#• \ ®! % ^ *1 PRO*^ 2020 National Emissions Inventory Technical Support Document: Nonroad Mobile Sources ------- ------- EP A-454/R-23 -001 d January 2023 2020 National Emissions Inventory Technical Support Document: Nonroad Mobile Sources U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Air Quality Assessment Division Research Triangle Park, NC ------- Contents List of Tables i 4 Nonroad Mobile 4-1 4.1 Sector description 4-1 4.2 Computing Nonroad emissions using MOVES 4-1 4.3 Additional Data: Nonroad County Databases (CDBs) 4-3 4.4 MOVES runs and Postprocessing Steps 4-5 4.5 Use of California Submitted Emissions 4-6 4.6 References for nonroad mobile 4-8 List of Tables Table 4-1: Pollutants produced by MOVES-Nonroad for 2020 NEI 4-2 Table 4-2: Selection hierarchy for the Nonroad Mobile data category 4-4 Table 4-3: Submitted MOVES-Nonroad input tables, by agency 4-4 Table 4-4: Contents of the Nonroad Mobile supplemental inputs folder 4-5 Table 4-5: PAHs calculated using MOVES for California Nonroad SCCs 4-6 Table 4-6: Pollutant and data source in nonroad for the 2020 NEI 4-7 l ------- 4 Nonroad Mobile 4.1 Sector description The mobile nonroad equipment data category includes all mobile source emissions that do not operate on roads, excluding commercial marine vehicles, railways, and aircraft. The emissions included in the NEI for this category are modeled using MOVES and cover nonroad equipment in 10 broad economic sectors: construction, agriculture, industrial, lawn & garden (commercial and residential), commercial, logging, railroad support (excluding locomotives), recreational vehicles, recreational marine (pleasure craft; excluding commercial marine vessels), and underground mining. Nonroad equipment emissions were computed by running the MOVES3,1 which incorporates the NONROAD model. MOVES3 and its predecessor MOVES2014b incorporated updated nonroad engine population growth rates, nonroad Tier 4 engine emission rates, and sulfur levels of nonroad diesel fuels. MOVES3 was used for all states other than California, which developed their own emissions using their own tools. In using MOVES to calculate GHG emissions from these sources, the NEI uses a bottom-up methodology whereby nonroad emissions are the product of an adjusted emission factor multiplied by rated engine power, engine load factor, engine population, and activity. The US GHGI reports C02 emissions for these nonroad sources based on top-down overall gasoline and diesel fuel use by end use/economic sector. The economic sector fuel use data used in the US GHGI do not distinguish between stationary and mobile sources, so nonroad mobile C02 emissions are not specifically identified in the US GHGI, with the exception of recreational marine vessels. Therefore, the bottom-up NEI approach applied nationally will lead to differences with national totals in the US GHGI and the related state-level estimates in the GHGI by State. 4.2 Computing Nonroad emissions using MOVES MOVES3, the latest public release of EPA's Motor Vehicle Emissions Simulator (MOVES) Model, estimates daily emissions for total hydrocarbons (THC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (C02), particulate matter 10 microns and less (PMio), and sulfur dioxide (S02), as well as calculating fuel consumption. MOVES3 (version 3.0.3) [ref 1] uses ratios from some of these emissions to calculate emissions for particulate matter 2.5 microns and less (PM2 5), methane, ammonia (NH3), four more aggregate hydrocarbon groups (NMHC, NMOG, TOG, and VOC), 14 hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), 17 dioxin/furan congeners, 32 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and six metals. For a complete list of these pollutants, see Table 4-1. All the input and activity data required to run MOVES-Nonroad are contained within the MOVES default database, which is distributed with the model. However, EPA uses alternative equipment spatial allocations for some sectors that is different from the publicly distributed default database tables. State- and county-specific data can be used by creating a supplemental database known as a county database (CDB) and specifying it in the MOVES run specification (runspec). State, local and tribal (S/L/T) agencies can update the data within the CDBs to produce emissions 1 httpsi//www. epa.gov/moves. 4-1 ------- estimates that accurately reflect local conditions and equipment usage. MOVES first uses the data in the CDBs and fills in any missing data from the MOVES default database. To develop the 2020 NEI nonroad emissions, EPA executed MOVES3, the most current public version of MOVES available at the time. Specifically, the code version was MOVES3.0.3. The default database used for the NEI nonroad runs was movesdb20220105_nrupdates, which is a copy of the database released publicly with MOVES3. The 'nrupdates' version of the MOVES default database contains alternative nonroad equipment spatial allocations by replacement of the three tables nrBaseYearEquipPopulation, nrStateSurrogate, and nrSurrogate. The national updates made to the MOVES3 default database are the same as those made previously to the MOVES2014b default database for the 2017 NEI and 2016vl Platform. The updated tables allocate national populations of Agricultural and Construction equipment to the state and county levels, as described in the 2016vl Platform Nonroad Mobile Emissions Specification Sheet [ref 4], Table 4-1: Pollutants produced by MOVES-Nonroad for 2020 NEI Pollutant Pollutant ID Pollutant Name ID Pollutant Name 1 Total Gaseous Hydrocarbons 82 lndeno(l,2,3,c,d)pyrene particle 2 Carbon Monoxide (CO) 83 Phenanthrene particle 3 Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) 84 Pyrene particle 5 Methane (CH4) 86 Total Organic Gases 20 Benzene 87 Volatile Organic Compounds 21 Ethanol 88 NonHAPTOG 23 Naphthalene particle 90 Atmospheric C02 24 1,3-Butadiene 99 Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) 25 Formaldehyde 100 Primary Exhaust PMio - Total 26 Acetaldehyde 110 Primary Exhaust PM2.5 - Total 27 Acrolein 130 1,2,3,7,8,9-Hexachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin 30 Ammonia (NH3) 131 Octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-Heptachlorodibenzo-p- 31 Sulfur Dioxide (S02) 132 Dioxin 40 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 133 Octachlorodibenzofuran 41 Ethyl Benzene 134 1,2,3,4,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin 42 Hexane 135 1,2,3,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin 43 Propionaldehyde 136 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzofuran 44 Styrene 137 1,2,3,4,7,8,9-Heptachlorodibenzofuran 45 Toluene 138 2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran 46 Xylene 139 1,2,3,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran 60 Mercury Elemental Gaseous 140 1,2,3,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzofuran 61 Mercury Divalent Gaseous 141 1,2,3,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin 62 Mercury Particulate 142 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin 63 Arsenic Compounds 143 2,3,4,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzofuran 65 Chromium 6+ 144 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-Heptachlorodibenzofuran 66 Manganese Compounds 145 1,2,3,4,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzofuran 4-2 ------- Pollutant Pollutant ID Pollutant Name ID Pollutant Name 67 Nickel Compounds 146 1,2,3,7,8,9-Hexachlorodibenzofuran Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene 68 particle 169 Fluoranthene gas 69 Fluoranthene particle 170 Acenaphthene gas 70 Acenaphthene particle 171 Acenaphthylene gas 71 Acenaphthylene particle 172 Anthracene gas 72 Anthracene particle 173 Benz(a)anthracene gas 73 Benz(a)anthracene particle 174 Benzo(a)pyrene gas 74 Benzo(a)pyrene particle 175 Benzo(b)fluoranthene gas 75 Benzo(b)fluoranthene particle 176 Benzo(g,h,i)perylene gas 76 Benzo(g,h,i)perylene particle 177 Benzo(k)fluoranthene gas 77 Benzo(k)fluoranthene particle 178 Chrysene gas 78 Chrysene particle 181 Fluorene gas 79 Non-Methane Hydrocarbons 183 Phenanthrene gas 80 Non-Methane Organic Gases 184 Pyrene gas 81 Fluorene particle 185 Naphthalene gas 4.3 Additional Data: Nonroad County Databases (CDBs) MOVES uses county databases (CDBs) to provide detailed local information for estimating nonroad emissions. The EPA encouraged S/L/T agencies to submit MOVES-Nonroad CDBs to the Emission Inventory System (EIS) for the 2020 NEI. Data not provided in CDBs is automatically supplied from the modified MOVES default database. As is also true for MOVES onroad runs, even if an agency submitted fuel or meteorological data, the EPA used "EPA default" values for these data parameters. EPA developed fuel inputs for 2020 based on the extensive refinery gate batch dataset collected as a part of EPA's fuel compliance programs and incorporated this into MOVES3. The meteorological data were derived from a Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) version 4.1.1[ref 5], The modified MOVES default database for MOVES3 containing refinements to construction and agricultural sectors, (movesdb20220105_nrupdates) and state-submitted inputs in CDBs were used to run MOVES-Nonroad to produce emissions for all states other than California. California-submitted emissions were used. Table 4-2 shows the selection hierarchy for the nonroad data category. CDBs were used to run MOVES- Nonroad to produce emissions for all states other than California. California-submitted emissions were used. 4-3 ------- Table 4-2: Selection hierarchy for the Nonroad Mobile data category Priority Dataset Notes 1 S/L/T-supplied emissions Three tribes submitted nonroad emissions: Kootenai Tribe of Idaho, Nez Perce Tribe, and Shoshone-Bannock Tribes of the Fort Hall Reservation of Idaho. California submitted emissions calculated with their own model (EMFAC). 2 S/L/T-supplied input data through 2020 NEI process 3 2020EPA_NONROAD All data from MOVES3 EPA asked S/L/T agencies to provide model inputs in the form of MOVES CDBs for 2020. Table 4-3 shows the S/L/T agencies that submitted nonroad model inputs for the 2020 NEI via the EIS Gateway. Table 4-3: Submitted MOVES-Nonroad input tables, by agency State Code State or County(ies) in the Agency nrbaseyearequippopulation (source populations) nrdayallocation (allocation to day type) nrgrowthindex (population growth) nrhourallocation (allocation to diurnal pattern) nrmonthallocation (seasonal allocation) nrsourceusetype (yearly activity) nrstatesurrogate (allocation to counties) county (barometric pressure) countyyear (stage II information) nrequipmenttype (surrogate selection) nrsurrogate (surrogate identification) nrscc (SCCs) 4 Arizona - Maricopa Co. A B A B B 9 Connecticut C 13 Georgia B 17 Illinois D 18 Indiana D D 26 Michigan D D 27 Minnesota D D 39 Ohio C C 41 Oregon B 48 Texas B B B B B B B B B B 49 Utah D D D D 53 Washington E E E 55 Wisconsin D A Submitted data with modification: deleted records not associated with Commercial Lawn & Garden equipment. B Submitted data. c Submitted data with modification: deleted records not associated with Recreational Marine source type IDs 2113 to 2159. D Data carried forward from the 2017 NEI. E Submitted data with modification: deleted records not associated with WA's recreational marine surrogate IDs. 4-4 ------- The 1,264 submitted CDBs used for the MOVES-Nonroad run are packaged together in '2020_NonroadCDBs.zip' available at the 2020 NEl Supplemental nonroad mobile data FTP site. The rest were run using the modified MOVES default database, which does not require CDBs. A list of all 3,225 U.S. counties and their corresponding CDBs, if any, is available in '2020_nonroad_counties_FinalList.xlsx'. These supplemental nonroad mobile data contents are listed in Table 4-4 and are all available on the 2020 N El Supplemental nonroad mobile data FTP site. Table 4-4: Contents of the Nonroad Mobile supplemental inputs folder File or Folder Description 1 2020_NonroadCDBs.zip Submitted nonroad CDBs used to run MOVES3 and EPA CDBs. 2 2020 nonroad counties FinalList.xlsx List of all counties and their CDBs. 3 2020_zonemonthhour.zip Zonemonthhour table (meteorology data). 4 2020_NonroadRunspecs.zip Runspecs for all counties. 5 2020_Modified_MOVES_Default_DB.zip Modified version of the MOVES3 database containing alternative tables for Construction and Agricultural equipment spatial allocation. 6 2020_postprocess_nraq_nrvoc.zip Post-processing scripts for MOVES runs. 7 Nonroad CARB SCC Xwalk.xlsx File mapping California emission inventory codes (EICs) to EPA SCCs. 4.4 MOVES runs and Postprocessing Steps In the 2020 NEI Supplemental nonroad mobile data FTP site, the Excel file '2020_nonroad_counties_FinalList.xlsx' lists all 3,225 counties and their corresponding CDBs if one was used for the county. The CDBs that were used are in '2020_NonroadCDBs.zip' in the online NRSupplemental Data folder. If no CDB was listed for a county, that county was run with the modified MOVES default database for MOVES3 (movesdb20220105_nrupdates). MOVES was run for each county in a single, separate run specification file (runspec). All the runspecs are in the '2020_NonroadRunspecs.zip' file in the online NRSupplemental Data folder. The MOVES-Nonroad runs were checked for completeness and absence of error messages in the run logs. The output was post-processed to consolidate each county into a single database and to produce SMOKE-ready input. The scripts that performed these processes are in '2020_postprocess_nraq_nrvoc.zip' in the 2020 NEI Supplemental nonroad mobile data FTP site. The MOVES runs created monthly, day type (weekday and weekend) total inventories for every U.S. county, and post-processing scaled the day totals to monthly and annual values. The following additional steps were taken on the monthly MOVES nonroad outputs to prepare data for loading into EIS: 1. The gas and particle components of PAHs (e.g., Chrysene, Fluorene) were combined. 2. The individual mercury species were combined into total mercury (i.e., pollutant 7439976). 3. Emissions were aggregated from the more detailed SCCs modeled in MOVES to the SCCs modeled in SMOKE. Information about this aggregation is contained in the '2020NonroadSCCaggregation.xlsx' file posted on the 2020 NEI Supplemental data ftp site. 4-5 ------- 4. Pollutants produced by MOVES but not accepted in the NEI were removed (e.g., ethanol, NONHAPTOG, and total hydrocarbons). 5. Five speciated PM2.5 species were added based on speciation profiles (i.e., elemental carbon, organic carbon, nitrate, sulfate and other PM2.5). 6. DIESEL-PM10 and DIESEL-PM25 were added by copying the PM10 and PM2.5 pollutants (respectively) as DIESEL-PM pollutants for all diesel SCCs. 7. Airport ground support equipment emissions were removed. 8. Oil and gas field equipment emissions were removed. 9. Incorporated California-submitted nonroad emissions. Note that starting in 2020, the Alaska county 02-261 (Valdez-Cordova) split into two counties: 02-063 (Chugach Census Area) and 02-066 (Copper River Census Area). This change was not incorporated in MOVES3, so the 2020 NEI emissions for these counties were processed in MOVES3 under Valdez- Cordova county, and then split into separate totals for Chugach Census Area and Copper River Census Area based on census population data in the two census areas. Following the completion of the MOVES runs, railway maintenance emissions were removed from specific counties / census areas in Alaska because Alaska DEC specified that this type of activity does not happen in those areas. Specifically, emissions from SCCs 2285002015, 2285004015, and 2285006015 were removed from the following counties / census areas: 02013, 02016, 02050, 02060, 02070, 02100, 02105, 02110, 02130, 02150, 02158, 02164, 02180, 02185, 02188, 02195, 02198, 02220, 02240, 02261, 02275, and 02282. Alaska DEC also specified some counties / census areas in which logging and agricultural emissions do not happen, but the emissions for the specified SCCs were already zero in the specified areas. 4.5 Use of California Submitted Emissions California submitted criteria and HAP nonroad emissions for EPA's use in the NEI. California estimates emissions with a California-specific model and converts them from their EIC codes to SCC codes via a crosswalk (Nonroad CARB SCC Xwalk.xlsx). The California criteria emissions and most HAP emissions were used directly. For PAHs, due to differences in pollutants included in MOVES and those provided by CARB, PAH emissions were taken from MOVES rather than from CARB. A list of the PAHs which are based on MOVES data rather than CARB data in California is in Table 4-5. Table 4-5: PAHs calculated using MOVES for California Nonroad SCCs Pollutant Pollutant Code Acenaphthene 83329 Acenaphthylene 208968 Anthracene 120127 Benz[a] Anthracene 56553 Benzo[a]Pyrene 50328 Benzo[b]Fluoranthene 205992 Benzo[g,h,i,]Perylene 191242 Benzo[k]Fluoranthene 207089 Chrysene 218019 Dibenzo[a,h] Anthracene 53703 Fluoranthene 206440 4-6 ------- Pollutant Pollutant Code Fluorene 86737 lndeno[l,2,3-c,d]Pyrene 193395 Phenanthrene 85018 Pyrene 129000 In addition, C02 data were added to the California nonroad inventory based on EPA estimates, because C02 emissions were not provided in the submission. EPA also speciated CARB total PM2.5 and PM10 using the same approach as for other states and copied the PM2.5 and PMioto DIESEL-PM "pollutants" for all diesel SCCs. Table 4-6 illustrates pollutants and data source in the 2020 NEI. Table 4-6: Pollutant and data source in nonroad for the 2020 NEI CAS poll desc poll data source for California category 100414 Ethylbenzene VOC HAP CARB 100425 Styrene VOC HAP CARB 106423 Xylenes (mixed isomers) VOC HAP CARB 106990 Butadiene, 1,3- VOC HAP CARB 107028 Acrolein VOC HAP CARB 108383 Xylenes (mixed isomers) VOC HAP CARB 108883 Toluene VOC HAP CARB 110543 Hexane VOC HAP CARB 120127 Anthracene PAH MOVES 123386 Propionaldehyde VOC HAP CARB 129000 Pyrene PAH MOVES 1330207 Xylenes (mixed isomers) VOC HAP CARB 1854029 9 Chromium VI metal CARB 191242 Benzo[g,h,i,]Perylene PAH MOVES 193395 lndeno[l,2,3-c,d] Pyrene PAH MOVES 205992 Benzo[b]Fluoranthene PAH MOVES 206440 Fluoranthene PAH MOVES 207089 Benzo[k]Fluoranthene PAH MOVES 208968 Acenaphthylene PAH MOVES 218019 Chrysene PAH MOVES 50000 Formaldehyde VOC HAP CARB 50328 Benzo[a]Pyrene PAH MOVES 53703 Dibenzo[a,h]Anthracen e PAH MOVES 540841 Trimethylpentane, VOC HAP CARB 2,2,4- 56553 Benz[a] Anthracene PAH MOVES 71432 Benzene VOC HAP CARB 7439965 Manganese metal CARB 7439976 Mercury, Unspeciated metal CARB 4-7 ------- CAS poll desc poll category data source for California 7440020 Nickel metal CARB 7440382 Arsenic metal CARB 75070 Acetaldehyde VOC HAP CARB 83329 Acenaphthene PAH MOVES 85018 Phenanthrene PAH MOVES 86737 Fluorene PAH MOVES 91203 Naphthalene VOC HAP CARB 95476 O-xylene VOC HAP CARB CH4 Methane GHG MOVES CH4 * CARB VOC/MOVES VOC CO Carbon Monoxide CAP CARB CO 2 Carbon Dioxide GHG MOVES state total, allocated to county-SCC by CARB S02 DIESEL- Diesel PM10 HAP CARB PM10 DIESEL- Diesel PM2.5 HAP CARB PM25 EC elemental carbon speciate d PM CARB w/MOVES speciation N20 Nitrous Oxide GHG MOVES state total, allocated to county-SCC by CARB S02 NH3 Ammonia CAP MOVES state total, allocated to county-SCC by CARB S02 N03 particulate nitrate speciate d PM CARB w/MOVES speciation NOX Nitrogen oxides CAP CARB OC organic carbon speciate d PM CARB w/MOVES speciation PM10-PRI Particulate matter, 10 microns and less CAP CARB PM25-PRI Particulate matter, 2.5 microns and less CAP CARB PMFINE pmfine speciate d PM CARB w/MOVES speciation SO 2 Sulfur Dioxide CAP CARB S04 particulate sulfate speciate d PM CARB w/MOVES speciation VOC Volatile organic compounds CAP CARB 4.6 References for nonroad mobile 1. MOVES-Nonroad, its documentation and technical reports can be found here: Nonroad Technical Reports. 4-8 ------- 2. CARB's group of models for off-road equipment may be linked to from this site: Mobile Source Emissions Inventory. 3. MOVES3, its default database, documentation and technical reports. 4. National Emissions Inventory Collaborative (2019). Specification Sheet - 2016vl Platform Nonroad Mobile Emissions. Retrieved from the Specification Sheet: Mobile Nonroad. 5. Detailed information on The Weather Research & Forecasting Model (WRF) may be found here: Weather Research and Forecasting Model and here: Skamarock, W.C., et al., National Center for Atmospheric Research, Mesoscale and Microscale Meteorology Division, Boulder CO, June 2008, NCAR/TN-475+STR, A Description of the Advanced Research WRF Version 3. 4-9 ------- United States Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Publication No. EPA-454/R-23-001d Environmental Protection Air Quality Assessment Division January 2023 Agency Research Triangle Park, NC ------- |