Fact Sheet1

Land Conservation and Former Mine Lands:

Preserving Natural Land Resources, Planning for the Future

This fact sheet is intended to educate communities, mine land owners, potentially responsible
parties, companies, and other interested groups about how land conservation tools can be used as
part of an integrated strategy to remediate and restore former mine lands. It is one of a series of
papers that describe a variety oftools that can facilitate the reuse of former mine lands. Other series
topics include carbon sequestration, wetlands banking, and water quality credits trading.

This fact sheet describes available land conservation tools and their potential benefits. Land
conservation tools may be appropriate at only a small percentage of former mine lands. However,
given the vast number of former mining areas, land conservation may be able to provide benefits at
thousands of sites. This report also describes the opportunities and limitations associated with using
different land conservation tools and provides sources for additional information.

Introduction

Former mine lands were once home to
industries that helped sustain local
economies and supply our nation with
valuable raw materials. Today, many of
these areas, contaminated by previous
mining operations, lie idle and are not
considered for reuse by mine land owners
or local communities. These sites may pose
significant environmental, regulatory, and
financial challenges. Left unreclaimed, these former mine lands may continue to degrade the
surrounding environment, negatively impact water resources, and deter the revitalization of local
economies. However, when reclaimed, former mine lands may present opportunities for scenic
recreation, historic preservation, and wildlife habitat.

While no comprehensive inventory of former mine lands in the United States exists, estimates of the
number of sites range into the hundreds of thousands. Property owners, local governments, and state
and federal agencies face a shared challenge to find the resources necessary to remediate former mine
lands. The reuse of these sites has the potential to provide valuable funding that can offset the costs
of their remediation. Unfortunately, many former mine lands face limited conventional development
opportunities due to factors such as high remediation costs or a rural location. The remediation and
reuse of these sites will require creative solutions that involve multiple funding sources and reuse
approaches.

' This document does not represent official US EPA policy or guidance. Rather this material presents
alternative approaches which may lead to environmental improvements at mining sites.

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Land conservation is the long-term
protection and management of unused or
underused land resources, such as open
space, farmland, and forest land. In the
following sections, this fact sheet: (1)
introduces land conservation and discusses
how land conservation tools can support the
restoration of former mine lands; (2)
reviews potential benefits associated with
land conservation; and (3) evaluates
conditions under which land conservation
tools can best facilitate the restoration of
former mine lands.

What is Land Conservation?

Land conservation is the long-term
protection and management of undeveloped
land resources, such as open space,
farmland, and forestland. Land
conservation is achieved through a series of
tools, some of which are introduced in the
adjacent sidebar.

Land conservation efforts arose in response
to growing concerns about the pace of
sprawling development and the rapid
consumption of valuable land resources.
Today, the use of land conservation tools
can be an important part of strategies
designed to achieve: water quality
management, flood control, habitat
protection, scenic preservation, urban
revitalization, historic preservation, and
new recreational opportunities.

Land Conservation Tools

Agricultural and Forestal (A&F) Districts - designation
that restricts landowners' development rights to agricultural
and forestal uses for a specified period of time. In return,
landowners pay lowest-use property taxes.

Bottom Line: Limited duration; reduced property tax rates.

Conservation Easement - voluntary legal agreement in
which a landowner, in exchange for tax credits, donates
development rights to an organization that protects land
resources. An easement is established in perpetuity.

Bottom Line: Permanent restriction; federal, state, local, and
estate tax credits (up to 40% of the value of the land until
2010, when the estate tax is scheduled to be repealed). For
example, conservation easement placed on a $1 million
property, which lowers value of property to $700,000.
40% of $700,000 = $280,000 = estate tax exclusion.

Land Acquisition - property purchase from a willing
landowner by a public agency or conservation organization.

Bottom Line: Permanent property transfer, one-time
purchase payment at land's current market value.

Purchase of Development Rights (PDR) - programs that
allow a public agency or non-profit organization to acquire
a property's development rights. The programs place a
conservation easement on the land that ensures its ongoing
use as farmland, forestland, or open space. PDR programs
operate in 15 states.

Bottom Line: Permanent restriction, one-time PDR credit
payment. Average per-acre payment, existing programs,
2000: $1,600.

Transfer of Development Rights (TDR) - programs that
protect natural areas by shifting development to alternative
locations. Local governments establish, by ordinance, two
zones: a conservation zone and a targeted development
zone. Landowners in the conservation zone receive
development-right credits from the locality to sell on the
open market, which can be purchased by developers for
higher-density growth in the development area.

Bottom Line: Permanent restriction, one-time TDR credit
payment. Average per-acre payment, existing programs,
2000: $7,000.

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Why are Land Conservation Tools Working at Former Mine Lands?

While the financial benefits from the use of land conservation tools alone are unlikely to provide
enough incentive for landowners to restore former mine lands, they can be a contributing element
to an overall strategy that leads to mine land restoration. The use of land conservation tools can
contribute to the reuse of former mine lands as natural areas, wildlife preserves, and recreation areas.
Restoring the land for these purposes can generate both revenues for landowners, who may also have
additional financial incentives in the form of tax incentives or direct cash payments, and economic
activity for local communities.

Local communities can also benefit from working with former mine land owners to implement land
conservation tools as part of a strategy to restore these areas. The restoration of former mine lands
can bolster local economies through increased tourism, enhanced property values, improved
recreational opportunities, and protection of important natural resources. In many communities,
former mine lands are an important, underutilized land resource. Restoring and conserving these
lands can be an important component of an overall economic development plan.

At first glance, former mine lands may not look like first-choice locations for parks and natural areas.
However, many of these sites can support activities as varied as recreation, historic preservation, and
wildlife habitat2:

I.	Former mine lands can be ideal, scenic locations for recreational activities, including
hunting, fishing, and wildlife watching, as well as for business retreats and training, at
facilities like wilderness conference centers.

II.	Physical reminders of mining activities at formermine lands, including buildings, machinery,
and waste piles, provide opportunities to preserve and recognize communities' mining
heritage.

III.	Former mine lands can also provide significant wildlife habitat and sustain diverse
ecosystems. The restoration and conservation of these ecosystems can provide several
environmental benefits, including water and air filtration, soil retention, climate change
moderation, and flood mitigation.

Land conservation can be achieved through a variety of approaches, as detailed in the sidebar on the
previous page. The appropriateness of a particular approach at a former mine land will depend upon
the community's needs, the landowner's needs, and the land conservation tools available in that
community. The availability of land conservation tools varies by state and community.

2

For example, in Leadville, Colorado, the 12.5-mile Mineral Belt Trail provides recreational opportunities
for residents and visitors and commemorates the region's mining heritage. In Front Royal, Virginia, a 240-acre
nature conservancy has been created.

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W hat are the Benefits of Land
Conservation?

Economic Benefits

The restoration of former mine lands using
land conservation tools can provide
significant benefits for landowners and
communities. In addition to generating on-
site revenues from recreational and wildlife
activities, landowners can derive immediate
financial benefit from the implementation
of land conservation tools, including:

•	State and federal tax breaks: Land
conservation may provide owners of
contaminated mine lands with
significant state and federal tax breaks.
In return for granting conservation
easements, for example, mine land
owners become eligible for estate tax
breaks of up to 40 percent of the value of
the land.

•	Development-right credits: In areas
with purchase of development rights
(PDR) or transfer of development rights
(TDR) programs, mine land owners can
sell their property's development rights
or receive one-time payments from
development-right credits from local
governments in return for instituting
land conservation measures. In 2000,
PDR programs provided participating
property owners, on average, with
$1,600 for each acre with restricted
development rights. TDR programs, on
average, provided property owners with
$7,000 for each acre of restricted
development in 2000. While many
former mine lands are located in rural
areas, a significant number are located in
more rapidly urbanizing areas, where

Former Mine Land Conservation Case Study:
Mines of Spain Recreation Area, IA

Located south of the City of Dubuque in eastern Iowa, the
1,380-acre Mines of Spain Recreation Area is a designated
"watchable wildlife area" and National Historic Landmark
that includes several different ecosystems, including
upland forest, lowland forest, prairie, and wetlands.

The Area is home to several rare species, including the
bobcat, red-shouldered hawk, flying squirrel, and bald
eagle, as well as a variety of songbirds, white-tailed deer,
wild turkey, and small mammals.

During the 19th and early 20th centuries, lead mining
operations at the Area resulted in the creation and eventual
closure of multiple pits and mining shafts. For most of the
20th century, the Area was used as farmland.

In the late 1970s, the local community recognized a need
for nearby state park facilities and identified the former
mining site and adjacent farmland as a suitable location.
The Dubuque County Conservation Board, the Iowa
Natural Heritage Foundation, a non-profit land
conservation organization, and the Iowa Department of
Natural Resources (DNR) worked together to acquire the
properties. A $ 1 .4 million grant from the federal Land and
Water Conservation Fund helped pay for the properties'
acquisition.

Following acquisition, ownership of the site was
transferred to the Iowa DNR, mining pits and shafts were
filled in or fenced, and in 1981, the properties were
designated as the Mines of Spain Recreation Area.

Today, the Area serves as a vital local and regional
resource, offering recreational opportunities, restoring and
preserving the region's diverse ecosystems, and providing
critical wildlife habitat.

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TDR programs are more likely to exist.

•	Additional revenues from integrated environmental management approach: Land conservation
can be combined with innovative, market-based environmental management approaches such
as clean water credits and wetland banking to generate additional site revenues.

Local governments and public agencies can also benefit significantly from land conservation.
Activities such as hunting, fishing, and wildlife watching generate revenue not only for landowners,
but also for communities across the United States. According to the International Association of
Fish and Wildlife Agencies, hunting generates $25 billion in retail sales, $17 billion in salaries, and
employs 575,000 people annually in the United States. State-level findings are equally significant:

•	In Texas in 2001, according to the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, hunting, fishing, and
wildlife watching generated $5.2 billion in retail sales, $2.6 billion in salaries, and supported
approximately 97,000 jobs.

•	In Colorado in 2001, approximately two million people participated in wildlife watching.
Colorado's Division of Wildlife estimated wildlife watching's total economic impact in the state
at $1.29 billion.

•	In Pennsylvania in 2001, approximately four million people participated in wildlife watching.
The Pennsylvania Wild Resources Conservation Fund estimated wildlife watching's total
economic impact in the state at $1.98 billion.

Additional Benefits

In addition to increased tourism revenues, land conservation can also result in other significant
environmental, social, and fiscal benefits. Land conservation can be a cost-effective way to
safeguard drinking water, clean the air, manage storm water, control flooding, and protect valuable
fishing areas. Former mine lands can encompass diverse ecosystems, including wetlands, forested
areas, streams, and rivers. Protected wetlands serve as wildlife habitat, absorb storm and flood
water, and reduce pollutant and sediment loads in watershed runoff. Protected forestlands help
control erosion and reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide, which moderates climate change.

Land conservation can also help local governments manage spending on infrastructure and services.
Owners of open land pay more in local taxes than it costs local governments to provide services to
their properties, according to a 2003 report by the American Farmland Trust (AFT). The AFT study
found that, on average, open space costs local governments 37 cents for every dollar received in
taxes from the landowner. In contrast, residential developments cost local governments $1.15 for
every dollar collected in taxes.

In addition to these direct economic impacts, the creation of new natural areas, wildlife preserves,
and recreation areas spurs a range of indirect benefits. For example, parks, open space, and a high

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quality of life are critical factors in attracting residents, businesses, and economic activity to
communities. In turn, these potential benefits provide incentives for local governments, mine land
owners, and public agencies to work together to remediate contaminated formermine lands. In some
cases, the scale of potential community benefits may spur local governments to assist mine land
owners with the cost of restoring former mine lands to ecological and recreational reuse.

Recognizing these benefits, communities across the country are supporting local- and state-level land
conservation efforts.3

Former mine lands can also provide valuable wildlife habitat for species requiring significant tracts
of land in order to thrive. As the number of large undeveloped areas in the United States continues
to decrease due to development pressures, wide-ranging species like the bald eagle and bobcat are
increasingly threatened. In turn, the location of significant wildlife habitat at former mine lands
provides opportunities for bird-watching and wildlife tracking, which could serve as local and
regional attractions for community residents and tourists.

When can Land Conservation Tools Best Facilitate the Restoration of Former Mine Lands?

Land conservation is an initial step that communities and mine land owners can take to protect a
former mine land and provide a source of revenue for the site's restoration and reuse as a natural
area, wildlife preserve, or recreation area. For example, the protection of a formermine land using
a conservation easement will not, by itself, result in the site's reuse as a new community park.
However, land conservation does set aside and protect the site, provide the mine land owner with
revenues from tax credits and development credits, and remain consistent with future plans for the
site's remediation and reuse as a recreational or ecological resource.

Community Evaluation of Land Conservation Tools

Land conservation tools can apply to any property in the United States, including former mine lands.
However, communities should carefully consider whether land conservation is the most appropriate
approach at a local mine land. First, a community should evaluate its local land use goals and
priorities. If the community is interested in new recreational opportunities or the preservation of
natural and historical resources, the protection and restoration of a local former mine land could
provide a way to meet these goals. Land conservation tools could provide the starting point for a
long-term approach to protect, remediate, and sustain these natural land resources over time.

3

In 2002, local and state land conservation efforts included:

•	75 percent of local and state conservation-related ballot measures passed (141 of 189 measures in 28
states).

•	Measures generated $10 billion in conservation-related funding, with $5.7 billion specifically for land
acquisition and restoration.

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Second, the community will need to evaluate the former mine land's characteristics:

•	Does the site have limited reuse potential for commercial, industrial, or residential uses?

If the site is located away from population centers and has limited infrastructure (roads and
utilities), distance and high infrastructure development costs may limit the site's conventional
development potential.

•	Does the site include valued ecosystems or provide significant wildlife habitat?

Ecosystems and wildlife habitat at a site may already be thriving, or may require restoration. The
protection and restoration of these natural systems can provide multiple environmental benefits,
including water and air filtration, soil retention, climate change moderation, and flood mitigation.

•	Will the community's water resources need to be protected in the future?

If the site is located within a sensitive watershed, the conservation of the site can provide an
opportunity for comprehensive protection of the region's water resources.

•	Could the site offer opportunities for recreation, tourism, and historic preservation?

Beautiful landscapes, historic mining structures, and open space are valuable community
resources. Former mine lands can meet community needs for additional parks, wildlife areas,
or historic areas recognizing an area's regional heritage, while also serving as a revenue source
for mine land owners.

If the answer to one or more of these questions is "yes," land conservation could be an appropriate
tool to protect recreational and natural land resources at a local former mine land.

When a community reviews the characteristics of a local former mine land, the evaluation should
include an assessment of both current site conditions and potential future site uses. Many sites, for
example, will require remediation and restoration to return on-site natural resources to use. At these
sites, land conservation tools can be used to protect sites prior to or during restoration. Land
conservation tools can also be used concurrently with innovative environmental management
approaches like clean water credits or wetland banking to integrate a site's restoration and protection
and to leverage resources to maximize site revenues.

Comparison of Costs and Characteristics of Common Land Conservation Tools

Following evaluation of local land use goals and former mine land characteristics, the community
will need to determine the appropriateness of different land conservation tools. The table on the
following page compares the costs and characteristics of five common land conservation tools:
agricultural and forestal districts, conservation easements, transfer of development rights programs,
purchase of development rights programs, and land acquisition.

First, the table evaluates the tools' primary and secondary costs. Primary costs are the direct costs
associated with the creation, implementation, and management of a program. Secondary costs are

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the indirect locality costs—primarily reduced local tax revenues—created by the operation of a land
conservation program. Second, the table highlights the entities responsible for the management of
protected land resources within each type of program. For example, non-profit organizations like
land trusts typically work with land owners to place conservation easements on their properties.
Finally, the table indicates whether each land conservation tool places flexible or permanent
restrictions on a property's development rights.

Land Conservation Tools: Costs and Characteristics



Agricultural &
Forestal
Districts

Conservation
Easements

Transfer of
Development
Rights

Purchase of
Development
Rights

Land
Acquisition

Primary Costs

No-cost to
localities; A&F
Districts
operated and
funded by state
agencies

No-cost to
localities; a third-
party, such as a
land trust,
purchases a
property's
development rights
from mine land
owner.

Low-cost to
localities;
program setup
and

administration

Higher-cost;
locality
purchases a
property's
development
rights from
mine land
owner.

Highest-cost;
locality or non-
profit

organization
purchases
property from
mine land
owner at market
value

Secondary
Costs

Property
generates
reduced tax
revenues for
locality.

Property generates
reduced tax
revenues for
locality.

Reduced
property tax
revenues
balanced by
increased tax
revenues from
targeted
development
zone.

Property
generates
reduced tax
revenues for
locality.

Property
generates no
tax revenues for
locality if
property is
purchased by
locality or non-
profit

organization.

Ongoing
Responsibilities

State programs

Land trust / non-
profit organization

Locality

Locality

Locality

Time Frame

Variable; 5-10
years

Perpetuity

Perpetuity

Perpetuity

Perpetuity

Additional
Information

Requires state
implementation

Land conservation
not managed by
locality; can result
in patchwork
approach.

Common program funding mechanisms include:
taxes (sales, use, and real estate transfer taxes),
development impact fees, special assessment
districts, and general obligation and revenue
bonds).

Information

Sources:

Trust for Public Land, Land Conservation Fund, and Land Trust Alliance

(see page 10 for contact information)

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Once a community and mine land owner have selected appropriate land conservation tools, they need
to identify supporting resources. The federal Land and Water Conservation Fund, for example,
administers a state-level land conservation grant program designed to encourage state and local
governments to expand recreational opportunities. National organizations such as the Conservation
Fund and The Nature Conservancy offer a range of relevant programs and funding sources to protect
natural systems. Communities will need to consider a range of local public and private sector
resources, financing mechanisms, and state and federal funding sources.

Partners and Organizations

Private and public organizations, including land trusts, environmental advocacy organizations, local
governments, and state and federal agencies are working to support land conservation efforts in the
United States. Appendix A lists some of these organizations and government agencies, which can
provide many different types of resources, including funding, technical assistance, and educational
materials, to communities and property owners interested in land conservation opportunities at
former mine lands.

Summary

Land conservation provides communities with an opportunity to consider former mining sites within
a new context. Former mine lands can support diverse ecosystems and wildlife habitat. Former
mine lands can provide recreational and educational opportunities, including hunting, fishing,
wildlife watching, trails, and educational facilities. Restored mine lands can serve as valued local
and regional resources.

Communities can use land conservation tools, such as conservation easements and property
acquisition, to protect these sites and promote their remediation and restoration to recreational or
ecological reuse. After remediation, the sites can prosper as natural areas, wildlife preserves, and
recreation areas. These site uses will generate economic and environmental benefits for mine land
owners and local communities. While land conservation tools may be appropriate at only a small
percentage of former mine lands, this small percentage may constitute thousands of sites, given the
vast number of former mining areas.

Land conservation can enhance a community's quality of life, protect local ecosystems, preserve
significant cultural and historical resources, and spur the return of former mining sites to productive
recreational and ecological reuse. While former mining sites may offer only limited opportunities
for conventional industrial, commercial, or residential reuses, former mine lands can be well-suited
to the protection and restoration of valued landscapes and unique natural resources and the creation
of new community parks. The end result is former mine lands restored and protected as natural and
recreational resources that can benefit communities for years to come.

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Contact Information

Interested in pursuing land conservation opportunities for a local former mine land? For additional information,
contact the following resources:

•	EPA's Abandoned Mine Land (AML) Team can provide communities with technical support and resources
as they explore reuse opportunities available at former mine lands. EPA's AML Team works in partnership
with communities to clarify EPA's interests at former mine lands and address potential obstacles to reuse
planning at these sites. For more information, please refer to the AML Team's website at
www.epa.gov/superfi.ind/programs/aml.

•	EPA also supports the reuse of former mine lands through the Superfund Redevelopment Initiative (SRI).
For additional information, SRI's website, at www.epa.gov/superfund/programs/recvcle. provides tools,
case studies, and resource information addressing the reuse of Superfund sites, including former mine lands.

Appendix A: Community Resources

National Land Conservation Organizations

The T rust for Public Land
(415) 495-4104
(202) 543-7552
www.tpl.org

National Trust for Historic Preservation

(202) 588-6000

www.nthp.org

The Conservation Fund
(703) 525-6300
www.conservationfund.org

The Nature Conservancy
(800) 628-6860
www.nature.org

Land Trust Alliance
(202) 638-4725
www.lta.org

Rails to Trails Conservancy
(202) 331-9696
www.railtrails.org

Federal Resources

Clean Streams Initiative

Program provides funds for communities in 13 states
to address acid mine drainage at former mining sites.

Administering Agency: U.S. Department of the
Interior, Office of Surface Mining
(www .0 smre. go v/a c siplan .htm)

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Federal Resources

Clean Water Act (Section 319)

Act funds national and state Nonpoint Source Pollution
programs to restore and protect areas damaged by
nonpoint source pollution.

Administering Agency: U.S. Environmental Protection
Aaencv (www.eDa.aov/owow/nDs/cwact.html)

Land and Water Conservation Fund (LWCF)

Largest source of federal money for park, wildlife, and
open space land acquisition.

Administering Agencies: Bureau of Land Management
(www.blm.aov). U.S. Forest Service (www.fs.fed.us).
National Park Service

(www.nDS.aov/ncrc/Droarams/lwcf/index.html)

National Coastal Wetlands Conservation Grants

Program provides matching funds to state agencies to
acquire or restore coastal wetland ecosystems.

Administering Agency: U.S. Department of the
Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Branch of Habitat
Restoration, Division of Habitat Conservation
(www.fws.aov)

North American Wetlands Conservation Act

Act provides funds for projects that acquire or restore
wetland ecosystems.

Administering Agency: U.S. Department of the
Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service (www.fws.aov)

Pittman-Robertson Act (Federal Aid in Wildlife
Restoration Act)

Act provides states with funding for the restoration of
wildlife habitat.

Administering Agency: U.S. Department of the
Interior. Fish and Wildlife Service (www.fws.aov)

Stateside LWCF

Matching grant program provides funds to states for
planning, development, and acquiring land and water
areas for state and local parks and recreation areas.

Adm inistering Agency: National Park Service
(www.nDS.aov/ncrc/Droarams/lwcf/index.html)

Transportation Efficiency Act for the 21st Century
(TEA-21)

Funding for states to acquire land for historic
preservation, trails, scenic beautification, and water
pollution mitigation.

Administering Agency: U.S. Department of
TransDortation (www.fliwa.dot.aov/tea21/index.htm)

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Federal Resources

Wetlands Reserve Program

Program offers landowners easements and cost-sharing
agreements to preserve wetlands.

Administering Agency: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service
(www.nrcs.usda.aov/Droarams/wrD/)

Wildlife Habitat Incentive Program

Program provides technical and cost-sharing assistance
to landowners interested in the development of wildlife
habitat on their property.

Administering Agency: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service
(www.nrcs.usda.aov/Droarams/whiD/)

Appendix B: Sources

American Farm Land Trust. 2003. Cost of Community Services Studies: Making the Case for
Conservation. Washington, D.C.: American Farmland Trust.

Animal Use Issues Committee. 2001. Economic Importance of Hunting in America. Washington,
D.C.: International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies. Available online at:
www, iafwa. org/Publications .htm

Colorado Division of Wildlife. 2003. The 2001 Economic Benefits of Watchable Wildlife

Recreation in Colorado. Fernandina Beach, FL: Southwick Associates. Available online at:
www, southwickassociates. com/ freereports/default.aspx.

Costanza, Robert et al. 1997. "The Value of the World's Ecosystem Services and Natural Capital."
Nature 387: 253-259.

Horstmann, Ben. 2003. Interview. Phone conversation, 12 August. Mines of Spain Recreation
Area, Dubuque, Iowa.

Metro Regional Center. 1997. Regional Framework Plan. Portland, OR: Metro Regional Center.
Available online at: www.metro-region.org.

The Conservation Fund. 2002. Land and Water Conservation Fund: An Assessment of Its Past,
Present, and Future. Washington, D.C.: The Conservation Fund. Available online at:
www.conservationfund.org.

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The Nature Conservancy. 2000. The Five-S Framework for Site Conservation. Washington,
D.C.: The Nature Conservancy. Available online at: www.nature.org.

Pennsylvania Wild Resources Conservation Fund. 2001. The 2001 Economic Benefits of
Watchable Wildlife Recreation in Pennsylvania. Fernandina Beach, FL: Southwick Associates.
Available online at: www, southwickassociates. com/freereports/default.aspx.

Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. 2003. The 2001 Economic Benefits of Hunting, Fishing
and Wildlife Watching in Texas. Fernandina Beach, FL: Southwick Associates. Available
online at: www.southwickassociates.com/freereports/default.aspx.

The Trust for Public Land. 1999. Economic Benefits of Parks and Open Space. Washington,
D.C.: The Trust for Public Land. Available online at: www.tpl.org.

The Trust for Public Land. 2002. Land Vote 2002: Americans Invest in Parks & Open Space,
Washington, D.C.: The Trust for Public Land. Available online at: www.tpl.org.

The Trust for Public Land. 2002. Local Greenprinting for Growth, Vol. 1. Washington, D.C.:
The Trust for Public Land. Available online at: www.tpl.org.

United States Department of the Interior. 2001. National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and
Wildlife-Associated Recreation. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of the Interior.
Available online at: fa.r9. fws. gov/survevs/surveys .html.

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