Alternative DEFAULT.DAT Files 45
10.3 PERMANENT DEFAULTS 46
11. CONVERTING WEATHER DATA WITH GETWIND 47
11.1 Purpose 47
11.2 Program Input 47
11.3 Program Output 47
11.4 Running GETWIND 47
11.5 Error Messages 48
12. MATHEMATICAL MODELS 50
12.1 Environmental Transport 50
12.1.1 Plume Rise 50
12.1.2 Plume Dispersion 52
12.1.3 Dry Deposition 54
12.1.4 Precipitation Scavenging 55
12.1.5 Plume Depletion 55
12.1.6 Dispersion Coefficients 58
12.1.7 Area Sources 59
12.1.8 Carbon-14 and Tritium 59
12.1.9 Rn-222 Working Levels 59
12.1.10 Ground Surface Concentrations 60
12.2 Dose and Risk Estimates 60
12.2.1 Air Immersion 61
12.2.2 Surface Exposure 61
12.2.3 Inge stion and Inhalation 62
12.2.4 Maximally-Exposed Individual 62
12.2.5 Collective Population 62
13. REFERENCES 63
Appendix A: Valid Radionuclides
Appendix B: Star File Format
Appendix C: State Agricultural Productivity
Appendix D: Weather Data Library
Appendix E: Differences with Mainframe Version of AIRDOS-EPA/DARTAB
Appendix F: Population File Format
Appendix G: Output Files from Sample Input File in Chapter 2
TOC. 2
-------
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
On October 31, 1989 the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued final rules for
radionuclide emissions to air under 40 CFR 61, National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air
Pollutants (NESHAPS). Emission monitoring and compliance procedures for Department of
Energy (DOE) facilities (40 CFR 61.93 (a) ) require the use of CAP-88 or AIRDOS-PC computer
models, or other approved procedures, to calculate effective dose equivalents to members of the
public.
The CAP-88 (which stands for Clean Air Act Assessment Package-1988) computer model is a set of
computer programs, databases and associated utility programs for estimation of dose and risk from
radionuclide emissions to air. CAP-88 is composed of modified versions of AIRDOS-EPA (Mo79)
and DARTAB (ORNL5692). The original CAP-88 model is written in FORTRAN77 and has been
compiled and run on an IBM 3090 under OS/VS2, using the IBM FORTRAN compiler, at the EPA
National Computer Center in Research Triangle Park, NC.
1.2 Purpose
The original CAP88-PC software package, version 1.0, allows users to perform full-featured dose
and risk assessments in a DOS environment for the purpose of demonstrating compliance with 40
CFR 61.93 (a). CAP88-PC provides the CAP-88 methodology for assessments of both collective
populations and maximally-exposed individuals. The complete set of dose and risk factors used in
CAP88 is provided. CAP88-PC differs from the dose assessment software AIRDOS-PC in that it
estimates risk as well as dose, offers a wider selection of radionuclide and meteorological data,
provides the capability for collective population assessments, and allows users greater freedom to
alter values of environmental transport variables. CAP88-PC version 1.0 was approved for
demonstrating compliance with 40 CFR 61.93 (a) in February 1992.
CAP88-PC version 2.0 provided a framework for developing inputs to perform full-featured dose
and risk assessments in a Windows environment for the purpose of demonstrating compliance with
40 CFR 61.93 (a). Other than modifications of the Windows user interface, Version 2.1 includes
some additional changes compared to the DOS version and the previous Windows version, 2.0. The
changes include the addition of decay chains for six radionuclides (Strontium, Zirconium,
Ruthenium-103, Ruthenium-106, Cerium, and Plutonium), correction of a minor error in the
Uranium decay chain, and correction of a typographical error in the concentration reports. Section
1.6 provides a summary of the changes incorporated into Version 2.1 relative to Version 2.0.
1
-------
1.3 Model Summary
CAP-88 PC uses a modified Gaussian plume equation to estimate the average dispersion of
radionuclides released from up to six emitting sources. The sources may be either elevated stacks,
such as a smokestack, or uniform area sources, such as a pile of uranium mill tailings. Plume rise
can be calculated assuming either a momentum or buoyant-driven plume. Assessments are done for
a circular grid of distances and directions for a radius of up to 80 kilometers (50 miles) around the
facility. The Gaussian plume model produces results that agree with experimental data as well as
any model, is fairly easy to work with, and is consistent with the random nature of turbulence.
There are a few differences between CAP88-PC and earlier versions of AIRDOS, PREPAR and
DARTAB. In particular, population assessments are easier to perform in CAP88-PC. When
performing population assessments, population arrays must always be supplied to the program as a
file, using the same format as the mainframe version of CAP88. Sample population files are
supplied with CAP88-PC, which the user may modify to reflect their own population distributions.
Population files for the mainframe version of CAP88 may be downloaded in ASCII format and used
with CAP88-PC. When performing population dose assessments, CAP88-PC uses the distances in
the population array to determine the sector midpoint distances where the code calculates
concentrations. CAP88-PC only uses circular grids; square grids are not an option. When an
individual assessment is run, the sector midpoint distances are input by the user on the Run Option
tab form. Direct user input of radionuclide concentrations is not an option in CAP88-PC.
CAP88-PC has the capability to vary equilibrium fractions; previously they were set to a constant of
0.7. The new method varies the equilibrium fractions depending on the distance from the source.
Linear interpolation is used to determine the equilibrium fractions for distances that do not match
the set distances given.
Agricultural arrays of milk cattle, beef cattle and agricultural crop area are generated automatically,
requiring the user to supply only the State name or agricultural productivity values. When a
population assessment is performed, the arrays are generated to match the distances used in the
population arrays supplied to the code, and use State-specific or user-supplied agricultural
productivity values. The state name (standard two letter abbreviation) must be provided on the
Facility Data tab form. Users are given the option to override the default agricultural productivity
values by entering the data directly on the Agricultural Data tab form. If Alaska, Hawaii, or
Washington, D.C. is selected, agricultural productivity values are set to zero and must be provided
by the user.
CAP88-PC is also modified to do either "Radon-only" or "Non-Radon" runs, to conform to the
format of the 1988 Clean Air Act NESHAPS Rulemaking. "Radon-only" assessments, which only
have Rn-222 in the source term, automatically include working level calculations; any other source
term ignores working levels. Synopsis reports customized to both formats are automatically
generated. Assessments for Radon-222 now automatically include Working Level calculations
when only a single source term of Rn-222 may be used in this option. Input of any additional
radionuclides, even Rn-220, will cause CAP88-PC to omit working level calculations.
2
-------
Organs and weighting factors are modified to follow the ICRP 26/30 Effective Dose Equivalent
calculations, which eliminates flexibility on specifying organs and weighting factors. The
calculation of deposition velocity and the default scavenging coefficient is also modified to
incorporate current EPA policy. Deposition velocity is set to 3.5e-2 m/sec for Iodine, 1.8e-3 m/sec
for Particulate, and 0.0 m/sec for Gas. The default scavenging coefficient is calculated as a function
of annual precipitation, which is input on the Meteorological Data tab form.
Only 7 organs are valid for the Effective Dose Equivalent. Changing the organs and weights will
invalidate the results. They are Gonads 25 percent, Breast 15 percent, R MAR 12 percent, Lungs 12
percent, Thyroid 3 percent, ENDOST 3 percent, and Remainder 30 percent.
1.4 Validation
The CAP88-PC programs represent one of the best available validated codes for the purpose of
making comprehensive dose and risk assessments. The Gaussian plume model used in CAP88-PC
to estimate dispersion of radionuclides in air is one of the most commonly used models in
Government guidebooks. It produces results that agree with experimental data as well as any
model, is fairly easy to work with, and is consistent with the random nature of turbulence.
The Office of Radiation and Indoor Air has made comparisons between the predictions of annual-
average ground-level concentration to actual environmental measurements, and found very good
agreement. In the paper "Comparison of AIRDOS-EPA Prediction of Ground-Level Airborne
Radionuclide Concentrations to Measured Values" (Be86), environmental monitoring data at five
Department of Energy (DOE) sites were compared to AIRDOS-EPA predictions. EPA concluded
that as often as not, AIRDOS-EPA predictions are within a factor of 2 of actual concentrations.
1.5 Limitations
Like all models, there are some limitations in the CAP88-PC system.
While up to six stack or area sources can be modeled, all the sources are modeled as if located at the
same point; that is, stacks cannot be located in different areas of a facility. The same plume rise
mechanism (buoyant or momentum) is used for each source. Also, area sources are treated as
uniform. Variation in radionuclide concentrations due to complex terrain cannot be modeled.
Errors arising from these assumptions will have a negligible effect for assessments where the
distance to exposed individuals is large compared to the stack height, area or facility size.
Dose and risk estimates from CAP88-PC are applicable only to low-level chronic exposures, since
the health effects and dosimetric data are based on low-level chronic intakes. CAP88-PC cannot be
used for either short-term or high-level radionuclide intakes.
3
-------
1.6 Summary of Version 2.1 Changes from Version 2.0
Version 2.1.of CAP88-PC is an incremental change from Version 2.0, meaning that no significant
modifications were introduced to the algorithms for calculating transport, uptake, dose, and risk.
The changes have primarily been improvements to the Visual Basic code which performs the user
interface and data collection functions. Some small changes were made to the FORTRAN
calculation routines in order to accommodate variable input for humidity and to permit greater
numbers of nuclides in a dataset. Additionally, the database files that are part of CAP88-PC's data
management system have been updated to be more widely compatible with various versions of
Windows. Some important modifications to the CAP88-PC code in Version 2.1 include:
More extensive input field checking for valid values
An error handling routine has been added to provide a text file output of errors encountered
by the code. Most errors are now written to a file named 'YYYYMMDDErrorlog.txt',
where the date code refers to the date when the error occurred. This file will be located in
the CAP88-PC install directory
Many updates to the directory structure, which provide more installation flexibility and
better default initialization in the selection boxes for custom wind and population files.
Added an absolute humidity entry on the MetData tab for site specific calculation of tritium
concentration in vegetables.
Added a user selectable distance and sector (JLOC and ILOC) option for the individual
assessment case. Setting these to non-zero values will cause the code to provide results for
the distance and sector indicated.
Increased the number of radionuclides allowed in a run to 120 from 36
Incorporated the Year 2000 patch needed by Version 2.0
Eliminated all third party functions and software packages that were in the Version 2.0
Visual Basic code
Eliminated the dialog box that asked the user if they wanted to use MS-DOS mode
Updated and shortened the initial splash screen
The toolbar is now located at the top of the window in accordance with Windows standard
practice
The data environment (the accompanying database) has been updated to Microsoft Access
for greater compatibility with Windows
The 'Open From File' option is provided to allow the user to open input datasets that have
not yet been included in the drop-down file list of available cases
The default directory locations for the wind and population library are now the default
install directories for these files.
The radionuclide entry method has been changed. Rather than enter data directly into the
Nuclide Data tab, the user now selects either 'Add Nuclide', 'Edit Nuclide' or 'Delete
Nuclide' from the buttons on the form. When 'Add Nuclide' or 'Edit Nuclide' are selected,
a new data entry form containing all selectable data for the nuclide is presented.
A new ' Save and Close' button is available on the Nuclide Data tab of the input data form.
The user interface for Version 2.1 was built in Visual Basic 6.0, and the install package was made
using InstallShield 7.2. The installer technology has been updated and tested with all Windows
versions from 95(b) to XP. It will now check for some necessary Windows components, such as
4
-------
DCOM and Windows Scripting, and will install these if needed. This has eliminated the
requirement for a separate installation of the DCOM98 module.
5
-------
2. GETTING STARTED
2.1. Installation of Version 2.1
The CAP88-PC Windows version 2.1 can be downloaded from the following EPA web site:
http://www.epa.gov/radiation/assessment/CAP88/index.html
Follow steps 1-4 in section 2.2.1 if you have an existing installation of an earlier beta version of
CAP88-PC version 2.1. If you do not have an existing installation of CAP88-PC version 2.1 then
begin with step 5. CAP88-PC creates the following directory structure during a default installation:
C:\Program Files\CAP8B-PC211
File Edit View Favorites lools Help
Back T Search
Address |q C:\Program Files\CAP88-PC211
ar
Folders
x 'o urn-
|Jgo
Folders
B ^ Local Disk (C:)
Q DELL
S) Q Documents and Settir
B l£| DRIVERS
S3 £3 1386
ffl Q My Music
IB l£) MyFiles
s ta Program Files
Q 3Com
S) E) 3D0
ffl £) Adaptec
S Q America Online 6.
a qBESHB
Q Data
Datasets
Irii Output
l^| Popfiles
Q Poplib
Q Star
l^| WindLib
Wndfiles
13 l£| Common Files
ComPlus Applicati ^
< jjiHbJl >
PPPPPPPP
Data Datasets Output Popfiles Poplib Star WindLib Wndfiles
9
AIRDOS AIRD05.EXE ALLRAD.DAT BLANK.DAT cap88pcw.GID CAP88PCW,,,. CAP88PCW... CAP88211.,
~ 1
~
DARTAB DARTAB.EXE DEFAULT DEFAULT.DAT DEFAULT.EXE DEFAULT.PER F77L3.EER Input.Dat
INPUT.POP INPUT.WND input.works If90.cer If90.eer LibPOPHEL... LibWindHEL... POINTER.DAT
RADRISKl.... RADRI5K2.,,. ReadMe.txt REFA.DAT RUNINFO STARDOE STARDOE.EXE WINDGET
WINDGET.EXE
2.2 Installation Notes:
CAP88-PC Version 2.1 will not install properly under Windows 95a, Linux, or Unix.
If you are running Windows NT, 2000, or XP, we strongly recommend that you be logged
on with administrative privileges to properly install CAP88-PC Version 2.1.
We recommend that you disable all virus scanners prior to installation.
The new installation program eliminates the need for a separate installation of DCOM98
Installation of DCOM98 and the Windows Scripting engine are included in the installation
package. Installation of these Windows components may require rebooting the system
during the installation process
6
-------
The procedure in Section 2.2.1 assumes you have an existing installation of an earlier beta
version of CAP88-PC Version 2.1. If you do not have any existing installations begin at
step 5.
Steps 5 and 6 assume you are installing the software after downloading the CAP88-PC
Version 2.1 archive. If you are installing from a CD then you may skip steps 5 and 6.
2.2.1 Installation Procedure
1. Save any user created input or output files that are in the 'Datasets' and 'Outputs'
subdirectories of the previous install. Do not save the CAP88$ files as these are included in
the install package.
2. Save any user generated wind or population files that are in the 'Popfiles' or 'Wndfiles'
subdirectories of the previous install.
3. Uninstall any previous beta versions of CAP88-PC version 2.1.
4. Delete the directory structure from the previous install.
5. Create a temporary directory and download the .ZIP archive or self-extracting .EXE archive
to the temporary directory.
6. Extract the files in the archive to the temporary directory. (Note - we recommend using a
temporary directory as a location for the setup files rather than the directory where you
intend to install CAP88-PC Version 2.1 to facilitate removal or archiving of the setup
package following installation)
7. Run the SETUP.EXE program contained in the install package or on the CD. We
recommend using the default installation directory for CAP88-PC Version 2.1. The install
package will create the installation directory, and will also create a set of subdirectories
underneath the installation directory. Please see section 2.1 (above) of this document for a
description of the directory structure created by the CAP88-PC Version 2.1 installation
routine.
8. As part of the installation, SETUP will install the Windows Scripting System and, for users
running a WIN9x operating system, may install DCOM98 if it is not detected as already
installed on your system.
9. Accept the Windows Scripting installation and the DCOM installation if they are requested
by SETUP. If these are installed and you are running Windows 95b, 98, or ME, you may
need to reboot during the CAP88-PC installation.
10. Copy any saved input files from step 1 into the new 'Datasets' subdirectory if you wish
them to be readily available in the new version.
11. Copy any saved output files to the new 'Outputs' subdirectory if desired.
12. Copy any .WND or .POP saved during step 2 into the 'Windlib' or 'Poplib' subdirectories of
the new CAP88-PC directory.
13. If you are running Windows 95b, 98, or ME, we recommend rebooting after the installation
is completed. This may not be necessary under Windows 2000 or Windows XP.
14. Restart any virus scanner software that was disabled during installation of CAP88-PC.
We recommend placing your previously saved wind and population files into the library
subdirectories rather than the 'Wndfiles' or 'Popfiles' subdirectories, because the code will treat
these initially as new files. The default open locations in CAP88-PC Version 2.1 for new wind or
population files are the 'Windlib' and 'Poplib' subdirectories, not the 'Wndfiles' or "Popfiles'
subdirectories, so this will make the files more readily accessible the first time you use them in the
7
-------
new installation. The code will subsequently save these files in the 'Wndfiles' and 'Popfiles'
subdirectories after you select them for a run and perform a save of the case.
2.3. Running Version 2.1
The installation package of CAP88-PC Version 2.1 ships with three pre-existing input files, named
CAP88$.dat, NUKETEST.dat, and MODTEST.dat, along with their associated output files for those
input datasets. The input file CAP88$.dat, along with its backup file CAP88$.bak, reside in the
'Datasets' subdirectory of the installation directory. Output files are still written into the 'Output'
subdirectory in the same formats as under Version 2.0 and Version 2.1.
2.3.1 Initial Post-Installation Running of Version 2.1
When running Version 2.1 for the first time, no input datasets are included in the dropdown file
selection list. In this instance, when selecting , , the user will receive a
message box stating "Nothing to Open!". The user has a choice to create a new dataset, or open an
existing input dataset from a file. If the user selects to open an existing file, a listing of the
available files that reside in the 'Datasets' subdirectory is provided in the directory navigation
window. The user may select one of these, or may navigate to another directory and select an input
file from there. Once the dataset is created either by manual entry or by opening an existing file,
perform a save of the dataset. This dataset will then be included in the drop-down file list for
opening and for executing the case.
2.3.2 Building an Example Data Set
1. Start the code by double-clicking on the desktop icon or by using the icons installed on the
, , location on the Windows start menu. After the initial splash
screen, you will be at the following screen:
CAP88 PC Version 2.1.1
Run Help
~ |cg| |m|a| ^|ig|j?|j?|ig| t |g£| ?
-------
2. Select from the menu bar, then to begin creating a new CAP88-PC case.
Enter the information for Dataset Name, Dataset Filename, and the two comment fields, and then
click . Dataset Name must less than or equal to sixteen (16) characters, and Dataset Filename
less than or equal to eight (8) characters. The comment fields are now optional; entries in each field
must be less than fifty (50) characters.
v CAP88-PC Version 2.1.1
File Run Help
~
&
a
ma ^ & m w iff
Drive
Directories
Pi
3
_jJProgram Files
¦JCAPB8-PCZ11
Datasets
IV
Enter Dataset Name
[Sample Data
Enter Dataset Filename
Samplel
Comments
This is a sample case population run
1 source. A nuclides!
OK
Cancel
3. The next screen is the initial tab of the main form used to provide dataset information to CAP88-
PC. The form consists of six tabs; each tab provides fields of related data. The user fills in these
fields to build the dataset for the case being analyzed. This particular tab, shown here, is used to
provide descriptive information regarding the facility being modeled. Providing the sample case
data to this tab results in the following screen.
9
-------
^ CAP 8 8-PC Version 2.1
1
1 File Run Help
| H | if
u
[a|
[gp|
|pr|
\w\®\
Ma
1li
Dataset Name : Sam pie Data
4. Select the tab, which will display the fields for selecting the type of run for this
dataset (population or individual), for selecting the population file, and for selecting the type of
output files for the run. For this sample dataset, select the data as shown in the figure below. Note
that when the radio button for Population File Directory is selected, the file selection control is a
drop down list of the population files that have been extracted into CAP88-PC's data environment.
If the Custom Population File button is selected, then the file selection control allows selecting a
population file by navigating to any file location. The initial default directory for the Custom
Population File selection is the POPLIB subdirectory of the CAP88-PC Version 2.1 installation
directory.
10
-------
^CAP88-PC Version 2.1.1 |T]M|X|
I File
Run
Help
1 Bl
y d'
m
aj ^
Pf
«p
if
u
n
l_iJ
Dataset Name :Sample Data
Facility Data | Run Options | Met Data ] Source Data f Agri. Data Y~Nuclide Data
Run
C Individual * Population
* Population File Directory
C Custom Population File
BATTELLE
d
Generate Genetic Effects?
Create Dose and Risk Factors?
Create Concentration Table?
Create Chi/Q Table File?
C
Yes
r
O
Z
(t
Yes
r
No
(•
Yes
r
No
c
Yes
r
No
5. Select the tab to display the fields for describing the meteorological data required by
CAP88-PC Version 2.1. One change to this tab from version 2.0 is the addition of the Absolute
Humidity field, which has a default value of 8 grams water per cubic meter of air. The tab should
initially appear similar to the following figure:
11
-------
CAP88-PC Version 2.1.1
File Run Help
a
¦
B
a
&
&
& M
3
Dataset Name :Sample Data
Facility Data J~Run Options J Met Data f Source Data J Agri. Data f Nuclide Datal
~ 3813
MACON/LEWIS B WILSON I 1988,1989,19
"31
Annual Precipitation:
100.
(cm/year)
Annual Ambient:
10
(Celsius)
Height of Lid:
1000
(meters)
Absolute Humidity:
8.
(grams/cu meter)
For this sample dataset, do not use the Wind File Directory button, since no wind file applicable to
Columbus Ohio has been extracted into the CAP88-PC data environment. Select the Custom Wind
File button to change the file selection control to one that will permit selecting a wind file from a
separate directory. The tab should now display as follows:
12
-------
CAP88-PC Version 2.1.1
File Run Help
~ & a I ¦ m a ^ &
Dataset Name : Sam pie Data
Facility Data]~Run Options | Met Data ] Source Data ]" Agri. Data j Nuclide Data
C Wind File Directory (• Custom Wind File
Lo cate
Annual Precipitation:
100
(cm/year)
Annual Ambient:
ID
(Celsius)
Height of Lid:
1000
(meters)
Absolute Humidity:
8.
(grams/cu meter)
Click the button to display a list of wind files stored in the Windlib subdirectory of the
CAP88-PC Version 2.1 installation directory. Select the file named 14821.wnd, and the following
sub-screen should result:
13
-------
Locate Wind File
0®
Look jn:
A
My Recent
Documents
Desktop
Specent Docs
Fancy
LAN
| WindLib
"Zf
e &
13882. WND
3l 13966. WND
,r1 14739. WND
3] 14827. WND
13883. WND
3| 13967. WND
3) 14740. WND
3] 14836. WND
13889. WND
3| 13968. WND
3 14742. WND
3| 14837. WND
13891. WND
35fl 13970. WND
3| 14745. WND
3] 14839. WND
13393. WND
3| 13984.WND
3) 14751 .WND
3] 14840. WND
13894. WND
3] 13985.WND
3) 14764. WND
3) 14842. WND
13895. WND
3] 13994.WND
3 14765.WND
3] 14847. WND
13897. WND
3] 13995. WND
14768. WND
3] 14848. WND
13899. WND
31 13996. WND
3] 14771 .WND
3] 14850. WND
13957. WND
31 14606. WND
3] 14777. WND
3] 14852. WND
13958. WND
3l 14732. WND
Si 14778. WND
3| 14860. WND
13959. WND
31 14733. WND
3) 14820. WND
3| 14895. WND
13962. WND
3l 14734. WND
114821 .WND
3] 14898. WND
13963. WND
3] 14735. WND
14822.WND
3] 14913.WND
13964. WND
3| 14737. WND
131 14826. WND
3] 14914,WND
File name:
Files of type:
]l 4821 .WND
| Wind File(K.WHD)
3
"3
Open
Cancel
Click , and the file should be selected for use as the input wind file. The tab
should now appear as follows:
CAP 8 8-PC Version 2.1.1
File Run Help
ebh|_d|m;|h i'ImI3| ? I
14
-------
CAP88-PC Version 2.1.1
BUB
File Run Help
S!fl| D I fir I I
is a
&
Dataset Name :Sample Data
Facility Data ] Run Options ] Met Data | Source Data | Agri. Data | Nuclide Data
EPA Food Source Scenarios
C Urban <* jRurali Local C Regional C Imported C Entered
Vegetable Milk Meat
Fraction home produced:
Fraction from assessment area:
0.7
0.399
0.3
0.601
0
0
0.442
0.558
0
Beef cattle density:
Milk cattle density:
Land fraction cultivated for vegetables:
2.030e-01 (#/km2)
4.560e-02 (#/km2)
1.700e-02
8. The final tab to be selected is . This tab has been modified from Version 2.0 to
include a button, and, more significantly, to add a sub-form where all additions
or modifications to radionuclide data is performed. Initially, the tab will have the
following appearance:
16
-------
^CAPl
CAPB8-PC Version 2.1.1
File Run Help
~
s fa'
m a
m w &
Dataset Name :Sample Data
Facility Data | Run Options j Met Data J Source Data | Agri. Data | Nuclide Data
Number of Radionuclides: 0
-1-1
Nuclide
Release Rate fCi/Y)
Size
Class
Radionuclide Data For Source 1
Modify Nuclide List
Add Nuclide
Edit Nuclide
Delete Nuclide
Save and Close
To begin adding nuclides, click , which displays the nuclide data entry sub-form
displayed in the next graphic. Use the Nuclide drop down list to select the first nuclide to be
included in the analysis, which in the sample case is Am-241. After the nuclide is selected, the
remaining three nuclide data fields are activated. Enter the release rate for the radionuclide (in
Curies per year) from the currently selected source. Use 10 Ci/yr for the sample dataset. Note that
in this example only one source tab is available on the form.
Select the particle size and the class for the release from their respective drop down lists, for the
radionuclide. The only options available for the nuclides are those that are included in the CAP88-
PC data environment, which is derived from the data contained in the RADRISK dose and risk
coefficient files used by CAP88-PC. Since four radionuclides are used in the sample dataset, select
Repeat the selection process for U-238, Co-60, and Sr-90. When selecting U-238, the default
particle size is 3 microns, which will need to be modified to 1 micron using the drop down list.
Also, when adding U-238, a prompt will appear asking if you wish to add the rest of the U-238
17
-------
decay chain. Do not add the decay chain for the sample problem dataset. A similar message will
appear for Sr-90, but in this case add the decay chain, and CAP88-PC will automatically include the
Y-90 progeny to the list.
^~CAP88-PC Version 2.1.1 |_||n||X|
File
Run
Help
J3.
| y
ti'
ma
& m if
¦I3l ?
Facility Data |~Run Options j Met Data j Source Data~] Agri. Data | Nuclide Data
Number of Radionuclides: 0
-i
Add/Edit Nuclide
Nuclide | AM-241 ~
Nuclic
—
Release Rate (Ci/Y) 1.E +01
_
Size |l .0
Class Jy -r
Enter/Add Another | Enter-Close | Cancel |
Modify Nuclide List
Add Nuclide
Edit Nuclide
Delete Nuclide
Save and Close
Following entry of the last nuclide, select to terminate entry of radionuclides and
return to the tab. If is erroneously used, clicking
will terminate entry of nuclide data but will not remove the previously entered information.
The tab should now appear as follows:
18
-------
j^CAP88-PC Version 2.1.1
EBB
1 File Run Help
aJ_zJ
Facility Data j^Run Options | Met Data [ Source Data ] Agri. Data j Nuclide Data]
Number of Radionuclides: 5
-1-1
Radionuclide Data For Source 1
Nuclide
Release Rate fCi/Y)
Size
Class
•
AM-241
1.000E+01
1.0
Y
U-238
1.000E+01
1.0
Y
CO-GO
1.000E+01
1.0
Y
SR-90
1.000E+01
1.0
Y
Y-90
O.OOOE+OO
1.0
Y
Modify Nuclide List
Add Nuclide
Edit Nuclide
Delete Nuclide
Save and Close
Once the data has been completely entered, click to return to the initial startup
form for CAP88-PC Version 2.1. At this time the dataset has been saved as the file named
samplel.dat in the Datasets subdirectory of the Cap88-PC Version 2.1 installation directory. The
case may be run by selecting , and from the menu bar. Select the [Sample Data]
dataset from the Dataset Name dropdown list, and then click . Output files will be written to
the Output subdirectory, and are viewable within the code environment by clicking on the icon on the button bar and selecting [Sample Data] from the dataset name dropdown list.
2.4 Uninstall CAP88-PC Version 2.1
The Uninstall process will uninstall only those files that were installed with CAP88-PC Version 2.1.
Any extracted or created Population and Wind Files, as well as any Datasets and Output Files, will
not be deleted. Uninstall is best performed using the Add/Remove Programs option in the Control
Panel.
19
-------
3. FILE MENU
3.1 NewDataset
Open a New Dataset by providing descriptive information in the New Dataset Information form and
selecting OK. A set of six tabbed forms appears to assist in the preparation of an input file (dataset)
containing the data needed to execute CAP88-PC.
3.2 Open Dataset
An existing dataset is selected and opened for review and modification. If the dataset name does
not appear in the dataset list (down arrow), use the Maintenance option to locate and Restore an
existing dataset.
3.3 Close Dataset
Close the open dataset without making any changes. Data revisions for a current session are made
to a copy of the dataset. If Close Dataset is selected, the dataset will not have been updated,
possibly resulting in a loss of data. If a New Dataset was opened, it will have been created and
added to the dataset list, but will not have any data revisions saved.
3.4 Save Dataset
Save all data and any changes made to the opened dataset, using the filename of the opened dataset.
The data entry tab forms are then closed. The user must save or close a dataset before the dataset
may be used to execute the CAP88 Model (see Run/Execute).
3.5 Save Dataset As
Save all data and any changes made to the opened dataset, using the filename provided by the user.
This operation creates a new dataset and a new file. The filename must be unique, or the file with
the same name may be overwritten, with user approval.
3.6 Print Setup
This is a standard Windows form for reviewing and setting printer options. The Floating Toolbar
can not be selected or moved when this form is open.
3.7 Print Preview
Select Print Preview to display and print CAP88-PC output reports. The output reports have the
same filename as the dataset, but with CAP88-PC standard file extensions. Use the tabs on the Print
Preview form to move from one report to another. Use the scroll bar to scroll down or up to view
each report. When the Print Current View option is selected, the entire report shown in the tab
window is printed. To print several reports at once, check the report boxes and choose the Print
button.
20
-------
3.8 Maintenance
There are two maintenance options, File Maintenance and List Maintenance. These options assist
the user in archiving, deleting, restoring, and renaming Datasets, Population Files, and Wind Files,
as well as maintain the lists that describe the Population Files and Wind Files.
3.9 File Maintenance
This menu item assists the user in archiving, deleting, restoring, and renaming Datasets, Population
Files, and Wind Files. File Maintenance will perform the indicated operation and also maintain the
file selection lists used in the data entry portion of the program. If the Windows File Manager is
used to perform these operations, files selected from drop down lists may not be found.
3.10 List Maintenance
This menu item assists the user in maintaining Location Descriptions and Census Dates or
Reference Dates, for Population Files and Wind Files, respectively. Select each file name and enter
or revise descriptive information, then select OK to update the lists. If Cancel is selected, the lists
will not be updated.
3.11 Convert SCR File
Use this option to locate, read, and reformat a dataset file (.SCR) that was created using the CAP88-
PC Version 1 (DOS) program. CAP88-PC Version 2.1 stores and reads dataset files in the format
of the INPUT.DAT file that is read by the FORTRAN programs comprising the CAP88 Model.
3.12 Create INPUT.DAT File
Some users will find difficulty executing the CAP88 FORTRAN programs from Windows (shell to
DOS) due to the computer's memory constraints. The user may select this option to copy the
selected dataset to a file named INPUT.DAT in the CAP88-PC working directory. (The working
directory can be viewed in Windows by selecting the File/Properties menu item when the CAP88-
PC 2.1 icon is highlighted.) The user then may exit Windows and, from DOS, change directory
(CD) to the working directory and run the following programs to generate desired output (this order
is mandatory for proper results):
DEFAULT,
AIRDOS,
DARTAB
After successful completion of these three programs, return to CAP88-PC Version 2.1 to view
(Print Preview) the output files or view them from any text viewer.
3.13 Exit
Close all files and exit the CAP88-PC Version 2.1 program. Any open dataset should be saved or
closed to exit the program properly.
21
-------
4. RUN MENU
4.1 Execute
Run the CAP88 Model. Before actually executing the assessment, the program will check to make
sure that you have selected the following items in the dataset: a State, a Population File (if the run is
a population assessment), a Wind File, and at least one Radionuclide. If the preceding items are
present, the program will execute the selected dataset by shelling out to DOS to run the FORTRAN
programs DEFAULT, AIRDOS, andDARTAB. If one or more of the required data items are
missing, a message will be displayed so you will know to modify the dataset accordingly. If, for
some reason, a Population File or Wind File has been selected but no longer exists, a message will
be displayed and the programs will not be executed. Note that the user may elect to just use the
Windows interface to create the input file for that case, and then run the programs DEFAULT,
AIRDOS, and DARTAB from the DOS environment. In this case, see Create INPUT.DAT File in
section 3.12 for instructions.
4.2 Scan Population File Format
This menu item reads the indicated Population File and determines if the data is in proper format.
No guarantees are made to the correctness of the data, though the distance increments are checked
to be consecutively increasing.
The Population File Editor can be used to create or modify a Population File and maintain the
proper file format. The Population file format should be as follows:
Row 1 should have a dollar sign ($) in the first column. The location description, latitude, and
longitude on row 1 are for information only to verify that the file desired is the file the user has
selected. The number of distances associated with the population file must be in columns 68 and
69. The number of distances may be any integer between 2 and 20; single digit distances (2-9)
should be in column 69.
Distances begin in row 2 and all numbers are right justified. The number of distances found in the
file will be the number specified by NRAD. The distances are edgepoints of each sector (the
midpoints used in the calculations will be calculated by the program) and are entered in the
population file in kilometers. The CAP88 programs will multiply each distance by 1000 before
calculating the midpoints and using them in the assessment. For example, the first distance in the
sample file, .62 kilometers, will become 620 meters and the midpoint calculated from that will be
310 meters. There can be up to 20 distances, but the typical number of distances is 13. Only
distances up to 80 kilometers should be used. The assessment is not valid for distances above 80
kilometers.
The population values are entered with distances across (columns) and directions down (rows);
however, each row will not be a new direction. There will be 20 distances for each direction
(regardless of the number of distances specified in the population file). The extra distances (usually
7) will simply contain zero. There will always be 8 population values per row with the first value
22
-------
ending at column 10 and each subsequent value ending at multiples of 10 with the last value per
row ending in column 80. This means that for the direction N, the population values will be
contained on the first, second and part of the third row of the distance-direction population values.
The first population value for the next direction, NNW, will be contained in columns 41 through 50
of the third row and subsequent values for direction NNW will be contained on the remaining part
of the third row, the fourth, and part of the fifth row. There are 16 directions in counterclockwise
order starting with North.
4.3 Population File Editor
This utility program assists the user in creating or displaying a Population File. An 'empty'
Population File, TESTDATA.POP is provided as a template for building a properly formatted
Population File. Any Population File intended for use with a CAP88-PC dataset should be able to
be read, displayed, or printed by this program.
4.4 Population File Library
This utility program provides Population Files that were distributed with CAP88-PC Version 1.
The files in the library are stored in a compressed format. Choose a location from the grid by
clicking (highlighting) the grid row and download the Population File by selecting the Extract
button. The Extracted Population File is in the proper format to be used by CAP88-PC.
4.5 Scan Wind File Format
This menu item reads the indicated Wind File and determines if the data is in the proper format. No
guarantees are made as to the correctness of the data, though the sum of frequencies is checked.
Frequencies should sum to 1.0000, within a tolerance of 0.0005 for rounding. The format of a
Wind File is as follows:
Record 1 - three hexadecimal file marks are written by the GETWIND program. This record is
ignored.
Record 2 - average wind speed (not used). [0000.00000]
Record 3 - wind direction frequency totals for each of the 16 wind directions. [0.0000] The
numbers on this record should sum to 1.0000 within a tolerance of .0005 for rounding.
Records 4 through 10 - each record has 16 reciprocal-averaged wind speeds, for each of the 7
stability categories. [0.000]
Records 11 through 17 - each record has 16 true-averaged wind speeds, for each of the 7 stability
categories. [0.000]
Records 18 through 33 - each record has frequencies for the 7 stability categories, for each of the 16
wind directions. [00000.0000] The numbers on these 16 records should sum to 1.0000 within a
tolerance of .0005 for rounding.
4.6 Wind File Library
This utility program provides Wind File data for many National Weather Service (NWS) stations in
a compressed format. The Wind File Library also contains the meteorological data issued with
CAP88-PC Version 1. Choose a weather station from the grid by clicking (highlighting) the grid
row and download the station file by selecting the Extract button. The Extracted Wind File is in the
proper format to be used by CAP88-PC.
23
-------
4.7 Stability Array/Win d File Generator
The STAR Distribution Program assists the user in extracting and processing National Climactic
Data Center (NCDC) or site-specific meteorological data based on several popular methods. Each
of the processing methods creates a Stability Array file (.STR) that is then used to create a Wind
File for input to CAP88-PC. If the user is not an experienced meteorologist-modeler, it is strongly
suggested that the user work with a meteorologist-modeler to prepare NCDC or on-site
meteorological data for input to CAP88-PC.
There are 96 records in the Stability Array file, one for each of the 16 wind directions (N, NNE, NE,
ENE, E, ESE, SE, SSE, S, SSW, SW, WSW, W, WNW, NW, and NNW) and Stability Category
(A-F) Sixteen records are entered for Stability Category A, then Stability Category B, etc., through
Stability Category F. Stability Classes used for CAP88-PC are: A - extremely unstable, B -
unstable, C - slightly unstable, D - neutral, E - slightly stable, and F - stable.
All records are of the same format. The total of all the frequencies entered on the 96 records should
add to 1.00000 within a tolerance of .05 percent. The format of a Stability Array (STAR) record
follows:
Column 1 is blank.
Columns 2-4 contain the wind direction, right justified (E would be in column 4, and NE would be
in columns 3 and 4). Column 5 is blank.
Column 6 contains the Stability Category, A through F.
Column 7 is blank.
Columns 8-14 contain the frequency for winds 1-3 knots (for example 0.00041).
Columns 15-21 contain the frequency for winds 4-6 knots.
Columns 22-28 contain the frequency for winds 7-10 knots.
Columns 29-35 contain the frequency for winds 11-16 knots.
Columns 36-42 contain the frequency for winds 17-21 knots.
Columns 43-49 contain the frequency for winds greater than 21 knots.
Once a Stability Array file has been created, use the button Create Wind File for CAP88-PC to run
the program which converts the STAR file to a Wind File for input to CAP88-PC. A common
dialog box will appear for the user to identify the STAR file to be converted. The Create Wind File
option runs the program WINDGET.EXE. WINDGET.EXE is identical to the GETWIND.EXE
program used by CAP88-PC Version 1, but is now compatible with the filenames and pathnames
provided by the call from a Windows program.
For the format of a Wind File, see Scan Wind File Format.
24
-------
5. NEW DATASET INFORMATION
5.1 New Dataset Information Form
Use this form to locate, name, and describe the dataset to be created. A new dataset is created, even
if the user later closes a file without saving changes.
Drive, Dataset
Select a drive that the new dataset will be copied to. The current drive is suggested. Choosing a
network drive or a floppy drive that will not always be available to the program will create an error
if the drive is not found when the dataset is selected again for modification or execution.
Directory, Dataset
Select a directory that the New Dataset will be copied to. The datasets subdirectory in the program
directory is suggested. Change the directory chosen by double-clicking on the main directory and
selecting the desired subdirectory.
Name, Dataset
Enter a Dataset Name, up to 20 characters; do not use apostrophes or double quotes. This name will
appear in the drop down list on the Select Dataset screen, and in the label of the data entry tabbed
forms. The Dataset Name should be descriptive enough to allow accurate selection of a Dataset.
Filename, Dataset
Enter a Dataset Filename, up to 8 characters. This filename must not contain any spaces, piping
(vertical dashes), or asterisks, as these are not valid for DOS naming conventions. This filename
must be unique in the directory in which it will be created.
Comment, Dataset
Enter Comments, up to 50 characters. Do not use an apostrophe or double quotes, all other
characters and spaces are allowed. The Comments should accurately describe the assessment
scenario.
Comment Additional, Dataset
Enter Comments, up to 50 additional characters. Do not use an apostrophe or double quotes, all
other characters and spaces are allowed. The Comments should accurately describe the assessment
scenario.
Cancel Button
Select the Cancel button to exit the New Dataset form without creating a new Dataset.
OK Button
Select the OK button to create the New Dataset with the parameters defined. The New Dataset
Information form will be closed and the CAP88-PC data input tab forms will appear.
25
-------
6. SELECT DATASET INFORMATION
6.1 Select Dataset Form
Use this form to select a dataset for the desired operation. Except for the Dataset Name List, all
other fields on this form are read-only and will be filled with appropriate data when a dataset is
selected. When the code is run for the first time, no datasets may be available for opening. In this
case, the code will produce a message box stating that no datasets are available in the system, and
asking if you wish to open from a dataset input file stored elsewhere in the system or if you wish to
create a new dataset. If you choose to open a dataset stored elsewhere on the system, you will be
provided a file selection box from which you can navigate to the directory where your dataset input
file is stored. The default location for stored dataset input files is the Datasets subdirectory of the
install directory.
Name List, Dataset
Click on the down arrow to display the list of datasets recognized by CAP88-PC. Select a dataset
name from the list by clicking once on the name. To add a dataset to the dataset name list, either
open a new dataset or use the file maintenance function to restore an existing dataset.
Cancel Button, Select Dataset
Close the Select Dataset form, without performing the desired operation.
OK Button, Select Dataset
Use the selected dataset for the desired operation. The Select Dataset form will be closed and the
CAP88-PC data input tab forms will appear.
26
-------
7. PRINT/VIEW
7.1 Print/View
Use this form to view CAP88-PC Output Reports and select which reports, if any, will be printed.
Tabs, Output Report
Click on these tabs to change the CAP88-PC Output Report being displayed. If a tab is missing,
that report was not created, or was deleted from the directory. Return to the Run Option tab of the
data entry form to view report selection information. If necessary, select a new report option
(Yes/No), save the data, and re-execute CAP88-PC.
Print Check Boxes, Output Report
Select the boxes next to the report names for reports to be printed (in their entirety). An X will
appear in the selected box. Click again to remove the X and un-select a report. The selected reports
will not be sent to a printer until the Print button is selected.
Print Current View Button
Print the entire CAP88-PC Output Report shown in the view window. Partial reports cannot be
printed with this viewer. If partial reports are desired, another text editor may be used to view and
print relevant portion of the report.
Cancel Button, Print Preview
Close the Print Preview form.
Print Button
Any Output Reports for the dataset that have an X in the check box will be printed (in their entirety).
27
-------
8. MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS
8.1 File Maintenance Operations Form
The File Maintenance Operations described below will perform the operation described as well as
maintain the drop-down file lists supported by CAP88-PC Version 2.1. Warning: Using the
Windows File Manager to perform these operations will result in the drop-down file program lists
not accurately reflecting the true list of available files. Files deleted using the Windows File
Manager will not be found when selected from the Dataset list, the Population File list, or the Wind
File list. Files renamed or copied using the Windows File Manager will not appear in the Dataset
list, Population File list, or the Wind File list until Restored using this option.
Archive, Delete, Restore, Rename
Select the operation to be performed. Archive will copy the selected file(s) to a location (diskette,
directory, etc.) indicated by the user and remove the filename from any lists maintained by the
CAP88-PC Version 2.1 program. Archive does not compress the files (all CAP88-PC files,
excluding Output Reports, are rather small text files). Delete will erase file(s) from the location
selected and removes the filename(s) from the Dataset list, Population File list, or Wind File list, as
appropriate. Restore copies file(s) from another location and adds the filename(s) to the Dataset
list, Population File list, or Wind File list, as appropriate. Restore checks each filename to be
restored for uniqueness, and will ask before overwriting a file with the same name. Rename
changes the name of the file indicated by the user and revises the Dataset list, Population File list, or
Wind File list, as appropriate. For example, the user may wish to rename Wind Files extracted from
the Wind File Library to change the filename from the Station ID to a city or location name that is
more easily recognizable.
Select Type of File for File Maintenance Operation
Selection of the Dataset file type will allow the user to select an existing dataset from the Dataset
Name list. Selection of the Dataset file type will also perform the identical operation on any Output
Report files that exist for the Dataset. Selection of the Population File type will remove from, add
to or revise the Population File list when files are deleted, restored, or renamed. Selection of the
Wind File type will remove from, add to or revise the Wind File list when files are deleted, restored,
or renamed. Use the List Maintenance option to revise file descriptions and date information for the
Population Files or Wind Files.
Cancel Button, Select Maintenance Operation
This closes the Select Maintenance Operation form.
OK Button, Select Maintenance Operation
If both a File Maintenance Operation and a File Type have been selected, the OK button will submit
the request and the appropriate form will appear for selecting the particular file to be altered. If
either the File Maintenance Option or the File Type has not been selected, an error message will
appear.
28
-------
8.2 Select File
Select a file from the current directory or locate a file in another directory.
Population File Directory
Choose this option if the Population File appears in the Population File list in the current directory.
The current directory is a subdirectory named Popfiles that is subordinate to the directory where
CAP88-PC Version 2.1 was installed.
Custom Population File
Choose this option to locate a Population File in a directory other than the Popfiles subdirectory.
The user is provided a form to select a drive, directory, and filename for the desired file.
Population File List
If the Population File resides in the Population File Directory, a Population File list will be
displayed and a Population File may be chosen from that list. If the Population File is not in the
default directory, then select the Locate button to choose the drive and directory of the desired file.
Wind File Directory
Choose this option if the Wind File appears in the Wind File list in the current directory. The
current directory is a subdirectory named Wndfiles that is subordinate to the directory that CAP88-
PC Version 2.1 was installed to.
Custom Wind File
Choose this option to locate a Wind File in a directory other than the Wndfiles subdirectory. The
user is provided a form to select a drive, directory, and filename for the desired file.
Wind File List
If the Wind File resides in the Wndfiles subdirectory, a Wind File list will be displayed and a Wind
File may be chosen from that list. If the Wind File is not in the current directory, then select the
Locate button to choose the drive and directory of the desired file.
Cancel Button
Close the Select File form.
OK Button
If a filename appears on this form, the next archive form will appear. If no file has been selected,
an error message will appear.
8.3 Save File As Form
Change the name of the file if desired. The name of the selected file appears at the top of the form.
Dataset Filename
Filenames are limited to 8 alphanumeric characters and exclude blanks, asterisks, and pipe (vertical
dishes) characters.
29
-------
Population Filename
Filenames are limited to 8 alphanumeric characters and exclude blanks, asterisks, and pipe (vertical
dashes) characters.
Wind Filename
Filenames are limited to 8 alphanumeric characters and exclude blanks, asterisks, and pipe (vertical
dashes) characters.
Cancel Button
Close the Save File As form.
OK Button
Perform the desired operation.
8.4 Change List Information Form
Use this form to enter list information for both the Population File list and the Wind File list. NO
CHANGES ARE MADE UNTIL THE OK BUTTON IS SELECTED, at which time both the
Population File list and the Wind File list are updated. If changes are made and the Cancel button is
selected, THE LISTS WILL NOT BE UPDATED.
Population File Directory
Choose this option to change the list of Population File information (description and census date)
for files in the Popfiles subdirectory.
Population File List
Select the down arrow to display and select the Population File description and census date to be
displayed and altered.
Population File Description
Enter a location description, limited to 36 characters, which will identify the Population File.
Population File Census Date
Enter the year that the population assessment was performed.
Wind File Directory
Choose this option to change the list of Wind File information (description and reference dates) for
files in the Wndfiles subdirectory.
Wind File List
Select the down arrow to display and select the Wind File description and reference dates to be
displayed and altered.
30
-------
Wind File Description
Enter a weather station description, limited to 36 characters, which will identify the Wind File.
Wind File Period of Record
Enter the year(s) that meteorological data was collected for frequency distribution analysis.
Cancel Button
Close the Change List Information form, WITHOUT updating either the Population or Wind File
lists.
OK Button
Close the Change List Information form, after updating both the Population File list and the Wind
File list.
31
-------
9. DATASET DATA
9.1 Facility Data
The Facility Data tab form is used to describe the facility and time period to be modeled. On the
Facility Data tab form, a State must be selected from the list provided. The State selected will
determine the agricultural values used on the Agricultural Data Tab Form. After all known Facility
Information is entered, use the Page Down key to advance to the next tab form.
Facility Name (Optional)
The Facility Name is used for identification purposes only. The Facility Name appears on each
Output Report.
Address Line 1 (Optional)
The Facility Address (line 1) appears on each Output Report
Address Line 2 (Optional)
The Facility Address (line 2) appears on each Output Report
City (Optional)
The City that the Facility is located in or near appears on each Output Report.
State Name (Required)
The State name is required because it is used by the program to establish values for agricultural
arrays of beef cattle, milk cattle, and crop production according to EPA-accepted state-wide
averages. A state name must have been selected for an assessment to be executed. State names are
chosen from a list box, which appears when you click on the down arrow when the state field is
selected. To use the list box search feature, press any letter key and the list box automatically goes
to the first state beginning with that letter. Selection of Hawaii, Alaska, or the District of Columbia
will result in zeros being loaded on the Agricultural Data tab form.
Zip Code (Optional)
Enter the Zip Code and Zip+4 Code, if known.
Emission Year (Optional)
Choose the year in which the radionuclide emissions occurred from the drop down list. If a year is
desired that is not in the drop down list, advanced users can use a database file editor to add the year
to the YEAR table in the DATA.mdb Access database in the Data subdirectory.
Source Category (Optional)
The Source Category is for information only. No particular category is enforced at this time.
Comments Line 1 (Optional)
Comments are restricted to 50 characters and appear on the first page of each Output Report.
Comments also appear on the Select Dataset form for additional identification of the dataset.
32
-------
Comments Line 2 (Optional)
Comments are restricted to 50 characters and appear on the first page of each Output Report.
Comments also appear on the Select Dataset form for additional identification of the dataset.
9.2 Run Options
The Run Options tab form is used to describe the population to be assessed and select optional
output tables and reports. CAP88-PC Version 2.1 uses population arrays in the same format as the
mainframe CAP88 program. A sample population assessment is provided with CAP88-PC Version
2.1. Other population assessments may be downloaded from the Population File Library. Users are
encouraged to create their own population arrays using the Population File Editor supplied with the
CAP88-PC Version 2.1 program. Census data or population survey data should be obtained for the
facility and area to be modeled.
Assessment Run Type
The Assessment Run Type must be selected to determine the source of the population data. If an
Individual Assessment is chosen, the midpoint distances for the assessment areas must be entered.
If a Population Assessment is chosen, the data will be read in from a Population File. The
Population File may be selected from the drop down list.
Location Index of Exposed Individual
When the Individual Assessment is chosen, a button labeled "Location Index of Exposed
Individual" will be shown on the screen. Users can click this button to open the "Location Index of
Exposed Individual" screen. There are two input boxes to let users enter a direction index and a
distance index for the exposed individual. The default values for these indices are 0, which means
that users let CAP88 to calculate the maximum exposed individual. Note that these values are
sector information, not distances in meters. Circumferential sectors are denoted 1 to 16, with 1
being N, 2 being NNW, and 16 being NNE. Radial sectors are denoted as 1 to j, where j is a
number corresponding to the midpoint distances input by the user.
Population File Directory
A Population File is required for a Population Assessment Run Type. The Population File Editor in
the Run Menu can be used to generate a Population File in the proper format. Note that when a
population is created manually, the distances entered in the population file are endpoint distances
for each sector; these are converted to midpoint distances by CAP88-PC. Also, a sample population
assessment may be extracted from the Population File Library, which will place that population file
name in the population file dropdown list. Population Files that are in the population file
dropdown list are assumed by the code to be located and maintained in the Popfiles subdirectory.
Alternatively, population files can be selected from another directory by choosing the Custom
Population File option.
33
-------
Custom Population File
If the Population File resides anywhere except in the Popfiles subdirectory, choose this option and
select the Locate button to locate and select the Population File for the assessment. The default
initial directory for this directory locator box is the POPLIB subdirectory of the CAP88-PC
installation directory. This subdirectory contains the distribution library of population files
available for extraction. To get a Custom Population File into the Population File Directory, use the
File Maintenance option to Restore a Population File, and then use the List Maintenance option to
record the population description or location and census date (year of population estimation,
adjustment or assessment). Note that it is not required that the population file be located in the
Popfiles subdirectory (see below).
Population File Location
Enter the drive, directory, and filename of the desired Population File or select the Locate button to
browse the drives and directories to locate the Population File to be used for the assessment.
Generate Genetic Effects?
If No is selected, genetic effects tables will be suppressed in the Synopsis (.SYN) Output Report.
Create Dose and Risk Factor File?
Select Yes to generate a Dose and Risk Factor Output Report file (.FAC) when this assessment is
used to execute CAP88-PC. Dose and Risk are estimated by combining the inhalation and ingestion
intake rates, air and ground surface concentrations with the dose and risk conversion factors used in
CAP88-PC. The effective dose equivalent is calculated using the weighting factors in ICRP
Publication 26. Risks are based on lifetime risk from lifetime exposure, with a nominal value of
4E-4 cancers/rem. Doses and risks can be tabulated as a function of radionuclide, pathway, location
and organ. CAP88-PC also tabulates the frequency distribution of risk, showing the number of
people at various levels of risk. The risk levels are divided into orders of magnitude, from one in
ten to one in a million. Dose and Risk estimates from CAP88-PC are applicable only to low-level
chronic exposures, since the health effects and dosimetric data are based on low-level chronic
intakes. CAP88-PC cannot be used for either short-term or high-level radionuclide intakes.
Create Concentration Table File?
Select Yes to generate a Concentration Table Output Report file (.CON) when this assessment is
used to execute CAP88-PC. The Concentration Table may be quite large if many radionuclides are
selected. Radionuclide concentrations in air, rates of deposition on ground surfaces, concentrations
in food and intake rates to people from ingestion of food produced in the assessment area are
calculated by the model. Estimates of the radionuclide concentrations in food, leafy vegetables,
milk and meat consumed by humans are made by coupling the output of the atmospheric transport
models with the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission Regulatory Guide 1.109 terrestrial food chain
models.
Create Chi/Q Table File?
Select Yes to generate a Chi/Q analysis (.CHI) of the scenario provided for execution of CAP88-
PC. Chi/Q values are used to convert radionuclide release values to concentrations.
34
-------
Midpoint Distances
Midpoint distances are required for an Individual Assessment. These distances are the distances at
which the doses and risks are calculated, in meters. The distances must be integers between 1 and
80000 meters (inclusive). A message will be displayed if you enter a distance outside this range.
At least one distance must be entered for the dataset to execute. If no distances are entered, the
AIRDOS program will abort. The distances entered in the cells must be contiguous and ascending,
that is, no cells can be skipped and the midpoint distances must increase from left to right in each
row. Cells (at the end) may be left blank after the midpoint distances have been entered.
Population File List
Select the down arrow to see the descriptive information and Population File names in the Popfiles
subdirectory.
Locate Button
Select this button to get a form to browse the drives and directories for a particular Population File.
9.3 Meteorological Data
The Meteorological Data Tab Form is used to supply site meteorological data for the dispersion
modeling.
Wind File Directory
A Wind File is required for CAP88 execution. The Wind File Library in the Run Menu can be used
to obtain a Wind File in the proper format. These Wind Files were created from the National
Weather Service data which is available for many weather station sites. If the user has on-site
meteorological data, select the Stability Array Distribution program in the Run Menu to process and
convert on-site data to a properly formatted Wind File. Wind Files can be located and maintained
in the Wndfiles subdirectory, or can be located by choosing the Custom Wind File option.
Custom Wind File
If the Wind File resides anywhere except in the Wndfiles subdirectory, choose this option and select
the Locate button to locate and select the Wind File for the assessment. The default initial directory
for this directory locator box is the WINDLIB subdirectory of the CAP88-PC installation directory.
This subdirectory contains the distribution library of wind files available for extraction. To get a
Custom Wind File into the Wind File Directory, use the File Maintenance option to Restore a Wind
File, and then use the List Maintenance option to record the location and dates for which the
meteorological data was collected. Note that it is not necessary to use a wind file that is located in
the Wndfile subdirectory (see below).
Wind File Location
Enter the drive, directory, and filename of the desired Wind File or select the LOCATE button to
browse the drives and directory to locate the Wind File to be used for the assessment.
Annual Precipitation
Enter the average annual precipitation (in centimeters) at or near the site.
35
-------
Annual Ambient Temperature
Enter the average annual ambient temperature (in degrees Celsius) at or near the site. Temperatures
above 200 degrees are assumed to be in degrees Kelvin and will be converted and shown as degrees
Celsius when the dataset is re-opened.
Height of Lid
This value represents the height of the troposphere mixing layer (in meters) at or near the site. This
field must contain a positive non-zero value. A zero value will cause the AIRDOS program to abort
when the dataset is executed.
Absolute Humidity (New in Version 2.1)
Enter the absolute humidity in air (in grams per cubic meter) at or near the site. This value is used
for the dose and risk calculation of tritium ingestion. This field must contain a positive non-zero
value. A zero value will cause the AIRDOS program to abort when the dataset is executed.
9.4 Source Data
The Source Data Tab Form is used to identify the type of emitting source and the dimensions of
each emitting source being assessed. Stack and Area Sources cannot be mixed in a single
assessment. While up to six stack or area sources can be modeled, all the sources are modeled as if
located at the same point. The same plume rise mechanism (Buoyant, Momentum, Fixed, or Zero)
is used for each source. In the CAP88-PC implementation of the Gaussian Plume model, area
sources are treated as uniform and variation in radionuclide concentrations due to complex terrain
cannot be modeled. Errors arising from these assumptions will have a negligible effect for
assessments where the distance to exposed individuals is large compared to the stack height, area, or
facility size.
Source Type
The emitting sources must be identified as stacks (point) or area sources. While up to six stack or
area sources can be modeled, all the sources are modeled as if located at the same point. The same
plume rise mechanism (Buoyant, Momentum, Fixed, or Zero) is used for each source.
Number of Sources
Up to six (6) emitting sources (stacks or areas) may be modeled. The fields for Height,
Diameter/Area, and Plume Rise Type (if Momentum or Buoyant) change as the number of emitting
sources change, so select the number of sources before entering any associated data.
Area Dimensions
This value is the height (in meters) and area (in square meters) of the Area Source.
Plume Rise Type
Select the Plume Rise Type for the dispersion modeling. The choices are Buoyant, Momentum,
Fixed, and Zero. The same plume rise mechanism is used for each source.
Plume Rise for Pasquill Categories
36
-------
Plume Rise for each Pasquill Category for a Fixed Plume Rise Type. Enter the actual plume rise (in
meters) for each of the seven Pasquill Categories (A through G) if a Fixed Plume Rise Type is
selected. If a Zero Plume Rise Type is selected, zero is entered for each of the seven Pasquill
Categories (A through G), and no further action is required.
Heat Release Rate or Exit Velocity
Enter the heat release rate (in calories per second) for a Buoyant Plume Rise Type or enter the exit
velocity (in meters per second) for a Momentum Plume Rise Type.
Stack Dimensions
This parameter specifies height (in meters) and diameter (in meters) of each stack or point source.
9.5 Agricultural Data
The Agricultural Data Tab Form is used to enter agricultural factors which will be applied to the
dispersion data to estimate uptake of emitted radionuclides into the food chain.
EPA Food Source Scenarios
Selection of each EPA Food Source Scenario (Urban, Rural, Local, Regional, and Imported) will
result in different fractions appearing in the 9 cells which describe the fraction of Vegetable, Milk,
and Meat produced in the area, or imported to the area. The fractions are not editable unless the
Entered scenario is selected, in which case fractions must be entered by the user. The Entered
fractions must total to 1.0 for each column or the user will be asked to re-enter the fractions or make
another scenario selection.
EPA Food Source Scenarios - Fractions
Selection of each EPA Food Source Scenario will result in different fractions appearing in the 9
cells which describe the fraction of Vegetable, Milk, and Meat produced in the area or imported to
the area. These fractions are not editable unless the Entered scenario is selected, in which case
fractions must be entered by the user. The Entered fractions must total to 1.0 for each column,
otherwise, the user will be asked to re-enter the fractions or make another scenario selection.
Beef Cattle Density
Sample distributions of beef cattle density are provided by EPA for the assessment area using
average agricultural productivity data for each of the fifty states. Since data was not available for
Alaska, Hawaii, and the District of Columbia, the user must supply relevant agricultural data for
these areas. Using zero in this field will result in an error when the program is executed.
Milk Cattle Density
Sample distributions of milk cattle density are provided by EPA for the assessment area using
average agricultural productivity data for each of the fifty states. Since data was not available for
Alaska, Hawaii, and the District of Columbia, the user must supply relevant agricultural data for
these areas. Using zero in this field will result in an error when the program is executed.
Land Fraction Cultivatedfor Vegetable Crops
37
-------
Sample distributions of crop productivity are provided by EPA for the assessment area using
average agricultural productivity data for each of the fifty states. Since data was not available for
Alaska, Hawaii, and the District of Columbia, the user must supply relevant agricultural data for
these areas. Using zero in this field will result in an error when the program is executed.
9.6 Nuclide Data
The Nuclide Data Tab Form is used to display, select, and describe characteristics of the
radionuclides emitted by each source. Information for a source is entered by first selecting the tab
number corresponding to the source number. Radionuclide data for that source is then entered or
modified using the Add/Edit Nuclide subform to this Nuclide Data Tab Form. To access the
Add/Edit Nuclide subform, use the Add Nuclide button or the Edit Nuclide button located to the
right of the nuclide data display table.
The button on this form will save the current dataset using the dataset filename
entered when the dataset was first opened for creation.
Nuclide List
At least one nuclide should be selected, otherwise the dataset will not be saved or executed (the
dataset may, however, be closed). After clicking the Add Nuclide button, select a nuclide from the
drop down list by clicking on the down arrow in the nuclide field and entering the first letter of the
nuclide name. The list will jump to nuclides starting with the letter selected. Click on the nuclide
name to be added. Nuclide names appear for each emitting source, but a release rate of zero will
show that the nuclide is not emitted from a particular source. If the nuclide selected is a member of
a chain, a message will appear to request if the nuclide will be treated as an individual or whether
the chain members should be entered (see below). After each nuclide is selected, the nuclide's
release rate, size and class information may be entered using their respective data entry fields or
drop down selections. The nuclide size and class data applies to the nuclide emitted from every
source. It is recommended that the user verify the applicability of the default size and class values
prior to running the analysis.
Once data entry for a nuclide is complete, use the button to continue with
another nuclide, or select Enter-Close to complete data entry for the last nuclide.
Adding Chains
Two complex chains of nuclides may be selected: U-238, Uranium; and Th-232, Thorium. CAP88
accounts for the buildup of decay products in each of the complex chains. There are also ten simple
chains which each have one decay element: Cs-137, Cesium ; Ba-140, Barium; Mo-99,
Molybdenum; Pb-210, Lead; Pu-241, Plutonium; Sr-90, Strontium; Zr-95, Zirconium; Ru-103,
Ruthenium 103; Ru-106, Ruthenium 106; and Ce-144, Cerium. When one or more of these
radionuclide chains are selected, a dialogue box will appear with the information that the nuclide is
the beginning of a chain, and asking if the chain should be added. If Yes is selected, the entire
chain will be added to the list. If No is selected, only the individual nuclide will be added to the list.
Nuclide Release Rate
38
-------
The release rates can be entered in decimal or exponential notation. If a source does not emit a
nuclide in the list, the Release Rate will be zero for that source.
Particle Size
The default particle size will appear for the selected nuclide. Select the down arrow to change the
particle size, if necessary. Select one of the allowed Activity Medium Aerodynamic Diameter
Micrometers (AMAD) for particulates. Particle size (AMAD) in micrometers for inhaled particles
is 0.0, 0.3, 1.0, or 3.0. Some nuclides are restricted in their particle size allowances, and gases get a
particle size assignment of 0.
Nuclide Class
Select one of the allowed lung clearance classes for inhaled particles. If a Class field contains
'None', then class is not applicable to that particular radionuclide. After each nuclide has been
selected, the default clearance class appears. Some nuclides are restricted in their clearance class
allowances. Use the drop down list as a guide to the valid classes for each nuclide.
39
-------
10. DEFAULT FILE CHANGES
10.1 Purpose Of Default Value
The DEFAULT.DAT file contains various types of default data for CAP88-PC. The file is divided
into two segments. The first segment contains default values that can, with great caution, be
changed by the user. The second segment contains permanent defaults which are values that must
never be changed by the user since any changes would corrupt the assessments.
10.1.1 User Changeable Defaults
The defaults contained in the DEFAULT.DAT file for meteorological data, inhalation and ingestion
rates, water use and agricultural productivity are the values approved by EPA to demonstrate
compliance as required by 40 CFR 61.93(a).
CAUTION: Any modification to the DEFAULT.DAT file must be approved by
EPA if the modified parameters are used to demonstrate compliance per 40
CFR 61.93(a).
There may be users who, in rare instances, might need to change one or more of these values for a
specific purpose. The user, however, should be fully aware that these values must only be changed
when and if the user fully understands the full impact that the change(s) will have upon the
assessments run with the user specified values.
CAUTION: If any of these values are changed without full knowledge of the
impact of the change(s), the resulting assessments could be invalid for the
intended purpose.
10.1.2 Permanent Defaults
The default values found in the second segment of the file contains defaults that must not be
changed by the user. These values are contained in the DEFAULT.DAT file so that if directed by
EPA, applicable defaults can be easily changed within this file and promptly disseminated to all
users. This will preclude the necessity of modifying program code and disseminating new
executable programs.
10.2 Changeable Defaults
10.2.1 Variable Names and Descriptions
The following is a list of variable names whose values can be changed by the user. Also included
are their units of measure, default values and a brief description. The variable names here will
match the names you will see in the DEFAULT.DAT file. They are grouped in categories such as
meteorological, agricultural, etc.
40
-------
VARIABLE UNITS
DEFAULT
DESCRIPTION
Meteorological Defaults
TG
UF
UL
UM
UV
NK/m
BRTHRT cm /hr
DDI
kg/yr
kg/yr
liter/yr
kg/yr
DILFAC cm
.0728
.1090
.1455
9.167E+5
0.5
85.0
18.0
112.0
176.0
1.0
Vertical temperature gradient for
Pasquill categories E, F,
and G (three element array)
Default Rates
Inhalation rate of man
Fraction of radioactivity retained on leafy
vegetables and produce after washing
Ingestion rate of meat by man
Ingestion rate of leafy vegetables by man
Ingestion rate of milk by man
Ingestion rate of produce by man
Water Defaults
Depth of water for dilution for water immersion
doses
USEFAC
0.0
Fraction of time spent swimming
41
-------
Agricultural
Defaults
FSUBG 1.0
FSUBL 1.0
FSUBP 0.4
FSUBS 0.43
LAMW hr"1 2.9E-3
MSUBB kg 200.0
P kg/m2 215.0
QSUBF kg/day 15.6
R1 0.57
R2 0.2
TAUBEF 3.81E-3
TSUBE1 hr 720.0
TSUBE2 hr 1440.0
TSUBF day 2.0
TSUBH1 hr 0.0
TSUBH2 hr 2160.0
Fraction of produce ingested grown in
garden of interest
Fraction of leafy vegetables grown in
garden of interest
Fraction of year animals graze on
pasture
Fraction of daily feed that is pasture
grass when animal grazes on pasture
Removal rate constant for physical loss
by weathering
Muscle mass of animal at slaughter
Effective surface density of soil, dry
weight (assumes 15 cm plow layer)
Consumption rate of contaminated feed
or forage by an animal (dry weight)
Fallout interception fraction-pasture
Fallout interception fraction-vegetables
Fraction of animal herd slaughtered per
day
Period of exposure during growing
season—pasture grass
Period of exposure during growing
season—crops or leafy vegetables
Transport time: animal feed-milk-man
Time delay—ingestion of pasture grass
by animals
Time delay—ingestion of stored feed by
animals
42
-------
TSUBH3 hr 336.0
TSUBH4 hr 336.0
Time delay—ingestion of leafy
vegetables by man
Time delay—ingestion of produce by
man
TSUBS day 20.0
VSUBM liter/day 11.0
YSUBV1 kg/m2 0.28
YSUBV2 kg/m2 0.716
TSUBB yr 100.0
Average time from slaughter of meat
animal to consumption
Milk production of cow
Agricultural productivity by unit area
(grass-cow-milk-man pathway)
Agricultural productivity by unit area
(produce or leafy vegetables ingested by
man)
Period of long-term buildup for activity
in soil
Miscellaneous Input Values
ILOC
Direction index of the single location
used for individual calculations
JLOC
Distance index of the single location
used for individual calculations
PLOC
100.0
The percentile of the total risk to use in
choosing the location for the exposure
array used for the individual tables.
When ILOC and JLOC are both 0,
PLOC is used.
GSCFAC 0.5 A scaling factor used to correct ground
surface dose factors for surface
roughness
10.2.2 Changing Default Values
The DEFAULT.DAT file is located in the CAP88PC directory of the drive you have chosen to load
the system on. Go to this directory. Before you change anything in this file, you may want to make
a copy of the original DEFAULT.DAT file giving it a different extension or save it on a floppy disk
so that it can be easily retrieved.
43
-------
Access DEFAULT.DAT (an ASCII file) using a word processor or a text editor. Find the variable
name whose value you want to change and simply replace the default value with the value you want
to use. The following are some conditions the user needs to be aware of.
Additional digits can be included, exponential notation can be used in place of
decimal numbers and decimal numbers can replace exponential notation. Integer
values should remain integers.
Do not delete any variables. The program will not abort but either zero or some
unpredictable value will be used which will invalidate the assessment results.
Do not move the variables around. They must remain in the original order and
category. Each category begins with an Ampersand (&) followed by four or more
descriptive characters. Each category ends with &END. The &END must follow the
last variable in the category or be on a line by itself immediately following the last
variable.
The beginning of a category must be at the beginning of a line and there must be one
or more spaces separating it from the first variable in the category.
Do not change the order or delete any of the categories. If the order is changed or
any category is eliminated the CAP88-PC system will abort and/or produce totally
invalid assessment results.
Additional lines can be added and variables moved from one line to another as long
as the order of the variables does not change.
There is no required number of spaces between variables but the variables must be
separated by commas. A comma is not required between the last variable in a
category and &END.
Be sure not to eliminate the equal (=) sign between the variable and the value or
values in the case of an array. The variable TG is a three element array; therefore,
TG is followed by a single = sign which is then followed by three values separated
by commas. TG(1) will contain .0728, TG(2) and TG(3) will contain the next two
values respectively. If any or all of these values should ever be changed, be sure the
values are entered in the correct order.
Change only the variables listed in 10.2.1 (Variable Names and Descriptions). Do
not alter in any way the variables and values in the categories that follow the
&INPUT category.
Save the user altered file into DEFAULT.DAT after making sure that you have saved the original
DEFAULT.DAT so that it will not be destroyed by your altered file. The new file is then ready to
be used with the CAP88-PC System.
44
-------
10.2.3 Restoring DEFAULT.DAT Values
When an assessment is executed The DEFAULT.DAT file is checked for changes. If changes have
been made to defaults listed in Section 10.2.1, the changes will be printed to the screen as shown in
the figure below. The changes shown will include the description, the original default value and the
user specified value. After all changes have been printed to the screen, the user is given the
opportunity to reset all defaults back to their original values with a response of Y or N. It is not
possible to reset individual values at this point. Individual changes can only be made directly
WARNING !
The Following Default Values Have Been Changed,
DO NOT USE these changes unless you fully understand
the EFFECTS of these Changes:
These changes CANNOT BE USED to demonstrate compliance
per 40 CFR 61.93 unless specifically approved by EPA.
Inhalation Rate of Man
Changed From: 9.1670E+05
To: 8.530 0E + 0 5
Resetting of individual defaults cannot be done here.
CHANGE ALL DEFAULTS Back to their Original Values?
Y/N:
accessing the DEFAULT.DAT file using a text editor or word processor as described in Section
10.2.2.
If the user elects to have all defaults reset, all defaults will be overwritten with the original defaults.
The overwritten DEFAULT.DAT file will look a little different from the original file; however, the
only actual difference will be the spacing of the variables. The variable names and values will be
closer together using fewer lines.
10.2.4 Alternative DEFAULT.DAT Files
The user may want to create alternative default files with user specified values. Before initiating the
CAP88-PC system the user would copy the default file they need for a given run into
DEFAULT.DAT.
WARNING: CAP88-PC must have a DEFAULT.DAT file available in order for it
to run.
It is not possible to alter any of the specified default values once CAP88-PC has been initiated
except to reset all defaults to their original values. Therefore, when a user needs alternative default
45
-------
values it is the user's responsibility to assure that the appropriate alternative DEFAULT.DAT file is
available when CAP88-PC is initiated.
When a DEFAULT.DAT file containing user altered default values is used, there will be a
CAUTION message on the beginning page of the SYNOPSIS Report stating that defaults have been
changed. The specific changes will be listed on the following page including the default description,
the original default value, and the user specified value. This will alert the originators and anyone
using the outputs that defaults have been changed and what changes have been made.
10.3 PERMANENT DEFAULTS
The DEFAULT.DAT file contains defaults that must not be changed by the user. All defaults
beginning with &ORGAN through the end of the file must contain the original default values which
Permanent Defaults that MUST NOT BE ALTERED by the user
have been changed. They will be RESET to prevent CAP88-PC
from producing invalid results.
can only be changed at the direction of EPA.
If any of the permanent defaults are changed, except at the direction of EPA, the CAP88-PC system
will detect those changes and reset them to their original values. In this case, a message similar to
the one shown above will be printed to the screen informing the user that these permanent defaults
have been reset. If the user has changed default values defined as changeable by the user, the system
will not reset those user changeable values except at the direction of the user.
46
-------
11. CONVERTING WEATHER DATA WITH GETWIND
11.1 Purpose
GETWIND is a utility program that allows users to customize CAP88-PC by supplying their own
meteorological data, in stability array (STAR) format, to the selection of weather data files. A
listing of weather data provided with CAP88-PC is provided in Appendix D. Users are encouraged
to use site-specific weather data.
See Appendix B for an example of the STAR (Stability Array) format. The file SAMPLE. STR,
which is included with CAP88-PC, also contains a copy of this STAR format file. This file can be
used as a guide for creating meteorological files in STAR format.
11.2 Program Input
The user must supply the program with the name of the file that contains the STAR formatted
meteorological data and the name of the file that will contain the converted STAR data (the CAP88-
PC wind data file).
It is assumed that all the data files used by this program reside in the same directory as GETWIND.
For this reason space is provided for only 12 characters name with a three character extension.
Create or copy your file containing the STAR formatted meteorological data to your directory
which contains GETWIND and run the program.
All valid DOS file names are accepted by the program, subject to the length restriction. However,
file names must end with the extension ".WND", and be copied to the CAP88PCYWNDFILES
subdirectory on your hard disk, in order to be recognized by CAP88-PC.
11.3 Program Output
Converted STAR wind data is written to the file specified by the user. It is a valid CAP88-PC wind
file and can be chosen as a wind data file from the list box which is available in the Meteorological
Data screen, provided a copy of the file is made to the CAP88PCYWNDFILES subdirectory on your
hard disk.
11.4 Running GETWIND
Use DOS to get into the directory where the GETWIND.EXE program resides. Make sure that a
copy of the file to be converted for use by CAP88-PC resides in this same directory.
To run the program, type:
GETWIND
The following message appears:
47
-------
THIS PROGRAM CONVERTS STAR FORMAT WIND DATA
TO AIRDOS-EPA FORMAT
FILE WHICH CONTAINS THE WIND DATA TO BE CONVERTED:
BREAK TO ABORT
Enter the name of the file and press . If you have entered a valid DOS file name and the file
can be found in the current directory, the following message is then displayed:
FILE TO CONTAIN THE AIRDOS FORMATTED WIND DATA
MUST HAVE THE EXTENSION WND
Enter the name of the file that will contain the converted meteorological data. This is the file that
you will be able to select in the list box located in the Meteorological Data input screen. If the file
name already exists, the following message is displayed on the screen:
WARNING OUTPUT FILE ALREADY EXISTS
DO YOU WANT TO OVERWRITE IT? (Y/N):
Enter or to overwrite the file. Press any other key to allow you to enter another file name.
While the data is being read and converted, informative messages are displayed on the screen.
When the program is finished you will be returned to DOS.
Pressing together at any time will cause the program to abort, and you will be
returned to DOS.
11.5 Error Messages
FILE NAME CANNOT BE GREATER THAN 12 CHARACTERS
PRESS ANY KEY TO CONTINUE
If you type in a file name that has more than 12 characters, the above message is displayed. A DOS
file name can only have eight characters followed by a and a three character extension. Think of
a shorter file name and enter it again.
ERROR INPUT FILE DOES NOT EXIST...
PRESS ANY KEY TO CONTINUE
If the name of the input file which contains the meteorological data cannot be
48
-------
found in the current directory, the above message is displayed. Make sure you have spelled the
name of the file correctly, and that it is located in the current directory.
FILE EXTENSION MUST BE WND
PRESS ANY KEY TO CONTINUE
If the name of the file entered that is to contain the converted meteorological data does not end in
'.wnd', the above message is displayed. All CAP88-PC wind data files must have the file extension
'.wnd'. These are the only files that will be displayed for selection in the list box in the
Meteorological Data input screen. Retype the file name and make sure the file extension is '.wnd'.
49
-------
12. MATHEMATICAL MODELS
The purpose of this chapter is to present the mathematical models and equations used in CAP88-PC
for environmental transport and estimation of dose and risk. In order to facilitate comparison of the
programs with the theoretical model by interested users, the actual variable names used in the
CAP88-PC FORTRAN code have been included in brackets, where applicable, following the
explanation of the mathematical symbols used in the formulas.
12.1 Environmental Transport
CAP88-PC incorporates a modified version of the AIRDOS-EPA (Mo79) program to calculate
environmental transport. Relevant portions of this document are reproduced here, as referenced.
12.1.1 Plume Rise
CAP88-PC calculates plume rise in the subroutine CONCEN using either Rupp's equation (Ru48)
for momentum dominated plume rise, or Briggs' equations (Br69) for hot buoyant plumes (Mo79).
CAP88-PC also accepts user-supplied values for plume rise for each Pasquill stability class. The
plume rise, Ah, is added to the actual physical stack height, h [PH], to determine the effective stack
height, H. The plume centerline is shifted from the physical height, h, to H as it moves downwind.
The plume centerline remains at H unless gravitational settling of particulates produces a downward
tilt, or until meteorological conditions change.
Rupp's equation for momentum dominated plumes is:
Ah = 1.5 vd
|i (Equation 1)
where:
Ah = plume rise [PR]
v = effluent stack gas velocity (m/sec) [VEL]
d = inside stack diameter (m) [DIA]
\x = wind velocity (m/sec) [U]
CAP88-PC models Briggs' buoyant plume rise for stability categories A, B, C, and D with:
Ah = 1.6 F1/3 x2/3
|_i (Equation 2)
where:
Ah = plume rise [PR]
F = 3.7xl0"5 Qh
Qh = heat emission from stack gases (cal/sec) [QH]
50
-------
X
n
This equation is valid until the downwind distance is approximately ten times the stack height, lOh,
where the plume levels off. For downwind distances greater than lOh, the equation used is:
Ah = 1.6F1/3a01f)2/3
|_i (Equation 3)
Equation (2) is also used to a distance of X = 2.4 |iS"/2 for stable categories E, F, and G, beyond
which the plume is assumed to level off. For higher values of x, the stability parameter, S, is used
in the equation:
Ah = 2.9(F/|j,S)1/3 (Equation 4)
in which:
S = (g/Ta)(dTa/dz+r) (Equation 5)
g = gravitational acceleration (m/sec2)
Ta = air temperature (° K) [TEMPERATURE]
dTa/dzp= vertical temperature gradient (° K/m) [TG]
z = vertical distance above stack (m)
T = adiabatic lapse rate of atmosphere (0.0098° K/m)
The value of the vertical temperature gradient, dTa/dz, is positive for stable categories. In CAP88-
PC, dTa/dz values are:
7.280E-02 °K/m for Pasquill category E
1.090E-01 °K/m for Pasquill category F
1.455E-01 °K/m for Pasquill category G
The true-average wind speed for each Pasquill stability category is used in CAP88-PC to estimate
plume rise, as it is greater than the reciprocal-averaged wind speed, and produces a smaller, more
conservative plume rise. This procedure does not risk underestimating the significant contribution
of relatively calm periods to downwind nuclide concentrations which could result from direct use of
a plume rise calculated for each separate wind-speed category. This procedure avoids calculating
an infinite plume rise when wind speed is zero (during calms), since both momentum and buoyancy
plume rise equations contain wind speed in the denominator (Mo79).
CAP88-PC also accepts user-supplied plume rise values, for situations where actual measurements
are available or the supplied equations are not appropriate. For example, plume rises of zero may
be used to model local turbulence created by building wakes.
51
-------
12.1.2 Plume Dispersion
Plume dispersion is modeled in the subroutine CONCEN with the Gaussian plume equation of
Pasquill (Pa61, Mo79), as modified by Gifford:
X = O exp[-1/2(y/ay)2]{exp[-1/2((z-H)/az)2]+exp[-1/2((z+H)/az)2]}
2 TZ C7y (-1-
(Equation 6)
where:
X = concentration in air (chi) at x meters downwind, y meters crosswind, and z
meters above ground (Ci/m3) [ACON]
Q = Release rate from stack (Ci/sec) [REL]
\x = wind speed (m/sec) [U]
ay = horizontal dispersion coefficient (m)
az = vertical dispersion coefficient (m)
H = effective stack height (m)
y = crosswind distance (m)
z = vertical distance (m)
The downwind distance x comes into Equation (6) through ay and az, which are functions of x as
well as the Pasquill atmospheric stability category applicable during emission from the stack.
CAP88-PC converts x in Equation (6) and other plume dispersion equations from units of curies per
cubic meter to units of picocuries per cubic centimeter.
Annual-average meteorological data sets usually include frequencies for several wind-speed
categories for each wind direction and Pasquill atmospheric stability category. CAP88-PC uses
reciprocal-averaged wind speeds in the atmospheric dispersion equations, which permit a single
calculation for each wind-speed category. Equation (6) is applied to ground-level concentrations in
air at the plume centerline by setting y and z to zero, which results in:
X = Q expf-^H/az)2]
71 oy gz n (Equation 7)
The average ground-level concentration in air over a sector of 22.5° can be approximated by the
expression:
Xave = fx (Equation 8)
where f is the integral of the exponential expression:
exp [-'/2(y/ov)2]
in Equation (6) from a value of y equals zero to infinity divided by ys, the value of y at the edge of
the 22.5° sector, which is the value of the downwind distance, x, multiplied by the tangent of half
the sector angle. The expression is:
52
-------
/=¦
CO
r c . \ 1
Jexp
-
y2
dy
0
v / yJ
(Equation 9)
y,
The definite integral in the numerator of Equation (9) is evaluated as
<3y (7l/2)1/2
Since ys = x tan (11.25° ),
f = 6.300836 Oy (Equation 10)
x
The equation for sector-averaged ground level concentration in air is therefore:
X = Q expf-^H/c>z)2]
0.15871 k x
-------
JCave
rlf
Q
\ ( 2\ ( 2~\
L JJo l 7ZOy
-------
12.1.4 Precipitation Scavenging
The deposition rate from precipitation scavenging (Mo79), which occurs when rain or snow
removes particles from the plume, is modeled in CONCEN with:
Rs
where:
$ Xave L
(Equation 17)
Rs
O
Xave
L
surface deposition rate (pCi/cm -sec)
scavenging coefficient (sec"1) [SC]
average concentration in plume up to lid height (pCi/cm3)
[ACON]
lid height (tropospheric mixing layer) (cm) [LID]
The scavenging coefficient, F (in sec"1), is calculated in CAP88-PC by multiplying the rainfall rate,
[RR] (in cm/yr), by 1E-7 yr/cm-sec.
12.1.5 Plume Depletion
Radionuclides are depleted from the plume by precipitation scavenging, dry deposition and
radioactive decay. Depletion is accounted for by substituting a reduced release rate, Q1, for the
original release rate Q for each downwind distance x (S168). The ratio of the reduced release rate to
the original is the depletion fraction. The overall depletion fraction used in CAP88-PC is the
product of the depletion fractions for precipitation scavenging, dry deposition and radioactive
decay.
For precipitation scavenging the depletion fraction for each downwind distance (x) is:
O' = e""'1 (Equation 18)
Q
where:
O
t
scavenging coefficient (sec"1) [SC]
time (sec) required for the plume to reach the downwind distance x
The depletion fraction for dry deposition is derived by using Equation (6) with z set to zero for
ground-level concentrations, and subtracting the quantity (Vg x)/U from H for a tilted plume (Va68,
Mo79):
Ql
— = exp
0
iy
K
1
,? f
M-
exp
- H-
Vx.
ho:
dx
(Equation 19)
55
-------
where:
Vd
Oz
deposition velocity (m/sec) [VD]
wind speed (m/sec) [U]
H
Vg
vertical dispersion coefficient (m)
gravitational velocity (m/sec) [VG]
effective stack height (m)
x
downwind distance (m)
The integral expression must be evaluated numerically. Values for the vertical dispersion
coefficient az are expressed as functions of x in the form x°/F where D and F are constants with
different values for each Pasquill atmospheric stability category, to facilitate integrations over x.
Values for the depletion fraction for cases where Vg is zero are obtained from the subroutine QY in
CAP-88. Subroutine QY obtains depletion fractions for the conditions Vd = 0.01 m/sec and ju. = 1
m/sec for each Pasquill stability category from the data file REFA.DAT. This file contains values
for release heights (meters) of:
1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12.5, 15, 17.5, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 140,
160, 180, 200, 240, 260, 300 and 400.
and for downwind distances (meters) of:
35, 65, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 650, 800, 1,000, 1,500, 2,000, 4,000, 7,000, 10,000, 25,000,
60,000, 90,000, and 200,000.
The stored depletion fractions were calculated numerically with a Simpson's rule routine. QY uses
a linear interpolation to produce a fraction for the required downwind value, release height and
Pasquill category for Vd = 0.01 m/sec and ju. = 1 m/sec. The value is then converted to the
appropriate value for the actual deposition velocity and wind speed by use of the equation:
in which subscript 2 refers to the desired value and subscript 1 refers to the value for Vj = 0.01
m/sec and \x= 1 m/sec.
For downwind distances greater than 2xL where Equation 15 applies to the ground-level
concentrations in air, the depletion is modeled with (Mo79):
(QVQ)2
(QVQ)i 100 vd/^
(Equation 20)
(Equation 21)
Which shows the reduced release rates at distances x and 2xL, respectively.
The depletion fraction for radioactive decay is:
56
-------
|r = exp (-V)
(Equation 22)
where:
Xr = effective decay constant in plume [ANLAM]
t = time required for plume travel
The decay constant used is referred to as the "effective decay constant" since it is not the true
radiological decay constant in all cases. For example, if a radionuclide is a short-lived decay
product in equilibrium with a longer-lived parent, the effective decay constant would be equal to the
true radiological decay constant of the parent.
The atmospheric dispersion equations use the reciprocal-averaged wind speed, but neither this value
nor the true average wind speed can adequately be used to calculate reduced release rates to account
for radiological decay and scavenging losses because averaging of exponential terms is required.
CAP88-PC uses an approximate method of calculation for this purpose, which establishes three
wind speeds (1 m/sec, the average wind speed, and 6 m/sec) to simulate the actual wind-speed
spectrum for each specific wind direction and Pasquill category. The wind speeds 1 and 6 m/sec
were chosen because they approximate the upper and lower bounds in most meteorological data
sets.
If fi, f2 and f3 are designated as the time fractions for the three wind speeds, then:
fi + (Ha f2) + 6f3 = n,
fl + (fz/Ha) + f3 /6 = l/|Lir
and
fi + f2 + f3 = 1
where:
= Arithmetic-average wind speed [UDAV]
IJr = Reciprocal-average wind speed [UDCAT]
Solving the three simultaneous equations yields:
fi = 1 - f2 - f3
f2 = (7/6) - (ll,/6) - f l/l-ir)
(7/6) - (|Lia/6) - (l/|Lia)
f? = (lu-1)(1 -fz)
5
57
-------
The depletion fraction to account for radioactive decay is then approximated by:
fi exp(-A,x) + f2 exp[-A,(x/|_ia)] + f3 exp[-A.,(x/6)]
where:
XT = effective decay constant in plume (sec"1) [ANLAM]
= Arithmetic-average wind speed [UDAV]
x = downwind distance (m)
For precipitation scavenging losses, the depletion fraction is:
fi exp(-Ox) + f2 exp[-0(x/|j,a)] + f3 exp[-0(x/6)]
where is the scavenging coefficient (sec"1).
The overall depletion fraction is calculated by multiplying the depletion fraction for dry deposition
by the fraction for radioactive decay and precipitation scavenging.
12.1.6 Dispersion Coefficients
Horizontal and vertical dispersion coefficients (oy and az) used for dispersion calculation in
CONCEN and for depletion fraction determination in QY are taken from recommendations by G. A.
Briggs of the Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Laboratory at Oak Ridge, Tennessee (Mo79,
Gi76). The coefficients are different functions of the downwind distance x for each Pasquill
stability category for open-country conditions, as shown:
Pasquill
Gy
Oz
category
(m)
(m)
A
0.22 x (l+0.0001x)"1/2
0.20 x
B
0.16 x (l+0.0001x)"/2
0.12 x
C
0.11 x(l+0.0001x)"1/2
0.08 x (l+0.0002x)"/2
D
0.08 x (l+0.0001x)"/2
0.06 x (1+0.0015x)"1/2
E
0.06 x (l+0.0001x)"/2
0.03 x (1+0.0003X)"1
F
0.04 x (l+0.0001x)"/2
0.016 x(l+0.0003x)"1
G
calculated by subtracting half the difference between
values for categories E and F from the value for
category F.
where:
x = downwind distance
58
-------
CAP88-PC uses the functions in the form of
<3y = X'VC
Gz = xD/F
to facilitate integrations over x. Values for A, C, D, and F for each stability category and downwind
distance are stored in a data statement.
12.1.7 Area Sources
Uniform area sources are modeled in CAP88-PC using a method described by Mills and Reeves, as
modified by Christopher Nelson, EPA, and implemented by Culkowski and Patterson (Mo79). The
method transforms the original area source into an annular segment with the same area. The
transformation is dependent on the distance between the centroid of the area source and the
receptor. At large distances (where the distance/diameter ratio is 2.5), the area source is modeled as
a point source; at close distances it becomes a circular source centered at the receptor. A point
source model is also used if the area source is 10 meters in diameter or less.
The principle of reciprocity is used to calculate the effective chi/Q. The problem is equivalent to
interchanging source and receptor and calculating the mean chi/Q from a point source to one or
more sector segments according to the angular width of the transformed source. The mean value of
chi/Q for each sector segment is estimated by calculating chi/Q at the distance which would provide
the exact value of the mean if the variation in chi/Q were proportional to r"15 for distances from the
point source to location within the sector segment. The chi/Q for the entire transformed source is
the sum of the chi/Q values for each sector weighted by the portion of the total annular source
contained in that sector.
12.1.8 Carbon-14 and Tritium
Special consideration is given to the radionuclides hydrogen-3 (tritium), carbon-14, and radon-222.
The specific activity of tritium in air is calculated based on the input absolute humidity, which has a
default value of 8 g/m3. The specific activity of atmospheric carbon-14 is calculated for a carbon
dioxide concentration of 330 ppm by volume. Concentrations of these nuclides in vegetation are
calculated on the assumption that the water and carbon content in vegetation are from the
atmosphere and have the same specific activity as in the atmosphere. Drinking water is assumed to
be one percent (1%) tritiated.
12.1.9 Rn-222 Working Levels
The radon decay product concentration (in working level units) is estimated using an equilibrium
fraction that varies as a function of travel time, assuming a wind speed of 3.5 meters/second, with a
final equilibrium fraction of 0.7.
Equilibrium fractions for radon decay products are calculated as a function of downwind distance,
starting at 0.267 at 150 meters and reaching a final equilibrium fraction of 0.698 at 19,551 meters.
Equilibrium fractions for specific distances are calculated by linear interpolation, using this table:
59
-------
Distance Equilibrium
(meters') Fraction
150
.267
200
.273
250
.276
300
.278
400
.284
500
.289
600
.293
800
.302
1000
.311
1500
.331
2000
.349
2500
.366
3000
.382
4000
.414
5000
.443
6000
.471
8000
.522
10000
.566
15000
.650
19551
.698
12.1.10 Ground Surface Concentrations
Ground surface and soil concentrations are calculated for those nuclides subject to deposition due to
dry deposition and precipitation scavenging. The deposition accumulation time, [TSUBB], is
assumed to be 100 years. This value corresponds to establishing a 100-year cutoff for the time
following a release when any significant intake or external exposure associated with deposition on
soil might take place.
Ingrowth from a parent radionuclide is calculated using a decay product ingrowth factor. The
ingrowth factor is the ratio of the decay product concentration resulting from a unit deposition rate
of the parent and the decay product respectively. The factors are for a 100 year accumulation time
and a removal rate from soil of 2 percent per year.
12.2 Dose and Risk Estimates
CAP88-PC uses a modified version of DARTAB (ORNL5692) and a database of dose and risk
factors generated by RADRISK (ORNL7105, ORNL7745) for estimating dose and risk. Relevant
portions of these documents are reproduced here, as referenced.
Dose and risk conversion factors include the effective dose equivalent calculated with the weighting
factors in ICRP Publication Number 26 (ICRP26). Risk factors are based on lifetime risk from
60
-------
lifetime exposure with a nominal value of 4E-4 fatal cancers/rem (EPA89). Dose and risk factors
are provided for the pathways of ingestion and inhalation intake, ground level air immersion and
ground surface irradiation. Factors are further broken down by particle size [SIZE], clearance class
[CLEARANCECLASS] and gut-to-blood [GI ING and GI INH] transfer factors. These factors
are stored in a database for use by the program.
For assessments where Rn-222 decay products are not considered, estimates of dose and risk are
made by combining the inhalation and ingestion intake rates, air and ground surface concentrations
with the appropriate dose and risk conversion factors. CAP88-PC lists the dose and risk to the
maximum individual and the collective population. CAP88-PC calculates dose to the gonads,
breast, red marrow, lungs, thyroid, and endosteum in addition to the 50 year effective dose
equivalent. Risks are estimated for these cancers: leukemia, bone, thyroid, breast, lung, stomach,
bowel, liver, pancreas, and urinary. Doses and risks can be further tabulated as a function of
radionuclide, pathway, location and organ.
For assessments of Rn-222 decay products, CAP88-PC calculates working levels, not
concentrations of specific radionuclides. A working level [WLEVEL] is defined as any
combination of short-lived radon decay products in 1 liter of air that will result in the ultimate
emission of 1.3 x 105 MeV of alpha particle energy. CAP88-PC calculates risk, but not dose, from
the working level calculations. Risk to the maximum individual and the collective population are
tabulated.
For each assessment, CAP88-PC tabulates the frequency distribution of risk, that is, the number of
people at various levels of risk (lifetime risk). The risk categories are divided into powers of ten,
from 1 in ten to one in a million. The number of health effects is also tabulated for each risk
category.
12.2.1 Air Immersion
Individual dose is calculated for air immersion with the general equation:
Ej/k) DFji Kj
P(k)
where:
Eij(k) = exposure rate, person-pCi/cm3 [EXPP]
DFy! = Dose rate factor, mrem/nCi-yr/m3 [DOSE]
P(k) = number of exposed people [POP]
Kj = 0.001 nCi/pCi x 1,000,000 cm3/m3 (proportionality factor) [FAC]
Risk is calculated similarly, by substituting the risk conversion factor, RISK, for DOSE. The risk
conversion factor is in units of risk/nCi-yr/m3.
12.2.2 Surface Exposure
Individual dose is calculated for ground surface exposure with the general equation:
Ejj(k) DFjji Kj
61
-------
P(k)
where:
Eij(k) = exposure rate, person-pCi/cm2 [EXPP]
DFiji = Dose rate factor, mrem/nCi-yr/m2 [DOSE]
P(k) = number of exposed people [POP]
Kj = 0.001 nCi/pCi x 10,000 cm2/m2 (proportionality factor) [FAC]
Risk is calculated by substituting the risk conversion factor, RFyi [RISK], for DF,,! [DOSE], The
risk conversion factor is in units of risk/nCi-yr/m2 .
12.2.3 Ingestion and Inhalation
Individual dose is calculated for the ingestion and inhalation exposure pathway with the general
equation:
Ejj(k) DFjji Kj
P(k)
where:
Eij(k) = exposure rate, person-pCi/cm3 [EXPP]
DF^ = Dose rate factor, mrem/nCi-yr/m [DOSE]
P(k) = number of exposed people [POP]
Kj = 0.001 nCi/pCi x 1,000,000 cm3/m3 (proportionality factor) [FAC]
Risk is calculated by substituting the risk conversion factor, RISK (risk/nCi), for DOSE.
12.2.4 Maximally-Exposed Individual
Doses for the maximally-exposed individual in population runs are estimated by CAP88-PC for the
location, or sector-segment in the radial assessment grid, of highest risk where at least one
individual actually resides. The effective dose equivalent for the maximally-exposed individual is
tabulated in mrem/yr for a 50 year exposure. Risk is estimated as total lifetime risk for a lifetime
exposure [AGEX] of 70.7565 years.
12.2.5 Collective Population
Collective population dose and risk are found by summing, for all sector segments, the intake and
exposure rates multiplied by the appropriate dose or risk conversion factors (ORNL5692).
Collective population dose is reported by person-Rem/yr (not millirem), and collective risk is
reported in deaths/yr. Note that collective risk is reported as annual risk, while maximally-exposed
individual risk is reported as lifetime risk.
62
-------
13. REFERENCES
Be86
Br69
EPA89
EPA92
Gi76
ICRP26
Mo79
ORNL5952
ORNL7745
ORNL7105
ORNL5692
Pa61
Pa97
"Comparison of AIRDOS-EPA Predictions of Ground-Level Airborne
Radionuclide Concentrations to Measured Values", S.K. Beal and S.C. Cohen, S.
Cohen and Associates, 8200 Riding Ridge Place, McLean, VA 22102, H.J.
Chmelynski, Jack Faucett Associates, Suite 200, 7300 Pearl St., Bethesda, MD
20814, B.S. Parks and J. Hardin, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, D.C. 20460, 1986.
Briggs, G.A., "Plume Rise, AEC Critical Review Series", TID-25075, 1969.
EPA 520/1-89-005 Risk Assessment Methodology: Draft Environmental Impact
Statement for Proposed NESHAPS for Radionuclides, Volume 1, Background
Information Document, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Radiation Programs, Washington, D.C. 20460, February 1989.
EPA 402-B-92-001 User's Guide For CAP88-PC, Version 1.0, United States
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Radiation Programs, Las Vegas
Facility, P.O. Box 98517, Las Vegas, NV 89193-8517, March 1992.
Gifford, F.A., Jr., "Turbulent diffusion-typing schemes: A review", Nuclear Safety
17(l):68-86, 1976.
International Commission on Radiological Protection, Recommendations of the
International Commission on Radiological Protection, ICRP Publication 26, Ann.
ICRP, 1, (1), Pergamon Press, 1977.
Moore, R.E., Baes, C.F.III, McDowell-Boyer, L.M., Watson, A.P., Hoffman,
F.O., Pleasant, J.C., Miller, C.W., "AIRDOS-EPA: A Computerized Methodology
for Estimating Environmental Concentrations and Dose to Man from Airborne
Releases of Radionuclides", (Reprint of ORNL-5532), EPA 520/1-79-009, U.S.
EPA Office of Radiation Programs, Washington, D.C., 20460.
ORNL-5952: PREPAR: A User-Friendly Preprocessor to Create AIRDOS-EPA
Input Data Sets, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
ORNL-7745: Estimates of Health Risk From Exposure to Radioactive Pollutants,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
ORNL/TM-7105: A Combined Methodology for Estimating Dose Rates and
Health Effects From Exposures to Radioactive Pollutants, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
ORNL-5692/DE81030434 DARTAB: A Program to Combine Airborne
Radionuclide Environmental Exposure Data With Dosimetric Health Effect Data
to Generate Tabulations of Predicted Health Impact, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, November 1981.
Pasquill, F., "The Estimation of the Dispersion of Windborne Material",
Meteorology Magazine, 90:33, 1961.
Parks, Barry., " CAP88-PC Version 2.0 User's Guide", June 1997.
63
-------
Ru48 Rupp, E.M., Beall, S.E., Bornwasser, L.P., Johnson, D.H., "Dilution of Stack
Gases in Cross Winds", USAEC Report AECD-1811 (CE-1620), Clinton
Laboratories, 1948.
S168 Slade, D.H. (ed.), "Meteorology and Atomic Energy - 1968", U.S. Atomic Energy
Commission/Division of Technical Information, USAED TID-24190, 1968.
Tu69 Turner, D.B. "Workbook of Atmospheric Dispersion Estimates", Air Pollution
Control Administration, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1969.
Va68 Van der Hoven, I., "Deposition of particles and gasses", pp. 202-208, In Slade, D.
(ed.), Meteorology and Atomic Energy - 1968, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission,
USAED TID-24190.
64