February 1985
Valuing Changes in Hazardous Waste Risks:
A Contingent Valuation Analysis
Volume II
Appendixes
Vanderbilt University
RTI
Research Triangle Institute
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February 1985
Valuing Changes in Hazardous Waste Risks:
A Contingent Valuation Analysis
Volume II
Appendixes
EPA Cooperative Agreement No. CR-811075
The Benefits of Hazardous Waste Management
Regulations Using Contingent Valuation
Prepared for
Benefits Branch, Economic Analysis Division
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
George; Provenzano, Project Officer
Prepared by
¥. Kerry Smith
Senior Principal Investigator
Vanderbilt University
Nashville, Tennessee
William H. Desvousges
Principal Investigator
Research Triangle Institute
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
A. Myrick Freeman, III
Principal Investigator
Bowdoin College
Brunswick, Maine
RTI Project No. 410-2699
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CONTENTS
Appendix Page
A Option Price and Expected Surplus: Possible
Relationships A-1
B Survey Questionnaire B-1
C Sampling Procedure C-T
D Listing of Housing Units D-l
E News Summaries Describing Public Information,
Community Reaction, and Local Government
Actions During Acton Contamination Incidents ....... E-1
F Valuation Models for Exposure Risk Reduction,
Conditional Risk Included F-1
G Average Housing Cost by Sample Segment and Town. . . . G-1
H Implicit Values for Risk Changes ............. H-1
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APPENDIX A
OPTION PRICE AND EXPECTED SURPLUS:
POSSIBLE RELATIONSHIPS
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APPENDIX A
OPTION PRICE AND EXPECTED SURPLUS:
POSSIBLE RELATIONSHIPS
This appendix is a supplement to Section 6.3 of Chapter 6. All concepts,
definitions, and notations are explained there. Its purpose is to show that
supply-side option value [OP - (r2 - q2)S1J] can be either positive or negative
in the most general case.
A. 1 CS IS INDEPENDENT OF INCOME
The general form of the utility function is U = V(Y, Q) for Q = 0, Q.
The condition that Sjj is independent of income is embodied in U .= V(Y + Q)
so that Sjj = Q; that is
V(Y + Su + Q) = V(Y + 0) .
A. 1.1 Let V(Y, Q) = (Y + Q)b for 0 < b < 1
Assume the following values:
Y = 20,000 s(j = Q = 2,000
b = 0.5
qi = 0.75, q2 = 0.25, r-i - 0.25, r2 = 0.75
Thus (r2 - q2)S(J = 1,000.
From Equation (6.18), OP is the solution to
qiV(Y, 0) + q2V(Y, Q) = r^Y - OP, 0) + r2V(Y - OP, Q)
0.75(20,000)0-5 + 0.25(22,000)0-5 = 0.25(20,000 - OP)0'5
+ 0.75(22,000 - OP)0"5
or 143.14701 = 0.25(20,000 - OP)0'5 + 0.75(22,000 - OP)0"5
A-2
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Solving for OP is cumbersome, but the RHS is E(U)1. Calculate E(U)'
for various values of OP1. If E(U)1 > 143.14701, then OP1 < OP.
Try OP' = (r2 - q2)Su = $1,000.
E(U)1 = 0.75(19,000)0,5 + 0.75(21,000)°'5
= 143.14545 < 143.14701
Thus OP' = (r2 - q2)Su > OP.
Similar calculations for rx = 0.7, r2 = 0.3 and (r2 - q2)S(j = 100 show
143.14701 > 0.7(20,000 - 100)0'5 + 0.3(22,000 - 100)0*5
= 143.14310
So OP < (r2 - q2)Su .
A.1.2 Let V(Y, Q) = ~ (Y + Q)1"b
Assume Y = 20,000 Su = Q = 2,000
b = 10
qA = 0.75, q2 = 0.25; rx = 0.25, r2 = 0.75
From Equation (6.18), solve
qj [0.75(20,000)"9 + 0.25(22,GOO)'9] =
[0.25(20,000 - OP)"9 + 0.75(22,000 - OP)"9]
for OP. Trying OP' = (r2 - q2)S(J = 1,000
yields
1.679 x 10-39 > 1.719 x 10"39
so OP' < OP and OP < (r2 - q2)Sy .
A.2 Su IS AN INCREASING FUNCTION OF INCOME
Let U = (a + Q)C Yb 0 < b, c, < 1
A-3
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For any a, b, c, Y, and Q, the following can be solved for :
(a)C Yb = (a + Q)C(Y - SL|)b
Alternatively, if S(J is specified, this can be solved for Q, thereby scaling
Q. Then Equation (6.6) can be solved for OP:
qi(a + Q)(tY - S j3 + q2(a + Q)C(vf 1_
OP = Y - : b
ri(a)C + r2(a + Q)C
Assume Y = 20,000 Sy = 2,000
b = 0.1 , c = 0.1 , a = 1
qx = 0.75, q2 = 0.25; rx = 0.25, r2 = 0.75
(r2 - q2)Su = 1,000
Thus Q = 0.111
OP = 20 000 = 0-75(1¦111)°-1(18,OOP)0'1 + 0.25(1.111)0,1(20,000)°'1 10
0.25(1)0-1 + 0.75(1.111)°"1
= 1026.33 > (r2 - q2)S(J.
Alternatively, If b = 0.9, Q = 1.5811748
and OP = 1025.77 > (r2 - q2)Su .
A-4
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APPENDIX B
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
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APPENDIX B
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
This appendix presents an overview of our survey instrument for eliciting
respondents' values for reductions in hazardous waste risks, including two
versions of the questionnaire and three versions of the risk circles—visual
aids—used to help explain probability to survey respondents.
Due to the complexity of our experimental design (e.g., different question
formats and different risk levels), there are 24 versions of our questionnaire.
At the top of its cover page, each questionnaire version is labeled with one
of the following preprinted questionnaire designations:
D111
D311
D511
D711
R111
R311
D122
D322
D522
D722
R122
R322
D213
D413
D613
D813
R213
R413
D224
D424
D624
D824
R224
R424
As shown, these questionnaire version designators take the form of a single
letter, either "D" or "R," followed by three digits. The letters "D" and "R"
represent the basic distinction between questionnaire versions for the direct
question format and the contingent ranking question format. Three digits fol-
lowing the letters represent the following variations within each basic version:
For "D" version questionnaires, the first digit represents one
of eight probability designs shown to a respondent. The prob-
abilities (e.g., 1/10, 1/20, 1/50) are for risk of exposure to
hazardous wastes, risk of death after being exposed, and com-
bined risk of exposure and death. The wording of each "D"
version questionnaire js preprinted to account for differences
ID. probability designs.
For "R" version questionnaires, the first digit represents one
of four designs of combinations of probabilities and monthly
payment amount. The wording of each "R" version question-
naire !s preprinted to account for differences in probability
designs.
B-2
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The second digit for both questionnaire versions represents
alternative wordings found in question G.1, second paragraph.
If this second digit is the number 1, the wording will be "The
government has decided to . . . If this digit is the num-
ber 2, the wording will be, "Your town council voted for a
proposal to . . . ." One of the alternative wordings is pre-
printed for you in each questionnaire.
The third digit for both questionnaire versions represents one
of four dollar amounts provided in question" H. 1. If this digit
is the number one, $250 per mile is used; if the third digit is
2, 3, or 4, then $600, $1,000, or $1,300 per mile is used, re-
spectively. One of the four dollar amounts is preprinted for
you in each questionnaire.
The following pages present one direct-question version (D213) and one
ranking version (R224) of the questionnaire. Immediately following the two
questionnaire versions are the risk circles (versions D-2 and R-2, respectively)
that were used along with them to explain the risks of hazardous waste expo-
sure to respondents. In addition, to indicate the extremely low levels of risks
that respondents were asked to deal with in some versions of the question-
naire, we have also included two additional versions of the risk circles (ver-
sions D-7 and D-8) following the contingent ranking questionnaire and risk
circles. Thus, the following pages are organized as follows:
Direct question version of the questionnaire, D213
Risk circles, D-2
Ranking version of questionnaire, R224
Risk circles, R-2
Risk circles, D-7
Risk circles, D-8.
B-3
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CONTINGENT VALUATION SURVEY TO ESTIMATE BENEFITS OF
HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT REGULATIONS
VERSION D 2 1 3
SECTION A
Hello, my name is
I'm with the Research Triangle Insti-
tute, a not-for-profit research company based in North Carolina,
The Institute is conducting a study of the public's attitudes about certain
environmental issues. We have scientifically selected a sample of households
to represent this area and your household is part of that sample. Because
we have chosen relatively few households, your participation is extremely im-
portant. We hope you will help us.
In this interview, I will ask several different kinds of questions about
environmental issues. You can help us get the best possible information for
the study by thinking carefully about each question and taking your time to
answer. If a question isn't clear, tell me and I will read it again. Take as
much time as you need to think about the material I give you and to answer
the questions.
Since most of the questions deal with your attitudes and opinions, there
are no right or wrong answers. You also may decide hot to answer a particu-
lar question or you may simply say you don't know. All the information you
provide will be kept strictly confidential and will be used only for overall sta-
tistical results.
Segment Number:
Sample HU Number:
Interviewer ID:
Time Ended:
Time Started:
Interview Length:
(minutes)
B-4
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SECTION B
B. 1 Pollution, which affects the quality of our air, water, and food, can
come from many different sources..
HAND RESPONDENT CARD 1.
In. a moment I will name several sources of pollution. Use this scale
card to tell me how harmful you feel each one is- to people's health and
to the environment. For example, if you think that oil spills from
supertanker accidents are very harmful, pick the number 10 at the
right-hand end of the scale. On the other hand, if you think that
they're not at all harmful, pick the number 1 at the left-hand end of
the scale.
Now, based on present conditions |n the town where you live, tell me
the place on the scale that shows how harmful you think the following
sources of pollution are:
READ LIST BEGINNING AT THE ASTERISK.
IF RESPONSE IS "I DON'T KNOW," RECORD 94 IN THE BOXES.
Card 3
1-13
Dup.
Skip 14
Starting Letter
(15)
a. Pollution from cars, trucks, and buses
(16-17)
b. Pollution from manufacturing plants . . . .
c. Solid waste (garbage, bottles, etc.) from
households
d. Sewage from households
e. Pollution from nuclear and other radioactive
wastes
f. Hazardous waste pollution from dump sites
and factories . .
(18-19)
(20-21)
(22-23)
(24-25)
(26-27)
g. Acid rain from electric power plants
h. Pollution from strip mining . . . .
TAKE AWAY CARD 1.
(28-29)
(30-31)
B-5
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SECTION C
Now I want to focus on one source of pollution--pollution from hazardous
wastes. Let me explain what I will be talking about in this interview when I
.use the words "'hazardous waste," I mean any discarded chemicals, liquids,
or solids that are flammable, corrosive, or explosive, or that react violently
with water. These wastes also include substances that have been found harm-
ful or toxic to people. While radioactive wastes from nuclear power plants
would fit this definition, I want, you to think only about nonradioactive waste
from factories or at landfills.
HAND RESPONDENT CARD 2.
To give you an idea of what hazardous wastes are and where they come from,
here's a list of some products we use every day and some wastes that are left
over after they're made. For example, a common waste is the chemical solution
used to tan the leather in shoes, wallets, or purses. After the chemical solu-
tion is used, it must be thrown away. Because the solution contains chromi-
um, it's considered a hazardous waste. Hazardous wastes are left over after
making a wide range of other consumer products--from the gasoline and batter-
ies for cars to the plastic containers used to package and store food. Some
companies put these wastes in their own special facilities; others pay companies
to dispose of their wastes in special dumps called hazardous waste landfills.
Some products that we use—like paint, varnish removers, and weed killers—are
themselves considered hazardous wastes when we throw them away. Although
hazardous wastes often have been handled carefully, sometimes the practices
have been Inadequate.
ALLOW RESPONDENT TIME TO STUDY CARD 2.
TAKE AWAY CARD 2.
B-6'
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SECTION D
Now I want to ask what you may have seen or heard recently about hazardous
wastes.
D.1 During the past 3 months, do you recall reading any news articles or
hearing on radio or television about hazardous waste? (CIRCLE NUM-
BERED RESPONSE.)
Yes 01
No 02 ^ Go to D. 4
{32-335
Don't know 94 -> Go to D.4
D.2 During the past 3 months, how many times did you read or hear some-
thing in the news about hazardous waste?
None . 01
Only once . 02
Two to five times 03 (34-35)
Six to ten times 04
More than ten times 05
Don't know 94
D.3 During the past 3 months, was what you read or heard about hazard-
ous waste (READ EACH) or about more than one of these? (CIRCLE
ALL THAT APPLY. )
about
your town?
. . . 01
(36-37)
about
your state?
. . , 02
(38-39)
about
the entire nation? . .
. . . 03
(40-41)
Don't
know
. . . 94
(42-43)
D.4 How many miles from your home is the closest industrial plant or factory
that generates or stores hazardous waste?
Miles
(44-46)
Don't know. . 94 ->• Go to E.I
D. 5 What is the name of that plant or factory?
Name
(47-48)
Don't know 94
B-7
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SECTION E
E. 1 HAND RESPONDENT CARD 1.
Some of the organizations responsible for dealing with hazardous waste
matters have been more effective than others. I'm going to read a list
of those organizations. Please tell me the place on the scale that shows
how good a job you think each is currently doing. Number 10 stands
for very effective, and number 1 stands for not at all effective. How
would you rate the current effectiveness of the following organizations
in dealing with hazardous waste matters?
IF RESPONSE IS "I DON'T KNOW," RECORD 94 IN BOXES.
The federal government
(49-50)
Your state government
(51-52)
Your town (or local) government
(53-54)
Your local water district or water
supplier
(55-56)
Major companies that generate hazardous
waste
(57-58)
Major waste disposal companies
(59-60)
RESPONDENT KEEPS CARD 1.
B-8
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SECTION F
HAND RESPONDENT CARD 3.
We may face risks of being exposed to hazardous waste in several different
ways. For example, people could be exposed if hazardous waste got into a
town's drinking water supply. Wastes also can find their way into the soil
and into local rivers,- lakes, or bays, damaging fish or shellfish. They even
can get into the air as toxic gases, if they ignite or burn incompletely, or
evaporate from a dump. We don't know how often people are exposed in these
ways or exactly how harmful hazardous wastes are to people or to the environ-
ment.
F.I Here where you live, what do you think your chance is during the next
year of being exposed to hazardous waste through each of the ways
listed on Card 3? If you think you're certain to be exposed, pick num-
ber 10, and if you think there is no chance at all, pick number 1.
What do you think your chance is of being exposed during the next
year to hazardous wastes through... (READ LIST).
IF RESPONSE IS "I DON'T KNOW," RECORD 94 IN BOXES.
Water you drink
(61-62)
Air you breathe
(63-64)
Touching wastes in contaminated soil . . . . ~ ~
Eating food grown in contaminated soil or i 1 i
eating meat from contaminated animals .... | j |
(65-66!
(67-68)
Eating fish or shellfish from contaminated
waters .
(69-70)
TAKE AWAY CARDS 1 AND 3.
B-9
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2 HAND RESPONDENT CARD 4.
It is possible that you personally may have done some things to reduce
your risk of exposure to hazardous waste. In the last 5 years have
you done any of the things shown on this card for the sole purpose of
reducing your risk of exposure to hazardous waste?
IF "NONE" OR "i DON'T KNOW," CIRCLE NUMBER. IF "YES," ASK
FOR THE MONTH AND YEAR EACH ACTION TAKEN WAS BEGUN AND
ENDED. FOR ACTION "a," PROBE FOR THE NUMBER OF UNITS PUR-
CHASED DURING THE LAST 5 YEARS AND THE COST PER UNIT. FOR . ..
ACTION "b," PROBE FOR THE NUMBER OF UNITS PURCHASED PER -,_13
MONTH AND THE COST PER UNIT. FOR ACTION "c," PROBE FOR Dup.
NUMBER OF SUCH MEETINGS ATTENDED DURING THE LAST 5 YEARS. Skip 14
None. . . ,
Don't know,
01
94
Action
Approximate
Year
Start End
Number
of
Units/
Times
(15-16)
Unit
Cost
Installed water filter $ (17-25)
Purchased bottled water ....... $ (26-34)
Attended public meeting(s)—e.g.,
town meeting, water district meeting--
to learn about hazardous wastes . . . (35-41)
TAKE AWAY CARD 4.
3 Throughout our lives, there are many different risks of dying. There
is a risk or chance we may die from an accident, some long-term ill-
ness, or suddenly from some health problem.
HAND RESPONDENT CARD 5.
This ladder shows the different risks of dying associated with a variety
of common activities, including accidents, habits, hobbies, illnesses,
natural disasters, and job accidents. The numbers on the right show
the risks for each of the activities listed. The ladder displays these
risks from low to high so you can easily compare them. The two types
of risks shown are those based on some of the people and those based
on all of the people in the United States. For example, numbers shown
for the jobs and smoker are based only on people who work in those
jobs -or who smoke. This means, for instance, that during the next
year 47 of every 100,000 homebuilders in the United States will die from
an on-the-job accident. However, the numbers shown for the remaining
risks are based on averages for all people in the United States. This
means, for instance, that during the next year, 77 out of 100,000 peo-
ple in this country will die from a stroke. Notice also that there are
breaks between the five parts of the ladder to show that the difference
in risk levels are quite large between each part.
B-10
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I would like you to use this ladder to answer some questions about your
own risk of dying from several different causes. Suppose I asked
where on the ladder would you place your own risk of dying from a
boating accident during the next year. If you thought your risk of
dying from this cause was about the same as dying in a home fire, then
you would read me the number 4, which is the ladder rung that corre-
sponds to home fire. There are no correct answers to these questions.
I simply want you to use this ladder as a way to show me what you
think your own risk is of dying from a particular cause.
Now, where on the risk ladder would you place your own risk of (READ
LIST) during the next year.
RECORD RUNG NUMBER MENTIONED BY THE RESPONDENT; IF RE-
SPONSE IS "I DON'T KNOW," RECORD 94.
Dying from an auto accident?
~ ~
(42-43)
Dying from heart disease?
~ ~
(44-45)
Dying from a disease or illness caused by
air pollution?
(46-47)
Dying from a disease or illness caused by i 1 i 1 . ...
hazardous waste? | ] | | WS_49'
TAKE AWAY CARD 5.
HAND RESPONDENT CARD A.
Another way to think about hazardous wastes and risk is with this
card. It uses circles to stand for two different kinds of risks we face
from hazardous waste.
Since risk involves chance, we can also think of risks by putting point-
ers that would spin easily on each of the circles. A pointer has an
equal chance of landing at any spot on its circle. The larger the por-
tion of the circle that is "cut out" by the blackened area--that is, the
bigger the slice--the more likely the pointer would land there. On the
first circle on Card A, for example, 10 percent of this circle is black-
ened. There is one chance in 10, or a 10 percent change, the pointer
will land in the blackened area. This means that, on the average, for
every 10 spins the pointer would land in the blackened slice once.
The numbers on the cards are hypothetical because even experts dis-
agree about the sizes of the risks. However, in the rest of this inter-
view, ]_ want you to think of these numbers as actual risks you face.
B-11
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Look at the differences between each circle. The first circle shows
the risk or chance that you (and your household members) would be
exposed to hazardous waste. By exposed, I mean touching, breathing,
eating, or drinking a large enough amount of a hazardous waste over a
period of time so that it could be harmful. Exposure through the path-
ways we have discussed could be a brief, one-time thing, or it could
happen over several months or years.
The importance of the middle circle is that it stands for the second,
and different, type of hazardous waste risk—the chance of dying after
being exposed. This means that even if you're exposed, there's a sep-
arate chance--not a certainty—that you would die. For example, some
people are healthier or have better resistance. Whether or not you're
actually harmed is based upon your physical makeup, heredity, and
overall health. An important thing to remember about the first two
circles is that you would never have to spin the pointer on the second
circle as long as the pointer on the first circle never landed in the
blackened area. In other words, there's no chance you would die from
the effects of hazardous wastes if you're never exposed to them.
The third circle combines the. two types of risks into a person's overall
risk. It shows the bottom line: your chances both of being exposed
to hazardous wastes and, once exposed, dying. The combined risk of
exposure and death is found by multiplying the chance you see in the
first circle by the chance in the second circle.
HAND RESPONDENT CARD C.
F.4 Please look at Cards A and C. The risk of exposure decreases from 1
chance in 10, or 10 percent chance, on Card A to 1 chance in 50, or
2 percent chance on Card C. Since your heredity doesn't change, the
middle circles don't change. This also means the combined risk de-
creases from 1 chance in 200 to 1 chance in 1,000, or from five-tenths
of 1 percent to one-tenth of 1 percent.
F.4.a Now, think about a hypothetical situation using Cards A and C. Sup-
pose that Card A shows your risk of exposure from a hazardous chemi-
cal in your drinking water supply. Do you think that by moving you
could reduce your risk of exposure to the level shown on Card C? I
am not asking would you actually move, but is it possible that by mov-
ing you could reduce your risk to the level on Card C?
Yes 01
No . . . . 02 -> Go to F.5 (50-51)
Don't know 94 ¦* Go to F.5
B-12
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F. 4. b How far do you think you would need to move to lower your risk to
the exposure level on Card C?
Miles
(52-54)
Don't know 94
F.5 Next, I would like you to think about the costs of more controls on
hazardous wastes. When the government decides to clean up abandoned
dump sites, place stricter controls on landfills, or stop some very toxic
wastes from being generated, these actions would reduce the risk of
exposure. However, they cost someone. As consumers and as taxpay-
ers, we pay for the costs of better control of hazardous waste.
HAND RESPONDENT CARD 6.
The top part of this card shows how we would pay for lower exposure
risks through higher prices for the products we buy. If the govern-
ment puts stricter regulations on car makers, shoe companies, or chem-
ical companies, it would cost them more to make their products. Then
if you buy a pair of shoes or a pesticide, you would pay a higher price
than you would without the regulations.
The lower part of this card shows how we would also pay for lower ex-
posure risks through higher local, state, or federal taxes. The card
shows the higher tax bills providing more money to investigate and en-
force the regulations and to clean up places like Times Beach or Love
Canal.
ALLOW RESPONDENT TIME TO STUDY, THEN TAKE AWAY CARD 6.
HAND RESPONDENT CARD B AND LEAVE CARDS A AND C.
Now, to think about these cards and about paying higher prices and
taxes. Based on a hypothetical situation, I'm going to ask some ques-
tions about paying to reduce your (and your household members') risk
of exposure from the level on Card A to the levels on Card B, and
Card C. As you can see on the cards, the risk of exposure decreases
in the first circle from 1 chance in 10 on Card A, to 1 chance in 20 on
Card B, to 1 chance in 50 on Card C. It also means your combined
risk of exposure and death gets smaller each time.
After asking about paying for these risk reductions for people, I am
going to ask about paying an additional amount to reduce risks for fish,
vyiidlife, and plants only--not for humans. Do you have a question
about how I am going to continue?
Yes ¦* Repeat previous two paragraphs.
No — Continue.
B-13
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F.6 Before I go on, there are two things to keep in mind. ' One, please
decide how to respond as though you actually were facing this hypo-
thetical situation. In other words, 1 would like you to keep in mind
your (and your household members') income, how you budget your
money, the kinds of products you buy and the taxes you pay. Two,
, any amounts that you're willing to pay would be in addition to what
you're now paying for hazardous waste controls and would affect only
hazardous waste problems. The amounts are not to reduce acid rain
or any other environmental problem,
HAND RESPONDENT CARD 7.
This is the hypothetical situation. A medium-size company that pro-
duces electronic parts is located 3 miles from your home. This company
generates 2,000 gallons of hazardous waste each day and disposes of
them, using established industry-wide practices, in a landfill right at
the plant site. If you're exposed to a large enough amount of these
wastes for a long enough period, there's a chance you will die in 30
years. Under these circumstances, your (and your household mem-
bers') risk of exposure to these wastes is shown on Card A. This is
a risk you could potentially face for all these years until the health
effect is known.
Now, suppose the government added regulations requiring the company
to install special liners that would seal the landfill and monitoring sys-
tems that would detect leaks. These regulations will reduce the chances
that the landfill can leak and will lower your risk of exposure to the
level on Card B.
F.6.a Think about your monthly income and what you spend it on in your
budget. How much would you be willing to pay each month in higher
taxes and in higher prices for products you buy to lower your (and
your household members') risk of exposure from the level on Card A
to the level on Card B?
IF ZERO $, RECORD "0" BELOW AND FOR F.6.a ON
INTERVIEWER REMINDER SHEET, THEN GO TO
F.6.C.
IF GREATER THAN ZERO $, RECORD MONTHLY
AMOUNT BELOW. CONVERT MONTHLY AMOUNT TO
ANNUAL AMOUNT AND RECORD BELOW; THEN SAY:
B-14
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You said that you would be willing to pay (READ MONTHLY AMOUNT)
per month or (READ ANNUAL AMOUNT) per year. In terms of your
annual Income, you would be willing to pay (READ ANNUAL AMOUNT)?
Is that correct?
IF "NO," ASK FOR A REVISED MONTHLY AMOUNT THE RESPONDENT
WOULD BE WILLING TO PAY. IF NO REVISED AMOUNT IS OBTAINED,
RECORD MONTHLY AMOUNT FOR F.S.a ON INTERVIEWER REMINDER
SHEET. JJF REVISED MONTHLY AMOUNT IS OBTAINED RECORD RE-
VISED AMOUNT BELOW AND FOR F.S.a ON INTERVIEWER REMINDER
SHEET.
$ Per Month IF ZERO $, GO (55-57)
(Initial) TO F.6.c; IF
GREATER THAN
$ ZERO $, GO TO (58-60)
(Revised) F.6,b
$ Per Year
Don't know . 94 -» Go to F.6.c
F.6.b Now suppose the government added even more regulations requiring
the company to remove the most toxic materials from the wastes before
they're put into the lined and monitored landfill. This regulation would
reduce your (and your household members') risk of exposure from the
level on Card B to the level on Card C.
In addition to $ per month (FROM F.S.a), how much more in
higher product prices and taxes would you be willing to pay each month
to further reduce your risk of exposure to the company's hazardous
wastes?
IF ZERO $, RECORD "0" BELOW AND FOR F.S.b ON
INTERVIEWER REMINDER SHEET, THEN GO TO F.7.
IF GREATER THAN ZERO $, RECORD MONTHLY
AMOUNT BELOW. CONVERT ADDITIONAL MONTHLY
AMOUNT TO ANNUAL AMOUNT AND RECORD BELOW;
THEN SAY;
You said that you would be willing to pay an additional (READ MONTH-
LY AMOUNT) per month or (READ ANNUAL AMOUNT) per year. In
terms of your annual income, you would be willing to pay an additional
(READ ANNUAL AMOUNT)? Is that correct?
IF "NO," ASK FOR A REVISED MONTHLY AMOUNT THE RESPONDENT
WOULD BE WILLING TO PAY. IF NO REVISED AMOUNT IS OBTAINED,
RECORD MONTHLY AMOUNT FOR F.6.b ON INTERVIEWER REMINDER
SHEET. j_F REVISED MONTHLY AMOUNT IS OBTAINED RECORD RE-
VISED AMOUNT BELOW AND FOR F.S.b ON INTERVIEWER REMINDER
SHEET.
B-15
-------
$ Per Month -> Go to F.7 (61-63!
(Initial)
$ -*• F. 7 (64-66)
(Revised)
$ Per Year
Don't know 94 Go to F.7
F.6.C Now suppose the government added still more regulations requiring the
company to meet very stringent treatment requirements to remove the
toxic materials from the wastes before they're put in the lined and mon-
itored landfill. This regulation would reduce your (and your house-
hold members') risk of exposure from the level on Card A to the level
on Card C.
How much in higher product prices and taxes would you be willing to
pay each month to reduce your risk of exposure from the level on Card
A to the level on Card C?
IF ZERO $, RECORD "0" BELOW AND FOR F.6.C ON
INTERVIEWER REMINDER SHEET, THEN GO TO F.7.
IF GREATER THAN ZERO $, RECORD MONTHLY
AMOUNT BELOW. CONVERT MONTHLY AMOUNT TO
ANNUAL AMOUNT AND RECORD BELOW; THEN SAY:
You said that you would be willing to pay (READ MONTHLY AMOUNT)
per month or (READ ANNUAL AMOUNT) per year. In terms of your
annual income, you would be willing to pay (READ ANNUAL AMOUNT)?
Is that correct?
IF "NO," ASK FOR A REVISED MONTHLY AMOUNT THE RESPONDENT
WOULD BE WILLING TO PAY. IF NO REVISED AMOUNT IS OBTAINED,
RECORD MONTHLY AMOUNT FOR F.6.C ON INTERVIEWER REMINDER
SHEET. J_F REVISED MONTHLY AMOUNT IS OBTAINED RECORD RE-
VISED AMOUNT BELOW AND FOR F.6.C ON INTERVIEWER REMINDER
SHEET.
$ Per Month (67-69)
(Initial)
$ ' (70-72)
(Revised)
$ Per Year
Don't know 94
B-16
-------
F.7 In the situation I just described, I didn't mention any particular cause
of death from exposure to the company's hazardous wastes. Were you
thinking of a particular cause of death?
IF YES, RECORD CAUSE; IF NO, CIRCLE 02.
Yes
(73-74)
No
AFTER READING F,7, REFER TO INTERVIEWER REMINDER SHEET.
IF RESPONSE FROM F.6.C IS ZERO $, GO TO F.8.
IF RESPONSE TO F.S.a IS GREATER THAN ZERO $
GO TO F.9.
F.8 We have found in studies like this one that people have had a lot of
different reasons for answering as they do. Some people felt they did-
n't have enough information to give a dollar amount, some didn't want
to put a dollar value on reducing hazardous waste exposure risk, and
some objected to the way the question was presented. Others gave a
zero dollar amount because that's what it was worth to them or that's
what they could afford.
Which one of these reasons best describes why you answered the way
you did?
REPEAT REASONS, CIRCLE NUMBER; THEN GO TO F.11.
Not enough information
Did not want to place dollar
value .
Objected to how the question was
01
02
presented
That is what it is worth . .
Cannot afford anything . .
Other (SPECIFY)
. . 03
S75-76)
. . 04
. . 05
. . 06
Don't know.
94
B-17
-------
F.9 PLACE CARD 7 IN FRONT OF RESPONDENT.
Think again about this situation. Most experts agree that exposure to
hazardous wastes may cause different kinds of health problems. I am
going to name some of those problems and ask you if you want to
change the (READ THE TOTAL FROM F.6.a + F.6.b OR AMOUNT FROM
F.6.C ON REMINDER SHEET) per month you're willing to pay for your
total risk reduction. You might decide that you would be willing to
pay something different if you thought about different kinds of health
problems. If you decide to change, tell me how much you would change
the monthly amount.
Pa t*rl R
IF RESPONDENT PROVIDED A CAUSE OF DEATH IN F.7, SAY "YOU
TOLD ME THAT THE CAUSE OF DEATH YOU WERE THINKING OF WAS" Dup
AND THEN REPEAT CAUSE.
Suppose the cause of death was
damage to the body's immune
system that protects against
diseases, would you change the
$ monthly amount?
No
Change
00
Circle
One
01
02
Don't
Know
94
Amount
(14-15}
(16-20)
Suppose that instead of a risk
of death, the risk was that of
birth defects severe enough
to mentally retard or physically
handicap children for a lifetime,
would you change the $
monthly amount?
No
Change
00
Circle
One
01
02
Don't
Know
94
Amount
(21-22)
(23-27)
RECORD ONLY THE AMOUNT OF THE CHANGE AND INDICATE THE
DIRECTION OF THE CHANGE BY CIRCLING 01 FOR PLUS (+) OR 02
FOR MINUS (-). FOR EACH CAUSE, ALWAYS ASK ABOUT ANY
CHANGE BASED ON THE INITIAL DOLLAR AMOUNT.
B-18
-------
F. 10 REFER TO INTERVIEWER REMINDER SHEET. FIND CARD LETTER
THAT CORRESPONDS TO LOWEST RISK LEVEL "PURCHASED" AND RE-
. CORD IN NEXT SENTENCE.
Now suppose that the risk of exposure to you (and your household
members) has been reduced to the level on Card .
Suppose that the government adds regulations on this landfill. These
additional regulations would not lower your (or your household mem-
bers') risk, but would lower the risk of exposure to hazardous waste
for fish, wildlife, and plants only. Their combined risks would be low-
ered to the levels they face in nature. Suppose also that none of them
is in danger of becoming extinct.
In addition to the (READ TOTAL OF F.6.a + F.6.b OR AMOUNT FROM
F.6.C ON REMINDER SHEET) you have said you would be willing to
pay, how much more in higher product prices and taxes per month
would you be willing to pay for these regulations that would reduce
risks of exposure for fish, wildlife, and plants only?
IF ZERO $, RECORD "0" BELOW AND GO TO G.I.
IF GREATER THAN ZERO $, RECORD MONTHLY
AMOUNT BELOW. CONVERT ADDITIONAL MONTHLY
AMOUNT TO ANNUAL AMOUNT AND RECORD BELOW;
THEN SAY:
You said that you would be willing to pay an additional (READ MONTH-
LY AMOUNT) per month or (READ YEARLY AMOUNT) per year. In
terms of your annual income, you would be willing to pay an additional
(READ ANNUAL AMOUNT)? Is that correct?
IF "NO," ASK FOR A REVISED MONTHLY AMOUNT THE RESPONDENT
WOULD BE WILLING TO PAY. IF REVISED MONTHLY AMOUNT IS OB-
TAINED, RECORD BELOW.
$ Per Month -* Go to G.1 (28-30)
(Initial)
$ Go to G.1 <31-33)
(Revised)
$ Per Year
Don't know 94 -* Go to G.1
TAKE AWAY ALL CARDS.
B-19
-------
F.11 TAKE AWAY CARDS B AND C; LEAVE CARDS A AND 7.
Now suppose that the risk of exposure to you (and your household
members) Is the same as the level on Card A. Suppose that the gov-
ernment adds regulations on this landfill. These additional regulations
would not lower your (or your household members') risk, but would
lower the risk of exposure to hazardous waste for fish, wildlife, and
plants only. Their combined risks would be lowered to the levels they
face in nature. Suppose also that none of them is in danger of becom-
ing extinct.
How much in higher product prices and taxes per month would you be
wilting to pay for these regulations that would reduce risks of expo-
sure for fish, wildlife, and plants only?
IF ZERO $, RECORD "0" BELOW AND GO TO G.1.
IF GREATER THAN ZERO $, RECORD MONTHLY
AMOUNT BELOW. CONVERT MONTHLY AMOUNT TO
ANNUAL AMOUNT AND RECORD BELOW; THEN SAY:
You said that you would be willing to pay (READ MONTHLY AMOUNT)
per month or (READ YEARLY AMOUNT) per year. In terms of your
annual income, you would be willing to pay (READ ANNUAL AMOUNT)?
Is that correct?
IF "NO," ASK FOR A REVISED MONTHLY AMOUNT THE RESPONDENT
WOULD BE WILLING TO PAY. IF REVISED MONTHLY AMOUNT !S OB-
TAINED, RECORD BELOW.
$ Per Month (34-36)
(Initial)
$ (37-39)
(Revised)
$ Per Year
Don't know 94
TAKE AWAY ALL CARDS.
B-20
-------
SECTION G
G,1 Now let's consider a completely different situation. That is, your dollar
amounts and answers to previous questions are not carried over to this
one. Suppose a medium-size company that produces electronic parts is
located 3 miles from your home. The company generates 2,000 gallons
of toxic hazardous wastes each day and, using established industry-
wide practices, disposes of them in a landfill at the plant site. Your
(and your household members') risk of exposure to these hazardous
wastes is shown by the blackened area in the first circle on Card X.
HAND RESPONDENT CARD X AND ALLOW TIME TO STUDY.
The government has decided to allow the company to increase the
amount of hazardous waste it generates and puts into its landfill. The
company is expected to begin generating and disposing of more hazard-
ous wastes soon.
A new government "regulation would require the company, as well as all
such companies, to remove toxic substances from the hazardous wastes
before they're put into its landfill. If put into effect, the regulation
would keep your risk of exposure at the level on Card X, even after
the company increases the amount of wastes it generates. Without this
regulation, the increased amount "of hazardous waste would raise your
risk of exposure to the level in the first circle on Card Y (HAND
RESPONDENT CARD Y). How much would you be willing to pay month-
ly in higher product prices and taxes to avoid an increase in risk from
that on Card X to that on Card Y?
IF ZERO $, RECORD "0" BELOW AND GO TO G.2.
IF GREATER THAN ZERO $, RECORD MONTHLY
AMOUNT BELOW. CONVERT MONTHLY AMOUNT TO
ANNUAL AMOUNT AND RECORD BELOW; THEN SAY:
You said that you would be willing to pay (READ MONTHLY AMOUNT)
per month or (READ ANNUAL AMOUNT) per year. In terms of your
annual income, you would be willing to pay (READ ANNUAL AMOU NT)?
Is that correct?
IF "NO," ASK FOR A REVISED MONTHLY AMOUNT THE RESPONDENT
WOULD BE WILLING TO PAY. IF REVISED MONTHLY AMOUNT IS OB-
TAINED, RECORD BELOW.
B-21
-------
Per Month ¦* IF ZERO $, GO TO (40-42)
(Initial) G.2; IF GREATER
THAN ZERO $, GO
TO H.1. (43-45)
( Revised)
Per Year
Don't know 94
TAKE AWAY CARDS X AND Y.
We have found in studies like this one that people have had a lot of
different reasons for answering as they do. Some people felt they did-
n't have enough information to give a dollar amount, some didn't want
to put a dollar value on avoiding an increase in hazardous waste expo-
sure risk, and some objected to the way the question was presented.
Others gave a zero dollar amount because that's what it was worth to
them or that's what they could afford.
Which one of these reasons best describes why you answered the way
you did?
REPEAT REASONS AND CIRCLE NUMBER.
Not enough information 01
Did not want to place dollar
value 02
Objected to how the question was
presented 03 (46-47)
That is what it is worth 04
Cannot afford anything 05
Other (SPECIFY) . . 06
Don't know 94
TAKE AWAY CARDS X AND Y.
B-22
-------
SECTION H
H. 1 I want you to think about another, completely different situation. This
is about distance from a plant or factory site with hazardous waste
and how it might affect your choice of where to buy a house. But
first, what would you say is the average cost of a house in your neigh-
borhood?
IF RESPONDENT CAN'T ESTIMATE AN AVERAGE COST, ENCOURAGE
AN ESTIMATE. IF NO ESTIMATE, REFER TO SECTION E ON THE HCF
FOR THE AVERAGE COST AND RECORD BELOW.
Now, suppose you could choose between two almost identical homes like
those in this neighborhood. That is, they have the same' number and
types of rooms and all their other features are the same; and your
children would go to similar schools. The only difference between them
is their distance from a manufacturing plant that disposes of its hazard-
ous waste in a landfill at the plant site. Suppose you could pick any
distance you would want from the hazardous waste site, except that
for each mile between your house and the site, you would pay $1,000
more than for the same house you could get next to the site. For
example, suppose the price of a house next to the site was (READ
AVERAGE COST FROM ABOVE); then the same house 1 mile away would
cost (READ AVERAGE COST) plus $1,000. At an additional cost of
$1,000 per mile, how many miles away from the plant site would you
choose to be?
Respondent's estimate $
of average cost
(48-53)
Average cost from $
HCF, Section E
(54-59)
IF ZERO MILES, RECORD "0" AND GO TO H.2;
IF GREATER THAN ZERO MILES, RECORD MILEAGE
AND COST AS "INITIAL RESPONSE."
Initial Response
Miles x $1,000 = $
(60-62)
$
$
Total Cost of Home
(AVERAGE COST)
B-23
-------
(REPEAT MILEAGE) at $1,000 per mile adds $ to the cost of the
home. You would want the home (REPEAT MILEAGE) from the plant or
factory at a cost of (REPEAT TOTAL COST) compared with (READ
AVERAGE COST) for the same home located next to the plant site? Is
that correct?
IF "NO," ASK FOR
MILEAGE BELOW.
DIFFERENT MILEAGE AND RECORD REVISED
Revised Response
Miles
(63-65)
Don't know 94
H.2 Finding places to build new industrial or power plants, businesses or
commercial buildings, or public facilities is sometimes difficult. I am
going to name some different types of facilities. Suppose that each of
the things I name would definitely be built and would be operated
according to government environmental and safety laws. Tell me the
closest distance to your home that each facility could be built before
you wouId move. If you wouldn't move no matter how close it was
built, please tell me.
IF RESPONSE
COLUMN.
IS "WOULD NOT MOVE," RECORD 00 IN DISTANCE
Distance
in Miles
Don't
Know
Ten-story office building . .
Large industrial plant without
hazardous wastes
Coal-fired power plant . . . .
Nuclear power plant
Four-lane interstate highway .
Gasoline station/convenience
store
Large industrial plant with a
hazardous waste landfill . . .
94
94
94
94
94
94
94
(66-67)
(68-69)
(70-71)
(72-73)
(74-75)
(76-77)
(78-79)
B-24
-------
SECTION I
Card 6
1-13
I.I.a This next series of questions is about employment. Are you now work- Dup,
ing full time or part time for pay? Skip 14
Working full time . . 01 ¦+ Go to 1.1. c
Working part time 02 -> Go to 1.1. c (15-16)
No 03
l.1.b Have you worked for pay, either full-time or part-time at any time dur-
ing the past 12 months, that is, since (MONTH, 1983)?
Yes
No
01 -» Go to l.l.c (17-18)
02 Go to Section J
I.1.C What type of business, industry, or organization (is/was) that? For
example, (is/was) it an insurance company, a retail shoe store, a gov-
ernment agency?
(19-21)
t -1 - d What kind of work (are/were) you doing? For example, (are/were) you
an electrical engineer, a typist, a stock clerk, a salesperson?
(22-24)
l.1.e What (are/were) your most important activities or duties?
I . 1 .f How many hours (do/did) you work in a typical or average week?
Hours
(25-26)
B-25
-------
. 1.g How long (have/did) you (worked/work) in job like (this/that) one?
Months (only if less than
a year)
(27-28)
1.2 HAND RESPONDENT CARD 5.
We may face some risks every day because of the type of work we do.
Now where on the risk ladder would you place your own risk of dying
from a fatal accident on your job?
IF RESPONDENT SAYS "I DON'T KNOW/' ENCOURAGE RESPONDENT
TO MAKE BEST ESTIMATE.
Rung Number. . . .
(31-32)
Don't know 94 •+ Go to 1.4. a
1.3 Now I'm going to ask you some hypothetical questions about changing
your risk of death on your job. Suppose you were offered a new job
just like your present job, but the risk of a fatal accident in this new
job would be 50 percent greater than you've told me. You told me
(POINT TO RISK LADDER) that your risk is the same as (READ TYPE
OF RISK) or (READ NUMBER OF PEOPLE) of 100,000 people.
1.3.a REFER TO CARD 8 FOR THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE CORRESPONDING
TO A 50 PERCENT INCREASE IN RESPONDENT'S PERCEIVED RISK.
A 50 percent increase over (READ RESPONDENT'S PERCEIVED RISK
PER 100,000 PEOPLE) would be (READ CARD 8 FIGURE FOR 50 PER-
CENT INCREASE PER 100,000 PEOPLE).
POINT TO THE CORRESPONDING PLACES ON THE RISK LADDER.
How much more per year than you are now making would the new em-
ployer have to pay you to accept this increased risk?
$ Per Year
Don't know 94 (33-37)
Would not accept job 01 -*¦ Go to 1.4.a
1.3.b REFER TO CARD 8 FOR THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE CORRESPONDING
TO A 100 PERCENT INCREASE IN RESPONDENT'S PERCEIVED RISK.
Suppose instead the risk doubled over what you told me. A 100 per-
cent increase over (READ RESPONDENT'S PERCEIVED RISK PER 100,000
PEOPLE) would be (READ CARD 8 FIGURE FOR 100% INCREASE PER
100,000 PEOPLE).
B-26
-------
POINT TO THE CORRESPONDING PLACE ON THE RISK LADDER.
How much more per year than you are now making would the new em-
ployer have to pay you to accept this increased risk?
$ Per Year S38-42)
Don't know 94
Would not accept job 01
1.4.a REFER TO I.1.C AND l.l.d AND TO CARD 9 TO "FIT" RESPONDENT
INTO AN OCCUPATION CATEGORY. IF POSSIBLE, USE A SPECIFIC
OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORY TO DETERMINE RESPONDENT'S "ACTUAL"
JOB RISK.
Rung No. for "actual" job risk (43-44)
IF RUNG NUMBER FOR "ACTUAL" RISK IS SAME AS RESPONDENT'S
RUNG FROM 1.2, GO TO SECTION J; OTHERWISE CONTINUE,
At this point, I would like to describe some information we have from
records kept by government agencies and private insurance companies.
They keep track of fatal accidents on the job each year and report the
information for the nation as a whole. Based on these reports, the
risk of a fatal accident in a year for jobs like yours would be about
rung (READ NUMBER FROM CARD 9) on the risk ladder. That is,
(NUMBER OF PEOPLE FROM CARD 9) of 100,000 people doing your job
would die from a job-related accident each year. This is (READ EITHER
"HIGHER" OR "LOWER") than what you thought your job risk was.
POINT TO RISK LADDER AND SHOW RESPONDENT THE RELATIVE
POSITIONS OF HIS/HER PERCEIVED RISK FROM QUESTION 1.2 AND
"ACTUAL" RISKS.
1.4. b REFER TO CARD 9 FOR FIGURE FOR 50 PERCENT INCREASE IN
"ACTUAL" RISK PER 100,000 PEOPLE.
Now, suppose that the risk of a fatal accident in the new job were in-
creased 50 percent--that is, from (READ NUMBER FROM CARD 9 OCCU-
PATIONAL DEATHS COLUMN) per 100,000 people to (READ NUMBER
FOR 50 PERCENT INCREASE) per 100,000 people. How much more per
year than you are now making would the new employer have to pay you
to accept this increased risk?
$ Per Year (45-49!
Don't know 94
Would not accept job 01 ^ Go to Section J
B-27
-------
I .4.c REFER TO CARD 9 FOR FIGURE FOR 100 PERCENT INCREASE IN
"ACTUAL" RISK.
Suppose that the risk of a fatal accident in the new job doubled—that
is, increased from (READ NUMBER FROM CARD 9 OCCUPATIONAL
DEATHS COLUMN) per 100,000 people to (READ NUMBER FOR 100 PER-
CENT INCREASE) per 100,000 people. How much more per year than
you are. now making would the new employer have to pay you to accept
this Increased risk?
$
Don't know. .
Per Year
(50-54)
. 94
Would not accept job
01
TAKE AWAY CARD 5.
B-28
-------
SECTION J
Frequently, how we feel about certain issues is affected by our health and the
health of family members. To help interpret the results of this survey, I
would like to ask you some brief questions about your health.
J.I in general, would you say your health is excellent, good, fair, or poor?
Excellent 01
Good 02
Fair 03 (55-56)
Poor 04
Don't know 94
J.2 Comparing your general health to the health of other people your age,
would you say your health is much better, better, about the same,
worse, or much worse?
Much better 01
Better 02
Same 03 (57-58)
Worse 04
Much worse 05
Don't know 94
J.3 Please tell me if you now have or if you have ever had any of the fol-
lowing conditions.
READ LIST AND CIRCLE ALL THAT APPLY.
High blood pressure 01 (59-60)
Heart trouble .02 (61-62)
Diabetes 03 (63-64)
Kidney trouble 04 (65-66)
Cancer or leukemia 05 (67-68)
Effects of stroke 06 (69-70)
None of the above 07 (71-72)
B-29
-------
J. 4 The next question concerns the health of your immediate family. I am
going to read a list of medical conditions. Please tell me if your
brothers or sisters, any of your children, or either of your parents ¦
have or have they ever had any of the conditions. If anyone has or
had one of the conditions, please tell me who. (READ LIST.) Card 7
1-13
Brothers Dup.
or
Sisters
Children
Parents
None
Don't
Know
Skip 14
High blood pressure.
. 01 .
. 02 . .
. . 03 . .
. 04 .
. 94
(15-24)
Heart trouble ....
01 .
. 02 . .
. 03 . .
. 04 .
. 94
(25-34)
Diabetes ......
. 01 .
. 02 . .
. 03 . .
. 04 .
. 94
(35-44)
Kidney trouble . . .
. 01 .
. 02 . .
. 03 . .
. 04 .
. 94
(45-54)
Cancer or leukemia .
. 01 .
. 02 . .
. 03 . .
. 04 .
. 94
(55-64)
Effects of stroke . .
. 01 .
. 02 . .
. 03 . .
. 04 .
. 94
(65-74)
J.5 During the past 2 weeks, how many days were you unable to work or
carry on your regular activities because of illness?
Number of days.
(75-76)
J.6
During the past year, on how many days did you stay overnight in a
hospital or other type of health care facility?
Number of days.
(77-78)
J.7 Do you now smoke tobacco in any form?
Yes . ; 01 -> Go to J. 10
No 02
J.8 Have you ever smoked tobacco in any form?
Yes 01
No . . . . . . 02 ^ Go to K. 1
Card 8
1-13
Dup.
Skip 14
(15-16)
(17-18)
B-30
-------
J.9 When did you stop smoking?
Year
J. 10 When did you start smoking?
(19-20)
Year
(21-22)
J. 11 (Do/did) you smoke cigarettes?
Yes
No .
01
02 -» Go to J. 13
(23-24)
J. 12 How much (do/did) you smoke per day?
Less than one pack
One pack
More than one but less than
two packs
Two packs
More than two packs ....
J. 13 (Do/did) you smoke cigars?
Yes
No .
01
02
03
04
05
01
02 -* Go to J . 15
.14 How many cigars (do/did) you smoke per day?
Number per day
J. 15 (Do/did) you smoke a pipe?
Yes 01
No . . 02 -> Go to K. 1
(25-26)
(27-28)
(29-30)
(31-32)
J. 16 How many pipefulls per day (do/did) you smoke?
PIpefuls per day
(33-34)
B-31
-------
SECTION K
K.1 How long have you lived in this town'
Less than 1 year .
One to 3 years . .
Three to 5 years .
More than 5 years
01
02
03
04
(35-36)
K.2 How many years have you lived at this address?
Months (only if for less than
a year).
Years
(37-38!
(39-40}
K.3 Do you own or rent your home?
Own . . .
Rent . . .
Rent free
01
02
03
(41-42)
K.4
Now I'm going to read some phrases that describe different kinds of
interests people have. As I read each one, please tell me if it's a lot
like you, somewhat like you, a little like you, or not at all like you.
CIRCLE ONE NUMBER ON EACH LINE.
NECESSARY.
REPEAT ANSWER CHOICES AS
A Lot Somewhat
An outdoor person
An environmentalist
Someone who is against nuclear
power for electric plants . . .
Someone who is concerned about
hazardous waste
Someone who is willing to pay
the cost required to control
hazardous waste
01
01
01
01
01
B-32
02
02
02
02
02
A
Little
03
03
03
03
Not
at All
04
04
04
04
04
No
Opinion
05
05
1-
05
05
(43-52)
(53-62)
(83-72)
Card i
13 Dup.
Skip 14
(15-24)
(25-34)
-------
K. 5
HAND RESPONDENT CARD 10.
Imagine that you- have won a prize. The prize is the opportunity to
win some money. There are six different opportunities to win and you
may choose your opportunity. - Which one of the following opportunities
would you choose?
K.S.a
One chance
out
of
100 to win $10,000.
. 01
One chance
out
of
50 to win $5,000. .
. 02
One chance
out
of
20 to win $2,000. .
. 03
One chance
out
of
10 to win $1,000. .
. 04
One chance
out
of
5 to win $500 . . .
. 05
One chance
out
of
2 to win $200 , . .
. 06
None of the
above
07
Don't know
94
(35-36)
TAKE AWAY CARD 10.
K.S.b HAND RESPONDENT CARD 11.
Suppose you could choose among six other opportunities to win some
money. Which one of the following would you choose?
One chance out of 100 to win $1,000
One chance out of 50 to win $500
One chance out of 20 to win $200
One chance out of 10 to win $100
One chance out of 5 to win $50 .
One chance out of 2 to win $20.
None of the above
Don't know
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
94
(37-38)
TAKE AWAY CARD 11.
B-33
-------
K.6 What was the last grade of regular school that you completed — not
counting specialized schools like secretarial, art, or trade schools?
No school
01
Grade school (1-8) .
. . . . .
. . 02
Some high school (9-
11). . . .
. . 03
High school graduate
(12) . .
. . 04
Some college (13-15)
. ....
. . 05
College graduate . .
. 06
Postgraduate (17+) .
. . . . .
. . 07
No response/refused
« «
. . 08
K .7 ASK ONLY IF NOT OBVIOUS
How would you describe your racial or ethnic background?
White or Caucasian .01
Black or Negro 02 {41-42}
Other (SPECIFY). ........ 03
B-34
-------
HAND RESPONDENT CARD 12.
Here's a list of income categories. Please call off the number of the
category that best describes the combined income that you (and mem-
bers of your household) received before taxes in 1983. Include wages,
salaries, income from your business, pensions, dividends, interest, and
any other income before taxes.
Under $5,000 01
$5,000 - $9,999 02
$10,000 - $14,999 03
$15,000 - $19,999 04
$20,000 - $24,999. 05
$25,000 - $29,999 06
$30,000 - $34,999 07
$35,000 - $39,999 . 08
$40,000 - $44,999 09
$45,000 - $49,999. 10
$50,000 - $54,999. 11
$55,000 - $59,999. . 12
$60,000 - $64,999 13
$65,000 - $69,999 14
$70,000 - $74,999 15
$75,000 - $79,999 16
$80,000 and over 17
Not sure/refused 18
B-35
-------
K. 9
ASK ONLY IF RESPONDENT WORKS NOW OR WORKED ANYTIME DUR-
ING THE PAST 12 MONTHS.
I have one last question regarding your monthly wages or salary only.
In order for the people who are doing this study to fully analyze all of
the responses you have given, I would like to ask what your monthly
wage or salary is before taxes. Let me remind you that your name will
never be associated with your response, and your response will only be
used in statistical results.
IF RESPONDENT IS UNABLE TO PROVIDE MONTHLY WAGES OR SAL-
ARY BEFORE TAXES, ASK FOR TAKE HOME WAGES OR SALARY.
Refused 01 (45-46)
Monthly wages or salary $ (47-51)
(Before taxes)
Monthly wages or salary $ (52-56)
(Take home pay)
Thank you for your cooperation. I realize that some of these questions are
difficult and we especially appreciate your thoughtful responses.
There is a possibility that my supervisor will call you to verify my interview
with you. May I ask what is a telephone number where you can be reached?
Telephone Number ( )
B-36
-------
D-2
Risk of Death
Risk of Exposure if Exposed
Possible
Pathways
Heredity
and Health
Card A-2
Combined Risk:
Exposure and Death
Personal
Risk
-------
D-2
Risk of Death
Risk of Exposure if Exposed
Possible Heredity
Pathways and Health
Card B-2
Combined Risk:
Exposure and Death
(twenty-five
hundredths
of 1 percent)
Personal
Risk
-------
D-2
mmr mmm
Risk of Exposure
Possible
Pathways
Risk of Death
if Exposed
(5 percent)
Heredity
and Health
Card C-2
Combined Risk:
Exposure and Death
1,000
(one-tenth
of 1 percent)
Personal
Risk
-------
U-£.
Risk of Death
Risk of Exposure if Exposed
Possible
Pathways
Heredity
and Health
Card Y-2
Combined Risk:
Exposure and Death
Personal
Risk
-------
u-z
, Risk of Death
Risk of Exposure if Exposed
Possible Heredity
Pathways and Health
Card X-2
Combined Risk:
Exposure and Death
1,000
(one-tenth
of 1 percent)
Personal
Risk
-------
CONTINGENT VALUATION SURVEY TO ESTIMATE BENEFITS OF
HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT REGULATIONS
VERSION R 2 2 4
SECTION A
Hello, my name is . I'm with the Research Triangle Insti-
tute, a not-for-profit research company based in North Carolina.
The Institute is conducting a study of the public's attitudes about certain
environmental issues. We have scientifically selected a sample of households
to represent this area and your household is part of that sample. Because
we have chosen relatively few households, your participation is extremely im-
portant. We hope you will help us.
In this interview, I will ask several different kinds of questions about
environmental issues. You can help us get the best possible information for
the study by thinking carefully about each question and taking your time to
answer. If a question isn't clear, tell me and I will read it again. Take as
much time as you need to think about the material I give you and to answer
the questions.
Since most of the questions deal with your attitudes and opinions, there
are no right or wrong answers. You also may decide not to answer a particu-
lar question or you may simply say you don't know. All the information you
provide will be kept strictly confidential and will be used only for overall sta-
tistical results.
Segment Number: j |___
Sample HU Number:
Interviewer ID:
Time Ended:
Time Started:
Interview Length : (minutes)
B-42
-------
SECTION B
Pollution, which affects the quality of our air, water, and food, can
come from many different sources.
HAND RESPONDENT CARD 1.
In a moment I will name several sources of -pollution. Use this scale
card to tell me how harmful you feel each one is to people's health and
to the environment. For example, if you think that oil spills from
supertanker accidents are very harmful, pick the number 10 at the
right-hand end of the scale. On the other hand, if you think that
they're not at all harmful, pick the number 1 at the left-hand end of
the scale.
Now, based on present conditions in the town where you live, tell me
the place on the scale that shows how harmful you think the following
sources of pollution are:
READ LIST BEGINNING AT THE ASTERISK.
IF RESPONSE IS "I DON'T KNOW," RECORD 94 IN THE BOXES.
Card 3
1-13
Dup.
Skip 14
Starting Letter
(15)
a. Pollution from cars, trucks, and buses
(16-17)
b. Pollution from manufacturing plants . . . .
c. Solid waste (garbage, bottles, etc.) from
households
d. Sewage from households
e. Pollution from nuclear and other radioactive
wastes . . .
f. Hazardous waste pollution from dump sites
and factories .
(18-19)
(20-21)
(22-23)
(24-25)
(26-27)
g. Acid rain from electric power plants
h. Pollution from strip mining
TAKE AWAY CARD 1.
(28-29)
(30-31)
B-43
-------
SECTION C
Now 1 want to focus on one source of pollution--pollution from hazardous
wastes. Let me explain what I will be talking about in this interview when I
use the words "hazardous waste." I mean any discarded chemicals, liquids,
or solids that are flammable, corrosive, or explosive, or that react violently
with water. These wastes also include substances that have been found harm-
ful or toxic to people. While radioactive wastes from nuclear power plants
would fit this definition, I want you to think only about nonradioactive waste
from factories or at landfills.
HAND RESPONDENT CARD 2.
To give you an idea of what hazardous wastes are and where they come from,
here's a list of some products we use every day and some wastes that are left
over after they're made. For example, a common waste is the chemical solution
used to tan the leather in shoes, wallets, or purses. After the chemical solu-
tion is used, ft must be thrown away. Because the solution contains chromi-
um, it's considered a hazardous waste. Hazardous wastes are left over after
making a wide range of other consumer products—from the gasoline and batter-
ies for cars to the plastic containers used to package and store food. Some
companies put these wastes in t!" eir own special facilities; others pay companies
to dispose of their wastes in special dumps called hazardous waste landfills.
Some products that we use—like paint, varnish removers, and weed killers--are
themselves considered hazardous wastes when we throw them away. Although
hazardous wastes often have been handled carefully, sometimes the practices
have been inadequate.
ALLOW RESPONDENT TIME TO STUDY CARD 2.
* TAKE AWAY CARD 2.
B-44
-------
SECTION D
Now I want to ask what you may have seen or heard recently about hazardous
wastes.
D.1 During the past 3 months, do you recall reading any news articles or
hearing on radio or television about hazardous waste? (CIRCLE NUM-
BERED RESPONSE.)
Yes 01
No . 02 ^ Go to D.4 (32-33)
Don't know. . . . . 94 ^ Go to D.4
D.2 During the past 3 months, how many times did you read or hear some-
thing in the news about hazardous waste?
None 01
Only once 02
Two to five times 03
(34-35)
Six to ten times 04
More than ten times 05
Don't know 94
D.3 During the past 3 months, was what you read or heard about hazard-
ous waste (READ EACH) or about more than one of these? (CIRCLE
ALL THAT APPLY.)
about your town? 01 (36-37)
about your state? 02 (38-39)
about the entire nation? ..... 03 (40-41)
Don't know 94 (42-43)
D.4 How many miles from your home is the closest industrial plant or factory
that generates or stores hazardous waste?
Miles
(44-46)
Don't know. . . 94 ¦* Go to E.I
D.5 What is the name of that plant or factory?
Name
Don't know.
(47-48)
94
B-45
-------
SECTION E
E. 1 HAND RESPONDENT CARD* 1.
f
Some of the organizations responsible for dealing with hazardous waste
matters have been more effective than others. I'm going to read a list
of those organizations. Please tell me the place on the scale that shows
how good a job you think each is currently doing. Number 10 stands
for very effective, and number 1 stands for not at all effective. How
would you rate the current effectiveness of the following organizations
in dealing with hazardous waste matters?
IF RESPONSE IS "I DON'T KNOW," RECORD 94 IN BOXES.
The federal government
Your state government.
(49-50)
(51-52!
Your town (or local) government.
(53-54)
Your local water district or water
supplier
(55-56)
Major companies that generate hazardous
waste . . . . '
(57-58)
Major waste disposal companies
RESPONDENT KEEPS CARD 1.
B-46
-------
SECTION F
HAND RESPONDENT CARD 3.
We may face risks of being exposed to hazardous waste in several different
ways. For example, people could be exposed if hazardous waste got into a
town's drinking water supply. Wastes also can find their way into the soil
and into local rivers, lakes, or bays, damaging fish or shellfish. They even
can get into the air as toxic gases, if they ignite or burn incompletely, or
evaporate from a dump. We don't know how often people are exposed in these
ways or exactly how harmful hazardous wastes are to people or to the environ-
ment.
F. 1 Here where you live, what do you think your chance is during the next
year of being exposed to hazardous waste through each of the ways
listed on Card 3? If you think you're certain to be exposed, pick num-
ber 10, and if you think there is no chance at all, pick number 1.
What do you think your chance is of being exposed during the next
year to hazardous wastes through. . . (READ LIST).
IF RESPONSE IS "I DON'T KNOW," RECORD 94 IN BOXES.
Water you drink
(61-62)
Air you breathe
(63-64)
Touching wastes in contaminated soil
(65-66)
Eating food grown in contaminated soil or
eating meat from contaminated animals . .
(67-68)
Eating fish or shellfish from contaminated
waters
(69-70)
TAKE AWAY CARDS 1 AND 3.
B-47
-------
2 HAND RESPONDENT CARD 4.
It is possible that you personally may have done some things to reduce
your risk of exposure to hazardous waste, In the last 5 years have
you done any of the things shown on this card for the sole purpose of
reducing your risk of exposure to hazardous waste?
IF "NONE" OR "I DON'T KNOW," CIRCLE NUMBER. IF "YES," ASK
FOR THE MONTH AND YEAR EACH ACTION TAKEN WAS BEGUN AND
ENDED. FOR ACTION "a," PROBE FOR THE NUMBER OF UNITS PUR- Cgrd 4
CHASED DURING THE LAST 5 YEARS AND THE COST PER UNIT. FOR 1-13
ACTION "b," PROBE FOR THE NUMBER OF UNITS PURCHASED PER Dup.
MONTH AND THE COST PER UNIT. FOR ACTION "c," PROBE FOR Skip 14
NUMBER OF SUCH MEETINGS ATTENDED DURING THE LAST 5 YEARS.
None 01
Don't know 94
Approximate
Year
Action Start End
Installed water filter
Purchased bottled water
Attended public meeting(s)—e.g.,
town meeting, water district meeting—
to learn about hazardous wastes . . .
TAKE AWAY CARD 4.
3 Throughout our lives, there are many different risks of dying. There
is a risk or chance we may die from an accident, some long-term ill-
ness, or suddenly from some health problem.
HAND RESPONDENT CARD 5.
This ladder shows the different risks of dying associated with a variety
of common activities, including accidents, habits, hobbies, illnesses,
natural disasters, and job accidents. The numbers on the right show
the risks for each of the activities listed. The ladder displays these
risks from low to high so you can easily compare them. The two types
of risks shown are those based on some of the people and those based
on all of the people in the United States. For example, numbers shown
for the jobs and smoker are based only on people who work in those
jobs or who smoke. This means, for instance, that during the next
year 47 of every 100,000 homebuilders in the United States will die from
an on-the-job accident. However, the numbers shown for the remaining
risks are based on averages for all people in the United States. This
means, for instance, that during the next year, 77 out of 100,000 peo-
ple in this country will die from a stroke. Notice also that there are
breaks between'the five parts of the ladder to show that the difference
in risk levels are quite large between each part.
B-48
(15-16)
Number
of
Units/ Unit
Times Cost
$ (17-25)
$ (26-34)
(35-41)
-------
I would like you to use this ladder to answer some questions about your
own risk of dying from several different causes. Suppose I asked
where on the ladder would you place your own risk of dying from a
boating accident during the next year. If you thought your risk of
dying from this cause was about the same as dying in a home fire, then
you would read me the number 4, which is the ladder rung that corre-
sponds to home fire. There are no correct answers to these questions.
I simply want you to use this ladder as a way to show me what you
think your own risk is of dying from a particular cause.
Now, where on the risk ladder would you place your own risk of (READ
LIST) during the next year.
RECORD RUNG NUMBER MENTIONED BY THE RESPONDENT;
SPONSE IS "I DON'T KNOW," RECORD 94.
IF RE-
Dying from an auto accident?
(42-43)
Dying from heart disease"!
(44-45)
Dying from a disease or illness caused by
air pollution?
(46-47)
Dying from a disease or illness caused by
hazardous waste?
(48-49)
TAKE AWAY CARD 5.
HAND RESPONDENT CARD A WITHOUT DOLLAR AMOUNTS.
Another way to think about hazardous wastes and risk is with this
card. It uses circles to stand for two different kinds of risks we face
from hazardous waste.
Since risk involves chance, we can also think of risks by putting point-
ers that would spin easily on each of the circles. A pointer has an
equal chance of landing at any spot on its circle. The larger the por-
tion of the circle that is "cut out" by the blackened area--that is, the
bigger the siice--the more likely the pointer would land there. On the
first circle on Card A, for example, 10 percent of this circle is black-
ened. There is one chance in 10, or 10 percent chance, the pointer
will land in the blackened area. This means that, on the average, for
every 10 spins the pointer would land in the blackened slice once.
The numbers on the cards are hypothetical because even experts dis-
agree about the sizes of the risks. However, in the rest of this inter-
view , J_ want you to think of these numbers as actual risks you face.
B-49
-------
Look at the differences between each circle. The first circle shows
the risk or chance that you (and your household members) would be
exposed to hazardous waste. By exposed, I mean touching, breathing,
eating, or drinking a large enough amount of a hazardous waste over a
period of time so that it could be harmful. Exposure through the path-
ways we have discussed could be a brief, one-time thing, or it could
happen over several months or years.
The importance of the middle circle is that it stands for the second,
and different, type of hazardous waste risk--the chance of dying after
being exposed. This means that even if you're exposed, there's a sep-
arate chance--not a certainty--that you would die. For example, some
people are healthier or have better resistance. Whether or not you're
actually harmed is based upon your physical makeup, heredity, and
overall health. An important thing to remember about the first two
circles is that you would never have to spin the pointer on the second
circle as long as the pointer on the first circle never landed in_ the
blackened area. In other words, there's no chance you would die from
the effects of hazardous wastes if you're never exposed to them.
The third circle combines the two types of risks into a person's overall
risk. It shows the bottom line: your chances both of being exposed
to hazardous wastes and, once exposed, dying. The combined risk of
exposure and death is found by multiplying the chance you see in the
first circle by the chance in the second circle.
HAND RESPONDENT CARD C WITHOUT DOLLAR AMOUNTS.
F.4 Please look at Cards A and C. The risk of exposure decreases from 1
chance in 10, or 10 percent chance on Card A to 1 chance in 50, or
2 percent chance on Card C. Since your heredity doesn't change, the
middle circles don't change. This also means the combined risk de-
creases from 1 chance in 100 to 1 chance in 500, or from 1 percent to
two-tenths of 1 percent.
F.4.a Now, think about a hypothetical situation using Cards A and C. Sup-
pose that Card A shows your risk of exposure from a hazardous chemi-
cal in your drinking water supply. Do you think that by moving you
could reduce your risk of exposure to the level shown on Card C? I
am not asking would you actually move, but is it possible that by mov-
ing you could reduce your risk to the level on Card C?
No ... .
Don't know
Yes
01
02 -> Go to F.5
94 ¦* Go to F.5
(50-51)
B-50
-------
F.4.b How far do you think you would need to move to lower your risk to
the exposure level on Card C?
Miles
(52-54)
Don't know 94
TAKE AWAY CARDS A AND C
F.5 Next, I would like you to think about the costs of more controls on
hazardous wastes. When the government decides to clean up abandoned
dump sites, place stricter controls on landfills, or stop some very toxic
wastes from being generated, these actions would reduce the risk of
exposure. However, they cost someone. As consumers and as taxpay-
ers, we pay for the costs of better control of hazardous waste.
HAND RESPONDENT CARD 6.
The top part of this card shows how we would pay for lower exposure
risks through higher prices for the products we buy. If the govern-
ment puts stricter regulations on car makers, shoe companies, or chem-
ical companies, it would cost them more to make their products. Then
if you buy a pair of shoes or a pesticide, you would pay a higher price
than you would without the regulations.
The lower part of this card shows how we would also pay for lower ex-
posure risks through higher local, state, or federal taxes. The card
shows the higher tax bills providing more money to investigate and en-
force the regulations and to clean up places like Times Beach or Love
Canal.
ALLOW RESPONDENT TIME TO STUDY; THEN TAKE AWAY CARD 6.
HAND RESPONDENT CARDS B AND C WITH DOLLAR AMOUNTS.
POINT TO CARDS B AND C
Now, think about these cards and about paying in higher prices and
taxes. As you can see on the cards, the risk of exposure decreases
from 1 chance in 20 on Card B to 1 chance in 50 on Card C. The de-
crease means your combined risk of exposure and death gets smaller.
The amounts you would pay in higher product prices and taxes increase
while the risk of exposure decreases.
Using a hypothetical situation, I'm going to ask you some questions
about paying for different levels of exposure risk for you (and your
household members).
B-51
-------
F.6 Before I go on, there are two things to keep in mind. One, please
decide how to respond as though you actually were facing this hypo-
thetical situation, In other words, I would like you to keep in mind
your (and your household members') income, how you budget your mon-
ey, the kinds of products you buy and the taxes you pay. Two, any
amounts that you're willing to pay would be ]n addition to what you're
now paying for hazardous waste controls and would affect only hazard-
ous waste problems. The amounts are not to reduce acid rain or any
other environmental problem.
HAND RESPONDENT CARD 7.
This is the hypothetical situation. A medium-size company that pro-
duces electronic parts is located 3 miles from your home. This company
generates 2,000 gallons of hazardous waste each day, and disposes of
them, using established industry-wide practices, in a landfill right at
the plant site. If you're exposed to a large enough amount of these
wastes for a long enough period, there's a chance you will die in 30
years. Under these circumstances, your (and your household mem-
bers') risk of exposure is a risk you could potentially face for all these
years until the health effect is known.
The government could introduce regulations which require the company
to install special liners that will seal the landfill and monitoring systems
that will detect leaks. These regulations would reduce the chances that
the landfill could leak and your (and your household members') risk of
exposure would be at the level on Card B. This would require a
monthly payment of $5 in higher product prices and taxes.
HAND RESPONDENT CARD A WITH DOLLAR AMOUNTS; ALLOW TIME
TO STUDY
if the government decides not to introduce regulations requiring special
liners and monitoring systems, - this could lead to a government cost
savings, and the company would not raise its product prices as it would
do with the regulations. If these regulations are not added, taxes
could be reduced $20 per month. The risk of exposure for you (and
your household members) would be at the level on Card A.
Alternatively, the government could add more regulations than described
for Card B. These would require the company to remove the most toxic
materials from the wastes before they are put into the lined and moni-
tored landfill. Your risk of exposure would be at the level on Card C,
and these regulations would require a monthly payment of $40 in higher
product prices and taxes.
HAND RESPONDENT CARD D WITH DOLLAR AMOUNTS; ALLOW TIME
TO STUDY
Suppose additional regulations would require the company to use more
expensive ways to make its products. There would be a reduction in
some of the most toxic wastes generated. Your risk of exposure would
be at the level on Card D, and these regulations would require a
monthly payment of $80 in higher product prices and taxes.
B-52
-------
Look over the hypothetical situation on Card 7 once more. Now, think-
ing about your monthly income and what you spend it on in your bud-
get, rank these cards. Place on top of the pile the card with the pay-
ment and risk combination you prefer the most and the card with the
combination you like least on the bottom.
Card Letter (e.g, B2)
Preferred the most (55-56)
(57-58)
(59-60)
Preferred the least (61-62)
Don't know/refused 94
F.7 In the situation I just described, I didn't mention any particular cause
of death from exposure to the company's hazardous wastes. Were you
thinking of a particular cause of death? (IF YES, RECORD CAUSE; IF
NO, CIRCLE 02.)
Yes
(63-64)
No 02
IF RESPONSE FROM F.6 IS DON'T KNOW/REFUSED,
GO TO F.9.
IF RANKING IS OBTAINED IN F.6, GO TO. F.8.
F.8 PLACE CARD 7 IN FRONT OF RESPONDENT.
Think again about the same situation. Most experts agree that exposure
to hazardous wastes may cause different kinds of health problems. I'm
going to name some of those problems and ask you if you want to
change the way you ranked the cards. You might decide that you
would be willing to pay something different if you thought about differ-
ent kinds of health problems. If you decide to change your ranking,
please go ahead.
IF RESPONDENT PROVIDED A CAUSE OF DEATH IN F.7, SAY "YOU
TOLD ME THAT THE CAUSE YOU WERE THINKING OF WAS," AND
THEN REPEAT THAT CAUSE.
B-53
-------
Most
Preferred
Suppose the cause of death
was damage to the body's
immune system that protects _
against diseases, would you
change your ranking of the
cards?
Suppose that instead of a risk
of death, the risk was that of
birth defects severe enough
to mentally retard or physically _
handicap children for a life-
time, would you change your
ranking of the cards?
IF RANKING IS CHANGED IN RESPONSE TO THE FIRST ITEM, PLACE
THE CARDS IN THEIR PRIOR ORDER AND HAND THEM BACK TO THE
RESPONDENT BEFORE GOING TO THE SECOND ITEM ABOVE.
ArTER READING THE SECOND ITEM ABOVE, GO TO F.10
F.9 We have found in studies like this one that people have had a lot of
different reasons for answering as they do. Some people feel they don't
have enough information to rank the cards, some can't decide what their
preferences are, some think the monthly payments are too large, and
some don't understand what they're asked to do. Which one of these
reasons best describes why you didn't rank the cards?
REPEAT REASONS AND CIRCLE NUMBER.
Not enough information 01
Couldn't decide on your
preferences 02
Monthly payments are too
large 03 (22-23)
Didn't understand what you
were asked to do 04
Other (SPECIFY) 05
Don't know 94
Least No Don't
Preferred Change Know
01 94 (65-72)
Card 5
1-13
Dup.
01 94 (14-21)
B-54
-------
F.10 REMOVE RANKING CARDS A-D AND HAND RESPONDENT CARD A
WITHOUT DOLLAR AMOUNTS.
I would like to ask you about paying in higher prices and taxes to re-
duce your (and your household members') risk of exposure to hazardous
wastes. Look over the situation described on this card. (MAKE SURE
RESPONDENT HAS CARD 7). Under the circumstances described on
the card, assume that your risk of exposure to the company's hazard-
ous wastes is shown by the first circle on Card A. Now, suppose that
government regulations could reduce your risk of exposure from the
level on Card A to a level where you (and your household members)
would never be exposed to hazardous wastes. Thinking about your
monthly income and what you spend it on in your budget, how much
would you be willing to pay each month in higher prices and taxes to
reduce your risk of exposure from the level on Card A to a level where
you would know for certain you would not be exposed?
IF ZERO $, RECORD "0" BELOW AND GO TO F.12.
IF GREATER THAN ZERO $, RECORD MONTHLY
AMOUNT BELOW. CONVERT MONTHLY AMOUNT TO
ANNUAL AMOUNT AND RECORD BELOW; THEN SAY:
You said that you would be willing to pay (READ MONTHLY AMOUNT)
per month or (READ ANNUAL AMOUNT) per year. 1 n terms of your
annual income, you would be willing to pay (READ ANNUAL AMOUNT)?
Is that correct?
IF "NO," ASK FOR A REVISED MONTHLY AMOUNT THE RESPONDENT
WOULD BE WILLING TO PAY. IF REVISED MONTHLY AMOUNT IS OB-
TAINED, RECORD BELOW AND GO TO F.11.
$ Per Month + IF ZERO $, (24-26)
(Initial) GO TO F.12;
' IF GREATER
$ THAN ZERO $, (27-29)
(Revised) GO TO F.11
$ Per Year
Don't know . 94 -> Go to Q. F.12
B-55
-------
F.11 Now suppose that the risk of exposure has been reduced to a level
where you (and your household members) would never be exposed to
hazardous wastes. In effect, there would be no risks to your health,
but there would still be some risk of exposure for fish, wildlife, and
plants. Suppose that the government more strictly regulates this land-
fill to lower the risk of exposure to hazardous wastes for fish, wildlife,
and plants oniy-~not for humans. Their combined risks would be low-
ered to the levels plants and animals face in nature. Also suppose that
none of the fish, wildlife-, or plants is in danger of becoming extinct.
In addition to the (READ MONTHLY DOLLAR AMOUNT FROM F.10) you
have said you would be willing to pay, how much more in higher prod-
uct prices and taxes per month would you be willing to pay for these
regulations?
IF ZERO $, RECORD "0" BELOW AND GO TO G.1 .
IF GREATER THAN ZERO $, RECORD MONTHLY
AMOUNT BELOW. CONVERT MONTHLY AMOUNT TO
ANNUAL AMOUNT AND RECORD BELOW; THEN SAY:
You said that you would be willing to pay an additional (READ MONTH-
LY AMOUNT) per month or an additional (READ ANNUAL AMOUNT)
per year. In terms of your annual income, you would be willing to
pay an additional (READ ANNUAL AMOUNT)? Is that correct?
IF "NO," ASK FOR A REVISED MONTHLY AMOUNT THE RESPONDENT
WOULD BE WILLING TO PAY. IF REVISED MONTHLY AMOUNT IS OB-
TAINED, RECORD BELOW AND GO TO G.I .
$ Per Month * Go to G.I (30-32)
(Initial)
$__ , " ~ Go to G.1 {33-35}
(Revised)
• * $ Per Year
Don't know. . . . . . . . . . . . 94 -*¦ Go to Q.G.1
TAKE AWAY ALL CARDS.
B-S6
-------
F.12 Now suppose that the risk of exposure to you (and your household
members) is the same as the level on Card A. Suppose that the gov-
ernment further regulates this landfill to lower the risk of exposure to
hazardous wastes for fish, wildlife, and plants only-~not for humans.
Their combined risks would be lowered to the levels plants and animals
face in nature. Suppose also that none of them is in danger of becom-
ing extinct. How much in higher product prices and taxes per month
would you be willing to pay for these regulations?
IF ZERO $, RECORD "0" BELOW AND GO TO G.I.
IF GREATER THAN ZERO $, RECORD MONTHLY
AMOUNT BELOW. CONVERT MONTHLY AMOUNT TO
ANNUAL AMOUNT AND RECORD BELOW; THEN SAY:
You said that you would be willing to pay (READ MONTHLY AMOUNT)
per month or (READ ANNUAL AMOUNT) per year. In terms of your
annual income, you would be willing to pay (READ ANNUAL AMOUNT)?
Is that correct?
IF "NO," ASK FOR A REVISED MONTHLY AMOUNT THE RESPONDENT
WOULD BE WILLING TO PAY. IF REVISED MONTHLY AMOUNT IS OB-
TAINED, RECORD BELOW.
$_
$_
$_
(Initial)
(Revised)
Per Month
(36-38)
(39-41}
Per Year
Don't know.
94
TAKE AWAY ALL CARDS.
B-57
-------
TH15 PAGE IS LEFT BLANK INTENTIONALLY
B-58
-------
SECTION G
G. 1 Now let's consider a completely different situation. That is, your dollar
amounts and answers to previous questions are not carried over to this
one. Suppose a medium-size company that produces electronic parts is
located 3 miles from your home. The company generates 2,000 gallons
of toxic hazardous wastes each day and, using established industry-
wide practices, disposes of them in a landfill at the plant site. Your
(and your household members') risk of exposure to these hazardous
wastes is shown by the blackened area in the first circle on Card X.
HAND RESPONDENT CARD X AND ALLOW TIME TO STUDY.
Your town council voted for a proposal to allow the company to increase
the amount of hazardous waste it generates and puts into its landfill.
The company is expected to begin generating and disposing of more
hazardous wastes soon.
A new government regulation would require the company, as wel! as all
such companies, to remove toxic substances from the hazardous wastes
before they're put into its landfill. If put into effect, the regulation
would keep your risk of exposure at the level on Card X, even after
the company increases the amount of wastes it generates. Without this
regulation, the increased amount of hazardous waste would raise your
risk of exposure to the level in the first circle on Card Y (HAND
RESPONDENT CARD Y). How much would you be willing to pay month-
ly in higher product prices and taxes to avoid an increase in risk from
that on Card X to that on Card Y?
IF ZERO $, RECORD "0" BELOW AND GO TO G.2.
IF GREATER. THAN ZERO $, RECORD MONTHLY
AMOUNT BELOW. CONVERT MONTHLY AMOUNT TO
ANNUAL AMOUNT AND RECORD BELOW; THEN SAY:
You said that you would be willing to pay (READ MONTHLY AMOUNT)
per month or (READ ANNUAL AMOUNT) per year. In terms of your
annual income, you would be willing to pay (READ ANNUAL AMOUNT)?
Is that correct?
IF "NO," ASK FOR A REVISED MONTHLY AMOUNT THE RESPONDENT
WOULD BE WILLING TO PAY. IF REVISED MONTHLY AMOUNT IS OB-
TAINED, RECORD BELOW.
B-59
-------
$ Per Month ¦+ IF ZERO $, GO TO (42-44)
(Initial) G.2; IF GREATER
THAN ZERO $, GO
$ TO H.I. (45-47)
(Revised)
$ Per Year
Don't know 94
TAKE AWAY CARDS X AND Y.
G.2 We have found in studies like this one that people have had a lot of
different reasons for answering as they do. Some people felt they did-
n't have enough information to give a dollar amount, some didn't want
to put a dollar value on avoiding an increase in hazardous waste expo-
sure risk, and some objected to the way the question was presented.
Others gave a zero dollar amount because that's what it was worth to
them or that's what they could afford.
Which one of these reasons best describes why you answered the way
you did?
REPEAT REASONS AND CIRCLE NUMBER.
Not enough Information ...... 01
Did not want to place dollar
value .............. 02
Objected to how the question was
presented 03 (48-49)
That is what it is worth . .... 04
Cannot afford anything 05
Other (SPECIFY) . 06
Don't know 94
TAKE AWAY CARDS X AND Y.
B-60
-------
SECTION H
H. 1 I want you to think about another, completely different situation. This
is about distance from a plant or factory site - with hazardous waste
and how it might affect your choice of where to buy a house. But
first, what would you say is the average cost of a house in your neigh-
borhood?
IF RESPONDENT CAN'T ESTIMATE AN AVERAGE COST, ENCOURAGE
AN ESTIMATE. IF NO ESTIMATE, REFER TO SECTION E ON THE HCF
FOR THE AVERAGE COST AND RECORD BELOW.
Now, suppose you could choose between two almost identical homes like
those in this neighborhood. That is, they have the same number and
types of rooms and all their other features are the same; and your
children would go to similar schools. The only difference between them
is their distance from a manufacturing plant that disposes of its hazard-
ous waste in a landfill at the plant site. Suppose you could pick any
distance you would want from the hazardous waste site, except that
for each mile between your house and the site, you would pay $1,300
more than for the same house you could get next to the site. For
example, suppose the price of a house next to the site was (READ
AVERAGE COST FROM ABOVE); then the same house 1 mile away would
cost (READ AVERAGE COST) plus $1,300. At an additional cost of
$1,300 per mile, how many miles away from the plant site would you
choose to be?
Respondent's estimate $
of average cost
(50-55)
Average cost from $
HCF, Section E
(56-61)
IF ZERO MILES, RECORD "0" AND GO TO H.2;
IF GREATER THAN ZERO MILES, RECORD MILEAGE
AND COST AS "INITIAL RESPONSE."
Initial Response
Miles x $1,300 = $
(62-64)
$
+
$
Total Cost of Home
(AVERAGE COST)
B-61
-------
(REPEAT MILEAGE) at $1,300 per mile adds $ to the cost of the
home. You would want the home (REPEAT MILEAGE) from the plant or
factory at a cost of (REPEAT TOTAL COST) compared with (READ
AVERAGE COST) for the same home located next to the plant site? Is
that correct?
IF "NO," ASK FOR DIFFERENT MILEAGE AND RECORD REVISED
MILEAGE BELOW.
Revised Response
Miles (65-67)
Don't know 94
Finding places to build new industrial or power plants, businesses or
commercial buildings, or public facilities is sometimes difficult. I am
going to name some different types of facilities. Suppose that each of
the things I name would - definitely be built and would be operated
according to government environmental and safety laws. Tell me the
closest distance to your home that each facility could be built before
you would move. If you wouldn't move no matter how close it was
built, please tell me.
IF RESPONSE
COLUMN.
IS "WOULD NOT MOVE," RECORD 00 IN DISTANCE
Distance Don't
in Miles Know
Ten-story office building
Large industrial plant without
hazardous wastes
Coal-fired power plant . . .
Nuclear power plant ....
Four-lane interstate highway
Gasoline station/convenience
store
94
94
94
94
94
94
{68-69)
(70-71)
(72-73)
(74-75)
(76-77)
(78-79)
Large industrial plant with a
hazardous waste landfill . .
94
Card 6
1-13
Dup.
Skip 14
(15-16)
B-62
-------
SECTION I
1.1.a This next series of questions is about employment. Are you now work-
ing full time or part time for pay?
Working full time . . 01 -*¦ Go to 1.1 .c
Working part time 02 ¦* Go to 1.1 .c (17-18)
No 03
1.1. b Have you worked for pay, either full-time or part-time at any time dur-
ing the past 12 months, that is, since (MONTH, 1983)?
Yes * 01 - Go to 1.1.c (ig_20)
No 02 •* Go to Section J
i.1.c What type of business, industry, or organization (is/was) that? For
example, (is/was) it an insurance company, a retail shoe store, a gov-
ernment agency?
(21-23)
l.l.d What kind of work (are/were) you doing? For example, (are/were) you
an electrical engineer, a typist, a stock clerk, a salesperson?
(24-26) ,
l.l.e What (are/were) your most important activities or duties?
1.1 .f
How many hours (do/did) you work in a typical or average
week?
Hours
(27-28)
B-63
-------
M.g
How long (have/did) you (worked/work) in Job like (this/that) one?
Months (only if less than
a year)
Years
1.2 HAND RESPONDENT CARD 5.
(29-30)
(31-32)
We may face some risks every day because of the type of work we do.
Now where on the risk ladder would you place your own risk of dying
from a fatal accident on your job?
IF RESPONDENT SAYS "I DON'T KNOW," ENCOURAGE RESPONDENT
TO MAKE BEST ESTIMATE.
Rung Number.
(33-34)
Don't know, . . . 94 ¦* Go to 1.4.a
1.3 Now I'm going to ask you some hypothetical questions about changing
your risk of death on your job. Suppose you were offered a new job
just like your present job, but the risk of a fatal accident in this new
job would be SO percent greater than you've told me. You told me
(POINT TO RISK LADDER) that your risk is the same as (READ TYPE
OF RISK) or (READ NUMBER OF PEOPLE) of 100,000 people.
1.3.a REFER TO CARD 8 FOR THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE CORRESPONDING
TO A 50 PERCENT INCREASE IN RESPONDENT'S PERCEIVED RISK.
A 50 percent increase over (READ RESPONDENT'S PERCEIVED RISK
PER 100,000 PEOPLE) would be (READ CARD 8 FIGURE FOR 50 PER-
CENT INCREASE PER 100,000 PEOPLE).
POINT TO THE CORRESPONDING PLACES ON THE RISK LADDER.
How much more per year than you are now making would the new em-
ployer have to pay you to accept this increased risk?
$ Per Year (35-39)
Don't know 94
Would not accept job . . . . . . . 01 -> Go to 1.4.a
.3.b REFER TO CARD 8 FOR THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE CORRESPONDING
TO A 100 PERCENT INCREASE IN RESPONDENT'S PERCEIVED RISK.
Suppose instead the risk doubled over what you told me. A 100 per-
cent increase over (READ RESPONDENT'S PERCEIVED RISK PER 100,000
PEOPLE) would be (READ CARD 8 FIGURE FOR 100% INCREASE PER
100,000 PEOPLE).
B-64
-------
POINT TO THE CORRESPONDING PLACE ON THE RISK LADDER.
How much more per year than you are now making would the new em-
ployer have to pay you to accept this increased risk?
$ ) Per Year (40-44)
Don't know 94
Would not accept job 01
1.4.a REFER TO l.l.c AND i.1.d AND TO CARD 9 TO "FIT" RESPONDENT
INTO AN OCCUPATION CATEGORY. IF POSSIBLE, USE A SPECIFIC
OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORY TO DETERMINE RESPONDENT'S "ACTUAL"
JOB RISK.
Rung No. for "actual" job risk (45-46)
IF RUNG NUMBER FOR "ACTUAL" RISK IS SAME AS RESPONDENT'S
RUNG FROM 1.2, GO TO SECTION J; OTHERWISE CONTINUE.
At this point, I would like to describe some information we have from
records kapt by government agencies and private insurance companies.
They keep track of fatal accidents on the job each year and report the
information for the nation as a whole. Based on these reports, the
risk of a fatal accident in a year for jobs like yours would be about
rung (READ NUMBER FROM CARD 9) on the risk ladder. That is,
(NUMBER OF PEOPLE FROM CARD 9) of 100,000 people doing your job
would die from a job-related accident each year. This is (READ EITHER
"HIGHER" OR "LOWER") than what you thought your job risk was.
POINT TO RISK LADDER AND SHOW RESPONDENT THE RELATIVE
POSITIONS OF HIS/HER PERCEIVED RISK FROM QUESTION 1.2 AND
¦ "ACTUAL" RISKS.
I.4.b REFER TO CARD 9 FOR FIGURE FOR 50 PERCENT INCREASE IN
"ACTUAL" RISK PER 100,000 PEOPLE.
Now, suppose that the risk of a fatal accident in the new job were in-
creased 50 percent—that is, from (READ NUMBER FROM CARD 9 OCCU-
PATIONAL DEATHS COLUMN) per 100,000 people to (READ NUMBER
FOR 50 PERCENT INCREASE) per 100,000 people. How much more per
year than you are now making would the new employer have to pay you
to accept this increased risk?
$ Per Year (47-51)
Don't know 94
Would not accept job ....... 01 ¦* Go to Section J
B-65
-------
I.4.C REFER TO CARD 9 FOR FIGURE FOR 100 PERCENT INCREASE IN
"ACTUAL" RISK.
Suppose that the risk of a fatal accident in the new job doubled--that
is, increased from (READ NUMBER FROM CARD 9 OCCUPATIONAL
DEATHS COLUMN) per 100,000 people to (READ NUMBER FOR 100 PER-
CENT INCREASE) per 100,000 people. How much more per year than
you are now making would the new employer have to pay you to accept
this increased risk?
$
Don't know. . . . .
Would not accept job
Per Year
01
94
(52-56)
TAKE AWAY CARD 5.
B-66
-------
SECTION J
Frequently, how we feel about certain issues is affected by our health and the
health of family members. To help interpret the results of this survey, I
would like to ask you some brief questions about your health.
J.I In general, would you say your health is excellent, good, fair, or poor?
Excellent 01
. Good 02
Fair ............... 03
Poor 04
Don't know 94
J.2 Comparing your general health to the health of other people your age,
would you say your health is much better, better, about the same,
worse, or much worse?
Much better 01
Better 02
Same 03
Worse 04
Much worse 05
Don't know. _ 94
J.3 Please tell me if you now have or if you have ever had any of the fol-
lowing conditions.
READ LIST AND CIRCLE ALL THAT APPLY.
High blood pressure
Heart trouble
Diabetes
Kidney trouble
Cancer or leukemia
Effects of stroke
None of the above .......
(57-58)
(59-60)
01
(61-62)
02
(63-64)
03
(65-66)
04
(67-68)
05
(69-70)
06
(71-72)
07
(73-74)
B-67
-------
J.4
J.5
The next question concerns the health of your immediate family. I am
going to read a list of medical conditions. Please tell me if your
brothers or sisters, any of your children, or either of your parents
have or have they ever had any of the conditions. If anyone has or
had one of the conditions, please tell me who. (READ LIST.)
Brothers
or
Don't
Card?
1-13
Dup.
Skip 14
Sisters
Children
Parents
None
Know
High blood pressure.
. 01 . .
. 02 . . .
. 03 . .
04 .
94
(15-24)
Heart trouble ....
. 01 . .
. 02 . . .
. 03 . .
04 .
94
(25-34)
Diabetes
. 01 . .
. 02 . . .
. 03 . .
04 .
"94
(35-44)
Kidney trouble . . .
. 01 . .
. 02 . . .
. 03 . .
04 .
94
(45-54)
Cancer or leukemia .
. 01 . .
. 02 . . .
. 03 . .
04 .
94
(55-64)
Effects of stroke . .
. 01 . .
. 02 . . .
. 03 . .
04 . .
94
(65-74)
During the past 2 weeks, how many days
carry on your regular activities because of i
were you
llness?
unable
to work or
Number of days.
(75-76)
J.6 During the past year, on how many days did you stay overnight in a
hospital or other type of health care facility?
Number of days.
(77-78)
J.7 Do you now smoke tobacco in any form?
Cards
1-13
Dup.
Skip 14
Yes
No .
01 ¦+ Go to J. 10
02
(15-16)
J.8 Have you ever smoked tobacco in any form?
Yes
No .
01
02 Go to K.-1
(17-18)
B-68
-------
J.9 When did you stop smoking?
Year
J. 10 When did you start smoking?
r (19-20)
Year
(21-22)
J. 11 (Do/did) you smoke cigarettes?
Yes .
No
01
02 -> Go to J. 13
(23-24)
J.12 How much (do/did) you smoke per day?
Less than one pack .01
One pack 02
More than one but less than
two packs 03
Two packs 04
More than two packs 05
J. 13 (Do/did) you smoke cigars?
Yes .
No . .
01
02 ¦* Go to J. 15
(25-26)
(27-28)
J. 14 How many cigars (do/did) you smoke per day?
Number per day
(29-30)
J. 15 (Do/did) you smoke a pipe?
Yes
No .
01
02 Go to K. 1
(31-32)
J. 16 How many pipefulls per day (do/did) you smoke?
Pipefuls per day
(33-34)
B-69
-------
SECTION K
K.1 How long have you lived in this town?
Less than 1 year 01
One to 3 years 02
Three to 5 years 03
More than 5 years ........ 04
K.2 How many years have you lived at this address?
Months (only If for less than i—i i—i
a year) | | | |
(35-36)
~ ~
{37-38}
(39-40)
Years
K.3 Do you own or rent your home?
Own 01
Rent 02 (41-42)
Rent free 03
K.4 Now I'm going to read some phrases that describe different kinds of
interests people have. As I read each one, please tell me if it's a lot
like you, somewhat like you, a little like you, or not at all like you.
CIRCLE ONE NUMBER ON EACH LINE. REPEAT ANSWER CHOICES AS
NECESSARY.
A Not No
A Lot Somewhat Little at All Opinion
An outdoor person 01 02 03 04 05 (43-52)
An environmentalist 01 02 03 04 05 (53-62)
Someone who is against nuclear
power for electric plants .... 01 02 03 04 05 (63-72)
Card 9
1-13 Dup.
Skip 14
Someone who is concerned about
hazardous waste 01 02 03 -04 05 (15-24)
Someone who is willing to pay
the cost required to control
hazardous waste 01 02 03 04 05 (25-34)
B-70
-------
K . 5 HAND RESPONDENT CARD 10.
Imagine that you have won a prize. The prize is the opportunity to
win some money. There are six different opportunities to win and you
may choose your opportunity. Which one of the following opportunities
would you choose?
One chance
out
of
100 to win $10,000.
. 01
One chance
out
of
50 to win $5,000. .
. 02
One chance
out
of
20 to win $2,000. .
. 03
One chance
out
of
10 to win $1,000 . .
. 04
One chance
out
of
5 to win $500 . . .
. 05
One chance
out
of
2 to win $200 . . .
. 06
None of the
above
07
Don't know
. 94
TAKE AWAY CARD 10.
K.5.b HAND RESPONDENT CARD 11 .
Suppose you could choose among six other opportunities to win some
money. Which one of the following would you choose?
One chance out of 100 to win $1,000 . . 01
One chance out of 50 to win $500.... 02
One chance out of 20 to win $200.... 03
One chance out of 10 to win $100. ... 04 (37-38)
One chance out of 5 to win $50 05
One chance out of 2 to win $20 06
None of the above . 07
Don't know 94
TAKE AWAY CARD 11.
B-71
-------
K.6 What was the last grade of regular school that you completed--riot
counting specialized schools like secretarial, art, or trade schools?
No school . .
. . 01
Grade school (1-8)
, , 02
Some high school (9-11). . . .
. . 03
High school graduate (12) . .
. . 04
Some college (13-15)
, . 05
College graduate .......
. . 06
Postgraduate (17+)
. . 07
No response/refused
08
K.7 ASK ONLY IF NOT OBVIOUS
How would you describe your racial or ethnic background?
White or Caucasian 01
Black or Negro. 02 (41-42)
Other (SPECIFY) . . . 03
B-72
-------
HAND RESPONDENT CARD 12.
Here's a list of income categories. Please call off the number of the
category that best describes the combined income that you (and mem-
bers of your household) received before taxes in 1983. include wages,
salaries, income from your business, pensions, dividends, interest, and
any other income before taxes.
Under $5,000 01
$5,000 - $9,999 02
$10,000 - $14,999 03
$15,000 - $19,999. 04
$20,000 - $24,999. 05
$25,000 - $29,999 06
$30,000 - $34,999 07
$35,000 - $39,999 08
$40,000 - $44,999 09
$45,000 - $49,999 . 10
$50,000 - $54,999. . . 11
$55,000 - $59,999. . . 12
$60,000 - $64,999. 13
$65,000 - $69,999. ........ 14
$70,000 - $74,999 15
$75,000 - $79,999 16
$80,000 and over 17
Not sure/refused 18
B-73
-------
K.9 ASK ONLY IF RESPONDENT WORKS NOW OR WORKED ANYTIME DUR-
ING THE PAST 12 MONTHS.
I have one last question regarding your monthly wages or salary only.
In order for the people who are doing this study to fully analyze all of
the responses you have given, I would like to ask what your monthly
wage or salary is before taxes. Let me remind you that your name will
never be associated with your response, and your response will only be
used in statistical results.
IF RESPONDENT IS UNABLE TO PROVIDE MONTHLY WAGES OR SAL-
ARY BEFORE TAXES, ASK FOR TAKE HOME WAGES OR SALARY.
Refused 01
Monthly wages or salary $ (47-51)
(Before taxes)
Monthly wages or salary $ (52-56)
(Take home pay)
Thank you for your cooperation. I realize that some of these questions are
difficult and we especially appreciate your thoughtful responses.
There is a possibility that my supervisor will call you to verify my interview
with you. May I ask what is a telephone number where you can be reached?
Telephone Number ( )
B-74
-------
Card A-
Payment decrease: $20 per month
($240 per year) in lower prices and taxes
Risk of Exposure
Possible
Pathways
Risk of Death
* F §""* I
if Exposed
Heredity
arid Health
Combined Risk:
Exposure and Death
Personal
Risk
-------
R-2
Card B-2
Payment required: $5 per month ($60 per year)
in higher prices and taxes
Risk of Exposure
Risk of Death
if Exposed
Combined Risk:
Exposure and Death
(five-tenths
of 1 percent)
Possible
Pathways
Heredity
and Health
Personal
Risk
-------
R-2
Card C-2
Payment required: $40 per month ($480 per year)
in higher prices and taxes
Risk of Death Combined Risk:
Risk of Exposure if Exposed Exposure and Death
Possible
Pathways
Heredity
and Health
Personal
Risk
-------
R-2
Card D-2
Payment required: $80 per month ($960 per year)
in higher prices and taxes
Risk of Exposure
Risk of Death
if Exposed
Combined Risk:
Exposure and Death
Possible
Pathways
Heredity
and Health
Personal
Risk
-------
R-2
Risk of Exposure
Possible
Pathways
Risk of Death
if Exposed
Heredity
and Health
Card A-2
Combined Risk:
Exposure and Death
Personal
Risk
-------
Risk of Exposure
50
(2 percent)
Possible
Pathways
Card C-2
Combined Risk:
Exposure and Death
Personal
Risk
-------
H-Z
Risk of Exposure
CD
I
00
Possible
Pathways
Risk of Death
if Exposed
Heredity
and Health
Card Y-2
Combined Risk:
Exposure and Death
Risk
-------
Risk of Exposure
Risk of Death
if Exposed
lillMM
10
(10 percent)
Possible
Pathways
Heredity
and Health
Card X-2
Combined Risk:
Exposure and Death
Personal
Risk
-------
Risk of Exposure
Risk of Death
if Exposed
100
Possible
Pathways
(1 percent)
Heredity
and Health
Card A-7
Combined Risk:
Exposure and Death
Personal
Risk
-------
Risk of Exposure
Risk of Death
if Exposed
Pathways and Health
#¦> i n "tp
Card B-7
Combined Risk:
Exposure and Death
60,000
(seventeen
ten-thousandths
of 1 percent)
Personal
Risk
-------
Risk of Exposure
Risk of Death
if Exposed
(seven-hundredths
of 1 percent)
Possible
Pathways
(1 percent)
Heredity
and Health
Card C-7
Combined Risk:
Exposure and Death
1
150,000
(seven
ten-thousandths
of 1 percent)
Personal
Risk
-------
a
Risk of Death
Risk of Exposure if Exposed
Possible
Pathways
Heredity
and Health
Card
Combined Risk:
Exposure and Death
30,000
(thirty-three
ten-thousandths
of 1 percent)
Personal
Risk
-------
Risk of Exposure
Risk of Death
if Exposed
Possible
Pathways
Heredity
arid Health
Card
Combined Risk:
Exposure and Death
1
150,000
(seven
ten-thousandths
of 1 percent)
Personal
Risk
-------
Risk of Exposure
Risk of Death
if Exposed
1
300
(thirty-three
hundredths
of 1 percent)
Possible
Pathways
Heredity
and Health
Card A-8
Combined Risk:
Exposure and Death
Personal
Risk
-------
Risk of Exposure
Risk of Death
if Exposed
Possible
Pathways
Heredity
and Health
uard
Combined Risk:
Exposure and Death
1
120,000
(eight
ten-thousandths
of 1 percent)
Personal
Risk
-------
Risk of Exposure
Risk of Death
if Exposed
1
1,500
(seven-
hundredths
of 1 percent)
Possible
Pathways
Heredity
and Health
Card C-8
Combined Risk:
Exposure and Death
300,000
(three
ten-thousandths
of 1 percent)
Personal
Risk
-------
Risk of Exposure
Risk of Death
if Exposed
1
300
(thirty-three
hundredths
of 1 percent)
Possible
Pathways
1
200
(five-tenths
of 1 percent)
Heredity
and Health
Card Y-8
Combined Risk:
Exposure and Death
1
60,000
(seventeen
ten-thousandths
of 1 percent)
Personal
Risk
-------
w
Risk of Exposure
Possible
Pathways
Card X-
Combined Risk:
Exposure and Death
300,000
(three
ten-thousandths
of 1 percent)
Personal
Risk
-------
APPENDIX C
SAMPLING PROCEDURE
-------
APPENDIX C
SAMPLING PROCEDURE
C.1 FIRST-STAGE SAMPLE
This appendix describes the first stage of the sampling procedure includ-
ing the sampling frame stratification and sample selection. It also details the
second stage procedures that include sample allocation and selection.
C.1.1 Sampling Frame
First-stage sampling units were 1980 Census blocks clusters. The first-
stage sampling frame was developed from a data base consisting of 27,022 1980
Census-defined blocks.* These block areas completely partitioned the entire
survey area. Using Census geographic codes, each included block could be
located and identified using maps of the Metropolitan Map Series included in
Boston SMS A Block Statistics Reports.
For each block in the survey area, geographic codes and basic demo-
graphic summary variables were extracted from the 1980 Census Summary Tape
File 1B. Population and housing unit count variables were summed across all
27,022 extracted blocks, and the totals were verified against published totals
for the survey area to certify the completeness of the data base. The file
was sorted by the geographic stratum (Acton Town, balance of area) and by
county, Census tract and block number within the strata. Blocks with very
few housing units were clustered with neighboring blocks to achieve a pre-
scribed minimum size, in terms of 1980 housing units, for the first-stage frame
units. Summary statistics, by stratum for the first-stage sampling frame, are
given below.
*A very small part of the survey area in Middlesex and Plymouth counties
was not within a blocked area for the 1980 Census. For these areas the Cen-
sus Enumeration District was used as the block equivalent for sampling frame
development.
C-2
-------
1980
Census blocks
First-stage
frame units
1980 total
Stratum
housing units
Acton Town
Balance of area
Total survey area
160
26,862
27,022
123
21,063
21,186
6,309
795,962
802,271
C.1.2 Stratification and Frame Ordering
Two strata were defined for sample selection: (1) Acton Town, and (2)
the balance of the survey area. Within each of the two strata, first-stage
sampling units were ordered by Census county, tract and block numbers.
This manner of frame ordering is akin to a geographic continuum of the
sampling units and assures maximum dispersion of the sample across the area
when employing a zone selection method.
C.1.3 Sample Selection
A sequential zone selection procedure [Chromy, 1979] was implemented
via a computer algorithm to select 20 first-stage units (blocks or block clus-
ters) in Acton Town and 80 first-stage units in the balance of the survey
area, with selection probabilities proportional to the 1980 Census count of
housing units in each unit. For each of the two strata, the computer proce-
dure first selected a random starting point in the ordered frame listing, and
then formed (n^ = first-stage sample size for stratum-h) implicit selection
zones, each comprising 1/n^-th the stratum's total frame size measure (number
of housing units). Sample selection then proceeded sequentially by zone, with
one unit being selected in each zone.
The zone selection procedure has the probability minimum replacement
(PMR) property which states, basically, that the number of times any frame
units may be selected will be either:
1. The integer part of the expected number of selections for the
2. The integer part of the expected number of selections for the
unit plus one.
In the Acton Town stratum, the expected number of selections for two frame
units was in the range, 1.0 < Expected Selections <2.0. Each of these two
frame units was, therefore, certain to be chosen for a single primary selection,
unit; or
C-3
-------
or "hit" and could have been chosen for two "hits." The selection procedure
resulted in each of the two units being selected for a single hit in the sample.
All other frame units in Acton and the balance of area stratum had expected
numbers of selections in the range, 0 < Expected Selections <1.0, so could
have been selected at most once for the primary sample.
C.1.4 Subsampling Large Units
Some of the blocks and block clusters selected in the first-stage sample
had very large counts of housing units. Since the planned average second-
stage sample size was only 9.45 housing units per primary unit (945 total
sample HUs/100 primary units), many of the large units were subsampled to
reduce the cost of compiling the housing unit listings to comprise the second-
stage frame. All subsampling was performed by the Field Supervisor or inter-
viewers specially trained and experienced in this activity. An FSU to be sub-
sampled was first divided into smaller subunits which completely partitioned
the original unit. Whenever possible, physical features in the area were used
as boundaries for subunits. Cruise counts were made of the number of hous-
ing units in each subarea, and one of the subareas was selected, with prob-
ability proportional to the cruise count of housing units. The cruise counts
for the original units and the subsampled units were reported to the sampling
department for use in second-stage sample allocation and sample weight devel-
opment. The described subsampling procedure was performed in 25 of the
100 first-stage sample units.
C.2 SECOND-STAGE SAMPLE
C.2.2 Sampling Frame
Second-stage sampling units were housing units within the selected first-
stage blocks or block clusters. The second-stage sampling frame was formed
by compiling detailed listings of the housing units contained within each of
the first-stage sample units. If the originally selected block(s) was subsampled
as described in Section C.1.4, the housing unit listing was compiled only for
the selected subunit. The listings were compiled using standard cruising/list-
ing procedures which yield a well-defined, systematic ordering of the housing
units in each FSU. All recognized habitable housing units were included in
the listings, including obviously vacant units. The field-compiled listing and
C-4
-------
associated segment sketches showing locations of the listed housing units were
returned to the sampling staff for selection and identification of sample housing
units.
C.2.3 Sample Allocation
For each of the two primary strata, the total housing unit sample (189
sample housing units for Acton Twon and 756 SHUs for the balance of the sur-
vey area) was allocated to the first-stage units using a procedure which re-
sulted in approximately equal within-stratum sample housing unit weights. If
the 1980 Census housing unit counts used as size measures for selecting the
first-stage sample had agreed exactly with the number of housing units actually
listed for each FSU, then either 9 or 10 sample housing units would have been
allocated to each first-stage unit. However, since the numbers of housing
units actually listed varied from the 1980 Census counts, the final sample allo-
cations ranged from 7 to 13 housing units.
The goal of specifying an allocation yielding equal within-stratum housing
unit design weights was achieved except for one small first-stage unit in the
balance-of-area stratum. The unrounded allocation to this unit by the equal
weighting allocation procedure was 9.38 sample housing units (either 9 or 10
sample housing units would have been specified in a subsequent random round-
ing procedure). However, only 8 housing units were listed in the second-stage
frame. The sample allocation for the unit was set equal to the number of listed
housing units (8), and the remainder of the allocation (9.38 - 8. = 1.38 hous-
ing units) was distributed among the other first-stage units in the stratum in
proportion to their initial unrounded allocations. Consequently, the design
weights for the sample housing units from this first-stage unit were larger
than the weights for other sample housing units from the stratum by a factor
of 9.38/8.
C.2.4 Sample Selection
The sequential zone selection procedure referenced in Section C.1.3 was
implemented to select the allocated number of prelisted housing units from the
second-stage sampling frame for each of the 100 FSUs. Selections of sample
housing units (SHUs) were made with equal probabilities within the FSUs.
SHUs were designated on the housing unit listings and the listings were deliv-
ered to the field director for assignment to interviewers.
C-5
-------
C. 3 REFERENCE
Chromy, James R., 1979, "Sequential Sample Selection Methods/' American
Statistical Association Proceedings of the Section on Survey Research
Methods, pp. 401-06, 1979.
C-6
-------
APPENDIX D
LISTING OF HOUSING UNITS
-------
APPENDIX D
LISTING OF HOUSING UNITS
Presented as background for the reader who desires more information on
our survey procedures, this appendix excerpts the Interviewer Training Manual
prepared for this project. Specifically, it describes the instructions given to
the interviewers for locating the sample housing units.
D-2
-------
III. LOCATING SAMPLE HOUSING UNITS
A. Introduction
For the Regulatory Benefits Study, 945 housing units have been selected
from among all of the housing units within the Boston SMSA excluding Boston
itself. These sample housing units are located in defined geographic areas
called segments. The housing unit sample was selected by means of an area
probability sampling design and was done prior to your data collection efforts
by RTI staff members trained in scientific sampling procedures. The geo-
graphic location of the survey area is confined to the shaded areas shown in
Figure III-l.
The household sample was selected by a multiple-step procedure. First, a
sample of 100 small, well-defined areas was selected within the Boston SMSA
(excluding Boston'City). In most cases each of the areas was a single compact
Census block (the smallest geographic area recognized for Census data tabula-
tion) . To ensure that each sample area contained enough housing units for the
survey, a few of the areas consisted of several adjacent Census blocks. Each
of the initial 100 sample areas was visited by a field staff member and an
approximate count of housing units was made. Generally, if a sample area's
preliminary housing unit count did not exceed 100, it was considered a sample
segment and a detailed listing of the housing units was compiled according to
specific rules. A sample area with over 100 housing units was, in most cases,
subdivided into smaller georgraphic areas and one of the subdivisions was
randomly selected to be the sample segment. As before, a detailed listing of
the included housing units was then compiled.
After the housing unit listings were completed for all sample segments,
they were returned to RTI's sampling department. There, the sample size
D-3
-------
o
c
I—
>
X
>
3
>
O
c:
CMfM *U&GW cast.
-------
(number of sample housing units) for each segment was determined and the
specific housing units to be included in the sample were determined using
random sampling procedures. Then sample housing units were identified on the
List of Housing Units originally compiled and will be those to be contacted
for data collection for this project.
The final sampling steps, with respect to housing units, are the respon-
sibility of the interviewers. These steps are:
inspecting the segment materials
locating the segment and the designated SHUs
determining that each designated SHU is actually an HU
checking for missed HUs.
Each of these steps and related procedures are discussed in detail in follow-
ing sections of this chapter. Be certain that you understand what must be
done to complete each step before leaving your training session.
B. Inspecting the Segment Materials
You will receive, for each segment in your assignment, a Segment Mate-
rials Envelope. Each segment is designated by a three-digit segment number.
The segment numbers run from 001 through 100. This envelope should always
contain an area map with the segment area marked (Figure III-2), a Segment or
List Unit Sketch (Figure III-3), a List of Housing Units (Figure III-4), and
one copy of the List of Added Housing Units form (see page 111-19.) Check to
be certain that you have these materials for each segment assigned. Then
review the map, sketch, and list to insure that you are aware of the location
of the segment before attempting actual work in the segment.
1. Area Map
The area map provided for each segment will show the surrounding
geographic area. It will be a photocopy of a U.S. Census Bureau map showing
D-5
-------
»w
i<5* <-. .
>. ,c/<'<>« \ \
Walpol ewBwjn
724Xa
CONSfeSVAflON LAND
FIGURE III-2
Area Map
V/
I,
-Trai
n 1
NORFOLK COUNTY
AGRICULTURE,
SCHOOL
J 4\
fcoias|
PONQ :
4? %
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k*>\
lr*"
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.fc.
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tfll- ¥-0/
FRANas
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. /n
W \4 /
. Xv
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301 -
SSTETSQN^
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2" $
'^jL
f TtA.
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SMAP
EQ1W
REVISIONS
Q*Tt
rtPt Idatki rtn (datci frn
11 it
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1 1 11
D-6
-------
FIGURE II1-3
Segment Sketch
In°ic"e -SEGMENT ID O O RATE START#-. EST. HU's V" O
North ~ ~ ~
1s
INTERVIEWER place Co. CwrLPdl,£)M-ft
D-7
-------
FIGURE III-4
List of Housing Units Pa§e / 0f ^
LIST OF HOUSING UNITS
Data Listed ! ^2- 32- ® *5" 3
(Month) (Day) (Year)
Segment So. O ^ © Part So.
Listed Sv #7Z:EhJK&J2JS-
ID No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
HO
So,
St.
So.
Street Same
Apt.
No.
Housing L'nit Description
Apt.
Location
i
"Satf&oi-
ytiotr&iK, Cfi?t.'&uA)'g$b
U)
2 j 5-
3 1 /3
4^2/
Q 2-7
,
6 ko^l^izrroiJ Ai?EniwS
\l>v,pLgx: B£/m P£,Sxf ;
9
J
loin
1
/ I
/f4 7T£ (f£%£
WTTl/w^
/ 6
1 7,
\ "Twolix-
1 8
f
J
* 9
tioo L STRIEcT
|
£5 !*•«#! - st i
^ E£€aJ Cj\ Pg fb7~Tft&htZ£> (zrrf ftff&Js.
Post Office I* Pe> Z-f. Zip Coda o-i.a<3 i H0 / -
i (City) (State)
I
Post Office Zip Code HU
(City) (State)
Post Office Zip Code HU
(City) (State)
Checked By
D-8
-------
FIGURE II1-4 (Continued)
List of Housing Units
Page "2- of
LIST OF BOUSING-UNITS
Dace Listed ^ ^ "§"3
(Monch) (Cay) (Year)
Segment No, O "STO part No.
Listed By
ID Ho.
1
2
3
4
5
6
HU
No.
St.
No.
Street Same
Apt.
No.
Housing Unit Description
Apt.
Location
Zi
tffiAJSa/O jQ-iJSu
2-2
3¥-
i
2-3
1 i tOEiiGg/w&fee err:
•
2-4
•2./
2-5
"2-4"
2-6
2-<=>
2-7 ! / "Sl I
r
j 2-'Z» | ft i}£ *¦
Z.9
i H-
•
3 o
*>
r
3i £/f
Yr>P)iKi -SflZZPrr
BGH-7
J
LtPT \
>3
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J
isrli.ll !
2.
2.b>"b Plk
\"huf>LM* !
>
£
>7
'TfZ
/
3 a 7fz.
2
^9 ?f2-
3
4"0 iAfe##
*
i
kflttLL$/A)G££ /A) feflfc /)£ 09^ l4»/#/AJ
Post
Office
U) PolS.
Zip Code /
HU ^ - 40
(City)
(State)
Post
Office
Zip Code
HU
(City)
(State)
Post
Office
Zip Code
HU
(Cicy)
(State)
Checked By
D-9
-------
FIGURE III—4 (Continued)
List of Housing Units Page 3 of _3
LIST OF HOUSING UNITS
Date Listed ' ^— 'a-® 3>
(Month) (Day) (Year)
Segment Ho. Part No.
Listed Bv O B. £a) B2£j£,
ID So.
1 1 2
3
4 1 5
6
HC
Ho.
St.
So.
Street Same
Apt.
Ho.
Housing Unit Description.
Apt.
Location
-X-90
K£k>T>&li
-------
roads, streets, and other features that will help to locate the segment area
precisely. The segment itself will be shaded so that it will be easy to
identify on the map.
Local maps will sometimes be needed to help locate the segment. If
necessary, obtain such a map. Any maps you secure should be sent to RTI with
other segment materials when work has been completed.
2. Segment Sketch
The Segment or List Unit Sketch is a detailed map of the segment
area that was prepared by RTI's Center for Survey Statistics and the indi-
vidual who completed the listing. Boundary and internal roads or streets and
other significant features are clearly identified and the location .of each
listed HU is indicated. Looking at the Segment Sketch illustrated in
Figure III-3, note that symbols have been recorded for each structure (an "X"
for a single-unit structure and a box with a number inside indicating the
number of units in a multiple-unit structure). Also note that the symbols on
the sketch are cross-referenced to the List of Housing Units by entry of the
HU or line number above the symbol. For example, an "X" with the number "3"
above it on the Segment Sketch represents the map location of the HU listed on
line 3 of the List of Housing Units.
The Segment or List Unit Sketch is important to aid in properly identify-
ing SHUs. Become familiar with it before beginning work in the segment and
carry it at all times for reference to insure that you are identifying SHUs
properly.
3. List of Housing Units
This form provides a complete list of HUs in a segment, listed in
the order indicated by the direction of the arrows on the Segment Sketch or by
D-il
-------
the direction of the ascending housing unit numbers. Each HU is listed by
address or, if an address was not obvious, a description that will enable you
to identify the structure.
Note that of all HUs listed in a segment, only certain ones have been
designated as Sample Housing Units (SHUs). The housing unit number or line
number for each selected HU has been circled on the List of Housing Units and
on the segment sketch. These are the SHUs that you will contact to collect
data for the survey.
C- Locating the Segment and the Designated SHUs
The general location of a segment and the most efficient route of travel
to reach the area will have been determined during your review of segment
materials. When you arrive at the segment, you must first check to insure
that you have correctly identified and located the precise boundaries of the
area included and that the lister has, in fact, completed listing in the
correct area. Referring to the area map, Segment Sketch, and List of Housing
Units, drive or walk around the segment boundary and check to be sure that you
are in the exact area and that the lister correctly identified it.
Having verified that you are in the exact segment location, you will
begin identifying and calling at designated SHUs. In most cases you will be
able to find them with little difficulty using the Segment Sketch and the List
of Housing Units. In some cases, however, you will have to check more thor-
oughly to insure accuracy. For example, if you were using the sketch and list
shown in Figures III-3 and III-4:
... HU #05 at 27 School St. When you arrive you find that the street
number is clearly indicated on the mailbox; you note that the number
visible on the house immediately preceding on the north is 21 and
the number 71 (HU 19) is seen on the next house to the south. You
are sure that the street is School Street. The HU has been clearly
D-12
-------
and easily located by reference to the Segment Sketch, List of
Housing Units, and visible street numbers associated with existing
structures.
D. Determining That Each Designated SHU Is Actually an HU
Only structures qualifying as HUs should have been listed. Since the
individual completing the listing did not have time and was not required to
enter every home to talk to residents, it was sometimes impossible to deter-
mine if a structure qualified as an HU or how many HUs were actually at that
address. You must do this at the time of the enumeration interview.
Interviews for the Regulatory Benefits Study are to be conducted only at
SHUs. It is the interviewer's responsibility to make sure that a designated
SHU is actually (1) a housing unit, AND (2) only one housing unit. This
verification is performed by asking the questions in Section D on the House-
hold Control Form. For this reason it is very important that you know what
the term "housing unit" means and how to recognize one when you are "inter-
viewing .
The typical situations should present no difficulty in determining wheth-
er the specific address or living quarters is a housing unit at the time of
interview. Most of the situations you will encounter will be typical and will
fall into categories you usually think of when you think of housing units—
single family houses, multi-unit houses, apartments and mobile homes.
However, you will occasionally encounter unusual situations where it is
not readily apparent whether a living quarters is one housing unit, more than
one housing unit or part of another unit. To help you make the correct deter-
mination in unusual situations, you must become familiar with the housing unit
definition and how to apply it.
The 1980 U.S. Census Bureau definition of a housing unit is being used
for this project, a copy of which is reproduced in Figure III-5. The figure
D-13
-------
Figure III-5
Definition of a Housing Unit
A housing unit is a group of rooms or a single room occupied or
intended for occupancy as separate living quarters; that is
(1) the occupants do not live and eat with any other
persons in the structure
(2) there is either direct access from the outside or
through a common hall
The household occupying a housing unit may be a family or a
person living alone. It may also he nine or fewer unrelated
persons, (If ten or more unrelated persons occupy the unit
it is considered group quarters and, therefore, is not to be
treated as a sample housing unit.)
AND
Does (person or persons) live and eat
separately from everyone else on the
property?
Yes
Do separate living, quarters have
an entrance directly from the
outside or through a common hall?
No
Determine which housing
unit this living quarters
is a part of.
D-14
-------
will also help you conceptualize the application of the housing unit defini-
tion. The term "separate living quarters" means that the persons occupying
the quarters live and eat separately from the occupants of all other houses,
rooms or groups of rooms within the structure or on the property. When you
are trying to determine whether or not a living quarters is a housing unit,
your first consideration is the "separateness" of the living arrangements,
i.e., the way the occupants use their living quarters. That is, find out if
the occupants use different rooms for living and eating than those used by the
occupants of all other rooms or groups of rooms within the structure or on the
property.
If the occupants of the SHU do not live and eat separately, then the
living quarters is not a separate housing unit and you must determine what
housing unit includes their living quarters.
If -the occupants do live and eat separately, then you must determine if
access to those separate living quarters is either directly from the outside
or from a common or public hall within the structure. A unit within a multi-
unit house or structure could have access from either an outside door or a
common hall. A common hall can be a hallway, or lobby, a vestibule, or a
foyer that is used by the occupants of more than one living quarter in the
structure.
The following list of types of housing units, although not exhaustive,
includes most types that you may encounter:
A single house that is intended for occupancy by only one family.
A flat or apartment in a structure that includes other flats or
apartments.
A basement or attic apartment.
Vacant houses or apartments that could be occupied.
D-1'5
-------
Hotel or motel rooms that are (a) occupied by permanent guests, or
(b) occupied by employees who have no permanent residence elsewhere.
Residential units under construction. The List of Housing Units may
include such a unit.
Rooms within group quarters or an institution (such as a fraternity
house or dormitory) that serve as the permanent residence of a staff
member or house mother and that satisfy the requirements of the HU
definition.
An apartment in a nonresidential structure used as a permanent
housing unit. For example, an apartment in a warehouse, which the
caretaker uses for his living quarters.
A mobile home or trailer used as the permanent residence of the
occupants and not just as their vacation residence.
A mobile home or trailer location in a trailer lot or mobile home
park in which numbered or otherwise specified spaces are rented. In
such a mobile home park, each separate space allocated for one
mobile home is listed as an HU, even if no mobile home currently
occupies the space—that is, an empty space in a regular mobile home
park is treated like a vacant apartment or house.
Work camps occupied by seasonal workers. If workers generally
occupy a unit for six months or more of the year, that unit is
considered a permanent HU.
¦Seasonal dwellings, such as summer homes, resort cottages, or other
part-time homes which could serve as permanent residences are con-
sidered HUs. An example of such a residence is one that is heated
where heat would be required. However, if someone lives permanently
in an unheated HU, it should be included.
Rooms occupied by roomers or lodgers are:
Part of the same HU if there are nine or fewer unrelated room-
ers or lodgers who are living and eating together. If there
are ten or more unrelated individuals, a group quarters has
been discovered.
Separate HUs if each living quarters meets the definition of an
HU. Thus, if the roomers or lodgers live and eat separately
from each other and their rooms open off a common corridor—
they are occupants of separate HUs. The quarters occupied by
each lodger or roomer should have been listed on a separate
line of the List of Housing Units. If not, these HUs must be
recorded on a List of Added Housing Units using the missed HU
procedure described in a later section.
Certain types of buildings are usually not listed. These types, listed
, with the exception of permanent HUs that may exist within them, do not
D-16
-------
qualify as HUs unless nine or fewer unrelated individuals live and eat separ-
ately there.
Specified Institutional Units
correctional institutions
mental institutions
group homes for children, the aged, infirm, or needy
halfway houses
nursing, convalescent, and rest homes
licensed domiciliary care
hospitals
other institutions that provide care for residents or inmates.
Military Barracks.
Unoccupied Structures that are being demolished.
Hotel or Motel Rooms that are riot occupied by permanent guests or by
employees who have no other permanent address.
* Places of Business, such as stores, factories, etc. (Be sure to
look for hard-to-find living quarters behind, above, or inside such
places, however.)
Group quarters, as noted before, are not to be included in the sample for
the project. They may be encountered while completing interviewing at an SHU
or when checking for missed HUs. Among the types of structures where you will
have to be especially alert to determine whether the SHU is, in fact, a hous-
ing unit or if it is a group quarters are:
boarding houses and rooming houses
• , hospital staff quarters
monasteries and convents
student housing facilities
nonmilitary barracks and bunkhouses
D-17
-------
missions.
The task of enumeration, which involves compilation of a household ros-
ter, will sometimes lead to a determination that the household should not be
included as an SHU because it is a group quarters unit. Be particularly alert
to the number of unrelated individuals appearing in the roster in order to
make the proper determination. For example:
If unrelated individuals are listed, determine which, if any, live
in quarters that qualify as a separate HU and treat such as added
HUs as explained in Section E and F of this chapter.
If there are ten or more unrelated persons occupying the same unit,
the definition of group quarters is met. Record this result as
described in Chapter IV and do not proceed with the interview.
Should you determine that a designated SHU does not meet the definition
of an HU, do not complete enumeration. The result of your call will be re-
corded on the Household Control Form (as described in Chapter IV). If you are
uncertain whether a designated SHU meets the housing unit definition, discuss
the situation with your supervisor before proceeding with data collection at
that unit.
E. Checking for Missed HUs
This interviewer task is particularly important. Although those involved
in completing the listing have made all reasonable efforts to be sure that
every HU in a segment is listed, sometimes housing units go unobserved or
undetected. There may have been some HUs that the lister could not observe
because of their location, new HUs may have been constructed since the time of
listing, mobile homes may have been moved into the segment, or what appeared
on observation to be one type of HU may be entirely different when one gets
inside the structure. Every HU should have a chance to be selected for inter-
view, but if ah HU was not listed, it has no chance of being selected for
D-18
-------
interview unless it is discovered by you during the enumeration process. The
missed HU procedure, which you must follow carefully, is designed to include a
sample of those HUs that should have been listed but, for some reason, were
not.
The missed HU procedure does not require that you check the entire seg-
ment listing. Rather, your check will be confined to a specific interval,
generally between a SHU and another listed HU, The exact nature of the inter-
val will vary depending on the type of structure in which the SHU is located.
The rules that you must learn and apply are presented in Figure III-6. Missed
HUs within a structure, for which you must check at all SHUs, will be units
that meet the definition of an HU. Some examples are:
A basement or upstairs apartment that has been constructed in a
structure that was originally a single-family dwelling, with an
outside entrance in the rear of the structure that could not be
observed by the lister.
Additional apartments with their own entrances leading from a common
hall from which the SHU also has an entrance, only apparent when a
household member of the SHU opens the common entrance door.
Note that when the SHU is the first HU in a multi-unit structure, in addition
to checking for missed HUs within the unit, you must check the entire struc-
ture for HUs that were not listed.
When you must check the geographic interval between the SHU and the next
listed HU as in Rules 1 and 4, you must be aware of the order in which the
lister traveled. Normally, the geographic interval between an SHU and the
next listed HU will be a short distance. In some cases, however, particularly
in rural segments, some distance may be involved and it is important that you
follow the same pattern of travel used by the original lister in checking the
interval between a listed SHU and the next listed HU. This pattern will
frequently be indicated by directional arrows drawn on the sketch; if not you
D-19
-------
Figure III-6
Rules for Checking for Missed Housing Units
Rule
Number
Type of Structure
Tasks to be Performed
1
SHU is a single-family dwelling
Check for missed HUs within the
SHU and between the SHU and the
next listed HU.
2
SHU is listed as the first HU
in a multi-unit structure
Check for missed HUs within the
SHU; check the entire structure
for HUs not listed.
3
SHU is an internal unit in a
multi-unit structure (i.e., it
falls between the unit listed
first and the unit listed last)
Check for missed HUs within the
SHU only.
4
SHU is listed as the last HU in
a multi-unit structure
Check for missed HUs within the
SHU; check for missed HUs be-
tween the SHU and the next list-
ed HU.
D-20
-------
will be able to determine the pattern from the sequence of HU numbers. The
lister should always have followed a prescribed order, traveling around the
segment in a clockwise direction, making each possible right turn as internal
streets or roads were encountered, and listing HUs as they appeared on the
right. Whenever an internal road ended, ran into a segment boundary, or
reached a point where the lister had already been, a turn will have been made.
The purpose of your check of the listing between an SHU and the next
listed HU will be to determine if there are any unlisted HUs that, according
to the order of listing described above, are located in the interval. This
should require a relatively quick drive past the interval (or walk along the
street if a city segment).
Section D of the Household Control Form provides a question that you will
ask to assist in locating missing HUs that may exist. This question, dis-
cussed in Chapter IV, is included as a reminder and aid in your task of check-
ing for missed HUs. It does not, however, eliminate the need for thorough
observation.
F. Adding Unlisted HUs
Should you discover any previously unlisted HUs within SHUs, record their
address or description as shown on the List of Added Housing Units, Figure
III-7, that has been placed in the Segment Materials Envelope for each segment.
Be sure to enter the identifying information at the top of the form.
In Column 1 number the new (missed) housing unit sequentially, beginning with
the number following that of the highest numbered HU on the original List of
Housing Units for the segment.
Before adding to the List of Added Housing Units a missed unit that you
have discovered, be certain that it qualifies as a "housing unit." Apparent
D-21
-------
FIGURE III-7 _ 1,1
Page of l_
List of Added Housing Units
LIST OF ADDED HOUSING UNITS
PSO /
Seement No. O FI "72/cKEk Ho. / DateO^//?/ %4-
DIRECTIONS TO FI
1. Use this form to list previously unlisted HUs that you add to the segment
listing, in accordance with the procedures in. the manual.
2. Number added HOs consecutively in the order In which they are added, begin-
ning with the next number after the number of the last HU prelisted.
3. Indicate in Column 4 below the number of the SHU which the added HU follows.
Remember: you must also show the location of the added HU on the Segment
Sketch.
4. All HUs added to the Segment List automatically become sample housing units.
However, if you add 6 or more HUs to a Segment List during your check of
the listing, call RTI for instructions before proceeding with Interviewing
in the added HOs.
1
2 • 1 3
4
Housing
Unit
Number
RFB Number, Street Address, and/or Apartment
Housing Unit Description I No. or Loc.
Number of SHU
Which Added
HU Follows
•^Z
2 7 /i. STe^£7-
S"
D-22
-------
housing units used for nonresidential purposes (e.g., business or storage) do
not qualify and should not be added. Housing units which are intended to be
used as residences but are vacant at the time of your check are to be added if
they were not originally listed and they have been discovered in accordance
with the appropriate rule.
If you discover five (5) or fewer missed HUs associated with an SHU,
these missed HUs are to be treated as SHUs and a blank Household Control Form
is to be completed for them. If six (6) or more missed HUs are discovered,
call your supervisor before enumerating or interviewing these HUs. Before
calling, however, double-check to be absolutely certain that you have checked
the proper intervals and that the unlisted HUs meet the definition of a "hous-
ing unit."
While you are to add to the listing any missed or new HUs identified
while applying the rules for checking the listing, you are not to make any
deletions from the original List of Housing Units. On rare occasions you may
discover that a listed SHU does not qualify as a housing unit (e.g., a struc-
ture that is used for nonresidential purposes). You may also encounter a
situation where one or the other no longer exists (e.g., a trailer that has
been moved). In such cases, do not delete the bogus housing unit from the
List of Housing Units.
Whenever you add an HU to the List of Added Housing Units circle the HU
number since it is now a SHU. You must also enter a corresponding X or box,
in the case of multiple-unit structures, in the appropriate location on the
sketch. Remember to identify the symbol with the housing unit number from the
List of Added Housing Units form.
G. Calling for Assistance
These field sampling steps are of critical importance. All aspects of
the household sample design have been developed so that data collected for
D-23
-------
this survey will be valid, reliable and accurate. However, no amount of care
with the sampling design is of value unless each interviewer carries out the
final steps of sampling with equal care. Even seemingly slight errors or
oversights in sampling activities completed by the interviewer may necessitate
costly and time-consuming corrective action.
Careful attention to instructions included in this chapter should provide
necessary information to complete the steps involved in checking the listing.
Those steps are extremely important to the accuracy of the sample and, there-
fore, of the data collected. If, at any time, you are unsure of the correct
procedures to follow, call your supervisor or RTI to discuss the situation
before continuing.
D-24
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APPENDIX E
NEWS SUMMARIES DESCRIBING PUBLIC INFORMATION,
COMMUNITY REACTION, AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACTIONS
DURING ACTON CONTAMINATION INCIDENTS
-------
TABLE E-1 . PUBLIC INFORMATION AVAILABLE DURING
CONTAMINATION INCIDENTS: SUMMARY OF NEWS ITEMS
Date
Year Month News item summary
1978
October
Acton Water Supply District (AWSD) notifies Acton Town
Manager Christopher Farrell that the disposal methods used
by the chemical company are contributing to groundwater
contamination.
1979
July
AWSD reports effectiveness of carbon filters in reducing
1,1 -dichloroethylene to zero levels in Assabet wells.
1980
January
Acton Board of Selectmen (ABS) releases final report,
which states that 5 to 7 years are necessary for flushing
the Sinking Pond Aquifer of wastes and that several flush-
ings are required.
June
Acton residents vote to spend $450,000 for study of town
water supplies and alternative resources.
July
Informal health effects study conducted by the Massachu-
setts Department of Public Health shows no evidence of
increased cancer mortality in Acton from 1969 to 1978, the
approximate period the Assabet wells were being used.
September
Local editorial expresses fear of water price doubling or
tripling in Acton due to expense of hydrogeologic studies.
October
Severe drought and citizen concern for contamination of
public water sources causes an increase in use of private
wells for water supply. Fear of contamination of town
supplies is countered by Acton Board of Health (ABH)
member Don Gilbert, who indicates that risk is greater
with well water that does not undergo regular testing.
December
Acton League of Women Voters (LWV) prepares document
on history of AWSD, details of Acton water problems, and
steps for water preservation and conservation.
LWV prepares pamphlet for distribution to Acton residents
detailing ways to conserve water and assure quality. Wa-
ter conservation citizen group planned to publicize need
for efforts in this area.
(continued)
-------
TABLE E-1 (continued)
Date
Year Month
News item summary
1981 February
Editorial denounces AWSD insistence on taking suit against
chemical company to court despite the company's willing-
ness to provide funds to purchase water. AWSD is per-
ceived as needlessly uncooperative,
Acton Garden Club discusses hazardous wastes issues.
July
September
November
Acton residents Jim Widmer and Bob Osborne express con-
cern over ease of access to chemical plant property, pres-
ence of discharges to Sinking Pond, and scrap metal
strewn about site. Company vice president indicates that
citizens should approach him directly with complaints
rather than publicizing problems.
Massachusetts Audubon Society publishes article about
chemical company in its monthly bulletin, which reports
the history of the case. Company vice president de-
nounces the article as a "gimmick" to increase sales.
Gil Woolley, chair of the Sierra Club Hazardous Wastes
and Substances Committee, urges citizen activism to urge
town officials to obtain information about and regulate in-
dustries in their province.
Testing controversy arises when Dr. John Cutler of the
Massachusetts Environmental Health Division tells residents
that styrene is only an irritant, not a carcinogen. Acton
resident Dr. Haluk Ozkaynak of the Harvard Energy and
Environmental Policy Center disputes this conclusion, say-
ing that resident exposure levels were as high as 400 ppm
and could have resulted in chromosome damage. He recom-
mends blood tests to detect this effect. Acton resident
Dr. Edwin Knight denies cancer or birth defect link to
styrene and calls the blood tests a "fishing expedition."
ABH refuses to fund test due to lack of money.
ABS and ABH officials dispute chemicals company claims
that no personal danger to residents existed at the time
of the styrene leak and the claim that the firm has had
an "excellent" safety record for 30 years. Acton fire chief
Malcolm MacGregor reports that numerous fires have
occurred at the company and that the situation created by
the styrene leak was inadequately handled due to company
failure to follow emergency procedures outlined in plans
filed with ABS.
(continued)
-------
TABLE E-1 (continued)
Date
Year Month
News item summary
1982 January
February
Billerica LWV schedules public informational meeting on
pumping proposal by chemical company.
The ABS Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) submits
final report on styrene leak and concludes that inadequate
storage procedures increased the probability of the indi-
cent. A TAC member, Richard Cadwgan, believes the in-
correct procedures have been followed for many years.
Recommendations of TAC include: undertaking of a de-
tailed health effects study, soil and groundwater testing
at the site of the leak, development of emergency response
plans by all chemical facilities in the area, and creation of
a position for a technical environmental officer to assure
proper management of hazardous materials.
March
July
1983 March
Draft of emergency procedures is submitted by chemical
company to Concord and Acton Town Managers as a "new
start" in communications between the company and the
towns. ABS members Joan Gardner and Pam Resor express
dissatisfaction with plan, claiming it offers no guarantee
of contact by chemical company in the event of an emer-
gency.
The Metropolitan Area Planning Council (MAPC) holds in-
formational meeting with residents of Acton, Boxborough,
Littleton, and Concord to encourage regional coordination
for water protection. MAPC notes demand problems faced
by Maynard and Bedford and projects similar concerns for
Acton, Hopkinton, Hudson, Littleton, and Sudbury by 1990
and for Concord, Natick, and Wayland by 2000. Arleen
O'Donnell, of MAPC recommends formation of Groundwater
Study Committee for towns to identify needs and resources
for communities. Alternatives to towns for protection and
development of water are discussed.
Local newspaper urges continued conservation efforts on
the part of Acton citizens despite relief of immediate supply
problems and reminds citizens of potential need to assist
other communities with emergency water supplies.
Testimony in license hearing indicates that hexane leak
was only investigated after presence of hexane was noticed
in oil being recovered from August spill. Even though a
chemical company employee witnessed the spill, it was not
believed the leak had occurred until the following January.
(continued)
-------
TABLE E-1 (continued)
Date
Year Month News item summary
1983 April ABS declines to attend closed-door presentation of report
on restoration of Sinking Pond Aquifer by chemical com-
pany. Town Manager Nancy Banks expresses concern over
need for public presentation. ABS member Jack Ormsbee
declares need for openness because of past "misrepresenta-
tion" on the part of the company.
Town Manager Nancy Banks notes lack of cooperation in
communication on the part of chemical company. Example
given is the violation of a letter of agreement to send to
Acton pertinent documents sent to supervisory agencies.
Federal and State officials received documents relating to
the aquifer restoration while Acton has been deprived of
the same information despite requests for it since the pre-
ceding September. Town Manager questions company com-
. mitment to cooperation.
May Editorial encourages Boxborough and Acton to consider
instituting a program through which residents may be able
to identify and safely dispose of hazardous materials found
in homes. A twice-yearly collection of household hazardous
materials as well as education regarding them is proposed
based on similar successful programs in Lexington, Bed-
ford, and Andover.
E-5
-------
TABLE E-2. SUMMARY OF ACTON COMMUNITY RESPONSE JO
CONTAMINATION INCIDENTS
Date
Year Month
Community action
1978
September
Chemical firm files for permits for installation of storage
tanks for hexane and oil at site of proposed expansion.
Residents of Acton and Concord and Acton Selectmen raise
issues of possible hexane leakage causing well contamination
and odor problems. Firm indicates no problems with similar
system In operation at another plant.
October
Local Sierra Club holds meeting to discuss the environmen-
tal and legal aspects of the proposed chemical company
expansion. Recommendation made to deny permit pending
completion of hydrologic survey and determination of air
emissions and control equipment.
1979
January
Acton Committee for Environmental Safety (ACES) is formed
by citizens of Acton and Concord to review and monitor
the proposed chemical plant expansion.
May
Members of the International Chemical Workers Union em-
ployed at chemical plant vote to boycott a local newspaper
in response to its coverage of the chemical contamination
of Assabet wells. They claim that adverse publicity forces
their firm to transfer operations to other plants, reducing
working hours.
August
Metropolitan Area Planning Council (MAPC) develops "Dirty
Dozen," a list identifying household products containing
chemicals potentially dangerous to groundwater.
September
ACES submits petition to Acton Board of Selectmenn (ABS)
to force the chemical company to cease dumping of hazard-
ous wastes in Acton.
1980
January
Acton League of Women Voters (LWV) releases study of
water resources and management. LWV presents 12-step
proposal to improve Acton water management policy.
March
ACES protests chemical company's cleanup plan, claiming
it is inadequate to meet the requirements of the AWSD
order.
National Sierra Club joins EPA suit against chemical com-
pany in response to request from Thoreau Group, the
Acton area chapter, which hopes to gain access to evidence
(continued)
E-6
-------
TABLE E-2 (continued)
Date
Year Month Community action
1980 March evidence and be entitled to call witnesses. The national
(con.) organization views the issue as having greater than local
consequences and believes that EPA needs support from
other levels in suit.
September ACES members Tony Mandile and Margaret Korde join
Sierra Club in EPA suit as individuals.
October Sierra Club and ACES withdraw application to join EPA
suit following filing of consent decree. They claim their
threat to join convinced chemical company to settle.
December LWV prepares document on history of AWSD, details of
Acton water problems, and steps to be taken for water
preservation and conservation.
LWV prepares pamphlet for distribution to Acton residents
detailing ways to conserve water and assure quality.
Water conservation citizen group planned to publicize need
for efforts in this area.
ACES spokesperson Margaret Korde expresses dissatisfac-
tion with inertia of government officials and distrust of
company representatives during speech before Nashua
River Watershed Association Conference on Hazardous
Wastes. Encourages citizen activitism.
1981 March A five-member volunteer board, the Water Land Manage-
ment Advisory Committee (WLMAC), is established to assist
AWSD on water issues.
July Acton residents Jim Widmer and Bob Osborne express con-
cern over case of access to chemical company property,
presence of discharges to Sinking Pond, and scrap metal
strewn about site. Company vice president indicates that
citizens should approach him directly with complaints
rather than publicizing problems.
Acton residents Widman and Osborne request that chemical
company be required to fence property. Company vice
president indicates no plans to undertake increased secur-
ity at the plant.
(continued)
-------
TABLE E-2 (continued)
Date
Year Month Community action
1981 September Gil Woolley, chair of Sierra Club Hazardous Wastes and
Substances Committee, urges citizen activism to compel
town officials to obtain information about and regulate
industries in their province.
Large turnout at ABS special meeting to discuss styrene
incident. Citizens demand stricter town control of chemical
handling and storage at chemical company. Hostility is
expressed toward company vice president.
Citizen activist group, Citizens Association for the Preser-
vation of the Environment (CAPE), forms in response to
the styrene incident. CAPE calls for identification and
testing of all hazardous or potentially hazardous sites in
Acton and recommends closing or taking legal action
against negligent companies.
A Concord activist group, West Concord Citizens (WCC),
demands a class action suit on behalf of the evacuees of
the styrene incident. They also demand a joint meeting
of ABS and Concord Board of Selectmen (CBS) to assess
compliance of chemical company with Consent Decree and
an investigation by State legislators.
ACES seeks reimbursement for costs to town of evacuation,
monitoring of health effects for those exposed during sty-
rene incident, development for an evacuation plan for
Acton, Maynard, and Concord, cleaning and monitoring of
chemicals spilled during the sytrene incident, and formation
of a citizens' committee to review the incident.
Citizen groups question ABS on failure to follow up en-
forcement of Consent Decree to clean up sites. ABS has
no response.
CBS joins citizen groups in urging ABS to undertake in-
vestigation of styrene incident and of chemical company
operations.
ACES demands that ABS close chemical plant until it can
demonstrate it is not a health hazard and can cope with
emergency situations. ABS states that ABH has power to
close plant, but is the only local agency that can.
(continued)
E-8
-------
TABLE E-2 (continued)
Date
Year Month
Community action
1981 September
(con.)
October
November
ACES denounces chemical company for several reasons:
(1) for claiming in 1978 that no groundwater was on its
property when USGS reported one of the area's largest
aquifers underlies the site, (2) for claiming to use none
of the chemicals found in the contaminated wells while later
photographs show company uses all of them, (3) for claim-
ing to dispose of no hazardous material in its landfill while
EPA's Consent Decree established that these materials had
been deposited for 30 years.
Resident Bill Osborne complains about potential hazard of
disposal of chemical company battery separators in Acton
town dump. Town Manager Nancy Banks assures that sep-
arators are transformed before dumping into safe forms
and that state officials make regular checks of the landfill
and the materials deposited in them.
Testing controversy arises when Dr. John Cutler of the
Massachusetts Environmental Health Division tells residents
that styrene is only an irritant, not a carcinogen. Acton
resident Dr. Haluk Ozkaynak of the Harvard Energy and
Environmental Policy Center disputes this conclusion, say-
ing that resident exposure levels were as high as 400 ppm
and could have resulted in chromosome damage. He recom-
mends blood tests to detect this effect. Acton resident
Dr. Edwin Knight denies cancer or birth defect link to
styrene and calls the blood tests a "fishing expedition."
ABH refuses to fund test due to lack of money.
Concord resident Allan Fierce, an attorney, sues chemical
company in small claims court for nuisance and health im-
pairment caused by the, styrene leak. Company attorneys,
in settling out of court, state they will pay out-of-pocket
costs incurred by residents as a result of the incident and
will make civic donations for payment of nuisance damages.
Acton residents are appointed by ABS to serve on the
Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) established to review
reports and information concerning the styrene incident.
The members are instructed to be "pro-active," to take
positive action, "rather than reactive." Appointed are
Dick Cadwgan, a hydrogeologist formerly with the con-
(continued)
-------
TABLE E-2 (continued)
Date
Year Month Community action
1981 November tractor that conducted the analysis of the Assabet wells;
(con.) Haluk Oxkaynak, project director of the Study on Health
Effects of Population Exposures to Airborne Particles at
the Harvard Energy and Environmental Policy Center; and
John Swallow, an organic chemist serving as a consultant
to ACES.
1982 January Concerned Citizens Coalition of Billerica (CCC) opposes
the chemical company discharge plan, saying no Federal
standards exist for safe ingestion levels of chemicals in
contaminated water. They claim Billerica should not be
forced to drink water refused by Acton residents. ACES
supports CCC on the grounds that shifting the problem to
other towns is not a legitimate solution for Acton. Officials
from ABS, ABH, Acton pubic Works Department, and the
Acton water treatment plant, as well as State representa-
tives from towns downstream, voice support for Billerica's
position.
March WLMAC proposes test of carbon filtration system to clean
contaminated water from Assabet well No. 1. AWSD Com-
missioner William Walsh opposes, calling for more thorough
examination of alternative methods. WLMAC agrees to con-
sider testing aeration system for decontamination. Treated
water is to be treated and discharged into Acton water
supply. Testing will establish best method for treatment
plant for all contaminated water.
ACES registers objection to plan to send water into town
water system during testing phase, rather than completing
and analyzing tests first. WLMAC members assure that
monitoring will reduce risk.
June ABS votes to broaden TAC charge to include monitoring
chemical company compliance with Federal Consent Decree.
Membership of TAC is to be expanded to five members,
with liaison membership established with Concord to main-
tain information flow.
July MAPC holds informational meeting with residents of Acton,
Boxborough, Littleton, and Concord to encourage regional
coordination for water protection. MAPC notes demand
problems faced by Maynard and Bedford and projects simi-
lar concerns for Acton, Hopkinton, Hudson, Littleton, and
(continued)
E-10
-------
TABLE E-2 (continued)
Date
Year Month
Community action
1983 July
(con.)
Sudbury by 1990, and for Concord, Natick, and Wayiand
by 2000. Arleen O'Donnell of MAPC recommends formation
of Groundwater Study Committee for towns to identify
needs and resources for communities. Alternatives to
towns for protection and development of water are dis-
cussed .
1983 March
ACES calls for revocation of chemical company license for
chemical storage, citing a history of carelessness, negli-
gence, evasion, and disregard for environmental safety.
June
ABH notified ABS of interest in coordinating a Hazardous
Waste Day with ALWV and ACES to provide for collection
of household hazardous waste products at a cost of $2,500.
Residents will be given the opportunity to transport their
hazardous waste to a central collection point for proper
packaging and disposal. The permitted materials for col-
lection include solvents, paints, pesticides, herbicides,
photographic chemicals, chemistry sets, and out-of-date
prescriptions.
ABH notes Hazardous Waste Day was motivated by calls
from Acton residents requesting information on disposal of
caustic substances and by need for a safe, economical
alternative to individual dumping of hazardous wastes into
sewers and drains.
E-11
-------
TABLE E-3.
SUMMARY OF THE ACTON GOVERNMENT RESPONSE TO
CONTAMINATION INCIDENTS
Date
Year Month
Government action
1978
October
Acton water Supply District (AWSD) notifies Acton Town
Manager Christopher Farrell that chemical company disposal
methods are contributing to groundwater contamination,
Acton Board of Selectmen (ABS) requests assurances of
protection of town wells and guarantee that the chemical
company will assume costs of mitigation in the event of
contamination. Concern is raised for air pollution and
wastewater and solid waste treatment and disposal.
November
ABS conditionally approves chemical company expansion
subject to company agreement to fund a $90,000 hydrogeo-
logic study to determine if the existing plant is causing
groundwater contamination and to halt disposal activities
and mitigate their effects if such pollution is found.
December
ABS and AWSD close the Assabet wells, due to contamina-
tion by unknown quantities of organic compounds present
in the water. Closures represent loss of 35 to 40 percent
of Acton water supply.
1979
May
AWSD imposes ban on all outside and nonessential water
use in Acton.
June
ABS negotiates with the chemical company to provide
$74,000 in additional funds needed to complete hydrogeo-
logic study.
AWSD reports effectiveness of carbon filters in reducing
1,1 -dichloroethylene to zero levels in Assabet wells.
AWSD initiates a pilot project for granular activated carbon
(GAC) treatment of the water from the Assabet wells.
August
ABS requests removal of household products containing
1,1-dichloroethylene or trichloroethylene from retail out-
lets.
October
AWSD commissions a town-wide hydrogeologic study to lo-
cate alternative groundwater sources and develop plans to
protect Acton's water supply.
(continued)
E-i2
-------
TABLE E-3 (continued)
Date
Year Month Government action
1980
April
Acton appropriates $50,000 for legal, engineering, and
technical services and a chemical analysis study.
October
ABS votes unanimously to join EPA suit against the chem-
ical company.
AWSD announces it seeks $3 million in damages from the
chemical company after out-of-court settlement of $300,000
is rejected. AWSD seeks funds to pay for new well devel-
opment. Company again denies any responsibility for con-
tamination .
November '
AWSD constructs connection to the Concord water system
as a source of emergency water.
1981
January
AWSD commissioner Alvin Piper meets with water managers
of Littleton, Ayer, and Concord and agrees to provide
mutual tie-ins for emergency supplies, share information,
and establish a bank of backup pump parts in a' coopera-
tive approach to regional problems.
February
AWSD files for $22 million in damages in suit against chem-
icals company.
Fine for violation of water ban in Acton is set at $200 per
day.
July
ABS votes to suggest increased security at chemical com-
pany site and to direct ABH Director Steve Calichman to
visit the area to inspect discharges and accumulation of
scrap metal.
September
Concord Board of Selectmen (CBS) joins citizen groups in
urging ABS to undertake investigation of styrene incident
and of operations at the chemical company.
November
ABS asks the chemical company to pay for blood tests
for assessing chromosome damage to city employees involved
in the styrene incident. ABS claims these may be consid-
ered out-of-pocket costs the company already agreed to
reimburse.
(continued)
E-13
-------
Date
Year Month
TABLE E-3 (continued)
Government action
1981 November
(con.)
1982 January
February
Inspection of chemical company by Acton Fire Department
Captain Robert Craig reveals three chemicals stored on
site which are not on inventory supplied to town by the
company.
Acton Conservation Commission (ACC) claims that the
chemical company plan to discharge contaminated well
water into Assabet River falls under their jurisdiction
through the local Wetlands Water Protection bylaw. Re-
quirements include the filing of a notice of intent by the
company and a public hearing on the proposal before the
ACC. ACC threatens a lawsuit against company unless
compliance occurs.
Acton Town Manager Nancy Banks issues order requiring
cessation of closure activities in the chemical company
organic chemical facility pending receipt of formal written
closure procedure from company. Order follows complaints
of residents about odors noticed during cleaning of storage
tank previously containing ethyl acrylate. A chemical
company division president states that the company will
voluntarily comply but denies any local responsibility to
follow order.
September Town Manager Nancy Banks sends scathing letter to the
chemical company, reprimanding it for lax procedures and
calls for hiring of independent engineering consultant to
certify that materials onsite are being properly handled.
She also requests a list of all chemicals stored onsite.
Company vice president responds that list was supplied
long before and that plant design error, not procedures,
was the cause of the oil spill.
November Acton legal counsel Stephen Anderson describes change in
town perception of EPA from protector to eunuch in en-
forcement of Consent Decree with chemicals firm. He notes
EPA personnel changes and lack of interest in proceedings
with the chemicals-firm. EPA coordinator Gerald Levy ack-
nowledges lack of attendance at ABS meetings. He blames
hiring freezes and personnel losses for problems, rather
than lack of interest in the case.
(continued)
E-14
-------
TABLE E-3 (continued)
Date
Year Month Government action
1982 December AWSD seeks to negotiate a settlement with chemical company
in the still pending lawsuit filed by AWSD. AWSD wants
funds for permanent treatment of Assabet wells No. 1 and
No. 2.
ABS notes little progress has been made by chemical com-
pany toward cleanup of landfills and lagoons. ABS claims
company is approximately 1 year behind on timetable estab-
lished for cleanup in Consent Decree. EPA, citing budget
cuts and personnel turnovers, still has not responded to
Acton criticisms of a study conducted by a consulting firm
for the chemical company.
1983 January AWSD and chemical company continue negotiations for out-
of-court settlement on damages due to chemical contamina-
tion of Assabet wells.
February Town Manager Nancy Banks and Acton State Representative
John Loring meet with EPA Director Ann Gorsuch to pro-
test delays in EPA enforcement of Consent Decree.
ABS members and U.S. Representative Jim Shannon plan
meetings with EPA officials to establish a timetable for en-
forcement of Consent Decree.
ABS reaches agreement with regional EPA officials for
cleanup of chemical company site. EPA signs 3-year con-
tract with private consultant to work on the project. Town
Manager Nancy Banks remarks on EPA's abrupt policy
change in the chemical company case.
March ABS members and others tour chemical company site as
part of license hearing investigation. They notice that
alarm system to signal filling of underground storage tanks
is inaudible over machinery noise. Operations Manager
claims operators are attuned to sound of alarm and can
detect it above the machinery.
April ABS votes to shut down operating at chemical company
unless it submits to town plans for new underground stor-
age tanks, or develops its own conformable plans, within
15 days. Town plans call for removal of underground
storage tanks and any contaminated soil within 30 days.
(continued)
E-15
-------
TABLE E-3 (continued)
Date
Year Month Government action
1983 April ABS votes to require chemical company to remove 40,000
(con.) to 50,000 gallons of hexane mixed with a masking agent
stored in tank trucks onsite. Company attorney states
the company has made arrangements to sell the chemicals.
ABS votes to compel chemical company to continue pump-
ing hexane and oil spilled last year and to increase its
monitoring and testing related to the operation.
E-16
-------
APPENDIX F
VALUATION MODELS FOR EXPOSURE RISK REDUCTION,
CONDITIONAL RISK INCLUDED
-------
APPENDIX F
VALUATION MODELS FOR EXPOSURE RISK REDUCTION,
CONDITIONAL RISK INCLUDED
The tables in this appendix contain information from the valuation models
used to estimate marginal values for exposure risk reductions. In particular,
Table F-1 reports a selection of the estimates for the semi-log models—i.e.,
those in which the dependent variable is log (^|)—as a function of a variety
of variables, including conditional risk. Table F-2 reports selected estimates
for the generalized least-squares (GLS) models as a function of a variety of
variables, including conditional risk. Table 13-2 in Chapter 13 gives defini-
tions of the variables.
F-2
-------
TABLE F-1. MODELS FOR MARGINAL VALUATION OF EXPOSURE RISK REDUCTIONS WITH CONDITIONAL RISKa
Model variables
and summary
statistics
Models
for Level A to
Level B risk change
Models for Level A to Level B risk chanqe
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
Intercept
0.433
(0.812)
0.379
(0.706)
0.116
(0.192)
-0.034
(-0.057)
0.209
(0.351)
0.166
(0.277)
-0.007
(-0,010)
-0.095
(-0.136)
EXP
-0.02S
(-2.947)
-0.024
(-2.918)
-0.024
(-2.844)
-0.023
(-2.708)
-0.045
(-2.512)
-0.045
(-2.510)
-0.045
(-2.476)
-0.044
(-2.369)
EXP2
0.056X10"3
(1.630)
0.055x10"3
(1-619)
0.054X10"3
(1.558)
0.050X10"3
(1.465)
0.182x10"3
(1.237)
0.186x10"3
(1.254)
0.189X10"3
(1.257)
0.181X10"3
(1.204)
NUMCHD17
--
--
-0.005
(-0.047)
—
--
0.009
(0.087)
—
INCOME
0.011
(2.402) ¦
0.010
. (2-226)
0.009
(1.750)
0.009
(1.808)
0.012
(2.381)
0.011
(2.181)
0.011
(1.984)
0.011
(2.198)
VER78
1.415
(2.762)
1.428
(2.778)
1.409
(2.702)
1.449
(2.785)
1.737
(3.045)
1.775
(3.076)
1.707
(2.904) .
1.740
(2.961)
Acton
--
0.164
(0.844)
0.148
(0.757)
0.209
(1.045)
—
0.183
(0.869)
0.163
(0.760)
0.177
(0.799)
Cambridge
—
—
--
0.139
(0.306)
—
--
--
-0.290
(-0.642)
Kingston
--
--
—
1.470
(1.188)
1.439
(1.176)
Salem
—
'
—
0.641
(0.880)
0.325
(0.450)
Woburn
--
—
—
1,017
(1.370)
0.486
(0.652)
Age
—
—
0.006
(0.696)
0.005
(0.602)
—
—
0.007
(0.728)
0,006
(0.667)
GEFF
--
--
0.176
(0.389)
0.073
(0.158)
--
0.659
(1.311)
0.629
(1.216)
RISK-AIT
—
--
0.246
(1.285)
0.286
(1,477)
—
—
0.021
(0.099)
0.018
(0.082)
REL-RISK
--
0.008
(0.620)
0.007
(0.484)
0.008
(0.579)
—
-0.034
(-0.475)
-0.089
(-1.091)
-0.078
(-0.941)
COND-RISK
-0.003
(-0.610)
-0.003
(-0.623)
-0.003
(-0.708)
-0.003
(-0.678)
-0.001
(0.287)
-0.001
(-0.217)
-0.002
(-0.466)
-0.003
(-0.537)
R2
0.634
0.636
0.642
0.650
0.674
0.677
0.683
0.689
F
59.90
42.70
27.19
21.77
55.90
39.79
25.27
19.95
n
178
178
178
178
140
140
140
140
52
1.453
1.461
1.473
1.464
1.380
1.390
1.406
1.411
3The numbers in parentheses below the estimated coefficients are t-statistics for the null hypothesis of no association.
-------
TABLE F-2. SELECTED GENERALIZED LEAST-SQUARES
ESTIMATES WITH CONDITIONAL RISK
Dependent
variable
Model
Intercept
EXP
EXP2
INCOME
VER78
Acton
REL-RfSK
COND-RISK
Age
R2
F
n .
-0.166
(-0.571)
-0.055
(-13.157)
0.217x10"""
(11.052)
0.019
(6.979)
1.627
(4.455)
0.004
(1.750)
0.497
91.250
467
-0.732
(-2.078)
-0.042
(-8.620)
0.159X10-3
(7.914)
0.017
(4.954)
2.121
(5.430)
0.107
(2.990)
0.006
(2.047)
0.549
72.325
363
-0.567
(-1.802)
-0.050
(-10.436)
0.202x1O"'
(8.594)
0.013
(4.669)
2.219
(5.183)
-0.230
(-1.757)
0.009
(3.723)
0.410
53.30
467
0.842
(2.336)
-0.054
(-12.106)
0.219x10"'
(10.487)
0.023
(8.430)
1.744
(5.579)
-0.169
(-1.327)
0.001
(0.539)
-0.024
(-5.248)
0.593
94.50
461
F-4
-------
APPENDIX G
AVERAGE HOUSING COST BY SAMPLE
SEGMENT AND TOWN
-------
APPENDIX G
AVERAGE HOUSING COST BY SAMPLE
SEGMENT AND TOWN .
This appendix presents the specific housing cost values—based on 1980
Census estimates—given to interviewers as suggested values for the sample
housing units. In particular, Table G-1 lists these average cost values by
sample segment, by sample town, and, where a segment has more than a single
housing cost value, by sample housing unit number.
G-2
-------
TABLE G-1. AVERAGE HOUSING COST BY SAMPLE SEGMENT AND TOWN
Segment
Town
Sample housing
unit number
Average
cost, $
1
Acton
86,000
2
Acton
85,000
3
Acton
89,000
4
Acton
71,000
5
Acton
66,000
6
Acton
68,000
7
Acton
18
69,000
7
Acton
1,6,9,11,15,22,24,29
76,000
8
Acton
65,000
9
Acton
121,000
10
Acton
100,000
11
Acton
79,000
12
Acton
69,000
13
Acton
69,000
14
Acton
60,000
15
Acton
83,000
16
Acton
92,000
17
Acton
61,000
18
Acton
78,000
19
Acton
66,000
20
Acton
78,000
21
Chelsea/Revere
45,000
22
Revere
55,000
23
Winthrop
63,000
24
Swampscott
43,000
25
Marblehead
65,000
26
Salem
49,000
27
Salem
45,000
28
Lynn
30,000
29
Lynn
36,000
30
Lynn
28,000
31
Saugus
54,000
32
Peabody
47,000
33
Peabody
34,000
34
Topsfield
100,000
35
Beverly
38,000
36
Beverly
61,000
37
Wilmington
62,000
38
Woburn
65,000
39
Reading
60,000
40
Wakefield
63,000
41
Melrose
62,000
42
Stoneham
47,000
(continued)
-------
TABLE G-1 (continued)
Segment
Town
Sample housing
unit number3
Average
cost, $
43
Winchester
117,000
44
Medford
40,000
45
Medford
47,000
46
Maiden
-
52,000
47
Maiden
45,000
48
Everett
40,000
49
Everett
58,000
50
Somerville
49,000
51
Somerville
55,000
52
Somerville
45,000
53
Cambridge
33,000
54
Cambridge
117,000
55
Cambridge
65,000
56
Cambridge
44,000
57
Arlington
56,000
58
Belmont
86,000
59
Lexington
125,000
60
Lexington
85,000
61
Carlisle
74,000
62
Wayland
129,000
63
Waltham
60,000
64
Waltham
65,000
65
Watertown
60,000
66
Watertown
71,000
67
Newton
98,000
68
Newton
65,000
69
Natick
62,000
70
Framingham
Town
36,000
71
Framingham
Town
46,000
72
Framingham
Town
1
95,000
72
Framingham
Town
9,15,17,21,29,30,36,40,46,48
92,000
73
Sherborn
155
90,000
73
Sherborn
17,41,59,63,95,102,116,133,165
129,000
74
Brookline
83,000
75
Brookline
47,000
76
Brookline
129,000
77
Needham
71,000
78
Wellesey
105,000
79
Millis-Cliquat
58,000
80
Walpole
57,000
81
Westwood
71,000
82
Norwood
45,000
(continued)
G-4
-------
TABLE G-1 (continued)
Segment
Town
Sample housing
unit number3
Average
cost, $
83
Canton
43,000
84
Milton
83,000
85
Quincy
47,000
86
Quincy
-
53,000
87
Quincy
46,000
88
Braintree
58,000
89
Braintree
56,000
90
Holbrook
40,000
91
Weymouth
54,000
92
Cohasset
62,000
93
Franklin
61,000
94
Stoughton
13
44,000
94
Stoughton
12,16,17
55,000
94
Stoughton
1,2,5,6,8,10
33,000
95
Hull
23,000
96
Norwell
65,000
97
Scituate
74,000
98
Marshfield
22
44,000
98
Marshfield
12
60,000
98
Marshfield
34,43,57,70,75,89,96
76,000
99
Kingston
30,000
100
Arlington
35,000
g
In several instances, it was necessary to divide a sample segment into parts
with different average housing cost values (see segments 7, 72, 73, 94, and
98). Thus, when a housing unit number appears in this column, the adja-
cent average cost figure applies only to that particular (or those) housing
unit(s). Otherwise, the average cost applies to all housing units in that seg-
ment.
G-5
-------
APPENDIX H
IMPLICIT VALUES FOR RISK CHANGES
-------
APPENDIX H
IMPLICIT VALUES FOR RISK CHANGES
Table H-1 presents implicit values for risk changes with protest bids in-
cluded. These values are calculated per unit of risk in a format comparable
to that used for the statistical lives reported in Table 16-1 of Chapter 16.
Implicit values for risk changes with protest bids excluded are presented in
Table 16-2 of Chapter 16.
H-2
-------
TABLE
H-1. IMPLICIT
VALUES FOR
RISK CHANGES,
PROTEST BIDS INCLUDED
Annuity value
Exposure
Exposure risk
Conditional
Annual value of
per unit
of risk
risk vector
change
risk
unit of
risk
(5%)
(10%)
i
1/5 to 1/10
1/10
23
,028
354,000
217,000
1/20
62
f 880
967,000
593,000
1/10 to 1/25
1/10
16
120
248,000
152,000
1/20
57
040
995,000
877,000
II
1/10 to 1/20
1/10
33
240
511,000
313,000
1/20
148
896
2,289,000
1,404,000
1/20 to 1/50
1/10
46
320
712,000
437,000
1/20
160
960
2,474,000
1,517,000
III
1/30 to 1/60
1/10
138
168
2,124,000
1,303,000
1/20
84
112
4,368,000
2,678,000
1/60 to 1/150
1/10
140
640
2,162,000
1,326,000
1/20
443
520
6,818,000
4,181,000
IV
1/300 to 1/600
1/100
12,146
000
186,720,000
114,503,000
1/200
18,720
000
287,772,000
176,472,000
1/600 to 1/1,500
1/100
20,556
000
315,996,000
193,780,000
1/200
24,264
000
372,997,000
228,734,000
-------
------- |