United States
Environmental Protection
ImI Agency
^vSmartWay
U.S. Environmental protection agency
2023 SmartWay
Online Truck Tool:
All Carriers
Technical Documentation
U.S. Version 1.0 (Data Year 2022)
EPA-420-B-23-003 I January 2023 I SmartWay Transport Partnership I epa.gov/smartway
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^CPA EnvlronmemaI Protection ^^\XSmartWay
* mAgency U.S. Environmental Protection Agency^
2023 SmartWay
Online Truck Tool:
All Carriers
Technical Documentation
U.S. Version 1.0
(Data Year 2022)
Transportation and Climate Division
Office of Transportation and Air Quality
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
EPA-420-B-23-003
January 2023
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Table of Contents
1.0 OVERVIEW 6
2.0 DATA INPUTS AND SOURCES 7
2.1 C02 Factors 7
2.2 NOx, PM and BC Factors 10
2.3 Alternative FueLs 18
2.4 PM ControL Effectiveness 20
3.0 EMISSION AND ACTIVITY ESTIMATION 21
3.1 C02 Emissions 21
3.2 NOx, PM and BC Emissions 22
3.3 Activity Calculations 26
3.4 Data Validation 31
4.0 PERFORMANCE METRICS 63
Appendices
Appendix A: MOVES3.1 NOx, PM & BC Emission Factors (g/mi) 2022 Calendar Year A-i
Appendix B: NOx, PM & BC Idle Factors - g/hr B-i
Appendix C: Derivation of National Average g/kW-hr Emission Factors C-i
Appendix D: PERE Efficiency Modeling Methodology D-l
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List of Tables
Table 1. C02 Factors by Fuel Type* 8
Table 2. Weighted Average Reefer Fuel Factors (g/gallon) 11
Table 3. MOVES Source Types Associated with Class 2b - 8b Vehicles 12
Table 4. Default Speed Category Distributions by Vehicle Class for Urban Operation (MOVES20ioa basis)...23
Table 5. Average, Min and Max Payloads (short tons) by Truck Class/SmartWay Category 26
Table 6. Basic Range and Logical Checks 31
Table 7. Reefer Fuel Consumption Validation Ranges 34
Table 8. Truck Fleet Groupings Used for Distributional Analysis 35
Table 9. Outlier Definition 36
Table 10. Values Flagged as Outliers 36
Table 11. "Red" and "Yellow" Flag Criteria 41
Table 12. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination Annual Miles per Vehicle 46
Table 13. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination Miles per Gallon 47
Table 14. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination % Revenue Miles 48
Table 15. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination % Empty Miles 49
Table 16. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination Idle Hours and Days of Use per Year 50
Table 17. Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination Annual Miles per Vehicle 51
Table 18. Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination Miles per Gallon 52
Table 19. Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination % Revenue Miles 53
Table 20. Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination % Empty Miles 54
Table 21. Maximum and Minimum Observed Miles per Gallon 55
Table 22. Maximum Diesel Miles per Gallon Estimates (PERE Model Basis) 56
Table 23. Maximum Miles per Gallon Estimates - Non-Diesel Vehicles 57
Table 24. Electric Truck Average mi/kWhr and Validation Ranges 60
Table A-i. Diesel Truck Emission Factors A-i
Table A-2. Gasoline Truck Emission Factors A-11
Table B-i. Short Duration Idle Emission Factors (< 60 minutes per idle event) (g/hr) B-i
Table B-2. Extended Idle Emission Factors - Class 8b Diesels Only (g/hr) B-10
Table C-i. Electric Generation Mix C-i
Table C-2. Power Plant Emissions at Gate C-i
Table C-3. Power Plant Emissions at Wall Outlet C-2
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List of Figures
Figure 1. Example Emissions and Activity Fractions by Operating Mode 13
Figure 2. Default NOx Contribution by Speed Bin 16
Figure 3. Default PM25 Contribution by Speed Bin 17
Figure 4. Number of Observations vs Fraction of Fuel Used by Reefers 34
Figure 5. Annual Miles per Vehicle Distribution, Class 8b TL/Dry Van Diesel Fleets 40
Figure 6. Miles per Gallon Distribution, Class 8b TL/Dry Van Diesel Fleets 41
SmartWay Technical Documentation | List of Figures 5
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Overview
This document provides detailed background information on the data sources, calculation methods, and
assumptions used within the SmartWay Online Truck Tool for all carriers (OTT) for Data Year 2022, version 1.0.
The Tool utilizes up-to-date emission factors, in combination with detailed vehicle activity data, to estimate
emissions and associated performance metrics. The primary purpose of the Tool is to help fleets calculate
actual pollutant emissions for specific truck types and applications and track their emissions performance
over time. Shippers can, in turn, use the data that truck carriers report using these Tools to develop more
advanced emissions inventories associated with their freight activity and to track their emissions
performance over time.
The Tool allows the user to evaluate fleet performance in terms of different mass-based performance
metrics for carbon dioxide (C02), nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM10 and PM25), and black carbon
(BC) including:1
^ Grams per mile
^ Grams per average payload ton-mile
The Tool can also generate estimates of emissions associated with the total miles, loaded miles, and
revenue miles traveled by a fleet. Fleet performance can then be assessed at the truck-class and/or fuel-
type level, or on an aggregated basis across all classes and fuels.
The Tool also collects extensive information on fleet operations and truck body types, allowing detailed
segmentation of Partner fleets for more appropriate, equitable comparisons. For example, fleets that cube-
out with low payloads (e.g., those hauling potato chips) will be able to compare themselves to similar fleets
on a simple gram per mile basis, rather than a mix of fleets that includes fleets that routinely weigh-out.
Similarly, fleets that operate in primarily urban environments at relatively low average speeds will have
fundamentally different emission rates and constraints than fleets operating at highway speeds. By
collecting detailed information on fleet operations (TL vs. LTL, urban vs. highway, etc.), as well as truck class
(2b through 8b) and SmartWay Category (e.g., Dry Van, Reefer, Flatbed, etc.), individual fleets can compare
their performance to other, similar fleets, which can help them to better manage their emissions
performance.
1 At this time, the OTT does not calculate performance metrics for specialty fleets that track their activity in terms of hours of use rather than miles traveled
or freight hauled (e.g., refuse haulers and utility fleets). Future modifications may be made to the current Tool to accommodate such fleets.
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9 Data Inputs and Sources
The OTT user provides most vehicle characteristic, operational, and activity data needed for emissions
performance estimation (see Section 3 for more information). The Tool calculates emissions by multiplying
fleet activity data with EPA-approved emission rate factors that are stored in look-up tables within the Tool.
The Tool contains different types of emission rate factors for different pollutants. C02 factors are expressed
in grams of C02 per gallon of fuel23 NOx, PM, and BC factors are expressed in grams of pollutant per mile
traveled for operating emissions, and in grams per hour for idle emissions. In general, C02 factors are
independent of the truck types, classes, and operational practices in a fleet. NOx, PM and BC factors,
however, vary depending upon a number of parameters, including:
Truck class
Engine model year/emission certification standard
^ Vehicle speed
Vehicle driving pattern (referred to as "drive cycle")
In addition, PM and BC emissions will also vary with the application of PM control retrofits, including diesel
oxidation catalysts (DOC), closed crankcase ventilation (CCV), and diesel particulate filters ("PM traps" or flow-
through filters). In the Tool, PM control retrofits are assumed to have the same impact on operating and idle
emission factors, and control effectiveness for PM is assumed to equal the effectiveness for BC.4
2.1 C02 FACTORS
EPA populated the OTT with C02 factors that are based on fuel consumption. These factors and their sources
and are summarized below in Table 1.
2 At this time other greenhouse gases such as methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (NzO) are not included in the current Tool.
3 The Tool also estimates Scope 2 emissions associated with battery-electric trucks. In this case pollutant emissions (C02, NOx, PM can BC) are determined
based on the kWhrs used for charging. Scope 2 emissions are only reported in the Public Disclosure Report.
4 Future versions of the Tool may account for differences in retrofit effectiveness for running versus idle emissions, and differences between PM and BC
control effectiveness.
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Table l. COz Factors by Fuel Type*
g/gai
Source5
Gasoline
8,887
(i)
Diesel
10,180
(ii)
BiofuelA (100%)
9,460
(iii)
Ethanol (100%)
5,764
(iv)
CNG
7,030
(v)
LNG
4,394
(vi)
LPG
5,790
(vii)
* 100% combustion (oxidation) assumed
A BiofueL incLudes biodieseL and renewabLe dieseL
Note that the Tool calculates tailpipe emissions from biofuel blends (gasoline/ethanol, diesel/biofuel) by
applying separate emission factors to the user-specified volume of each blend component. The Tool then
adds the emissions from each blend component together to determine total C02 emissions. Therefore,
emission factors for specific blend ratios are not needed for C02.6
Within the Tool, users may provide their CNG fuel use estimates in terms of gasoline-gallon equivalent (GGE)
(on a Btu basis), diesel-gallon equivalent (DGE), or in standard cubic feet (scf). If CNG consumption is
expressed in DGE or scf, the Tool uses the following factors to convert the CNG fuel estimates to GGE.
For CNG:
^ Diesel-Gallon Equivalent (DGE) to Gasoline-Gallon Equivalent (GGE)
¦ l DGE = 1.112 GGE
5 i) Final. RuLe on Light-Duty Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Emissions Standards and Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards (75 FR 25324, May 7, 2010). The
gasoline factor used in this rule was sourced from the California Air Resources Board and is based on measurement of carbon from a gasoline test fuel
(indolene).
ii) Fuel economy calculations in 40 C.F.R 600.113 available at http://edocket.access.apo.gov/cfr 2004/iulatr/pdf/40cfr600.ii3-Q3.pdf. Accessed 12-19-22.
iii) Tables IV.A.3-2 and 3-3 in A Comprehensive Analysis of Biodiesel Impacts on Exhaust Emissions, available at
httPs://nepis.epa.aov/Exe/ZvNET.exe/Pl00lZA0.TXT?ZvActionD-ZvDocument&Client-EPA&lndex-2000
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¦ Note: l GGE = 125,000 BTU and l DGE = 139,000 BTU, so l DGE = 1.112 GGE (139,000/125,000).
^ Cubic Feet (cuft) to Gasoline-Gallon Equivalent (GGE)
¦ 123.57 cuft = 1 GGE7
For LNG, users may provide their fuel use estimates in terms of physical gallons, gasoline-gallon equivalent
(GGE) (on a Btu basis), diesel-gallon equivalent (DGE), or in pounds (lbs). If LNG consumption is expressed in
GGE, DGE, or pounds, the Tool uses the following factors to convert the LNG fuel estimates to physical
gallons.
For LNG:
^ Diesel-Gallon Equivalent (DGE) to Physical Gallon
B 1 DGE = 1.7 Gallons LNG
Gasoline-Gallon Equivalent (GGE) to Physical Gallon
¦ l GGE = 1.5 Gallons LNG8
Pounds (lbs) to Physical Gallon
¦ 3.49 lbs LNG = 1 LNG Gallons9
When reporting fuel consumption and fuel efficiency across multiple fuel types, the OTT generally uses DGE
for comparison. The following summarizes the DGE equivalent to one physical gallon of the fuel types
included in the OTT.
¦ 1 gallon gasoline = 0.877 DGE
¦ 1 gallon LNG = 0.558 DGE
¦ 1 gallon CNG = 0.729 DGE
¦ 1 gallon E85 = 0.641 DGE
¦ 1 gallon B100 = 0.918 DGE
¦ 1 gallon LPG = 0.653 DGE
¦ 1 kWh electricity = 0.027 DGE
NOTE: the DGE conversion factor for electricity does not account for the very large efficiency improvement
electric trucks obtain by eliminating the transmission, use of regenerative braking and other factors. The
California Air Resources Board (CARB) estimates the overall efficiency improvement of moving from
7 Alternative Fuels Data Center. Gasoline and Diesel Gallon Equivalency Methodology, http://www.afdc.enerav.aov/fuels/eguivalencv methodoloav.html.
Accessed 12-19-22.
s Ibid.
9 Ibid.
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conventional diesel trucks to electric power is a factor of 2.7.10 This factor is applied to electric truck energy
consumption estimates in the tool to provide reasonable diesel-equivalent truck efficiency estimates.
CO2 equivalent (C02e) emissions are provided in the tool's Public Disclosure report, and are calculated by
multiplying C02 values by a scaling factor which varies by Scope:
Scope 1 emissions: C02e = CO2 x 1.02271
Scope 2 emissions: C02e = CO2 x 1.02038
The Scope 1 scaling factor was based on data from Table 2-13 in the most recent EPA Emissions and Sinks
Report. The factor was derived by dividing the medium and heavy-duty truck emissions for each greenhouse
gas excluding C02 (CH4, N20, and HFCs) by the total emissions including C02, and then summing the ratios to
obtain the total adjustment factor. The Scope 2 scaling factor was developed following the same method
using emissions data for electricity-related transportation from Table 2-11 of the Emissions and Sinks Report.
2.2 NOx, PM AND BC FACTORS
The OTT contains NOx, PM10i PM25 and BC11 emission factor outputs for on-road operation from EPA's
MOVES3.1 model for diesel and E1012 for all heavy truck classes (2b - 8b) under national default temperature
and fuel conditions, for model years 1992 and later, for the 2022 calendar year (see Appendix A for a full list
of factors).13 The emission factors are broken out by general drive cycle type (urban or highway), and average
speed range, as discussed below.
Short-duration (less than 60 minutes) idle emission factors for NOx, PM and BC were developed separately
by model year, truck class, and fuel type (diesel and gasoline). MOVES3.1 provides short duration idle in
terms of grams and hours of off-network idle.
MOVES3.1 also provides emission factors for long-duration idle for long-haul combination diesel trucks.
These factors are applied separately to the long-duration idle hour estimates provided for Class 8b trucks
within the Tool.14 Short-duration factors are applied to each of the truck class types.16
10 See https://ww2.arb.ca.aov/resources/documents/batterv-eLectric-truck-and-bus-enerav-efficiencv-compared-conventionaL-dieseL. Accessed 12-20-
22.
11 BLack carbon factors are assumed to equaL the eLementaL carbon gram per miLe factors output by the MOVES modeL.
12 ALL gasoLine consumption in the United States and Canada is now assumed to consist of E10. Pure gasoLine (Eo) emission factors are no Longer used in the
Toot References to "gasoLine" in the T00L and the associated documentation refer to E10.
13 Emission factors for modeL years prior to 1992 are assumed to equaL the 1992 vaLues, since 30 year oLd engines are assumed to be fuLLy deteriorated by
the MOVES modeL.
14 NO» factors for Long-term extended idLing are higher than short-duration factors (at Least for Late modeL engines) since engine operation temperatures and
Loads at idLe are generaLLy not high enough to activate Late-modeL emission controLs such as seLective cataLytic reduction and exhaust gas recircuLation.
15 MOVES3 is the first version of MOVES to incLude a cLass of trucks known as "gLiders" that are trucks buiLt by pairing a new chassis with an oLd dieseL engine
and powertrain. The OTT assumes no gLiders are used by SmartWay partners, and emission factors do not reflect any gLiders in the fleet.
COze:
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Note that hybrid electric trucks are assumed to have no short-duration idle emissions (due to assumed
engine auto-shut off), although long-duration idle (and regular exhaust16) emissions are assumed unchanged
relative to their conventional vehicle counterparts. Finally, battery-electric trucks are assumed to have no
idle emissions of either kind.
The resulting idle factors are presented in Appendix B.
Tool also calculates the NOx, PM and BC emissions associated with transportation refrigeration (reefer) units.
The MOVES emissions model was used to develop emission rates for these units for the 2022 calendar year,
following these steps:
*y A national average model run was performed for the Industrial sector, including gasoline and diesel
fueled equipment;
^y The A/C refrigeration (reefer) unit standard classification codes (SCCs) were extracted from the output
files - 2265003060 (gasoline) and 2270003060 (diesel);
^y Grams per day outputs for weekdays and weekends for each of the 12 months were converted to grams
per year by aggregating emissions over day types to arrive at an average day value, multiplying by the
number of days in each month, and summing over month. This resulted in annual grams of emissions (of
NOx and PM25) and grams of fuel consumed (in terms of brake specific fuel consumption or BSFC), for
each fuel type;
^y BSFC was converted from grams to gallons fuel using the MOVES energy density values of 2,819 g/gal
and 3,167 g/gal for gasoline and diesel, respectively.
^y Grams/gallon emission factors were then calculated for each pollutant by dividing the annual grams of
emissions of NO and PM25 by the annual gallons of fuel consumed for gasoline and diesel.
Black carbon emissions associated with reefer activity were scaled from PM25 reefer emissions, applying
conversion factors for nonroad equipment from the Commission for Environmental Cooperation (0.349 for
diesel engines and 0.122 for gasoline engines).17
Table 2 provides the fuel factors used in the latest Tool.
Table 2. Weighted Average Reefer Fuel Factors (g/gallon)
Fuel
X
0
z
pm25
BC
Diesel
45.857
0.651
0.227
Gasoline
17.523
0.916
0.112
16 WhiLe there is evidence that NO, emissions may be decreased through the use of hybrid electric technology, EPA has not performed emission testing to
assess this effect. Therefore, hybrid NO, and PM/BC exhaust emission rates are assumed to equal conventional vehicle equivalents in the current Tool.
17 Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC), 2015. North American Black Carbon Emissions Estimation Guidelines: Methods for Estimating Black
Carbon Emissions. Prepared for the CEC by Eastern Research Group, Inc. Final Report May 2015.
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The next section describes the process followed to select the on-road emission factors from MOVES3.1 for
use in the Tool. Emission factors in grams per mile were developed for E10 and diesel fuel types for all
MOVES source types that correspond to the regulatory heavy-duty vehicle classes, 2b-8b inclusive. The
MOVES source types modeled are shown in the table below. Of these, school buses, refuse trucks and motor
homes represent only a small fraction of total activity.
Table 3. MOVES Source Types Associated with Class 2b - 8b Vehicles
Source Type ID
Source Type Name
31
Passenger Truck
32
Light Commercial Truck
43
School Bus
51
Refuse Truck
52
Single Unit Short-haul Truck
53
Single Unit Long-haul Truck
54
Motor Home
61
Combination Short-haul Truck
62
Combination Long-haul Truck
Separate factors were developed for "Urban" and "Highway/Rural" roadway types. These factors were
apportioned according to MOVES operating mode groups, which correspond to speed ranges of 0-25 mph,
25-50 mph, and 50+ mph.
Emission factors calculated by the model, output by MOVES source type, were then converted to a vehicle
class basis. In this way, the Tool can select appropriate emission factors for use by:
weight class
model year
road type (urban vs. highway/rural)
speed distribution
The following describes the methodology for the emission factor calculation.
Calculation of MOVES emission factors by operating mode
In calculating emission factors, the primary goal is to disaggregate factors by the percentage of time a given
type of vehicle spends operating at certain speeds. The ranges of speeds analyzed include 0-25 mph, 25-50
mph, and greater than 50 mph. These speed ranges correspond to MOVES operating modes #11-16, 21-29,
and 30-40 inclusive, where each operating mode is defined by both the speed of the vehicle and its vehicle
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specific power (VSP). First, for a given source type and model year, the fraction of emissions attributable to
each range of speed was determined. Emissions for a vehicle can be expressed in Equation 1:
Equation l
E = A1E1 + A2E2 + A3E3 + A1E1 + AbEb
Where:
E'
A1-3
E1-3
uncorrected18 mass emissions calculated based on operating mode and emissions
contribution by speed bin
the sum of activity fractions (in seconds) over speed range n. (Ai and AB represent
the activity associated with the individual operating modes for idling and braking,
respectively.)
the weighted average emissions over a given speed range n. (Ei and EB represent
the emissions associated with the individual operating modes for idling and braking,
respectively.)
The following figure shows a range of emissions and activity fractions for an example source type and model
year. The operating mode (or VSP bin) are shown on the x-axis. The dashed red line presents the fraction of
vehicle activity associated with a given operating mode, while the black circles present average HC
emissions for each operating mode.
Figure 1. Example Emissions and Activity Fractions by Operating Mode
0.0028
0.0027 -
0.0026
0.0025
0.0024
0.0023
u
0.0022
<
0.0007
0.0006-
1
0.0005
0.0004
0.0003
0.0002
0.0001
0-0000
:D O
< 25 mph
OK
O
o
25 - 50 mph
/,
/1
/
/ 1
/ \
/ \
/ \
o
\
o-
c
>50
/ \
I \
I \
i \
I 1
I I
I \ 0
/ I
/ 1
/ \
/ \
o \
\
\
CD
Q_
O
300 y
0 1 11 12 13 14 15 16 21 22 23 24 25 27 28
VSP Bin
PLOT2 hc_n
PLOT OOO hcmean
30 33 35 37 38
CU
>
m
i Subsequent adjustment factors are presented in Equation 3 below.
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For our purposes, An from Equation l is obtained by retaining the "opmodefraction2" table from the
"MOVESExecution" database, which is created by the Operating Mode Distribution Generator (OMDG) during
a MOVES run. This table contains operating mode fractions by source type, roadway type, average speed
bin, and pollutant/process. The fractions from this table are normalized using average speed distributions
from the "avgspeeddist" table, and the sum of the normalized operating mode fractions in each speed bin
constitutes An.
En" is derived from data obtained from the default MOVES "emissionratebyage" table. This table contains
emission rates by pollutant process, operating mode, and age group for a wide variety of sourcebin/Ds. For
this analysis, a MySQL query was used to select sourcebin/Ds corresponding to the source type, fuel type,
and calendar year of interest, and limited our rate selection to the 4-5 year age group. The emissions
obtained here were then converted to a source type basis (from their current sourcebinlD basis); this was
done by retaining the "sourcebindistribution" table from the MOVESExecution database, which is created by
the Source Bin Distribution Generator (SBDG) during each MOVES run and weighting the activity fractions for
each source type and model year combination in this table with the data from the "emissionratebyage" table
described above. Having finished this mapping, an emission rate is generated, by source type and model
year, for each operating mode (corresponding to the circles in the figure above). Since En" for each speed
range represents the average emissions of the range weighted by the activity in that range, the weighted
average emissions can be calculated from the 0-25 mph speed bin, Ei\ as follows in Equation 2:
Equation 2
„ , _ ^llTll + ^12^12 + ^13^13 + ^14^14 + ^15^15 + ^16^16
_ V16 D
ZjII
Where:
Rn = The activity fraction for operating mode n, obtained from the "opmodedist2" table
Tn = The emissions for operating mode n.
Other speed bins will use different operating modes in their calculations; the equation above is merely an
example illustrating the calculation method for the first speed bin. Having calculated an appropriate En" for
each speed range for a given source type and model year, Equation 1 can be used, along with the
appropriate activity fraction, to arrive at a total uncorrected emissions value. In and of itself, this emission
factor has little value in estimating emissions. However, it can be used along with the modeled emission
factor for a particular source type and model year to arrive at an overall adjustment factor, as shown in
Equation 3:
Equation 3
E
Z = F
Where:
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E = The modeled emission, obtained from MOVES outputs, for an individual source type and
model year
E' = The uncorrected emissions for an individual source type and model year, calculated using
operating mode distributions and emission factors from the "emissionratebyage" table
This overall adjustment factor, in turn, can be applied to each individual emissions component, En\ as shown
in Equation 4:
Equation 4
En = ZEn
The adjusted emissions, En, are subsequently used to calculate a total, corrected emission factor for a given
source type and model year combination, as described by Equation 5:
Equation 5
E = A1E1 + A2E2 + A3E3 + A1E1 + AbEb
In this way, a representative emission factor is calculated by operating mode/speed group. This will allow
the Tool to adjust the default operating mode percentages (An) to more accurately represent a user-provided
speed profile for the vehicles they are evaluating. Default operating mode percentages may also be used, as
calculated above.
Conversion of Emission Factors from Source Type to Weight Class Basis
Ultimately, emission factor lookup tables are required for use in the Tool by weight class, fuel type, and
model year. However, modeled output from MOVES is aggregated by source type. Therefore, a post-
processing Tool was developed to convert vehicle emission factors from source types to weight class based
on internal MOVES tables. The conversion methodology used in this Tool is described below.
First, the adjusted emissions and activity output from MOVES are combined, bypollutant/D, byjoining the
"movesoutput" and "movesactivityoutput" tables by calendar year, source type, fuel type and model year.
The sourcetype and model year for each record are combined in a new field, sourcetypemodetyearlD.
Next, the emissions and activity output from the first step are combined with the MOVES "sizeweightfraction"
table byjoining on the sourcetypemodetyearlD. The "sizeweightfraction" table contains, for a given
combination of source type and model year, the fraction of vehicles apportioned across weightctasstD. Given
the weightctasstD, the portion of emissions and activity attributable to a given range of vehicle weights is
determined, and subsequently, those weights (along with fuel type) are mapped back to MOBILE6 vehicle
classes, which are based on GVWR. (This is achieved with a separate lookup table, "M6VehType", which is
derived from Appendix B, Table 3 of the EPA's MOBILE6.2 User's Guide.) For each calendar year,
sourcetypemodetyearlD and pollutant/D, the sizeweightfraction is multiplied by the emissions (in grams) and
activity (in miles) to obtain EmissionFracand ActivityFrac, respectively.
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Finally, the EmissionFracand ActivityFrac calculated above are summed by year/D, pollutant/D, fueltype/D,
and vehicle class (e.g., HDDV8b). This provides total emissions and activity independent of the MOVES
source type or vehicle model year. Finally, the aggregated emissions are divided by the activity to arrive at
g/mi emission factors presented in Appendix A.
Modeling Gasoline Emission Rates
In a MOVES run that uses nationwide defaults for fuel supply, the model includes dozens of fuel formulations
on a by-fuel region basis in its calculations. In addition to diesel fuels, many counties in the model defaults
are characterized by varying market shares of and Eio and E15.19
Sensitivity Analysis Results
The relative emissions impact of different speed regimes was evaluated for four road types - urban arterial,
urban freeway, rural arterial, and rural freeway. To simplify the sensitivity analysis, MOVES outputs were
generated for diesel long-haul combination trucks, model year 2012, run for the 2014 calendar year, using
national average defaults (e.g., fuel specifications, temperatures, etc.). The results of the analysis are shown
for NOx and PM25 below.
Figure 2. Default NOx Contribution by Speed Bin
Urban Art
Urban Frwy Rural Art
Road type
Rural Frtvy
¦ IDLE
~ BRAK
~ 5070
¦ 255Q
~ 0025
19 Only 2001+ model year Light-duty vehictes may use E15 fuet. See http://www.afdc.enerav.aov/fuets/ethanot eiq.html. Accessed 12-19-22.
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Figure 3. Default PM25 Contribution by Speed Bin
0.02
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.01
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
0
Urban Art
Urban Frvvy Rural Art
Road type
Rural Fmy
IDLE
~ BRAK
~ 5070
¦ 2550
~ 0025
As shown in the above charts, the emissions for urban freeways, rural arterials, and rural freeways are all
heavily dominated by high speed (50 - 70 mph) operation.20 In addition, actual emission levels are relatively
insensitive to road type across these three types. However, speed distribution appears to have a significant
bearing on emissions for urban arterial operation. Accordingly, the recommendation for Tool application was
to develop fully disaggregated emission factor look up tables (retaining all four road types), and then weight
urban freeway, rural arterial, and rural freeway road type operations to aggregate emission lookup tables
within the Tool to reflect "urban" (i.e., urban arterial) and "other" road types. In addition, under this approach
users can choose default speed distributions for these selections or specify the percent of operation by
major speed range (0 - 25, 25 - 50, 50 - 70). Given the relative insensitivity to speed for the "other" category,
specifying speed distributions would only be permitted for urban arterial operation.
Under this approach, the user is given the follow input options:
^ Specify % Urban operation fraction
^ Specify % distribution by speed bin for Urban operation, or select "default speed distribution"
Data entry is handled through the addition of a popup screen for non-default selections (see the OTT User
Guide for details).
20 This finding is consistent with the 2008 SmartWay Partner data submissions, wherein 87% of Partners setected the 50+ mph category as the most
representative of their non-urban operations.
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2.3 ALTERNATIVE FUELS
Heavy truck emission factors are not available from MOVES3.1 for certain alternative fuels, including E85 and
LPG. Accordingly, EPA used adjustment factors from a number of sources described below to estimate NOx
and PM/BC factors for these other fuels.
NOx and PM emission factors for biofuel are based on the findings from an EPA study, A Comprehensive
Analysis of Biodiesel Impacts on Exhaust Emissions (EPA420-P-02-001, October 2002). This study developed
regression equations to predict the percentage change in NOx and PM emission rates relative to conventional
diesel fuel, as a function of biofuel blend percentage, expressed in the following form:
a = 0.0009794 for NOx, and
a = -0.006384 for PM and BC21
Using Equation 6, adjustment factors were developed for biofuel blends based on the percentage of the
biofuel component,22 and then these adjustment factors were applied to the appropriate conventional diesel
emission factors in Appendix A. (See Section 2.2 for the sources of conventional diesel emission factors). Note
that the fleet-average blend value is assumed to be the same for all truck classes, since the biofuel
consumption data is not collected at the truck class level. (This assumption holds for ethanol consumption
data inputs as well.)
MOVES3.1 now incorporates specific modeling assumptions for biofuel, including options for modeling 5 and
20 percent biofuel (5% and 20%). While the pre-2007 vehicle estimates are consistent with EPA's 2002 study
findings, MOVES does not estimate an emissions effect on 2007+ model year diesel trucks because the
literature does not show consistent or significant biofuel effects on theses engines.23'24 Accordingly, the Tool
only applies adjustment factors for diesel engine model years prior to 2007.
For gasoline-ethanol blends, the Tool only accepts fuel consumption estimates for E10 and E85 since
ethanol is generally blended with gasoline at two discrete levels: 10% (E10) and 85% (E85). As discussed in
Section 2.2 above, NOx and PM factors for E10 were output directly from MOVES3.1. Given the lack of heavy-
duty E85 test data, adjustment factors for E85 were based on emissions estimates for light-duty vehicles
21 BC emission rates as a function of biofuel blend have not been identified at this time and are currently assumed identical to the PM relationship.
22 Biofuel blend percentage is calculated by dividing 100%-equivalent gallons by total fuel gallons at the fleet level - see the OTT User Guide for details
regarding biofuel use inputs.
23 McCormick, R. and A. Williams, 2011. Impact of Biodiesel on Modern Diesel Engine Emissions. Project ID: FT oil. National Renewable Energy Laboratory,
Golden, CO. May 9, 2011. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2014/03/f10/ft011_williams_2011_p.pdf, Accessed 12-19-22.
24CARB 2011. Final Report for the CE-CERT Engine Testing Portion for the CARB Assessment of the Emissions from the Use of Biodiesel as a Motor Vehicle
Fuel in California "Biodiesel Characterization and NOx Mitigation Study". Final Report Prepared for CARB. October 2011.
https://citeseen<.ist.psu.edu/document?repid-repi&type-pdf&doi-9befb6ic527cdb2a4f6eefdbi483cbbc6i54c703, Accessed 12-19-22.
Equation 6
% change in emissions = (exp[a x (vol% biofuel)] - ll * 100%
Where:
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cited by the US DOE Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicles Data Center.25 These estimates come from a
technical paper published in the Journal of Air & Waste Management.26 Relative to conventional gas vehicles,
the authors of this paper estimate that vehicles running on E85 provide an average NOx reduction of 54%
(based on 73 vehicle tests), and an average PM reduction of 34% (based on 3 vehicle tests). These adjustment
factors are applied to the appropriate gasoline engine emission factors in Appendix A to develop emission
factors for E85.
Emission adjustment factors were used for gaseous fuels (LPG, CNG and LNG), developed by the National
Renewable Energy Lab and University of West Virginia based on field studies on natural gas vehicles. For this
assessment, it was assumed that CNG and LNG emissions were identical. In addition, it was also assumed
LPG vehicle emissions would be equal to natural gas vehicle emissions.27 To be conservative, the smallest
emission reduction estimates were selected from the natural gas vehicle field test data (86% for PM and 17%
for NOx) relative to comparable diesel vehicles. These adjustment factors are applied to the diesel emission
factors in Appendix A and B to develop emission factors for these fuels.
Note, however, that the emissions associated with alternative fuels may be different for older trucks (with
minimal emission controls) and newer trucks (with extensive control systems in place) due to recent vehicle
emission standards. Newer studies suggest there are differences by model year in the emission rates of
gaseous fuel vehicles. A 2014 study performed by West Virginia University28 using Class 8 trucks found that a
model year 2011 dual-fuel (5% diesel, 95% LNG) high-pressure direct injection (HDPI) truck emitted 63% and
48% less NOx and PM, respectively compared to a MY 2011 diesel truck equipped with an SCR and DPF. Both
vehicles operated on the urban dynamometer driving schedule (UDDS). The same WVU study found that a
MY 2011 natural gas engine equipped with a three-way catalyst (TWC) emitted 79% and 56% less NOx and PM
compared to the MY 2011 diesel truck, also on the UDDS.
Based on this new information, the Tool uses a simple average across the two engines tested in the WVU
study, resulting in a 71% reduction for NOx and a 52% reduction for PM, and applies these new reduction
values to comparable diesel emission factors for 2010 and later model year gaseous fuel trucks. For model
years prior to 2010, the adjustment factors of 17% for NOx and 86% for PM are retained.
Emission estimates for battery-electric trucks are based on national average electric generation mix profiles
from USDOE's GREET model, as described in Appendix C.
Black carbon (BC) emissions associated with gaseous fuels are determined by multiplying the ratio of
elemental carbon (EC) and PM25 emission factors from MOVES20i4a for CNG transit buses, for calendar year
2018. The ratio EC to PM25 varies by model year group (0.0925 for pre-2002 model years, and 0.1112 for 2002+
25 See http://www.afdc.enerav.gov/afdc/vehicLes/emissions e8fi.html. Accessed 12-19-22.
26 See http://www.afdc.enerav.aov/afdc/pdfs/technicaL paper febOQ.pdf. Accessed 12-19-22.
27 The PM and NO, estimates cited by this source for LPG vehicLes were sLightLy Lower than for naturaL gas vehicLes -
http://www.afdc.enerov.gov/afdc/vehicLes/emissions propane.htmL Accessed 12-19-22. However, based on engineering judgment it was assumed that
LPG PM and NO, emissions wouLd be simiLar to comparabLe CNG vehicLes.
2S Carder, D.K., M. Gautam, A. Thiruvengadam, M. Besch. /n-Use Emissions Testing and Demonstration of Retrofit Technology for Control ofOn-Road Heavy-
Duty Engines. Prepared for the South Coast Air QuaLity Management District. September 2013. https://Lazerinitiative.oro/resources/in-use-emissions-
testina-and-demonstration-of-retrofit-technoLoav-for-controL-of-on-road-heavv-dutv-enaines-2/. Accessed 12-19-22.
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model years), so these different factors are applied for the different engine age groups as appropriate in
order to determine BC levels for these fuel types.
2.4 PM CONTROL EFFECTIVENESS
The OTT applies adjustment factors to the PM emission factors in Appendix A and B for any pre-2007 diesel
truck for which Partners have installed a specific retrofit control device. The following adjustment factors
were obtained from EPA OTAQ (presented as a % reduction in emissions; see Section 3.2 below for details):
Diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) - 25%
^ Closed crankcase ventilation (CCV) - 5%
^ Diesel particulate filter (DPF) - 90%
References from EPA's Clean Diesel Program are generally consistent with the DOC and DPF effectiveness
estimates above (20 - 40% for DOCs, and 85% or more for DPFs)2930 Note that an independent estimate of
CCV effectiveness was not identified, as EPA and CARB only verify CCVs when packaged with DOCs.
The Tool applies the above adjustment factors to pre-2007 PM operating and idle emission estimates. The
Tool also allows for situations where CCVs are applied in combination with either DOCs or DPFs. In such a
case, the reduction effectiveness is calculated additively. For example, if pre-control operating emissions
were 1.0 g/mile for a diesel truck, and a CCV and DOC were applied, the resulting emission rate would be:
However, the Tool assumes that DOC and DPF application are mutually exclusive.
At this time the relative effectiveness of the controls addressed above are assumed to be equal for PM and
Equation 7
1.0 x [1 - (0.25 + 0.05)] = 0.07 g/mile, post-control
BC.
29 EPA 2010a, National CLean Diesel. Campaign Technical. Bulletin: Diesel Oxidation Catalyst General Information. See
https://www.epa.aov/sites/production/files/20i6-0':i/documents/420fioo':ii.pdf. Accessed 12-19-22.
30 EPA 2010b, National Clean Diesel Campaign Technical Bulletin: Diesel Particulate Filter General Information. See
httPs://www.epa.aov/sites/production/files/20i6-Q':i/documents/420fioo2Q.pdf Accessed 12-19-22.
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Emission and Activity Estimation
The emission rates and adjustment factors discussed above are combined with appropriate activity data
(provided by the Partners) to calculate mass emissions at the fleet and/or partner level for C02, NOx, PM, and
BC as described below.
3.1 C02 EMISSIONS
C02 is calculated within the Tool utilizing emission factors expressed in grams per gallon of fuel (with the
exception of battery-electric trucks), as discussed in Section 2.1 above. The general equation for calculating
C02 emissions using reported fuel consumption values is
Equation 8
Eco2 = ((F - B) xEFf) + (B x EFb))
Where:
Ecoa = grams C02 per year
F = Total Fuel (Gallons per year)
B = Biofuel (Gallons per year)
EFf = Fossil Fuel Emissions Factor (g/gal based on fuel type)
EFb = Biofuel Emissions Factor (g/gal based on biofuel type)
Emissions for all pollutants for battery electric trucks are calculated by multiplying the reported kWhrs used
for charging by the associated g/kWhr factor (see Appendix C).
In most instances, reefer fuel is aggregated with vehicle fuel inputs in the Tool, with the reefer fuel type
assumed to be the same as the vehicle fuel type. However, reefer units associated with gaseous fuels (LPG,
CNG, and LNG) and electric trucks are assumed to use diesel fuel (by far the most common type of reefer
engine). Accordingly, any reefer fuel use reported for gaseous fuels and electric trucks is included in the total
C02 calculation using the diesel fuel factors in Equation 8.
Fuel Allocation
The Tool asks users to enter Gallons of Fuel Used for Engine Power (including biofuel) by truck class to
estimate C02 emissions. This information may be entered directly if available. However, if the user does not
have this information but does know total fuel use and MPG by truck class, the Tool can be used to apportion
fuel use across truck classes.
In the Fuel Used for Engine Power screen, the user can enter total fuel consumption and truck class MPG
estimates. The tool then calculates the fuel used for each class based on the total fuel and class MPG. If the
total fuel calculated matches the total fuel entered to within 2%, the allocator indicates a "Match".
I
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3.2 NOx, PM AND BC EMISSIONS
Unlike C02 emissions which only vary with fuel type, NOx, PM and BC emission rates also vary substantially
depending upon engine model year and/or emission certification level, vehicle class, drive cycle, speed, and
operation mode (running or idle). For this reason, EPA developed lookup tables in the Tool with emission
factors that correspond to user-supplied inputs regarding their fleet activity. The NOx, PM and BC emission
rates expressed in grams per m/Zewere combined with the appropriate mileage metric (i.e., total miles) to
estimate mass emissions. The general equation for calculating NOx emissions is as follows:
Equation g
Enox = I [(Mc x ((GPMh x HDC) + (GPMua * UDCa) + (GPMU2 x UDC2) + (GPMU3 x UDC3) + (GPMU4 x UDC4» * TCY/ Tct)
+ (GPHsdi xHsdi * Tcy) + (GPHldi *Hldi * Tcy)1
Where:
Enox = grams NOx per year for a given truck class
X = summation across model years
Mc = Miles driven for Truck Class C per year
GPMh = Grams/mi (by truck class & engine yr) for Highway/Rural Driving
HDC = Highway drive cycle %(% of miles under highway/rural driving)
GPM ui/2/3/4 = Grams/mi (by truck class & engine yr) for Urban Driving by mode (1 = 0 - 25 mph; 2 =
25 - 50 mph; 3 = 50+ mph; 4 = deceleration)
UDC1/2/3/4 = Urban drive cycle % (% of miles under urban driving conditions, by mode (1, 2, 3, 4))
TCy = Number of trucks for a given Class/Year combination
Tct = Number of trucks total for a given Class
GPHsdi = Grams per hour (by truck class & engine year) for short-duration idling31
Hsdi = Hours of short duration Idling per year (average per truck per year by class)
GPH ldi = Grams per hour (by truck class & engine year) for long-duration Idling
Hldi = Hours of long duration Idling per year (average per truck per year by class)
PM emissions for non-diesel vehicles are calculated using an equation identical to that for NOx, utilizing PM
emission factors. PM emission for diesel vehicles may be adjusted for PM control effectiveness, as shown
below. (BC emissions are calculated in identical fashion.)
Equation 10
Epm = I [((Mc x ((GPMh * HDC)+ (GPMui * UDCa) + (GPMU2 x UDC2) + (GPMU3 x UDC3) + (GPMU4 x UDC4» * Tcy/ Tct)
+ (GPHsdi *Hsdi * Tcy) + (GPHldi *Hldi * Tcy)) * (l - ((O.25 * Tdoc / Tcy) + (0.05 * Tccv / Tcy) + (O.g * Tdpf / Tcy)))1
31 The idle calculation for CLass 8a and Lighter trucks does not distinguish between short and Long duration idLing, and aLL idLe hours are muLtipLied by the
short duration idLe factor for these trucks. Hybrid eLectric trucks are assumed to have no short-duration idLing emissions, whiLe battery-eLectric trucks have
no idLing emissions of any kind.
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Where:
Epm
grams PM per year for a given truck class
Tdoc
Number of trucks using Diesel Oxidation Catalysts by class
Tccv
Number of trucks using Closed Crankcase Ventilation by class
Tdpf
Number of trucks using Diesel Particulate Filters by class
0.25
Effectiveness of DOCs (25%) at reducing particulate matter
0.05
Effectiveness of CCVs (5%) at reducing particulate matter
0.9
Effectiveness of DPFs (90%) at reducing particulate matter
Note the above calculation methodology assumes that the same highway/urban drive cycle fractions apply
across all model years of a given truck class. Similarly the method assumes that estimated idle hours apply
equally to all model years of a given truck class.
The above methodology also utilizes estimates for the fraction of miles traveled associated with different
road types and speed categories, as shown in the equations above. The Tool user must provide an estimate
of the percent of total miles associated with urban driving for each truck class. The user may also provide
percentages for the miles spent driving in urban conditions (e.g., unrestricted access, surface roads in well-
traveled urban areas), for different speed categories (o - 25 / 25 - 50 / 50+ mph). This information may be
obtained from analysis of truck ECM or possibly GPS data. If urban speed distribution data is not available,
the user may select to use default distributions, obtained from the MOVES model. The default speed
distributions for urban operation (as defined in Section 2.2 above) varies with vehicle class and model year.
However, the variation over model years is very slight (typically with a range of 1 to 2 percent for the largest
speed category), the percentages were averaged over all model years for a given speed category/vehicle
type combination for use within the Tool.
Table 4 presents the resulting default urban speed distributions by speed category for each truck class, for
both diesel and gasoline vehicles. Note that the Tool utilizes the diesel default speed distributions for LPG,
LNG, and CNG.
Table 4. Default Speed Category Distributions by Vehicle Class for Urban
Operation (MOVES20ioa basis)32
_ , _ Percent by Vehicle _ , _ Percent by
VehicLe CLass Speed Group CLass* Class Speed Group CLass*
Diesels \
HDDV2b
If)
C\J
O
35%
O
If)
If)
C\J
38%
50+
13%
Deceleration
15%
HDDV3
If)
CM
O
41%
O
If)
If)
CM
36%
1 50+
12%
I Gasoline
HDGV2b
If)
CM
O
43%
O
If)
If)
CM
31%
50+
10%
Deceleration
15%
HDGV3
If)
CM
O
45%
O
If)
If)
CM
34%
1 50+
11%
32 These values represent the urban component of driving only. If the user specifies a non-zero percentage for Highway/Rural driving, the values in the
above table are automatically renormalized to make the sum across urban and highway operation modes equal to 100%.
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0 23
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Vehicle Class
Percent by
Class*
Deceleration
11%
HDDV4
If)
C\J
O
42%
O
If)
If)
C\J
35%
50+
12%
Deceleration
11%
HDDV5
If)
CM
O
42%
O
If)
If)
CM
35%
50+
12%
Deceleration
11%
HDDV6
If)
CM
O
42%
O
If)
If)
CM
35%
50+
12%
Deceleration
10%
HDDV7
If)
CM
O
42%
O
If)
If)
CM
35%
50+
12%
Deceleration
10%
HDDV8a
If)
CM
O
44%
O
If)
If)
CM
35%
50+
12%
Deceleration
9%
HDDV8b
If)
CM
O
45%
O
If)
If)
CM
34%
50+
12%
Deceleration
8%
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Vehicle
Class
Speed Group
Percent by
Class*
Deceleration
11%
If)
CM
O
45%
HDGV4
O
If)
If)
CM
34%
50+
11%
Deceleration
10%
If)
CM
O
46%
HDGV5
O
If)
If)
CM
33%
50+
10%
Deceleration
11%
If)
CM
O
46%
HDGV6
O
If)
If)
CM
33%
50+
10%
Deceleration
11%
If)
CM
O
45%
HDGV7
O
If)
If)
CM
32%
50+
10%
Deceleration
14%
If)
CM
O
45%
HDGV8a
O
If)
If)
CM
34%
50+
11%
Deceleration
10%
If)
CM
O
43%
HDGV8b
O
If)
If)
CM
31%
50+
10%
Deceleration
15%
* CLass totaLs may not sum to 100% due to rounding error.
As seen in the above table, the MOVES model assumes that some fraction of vehicle operation is associated
with "deceleration" events, evaluated independently from other operation due to their unique emission rate
patterns.33 However, it is assumed that most Tool users will not know their fleet's deceleration fraction. As
such, the Tool will adjust any values input by the user to include a deceleration fraction based on MOVES
model percentages. If the user selects the default urban speed distributions, the Tool will adjust the urban
values from Table 4 to account for the percentage of miles for Highway/Rural operation as well. The
following provides an illustrative example for calculating PM emissions for diesels given a specific set of road
type/speed category distributions. NOx and BC emission calculations follow the same procedure.
33 MOVES also assigns some fraction of emissions to idle operation. However, operating fractions and emission factors associated with idle in MOVES
outputs are expressed in grams per mile rather than grams per hour. Thus, to utilize the grams per hour emission factors developed for use in the Tool,
MOVES outputs associated with idle operation were removed and the operating mode fractions for the four remaining categories were renormalized to
equal 100%.
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User specifies l Class 8b diesel, model year 2011, traveling 100,000 mi/yr.
User specifies the following Road type/speed category distributions:
60% urban, of which
50.0% is 0-25 mph
33.3% is 25-50 mph
16.7% is 50+ mph
For highway/rural operation, the lookup value from MOVES is 0.0187 g/mi for PM25
For urban operation, the lookup values are as follows (2016 calendar year basis):
0-25: 0.0272 g/mi
25-50: 0.0463 g/mi
50+: 0.0233 g/mi
deceleration: 0.0015 g/mi
Now the urban speed distribution percentage inputs must account for deceleration, as follows:
0-25: 60% x 50% x sum of default percentages for the three speed bins (but excluding default
deceleration fraction) = 30% x (45% + 34% +12%) = 27.3%
25-50: 60% x 33.3% x sum of default percentages (45% + 34% +12%) = 18.2%
50+: 60% x 16.7% x sum of default percentages (45% + 34% +12%) = 9.1%
deceleration: remaining percentage, which equals 100% - 40% (highway) - 27.3% -18.2% - 9.1% = 5.4%
Now apply these percentage weights to the total mileage, and then multiply by the corresponding
emission factors to obtain mass, as follows:
Highway/rural component: 0.40 x 100,000 x 0.0187 = 748 grams
0-25 urban component: 0.273 x 100,000 x 0.0272 = 743 grams
25 - 50 urban component: 0.182 x 100,000 x 0.0463 = 843 grams
50+ urban component: 0.091 x 100,000 x 0.0233 = 212 grams
Deceleration urban component: 0.54 x 100,000 x 0.0015 = 81 grams
Therefore total = 2,627 grams of PM25 (This value will then be summed with any other model year/vehicle
class combinations and converted to short tons.)
As discussed in Section 2.3, the Tool assumes that 100%-equivalent biofuel volumes are distributed
proportionately across all diesel vehicle classes. For example, if a fleet uses 100 B-100 equivalent gallons of
biofuel, and 1,000 gallons of fuel total, the Tool assumes that Bio (100 / 1,000 = 10%) is the blend used by
each truck class. Accordingly, emission rate adjustment factors are calculated for Bio using Equation 6 and
applied to the diesel emission factors for each vehicle class.
Finally, note that the PM factors output by the MOVES model for use in the Tool are expressed in terms of
PM25. The MOVES model assumes a fixed ratio of PM10 / PM25 for a given fuel type, as summarized below:
Gasoline - 1.1304
Diesel -1.087
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% CNG - I.1304
These factors are applied directly to the PM25 emission factors to obtain mass emission and performance
metrics for PM10 within the Tool. In addition, it was assumed that LNG and LPG have PM ratios equivalent to
the CNG value. The ratio for biofuel was assumed to equal that for diesel.
3-3 ACTIVITY CALCULATIONS
The Tool requires users to provide specific activity information on fuel consumption, miles traveled, payload,
road type/speed, and idle hours at the vehicle class level for the emissions performance assessment (see
Section 4.0 below). While the user may provide direct data inputs for any or all of these activity parameters,
the Tool also allows the user to select default values for payload determination, in the absence of fleet-
specific information. (Direct inputs for payload are highly preferred over the use of defaults.) The data
sources and assumptions used to develop these default values are discussed below.
Default Payload Distributions
Average payloads can vary widely among fleets, even within a given vehicle class, depending upon
commodity type and body/trailer type. With the exception of LTL and Package carriers (whose data are
based on 2015 submissions), exact data entries were used from the 2011 Truck Tool submissions to obtain
payload distributions for the current Tool.34 This data was categorized by fuel type, truck class, and
SmartWay Category. SmartWay Category is based on the Fleet Description inputs (e.g., Truckload Dry Van,
Dray, Mixed, etc.). 1,850 unique records were identified using this categorization of the 2011 Partner data. This
data was then reviewed, and four outliers were identified and removed from the data set.35 Next, the payload
data were aggregated across all SmartWay Category/truck class combinations.
Based on this data, Table 5 presents the payload averages and minimum/maximum values by truck class
and SmartWay Category36 Note that the values presented below are not weighted by fleet size.
Table 5. Average, Min and Max Payloads (short tons) by Truck Class/SmartWay
Category
SmartWay
Category by Class
Avg Payload
(tons)
Min
Max
Auto Carrier
2b
0.64
0.001
5.70
3
1.26
0.001
9.00
4
2.04
0.001
12.00
5
3.05
0.001
15.90
6
4.49
0.001
20.70
34 An evaluation of carrier payLoad data in 2016 found the vast majority of fleets selected from the tool's default ranges rather than providing exact values.
Accordingly, the available 2016 data was not robust enough to use as the basis for an update to the existing ranges provided in the tool.
35 Three Class 2bs were removed due to high payloads (16,13, and 5 tons). A Class 8b truck was removed due to incongruous text explanation ("none used").
36 Given the lack of data on non-diesel heavy-duty vehicles, payload ranges are assumed to apply to all fuel types.
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SmartWay
Category by Class
Avg Payload
(tons)
Min
Max
7
5.90
0.001
60.00
8a
18.20
0.001
111.00
8b
18.20
0.001
111.00
Dray
2b
0.77
0.001
5.70
3
1.50
0.001
9.00
4
2.27
0.001
12.00
5
3.39
0.001
15.90
6
4.14
0.001
20.70
7
5.53
0.001
60.00
8a
10.69
0.001
60.00
8b
18.46
0.001
150.00
Expedited
2b
0.64
0.001
5.70
3
1.26
0.001
9.00
4
2.04
0.001
12.00
5
3.05
0.001
15.90
6
4.49
0.001
20.70
7
6.04
0.001
60.00
8a
10.92
0.001
111.00
8b
23.66
0.001
150.00
Flatbed
2b
1.19
0.001
5.70
3
1.26
0.001
9.00
4
2.68
0.001
12.00
5
3.05
0.001
15.90
6
4.67
0.001
20.70
7
7.05
0.001
24.00
8a
13.51
0.001
72.00
8b
22.50
0.001
99.90
Heavy/Bulk
2b
1.19
0.001
5.70
3
1.50
0.001
9.00
4
2.79
0.001
12.00
5
3.39
0.001
15.90
6
4.84
0.001
20.70
7
7.45
0.001
60.00
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SmartWay
Category by Class
Avg Payload
(tons)
Min
Max
8a
18.20
0.001
111.00
8b
29.20
0.001
150.00
LTL/Package
2b
0.73
0.001
5.70
3
1.23
0.001
9.00
4
1.90
0.001
12.00
5
2.63
0.001
15.90
6
3.31
0.001
20.70
7
4.89
0.001
60.00
8a
8.15
0.001
60.00
8b
15.29
0.001
150.00
Mixed
2b
0.64
0.001
5.70
3
1.26
0.001
9.00
4
2.04
0.001
12.00
5
3.05
0.001
15.90
6
4.49
0.001
20.70
7
6.04
0.001
60.00
8a
10.92
0.001
111.00
8b
23.66
0.001
150.00
Moving
2b
0.58
0.001
5.70
3
1.08
0.001
9.00
4
1.41
0.001
12.00
5
2.91
0.001
15.90
6
4.17
0.001
20.70
7
5.38
0.001
60.00
8a
12.71
0.001
111.00
8b
14.13
0.001
111.00
Refrigerated
2b
0.77
0.001
5.70
3
1.50
0.001
9.00
4
2.27
0.001
12.00
5
3.39
0.001
15.90
6
4.84
0.001
20.70
7
6.03
0.001
60.00
8a
9.76
0.001
82.50
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SmartWay
Category by Class
Min
Max
8b
| 20.10
0.001
82.50
Specialized
2b
0.58
0.001
5.70
3
1.08
0.001
9.00
4
1.41
0.001
12.00
5
2.91
0.001
15.90
6
4.17
0.001
20.70
7
5.38
0.001
60.00
8a
12.71
0.001
111.00
8b
14.13
0.001
111.00
Tanker
2b
0.64
0.001
5.70
3
1.26
0.001
9.00
4
2.04
0.001
12.00
5
3.05
0.001
15.90
6
4.49
0.001
20.70
7
7.45
0.001
60.00
8a
12.12
0.001
72.00
8b
24.90
0.001
103.80
TL/Dry Van
2b
0.77
0.001
5.70
3
1.50
0.001
9.00
4
2.27
0.001
12.00
5
3.39
0.001
15.90
6
4.14
0.001
20.70
7
5.53
0.001
60.00
8a
10.69
0.001
60.00
8b
18.46
0.001
150.00
The values above serve as the basis for the default payload ranges provided in the Tool payload drop-down
menu. For most vehicle class/SmartWay Category combinations,37 five default ranges are offered for Partner
selection:
^ Range 1: from o.oi tons to (Average payload - 2 x standard deviation);
37 In a few instances, the calculated lower bound value for Range 2 was less than zero. In these cases, the lower bound value for Range 2 was set to 0.001
and the Payload screen displays Range l as "N/A".
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^ Range 2: from (Average payload - 2 x standard deviation) to (Average payload - 1 x standard deviation);
Range 3: from (Average payload - 1 x standard deviation) to (Average payload +1 x standard deviation);
^ Range 4: from (Average payload +1 x standard deviation) to (Average payload + 2 x standard deviation);
Range 5: from (Average payload + 2 x standard deviation) to (Average payload + 3 x standard deviation).
Once a particular range is selected, the midpoint of the range is used to estimate class/SmartWay Category-
level average payload, which in turn is used directly in determining grams per ton-mile performance metrics
for the fleet.
Payload data based on bills of lading and entered directly into the payload screen are validated using the
same data described above (see Section 3.4).
Brokered Freight
If a fleet brokers out more than 20% of its annual freight, this activity must be reported using the OTT or the
online Logistics Tool. If you select the Logistics Tool to report your brokered activity you will need to provide
miles or ton-miles for each company you broker your loads to. Otherwise, you can complete the OTT
including your brokerage information, and the tool will apply default gram per ton-mile factors to estimate
the emissions associated with this activity. You can specify your annual brokerage activity data in terms of:
• Ton-miles
• Miles
• Number of loads
• Amount spent
Ton-miles is the preferred metric for reporting brokered activity. Activity reported using other options is
converted to ton-mile-equivalents using the following defaults.
1. If the user provides total miles, the OTT multiplies this value by the average payload value for the
carrier as a whole to obtain ton-miles.
2. If the user provides the number of loads brokered out, the OTT multiplies this value by 527
miles/load to convert to total miles, then converts to ton-miles.
and,
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3. If the user provides total amount spent on brokered freight, the OTT divides this value by
$3.oo/mile38 to obtain total miles, then converts to ton-miles.
After conversion, total ton-miles are multiplied by default gram per ton-mile emission factors for Non-
SmartWay General Truck fleets for the current Data Year39 to obtain total mass emissions for brokered
activity, summarized in the OTT Emission Report. This report also presents emission factors for the non-
brokered fleet as well as composite factors for brokered plus non-brokered activity. The equations used to
calculate composite gram per mile and gram per ton-mile emission factors (EFs) are as follows.
G/Mile metrics
(partner fleet EF x Miles) + (nonSmartW ay EF x Miles)
Composite EF = - -
Total Miles
G/Ton-mile metrics
(partner fleet EF x TonMiles) + (nonSmartW ay EF x TonMiles)
Composite EF = - -
Total TonMiles
Composite emission factors will be used to rank your fleet against others in the same SmartWay Category.
3.4 DATA VALIDATION
The OTT has a number of standard logical, range and value checks that must be passed before Partners can
submit their data to EPA. Many of these checks simply confirm the presence of required data (e.g., total miles
for each truck class selected), or the accuracy of logical relationships (e.g., revenue miles less than or equal
to total miles). The list of these basic checks is provided below. Partners will not be able to finalize their fleet
files until all associated errors have been resolved. Also note that there is an implicit validation check on all
numeric fields because the system will not accept non-numeric characters (including minus signs).
Table 6. Basic Range and Logical Checks
Contact Information
User must enter at Least two distinct contacts.
FLeet Description
User must incLude a Partner Name.
FLeet Description
If entered, SCACs must be between 2 and 4 characters in Length, and at Least one
character must be a Letter. MuLtipLe SCACs must be separated by commas.
FLeet Description
If entered, MCNs must be between 6 and 7 digits.
FLeet Description
If entered, DOT numbers must be 7 digits or Less.
FLeet Description
User must seLect a FLeet Type.
FLeet Description
The Operation Category totaLs must add up to 100%.
FLeet Description
The Body Type totaLs must add up to 100%.
FLeet Description
If a vaLue for the SpeciaL HauLer body type is entered, a description must be provided.
3S Approximate U.S. national weighted average for dry van, flatbed, and reefer fleets. See https://www.dat.com/industrv-trends/trendlines.
39 See the SmartWay Shipper Tool Technical Documentation for details regarding non-SmartWay fleet performance metrics.
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Fuel Type
User must seLect at Least one fuel. type.
Fuel Type
If Reefer Body Type has been specified for a fLeet, user must seLect at Least one truck
fueLtype utiLizing reefers.
Model Year & Class
At Least one truck cLass must be seLected.
Model Year & Class
TotaL truck counts for each seLected truck cLass cannot be zero.
Activity Information
For aLL numeric fieLds except Empty MiLes, BiofueL gaLLons, and IdLe Hours, the vaLue
must be greater than zero. (An expLanation must be provided for zero Empty MiLes and
idLe hours).
Activity Information
For miLeage and gaLLons fieLds, enter exact rather than rounded vaLues. (warning)
Activity Information
For Revenue MiLes, the amount cannot exceed the number of TotaL MiLes Driven.
Activity Information
Revenue MiLes that are significantLy outside the expected range for percent of totaL
miLes for the given truck cLass (based on a Lookup tabLe) must be expLained.
Activity Information
For Empty MiLes, the amount must be Less than the number of TotaL MiLes.
Activity Information
Empty MiLes that are significantLy outside the expected range for the given truck cLass
(based on a Lookup tabLe) must be expLained.
Activity Information
Distance per truck that is significantLy outside the expected range for the given truck
cLass (based on a Lookup tabLe) must be expLained.
Activity Information
On the BiofueL BLend CaLcuLator, the totaL gaLLons of biofueL cannot exceed the amount
entered for TotaL FueL.
Activity Information
For IdLe Hours, the vaLue cannot exceed 8,760 per year per truck.
Activity Information
Short duration idLe hours + Long duration idLe hours cannot exceed 24 hours per truck.
Activity Information
For IdLe Hours, vaLues significantLy outside the expected range for daiLy short duration
idLe hours, daiLy Long duration idLe hours, and average number of days on the road
must be expLained.
Activity Information
MPG must be greater than zero.
Activity Information
MPG that is significantLy outside the expected range for the given truck cLass (based on
a Lookup tabLe) must be expLained.
Activity Information
Reefer fueL inputs for each fueL type must be Less than 50% of the totaL fueL voLume
used for reefer truck engine power.
Activity Information
Reefer fueL as a percent of fueL used for reefer truck engine power that is significantLy
outside the expected range (based on Lookup tabLe) must be expLained.
Payload Information
Zero is not a vaLid vaLue for any payLoad (absoLute minimum payLoad = 0.001 tons).
Payload Information
VaLues that are significantLy outside the expected range for the truck cLass must be
expLained.
Data Sources
Data sources for TotaL MiLes Driven, GaLLons of FueL Used, Average PayLoad, and Other
Data must be specified.
Additional, rigorous validation checks of key data inputs are also needed to ensure the overall quality of the
performance metrics calculated by the Tool. Validation checks serve three purposes to this end. First,
unusually high or low values can be identified and flagged for the user's attention before finalizing inputs. For
example, a user may misplace a decimal, inadvertently add an extra zero, or utilize the wrong units (e.g.,
reporting pounds instead of tons for payload) upon data entry. By comparing these data entries to reliable
industry averages and distributions, these values can be flagged allowing users to quickly correct such
errors.
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Second, under certain circumstances Partners may operate their fleets under atypical conditions, resulting in
extreme (outlier) data values. For example, permitted heavy-haul operations may routinely exceed industry-
average payload values by 10 or more tons. By flagging such data entries Partners have the opportunity to
provide additional information regarding their unique operating conditions through use of the Tool comment
fields.
Finally, independent criteria can be established to ensure that data inputs are never allowed to exceed
certain physically-constrained absolute limits. For example, a truck cannot exceed roughly 500,000 miles per
year, even with dual drivers and minimal maintenance time, simply due to the available hours per year and
highway speed limits. Data values above these absolute maximum levels are not allowed by the Tool, and
users are required to modify the associated inputs before proceeding.
The following presents the Tool validation ranges for all parameters but payload, which is discussed above.
Validation flags are of three types:
"Yellow" values indicating that the input or derived performance value is notably lower/higher than the
expected value. Partners may enter an explanation backing up such entries, but this is not mandatory.
"Red" values indicating that the input or derived performance value differs greatly from the expected
value. In this case the partner must enter text explaining why this value is accurate. Once entered, the
value will change from "Red" to "Yellow" on the data entry screen.
^ "Absolute errors" exceed values deemed physically possible and must be changed in order to be
accepted by the tool.
Reefer Fuel Validation
1,008 diesel fleets designated as "Reefer" for the 2019 calendar year were evaluated to determine the
distribution of the fraction of reefer fuel consumption to total fuel consumption. Four of these observations
were dropped from the analysis data set, having greater than 50% of their total fuel consumption attributed
to reefer fuel.40 As shown in Figure 4 below, the distribution for the remaining reefer fleets was highly
skewed toward low fractions (reefer consumption / total consumption). For this reason, the Tool does not
generate Range 1 or Range 2 warnings at the low end of the distribution. Range 4 and Range 5 warnings were
set to flag upper end reefer fuel consumption percentages as shown in Table 7.
40 EPA suspects these reefer trucks are primarily used for storage rather than transportation. An additional validation rule has been adopted to flag such
entries as errors.
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Figure 4. Number of Observations vs Fraction of Fuel Used by Reefers
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
^¦r^OmvooimvDoirMuioOTHifr^
2 2 >j? ^p* >j? >,p vj? >,p ^ >j? ^p*
w ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
—,^-,i^Ocovoa»rovoa»cNinoo*H«5|-
Table 7. Reefer Fuel Consumption Validation Ranges
Min
Max
% of Obs
Range l
N/A
N/A
N/A
Range 2
N/A
N/A
N/A
Range 3
>0
19%
92.7%
Range 4
19%
26%
5.6%
Range 5
26%
50%
1.7%
The mean of the distribution shown in Figure 4 (11%) can be used as the default percentage reefer fuel
consumption if the partner Lacks data for this parameter.
The percentages discussed above are multiplied by the total fuel value entered on the Activity screen
(engine fuel plus reefer fuel) to determine the Reefer fuel validation ranges and default values for a given
fleet. If the percentage designated as "Reefer" in the Body Types section of the Tool is less than 100%, then
the validation ranges and default value are scaled downward by the reported percentage.
Data Processing
Except as noted, the validation range recommendations are based upon a distributional analysis performed
on the 2015 Truck Partner input and performance data.41 Fleet level data was grouped by truck class and bin
category. If a particular combination had less than 20 fleets, it was aggregated to the next "higher" level until
at least 20 fleets were included. This process resulted in 29 groupings, as shown in Table 8. Note these
41 MiLes per gallon distributions were updated based on 2019 partner data to reflect recent changes in fleet fuel efficiency.
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groupings are mutually exclusive - e.g., "Class 6_Mixed" (Group 6) includes all Class 6 vehicles with the
exception of TL/Dry Van, LTL/Dry Van, and Package (Groups 8,10, and n).
Table 8. Truck Fleet Groupings Used for Distributional Analysis
Group #
Name
# Fleets
1
2B_Expedited
35
2
2B_Mixed
96
3
2B_Package
34
4
2B_TL/Dry Van
42
5
3_Mixed
85
6
4_Mixed
71
7
5_Mixed
59
8
6_LTL/Dry Van
55
9
6_Mixed
124
10
6_Package
25
11
6_TL/Dry Van
51
12
7_LTL/Dry Van
61
13
7_Mixed
144
14
7_TL/Dry Van
44
15
8A_LTL/Dry Van
54
16
8A_Mixed
106
17
8A_Refrigerated
21
18
8A_TL/Dry Van
61
19
8B_AutoCarrier
36
20
8B_Dray
109
21
8B_Expedited
26
22
8B_Flatbed
159
23
8B_Heavy/Bulk
22
24
8B_LTL/Dry Van
106
25
8B_Mixed
470
26
8B_Refrigerated
574
27
8B_Specialized
60
28
8B_TL/Dry Van
912
29
8B_Tanker
84
A distributional assessment was then performed for each of the above groupings for the following
parameters.
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^ Miles per vehicle
Miles per gallon
^ Revenue Miles (as a percent of total miles)
^ Empty Miles (as a percent of total miles)
The following parameters were not updated based on 2015 data due to one of two reasons: (1) the data set
for 2015 was too thin, or (2) the majority of the data relied on default values.
Percent Biofuel
Percent Miles Traveled, Urban
Percent Miles Traveled, Highway
^ Average Idle Hours per Year
ERG then identified suspected outliers and erroneous data entry values for each parameter/group
combination, based on the criteria presented in Table 9.
Table g. Outlier Definition
Metric
Unreasonably Low
Unreasonably High
Miles per Vehicle
Mean - 3*Std dev
Mean + 3*std dev
MPG
0
Mean + 3*std dev
Percent Revenue Miles
<40
100
Percent Empty Miles
0
>60
Percent Biofuel
0
>20
Percent Urban Operation
0
100
Percent Highway Operation
0
100
Average Idle Hours
0
Mean + 3*std dev
Using these criteria ERG identified 132 values, which were subsequently dropped from the data set in order
to develop "yellow" and "red" validation ranges for generalized distributions. The dropped values are shown
below in Table 10.
Table 10. Values Flagged as Outliers
Parameter
Class/Catego ry
Value
Mean
gallons per year
2B_Expedited
412,514
53.503
gallons per year
2B_Mixed
1,118,423
97.172
gallons per year
2B_Mixed
2,575.025
97.172
gallons per year
2B_Mixed
1.155.575
97.172
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Parameter
Class/Catego ry
Value
Mean
gallons per year
2B_Package
16,598,790
1.573.156
gallons per year
2B_Package
18,812,438
1.573.156
gallons per year
2B_TL/Dry Van
9,561,432
297.320
gallons per year
3_Mixed
7,488,083
566,721
gallons per year
3_Mixed
6,000,532
566,721
gallons per year
3_Mixed
10,025,500
566,721
gallons per year
3_Mixed
6,895,410
566,721
gallons per year
4_Mixed
32,131,244
1,287,415
gallons per year
4_Mixed
23,340,749
1,287,415
gallons per year
5_Mixed
5,886,948
526,173
gallons per year
5_Mixed
8,195,008
526,173
gallons per year
5_Mixed
5.391.967
526,173
gallons per year
6_LTL/Dry Van
3,981,088
229,194
gallons per year
6_LTL/Dry Van
2,229,735
229,194
gallons per year
6_Mixed
971,878
64,977
gallons per year
6_Mixed
434,514
64,977
gallons per year
6_Mixed
655.144
64,977
gallons per year
6_Package
42,086,822
5.063,945
gallons per year
6_TL/Dry Van
4,063,283
202,354
gallons per year
7_LTL/Dry Van
2,027,074
251.393
gallons per year
7_LTL/Dry Van
2,991,399
251.393
gallons per year
7_LTL/Dry Van
2,241,644
251.393
gallons per year
7_Mixed
6,172,258
273.971
gallons per year
7_Mixed
3.374.633
273.971
gallons per year
7_Mixed
5,989,442
273.971
gallons per year
7_Mixed
3,559.828
273.971
gallons per year
7_TL/Dry Van
4,950,320
262,592
gallons per year
8A_LTL/Dry Van
36,116,464
3,648,512
gallons per year
8A_LTL/Dry Van
53.625,048
3,648,512
gallons per year
8A_Mixed
57,351.694
986,765
gallons per year
8A_ Refrigerated
5,643.067
443.374
gallons per year
8A_TL/Dry Van
70,846,629
2,760,796
gallons per year
8B_AutoCarrier
25.533.283
3.748,093
gallons per year
8B_Dray
14,150,069
1,604,817
gallons per year
8B_Dray
34,766,125
1,604,817
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Parameter
Class/Catego ry
Value
Mean
gallons per year
8B_Dray
13.354.331
1,604,817
gallons per year
8B_Expedited
1,424.076
218,990
gallons per year
8B_Flatbed
36,752,966
2,361,101
gallons per year
8B_Flatbed
34,640,701
2,361,101
gallons per year
8B_Flatbed
17,704,415
2,361,101
gallons per year
8B_Flatbed
17,023,256
2,361,101
gallons per year
8B_Heavy/Bulk
9,404,277
1,037.619
gallons per year
8B_LTL/Dry Van
92,200,872
7,616,076
gallons per year
8B_LTL/Dry Van
124,000,000
7,616,076
gallons per year
8B_LTL/Dry Van
89,849,912
7,616,076
gallons per year
8B_Mixed
66,558,332
2,535.432
gallons per year
8B_Mixed
37.456,768
2,535.432
gallons per year
8B_Mixed
59,418,064
2,535.432
gallons per year
8B_Mixed
48,225,936
2,535.432
gallons per year
8B_Mixed
180,000,000
2,535.432
gallons per year
8B_Mixed
119,000,000
2,535.432
gallons per year
8 B_ Refrigerated
33.225,674
1.941.435
gallons per year
8 B_ Refrigerated
42,919,799
1.941.435
gallons per year
8 B_ Refrigerated
28,773.217
1.941.435
gallons per year
8 B_ Refrigerated
37.152,519
1.941.435
gallons per year
8 B_ Refrigerated
20,502,480
1.941.435
gallons per year
8 B_ Refrigerated
53.869,408
1.941.435
gallons per year
8 B_ Refrigerated
18,295,369
1.941.435
gallons per year
8 B_ Refrigerated
18,899,380
1.941.435
gallons per year
8 B_ Refrigerated
31,452,760
1.941.435
gallons per year
8 B_ Refrigerated
67,708,438
1.941.435
gallons per year
8B_Specialized
109,000,000
3,815,822
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
39,566,042
3,015,269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
86,776,622
3,015,269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
41,147.713
3,015,269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
40,502,655
3,015,269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
102,000,000
3,015,269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
47.825,507
3,015,269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
131,000,000
3,015,269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
55,482,608
3,015,269
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0 38
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"^vSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
Parameter
Class/Catego ry
Value
Mean
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
72,226,731
3,015,269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
182,000,000
3,015,269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
61,329,730
3,015,269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
99,023,569
3,015,269
gallons per year
8B_Tanker
63,833.642
2,691,859
annual miles/vehicle
2B_Mixed
116,299
28,854
annual miles/vehicle
3_Mixed
85,788
22,873
annual miles/vehicle
3_Mixed
81,697
22,873
annual miles/vehicle
4_Mixed
87,149
23,285
annual miles/vehicle
5_Mixed
93.600
18,865
annual miles/vehicle
5_Mixed
77,510
18,865
annual miles/vehicle
6_Mixed
343.740
34,199
annual miles/vehicle
6_Package
103,854
24,362
annual miles/vehicle
6_TL/Dry Van
116,000
36,656
annual miles/vehicle
7_Mixed
135.356
35.442
annual miles/vehicle
7_Mixed
117,865
35.442
annual miles/vehicle
7_TL/Dry Van
166,021
37.351
annual miles/vehicle
8B_Flatbed
5,000
78,258
annual miles/vehicle
8B_Flatbed
7,500
78,258
annual miles/vehicle
8B_LTL/Dry Van
271,366
69,987
annual miles/vehicle
8B_Mixed
203,275
74,314
annual miles/vehicle
8B_Mixed
175.555
74,314
annual miles/vehicle
8 B_ Refrigerated
215.350
101,711
annual miles/vehicle
8 B_ Refrigerated
211,217
101,711
annual miles/vehicle
8 B_ Refrigerated
248,360
101,711
annual miles/vehicle
8 B_ Refrigerated
221,995
101,711
annual miles/vehicle
8 B_ Refrigerated
225,974
101,711
annual miles/vehicle
8 B_ Refrigerated
262,511
101,711
annual miles/vehicle
8 B_ Refrigerated
208,809
101,711
annual miles/vehicle
8B_Specialized
189,507
73.838
annual miles/vehicle
8B_TL/Dry Van
195.768
90,012
annual miles/vehicle
8B_TL/Dry Van
193.195
90,012
annual miles/vehicle
8B_TL/Dry Van
189,257
90,012
annual miles/vehicle
8B_TL/Dry Van
250,391
90,012
annual miles/vehicle
8B_TL/Dry Van
194,704
90,012
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0 39
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"^vSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
Parameter
Class/Catego ry
Value
Mean
annual miles/vehicle
8B_TL/Dry Van
191,012
90,012
annual miles/vehicle
8B_TL/Dry Van
215,143
90,012
annual miles/vehicle
8B_Tanker
148,721
79.629
% Empty Miles
3_Mixed
90.19
1339
% Empty Miles
8B_Specialized
9938
30.34
% Empty Miles
2B_Mixed
0.02
82.54
% Empty Miles
8B_TL/Dry Van
35.17
8737
Once values were defined as outliers and excluded from the data set, the mean and standard deviation of
the distribution for each truck fleet grouping were then re-calculated for each metric. Each fleet was treated
equally in the distributional assessment, independent of the number of vehicles in the fleet. Histograms
presenting the distributions for each truck fleet grouping/metric combination are available electronically
from SmartWay.
For groupings with large numbers of fleets (e.g., Class 8b diesel TL/Dry Van, Refrigerated, and Mixed), the
data for miles per vehicle and miles per gallon appear normally distributed. Examples for Class 8b TL/Dry
Van Diesel fleets are shown in Figures 5 and 6.
Miles Per Vehicle
Any Outlyers Have Been Removed
Group ID Number=28 TruckClass_BinCategory=8B_TL/DryVan Number in Group=912
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 90000 100000 110000 120000 130000 140000 150000 160000 170000 180000
Bin Value
/prpj1/EPA_TmckToolValAJpdate2016/val3.sas 14DEC16 12:41
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0 40
-------
SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
Figure 6. Miles per Gallon Distribution, Class 8b TL/Dry Van Diesel Fleets
160
cn
T—1
*3;
r-.
G)
(N
cn
cn
LO
r>.
O
rsj
LO
r^
0
20%, with no red warning.
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0 41
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"^vSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
Class.Category
Count
Variable
Low Red
Low Yellow
High Yellow
High Red
7_LTL/Dry Van
61
MiLes Per VehicLe
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
g5-o%
7_Mixed
144
MiLes Per VehicLe
NONE
5,000
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
7_TL/Dry Van
44
MiLes Per VehicLe
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
g5-o%
8A_LTL/Dry Van
54
MiLes Per VehicLe
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
g5-o%
8 A_ Mixed
106
MiLes Per VehicLe
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
g5-o%
8A_Refrigerated
21
MiLes Per VehicLe
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
g5-o%
8A_TL/Dry Van
61
MiLes Per VehicLe
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
g5-o%
8B_AutoCarrier
36
MiLes Per VehicLe
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Dray
109
MiLes Per VehicLe
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
8 B_ Expedited
26
MiLes Per VehicLe
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
g5-o%
8B_Flatbed
159
MiLes Per VehicLe
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Heavy/Bulk
22
MiLes Per VehicLe
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
g5-o%
8B_LTL/Dry Van
106
MiLes Per VehicLe
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Mixed
470
MiLes Per VehicLe
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Refrigerated
574
MiLes Per VehicLe
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_SpeciaLized
60
MiLes Per VehicLe
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
g5-o%
8B_TL/Dry Van
912
MiLes Per VehicLe
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Tanker
84
MiLes Per VehicLe
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
2B
72
MiLes Per GaLLon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
3
45
MiLes Per GaLLon
5-0%
10.0%
go.o%
g5-o%
4
38
MiLes Per GaLLon
5-0%
10.0%
go.o%
g5-o%
5
38
MiLes Per GaLLon
5-0%
10.0%
go.o%
g5-o%
6
214
MiLes Per GaLLon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
7
234
MiLes Per GaLLon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
8A
234
MiLes Per GaLLon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_AutoCarrier
40
MiLes Per GaLLon
5-0%
10.0%
go.o%
g5-o%
8B_Dray
107
MiLes Per GaLLon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Expedited
18
MiLes Per GaLLon
5-0%
10.0%
go.o%
g5-o%
8 B_ Flatbed
166
MiLes Per GaLLon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Heavy/Bulk
37
MiLes Per GaLLon
5-0%
10.0%
go.o%
g5-o%
8B_LTL/Dry Van
76
MiLes Per GaLLon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Mixed/Moving
452
MiLes Per GaLLon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Refrigerated
492
MiLes Per GaLLon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_SpeciaLized
41
MiLes Per GaLLon
5-0%
10.0%
go.o%
g5-o%
8B_TL/Dry Van
929
MiLes Per GaLLon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Tanker
80
MiLes Per GaLLon
5-0%
10.0%
go.o%
g5-o%
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0 42
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"^vSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
Class.Category
Count
VariabLe
Low Red
Low Yellow
High Yellow
High Red
2B_Expedited
35
Percent Revenue MiLes
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
2B_Mixed
96
Percent Revenue MiLes
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
2B_Package
34
Percent Revenue MiLes
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
2B_TL/Dry Van
42
Percent Revenue MiLes
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
3_Mixed
85
Percent Revenue MiLes
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
4_Mixed
71
Percent Revenue MiLes
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
5_Mixed
59
Percent Revenue MiLes
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
6_LTL/Dry Van
55
Percent Revenue MiLes
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
6_Mixed
124
Percent Revenue MiLes
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
6_Package
25
Percent Revenue MiLes
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
6_TL/Dry Van
51
Percent Revenue MiLes
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
7_LTL/Dry Van
61
Percent Revenue MiLes
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
7_Mixed
144
Percent Revenue MiLes
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
7_TL/Dry Van
44
Percent Revenue MiLes
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
8A_LTL/Dry Van
54
Percent Revenue MiLes
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
8A_Mixed
106
Percent Revenue MiLes
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
8A_Refrigerated
21
Percent Revenue MiLes
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
8A_TL/Dry Van
61
Percent Revenue MiLes
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
8B_AutoCarrier
36
Percent Revenue MiLes
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
NONE
NONE
8B_Dray
109
Percent Revenue MiLes
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
8B_Expedited
26
Percent Revenue MiLes
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
8 B_ Flatbed
159
Percent Revenue MiLes
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
NONE
NONE
8B_Heavy/Bulk
22
Percent Revenue MiLes
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
8B_LTL/Dry Van
106
Percent Revenue MiLes
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
NONE
NONE
8B_Mixed
470
Percent Revenue MiLes
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
NONE
NONE
8B_Refrigerated
574
Percent Revenue MiLes
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
NONE
NONE
8B_Specialized
60
Percent Revenue MiLes
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
8B_TL/Dry Van
912
Percent Revenue MiLes
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
NONE
NONE
8B_Tanker
84
Percent Revenue MiLes
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
2B_Expedited
35
Percent Empty MiLes
NONE
NONE
85.0%
95-0%
2B_Mixed
96
Percent Empty MiLes
NONE
NONE
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
2B_Package
34
Percent Empty MiLes
NONE
NONE
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
2B_TL/Dry Van
42
Percent Empty MiLes
5-0%
15.0%
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
3_Mixed
85
Percent Empty MiLes
NONE
NONE
85.0%
95-0%
4_ Mixed
71
Percent Empty MiLes
NONE
NONE
85.0%
95-0%
5_Mixed
59
Percent Empty MiLes
NONE
NONE
85.0%
95-0%
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0 43
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"^vSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
Class.Category
Count
VariabLe
Low Red
Low Yellow
High Yellow
High Red
6_LTL/Dry Van
55
Percent Empty MiLes
NONE
NONE
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
6_Mixed
124
Percent Empty MiLes
NONE
NONE
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
6_Package
25
Percent Empty MiLes
NONE
NONE
85.0%
95-0%
6_TL/Dry Van
51
Percent Empty MiLes
NONE
NONE
85.0%
95-0%
7_LTL/Dry Van
61
Percent Empty MiLes
NONE
NONE
85.0%
95-0%
7_Mixed
144
Percent Empty MiLes
NONE
NONE
85.0%
95-0%
7_TL/Dry Van
44
Percent Empty MiLes
NONE
NONE
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
8A_LTL/Dry Van
54
Percent Empty MiLes
NONE
NONE
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
8 A_ Mixed
106
Percent Empty MiLes
NONE
NONE
85.0%
95-0%
8A_Refrigerated
21
Percent Empty MiLes
NONE
NONE
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
8A_TL/Dry Van
61
Percent Empty MiLes
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_AutoCarrier
36
Percent Empty MiLes
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8B_Dray
109
Percent Empty MiLes
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8 B_ Expedited
26
Percent Empty MiLes
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8 B_ Flatbed
159
Percent Empty MiLes
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8B_Heavy/Bulk
22
Percent Empty MiLes
NONE
NONE
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_LTL/Dry Van
106
Percent Empty MiLes
NONE
NONE
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Mixed
470
Percent Empty MiLes
NONE
NONE
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Refrigerated
574
Percent Empty MiLes
NONE
NONE
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_SpeciaLized
60
Percent Empty MiLes
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8B_TL/Dry Van
912
Percent Empty MiLes
NONE
NONE
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Tanker
84
Percent Empty MiLes
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
50.0%
2B_Expedited
35
Percent BiofueL
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
2B_Mixed
96
Percent BiofueL
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
2B_Package
34
Percent BiofueL
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
2B_TL/Dry Van
42
Percent BiofueL
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
3_Mixed
85
Percent BiofueL
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
4_ Mixed
71
Percent BiofueL
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
5_Mixed
59
Percent BiofueL
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
6_LTL/Dry Van
55
Percent BiofueL
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
6_Mixed
124
Percent BiofueL
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
6_Package
25
Percent BiofueL
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
6_TL/Dry Van
51
Percent BiofueL
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
7_LTL/Dry Van
61
Percent BiofueL
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
7_Mixed
144
Percent BiofueL
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
7_TL/Dry Van
44
Percent BiofueL
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0 44
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8A_LTL/Dry Van
54
Percent BiofueL
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8 A_ Mixed
106
Percent BiofueL
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8A_Refrigerated
21
Percent BiofueL
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8A_TL/Dry Van
61
Percent BiofueL
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8B_AutoCarrier
36
Percent BiofueL
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8B_Dray
109
Percent BiofueL
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8 B_ Expedited
26
Percent BiofueL
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8 B_ Flatbed
159
Percent BiofueL
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8B_Heavy/Bulk
22
Percent BiofueL
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8B_LTL/Dry Van
106
Percent BiofueL
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8B_Mixed
470
Percent BiofueL
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8B_Refrigerated
574
Percent BiofueL
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8B_SpeciaLized
60
Percent BiofueL
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8B_TL/Dry Van
912
Percent BiofueL
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8B_Tanker
84
Percent BiofueL
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
For distributions that appeared to have a relatively normal distribution on the low and/or high end, yellow
flag criteria were set at ± 1.5 times the standard deviation (StD), and the red flag criteria at ± 2.0 times the
standard deviation of the distribution for each truck fleet grouping. In most cases these criteria result in
roughly 10-20% of the values for these metrics being flagged as either red or yellow for partner attention. For
several variables with a clearly skewed distribution yellow cutoffs were set to include approximately 15% of
observations, and red cutoffs were selected to include approximately 5% of observations. Selecting cutoffs at
these levels of stringency is intended to identify likely input errors without unduly burdening the large
majority of Tool users with unnecessary data checks and text explanations.
Finally, certain distributions showed common values up to and including the absolute min/max values. For
example, a substantial number of truck carriers reported revenue miles equal to 100% of total miles. In these
instances no yellow/red flags are assigned for that variable.
Tables 12-16 present the actual yellow and red flag values for each fleet group/metric combination, given
the decision criteria presented in Table 11. Tables 17-20 present the number of observations that would be
flagged with yellow and red warnings for these combinations. The complete set of histograms associated
with the distributional analysis of the 2016 data is available upon request from SmartWay.
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0 45
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"^vSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
Table 12. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
Annual Miles per Vehicle
Class Category
Absolute
Min
Low Red
Low
Yellow
High
Yellow
High Red
Absolute
Max
2B-Expedited
>0
9,698
16,183
63.029
90,800
500,000
2B-Mixed
>0
2,046
7.741
53.432
71.391
500,000
2B-PD
>0
5.247
11.565
47.936
65,500
500,000
2B-TL/Dry van
>0
6,799
18,007
52,984
58,368
500,000
3-Mixed
>0
0
5,000
45.712
53,814
500,000
4-Mixed
>0
1,402
6,556
40,071
51,362
500,000
5-Mixed
>0
306
3.470
40,000
49,485
500,000
6-LTL/Dry van
>0
9.631
11,696
49.080
60,950
500,000
6-Mixed
>0
2,036
10,931
51.916
67,014
500,000
6-Moving
>0
3,000
8,000
68,107
79,506
500,000
6-PD
>0
5.921
9.073
65,000
72,065
500,000
6-TL/Dry van
>0
8,632
14.133
56,713
68,836
500,000
7-LTL/Dry van
>0
12,488
15.654
54.122
72,666
500,000
7-Mixed
>0
0
5,000
67.560
78,694
500,000
7-TL/Dry van
>0
2,326
10,312
57.249
79,650
500,000
8A-LTL/.Dry van
>0
10,558
15.625
68,215
88,352
500,000
8 A-Mixed
>0
6,271
13.039
85,890
102,000
500,000
8A-Reefer
>0
15.505
26,162
70,000
79,308
500,000
8A-TL/Dry van
>0
10,069
13.877
97.567
128,406
500,000
8 B-Auto
>0
43.112
51.769
103,710
112,367
500,000
8B-Dray
>0
6,985
18,413
86,984
98,413
500,000
8B-Expedited
>0
23,226
27.112
92,857
140,232
500,000
8 B-Flatbed
>0
36,935
47.495
110,856
121,416
500,000
8B-Heavy
>0
44.171
48,663
101,118
108,168
500,000
8B-LTL/Dry van
>0
13.983
27.504
108,634
122,156
500,000
8B-Mixed
>0
12,029
27.477
120,168
135,616
500,000
8B-Reefer
>0
36,939
52,743
147.566
163,370
500,000
8B-Special
>0
20,765
39.854
105,338
117,433
500,000
8B-TL/Dry van
>0
29,853
44.672
133.586
148,405
500,000
8B-Tanker
>0
36,503
47.076
110,517
121,090
500,000
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0 46
-------
"^vSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
Table 13. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
Miles per Gallon43
Class Category
Absolute
Min
Low
Red
Low
Yellow
High
Yellow
High
Red
Absolute
Max
2B
>0
5.38
7.58
20.75
22.95
37.5
3
>0
3.52
6.41
13.52
14.37
28.5
4
>0
6.45
7.10
12.22
13.20
24.4
5
>0
4.42
5.69
12.40
15.10
214
6
>0
5.41
6.21
10.98
11.77
16.8
7
>0
4.74
5.57
10.58
11.41
158
8A
>0
3.94
4.66
8.97
9.69
12.2
8 B-Auto
>0
4.27
4.61
5.51
6.20
9.3
8B-Dray
>0
4.88
5.14
6.70
6.96
10.5
8B-Expedited
>0
5.76
5.82
7.14
7.20
10.2
8 B-Flatbed
>0
4.38
4.75
6.97
7.34
10.8
8B-Heavy
>0
2.95
3.77
5.91
5.95
9.9
8B-LTL/Dry van
>0
5.52
5.79
7.41
7.68
11.8
8B-Mixed/Moving
>0
4.78
5.18
7.55
7.94
11.8
8B-Reefer
>0
5.09
5.57
8.42
8.89
11.9
8B-Specialized
>0
3.04
3.75
6.21
6.66
10.1
8B-TL/Dry van
>0
5.02
5.39
7.61
7.98
124
8B-Tanker
>0
3.74
4.34
6.75
7.10
10.8
43 Equivalent MPG cutoffs can be found by dividing these values by 1.26 for gasoline and CNG vehicles; dividing by 1.35 for LPG vehicles; and dividing by 1.52
for LNG vehicles - see "Non-Diesel MPG" section below for details.
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0 47
-------
"^vSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
Table 14. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
% Revenue Miles
Class Category
Absolute Min
Low Red
Low Yellow
High
Yellow
High Red
Absolute Max
2B-Expedited
N/A
52
59
N/A
N/A
N/A
2 B-Mixed
N/A
53
61
N/A
N/A
N/A
2B-PD
N/A
66
72
N/A
N/A
N/A
2B-TL/Dry van
N/A
69
74
N/A
N/A
N/A
3-Mixed
N/A
65
71
N/A
N/A
N/A
4-Mixed
N/A
65
71
N/A
N/A
N/A
5-Mixed
N/A
59
67
N/A
N/A
N/A
6-LTL/Dry van
N/A
61
68
N/A
N/A
N/A
6-Mixed
N/A
55
63
N/A
N/A
N/A
6-Moving
N/A
55
65
N/A
N/A
N/A
6-PD
N/A
75
80
N/A
N/A
N/A
6-TL/Dry van
N/A
56
64
N/A
N/A
N/A
7-LTL/Dry van
N/A
64
71
N/A
N/A
N/A
7-Mixed
N/A
57
64
N/A
N/A
N/A
7-TL/Dry van
N/A
64
70
N/A
N/A
N/A
8A-LTL/.Dry van
N/A
67
73
N/A
N/A
N/A
8 A-Mixed
N/A
52
59
N/A
N/A
N/A
8A-Reefer
N/A
59
65
N/A
N/A
N/A
8A-TL/Dry van
N/A
69
74
N/A
N/A
N/A
8 B-Auto
N/A
43
50
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-Dray
N/A
46
54
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-Expedited
N/A
57
63
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-Flatbed
N/A
62
67
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-Heavy
N/A
34
43
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-LTL/Dry van
N/A
68
73
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-Mixed
N/A
62
68
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-Reefer
N/A
72
76
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-Special
N/A
40
49
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-TL/Dry van
N/A
68
73
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-Tanker
N/A
48
50
N/A
N/A
N/A
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0 48
-------
"^vSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
Table 15. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
% Empty Miles
Class Category
Absolute Min
Low Red
Low Yellow
High Yellow
High Red
Absolute Max
2B-Expedited
N/A
1
5
38
44
N/A
2B-Mixed
N/A
1
5
41
48
N/A
2B-PD
N/A
1
5
31
37
N/A
2B-TL/Dry van
N/A
1
5
28
33
N/A
3-Mixed
N/A
1
5
28
34
N/A
4-Mixed
N/A
1
5
30
35
N/A
5-Mixed
N/A
1
5
33
40
N/A
6-LTL/Dry van
N/A
1
5
36
44
N/A
6-Mixed
N/A
1
5
38
45
N/A
6-Moving
N/A
1
5
40
50
N/A
6-PD
N/A
1
5
15
31
N/A
6-TL/Dry van
N/A
1
5
35
47
N/A
7-LTL/Dry van
N/A
1
5
32
35
N/A
7-Mixed
N/A
1
5
33
44
N/A
7-TL/Dry van
N/A
1
5
33
39
N/A
8A-LTL/.Dry van
N/A
1
5
30
36
N/A
8A-Mixed
N/A
1
5
36
47
N/A
8A-Reefer
N/A
1
5
35
41
N/A
8A-TL/Dry van
N/A
1
5
31
36
N/A
8 B-Auto
N/A
5
15
40
49
N/A
8 B-Dray
N/A
5
7
40
50
N/A
8 B-Expedited
N/A
5
6
33
37
N/A
8B-FLatbed
N/A
5
7
27
37
N/A
8B-Heavy
N/A
1
5
56
64
N/A
8B-LTL/Dry van
N/A
1
5
29
34
N/A
8B-Mixed
N/A
1
5
34
40
N/A
8B-Reefer
N/A
1
5
25
29
N/A
8B-SpeciaL
N/A
1
5
49
50
N/A
8B-TL/Dry van
N/A
1
5
28
32
N/A
8B-Tanker
N/A
20
36
50
50
N/A
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0 49
-------
^\NSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency *
Table 16. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
Idle Hours and Days of Use per Year
Class Category
Low Red
Low Yellow
High Yellow
High Red
A verage Service Days/ Year
Non-Class 8b (less Package/Specialty)
96
171
320
—
Non-Class 8b (Package/Specialty)
142
200
315
—
Class 8b (less LTL/Package)
157
213
325
—
Class 8b (LTL/Package)
135
193
309
—
A verage Hours Long Duration Idle/Day
Non-Class 8b (less Package/Specialty)
—
1.00
1.73
2.81
Non-Class 8b (Package/Specialty)
—
1.00
24.00
—
Class 8b (less LTL/Package)
—
1.00
4.11
6.10
Class 8b (LTL/Package)
—
1.00
2.53
4.18
A verage Hours Short Duration idle/Day
Non-Class 8b (less Package/Specialty)
—
0
1.87
2.81
Non-Class 8b (Package/Specialty)
—
0
1.42
199
Class 8b (less LTL/Package)
—
0
2.36
360
Class 8b (LTL/Package)
—
0
2.63
4.15
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0 50
-------
"*\NSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency +
Table 17. Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
Annual Miles per Vehicle
Class/Catego ry
N
Minimum
Value
m
Low
Yellow
Flags
Mean
Value
High
Yellow
Flags
High
Red
Flags
Maximum
Value
2B_Expedited
35
6,001
1
3
40,870
3
1
95,938
2B_Mixed
96
720
4
9
27,933
9
4
76,590
2B_Package
34
4,144
1
3
30,012
3
1
70,685
2B_TL/Dry Van
42
505
2
3
31,821
3
2
59,203
3_ Mixed
85
581
0
6
21,406
6
4
76,320
4_ Mixed
71
117
3
6
22,373
6
3
53,172
5_Mixed
59
83
2
5
16,525
5
2
54,486
6_LTL/Dry Van
55
1,429
2
5
29,919
5
2
70,391
6_Mixed
124
53
6
11
31,682
11
6
79,858
6_Package
25
814
1
1
21,050
1
1
90,196
6_TL/Dry Van
51
3,179
2
4
35,069
4
2
93,498
7_LTL/Dry Van
61
5,701
3
5
34,379
5
3
87,534
7_Mixed
144
100
0
10
34,158
7
6
106,615
7_TL/Dry Van
44
1,693
2
3
34,359
3
2
109,287
8A_LTL/Dry Van
54
3,458
2
5
45,351
5
2
108,183
8A_Mixed
106
155
5
9
47,086
9
5
124,901
8A_Refrigerated
21
1,738
1
1
45,741
1
1
79,469
8A_TL/Dry Van
61
7,460
3
5
59,438
5
3
155,136
8B_AutoCarrier
36
47,525
0
2
77,740
1
1
120,671
8B_Dray
109
3,165
1
9
52,6gg
4
4
102,164
8B_Expedited
26
22,697
1
1
63,362
1
1
150,415
8 B_ Flatbed
159
15,680
3
5
79,175
8
2
130,597
8B_Heavy/Bulk
22
40,305
1
1
73,132
1
1
116,004
8B_LTL/Dry Van
106
14,096
0
5
68,069
3
3
146,016
8B_Mixed
470
3,658
7
20
73,822
22
11
151,353
8B_Refrigerated
574
9,171
20
20
100,155
22
10
203,947
8B_SpeciaLized
60
4,568
2
5
71,877
5
2
178,303
8B_TL/Dry Van
912
2,072
27
33
89,129
39
19
176,478
8B_Tanker
84
28,055
4
3
78,796
0
3
136,449
SmartWay Technical Documentation
Section 3.0 51
-------
"^vSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
Table 18. Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
Miles per Gallon
Class/Category
N
Minimum
Value
Low
Red
Flags
Low
Yellow
Flags
Mean
Value
High
Yellow
Flags
High Red
Flags
Maximum
Value
2B_Expedited
35
10.00
1
3
14.47
3
1
25.00
2B_Mixed
96
2.00
4
9
12.93
9
4
22.91
2B_Package
34
3.51
1
3
11.68
3
1
20.74
2B_TL/Dry Van
42
2.50
2
3
10.68
3
2
19.50
3_ Mixed
85
1.07
2
3
9.82
6
1
18.99
4_ Mixed
71
1-34
3
6
8.98
6
3
16.27
5_Mixed
59
0.96
3
1
7-77
2
1
14.25
6_LTL/Dry Van
55
0.68
2
5
8.01
5
2
11.17
6_Mixed
124
4.02
1
6
7-93
2
2
12.06
6_Package
25
0.91
1
1
7-39
1
1
11-37
6_TL/Dry Van
51
0.76
1
0
7.86
0
0
10.00
7_LTL/Dry Van
61
5-48
0
2
7.82
2
2
10.50
7_Mixed
144
3.69
4
4
7-55
3
4
11.25
7_TL/Dry Van
44
4.60
2
3
7.76
3
2
9.76
8A_LTL/Dry Van
54
4.25
1
0
6.31
1
1
8.13
8A_Mixed
106
3.38
3
3
6.57
5
3
8.97
8A_Refrigerated
21
5.19
1
2
6.38
2
1
8.34
8A_TL/Dry Van
61
1.84
1
1
6.43
0
1
8.6g
8B_AutoCarrier
36
4.29
1
3
4.96
3
1
6.22
8B_Dray
109
3-35
5
2
5.83
3
0
7.00
8B_Expedited
26
4-79
1
1
6.04
1
1
6.80
8 B_ Flatbed
159
3.10
5
4
5-80
6
2
7.20
8B_Heavy/Bulk
22
4.11
1
1
5.32
1
1
6.63
8B_LTL/Dry Van
106
4.08
5
3
6.27
1
1
7.87
8B_Mixed
470
3.18
17
11
5-94
17
6
7.88
8B_Refrigerated
574
1.11
12
15
5.96
19
15
7.96
8B_SpeciaLized
60
0.50
3
6
5-07
6
3
6.72
8B_TL/Dry Van
912
2.30
26
21
6.18
36
16
8.26
8B_Tanker
84
2.66
2
4
5-95
4
0
7.21
SmartWay Technical Documentation
Section 3.0 52
-------
"^vSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
Table 19. Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
% Revenue Miles
Class/Category
N
Minimum
Value
Low
Red
Flags
Low
Yellow
Flags
Mean
Value
High
Yellow
Flags
High Red
Flags
Maximum
Value
2B_Expedited
35
54-2
0
3
8o.g
0
0
100
2B_Mixed
96
50.0
3
9
83.4
0
0
100
2B_Package
34
60.1
3
1
88.6
0
0
100
2B_TL/Dry Van
42
63.3
1
2
89.7
0
0
100
3_Mixed
85
57-0
3
7
89.7
0
0
100
4_ Mixed
71
65.0
3
9
90.4
0
0
100
5_Mixed
59
50.0
2
5
88.5
0
0
100
6_LTL/Dry Van
55
50.0
3
4
88.4
0
0
100
6_Mixed
124
47-0
8
2
84.4
0
0
100
6_Package
25
64.0
2
0
94-2
0
0
100
6_TL/Dry Van
51
45-2
3
1
873
0
0
100
7_LTL/Dry Van
61
65.0
0
10
89.2
0
0
100
7_Mixed
144
50.0
6
2
84.4
0
0
100
7_TL/Dry Van
44
41.1
2
2
89.5
0
0
100
8A_LTL/Dry Van
54
55-0
5
2
90.5
0
0
100
8A_Mixed
106
46.1
5
4
82.3
0
0
100
8A_Refrigerated
21
60.0
0
2
85.0
0
0
100
8A_TL/Dry Van
61
49-1
3
3
91.3
0
0
100
8B_AutoCarrier
36
50.0
0
0
71.8
0
0
100
8B_Dray
109
49-5
0
7
79-2
0
0
100
8 B_ Expedited
26
56.2
1
2
82.8
0
0
100
8 B_ Flatbed
159
50.0
6
5
82.8
0
0
100
8B_Heavy/Bulk
22
46.0
0
0
70.9
0
0
100
8B_LTL/Dry Van
106
55-0
4
5
89.0
0
0
100
8B_Mixed
470
50.0
18
30
85.4
0
0
100
8B_Refrigerated
574
50.0
25
25
88.4
0
0
100
8B_SpeciaLized
60
49-4
0
0
74-6
0
0
100
8B_TL/Dry Van
912
50.0
49
34
87.4
0
0
100
8B_Tanker
84
44-9
4
2
61.9
1
1
100
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0 53
-------
"^vSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
Table 20. Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
% Empty Miles
Class/Category
N
Minimum
Value
¦
Low
Yellow
Flags
Mean
Value
High
Yellow
Flags
High Red
Flags
Maximum
Value
2B_Expedited
35
2.96
0
0
20.65
3
1
45-75
2B_Mixed
96
0.00
0
0
18.10
8
3
50.00
2B_Package
34
0.00
0
0
12.26
1
4
39.91
2B_TL/Dry Van
42
0.00
0
3
14.00
0
2
39-60
3_Mixed
85
0.00
0
0
12.47
7
4
42.23
4_Mixed
71
0.00
0
0
12.55
6
3
40.00
5_Mixed
59
0.00
0
0
16.01
5
2
50.00
6_LTL/Dry Van
55
0.00
0
0
14.99
3
2
50.00
6_Mixed
124
0.00
0
0
16.57
2
9
52.99
6_Package
25
0.00
0
0
6.27
1
1
35.98
6_TL/Dry Van
51
0.00
0
0
17.42
4
2
54.76
7_LTL/Dry Van
61
0.00
0
0
13-09
5
3
40.00
7_ Mixed
144
0.00
0
0
17.54
13
7
50.00
7_TL/Dry Van
44
0.00
0
0
15-42
4
1
45-00
8A_LTL/Dry Van
54
0.00
0
0
11-35
5
2
45-00
8A_Mixed
106
0.00
0
0
19.51
9
5
53-91
8 A_ Refrigerated
21
0.00
0
0
14.93
2
0
40.00
8A_TL/Dry Van
61
0.00
0
0
13-44
3
2
50.94
8B_AutoCarrier
36
0.00
0
3
29.68
3
1
50.00
8B_Dray
109
0.00
3
10
25.36
10
5
50.45
8B_Expedited
26
5-00
1
1
18.12
1
1
43-83
8B_Flatbed
159
0.00
3
15
18.12
15
7
50.00
8B_Heavy/Bulk
22
0.00
0
0
31.51
0
0
50.81
8B_LTL/Dry Van
106
0.00
0
0
12.65
4
6
50.00
8B_Mixed
470
0.00
0
0
16.49
28
22
50.00
8 B_ Refrigerated
574
0.00
0
0
12.91
20
25
50.00
8B_SpeciaLized
60
0.00
0
4
29.17
4
2
50.61
8B_TL/Dry Van
912
0.00
0
0
13.71
39
51
50.00
8B_Tanker
84
3.00
4
7
43.51
0
9
55-12
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Absolute errors were also developed for each fleet category/metric combination. Cutoffs for absolute errors
are intended to prevent users from inadvertently entering data with incorrect units and typos. For this reason,
SmartWay defined absolute errors to ensure an adequate "safety" interval between the highest values
observed in the cleaned (no outlier) dataset. The recommended values for absolute errors and their
associated justifications are discussed below for each metric.
Annual Miles per Vehicle
The maximum number of miles a vehicle can accumulate in a year are constrained by truck highway speed
limits (typically 65 mph or less) and the number of hours in a year.44 Excluding engine down-time associated
with maintenance and repairs, the absolute maximum annual mileage possible for a truck is estimated to be
-500,000 miles per year. This estimate is more than twice the highest observed value of 228,151 miles per
year (for Class 8b TL/Dry Van diesels). Therefore 500,000 miles per year value is set as the absolute
maximum for all vehicle classes. Values greater than 0 and less than 500,000 are permissible.
Miles per Gallon
The maximum and minimum miles per gallon from the diesel dataset are presented in Table 21.
Table 21. Maximum and Minimum Observed Miles per Gallon
Class/Category
N
Minimum Value
Maximum Value
2B
72
2.37
24.48
3
45
0.68
16.90
4
38
5-75
15-60
5
38
1.83
16.93
6
214
2-35
14.59
7
234
2.45
12.23
8A
234
0.84
10.98
8B_AutoCarrier
48
4.27
6.38
8B_Dray
107
3-95
7-33
8B_Expedited
18
5.76
730
8 B_ Flatbed
166
3.15
7-99
8B_Heavy/Bulk
37
2-95
6.15
8B_LTL/Dry Van
75
5-io
7.69
8B_Mixed/Moving
452
1.42
8.40
8B_Refrigerated
492
4.85
10.46
8B_Specialized
41
3.00
7.17
8B_TL/Dry Van
929
2.10
8.76
8B_Tanker
80
1.49
7.36
44 WhiLe DOT regulations Limit drivers' daily hours, some companies utilize driver teams to maximize on-road time.
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[Note: Unlike the other parameters discussed above, miles per gallon values are derived from other inputs
(total miles and gallons). Therefore, any changes to address absolute limits on MPG (as well as red and
yellow warnings) must be handled through updates to one or both of these primary inputs.]
As seen from the above table, fuel efficiency estimates can be very low (
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Part 600. This method uses a weighted harmonic average of the two values, with the FTP weighted at 55%
and the Highway weighted at 45%.
The difference in the calculated combined fuel economies for the gas- and diesel-powered model results
showed that the diesel had a 25.9% greater fuel economy than gasoline. These results are a direct volumetric
comparison rather than in terms of gasoline-equivalent gallons. As such, the diesel mpg values shown in
Table 27 above can be divided by 1.259 to obtain comparable mpg ranges for gasoline vehicles. Since CNG
vehicle fuel consumption is reported in terms of gasoline-equivalent gallons, the mpg validation ranges for
CNG vehicles can be set equal to those for comparable gasoline vehicles.
Validation ranges for LPG and LNG vehicles can be developed from the gasoline ranges, dividing the
gasoline values by the appropriate gasoline gallon-equivalent factor for these fuels (1.35 for LPG and 1.52 for
LNG),46 thereby adjusting mpg values for volumetric energy density. Table 23 presents the corresponding
upper bound MPG values for non-diesel vehicles by truck class.
Table 23. Maximum Miles per Gallon Estimates - Non-Diesel Vehicles
Class
Gasoline/CNG
LPG
LNG
2b
19.9
18.5
16.4
3
18.5
17.3
15.3
4
16.0
15-0
13.3
5
14.9
13.9
12.3
6
14.3
13.3
11.8
7
11.5
10.7
9-5
8a
8.9
8-3
7-4
8b
8.9
8-3
74
Hybrid MPG
EPA's Physical Emission Rate Estimator (PERE) model was used to establish estimates of the fuel economy
benefit of hybridization of medium- and heavy-duty trucks. The details of the modeling are presented in
Appendix D.
However, the in-use fuel economy of hybrid vehicles is highly dependent upon drive cycle. Specifically, the
expected hybrid truck fuel economy will vary depending upon the relative fraction of highway versus urban
driving. Therefore, the MPG ranges used for validation of hybrid fuel economy are calculated using the
following steps.
46 See https://afdc.enerav.aov/fueLs/eauivaLencv rnethodoLoav.html. Accessed 12-19-22.
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Step l - Weight the following GALLON PER MILE (Not MPG) values based on the Highway/Urban split
Gallons/Mile - Urban
Group #
Name
Low Red
Low Yellow
Mean
High Yellow
High Red
1
2B_Mixed
0.2641
0.1813
0.0942
0.0636
0.0576
2
3_Mixed
0.2340
0.1857
0.1147
0.0830
0.0760
3
4_Mixed
0.2090
0.1763
0.1213
0.0925
0.0861
4
5_Mixed
0.2599
0.2127
0.1392
0.1026
0.0943
5
6_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.1951
0.1765
0.1390
0.1147
0.1080
6
6_Mixed
0.2200
0.1972
0.1467
0.1179
0.1111
7
6_Moving
0.1906
0.1783
0.1514
0.1301
0.1242
8
6_Package_Diesel
0.1788
0.1628
0.1254
0.1029
0.0965
9
6_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.2350
0.2056
0.1495
0.1175
0.1097
10
7_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.1968
0.1806
0.1450
0.1211
0.1148
11
7_Mixed
0.2506
0.2169
0.1545
0.1200
0.1117
12
7_TL/Dry Van_DieseL
0.2131
0.1915
0.1467
0.1202
0.1130
13
8A_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.2184
0.2104
0.1837
0.1653
0.1607
14
8A_ Mixed
0.2747
0.2519
0.1950
0.1591
0.1492
15
8A_Refrigerated_Diesel
0.2502
0.2402
0.2036
0.1793
0.1716
16
8A_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.2477
0.2337
0.1966
0.1697
0.1630
17
8B_AutoCarrier_DieseL
0.2980
0.2781
0.2407
0.2158
0.2052
18
8B_Dray_DieseL
0.2434
0.2338
0.2056
0.1835
0.1780
19
8B_FLatbed_DieseL
0.2912
0.2727
0.2248
0.1942
0.1857
20
8B_Heavy/BuLk_DieseL
0.3768
0.3371
0.2562
0.2033
0.1912
21
8B_LTL/Dry Van_DieseL
0.2383
0.2250
0.2025
0.1814
0.1761
22
8B_Mixed
0.2597
0.2493
0.2149
0.1889
0.1807
23
8B_Refrigerated_DieseL
0.2656
0.2500
0.2236
0.1992
0.1931
24
8B_SpeciaLized_DieseL
0.3389
0.2995
0.2342
0.1894
0.1789
25
8B_TL/Dry Van_DieseL
0.2534
0.2436
0.2147
0.1891
0.1836
26
8B_Tanker_DieseL
0.2596
0.2492
0.2149
0.1888
0.1806
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Gallons/Mile - Highway
Group #
Name
Low Red
Low Yellow
Mean
High Yellow
High Red
1
2B_Mixed
0.1759
0.1208
0.0627
0.0424
0.0383
2
3_Mixed
0.1594
0.1265
0.0781
0.0565
0.0518
3
4_Mixed
0.1482
0.1250
0.0860
0.0656
0.0611
4
5_Mixed
0.1805
0.1477
0.0967
0.0713
0.0655
6_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.1470
0.1330
0.1047
0.0864
0.0813
6
6_Mixed
0.1657
0.1486
0.1105
0.0889
0.0837
7
6_Moving
0.1436
0.1343
0.1141
0.0980
0.0936
8
6_Package_Diesel
0.1347
0.1226
0.0944
0.0775
0.0727
9
6_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.1770
0.1549
0.1127
0.0885
0.0826
7_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.1513
0.1389
0.1115
0.0931
0.0883
11
7_Mixed
0.1928
0.1668
0.1188
0.0923
0.0859
12
7_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.1640
0.1473
0.1128
0.0924
0.0869
13
8A_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.1558
0.1501
0.1310
0.1179
0.1147
14
8A_Mixed
0.1960
0.1796
0.1391
0.1135
0.1065
8A_Refrigerated_Diesel
0.1785
0.1714
0.1452
0.1279
0.1224
16
8A_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.1767
0.1667
0.1402
0.1210
0.1163
17
8B_AutoCarrier_Diesel
0.2126
0.1984
0.1717
0.1539
0.1464
18
8B_Dray_Diesel
0.1736
0.1668
0.1467
0.1309
0.1270
19
8B_Flatbed_Diesel
0.2078
0.1945
0.1604
0.1385
0.1325
8B_Heavy/Bulk_Diesel
0.2688
0.2405
0.1828
0.1450
0.1364
21
8B_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.1700
0.1605
0.1445
0.1294
0.1256
22
8B_Mixed
0.1853
0.1779
0.1533
0.1347
0.1289
23
8B_Refrigerated_Diesel
0.1894
0.1783
0.1595
0.1421
0.1378
24
8B_Specialized_Diesel
0.2418
0.2137
0.1670
0.1351
0.1276
8B_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.1807
0.1738
0.1532
0.1349
0.1310
26
8B_Tanker_Diesel
0.1852
0.1778
0.1533
0.1347
0.1288
Example:
Truck Class 2b has 40% urban, 60% highway.
The Low Red Gallon/Mile value is therefore 0.2641 x 0.40 + 0.1759 x 0.60 = 0.2112
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X-
Step 2: Convert the weighted gallon per mile values back to MPG
Example:
0.2112 gal/mi = 4 74 MPG
Step 3: Use these final, weighted, converted MPG values for validation
Electric Truck Efficiency
Mi/kWhr estimates for battery electric trucks were developed based on available data sources and
engineering judgment. Estimates for Class 8b trucks were developed using 10 submissions from SmartWay
partners for the 2021 Data Year. These submissions included 52 electric trucks. The average and standard
deviation of the mi/kWhr values were weighted by miles travelled. The "yellow" warning cutoffs were set to
equal the average value +/-1.5 times the standard deviation, and the "red" cutoffs to the average +/- 2 times
the standard deviation. At this level 10 percent of the 2021 Data Year submittals are flagged with yellow
warnings, and another 10 percent receive red flags.
Few battery electric trucks were reported for the other truck classes in the 2021 Data Year submittals,
requiring an alternative approach The average mi/kWhr value for Class 2b and Class 6 trucks was assumed
to equal the estimates for the light commercial and single unit long-haul truck categories respectively in the
2020 AFLEET model.47 Red and yellow validation ranges were established for these trucks based on simple
multiplicative factors applied to the averages - Low red from 0 to 0.5 x average; low yellow from 0.5 x
average to 0.75 x average; high yellow from 1.25 x average to 1.5 x average; and high red from 1.5 x average to
10 x average (absolute max). Estimates for Class 3-5, 7 and 8a trucks were estimated from these values,
scaling by the relative values used in the prior version of the Truck Tool. The prior averages and updated
mi/kWhr estimates are presented by truck class in Table 24.
Table 24. Electric Truck Average mi/kWhr and Validation Ranges
Truck Class
Prior Avg
Updated Avg
Low Red
Low Yellow
High Yellow
High Red
Max
2a
1.14
1.19
0.60
0.89
1.49
179
11.90
3
0.94
0.95
0.48
O.71
1.19
143
9.50
4
0.73
0.75
0.38
0.56
0.94
1.13
7.50
5
0.68
O.71
0.36
0.53
0.89
1.07
7.10
6
0.62
0.62
O.31
0.47
O.78
0.93
6.20
7
0.48
O.52
0.26
0.39
0.66
0.79
5.24
8a
0.34
0.43
0.21
O.32
0.54
0.64
4.29
8b
O.29
0.39
0.22
0.26
0.53
0.57
3.95
47 Argonne National Laboratory, Welcome to AFLEET. https://afLeet-web.es.anL.aov/home/. Accessed 12-19-22.
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Percent Revenue Miles
Revenue miles were frequently equal to total miles in the dataset. Accordingly, no absolute upper (or lower)
bound was set for this field, beyond requiring all values to be > o and < 100.
Percent Empty Miles
Empty miles were occasionally equal to o in the dataset. Accordingly, no absolute lower (or upper) bound
was set for this field, beyond requiring all values to be > o and < 100.
Percent Biofuel
While the maximum observed blend level for biofuel was 20 percent, 100% use is possible. Therefore, no
absolute upper (or lower) bound was set for this field, beyond requiring all values to be > 0 and < 100.
Average Payload
The maximum and minimum payloads from the 2011 dataset are presented in Table 5 above.
Based on a review of previous out of range values, unit conversion problems are the most common source of
data entry errors for payload. One type of error results from data being entered in pounds instead of short
tons, resulting in overestimates by a factor of 2,000. Such errors should be easy to prevent using a
reasonable upper bound ton level. Another possible source of error could be reporting metric or long tons
instead of short tons, although detecting these errors will be extremely difficult, due to the small difference
in units (roughly 10 percent difference). Finally, standard payload limitations can be waived by obtaining
permits for heavy loads, or by avoiding over-the-road operation. Accordingly, the absolute upper bound
payload levels were set equal to 3 times the maximum observed values shown in Table 5.
The absolute lower-bound payload value was set at 0.001 tons, to allow for light package and specialty
deliveries.
Percent Urban/Highway Miles
There is no clear distributional pattern associated with these data fields, with values frequently ranging from
0 to 100. Therefore, no lower or upper bound values are set.
Idle Hours per Day and Days of Use per Year
Absolute limits are placed on the number of hours per day (short plus long duration idle hours less than or
equal to 24) and days of use per year (less than or equal to 365). In addition, since extended idling is defined
as sustained idling events an hour or more in duration, warnings are issued for extended idle hour per day
entries less than an hour.
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Brokerage Activity Inputs
ALL brokerage activity inputs must be greater than o. Maximum vaLues cannot exceed the foLLowing.
• Ton-miles must be <= 209,207,446,000
• Miles must be < = 209,207,446,000 / 17.5 (avg payload) = 11,954,711,200
• Number of loads must be < = 11,954,711,200 / 527 (avg miles/load) = 22,684,461
• Amount spent must be < = 11,954,711,200 x 3.00 (avg $/mile) = $35,864,133,600
FinaLLy, users wiLL receive an error if the totaL reported (or back-caLcuLated) vaLue for brokered ton-miLes is
Less than 20% of the fleet's total.
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Performance Metrics
The OTT allows the user to calculate their emissions performance using different metrics and different levels
of aggregation. Available performance metrics include:
Grams per mile
Grams per Payload Ton-Mile
The Emissions Report within the Tool presents the results of the following two calculations for each of the
five pollutants (C02, NOx, PM10, PM25 and BC) and for each of three different mileage types (total, loaded, and
revenue). Note that all capitalized fields represent fields in the user interface:
g/mile: Ł E / M
where
E = Emissions,
M = Miles Driven
g/avg payload ton-mile: Ł E / (M x AP)
where
E = Emissions,
M = Miles Driven,
AP = Average Payload
For each of the two calculations:
Emissions = grams of pollutant (as specified above)
Miles Driven = Total Miles, Revenue Miles, or Loaded Miles (Total Miles minus Empty Miles)
As shown in the equations above, summations are performed for the different metrics. Each of the metrics is
automatically aggregated across model years for each pollutant for all reporting purposes. Additional
aggregation may be reported across truck classes, fuel types, fleets, and at the company level, as specified
by the user.
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Appendix A: MOVES3.1 NOx, PM & BC Emission Factors (g/mi) 2022
Calendar Year
Table A-i. Diesel Truck Emission Factors
ModeL Yr
Vehicle
CLass
NOx
Highway
BC
Urban
PM
NOx
Deceleration
BC
PM
NOx
0 25 mph
BC
PM
NOx
25 50 mph
BC
PM
NOx
>50 mph
BC
PM
Pre 1992
HDV2b
6.7990
0.17829
0.22924
1.205
0.06012
0.0796
10.167
0.26470
0.3429
12.776
0.33521
0.4395
8.8890
0.28547
0.375
Pre 1992
HDV3
9.4428
0.26529
0.33674
1.395
0.06025
0.0787
15.460
0.47334
0.6050
17.698
0.48128
0.6198
9.9843
0.37223
0.480
Pre 1992
HDV4
12.486
0.37197
0.46838
1.853
0.06942
0.0882
21.225
0.70160
0.8917
24.913
0.72083
0.9161
11.707
0.51128
0.649
Pre 1992
HDV5
12.896
0.35539
0.44754
1.828
0.06335
0.0805
21.803
0.73739
0.9375
26.049
0.68945
0.8765
12.530
0.47466
0.603
Pre 1992
HDV6
13.272
0.36732
0.46252
1.821
0.06349
0.0807
21.843
0.73476
0.9340
26.275
0.70782
0.8996
12.932
0.48787
0.620
Pre 1992
HDV7
14.205
0.39704
0.49986
1.815
0.06479
0.0823
21.800
0.72439
0.9205
26.440
0.74213
0.9428
13.422
0.51463
0.653
Pre 1992
HDV8a
23.169
0.59151
0.74414
1.571
0.04879
0.0619
24.370
0.77152
0.9774
34.920
1.05981
1.3418
24.925
0.69819
0.884
Pre 1992
HDV8b
27.492
0.68187
0.85763
1.276
0.02806
0.0355
27.008
0.82639
1.0444
43.468
1.35920
1.7175
36.400
0.86622
1.094
1992
HDV2b
6.7990
0.17829
0.22924
1.205
0.06012
0.0796
10.167
0.26470
0.3429
12.776
0.33521
0.4395
8.8890
0.28547
0.375
1992
HDV3
9.4428
0.26529
0.33674
1.395
0.06025
0.0787
15.460
0.47334
0.6050
17.698
0.48128
0.6198
9.9843
0.37223
0.480
1992
HDV4
12.486
0.37197
0.46838
1.853
0.06942
0.0882
21.225
0.70160
0.8917
24.913
0.72083
0.9161
11.707
0.51128
0.649
1992
HDV5
12.896
0.35539
0.44754
1.828
0.06335
0.0805
21.803
0.73739
0.9375
26.049
0.68945
0.8765
12.530
0.47466
0.603
1992
HDV6
13.272
0.36732
0.46252
1.821
0.06349
0.0807
21.843
0.73476
0.9340
26.275
0.70782
0.8996
12.932
0.48787
0.620
1992
HDV7
14.205
0.39704
0.49986
1.815
0.06479
0.0823
21.800
0.72439
0.9205
26.440
0.74213
0.9428
13.422
0.51463
0.653
1992
HDV8a
23.169
0.59151
0.74414
1.571
0.04879
0.0619
24.370
0.77152
0.9774
34.920
1.05981
1.3418
24.925
0.69819
0.884
1992
HDV8b
27.492
0.68187
0.85763
1.276
0.02806
0.0355
27.008
0.82639
1.0444
43.468
1.35920
1.7175
36.400
0.86622
1.094
1993
HDV2b
6.7990
0.17829
0.22924
1.205
0.06012
0.0796
10.167
0.26470
0.3429
12.776
0.33521
0.4395
8.8890
0.28547
0.375
1993
HDV3
9.4428
0.26529
0.33674
1.395
0.06025
0.0787
15.460
0.47334
0.6050
17.698
0.48128
0.6198
9.9843
0.37223
0.480
1993
HDV4
12.486
0.37197
0.46838
1.853
0.06942
0.0882
21.225
0.70160
0.8917
24.913
0.72083
0.9161
11.707
0.51128
0.649
1993
HDV5
12.896
0.35539
0.44754
1.828
0.06335
0.0805
21.803
0.73739
0.9375
26.049
0.68945
0.8765
12.530
0.47466
0.603
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-i
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
"x-
Highway
Urban
Deceleration
o 25 mph
25 50 mph
>50 mph
u . ,Vehicle
ModelYr Class
z
o
X
BC PM
2
Q.
O
CQ
X
o
z
0
CQ
X
0
z
PM
2
Q.
O
CQ
X
0
z
2
Q.
O
CQ
X
0
z
1993
HDV6
13.272
0.36732
0.46252
1.821
0.06349
0.0807
21.843
0.73476
0.9340
26.275
0.70782
0.8996
12.932
0.48787
0.620
1993
HDV7
14.205
0.39704
0.49986
1.815
0.06479
0.0823
21.800
0.72439
0.9205
26.440
0.74213
0.9428
13.422
0.51463
0.653
1993
HDV8a
23.169
0.59151
0.74414
1.571
0.04879
0.0619
24.370
0.77152
0.9774
34.920
1.05981
1.3418
24.925
0.69819
0.884
1993
HDV8b
27.492
0.68187
0.85763
1.276
0.02806
0.0355
27.008
0.82639
1.0444
43.468
1.35920
1.7175
36.400
0.86622
1.094
1994
HDV2b
5.8937
0.29614
0.37841
1.466
0.07053
0.0911
9.1829
0.91601
1.1811
11.451
0.70622
0.9114
8.4819
0.42230
0.544
1994
HDV3
7.9454
0.37871
0.48029
1.619
0.07447
0.0959
12.939
1.09809
1.4096
14.618
0.80632
1.0370
9.1154
0.48105
0.618
1994
HDV4
11.594
0.50215
0.63278
1.846
0.07191
0.0916
19.796
1.36235
1.7353
22.407
0.96465
1.2287
10.232
0.56729
0.722
1994
HDV5
14.061
0.55131
0.69449
1.777
0.06523
0.0829
23.221
1.53631
1.9544
28.870
1.09274
1.3901
14.633
0.64909
0.825
1994
HDV6
14.582
0.54776
0.69003
1.765
0.06509
0.0828
22.838
1.47303
1.8741
28.563
1.09574
1.3939
15.035
0.63769
0.811
1994
HDV7
18.475
0.56070
0.70616
1.688
0.06140
0.0781
23.047
1.31090
1.6674
30.443
1.17375
1.4918
18.667
0.63293
0.804
1994
HDV8a
26.399
0.60316
0.75926
1.342
0.04185
0.0531
26.192
0.93339
1.1841
41.245
1.52121
1.9286
33.522
0.67897
0.860
1994
HDV8b
27.782
0.61118
0.76927
1.232
0.03542
0.0448
27.302
0.84566
1.0715
44.446
1.62373
2.0569
37.725
0.69551
0.881
1995
HDV2b
6.0741
0.29338
0.37402
1.440
0.06840
0.0883
9.4775
0.90594
1.1675
11.772
0.69590
0.8977
8.6055
0.41475
0.534
1995
HDV3
10.940
0.46123
0.58210
1.697
0.06986
0.0893
18.662
1.29202
1.6481
21.369
0.93417
1.1926
10.915
0.54387
0.694
1995
HDV4
12.708
0.50203
0.63272
1.781
0.07029
0.0896
20.714
1.35335
1.7240
24.555
1.02064
1.3003
12.362
0.58170
0.741
1995
HDV5
14.632
0.54240
0.68327
1.772
0.06524
0.0830
23.296
1.46709
1.8664
29.251
1.11081
1.4130
15.246
0.63821
0.811
1995
HDV6
15.481
0.53539
0.67444
1.746
0.06533
0.0831
22.574
1.34969
1.7174
28.675
1.12143
1.4263
15.946
0.61655
0.784
1995
HDV7
17.869
0.55131
0.69438
1.691
0.06204
0.0789
23.225
1.29386
1.6457
30.739
1.18424
1.5053
18.650
0.62860
0.799
1995
HDV8a
26.125
0.60065
0.75610
1.365
0.04331
0.0549
26.151
0.94961
1.2049
40.913
1.51656
1.9230
32.814
0.67808
0.860
1995
HDV8b
27.619
0.60985
0.76760
1.247
0.03631
0.0460
27.224
0.85584
1.0845
44.109
1.61334
2.0439
37.195
0.69334
0.878
1996
HDV2b
6.2022
0.28665
0.36460
1.310
0.06135
0.0793
9.7924
0.86480
1.1146
11.487
0.65144
0.8410
8.0403
0.38747
0.500
1996
HDV3
12.185
0.49744
0.62691
1.825
0.07172
0.0914
21.026
1.35740
1.7290
24.418
1.01874
1.2979
11.677
0.58204
0.741
1996
HDV4
13.811
0.51717
0.65157
1.829
0.07012
0.0892
22.029
1.34937
1.7175
26.488
1.07318
1.3656
13.437
0.59892
0.762
1996
HDV5
14.578
0.54671
0.68873
1.767
0.06593
0.0839
23.120
1.47634
1.8784
28.684
1.10720
1.4087
15.194
0.64181
0.816
1996
HDV6
17.265
0.54845
0.69077
1.760
0.06555
0.0834
23.079
1.33914
1.7036
29.397
1.15274
1.4658
16.778
0.62672
0.797
1996
HDV7
18.063
0.55538
0.69950
1.709
0.06252
0.0795
23.569
1.30018
1.6536
31.077
1.19790
1.5227
18.967
0.63642
0.809
1996
HDV8a
26.134
0.60130
0.75691
1.391
0.04421
0.0561
26.237
0.95633
1.2136
40.671
1.51206
1.9175
32.612
0.67810
0.860
1996
HDV8b
27.718
0.61244
0.77084
1.252
0.03625
0.0459
27.371
0.85801
1.0872
44.066
1.61736
2.0490
37.443
0.69581
0.881
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-2
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
"x-
Highway
Urban
Deceleration
0 25 mph
25 50 mph
>50 mph
u . ,Vehicle
ModelYr Class
z
O
X
BC PM
2
Q.
O
CQ
X
0
z
0
CQ
X
0
z
PM
2
Q.
O
CQ
X
0
z
2
Q.
O
CQ
X
0
z
1997
HDV2b
4.9420
0.23355
0.30058
1.187
0.05665
0.0735
7.1512
0.72935
0.9446
9.2756
0.56450
0.7318
7.3281
0.33771
0.437
1997
HDV3
9.7309
0.40514
0.51292
1.485
0.06360
0.0817
15.336
1.11947
1.4319
16.990
0.80480
1.0310
9.8459
0.47444
0.607
1997
HDV4
11.819
0.50980
0.64234
1.869
0.07323
0.0932
20.433
1.40467
1.7889
23.204
0.99843
1.2715
10.705
0.58461
0.744
1997
HDV5
13.411
0.55350
0.69724
1.811
0.06997
0.0890
21.902
1.51649
1.9297
26.235
1.06960
1.3610
13.215
0.63780
0.811
1997
HDV6
13.637
0.52825
0.66551
1.819
0.07029
0.0895
21.254
1.38969
1.7691
25.354
1.05674
1.3449
13.114
0.60388
0.768
1997
HDV7
15.492
0.53937
0.67942
1.783
0.06808
0.0866
21.732
1.35144
1.7201
26.877
1.10272
1.4029
15.003
0.61241
0.779
1997
HDV8a
25.342
0.59301
0.74650
1.450
0.04792
0.0609
25.488
0.98864
1.2553
38.551
1.46239
1.8550
30.250
0.66504
0.843
1997
HDV8b
27.465
0.60636
0.76321
1.282
0.03800
0.0481
27.135
0.85729
1.0867
43.309
1.60612
2.0350
36.509
0.68876
0.872
1998
HDV2b
5.2216
0.19822
0.25174
1.471
0.09188
0.1219
8.6145
0.31257
0.4132
10.435
0.34088
0.4513
7.7971
0.37245
0.493
1998
HDV3
11.302
0.27473
0.34694
1.880
0.07412
0.0961
18.521
0.50320
0.6494
21.889
0.55636
0.7185
12.910
0.41686
0.538
1998
HDV4
11.949
0.28286
0.35704
1.958
0.07069
0.0911
19.581
0.52357
0.6747
23.598
0.58851
0.7583
13.607
0.42286
0.544
1998
HDV5
12.718
0.27320
0.34492
1.937
0.06964
0.0900
19.736
0.47911
0.6191
24.093
0.51269
0.6624
14.670
0.43363
0.560
1998
HDV6
12.303
0.27911
0.35234
1.948
0.07018
0.0905
19.649
0.50503
0.6515
23.851
0.55820
0.7200
14.118
0.42774
0.551
1998
HDV7
13.270
0.28305
0.35728
1.925
0.06868
0.0886
19.870
0.49342
0.6367
24.540
0.54800
0.7068
15.351
0.43387
0.560
1998
HDV8a
23.225
0.39297
0.49510
1.654
0.04807
0.0616
22.504
0.57645
0.7360
33.452
0.87021
1.1102
29.906
0.47995
0.612
1998
HDV8b
25.831
0.41918
0.52793
1.476
0.03520
0.0448
23.953
0.60469
0.7689
37.959
1.00177
1.2736
37.521
0.50532
0.642
1999
HDV2b
4.7764
0.19851
0.25199
1.454
0.09377
0.1244
8.0059
0.31103
0.4114
9.7039
0.33735
0.4469
7.3587
0.37427
0.496
1999
HDV3
7.7963
0.26064
0.32930
1.437
0.08201
0.1068
13.306
0.46741
0.6055
13.418
0.47706
0.6188
8.3331
0.38597
0.501
1999
HDV4
8.3815
0.27266
0.34426
1.431
0.07786
0.1006
14.340
0.49791
0.6434
14.431
0.51518
0.6657
8.5749
0.38884
0.502
1999
HDV5
8.4147
0.27313
0.34485
1.430
0.07773
0.1004
14.350
0.49818
0.6437
14.487
0.51762
0.6688
8.6460
0.38948
0.503
1999
HDV6
8.4870
0.27322
0.34496
1.346
0.07389
0.0955
14.009
0.48313
0.6245
14.483
0.50604
0.6540
9.3594
0.40939
0.529
1999
HDV7
9.0150
0.28079
0.35446
1.351
0.07341
0.0948
14.302
0.49125
0.6345
15.030
0.53082
0.6853
9.9247
0.40896
0.528
1999
HDV8a
17.307
0.39526
0.49799
1.106
0.04930
0.0632
18.172
0.57314
0.7321
23.633
0.87275
1.1137
21.683
0.47522
0.607
1999
HDV8b
19.345
0.42302
0.53276
0.950
0.03521
0.0448
20.021
0.60872
0.7739
27.400
1.01390
1.2888
27.185
0.50733
0.645
2000
HDV2b
4.9185
0.20180
0.25609
1.450
0.09326
0.1237
8.2583
0.31846
0.4206
9.8514
0.34258
0.4533
7.4293
0.37619
0.498
2000
HDV3
7.7945
0.26186
0.33080
1.388
0.07881
0.1025
13.311
0.46664
0.6043
13.544
0.47845
0.6202
8.5637
0.39407
0.511
2000
HDV4
8.2470
0.27094
0.34210
1.370
0.07502
0.0969
14.035
0.48785
0.6306
14.345
0.50845
0.6572
8.8719
0.39812
0.514
2000
HDV5
8.3131
0.27185
0.34324
1.367
0.07477
0.0966
14.053
0.48835
0.6312
14.455
0.51318
0.6632
9.0113
0.39929
0.516
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-3
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
"x-
Highway
Urban
Deceleration
o 25 mph
25 50 mph
>50 mph
u . ,Vehicle
ModelYr Class
z
o
X
BC PM
2
Q.
O
CQ
X
o
z
0
CQ
X
0
z
PM
2
Q.
O
CQ
X
0
z
2
Q.
O
CQ
X
0
z
2000
HDV6
8.3842
0.27293
0.34459
1.299
0.07090
0.0916
13.990
0.48325
0.6244
14.678
0.51712
0.6681
9.7364
0.41912
0.541
2000
HDV7
9.8452
0.29287
0.36960
1.303
0.07021
0.0907
14.440
0.49402
0.6375
15.507
0.55130
0.7109
10.711
0.41765
0.539
2000
HDV8a
16.084
0.37817
0.47656
1.129
0.05327
0.0685
17.218
0.55171
0.7061
21.796
0.79754
1.0195
19.329
0.46176
0.591
2000
HDV8b
19.259
0.42221
0.53174
0.960
0.03636
0.0463
19.846
0.60502
0.7695
27.038
0.99984
1.2712
26.703
0.50496
0.642
2001
HDV2b
4.6173
0.19559
0.24834
1.456
0.09428
0.1251
7.7273
0.30300
0.4015
9.5478
0.33130
0.4394
7.3028
0.37421
0.496
2001
HDV3
7.6582
0.25856
0.32666
1.412
0.08127
0.1058
12.971
0.45686
0.5924
13.019
0.45499
0.5906
8.0207
0.38214
0.496
2001
HDV4
8.0562
0.26694
0.33709
1.402
0.07802
0.1009
13.695
0.47810
0.6187
13.662
0.47765
0.6181
8.0999
0.38312
0.495
2001
HDV5
8.0891
0.26740
0.33767
1.400
0.07789
0.1008
13.705
0.47837
0.6190
13.719
0.48009
0.6212
8.1709
0.38375
0.496
2001
HDV6
8.8590
0.27854
0.35163
1.344
0.07393
0.0956
13.957
0.48233
0.6235
14.427
0.50627
0.6541
9.3319
0.40363
0.521
2001
HDV7
8.6482
0.27538
0.34767
1.351
0.07434
0.0961
13.942
0.48227
0.6234
14.437
0.50695
0.6551
9.2988
0.39986
0.516
2001
HDV8a
16.967
0.39022
0.49166
1.114
0.05142
0.0661
17.658
0.56023
0.7163
22.696
0.83225
1.0627
20.612
0.46674
0.596
2001
HDV8b
19.132
0.42028
0.52932
0.965
0.03706
0.0472
19.686
0.60128
0.7649
26.772
0.98859
1.2572
26.363
0.50163
0.638
2002
HDV2b
4.6899
0.19712
0.25025
1.457
0.09420
0.1250
7.8526
0.30673
0.4061
9.6076
0.33341
0.4420
7.3090
0.37430
0.496
2002
HDV3
7.4860
0.25479
0.32198
1.428
0.08320
0.1085
12.681
0.44848
0.5821
12.698
0.44312
0.5759
7.8432
0.37869
0.492
2002
HDV4
8.0648
0.26680
0.33690
1.418
0.07898
0.1022
13.704
0.47850
0.6193
13.601
0.47504
0.6148
7.9632
0.37964
0.491
2002
HDV5
8.0648
0.26680
0.33690
1.418
0.07898
0.1022
13.704
0.47850
0.6193
13.601
0.47504
0.6148
7.9632
0.37964
0.491
2002
HDV6
8.2778
0.27046
0.34149
1.349
0.07443
0.0962
13.835
0.47960
0.6202
14.189
0.49641
0.6419
9.0174
0.40364
0.521
2002
HDV7
9.0125
0.28035
0.35390
1.361
0.07489
0.0968
14.005
0.48363
0.6251
14.420
0.50586
0.6535
9.2591
0.39882
0.515
2002
HDV8a
14.763
0.35956
0.45324
1.222
0.06129
0.0790
16.230
0.53141
0.6823
19.765
0.71920
0.9218
16.462
0.43985
0.564
2002
HDV8b
18.899
0.41701
0.52522
0.990
0.03940
0.0503
19.410
0.59562
0.7582
26.169
0.96504
1.2278
25.519
0.49592
0.631
2003
HDV2b
3.3468
0.16664
0.21160
0.441
0.07951
0.1055
4.2669
0.25943
0.3435
7.3366
0.28168
0.3735
5.6963
0.31593
0.419
2003
HDV3
4.9362
0.22104
0.27933
0.854
0.07224
0.0942
7.5528
0.39063
0.5069
8.6636
0.38520
0.5006
6.7030
0.32573
0.423
2003
HDV4
5.2765
0.23268
0.29382
1.018
0.06941
0.0898
8.2671
0.41918
0.5424
9.0628
0.41622
0.5386
6.9764
0.32831
0.424
2003
HDV5
5.2765
0.23268
0.29382
1.018
0.06941
0.0898
8.2671
0.41918
0.5424
9.0628
0.41622
0.5386
6.9764
0.32831
0.424
2003
HDV6
5.5633
0.23897
0.30172
1.171
0.06584
0.0851
9.0522
0.42588
0.5506
9.7416
0.44326
0.5729
7.4993
0.35425
0.457
2003
HDV7
5.8190
0.25107
0.31690
1.119
0.06576
0.0850
8.9250
0.42944
0.5548
9.7109
0.45517
0.5876
7.5318
0.35016
0.452
2003
HDV8a
7.8537
0.33290
0.41954
1.115
0.05184
0.0668
10.125
0.48289
0.6190
11.869
0.67677
0.8661
9.7382
0.39795
0.510
2003
HDV8b
9.0069
0.37967
0.47817
1.161
0.03389
0.0432
11.700
0.54254
0.6902
13.931
0.89084
1.1329
11.896
0.45161
0.574
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-4
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
"x-
Highway
Urban
Deceleration
0 25 mph
25 50 mph
>50 mph
u . ,Vehicle
ModelYr Class
z
O
X
BC PM
2
Q.
O
CQ
X
0
z
0
CQ
X
0
z
PM
2
Q.
O
CQ
X
0
z
2
Q.
O
CQ
X
0
z
2004
HDV2b
3.3270
0.16546
0.21008
0.440
0.07884
0.1046
4.2539
0.25742
0.3409
7.2907
0.27966
0.3708
5.6618
0.31403
0.416
2004
HDV3
4.9621
0.22085
0.27908
0.886
0.07101
0.0926
7.7144
0.38890
0.5046
8.7589
0.38578
0.5013
6.7817
0.33107
0.430
2004
HDV4
5.3168
0.23287
0.29406
1.065
0.06796
0.0879
8.4754
0.41786
0.5407
9.2100
0.41817
0.5411
7.0931
0.33585
0.434
2004
HDV5
5.3168
0.23287
0.29406
1.065
0.06796
0.0879
8.4754
0.41786
0.5407
9.2100
0.41817
0.5411
7.0931
0.33585
0.434
2004
HDV6
5.5974
0.24043
0.30356
1.212
0.06493
0.0839
9.2345
0.42924
0.5547
9.8755
0.45207
0.5841
7.5800
0.36069
0.466
2004
HDV7
5.8412
0.25161
0.31757
1.161
0.06476
0.0837
9.1015
0.43088
0.5565
9.8357
0.46057
0.5945
7.6126
0.35653
0.460
2004
HDV8a
7.8318
0.33190
0.41828
1.136
0.05175
0.0667
10.173
0.48079
0.6164
11.824
0.66817
0.8552
9.6871
0.39916
0.511
2004
HDV8b
9.0095
0.38005
0.47865
1.166
0.03387
0.0432
11.714
0.54303
0.6909
13.937
0.89197
1.1343
11.898
0.45260
0.575
2005
HDV2b
3.2388
0.16153
0.20516
0.426
0.07765
0.1031
4.1062
0.25033
0.3318
7.1471
0.27316
0.3624
5.5499
0.30845
0.409
2005
HDV3
4.8550
0.21710
0.27440
0.837
0.07142
0.0933
7.4546
0.38001
0.4935
8.5798
0.37493
0.4878
6.6552
0.32679
0.425
2005
HDV4
5.3030
0.23249
0.29358
1.049
0.06823
0.0883
8.3958
0.41646
0.5390
9.1450
0.41491
0.5370
7.0499
0.33330
0.431
2005
HDV5
5.3030
0.23249
0.29358
1.049
0.06823
0.0883
8.3958
0.41646
0.5390
9.1450
0.41491
0.5370
7.0499
0.33330
0.431
2005
HDV6
5.5390
0.23961
0.30252
1.168
0.06585
0.0851
9.0167
0.42808
0.5533
9.6967
0.44689
0.5775
7.4440
0.35357
0.456
2005
HDV7
5.9183
0.25562
0.32260
1.126
0.06499
0.0840
8.9823
0.43154
0.5573
9.7706
0.46343
0.5980
7.5868
0.35273
0.455
2005
HDV8a
8.0542
0.34071
0.42932
1.128
0.04958
0.0638
10.355
0.48866
0.6257
12.068
0.69595
0.8897
9.9639
0.40463
0.518
2005
HDV8b
9.0501
0.38138
0.48031
1.166
0.03287
0.0419
11.783
0.54522
0.6934
14.039
0.90139
1.1460
12.011
0.45481
0.578
2006
HDV2b
3.2835
0.16409
0.20837
0.431
0.07907
0.1050
4.1541
0.25428
0.3370
7.2528
0.27735
0.3680
5.6306
0.31335
0.415
2006
HDV3
4.8290
0.21650
0.27365
0.805
0.07285
0.0952
7.2896
0.37861
0.4920
8.4927
0.36907
0.4804
6.6043
0.32306
0.421
2006
HDV4
5.2559
0.23092
0.29161
0.998
0.06958
0.0901
8.1704
0.41348
0.5354
8.9769
0.40489
0.5243
6.9487
0.32623
0.422
2006
HDV5
5.2559
0.23092
0.29161
0.998
0.06958
0.0901
8.1704
0.41348
0.5354
8.9769
0.40489
0.5243
6.9487
0.32623
0.422
2006
HDV6
5.4404
0.23691
0.29913
1.092
0.06768
0.0875
8.6582
0.42360
0.5479
9.4119
0.43220
0.5588
7.2526
0.34211
0.442
2006
HDV7
5.8268
0.25282
0.31907
1.061
0.06668
0.0862
8.6738
0.42736
0.5522
9.5218
0.44946
0.5803
7.4185
0.34287
0.443
2006
HDV8a
7.9753
0.33803
0.42595
1.098
0.05110
0.0658
10.170
0.48502
0.6214
11.888
0.68283
0.8732
9.8099
0.39901
0.511
2006
HDV8b
9.0392
0.38119
0.48007
1.160
0.03330
0.0424
11.746
0.54480
0.6929
13.999
0.89910
1.1431
11.973
0.45387
0.577
2007
HDV2b
1.7213
0.00109
0.00931
0.994
0.00074
0.0063
2.9856
0.00167
0.0142
3.9647
0.00182
0.0155
2.7275
0.00202
0.017
2007
HDV3
2.8485
0.00146
0.01250
0.846
0.00060
0.0051
5.2454
0.00262
0.0224
5.2796
0.00269
0.0231
3.5296
0.00220
0.018
2007
HDV4
3.0673
0.00153
0.01312
0.793
0.00054
0.0046
5.6938
0.00281
0.0240
5.6388
0.00293
0.0251
3.7266
0.00224
0.019
2007
HDV5
3.0673
0.00153
0.01312
0.793
0.00054
0.0046
5.6938
0.00281
0.0240
5.6388
0.00293
0.0251
3.7266
0.00224
0.019
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-5
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
"x-
Highway
Urban
Deceleration
o 25 mph
25 50 mph
>50 mph
u . ,Vehicle
ModelYr Class
z
o
X
BC PM
2
Q.
O
CQ
X
o
z
0
CQ
X
0
z
PM
2
Q.
O
CQ
X
0
z
2
Q.
O
CQ
X
0
z
2007
HDV6
3.1928
0.00157
0.01344
0.773
0.00052
0.0044
5.8718
0.00286
0.0244
5.8733
0.00308
0.0264
4.0004
0.00232
0.019
2007
HDV7
3.6749
0.00174
0.01491
0.744
0.00050
0.0043
6.0586
0.00292
0.0250
6.1576
0.00330
0.0282
4.2418
0.00236
0.020
2007
HDV8a
5.5356
0.00239
0.02050
0.473
0.00035
0.0030
7.6156
0.00342
0.0293
8.6870
0.00512
0.0438
6.5524
0.00283
0.024
2007
HDV8b
6.2196
0.00263
0.02258
0.254
0.00022
0.0019
8.7422
0.00379
0.0324
10.318
0.00633
0.0541
8.0732
0.00316
0.027
2008
HDV2b
1.6790
0.00107
0.00919
0.993
0.00075
0.0063
2.9017
0.00164
0.0140
3.8851
0.00178
0.0151
2.6429
0.00199
0.017
2008
HDV3
2.5973
0.00138
0.01181
0.931
0.00067
0.0057
4.7137
0.00242
0.0207
4.6873
0.00225
0.0192
2.8218
0.00200
0.017
2008
HDV4
2.7867
0.00144
0.01234
0.906
0.00064
0.0055
5.0945
0.00258
0.0221
4.9198
0.00239
0.0204
2.8662
0.00200
0.017
2008
HDV5
2.7867
0.00144
0.01234
0.906
0.00064
0.0055
5.0945
0.00258
0.0221
4.9198
0.00239
0.0204
2.8662
0.00200
0.017
2008
HDV6
2.8809
0.00147
0.01258
0.884
0.00061
0.0053
5.2487
0.00263
0.0225
5.1164
0.00252
0.0215
3.1068
0.00207
0.017
2008
HDV7
3.0462
0.00152
0.01309
0.878
0.00062
0.0053
5.2904
0.00265
0.0226
5.1837
0.00257
0.0220
3.1512
0.00207
0.017
2008
HDV8a
4.5518
0.00205
0.01756
0.707
0.00051
0.0044
6.3425
0.00299
0.0256
6.8207
0.00376
0.0322
4.7009
0.00240
0.020
2008
HDV8b
5.9890
0.00255
0.02186
0.350
0.00028
0.0024
8.2810
0.00363
0.0311
9.6285
0.00582
0.0498
7.4079
0.00300
0.025
2009
HDV2b
1.6737
0.00106
0.00896
0.909
0.00068
0.0058
2.9184
0.00163
0.0138
3.7399
0.00178
0.0151
2.5780
0.00192
0.016
2009
HDV3
2.9641
0.00150
0.01283
0.800
0.00057
0.0048
5.4873
0.00272
0.0233
5.4741
0.00287
0.0245
3.6761
0.00221
0.018
2009
HDV4
3.1459
0.00156
0.01337
0.771
0.00054
0.0046
5.8578
0.00288
0.0247
5.8139
0.00308
0.0264
3.8705
0.00226
0.019
2009
HDV5
3.1459
0.00156
0.01337
0.771
0.00054
0.0046
5.8578
0.00288
0.0247
5.8139
0.00308
0.0264
3.8705
0.00226
0.019
2009
HDV6
3.2157
0.00158
0.01356
0.762
0.00053
0.0045
5.9284
0.00290
0.0248
5.9178
0.00315
0.0270
3.9816
0.00229
0.019
2009
HDV7
3.7358
0.00176
0.01512
0.727
0.00051
0.0043
6.1652
0.00298
0.0255
6.2721
0.00341
0.0292
4.3081
0.00236
0.020
2009
HDV8a
5.5313
0.00238
0.02045
0.461
0.00034
0.0029
7.6742
0.00344
0.0295
8.7382
0.00516
0.0442
6.6042
0.00284
0.024
2009
HDV8b
6.1808
0.00261
0.02242
0.254
0.00022
0.0019
8.7119
0.00377
0.0323
10.278
0.00629
0.0539
8.0468
0.00314
0.026
2010
HDV2b
0.6563
0.00073
0.00599
0.107
0.00012
0.0010
1.5608
0.00117
0.0097
1.8768
0.00141
0.0116
1.0877
0.00132
0.010
2010
HDV3
1.4261
0.00143
0.01227
0.206
0.00022
0.0019
4.0539
0.00383
0.0327
3.1539
0.00174
0.0148
1.7277
0.00185
0.015
2010
HDV4
1.5507
0.00155
0.01330
0.235
0.00025
0.0022
4.4650
0.00427
0.0365
3.4431
0.00181
0.0155
1.8597
0.00196
0.016
2010
HDV5
1.5507
0.00155
0.01330
0.235
0.00025
0.0022
4.4650
0.00427
0.0365
3.4431
0.00181
0.0155
1.8597
0.00196
0.016
2010
HDV6
1.6146
0.00160
0.01374
0.240
0.00026
0.0022
4.6129
0.00452
0.0387
3.5544
0.00185
0.0158
1.9281
0.00203
0.017
2010
HDV7
1.9817
0.00142
0.01220
0.242
0.00025
0.0021
4.9595
0.00418
0.0357
3.8296
0.00176
0.0150
2.0391
0.00190
0.016
2010
HDV8a
3.3052
0.00090
0.00771
0.274
0.00021
0.0018
7.3613
0.00282
0.0241
5.8501
0.00134
0.0115
2.9129
0.00134
0.011
2010
HDV8b
3.7923
0.00067
0.00579
0.298
0.00017
0.0014
9.0219
0.00171
0.0147
7.1951
0.00097
0.0083
3.4966
0.00085
0.007
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-6
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
"x-
Highway
Urban
Deceleration
o 25 mph
25 50 mph
>50 mph
u . ,Vehicle
ModelYr Class
z
o
X
BC PM
2
Q.
O
CQ
X
o
z
0
CQ
X
0
z
PM
2
Q.
O
CQ
X
0
z
2
Q.
O
CQ
X
0
z
2011
HDV2b
0.7278
0.00072
0.00597
0.114
0.00012
0.0010
1.6127
0.00109
0.0091
2.0992
0.00145
0.0119
1.2661
0.00134
0.011
2011
HDV3
1.2416
0.00129
0.01106
0.166
0.00020
0.0017
3.3558
0.00303
0.0259
2.7103
0.00165
0.0141
1.4635
0.00166
0.014
2011
HDV4
1.3259
0.00139
0.01190
0.182
0.00022
0.0019
3.6479
0.00336
0.0288
2.8489
0.00170
0.0146
1.5035
0.00172
0.014
2011
HDV5
1.3259
0.00139
0.01190
0.182
0.00022
0.0019
3.6479
0.00336
0.0288
2.8489
0.00170
0.0146
1.5035
0.00172
0.014
2011
HDV6
1.3737
0.00141
0.01213
0.186
0.00022
0.0019
3.8076
0.00352
0.0301
2.9528
0.00172
0.0147
1.5462
0.00176
0.015
2011
HDV7
1.5600
0.00132
0.01134
0.185
0.00022
0.0019
3.9985
0.00336
0.0287
3.0886
0.00167
0.0143
1.5817
0.00170
0.014
2011
HDV8a
2.5812
0.00093
0.00800
0.195
0.00020
0.0017
6.0105
0.00265
0.0226
4.5780
0.00138
0.0118
2.0293
0.00135
0.011
2011
HDV8b
3.1531
0.00068
0.00582
0.207
0.00017
0.0014
8.1592
0.00170
0.0145
6.1296
0.00098
0.0084
2.4861
0.00086
0.007
2012
HDV2b
0.6865
0.00075
0.00608
0.108
0.00012
0.0010
1.5907
0.00118
0.0097
1.9468
0.00145
0.0117
1.1435
0.00135
0.010
2012
HDV3
1.2322
0.00134
0.01147
0.170
0.00021
0.0017
3.4396
0.00326
0.0278
2.7146
0.00168
0.0143
1.4332
0.00171
0.014
2012
HDV4
1.3039
0.00142
0.01219
0.185
0.00023
0.0019
3.6877
0.00354
0.0303
2.8535
0.00173
0.0148
1.4807
0.00177
0.015
2012
HDV5
1.3039
0.00142
0.01219
0.185
0.00023
0.0019
3.6877
0.00354
0.0303
2.8535
0.00173
0.0148
1.4807
0.00177
0.015
2012
HDV6
1.3391
0.00142
0.01221
0.186
0.00023
0.0019
3.7761
0.00358
0.0306
2.9141
0.00173
0.0148
1.5023
0.00178
0.015
2012
HDV7
1.5939
0.00131
0.01123
0.187
0.00022
0.0019
4.0887
0.00342
0.0292
3.1329
0.00167
0.0143
1.5616
0.00171
0.014
2012
HDV8a
2.6292
0.00088
0.00758
0.195
0.00020
0.0017
6.3476
0.00254
0.0217
4.7968
0.00131
0.0112
2.0313
0.00127
0.010
2012
HDV8b
3.0600
0.00067
0.00577
0.201
0.00017
0.0014
8.0977
0.00168
0.0143
6.0699
0.00096
0.0082
2.3815
0.00084
0.007
2013
HDV2b
0.8293
0.00076
0.00598
0.117
0.00012
0.0010
1.7554
0.00121
0.0098
2.3086
0.00146
0.0115
1.4548
0.00136
0.010
2013
HDV3
1.3080
0.00134
0.01145
0.167
0.00021
0.0018
3.5437
0.00352
0.0301
2.9181
0.00163
0.0138
1.5589
0.00172
0.014
2013
HDV4
1.3736
0.00142
0.01221
0.180
0.00023
0.0020
3.7944
0.00385
0.0330
3.0320
0.00166
0.0142
1.5751
0.00179
0.015
2013
HDV5
1.3736
0.00142
0.01221
0.180
0.00023
0.0020
3.7944
0.00385
0.0330
3.0320
0.00166
0.0142
1.5751
0.00179
0.015
2013
HDV6
1.4022
0.00143
0.01225
0.181
0.00023
0.0020
3.8881
0.00392
0.0335
3.0927
0.00166
0.0142
1.5862
0.00180
0.015
2013
HDV7
1.5962
0.00127
0.01087
0.179
0.00022
0.0019
4.1530
0.00366
0.0313
3.2669
0.00158
0.0135
1.6044
0.00169
0.014
2013
HDV8a
2.2293
0.00078
0.00675
0.170
0.00018
0.0015
5.7800
0.00241
0.0206
4.4010
0.00116
0.0099
1.7404
0.00115
0.009
2013
HDV8b
2.4465
0.00060
0.00514
0.162
0.00015
0.0013
6.7893
0.00152
0.0130
5.0843
0.00085
0.0073
1.8165
0.00075
0.006
2014
HDV2b
0.3809
0.00037
0.00192
0.044
3.06007
0.0001
1.0501
0.00040
0.0023
1.0212
0.00070
0.0034
0.5382
0.00060
0.003
2014
HDV3
0.8309
0.00039
0.00328
0.101
5.33229
0.0004
3.0506
0.00084
0.0071
2.0113
0.00066
0.0053
0.7479
0.00065
0.005
2014
HDV4
0.8808
0.00040
0.00343
0.113
5.78525
0.0004
3.2745
0.00089
0.0076
2.1623
0.00065
0.0056
0.7767
0.00065
0.005
2014
HDV5
0.8808
0.00040
0.00343
0.113
5.78525
0.0004
3.2745
0.00089
0.0076
2.1623
0.00065
0.0056
0.7767
0.00065
0.005
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-7
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
"x-
Highway
Urban
Deceleration
o 25 mph
25 50 mph
>50 mph
u . ,Vehicle
ModelYr Class
z
o
X
BC PM
2
Q.
O
CQ
X
o
z
0
CQ
X
0
z
PM
2
Q.
O
CQ
X
0
z
2
Q.
O
CQ
X
0
z
2014
HDV6
0.9043
0.00040
0.00348
0.114
5.86786
0.0005
3.3470
0.00091
0.0078
2.2069
0.00066
0.0056
0.7852
0.00066
0.005
2014
HDV7
1.0800
0.00040
0.00346
0.113
5.73034
0.0004
3.5632
0.00089
0.0076
2.3484
0.00066
0.0056
0.8223
0.00064
0.005
2014
HDV8a
1.7956
0.00041
0.00354
0.114
4.97314
0.0004
5.1529
0.00086
0.0073
3.4294
0.00067
0.0057
1.0968
0.00056
0.004
2014
HDV8b
2.1039
0.00040
0.00343
0.115
4.18685
0.0003
6.4507
0.00080
0.0069
4.3110
0.00065
0.0056
1.3216
0.00047
0.004
2015
HDV2b
0.2997
0.00041
0.00189
0.035
3.48821
0.0001
0.8801
0.00041
0.0021
0.8324
0.00079
0.0034
0.4044
0.00067
0.003
2015
HDV3
0.7372
0.00040
0.00324
0.086
5.32453
0.0004
2.9010
0.00083
0.0070
1.8355
0.00067
0.0052
0.5956
0.00066
0.005
2015
HDV4
0.7970
0.00040
0.00343
0.099
5.78456
0.0004
3.1795
0.00089
0.0076
2.0260
0.00065
0.0056
0.6283
0.00065
0.005
2015
HDV5
0.7970
0.00040
0.00343
0.099
5.78456
0.0004
3.1795
0.00089
0.0076
2.0260
0.00065
0.0056
0.6283
0.00065
0.005
2015
HDV6
0.8223
0.00040
0.00348
0.100
5.85881
0.0005
3.2522
0.00091
0.0077
2.0719
0.00066
0.0056
0.6386
0.00066
0.005
2015
HDV7
1.0164
0.00040
0.00346
0.100
5.7226E
0.0004
3.4845
0.00089
0.0076
2.2283
0.00066
0.0056
0.6874
0.00064
0.005
2015
HDV8a
1.7908
0.00041
0.00355
0.107
4.96297
0.0004
5.1535
0.00086
0.0074
3.3941
0.00067
0.0057
1.0393
0.00056
0.004
2015
HDV8b
2.1182
0.00040
0.00344
0.113
4.18561
0.0003
6.4849
0.00080
0.0069
4.3258
0.00065
0.0056
1.3227
0.00047
0.004
2016
HDV2b
0.2834
0.00040
0.00180
0.034
3.4497E
0.0001
0.8221
0.00039
0.0020
0.8065
0.00077
0.0033
0.3944
0.00066
0.002
2016
HDV3
0.7008
0.00040
0.00321
0.083
5.26021
0.0004
2.7795
0.00082
0.0069
1.7629
0.00067
0.0051
0.5540
0.00065
0.005
2016
HDV4
0.7663
0.00040
0.00343
0.097
5.78394
0.0004
3.0885
0.00089
0.0076
1.9722
0.00065
0.0056
0.5854
0.00065
0.005
2016
HDV5
0.7663
0.00040
0.00343
0.097
5.78394
0.0004
3.0885
0.00089
0.0076
1.9722
0.00065
0.0056
0.5854
0.00065
0.005
2016
HDV6
0.7873
0.00040
0.00347
0.098
5.85109
0.0005
3.1506
0.00090
0.0077
2.0112
0.00066
0.0056
0.5934
0.00066
0.005
2016
HDV7
0.9411
0.00040
0.00346
0.098
5.73891
0.0004
3.3334
0.00089
0.0076
2.1340
0.00066
0.0056
0.6317
0.00064
0.005
2016
HDV8a
1.6684
0.00041
0.00356
0.105
5.05852
0.0004
4.8325
0.00087
0.0074
3.1747
0.00067
0.0057
0.9429
0.00057
0.004
2016
HDV8b
2.0397
0.00040
0.00346
0.112
4.22892
0.0003
6.2744
0.00081
0.0069
4.1808
0.00066
0.0056
1.2463
0.00048
0.004
2017
HDV2b
0.2701
0.00042
0.00176
0.033
3.7047E
0.0001
0.7877
0.00040
0.0019
0.7857
0.00082
0.0032
0.3821
0.00070
0.002
2017
HDV3
0.6666
0.00040
0.00319
0.082
5.2932E
0.0004
2.6548
0.00082
0.0068
1.6985
0.00068
0.0051
0.5206
0.00066
0.005
2017
HDV4
0.7325
0.00040
0.00343
0.096
5.78344
0.0004
2.9665
0.00089
0.0076
1.9101
0.00065
0.0056
0.5495
0.00065
0.005
2017
HDV5
0.7325
0.00040
0.00343
0.096
5.78344
0.0004
2.9665
0.00089
0.0076
1.9101
0.00065
0.0056
0.5495
0.00065
0.005
2017
HDV6
0.7490
0.00040
0.00347
0.097
5.84082
0.0004
3.0166
0.00090
0.0077
1.9418
0.00066
0.0056
0.5549
0.00066
0.005
2017
HDV7
0.8681
0.00040
0.00346
0.098
5.74026
0.0004
3.1645
0.00089
0.0076
2.0402
0.00066
0.0056
0.5810
0.00065
0.005
2017
HDV8a
1.4694
0.00041
0.00357
0.104
5.09701
0.0004
4.4342
0.00087
0.0074
2.9149
0.00067
0.0058
0.8032
0.00057
0.004
2017
HDV8b
1.7989
0.00040
0.00347
0.113
4.24944
0.0003
5.7489
0.00081
0.0070
3.8251
0.00066
0.0056
1.0355
0.00048
0.004
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-8
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
"x-
Highway
Urban
Deceleration
o 25 mph
25 50 mph
>50 mph
u . ,Vehicle
ModelYr Class
z
o
X
BC PM
2
Q.
O
CQ
X
o
z
0
CQ
X
0
z
PM
2
Q.
O
CQ
X
0
z
2
Q.
O
CQ
X
0
z
2018
HDV2b
0.1893
0.00042
0.00170
0.022
3.71579
0.0001
0.5949
0.00040
0.0018
0.5339
0.00081
0.0031
0.2486
0.00069
0.002
2018
HDV3
0.6035
0.00039
0.00308
0.073
5.12064
0.0003
2.4774
0.00079
0.0065
1.5458
0.00066
0.0049
0.4488
0.00064
0.004
2018
HDV4
0.6712
0.00038
0.00331
0.088
5.54916
0.0004
2.7870
0.00085
0.0073
1.7770
0.00062
0.0053
0.4901
0.00063
0.005
2018
HDV5
0.6712
0.00038
0.00331
0.088
5.54916
0.0004
2.7870
0.00085
0.0073
1.7770
0.00062
0.0053
0.4901
0.00063
0.005
2018
HDV6
0.7075
0.00039
0.00339
0.091
5.7504E
0.0004
2.9243
0.00089
0.0076
1.8623
0.00064
0.0055
0.5047
0.00063
0.005
2018
HDV7
0.8172
0.00039
0.00338
0.090
5.59259
0.0004
3.0423
0.00087
0.0074
1.9429
0.00064
0.0054
0.5296
0.00062
0.005
2018
HDV8a
1.4176
0.00040
0.00350
0.099
4.92028
0.0004
4.3504
0.00085
0.0072
2.8644
0.00066
0.0056
0.7765
0.00055
0.004
2018
HDV8b
1.7381
0.00039
0.00341
0.110
4.15661
0.0003
5.6389
0.00080
0.0069
3.7496
0.00065
0.0056
1.0131
0.00047
0.004
2019
HDV2b
0.1649
0.00041
0.00164
0.019
3.62711
0.0001
0.5233
0.00039
0.0018
0.4611
0.00080
0.0030
0.2134
0.00068
0.002
2019
HDV3
0.5822
0.00039
0.00306
0.069
5.06827
0.0003
2.4087
0.00078
0.0065
1.4899
0.00066
0.0049
0.4268
0.00064
0.004
2019
HDV4
0.6565
0.00038
0.00331
0.086
5.54881
0.0004
2.7467
0.00085
0.0073
1.7470
0.00062
0.0053
0.4751
0.00063
0.005
2019
HDV5
0.6565
0.00038
0.00331
0.086
5.54881
0.0004
2.7467
0.00085
0.0073
1.7470
0.00062
0.0053
0.4751
0.00063
0.005
2019
HDV6
0.6921
0.00039
0.00339
0.089
5.73481
0.0004
2.8784
0.00089
0.0076
1.8293
0.00064
0.0055
0.4898
0.00063
0.005
2019
HDV7
0.8047
0.00039
0.00337
0.089
5.58285
0.0004
3.0027
0.00087
0.0074
1.9139
0.00064
0.0054
0.5158
0.00062
0.005
2019
HDV8a
1.4142
0.00040
0.00350
0.098
4.91615
0.0004
4.3352
0.00085
0.0072
2.8519
0.00066
0.0056
0.7697
0.00055
0.004
2019
HDV8b
1.7376
0.00039
0.00341
0.110
4.15642
0.0003
5.6359
0.00080
0.0069
3.7471
0.00065
0.0056
1.0119
0.00047
0.004
2020
HDV2b
0.1052
0.00024
0.00096
0.012
2.05771
8.1254
0.3351
0.00023
0.0010
0.2957
0.00046
0.0017
0.1370
0.00040
0.001
2020
HDV3
0.4000
0.00025
0.00196
0.047
3.24587
0.0002
1.6705
0.00051
0.0042
1.0253
0.00042
0.0031
0.2905
0.00041
0.003
2020
HDV4
0.4584
0.00025
0.00216
0.060
3.6842E
0.0003
1.9365
0.00057
0.0048
1.2286
0.00041
0.0035
0.3292
0.00042
0.003
2020
HDV5
0.4584
0.00025
0.00216
0.060
3.6842E
0.0003
1.9365
0.00057
0.0048
1.2286
0.00041
0.0035
0.3292
0.00042
0.003
2020
HDV6
0.4833
0.00025
0.00221
0.062
3.80879
0.0003
2.0277
0.00059
0.0050
1.2858
0.00042
0.0036
0.3398
0.00042
0.003
2020
HDV7
0.5622
0.00025
0.00222
0.062
3.71568
0.0003
2.1151
0.00058
0.0049
1.3451
0.00042
0.0036
0.3581
0.00041
0.003
2020
HDV8a
1.0071
0.00027
0.00238
0.070
3.33487
0.0002
3.0777
0.00057
0.0049
2.0223
0.00045
0.0038
0.5433
0.00037
0.003
2020
HDV8b
1.2555
0.00027
0.00237
0.079
2.88001
0.0002
4.0641
0.00056
0.0047
2.7012
0.00045
0.0038
0.7290
0.00033
0.002
2021
HDV2b
0.0935
0.00020
0.00089
0.010
1.65511
7.1727
0.3021
0.00020
0.0010
0.2609
0.00039
0.0016
0.1198
0.00033
0.001
2021
HDV3
0.3871
0.00024
0.00192
0.045
3.09797
0.0002
1.6312
0.00050
0.0041
0.9934
0.00040
0.0031
0.2774
0.00040
0.003
2021
HDV4
0.4486
0.00025
0.00214
0.059
3.65731
0.0003
1.9110
0.00056
0.0048
1.2095
0.00041
0.0035
0.3195
0.00041
0.003
2021
HDV5
0.4486
0.00025
0.00214
0.059
3.65731
0.0003
1.9110
0.00056
0.0048
1.2095
0.00041
0.0035
0.3195
0.00041
0.003
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-g
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
"x-
Highway
Urban
Deceleration
o 25 mph
25 50 mph
>50 mph
u . ,Vehicle
ModelYr Class
z
o
X
BC PM
2
Q.
O
CQ
X
o
z
0
CQ
X
0
z
PM
2
Q.
O
CQ
X
0
z
2
Q.
O
CQ
X
0
z
2021
HDV6
0.4721
0.00025
0.00219
0.061
3.77515
0.0003
1.9994
0.00058
0.0050
1.2651
0.00042
0.0036
0.3299
0.00041
0.003
2021
HDV7
0.5424
0.00025
0.00218
0.061
3.68491
0.0003
2.0796
0.00057
0.0049
1.3197
0.00042
0.0036
0.3471
0.00041
0.003
2021
HDV8a
0.9563
0.00026
0.00230
0.068
3.29923
0.0002
3.0020
0.00056
0.0048
1.9709
0.00044
0.0037
0.5270
0.00037
0.003
2021
HDV8b
1.1947
0.00026
0.00226
0.077
2.81874
0.0002
3.9836
0.00054
0.0046
2.6471
0.00044
0.0037
0.7139
0.00032
0.002
2022
HDV2b
0.0833
0.00020
0.00089
0.009
1.66208
7.1591
0.2769
0.00020
0.0010
0.2278
0.00039
0.0016
0.1024
0.00034
0.001
2022
HDV3
0.3793
0.00024
0.00192
0.044
3.10143
0.0002
1.6115
0.00050
0.0041
0.9744
0.00041
0.0031
0.2665
0.00040
0.003
2022
HDV4
0.4410
0.00025
0.00214
0.058
3.65731
0.0003
1.8915
0.00056
0.0048
1.1939
0.00041
0.0035
0.3103
0.00041
0.003
2022
HDV5
0.4410
0.00025
0.00214
0.058
3.65731
0.0003
1.8915
0.00056
0.0048
1.1939
0.00041
0.0035
0.3103
0.00041
0.003
2022
HDV6
0.4649
0.00025
0.00219
0.060
3.77298
0.0003
1.9800
0.00058
0.0050
1.2498
0.00042
0.0036
0.3211
0.00041
0.003
2022
HDV7
0.5382
0.00025
0.00218
0.060
3.68239
0.0003
2.0647
0.00057
0.0049
1.3074
0.00042
0.0036
0.3392
0.00041
0.003
2022
HDV8a
0.9591
0.00026
0.00230
0.068
3.29185
0.0002
3.0085
0.00056
0.0048
1.9738
0.00044
0.0037
0.5253
0.00037
0.003
2022
HDV8b
1.1955
0.00026
0.00226
0.077
2.81537
0.0002
3.9882
0.00054
0.0046
2.6502
0.00044
0.0037
0.7143
0.00032
0.002
2023
HDV2b
0.0815
0.00020
0.00088
0.009
1.66347
7.1108
0.2720
0.00020
0.0010
0.2244
0.00039
0.0016
0.1004
0.00034
0.001
2023
HDV3
0.3775
0.00024
0.00192
0.044
3.08953
0.0002
1.6039
0.00050
0.0041
0.9685
0.00041
0.0031
0.2651
0.00040
0.003
2023
HDV4
0.4410
0.00025
0.00214
0.058
3.65733
0.0003
1.8915
0.00056
0.0048
1.1940
0.00041
0.0035
0.3103
0.00041
0.003
2023
HDV5
0.4410
0.00025
0.00214
0.058
3.65733
0.0003
1.8915
0.00056
0.0048
1.1940
0.00041
0.0035
0.3103
0.00041
0.003
2023
HDV6
0.4644
0.00025
0.00219
0.060
3.7714E
0.0003
1.9784
0.00058
0.0050
1.2487
0.00042
0.0036
0.3209
0.00041
0.003
2023
HDV7
0.5354
0.00025
0.00218
0.060
3.68288
0.0003
2.0599
0.00057
0.0049
1.3042
0.00042
0.0036
0.3383
0.00041
0.003
2023
HDV8a
0.9531
0.00026
0.00230
0.067
3.29961
0.0002
2.9894
0.00056
0.0048
1.9608
0.00044
0.0037
0.5216
0.00037
0.003
2023
HDV8b
1.1944
0.00026
0.00226
0.077
2.81861
0.0002
3.9819
0.00054
0.0046
2.6456
0.00044
0.0037
0.7130
0.00032
0.002
2024
HDV2b
0.0815
0.00020
0.00088
0.009
1.66347
7.1108
0.2720
0.00020
0.0010
0.2244
0.00039
0.0016
0.1004
0.00034
0.001
2024
HDV3
0.3775
0.00024
0.00192
0.044
3.08953
0.0002
1.6039
0.00050
0.0041
0.9685
0.00041
0.0031
0.2651
0.00040
0.003
2024
HDV4
0.4410
0.00025
0.00214
0.058
3.65733
0.0003
1.8915
0.00056
0.0048
1.1940
0.00041
0.0035
0.3103
0.00041
0.003
2024
HDV5
0.4410
0.00025
0.00214
0.058
3.65733
0.0003
1.8915
0.00056
0.0048
1.1940
0.00041
0.0035
0.3103
0.00041
0.003
2024
HDV6
0.4644
0.00025
0.00219
0.060
3.7714E
0.0003
1.9784
0.00058
0.0050
1.2487
0.00042
0.0036
0.3209
0.00041
0.003
2024
HDV7
0.5354
0.00025
0.00218
0.060
3.68288
0.0003
2.0599
0.00057
0.0049
1.3042
0.00042
0.0036
0.3383
0.00041
0.003
2024
HDV8a
0.9531
0.00026
0.00230
0.067
3.29961
0.0002
2.9894
0.00056
0.0048
1.9608
0.00044
0.0037
0.5216
0.00037
0.003
2024
HDV8b
1.1944
0.00026
0.00226
0.077
2.81861
0.0002
3.9819
0.00054
0.0046
2.6456
0.00044
0.0037
0.7130
0.00032
0.002
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-io
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
"x-
Table A-2. Gasoline Truck Emission Factors
Highway
Urban
Deceleration
o 25 mph
25 50 mph
>50 mph
u . ,Vehicle
ModelYr Class
z
o
X
BC PM
2
Q.
O
CQ
X
o
z
0
CQ
X
0
z
PM
2
Q.
O
CQ
X
0
z
2
Q.
O
CQ
X
0
z
Pre 1992
HDV2b
3.2015
0.00391
0.02671
0.177
0.00094
0.0064
3.0391
0.00587
0.0400
5.1121
0.01079
0.0736
5.1307
0.00658
0.044
Pre 1992
HDV3
5.1192
0.01149
0.07843
0.607
0.00503
0.0343
5.5184
0.02521
0.1720
7.6552
0.02840
0.1938
8.1660
0.02717
0.185
Pre 1992
HDV4
5.1648
0.01179
0.08045
0.624
0.00521
0.0355
5.5524
0.02606
0.1778
7.7162
0.02936
0.2003
8.2840
0.02816
0.192
Pre 1992
HDV5
5.1625
0.01178
0.08041
0.624
0.00521
0.0355
5.5497
0.02609
0.1780
7.7073
0.02927
0.1997
8.2837
0.02818
0.192
Pre 1992
HDV6
4.6498
0.00839
0.05726
0.427
0.00305
0.0208
5.1728
0.01597
0.1089
7.0643
0.01879
0.1282
6.9060
0.01651
0.112
Pre 1992
HDV7
4.6498
0.00839
0.05726
0.427
0.00305
0.0208
5.1728
0.01597
0.1089
7.0643
0.01879
0.1282
6.9060
0.01651
0.112
Pre 1992
HDV8a
6.5485
0.01711
0.11674
0.484
0.00395
0.0269
7.3401
0.02241
0.1529
11.913
0.07700
0.5254
9.4957
0.03004
0.205
Pre 1992
HDV8b
6.5485
0.01711
0.11674
0.484
0.00395
0.0269
7.3401
0.02241
0.1529
11.913
0.07700
0.5254
9.4957
0.03004
0.205
1992
HDV2b
4.3007
0.00463
0.03164
0.190
0.00073
0.0049
4.1560
0.01197
0.0817
8.1210
0.00510
0.0348
7.0989
0.00586
0.039
1992
HDV3
5.0048
0.01337
0.09125
0.554
0.00226
0.0154
5.4379
0.03839
0.2619
7.5190
0.00923
0.0629
7.8428
0.01516
0.103
1992
HDV4
5.0860
0.01396
0.09528
0.591
0.00241
0.0164
5.4938
0.04070
0.2776
7.6157
0.00975
0.0665
8.0732
0.01623
0.110
1992
HDV5
5.0141
0.01344
0.09174
0.559
0.00227
0.0155
5.4442
0.03867
0.2639
7.5296
0.00929
0.0634
7.8701
0.01529
0.104
1992
HDV6
4.6292
0.01059
0.07230
0.384
0.00152
0.0103
5.1818
0.02763
0.1885
7.0772
0.00680
0.0464
6.7739
0.01021
0.069
1992
HDV7
4.6292
0.01059
0.07230
0.384
0.00152
0.0103
5.1818
0.02763
0.1885
7.0772
0.00680
0.0464
6.7739
0.01021
0.069
1992
HDV8a
4.6363
0.01059
0.07225
0.383
0.00152
0.0103
5.1883
0.02760
0.1883
7.0912
0.00683
0.0466
6.7825
0.01020
0.069
1992
HDV8b
4.6363
0.01059
0.07225
0.383
0.00152
0.0103
5.1883
0.02760
0.1883
7.0912
0.00683
0.0466
6.7825
0.01020
0.069
1993
HDV2b
4.3007
0.00463
0.03164
0.190
0.00073
0.0049
4.1560
0.01197
0.0817
8.1210
0.00510
0.0348
7.0989
0.00586
0.039
1993
HDV3
5.0048
0.01337
0.09125
0.554
0.00226
0.0154
5.4379
0.03839
0.2619
7.5190
0.00923
0.0629
7.8428
0.01516
0.103
1993
HDV4
5.0860
0.01396
0.09528
0.591
0.00241
0.0164
5.4938
0.04070
0.2776
7.6157
0.00975
0.0665
8.0732
0.01623
0.110
1993
HDV5
5.0141
0.01344
0.09174
0.559
0.00227
0.0155
5.4442
0.03867
0.2639
7.5296
0.00929
0.0634
7.8701
0.01529
0.104
1993
HDV6
4.6292
0.01059
0.07230
0.384
0.00152
0.0103
5.1818
0.02763
0.1885
7.0772
0.00680
0.0464
6.7739
0.01021
0.069
1993
HDV7
4.6292
0.01059
0.07230
0.384
0.00152
0.0103
5.1818
0.02763
0.1885
7.0772
0.00680
0.0464
6.7739
0.01021
0.069
1993
HDV8a
4.6363
0.01059
0.07225
0.383
0.00152
0.0103
5.1883
0.02760
0.1883
7.0912
0.00683
0.0466
6.7825
0.01020
0.069
1993
HDV8b
4.6363
0.01059
0.07225
0.383
0.00152
0.0103
5.1883
0.02760
0.1883
7.0912
0.00683
0.0466
6.7825
0.01020
0.069
1994
HDV2b
3.7716
0.00488
0.03333
0.188
0.00026
0.0018
3.5587
0.00133
0.0091
6.7753
0.00406
0.0277
6.2904
0.01378
0.094
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-11
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
"x-
Highway
Urban
Deceleration
0 25 mph
25 50 mph
>50 mph
u . ,Vehicle
ModelYr Class
z
O
X
BC PM
2
Q.
O
CQ
X
0
z
0
CQ
X
0
z
PM
2
Q.
O
CQ
X
0
z
2
Q.
O
CQ
X
0
z
1994
HDV3
5.1406
0.00771
0.05263
0.619
0.00045
0.0030
5.5265
0.00195
0.0133
7.6728
0.00691
0.0471
8.2307
0.03436
0.234
1994
HDV4
5.1774
0.00771
0.05265
0.629
0.00045
0.0031
5.5600
0.00197
0.0134
7.7299
0.00697
0.0475
8.3197
0.03471
0.236
1994
HDV5
5.1757
0.00771
0.05261
0.630
0.00045
0.0031
5.5572
0.00196
0.0134
7.7210
0.00696
0.0474
8.3212
0.03471
0.236
1994
HDV6
4.6188
0.00772
0.05272
0.456
0.00038
0.0026
5.0619
0.00180
0.0122
6.9144
0.00609
0.0416
6.9172
0.02928
0.199
1994
HDV7
4.6188
0.00772
0.05272
0.456
0.00038
0.0026
5.0619
0.00180
0.0122
6.9144
0.00609
0.0416
6.9172
0.02928
0.199
1994
HDV8a
6.6306
0.00977
0.06665
0.345
0.00043
0.0029
7.7477
0.00375
0.0255
12.214
0.01224
0.0835
9.7695
0.04028
0.274
1994
HDV8b
6.6306
0.00977
0.06665
0.345
0.00043
0.0029
7.7477
0.00375
0.0255
12.214
0.01224
0.0835
9.7695
0.04028
0.274
1995
HDV2b
3.8909
0.00705
0.04816
0.215
0.00075
0.0051
3.8128
0.00704
0.0480
6.7654
0.00775
0.0529
6.3053
0.01281
0.087
1995
HDV3
5.0634
0.01877
0.12809
0.587
0.00343
0.0234
5.4593
0.02567
0.1751
7.5581
0.01749
0.1193
8.0106
0.04450
0.303
1995
HDV4
5.1492
0.01952
0.13321
0.618
0.00368
0.0251
5.5348
0.02732
0.1864
7.6875
0.01864
0.1272
8.2399
0.04773
0.325
1995
HDV5
5.1284
0.01935
0.13204
0.612
0.00363
0.0247
5.5160
0.02697
0.1840
7.6519
0.01832
0.1250
8.1891
0.04703
0.320
1995
HDV6
4.6257
0.01489
0.10161
0.424
0.00213
0.0145
5.0773
0.01704
0.1163
6.9204
0.01183
0.0807
6.8182
0.02761
0.188
1995
HDV7
4.6257
0.01489
0.10161
0.424
0.00213
0.0145
5.0773
0.01704
0.1163
6.9204
0.01183
0.0807
6.8182
0.02761
0.188
1995
HDV8a
6.5484
0.02620
0.17877
0.484
0.00312
0.0213
7.3401
0.02801
0.1911
11.913
0.05787
0.3948
9.4958
0.05607
0.382
1995
HDV8b
6.5484
0.02620
0.17877
0.484
0.00312
0.0213
7.3401
0.02801
0.1911
11.913
0.05787
0.3948
9.4958
0.05607
0.382
1996
HDV2b
3.2015
0.00391
0.02671
0.177
0.00094
0.0064
3.0391
0.00587
0.0400
5.1121
0.01079
0.0736
5.1307
0.00658
0.044
1996
HDV3
5.1192
0.01149
0.07843
0.607
0.00503
0.0343
5.5184
0.02521
0.1720
7.6552
0.02840
0.1938
8.1660
0.02717
0.185
1996
HDV4
5.1648
0.01179
0.08045
0.624
0.00521
0.0355
5.5524
0.02606
0.1778
7.7162
0.02936
0.2003
8.2840
0.02816
0.192
1996
HDV5
5.1625
0.01178
0.08041
0.624
0.00521
0.0355
5.5497
0.02609
0.1780
7.7073
0.02927
0.1997
8.2837
0.02818
0.192
1996
HDV6
4.6498
0.00839
0.05726
0.427
0.00305
0.0208
5.1728
0.01597
0.1089
7.0643
0.01879
0.1282
6.9060
0.01651
0.112
1996
HDV7
4.6498
0.00839
0.05726
0.427
0.00305
0.0208
5.1728
0.01597
0.1089
7.0643
0.01879
0.1282
6.9060
0.01651
0.112
1996
HDV8a
6.5485
0.01711
0.11674
0.484
0.00395
0.0269
7.3401
0.02241
0.1529
11.913
0.07700
0.5254
9.4957
0.03004
0.205
1996
HDV8b
6.5485
0.01711
0.11674
0.484
0.00395
0.0269
7.3401
0.02241
0.1529
11.913
0.07700
0.5254
9.4957
0.03004
0.205
1997
HDV2b
3.0280
0.00343
0.02346
0.115
0.00020
0.0014
2.0918
0.00178
0.0121
4.5790
0.00492
0.0336
5.0892
0.00808
0.055
1997
HDV3
5.0577
0.00974
0.06651
0.590
0.00118
0.0081
5.4659
0.00805
0.0549
7.5693
0.01024
0.0698
8.0226
0.04231
0.288
1997
HDV4
5.1700
0.01014
0.06919
0.627
0.00127
0.0086
5.5544
0.00857
0.0585
7.7167
0.01077
0.0735
8.3044
0.04540
0.309
1997
HDV5
5.1450
0.01005
0.06863
0.620
0.00125
0.0085
5.5344
0.00847
0.0578
7.6827
0.01066
0.0727
8.2442
0.04478
0.305
1997
HDV6
4.6251
0.00823
0.05619
0.445
0.00085
0.0058
5.1241
0.00606
0.0413
6.9999
0.00817
0.0557
6.9353
0.03038
0.207
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-12
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
"x-
Highway
Urban
Deceleration
0 25 mph
25 50 mph
>50 mph
u . ,Vehicle
ModelYr Class
z
O
X
BC PM
2
Q.
O
CQ
X
0
z
0
CQ
X
0
z
PM
2
Q.
O
CQ
X
0
z
2
Q.
O
CQ
X
0
z
1997
HDV7
4.6251
0.00823
0.05619
0.445
0.00085
0.0058
5.1241
0.00606
0.0413
6.9999
0.00817
0.0557
6.9353
0.03038
0.207
1997
HDV8a
7.7679
0.01020
0.06965
0.100
7.22762
0.0004
8.7155
0.00195
0.0133
13.118
0.01682
0.1148
10.553
0.01069
0.072
1997
HDV8b
7.7679
0.01020
0.06965
0.100
7.22762
0.0004
8.7155
0.00195
0.0133
13.118
0.01682
0.1148
10.553
0.01069
0.072
1998
HDV2b
2.7112
0.00302
0.02062
0.124
0.00029
0.0020
1.6266
0.00214
0.0146
4.1498
0.00538
0.0367
4.7253
0.00545
0.037
1998
HDV3
3.3289
0.01122
0.07661
0.404
0.00210
0.0143
2.6519
0.01151
0.0785
5.6408
0.01862
0.1271
5.8971
0.02987
0.203
1998
HDV4
3.3550
0.01213
0.08282
0.414
0.00242
0.0165
2.6204
0.01301
0.0887
5.7205
0.02122
0.1448
5.9550
0.03374
0.230
1998
HDV5
3.3204
0.01109
0.07567
0.405
0.00211
0.0144
2.6443
0.01145
0.0781
5.6217
0.01768
0.1206
5.8761
0.02973
0.202
1998
HDV6
3.2623
0.00895
0.06108
0.382
0.00131
0.0090
2.7265
0.00782
0.0534
5.4386
0.01193
0.0814
5.7480
0.02027
0.138
1998
HDV7
3.2623
0.00895
0.06108
0.382
0.00131
0.0090
2.7265
0.00782
0.0534
5.4386
0.01193
0.0814
5.7480
0.02027
0.138
1998
HDV8a
3.6758
0.01746
0.11917
0.392
0.00219
0.0149
2.9394
0.01671
0.1140
6.4291
0.05558
0.3792
6.7331
0.04028
0.274
1998
HDV8b
3.6758
0.01746
0.11917
0.392
0.00219
0.0149
2.9394
0.01671
0.1140
6.4291
0.05558
0.3792
6.7331
0.04028
0.274
1999
HDV2b
2.0904
0.00336
0.02298
0.128
0.00025
0.0017
1.3328
0.00356
0.0243
3.2225
0.00843
0.0575
3.6117
0.00590
0.040
1999
HDV3
3.3169
0.01055
0.07203
0.386
0.00161
0.0110
2.7768
0.01679
0.1146
5.5563
0.02081
0.1420
5.8843
0.02528
0.172
1999
HDV4
3.4322
0.01054
0.07195
0.371
0.00149
0.0102
3.0342
0.01733
0.1182
5.7144
0.02059
0.1405
6.1319
0.02903
0.198
1999
HDV5
3.4558
0.01039
0.07094
0.367
0.00147
0.0100
3.0938
0.01744
0.1189
5.7422
0.01933
0.1319
6.1817
0.02973
0.202
1999
HDV6
3.4574
0.01039
0.07094
0.367
0.00146
0.0100
3.0974
0.01744
0.1190
5.7444
0.01932
0.1318
6.1851
0.02978
0.203
1999
HDV7
3.2183
0.01053
0.07190
0.399
0.00171
0.0117
2.5581
0.01634
0.1115
5.4199
0.02076
0.1416
5.6718
0.02205
0.150
1999
HDV8a
3.2367
0.01105
0.07541
0.399
0.00170
0.0116
2.5707
0.01642
0.1120
5.4613
0.02504
0.1708
5.7148
0.02288
0.156
1999
HDV8b
3.2367
0.01105
0.07541
0.399
0.00170
0.0116
2.5707
0.01642
0.1120
5.4613
0.02504
0.1708
5.7148
0.02288
0.156
2000
HDV2b
1.8610
0.00330
0.02253
0.115
0.00017
0.0011
1.1853
0.00166
0.0113
2.8864
0.00635
0.0433
3.2358
0.00623
0.042
2000
HDV3
3.3628
0.01052
0.07179
0.373
0.00127
0.0087
2.9561
0.00781
0.0533
5.6024
0.01475
0.1006
5.9916
0.02712
0.185
2000
HDV4
3.5038
0.00924
0.06309
0.352
0.00101
0.0069
3.2945
0.00713
0.0486
5.7885
0.01263
0.0861
6.3036
0.02593
0.176
2000
HDV5
3.5404
0.00891
0.06082
0.346
0.00094
0.0064
3.3823
0.00695
0.0474
5.8368
0.01207
0.0824
6.3845
0.02562
0.174
2000
HDV6
3.5427
0.00889
0.06068
0.346
0.00094
0.0064
3.3878
0.00694
0.0473
5.8398
0.01204
0.0821
6.3896
0.02560
0.174
2000
HDV7
3.2647
0.01141
0.07785
0.387
0.00146
0.0099
2.7198
0.00829
0.0565
5.4725
0.01624
0.1108
5.7738
0.02796
0.190
2000
HDV8a
3.2647
0.01141
0.07785
0.387
0.00146
0.0099
2.7198
0.00829
0.0565
5.4725
0.01624
0.1108
5.7738
0.02796
0.190
2000
HDV8b
3.2647
0.01141
0.07785
0.387
0.00146
0.0099
2.7198
0.00829
0.0565
5.4725
0.01624
0.1108
5.7738
0.02796
0.190
2001
HDV2b
0.6153
0.00186
0.01270
0.053
5.78531
0.0003
0.4365
0.00114
0.0078
1.0254
0.00582
0.0397
1.0662
0.00590
0.040
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-13
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
"x-
Highway
Urban
Deceleration
0 25 mph
25 50 mph
>50 mph
u . ,Vehicle
ModelYr Class
z
O
X
BC PM
2
Q.
O
CQ
X
0
z
0
CQ
X
0
z
PM
2
Q.
O
CQ
X
0
z
2
Q.
O
CQ
X
0
z
2001
HDV3
1.3936
0.00575
0.03927
0.165
0.00033
0.0023
1.1522
0.00257
0.0175
2.3338
0.00934
0.0637
2.4642
0.04041
0.275
2001
HDV4
1.4419
0.00572
0.03908
0.157
0.00030
0.0020
1.2728
0.00254
0.0173
2.3979
0.00852
0.0581
2.5719
0.04027
0.274
2001
HDV5
1.4596
0.00571
0.03901
0.155
0.00028
0.0019
1.3170
0.00254
0.0173
2.4213
0.00822
0.0561
2.6114
0.04022
0.274
2001
HDV6
1.4608
0.00571
0.03900
0.154
0.00028
0.0019
1.3200
0.00254
0.0173
2.4229
0.00820
0.0559
2.6141
0.04022
0.274
2001
HDV7
1.3713
0.00576
0.03935
0.168
0.00035
0.0024
1.0966
0.00258
0.0176
2.3042
0.00971
0.0662
2.4145
0.04047
0.276
2001
HDV8a
1.3713
0.00576
0.03935
0.168
0.00035
0.0024
1.0966
0.00258
0.0176
2.3042
0.00971
0.0662
2.4145
0.04047
0.276
2001
HDV8b
1.3713
0.00576
0.03935
0.168
0.00035
0.0024
1.0966
0.00258
0.0176
2.3042
0.00971
0.0662
2.4145
0.04047
0.276
2002
HDV2b
0.5871
0.00203
0.01387
0.048
0.00020
0.0013
0.4139
0.00198
0.0135
0.9779
0.00395
0.0270
1.0164
0.00317
0.021
2002
HDV3
1.4134
0.00642
0.04381
0.161
0.00096
0.0065
1.2083
0.00721
0.0491
2.3600
0.01001
0.0683
2.5100
0.01069
0.072
2002
HDV4
1.4777
0.00574
0.03917
0.151
0.00077
0.0053
1.3695
0.00674
0.0459
2.4450
0.00867
0.0591
2.6540
0.01043
0.071
2002
HDV5
1.4965
0.00554
0.03782
0.148
0.00072
0.0049
1.4163
0.00660
0.0450
2.4697
0.00828
0.0565
2.6958
0.01036
0.070
2002
HDV6
1.4977
0.00553
0.03774
0.148
0.00072
0.0049
1.4193
0.00659
0.0449
2.4713
0.00826
0.0563
2.6985
0.01036
0.070
2002
HDV7
1.3748
0.00683
0.04660
0.167
0.00107
0.0073
1.1112
0.00749
0.0511
2.3087
0.01082
0.0738
2.4233
0.01084
0.073
2002
HDV8a
1.3748
0.00683
0.04660
0.167
0.00107
0.0073
1.1112
0.00749
0.0511
2.3087
0.01082
0.0738
2.4233
0.01084
0.073
2002
HDV8b
1.3748
0.00683
0.04660
0.167
0.00107
0.0073
1.1112
0.00749
0.0511
2.3087
0.01082
0.0738
2.4233
0.01084
0.073
2003
HDV2b
0.5096
0.00183
0.01248
0.049
0.00012
0.0008
0.3667
0.00163
0.0111
0.8561
0.00485
0.0331
0.8900
0.00398
0.027
2003
HDV3
1.3990
0.00568
0.03879
0.165
0.00089
0.0061
1.1608
0.00784
0.0534
2.3453
0.00852
0.0581
2.4788
0.02149
0.146
2003
HDV4
1.4543
0.00550
0.03751
0.156
0.00075
0.0051
1.2975
0.00761
0.0519
2.4174
0.00784
0.0535
2.6001
0.02176
0.148
2003
HDV5
1.4711
0.00544
0.03712
0.154
0.00071
0.0048
1.3388
0.00754
0.0514
2.4392
0.00764
0.0521
2.6368
0.02184
0.149
2003
HDV6
1.4722
0.00543
0.03710
0.153
0.00071
0.0048
1.3415
0.00754
0.0514
2.4406
0.00763
0.0520
2.6392
0.02185
0.149
2003
HDV7
1.3674
0.00579
0.03952
0.170
0.00097
0.0066
1.0824
0.00797
0.0543
2.3039
0.00890
0.0607
2.4093
0.02134
0.145
2003
HDV8a
1.3675
0.00579
0.03952
0.170
0.00097
0.0066
1.0825
0.00796
0.0543
2.3041
0.00890
0.0607
2.4094
0.02134
0.145
2003
HDV8b
1.3675
0.00579
0.03952
0.170
0.00097
0.0066
1.0825
0.00796
0.0543
2.3041
0.00890
0.0607
2.4094
0.02134
0.145
2004
HDV2b
0.4247
0.00093
0.00649
0.044
0.00012
0.0008
0.3112
0.00093
0.0064
0.7068
0.00176
0.0122
0.7376
0.00185
0.012
2004
HDV3
1.4132
0.00394
0.02691
0.162
0.00066
0.0045
1.2019
0.00463
0.0316
2.3616
0.00482
0.0329
2.5106
0.00930
0.063
2004
HDV4
1.4876
0.00383
0.02612
0.150
0.00052
0.0035
1.3947
0.00425
0.0289
2.4594
0.00417
0.0284
2.6784
0.00919
0.062
2004
HDV5
1.5089
0.00379
0.02590
0.147
0.00047
0.0032
1.4497
0.00413
0.0282
2.4873
0.00398
0.0271
2.7263
0.00916
0.062
2004
HDV6
1.5102
0.00379
0.02588
0.146
0.00047
0.0032
1.4533
0.00413
0.0281
2.4890
0.00397
0.0270
2.7294
0.00916
0.062
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-14
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
"x-
Highway
Urban
Deceleration
0 25 mph
25 50 mph
>50 mph
u . ,Vehicle
ModelYr Class
z
O
X
BC PM
2
Q.
O
CQ
X
0
z
0
CQ
X
0
z
PM
2
Q.
O
CQ
X
0
z
2
Q.
O
CQ
X
0
z
2004
HDV7
1.3675
0.00401
0.02739
0.170
0.00075
0.0051
1.0830
0.00487
0.0332
2.3013
0.00522
0.0356
2.4071
0.00937
0.063
2004
HDV8a
1.3675
0.00401
0.02739
0.170
0.00075
0.0051
1.0830
0.00487
0.0332
2.3013
0.00522
0.0356
2.4071
0.00937
0.063
2004
HDV8b
1.3675
0.00401
0.02739
0.170
0.00075
0.0051
1.0830
0.00487
0.0332
2.3013
0.00522
0.0356
2.4071
0.00937
0.063
2005
HDV2b
0.3410
0.00078
0.00545
0.037
0.00010
0.0007
0.2531
0.00073
0.0051
0.5830
0.00159
0.0111
0.6057
0.00155
0.010
2005
HDV3
1.4025
0.00387
0.02645
0.160
0.00062
0.0042
1.1965
0.00451
0.0308
2.3369
0.00466
0.0318
2.4805
0.00909
0.062
2005
HDV4
1.4448
0.00380
0.02598
0.154
0.00055
0.0037
1.3025
0.00428
0.0292
2.3951
0.00430
0.0293
2.5779
0.00893
0.060
2005
HDV5
1.4633
0.00377
0.02577
0.152
0.00052
0.0035
1.3490
0.00418
0.0285
2.4205
0.00414
0.0283
2.6206
0.00886
0.060
2005
HDV6
1.4646
0.00377
0.02576
0.151
0.00052
0.0035
1.3523
0.00417
0.0284
2.4223
0.00413
0.0282
2.6237
0.00885
0.060
2005
HDV7
1.3863
0.00390
0.02663
0.163
0.00065
0.0044
1.1558
0.00461
0.0314
2.3145
0.00480
0.0327
2.4431
0.00915
0.062
2005
HDV8a
1.3865
0.00390
0.02664
0.163
0.00065
0.0044
1.1560
0.00460
0.0314
2.3148
0.00480
0.0327
2.4432
0.00915
0.062
2005
HDV8b
1.3865
0.00390
0.02664
0.163
0.00065
0.0044
1.1560
0.00460
0.0314
2.3148
0.00480
0.0327
2.4432
0.00915
0.062
2006
HDV2b
0.3757
0.00088
0.00612
0.044
0.00011
0.0008
0.2821
0.00087
0.0060
0.6494
0.00181
0.0126
0.6739
0.00180
0.012
2006
HDV3
1.4010
0.00399
0.02725
0.163
0.00070
0.0048
1.1808
0.00492
0.0335
2.3467
0.00513
0.0350
2.4857
0.00980
0.066
2006
HDV4
1.4557
0.00390
0.02660
0.155
0.00059
0.0040
1.3200
0.00456
0.0311
2.4186
0.00459
0.0313
2.6087
0.00957
0.065
2006
HDV5
1.4764
0.00386
0.02635
0.151
0.00055
0.0037
1.3723
0.00443
0.0302
2.4454
0.00438
0.0299
2.6550
0.00948
0.064
2006
HDV6
1.4778
0.00386
0.02633
0.151
0.00055
0.0037
1.3759
0.00442
0.0301
2.4473
0.00437
0.0298
2.6582
0.00948
0.064
2006
HDV7
1.3765
0.00403
0.02754
0.167
0.00075
0.0051
1.1184
0.00508
0.0346
2.3145
0.00538
0.0367
2.4306
0.00991
0.067
2006
HDV8a
1.3766
0.00403
0.02754
0.167
0.00075
0.0051
1.1186
0.00508
0.0346
2.3149
0.00538
0.0367
2.4307
0.00991
0.067
2006
HDV8b
1.3766
0.00403
0.02754
0.167
0.00075
0.0051
1.1186
0.00508
0.0346
2.3149
0.00538
0.0367
2.4307
0.00991
0.067
2007
HDV2b
0.3218
0.00078
0.00543
0.037
0.00010
0.0007
0.2409
0.00074
0.0051
0.5572
0.00162
0.0113
0.5779
0.00158
0.010
2007
HDV3
1.4048
0.00397
0.02712
0.162
0.00068
0.0046
1.1976
0.00489
0.0334
2.3521
0.00507
0.0346
2.4949
0.00981
0.066
2007
HDV4
1.4528
0.00388
0.02647
0.155
0.00059
0.0040
1.3182
0.00455
0.0310
2.4154
0.00458
0.0312
2.6026
0.00950
0.064
2007
HDV5
1.4719
0.00384
0.02619
0.152
0.00055
0.0037
1.3672
0.00441
0.0300
2.4401
0.00437
0.0298
2.6464
0.00937
0.063
2007
HDV6
1.4733
0.00383
0.02618
0.151
0.00055
0.0037
1.3707
0.00440
0.0300
2.4420
0.00436
0.0297
2.6495
0.00936
0.063
2007
HDV7
1.3851
0.00401
0.02738
0.165
0.00072
0.0049
1.1481
0.00503
0.0343
2.3260
0.00527
0.0360
2.4507
0.00994
0.067
2007
HDV8a
1.3862
0.00401
0.02739
0.165
0.00072
0.0049
1.1494
0.00503
0.0343
2.3283
0.00528
0.0360
2.4517
0.00993
0.067
2007
HDV8b
1.3862
0.00401
0.02739
0.165
0.00072
0.0049
1.1494
0.00503
0.0343
2.3283
0.00528
0.0360
2.4517
0.00993
0.067
2008
HDV2b
0.2556
0.00090
0.00612
0.025
0.00011
0.0008
0.1859
0.00087
0.0059
0.4257
0.00180
0.0123
0.4469
0.00180
0.012
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-15
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
"x-
Highway
Urban
Deceleration
0 25 mph
25 50 mph
>50 mph
u . ,Vehicle
ModelYr Class
z
O
X
BC PM
2
Q.
O
CQ
X
0
z
0
CQ
X
0
z
PM
2
Q.
O
CQ
X
0
z
2
Q.
O
CQ
X
0
z
2008
HDV3
0.9806
0.00395
0.02700
0.108
0.00069
0.0047
0.7535
0.00477
0.0325
1.5486
0.00500
0.0341
1.6031
0.00941
0.064
2008
HDV4
0.9410
0.00391
0.02672
0.102
0.00065
0.0044
0.7372
0.00463
0.0316
1.4872
0.00480
0.0327
1.5469
0.00929
0.063
2008
HDV5
0.9200
0.00389
0.02657
0.099
0.00063
0.0043
0.7285
0.00456
0.0311
1.4544
0.00469
0.0320
1.5170
0.00923
0.063
2008
HDV6
0.9183
0.00389
0.02656
0.098
0.00063
0.0043
0.7278
0.00455
0.0310
1.4518
0.00469
0.0319
1.5147
0.00923
0.062
2008
HDV7
0.9932
0.00397
0.02709
0.110
0.00070
0.0048
0.7587
0.00481
0.0328
1.5683
0.00507
0.0346
1.6211
0.00944
0.064
2008
HDV8a
0.9931
0.00397
0.02709
0.110
0.00070
0.0048
0.7586
0.00481
0.0328
1.5681
0.00507
0.0346
1.6208
0.00944
0.064
2008
HDV8b
0.9931
0.00397
0.02709
0.110
0.00070
0.0048
0.7586
0.00481
0.0328
1.5681
0.00507
0.0346
1.6208
0.00944
0.064
2009
HDV2b
0.1558
0.00075
0.00488
0.005
9.96473
0.0006
0.1092
0.00072
0.0048
0.2413
0.00151
0.0098
0.2599
0.00150
0.009
2009
HDV3
0.6193
0.00300
0.02051
0.031
0.00053
0.0036
0.5023
0.00360
0.0245
0.8452
0.00381
0.0259
0.7762
0.00703
0.047
2009
HDV4
0.6150
0.00299
0.02045
0.032
0.00052
0.0035
0.5053
0.00356
0.0243
0.8444
0.00374
0.0255
0.7855
0.00705
0.048
2009
HDV5
0.6126
0.00299
0.02042
0.032
0.00051
0.0034
0.5069
0.00355
0.0242
0.8437
0.00370
0.0252
0.7907
0.00706
0.048
2009
HDV6
0.6124
0.00299
0.02041
0.032
0.00051
0.0034
0.5070
0.00354
0.0242
0.8437
0.00370
0.0252
0.7912
0.00706
0.048
2009
HDV7
0.6206
0.00300
0.02052
0.031
0.00054
0.0036
0.5014
0.00361
0.0246
0.8454
0.00383
0.0261
0.7734
0.00703
0.047
2009
HDV8a
0.6205
0.00301
0.02053
0.031
0.00054
0.0036
0.5015
0.00361
0.0246
0.8456
0.00383
0.0261
0.7735
0.00702
0.047
2009
HDV8b
0.6205
0.00301
0.02053
0.031
0.00054
0.0036
0.5015
0.00361
0.0246
0.8456
0.00383
0.0261
0.7735
0.00702
0.047
2010
HDV2b
0.0602
0.00050
0.00284
0.003
6.4262E
0.0003
0.0463
0.00045
0.0026
0.1017
0.00096
0.0054
0.1026
0.00082
0.004
2010
HDV3
0.0941
0.00153
0.01043
0.010
0.00025
0.0017
0.1123
0.00208
0.0142
0.1655
0.00246
0.0168
0.1241
0.00179
0.012
2010
HDV4
0.0941
0.00153
0.01043
0.010
0.00025
0.0017
0.1123
0.00208
0.0142
0.1655
0.00246
0.0168
0.1241
0.00179
0.012
2010
HDV5
0.0941
0.00153
0.01043
0.010
0.00025
0.0017
0.1123
0.00208
0.0142
0.1655
0.00246
0.0168
0.1241
0.00179
0.012
2010
HDV6
0.0941
0.00153
0.01043
0.010
0.00025
0.0017
0.1123
0.00208
0.0142
0.1655
0.00246
0.0168
0.1241
0.00179
0.012
2010
HDV7
0.0941
0.00153
0.01043
0.010
0.00025
0.0017
0.1123
0.00208
0.0142
0.1655
0.00246
0.0168
0.1241
0.00179
0.012
2010
HDV8a
0.0941
0.00153
0.01043
0.010
0.00025
0.0017
0.1123
0.00208
0.0142
0.1655
0.00246
0.0168
0.1241
0.00179
0.012
2010
HDV8b
0.0941
0.00153
0.01043
0.010
0.00025
0.0017
0.1123
0.00208
0.0142
0.1655
0.00246
0.0168
0.1241
0.00179
0.012
2011
HDV2b
0.0618
0.00061
0.00324
0.003
8.11891
0.0004
0.0516
0.00058
0.0032
0.1059
0.00117
0.0061
0.1057
0.00100
0.005
2011
HDV3
0.1016
0.00149
0.01018
0.011
0.00026
0.0018
0.1194
0.00207
0.0141
0.1747
0.00242
0.0165
0.1321
0.00176
0.012
2011
HDV4
0.1156
0.00143
0.00977
0.012
0.00027
0.0018
0.1311
0.00205
0.0140
0.1901
0.00235
0.0160
0.1458
0.00168
0.011
2011
HDV5
0.1225
0.00140
0.00956
0.012
0.00027
0.0018
0.1369
0.00204
0.0139
0.1977
0.00231
0.0157
0.1527
0.00164
0.011
2011
HDV6
0.1230
0.00140
0.00955
0.012
0.00027
0.0018
0.1373
0.00204
0.0139
0.1983
0.00230
0.0157
0.1532
0.00164
0.011
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-16
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
"x-
Highway
Urban
Deceleration
0 25 mph
25 50 mph
>50 mph
u . ,Vehicle
ModelYr Class
z
O
X
BC PM
2
Q.
O
CQ
X
0
z
0
CQ
X
0
z
PM
2
Q.
O
CQ
X
0
z
2
Q.
O
CQ
X
0
z
2011
HDV7
0.0969
0.00151
0.01032
0.011
0.00026
0.0017
0.1154
0.00208
0.0142
0.1694
0.00245
0.0167
0.1274
0.00178
0.012
2011
HDV8a
0.0969
0.00151
0.01032
0.011
0.00026
0.0017
0.1154
0.00208
0.0142
0.1694
0.00245
0.0167
0.1274
0.00178
0.012
2011
HDV8b
0.0969
0.00151
0.01032
0.011
0.00026
0.0017
0.1154
0.00208
0.0142
0.1694
0.00245
0.0167
0.1274
0.00178
0.012
2012
HDV2b
0.0633
0.00067
0.00350
0.003
9.05092
0.0004
0.0555
0.00066
0.0036
0.1085
0.00127
0.0066
0.1073
0.00108
0.005
2012
HDV3
0.1029
0.00147
0.01003
0.011
0.00026
0.0017
0.1216
0.00206
0.0140
0.1771
0.00240
0.0163
0.1341
0.00173
0.011
2012
HDV4
0.1085
0.00145
0.00988
0.011
0.00026
0.0018
0.1262
0.00205
0.0140
0.1832
0.00237
0.0161
0.1395
0.00171
0.011
2012
HDV5
0.1116
0.00143
0.00979
0.012
0.00026
0.0018
0.1288
0.00205
0.0140
0.1866
0.00235
0.0160
0.1426
0.00169
0.011
2012
HDV6
0.1119
0.00143
0.00979
0.012
0.00026
0.0018
0.1290
0.00205
0.0140
0.1869
0.00235
0.0160
0.1429
0.00169
0.011
2012
HDV7
0.1012
0.00147
0.01008
0.011
0.00026
0.0017
0.1203
0.00206
0.0141
0.1753
0.00240
0.0164
0.1325
0.00174
0.011
2012
HDV8a
0.1012
0.00147
0.01008
0.011
0.00026
0.0017
0.1203
0.00206
0.0141
0.1753
0.00240
0.0164
0.1325
0.00174
0.011
2012
HDV8b
0.1012
0.00147
0.01008
0.011
0.00026
0.0017
0.1203
0.00206
0.0141
0.1753
0.00240
0.0164
0.1325
0.00174
0.011
2013
HDV2b
0.0611
0.00067
0.00299
0.003
8.68722
0.0003
0.0490
0.00060
0.0028
0.1030
0.00131
0.0057
0.1031
0.00111
0.004
2013
HDV3
0.1090
0.00134
0.00917
0.011
0.00024
0.0016
0.1279
0.00191
0.0130
0.1849
0.00219
0.0150
0.1407
0.00158
0.010
2013
HDV4
0.1190
0.00130
0.00892
0.012
0.00024
0.0016
0.1357
0.00189
0.0129
0.1955
0.00214
0.0146
0.1501
0.00154
0.010
2013
HDV5
0.1238
0.00128
0.00879
0.012
0.00025
0.0017
0.1395
0.00188
0.0128
0.2007
0.00212
0.0145
0.1548
0.00151
0.010
2013
HDV6
0.1242
0.00128
0.00878
0.012
0.00025
0.0017
0.1398
0.00188
0.0128
0.2012
0.00212
0.0145
0.1551
0.00151
0.010
2013
HDV7
0.1057
0.00135
0.00925
0.011
0.00024
0.0016
0.1253
0.00191
0.0130
0.1814
0.00221
0.0151
0.1376
0.00160
0.010
2013
HDV8a
0.1061
0.00135
0.00925
0.011
0.00024
0.0016
0.1255
0.00191
0.0130
0.1817
0.00221
0.0151
0.1379
0.00160
0.010
2013
HDV8b
0.1061
0.00135
0.00925
0.011
0.00024
0.0016
0.1255
0.00191
0.0130
0.1817
0.00221
0.0151
0.1379
0.00160
0.010
2014
HDV2b
0.0541
0.00073
0.00279
0.002
8.96423
0.0003
0.0430
0.00064
0.0027
0.0884
0.00139
0.0050
0.0876
0.00116
0.004
2014
HDV3
0.1090
0.00129
0.00885
0.011
0.00023
0.0016
0.1292
0.00185
0.0127
0.1854
0.00212
0.0145
0.1415
0.00153
0.010
2014
HDV4
0.1129
0.00128
0.00878
0.012
0.00024
0.0016
0.1321
0.00185
0.0126
0.1895
0.00211
0.0144
0.1451
0.00151
0.010
2014
HDV5
0.1151
0.00128
0.00873
0.012
0.00024
0.0016
0.1338
0.00185
0.0126
0.1918
0.00210
0.0143
0.1472
0.00150
0.010
2014
HDV6
0.1153
0.00128
0.00873
0.012
0.00024
0.0016
0.1339
0.00185
0.0126
0.1920
0.00210
0.0143
0.1473
0.00150
0.010
2014
HDV7
0.1079
0.00130
0.00887
0.011
0.00023
0.0016
0.1283
0.00185
0.0127
0.1842
0.00213
0.0145
0.1404
0.00153
0.010
2014
HDV8a
0.1079
0.00130
0.00887
0.011
0.00023
0.0016
0.1283
0.00185
0.0127
0.1842
0.00213
0.0145
0.1404
0.00153
0.010
2014
HDV8b
0.1079
0.00130
0.00887
0.011
0.00023
0.0016
0.1283
0.00185
0.0127
0.1842
0.00213
0.0145
0.1404
0.00153
0.010
2015
HDV2b
0.0537
0.00084
0.00281
0.002
0.00010
0.0003
0.0427
0.00071
0.0027
0.0881
0.00162
0.0051
0.0874
0.00136
0.004
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-17
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
"x-
Highway
Urban
Deceleration
0 25 mph
25 50 mph
>50 mph
u . ,Vehicle
ModelYr Class
z
O
X
BC PM
2
Q.
O
CQ
X
0
z
0
CQ
X
0
z
PM
2
Q.
O
CQ
X
0
z
2
Q.
O
CQ
X
0
z
2015
HDV3
0.1089
0.00129
0.00885
0.011
0.00023
0.0016
0.1291
0.00185
0.0127
0.1853
0.00212
0.0145
0.1414
0.00153
0.010
2015
HDV4
0.1124
0.00128
0.00878
0.012
0.00024
0.0016
0.1318
0.00185
0.0126
0.1890
0.00211
0.0144
0.1447
0.00151
0.010
2015
HDV5
0.1145
0.00128
0.00874
0.012
0.00024
0.0016
0.1333
0.00185
0.0126
0.1912
0.00210
0.0143
0.1466
0.00151
0.010
2015
HDV6
0.1146
0.00128
0.00874
0.012
0.00024
0.0016
0.1334
0.00185
0.0126
0.1914
0.00210
0.0143
0.1467
0.00151
0.010
2015
HDV7
0.1079
0.00130
0.00887
0.011
0.00023
0.0016
0.1283
0.00185
0.0127
0.1842
0.00213
0.0145
0.1404
0.00153
0.010
2015
HDV8a
0.1079
0.00130
0.00887
0.011
0.00023
0.0016
0.1283
0.00185
0.0127
0.1842
0.00213
0.0145
0.1404
0.00153
0.010
2015
HDV8b
0.1079
0.00130
0.00887
0.011
0.00023
0.0016
0.1283
0.00185
0.0127
0.1842
0.00213
0.0145
0.1404
0.00153
0.010
2016
HDV2b
0.0487
0.00081
0.00260
0.002
9.98855
0.0003
0.0390
0.00068
0.0025
0.0799
0.00157
0.0047
0.0794
0.00132
0.003
2016
HDV3
0.1088
0.00129
0.00885
0.011
0.00023
0.0016
0.1290
0.00185
0.0127
0.1852
0.00212
0.0145
0.1413
0.00153
0.010
2016
HDV4
0.1120
0.00128
0.00879
0.012
0.00024
0.0016
0.1314
0.00185
0.0126
0.1885
0.00211
0.0144
0.1443
0.00152
0.010
2016
HDV5
0.1138
0.00128
0.00875
0.012
0.00024
0.0016
0.1328
0.00185
0.0126
0.1905
0.00210
0.0144
0.1460
0.00151
0.010
2016
HDV6
0.1140
0.00128
0.00875
0.012
0.00024
0.0016
0.1329
0.00185
0.0126
0.1907
0.00210
0.0144
0.1461
0.00151
0.010
2016
HDV7
0.1079
0.00130
0.00887
0.011
0.00023
0.0016
0.1283
0.00185
0.0127
0.1842
0.00213
0.0145
0.1404
0.00153
0.010
2016
HDV8a
0.1079
0.00130
0.00887
0.011
0.00023
0.0016
0.1283
0.00185
0.0127
0.1842
0.00213
0.0145
0.1404
0.00153
0.010
2016
HDV8b
0.1079
0.00130
0.00887
0.011
0.00023
0.0016
0.1283
0.00185
0.0127
0.1842
0.00213
0.0145
0.1404
0.00153
0.010
2017
HDV2b
0.0409
0.00087
0.00250
0.002
0.00010
0.0003
0.0340
0.00073
0.0024
0.0664
0.00169
0.0045
0.0655
0.00141
0.003
2017
HDV3
0.1087
0.00129
0.00886
0.011
0.00023
0.0016
0.1289
0.00185
0.0127
0.1850
0.00212
0.0145
0.1412
0.00153
0.010
2017
HDV4
0.1114
0.00129
0.00880
0.012
0.00024
0.0016
0.1310
0.00185
0.0126
0.1879
0.00211
0.0144
0.1437
0.00152
0.010
2017
HDV5
0.1130
0.00128
0.00877
0.012
0.00024
0.0016
0.1322
0.00185
0.0126
0.1897
0.00211
0.0144
0.1453
0.00151
0.010
2017
HDV6
0.1132
0.00128
0.00877
0.012
0.00024
0.0016
0.1323
0.00185
0.0126
0.1898
0.00211
0.0144
0.1454
0.00151
0.010
2017
HDV7
0.1079
0.00130
0.00887
0.011
0.00023
0.0016
0.1283
0.00185
0.0127
0.1842
0.00213
0.0145
0.1404
0.00153
0.010
2017
HDV8a
0.1079
0.00130
0.00887
0.011
0.00023
0.0016
0.1283
0.00185
0.0127
0.1842
0.00213
0.0145
0.1404
0.00153
0.010
2017
HDV8b
0.1079
0.00130
0.00887
0.011
0.00023
0.0016
0.1283
0.00185
0.0127
0.1842
0.00213
0.0145
0.1404
0.00153
0.010
2018
HDV2b
0.0324
0.00087
0.00249
0.001
0.00010
0.0002
0.0277
0.00074
0.0025
0.0531
0.00168
0.0043
0.0521
0.00140
0.003
2018
HDV3
0.0800
0.00128
0.00879
0.008
0.00023
0.0016
0.0965
0.00184
0.0126
0.1376
0.00211
0.0144
0.1057
0.00151
0.010
2018
HDV4
0.0887
0.00126
0.00860
0.009
0.00024
0.0016
0.1041
0.00183
0.0125
0.1484
0.00207
0.0141
0.1148
0.00148
0.010
2018
HDV5
0.0933
0.00124
0.00851
0.009
0.00024
0.0016
0.1080
0.00183
0.0125
0.1540
0.00205
0.0140
0.1195
0.00146
0.010
2018
HDV6
0.0936
0.00124
0.00850
0.009
0.00024
0.0016
0.1083
0.00183
0.0125
0.1544
0.00205
0.0140
0.1199
0.00146
0.010
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-18
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
"x-
Highway
Urban
Deceleration
o 25 mph
25 50 mph
>50 mph
u . ,Vehicle
ModelYr Class
z
o
X
BC PM
2
Q.
O
CQ
X
o
z
0
CQ
X
0
z
PM
2
Q.
O
CQ
X
0
z
2
Q.
O
CQ
X
0
z
2018
HDV7
0.0771
0.00129
0.00885
0.008
0.00023
0.0016
0.0940
0.00185
0.0126
0.1341
0.00212
0.0145
0.1027
0.00152
0.010
2018
HDV8a
0.0771
0.00129
0.00885
0.008
0.00023
0.0016
0.0940
0.00185
0.0126
0.1341
0.00212
0.0145
0.1027
0.00152
0.010
2018
HDV8b
0.0771
0.00129
0.00885
0.008
0.00023
0.0016
0.0940
0.00185
0.0126
0.1341
0.00212
0.0145
0.1027
0.00152
0.010
2019
HDV2b
0.0292
0.00086
0.00243
0.001
0.00010
0.0002
0.0253
0.00074
0.0025
0.0472
0.00165
0.0042
0.0461
0.00137
0.003
2019
HDV3
0.0762
0.00128
0.00879
0.008
0.00023
0.0016
0.0920
0.00184
0.0126
0.1309
0.00211
0.0144
0.1006
0.00151
0.010
2019
HDV4
0.0848
0.00126
0.00862
0.008
0.00024
0.0016
0.0996
0.00183
0.0125
0.1417
0.00207
0.0141
0.1097
0.00148
0.010
2019
HDV5
0.0893
0.00125
0.00853
0.009
0.00024
0.0016
0.1036
0.00183
0.0125
0.1474
0.00205
0.0140
0.1144
0.00147
0.010
2019
HDV6
0.0897
0.00124
0.00852
0.009
0.00024
0.0016
0.1039
0.00183
0.0125
0.1478
0.00205
0.0140
0.1148
0.00146
0.010
2019
HDV7
0.0734
0.00129
0.00885
0.008
0.00023
0.0016
0.0896
0.00185
0.0126
0.1275
0.00212
0.0145
0.0977
0.00152
0.010
2019
HDV8a
0.0734
0.00129
0.00885
0.008
0.00023
0.0016
0.0896
0.00185
0.0126
0.1275
0.00212
0.0145
0.0977
0.00152
0.010
2019
HDV8b
0.0734
0.00129
0.00885
0.008
0.00023
0.0016
0.0896
0.00185
0.0126
0.1275
0.00212
0.0145
0.0977
0.00152
0.010
2020
HDV2b
0.0211
0.00050
0.00141
0.001
6.15761
0.0001
0.0194
0.00043
0.0015
0.0332
0.00095
0.0024
0.0320
0.00079
0.001
2020
HDV3
0.0725
0.00077
0.00531
0.007
0.00014
0.0009
0.0876
0.00112
0.0076
0.1243
0.00128
0.0087
0.0956
0.00092
0.006
2020
HDV4
0.0810
0.00076
0.00522
0.008
0.00014
0.0010
0.0952
0.00112
0.0076
0.1351
0.00127
0.0086
0.1047
0.00091
0.006
2020
HDV5
0.0855
0.00075
0.00518
0.008
0.00014
0.0010
0.0992
0.00112
0.0076
0.1409
0.00126
0.0085
0.1095
0.00090
0.006
2020
HDV6
0.0859
0.00075
0.00518
0.008
0.00015
0.0010
0.0995
0.00112
0.0076
0.1413
0.00126
0.0085
0.1098
0.00090
0.006
2020
HDV7
0.0698
0.00078
0.00534
0.007
0.00014
0.0009
0.0851
0.00112
0.0076
0.1208
0.00129
0.0087
0.0927
0.00093
0.006
2020
HDV8a
0.0698
0.00078
0.00534
0.007
0.00014
0.0009
0.0851
0.00112
0.0076
0.1208
0.00129
0.0087
0.0927
0.00093
0.006
2020
HDV8b
0.0698
0.00078
0.00534
0.007
0.00014
0.0009
0.0851
0.00112
0.0076
0.1208
0.00129
0.0087
0.0927
0.00093
0.006
2021
HDV2b
0.0181
0.00041
0.00122
0.001
5.05755
0.0001
0.0167
0.00037
0.0013
0.0281
0.00077
0.0020
0.0269
0.00064
0.001
2021
HDV3
0.0679
0.00077
0.00528
0.007
0.00014
0.0009
0.0826
0.00112
0.0076
0.1170
0.00128
0.0087
0.0902
0.00092
0.006
2021
HDV4
0.0758
0.00075
0.00518
0.008
0.00014
0.0010
0.0900
0.00111
0.0075
0.1276
0.00126
0.0085
0.0990
0.00090
0.006
2021
HDV5
0.0801
0.00075
0.00513
0.008
0.00014
0.0010
0.0939
0.00111
0.0075
0.1332
0.00125
0.0085
0.1037
0.00089
0.006
2021
HDV6
0.0804
0.00075
0.00513
0.008
0.00014
0.0010
0.0942
0.00111
0.0075
0.1337
0.00125
0.0085
0.1040
0.00089
0.006
2021
HDV7
0.0654
0.00077
0.00531
0.007
0.00014
0.0009
0.0802
0.00112
0.0076
0.1136
0.00128
0.0087
0.0874
0.00092
0.006
2021
HDV8a
0.0654
0.00077
0.00531
0.007
0.00014
0.0009
0.0802
0.00112
0.0076
0.1136
0.00128
0.0087
0.0874
0.00092
0.006
2021
HDV8b
0.0654
0.00077
0.00531
0.007
0.00014
0.0009
0.0802
0.00112
0.0076
0.1136
0.00128
0.0087
0.0874
0.00092
0.006
2022
HDV2b
0.0154
0.00041
0.00123
0.000
5.09723
0.0001
0.0145
0.00037
0.0013
0.0233
0.00077
0.0020
0.0221
0.00064
0.001
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-ig
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
"x-
Highway
Urban
Deceleration
0 25 mph
25 50 mph
>50 mph
u . ,Vehicle
ModelYr Class
z
O
X
BC PM
2
Q.
O
CQ
X
0
z
0
CQ
X
0
z
PM
2
Q.
O
CQ
X
0
z
2
Q.
O
CQ
X
0
z
2022
HDV3
0.0644
0.00077
0.00528
0.006
0.00014
0.0009
0.0783
0.00112
0.0076
0.1105
0.00128
0.0087
0.0853
0.00092
0.006
2022
HDV4
0.0725
0.00075
0.00518
0.007
0.00014
0.0010
0.0860
0.00111
0.0075
0.1215
0.00126
0.0085
0.0944
0.00090
0.006
2022
HDV5
0.0768
0.00075
0.00513
0.007
0.00014
0.0010
0.0901
0.00111
0.0075
0.1274
0.00125
0.0085
0.0993
0.00089
0.006
2022
HDV6
0.0772
0.00075
0.00513
0.007
0.00014
0.0010
0.0904
0.00111
0.0075
0.1279
0.00125
0.0085
0.0997
0.00089
0.006
2022
HDV7
0.0618
0.00077
0.00531
0.006
0.00014
0.0009
0.0758
0.00112
0.0076
0.1069
0.00128
0.0087
0.0824
0.00092
0.006
2022
HDV8a
0.0618
0.00077
0.00531
0.006
0.00014
0.0009
0.0758
0.00112
0.0076
0.1069
0.00128
0.0087
0.0824
0.00092
0.006
2022
HDV8b
0.0618
0.00077
0.00531
0.006
0.00014
0.0009
0.0758
0.00112
0.0076
0.1069
0.00128
0.0087
0.0824
0.00092
0.006
2023
HDV2b
0.0132
0.00041
0.00122
0.000
5.10371
0.0001
0.0131
0.00037
0.0013
0.0196
0.00077
0.0020
0.0184
0.00065
0.001
2023
HDV3
0.0643
0.00077
0.00528
0.006
0.00014
0.0009
0.0782
0.00112
0.0076
0.1104
0.00128
0.0087
0.0853
0.00092
0.006
2023
HDV4
0.0723
0.00075
0.00518
0.007
0.00014
0.0009
0.0858
0.00111
0.0076
0.1213
0.00126
0.0086
0.0943
0.00090
0.006
2023
HDV5
0.0766
0.00075
0.00513
0.007
0.00014
0.0010
0.0899
0.00111
0.0075
0.1272
0.00125
0.0085
0.0991
0.00089
0.006
2023
HDV6
0.0770
0.00075
0.00513
0.007
0.00014
0.0010
0.0902
0.00111
0.0075
0.1276
0.00125
0.0085
0.0995
0.00089
0.006
2023
HDV7
0.0618
0.00077
0.00531
0.006
0.00014
0.0009
0.0758
0.00112
0.0076
0.1069
0.00128
0.0087
0.0824
0.00092
0.006
2023
HDV8a
0.0618
0.00077
0.00531
0.006
0.00014
0.0009
0.0758
0.00112
0.0076
0.1069
0.00128
0.0087
0.0824
0.00092
0.006
2023
HDV8b
0.0618
0.00077
0.00531
0.006
0.00014
0.0009
0.0758
0.00112
0.0076
0.1069
0.00128
0.0087
0.0824
0.00092
0.006
2024
HDV2b
0.0132
0.00041
0.00122
0.000
5.10371
0.0001
0.0131
0.00037
0.0013
0.0196
0.00077
0.0020
0.0184
0.00065
0.001
2024
HDV3
0.0643
0.00077
0.00528
0.006
0.00014
0.0009
0.0782
0.00112
0.0076
0.1104
0.00128
0.0087
0.0853
0.00092
0.006
2024
HDV4
0.0723
0.00075
0.00518
0.007
0.00014
0.0009
0.0858
0.00111
0.0076
0.1213
0.00126
0.0086
0.0943
0.00090
0.006
2024
HDV5
0.0766
0.00075
0.00513
0.007
0.00014
0.0010
0.0899
0.00111
0.0075
0.1272
0.00125
0.0085
0.0991
0.00089
0.006
2024
HDV6
0.0770
0.00075
0.00513
0.007
0.00014
0.0010
0.0902
0.00111
0.0075
0.1276
0.00125
0.0085
0.0995
0.00089
0.006
2024
HDV7
0.0618
0.00077
0.00531
0.006
0.00014
0.0009
0.0758
0.00112
0.0076
0.1069
0.00128
0.0087
0.0824
0.00092
0.006
2024
HDV8a
0.0618
0.00077
0.00531
0.006
0.00014
0.0009
0.0758
0.00112
0.0076
0.1069
0.00128
0.0087
0.0824
0.00092
0.006
2024
HDV8b
0.0618
0.00077
0.00531
0.006
0.00014
0.0009
0.0758
0.00112
0.0076
0.1069
0.00128
0.0087
0.0824
0.00092
0.006
Note - MOVES does not provide consistent outputs for CLass 8b gasoLine vehicLes; therefore gasoLine 8bs are set equal, to 8as.
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-20
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^vSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J
Appendix B: NOx, PM & BC Idle Factors - g/hr
(MOVES3.1,2021 Calendar Year, ULSD)
Table B-i. Short Duration Idle Emission Factors (< 60 minutes per idle event) (g/hr)
ModeL
Pollutant
Fuel
Year
CLass 2b 3
Classes 4 5
Classes 6 7
Classes 8a/b
NOx
Gasoline
Pre-1992
6.99132319
6.991348265
6.991313478
6.991333726
NOx
Gasoline
1992
6.99132319
6.991348265
6.991313478
6.991333726
NOx
Gasoline
1993
6.99132319
6.991348265
6.991313478
6.991333726
NOx
Gasoline
1994
7.009038809
7.009013516
7.009008759
7.009017699
NOx
Gasoline
1995
7.009008017
7.0090362
7.009005971
7.008999112
NOx
Gasoline
1996
7.008997303
7.009016286
7.0089857
7.008976395
NOx
Gasoline
1997
7.008996244
7.008972245
7.009008738
7.009011479
NOx
Gasoline
1998
14.52363132
14.52358765
14.52364553
14.5236172
NOx
Gasoline
1999
14.52361875
14.52365456
14.5235982
14.52359378
NOx
Gasoline
2000
14.52362638
14.52365541
14.52360256
14.52364348
NOx
Gasoline
2001
7.609880929
6.173603376
6.173599715
6.173594293
NOx
Gasoline
2002
7.630162001
6.173595652
6.173601019
6.173598382
NOx
Gasoline
2003
7.660536297
6.173603201
6.173612856
6.173609433
NOx
Gasoline
2004
7.611757223
6.173591256
6.173594894
6.173609654
NOx
Gasoline
2005
7.546983981
6.173598721
6.173606848
6.173611772
NOx
Gasoline
2006
7.570297649
6.173620423
6.173590423
6.173584605
NOx
Gasoline
2007
7.591510398
6.173588387
6.173577947
6.173589472
NOx
Gasoline
2008
3.776443292
3.137971542
1.852079534
1.852081698
NOx
Gasoline
2009
0.108490535
0.090400473
1.85208252
1.852076927
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix B B-i
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^vSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J
Pollutant
Fuel
Model
Year
Class 2b 3
Classes 4 5
Classes 6 7
Classes 8a/b
NOx
Gasoline
2010
0.303397611
0.255534353
0.255533645
0.255533889
NOx
Gasoline
2011
0.304243616
0.255533166
0.255532961
0.255534088
NOx
Gasoline
2012
0.303040458
0.255533116
0.255533416
0.255533443
NOx
Gasoline
2013
0.30040711
0.255533485
0.25553431
0.255533412
NOx
Gasoline
2014
0.283384621
0.255534477
0.255532777
0.255533854
NOx
Gasoline
2015
0.285279517
0.255533911
0.255533101
0.25553423
NOx
Gasoline
2016
0.286823836
0.255533914
0.255532479
0.255533427
NOx
Gasoline
2017
0.286412242
0.255533687
0.255532518
0.25553385
NOx
Gasoline
2018
0.125390887
0.139382163
0.139382122
0.139381913
NOx
Gasoline
2019
0.095929445
0.139382145
0.13938189
0.139382283
NOx
Gasoline
2020
0.075038065
0.139381469
0.139382129
0.139381531
NOx
Gasoline
2021
0.054961772
0.139381869
0.139382139
0.139381446
NOx
Gasoline
2022
0.034114323
0.139382231
0.139381969
0.139382637
NOx
Gasoline
2023
0.03418769
0.139382223
0.139381988
0.139382165
NOx
Gasoline
2024
0.03418769
0.139382223
0.139381988
0.139382165
NOx
Diesel
Pre-1992
122.0871685
122.0868952
141.3955933
141.395562
NOx
Diesel
1992
122.0871685
122.0868952
141.3955933
141.395562
NOx
Diesel
1993
122.0871685
122.0868952
141.3955933
141.395562
NOx
Diesel
1994
122.0868555
122.0869632
141.3959038
141.3954798
NOx
Diesel
1995
122.0867134
122.0866316
141.3954695
141.3956703
NOx
Diesel
1996
122.0869142
122.0863143
141.3955372
141.3956363
NOx
Diesel
1997
122.0867827
122.0866033
141.3956118
141.3956124
NOx
Diesel
1998
97.66913524
97.66908107
118.7281822
118.7278714
NOx
Diesel
1999
97.66943348
97.66936611
97.66902676
156.6231799
NOx
Diesel
2000
97.66915034
97.6691253
97.66944488
156.6231242
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix B B-2
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^vSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J
Pollutant
Fuel
Model
Year
Class 2b 3
Classes 4 5
Classes 6 7
Classes 8a/b
NOx
Diesel
2001
97.60867103
97.66954857
97.66882304
156.6236267
NOx
Diesel
2002
97.60690685
97.66904856
97.66919008
156.6233418
NOx
Diesel
2003
22.18728332
22.20151462
46.34938491
57.61411801
NOx
Diesel
2004
22.18683924
22.20156119
46.34935151
57.6140728
NOx
Diesel
2005
22.18958908
22.2015657
46.3492854
57.61403191
NOx
Diesel
2006
22.18976978
22.20153126
46.34925979
57.61402114
NOx
Diesel
2007
20.55991224
20.57470746
23.09817191
53.94926809
NOx
Diesel
2008
20.55894188
20.56963949
23.09449841
53.94522551
NOx
Diesel
2009
20.56252815
20.57545089
23.09966943
53.94933145
NOx
Diesel
2010
17.54130605
20.00807974
35.8813816
47.62654614
NOx
Diesel
2011
23.07954459
26.26261678
34.75010731
42.20700378
NOx
Diesel
2012
20.23154099
23.01621592
34.84557952
41.66550504
NOx
Diesel
2013
31.55409597
31.67181302
21.03404131
35.91740074
NOx
Diesel
2014
14.38563165
14.42620749
29.09416065
49.57918647
NOx
Diesel
2015
10.16444166
10.1981034
27.95139177
49.35948587
NOx
Diesel
2016
10.16081627
10.19822086
27.95854838
50.09745725
NOx
Diesel
2017
10.15926284
10.19806586
27.83967098
52.96616952
NOx
Diesel
2018
6.397637136
10.1977278
26.01743848
52.96894465
NOx
Diesel
2019
5.396887947
10.19777497
26.01758987
52.9691902
NOx
Diesel
2020
3.464040667
6.454199497
18.38560354
38.38372762
NOx
Diesel
2021
2.987998918
6.454252375
18.38487906
38.38201559
NOx
Diesel
2022
2.473953731
6.454241895
18.38544476
38.3831667
NOx
Diesel
2023
2.473754332
6.454263529
18.38497835
38.38198897
NOx
Diesel
2024
2.473754332
6.454263529
18.38497835
38.38198897
PM2.5
Gasoline
Pre-1992
0.133834845
0.133835097
0.133834782
0.133834975
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix B B-3
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^vSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J
Pollutant
Fuel
Model
Year
Class 2b 3
Classes 4 5
Classes 6 7
Classes 8a/b
PM2.5
Gasoline
1992
0.133834845
0.133835097
0.133834782
0.133834975
PM2.5
Gasoline
1993
0.133834845
0.133835097
0.133834782
0.133834975
PM2.5
Gasoline
1994
0.043747252
0.043747162
0.043747113
0.043747269
PM2.5
Gasoline
1995
0.052143221
0.052143154
0.052143332
0.052143194
PM2.5
Gasoline
1996
0.121321699
0.121321551
0.121321936
0.121321761
PM2.5
Gasoline
1997
0.127621771
0.127621925
0.127622301
0.127622256
PM2.5
Gasoline
1998
0.076205992
0.076206111
0.076206126
0.076206061
PM2.5
Gasoline
1999
0.036965258
0.036965201
0.036965171
0.036965082
PM2.5
Gasoline
2000
0.01641891
0.016418916
0.016418943
0.016418944
PM2.5
Gasoline
2001
0.01541505
0.015415024
0.015415052
0.015415064
PM2.5
Gasoline
2002
0.065296693
0.065296698
0.065296686
0.06529664
PM2.5
Gasoline
2003
0.038555678
0.038555621
0.038555624
0.038555615
PM2.5
Gasoline
2004
0.070256122
0.068177897
0.068177781
0.068177942
PM2.5
Gasoline
2005
0.070162457
0.068177955
0.068178187
0.068177828
PM2.5
Gasoline
2006
0.070196241
0.06817772
0.068178072
0.068177754
PM2.5
Gasoline
2007
0.070226768
0.068177763
0.068177711
0.068178098
PM2.5
Gasoline
2008
0.069993167
0.068177724
0.068177879
0.068177832
PM2.5
Gasoline
2009
0.052985033
0.051633009
0.051632991
0.051632821
PM2.5
Gasoline
2010
0.054805364
0.061276513
0.020425435
0.020425527
PM2.5
Gasoline
2011
0.054828561
0.061276446
0.020425435
0.02042544
PM2.5
Gasoline
2012
0.054795736
0.061276374
0.020425482
0.020425433
PM2.5
Gasoline
2013
0.054724078
0.053502847
0.018495405
0.018495358
PM2.5
Gasoline
2014
0.054260905
0.053502956
0.01849541
0.018495354
PM2.5
Gasoline
2015
0.054312437
0.053502871
0.018495437
0.018495456
PM2.5
Gasoline
2016
0.054354551
0.053502916
0.018495406
0.018495459
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix B B-4
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J
Pollutant
Fuel
Model
Year
Class 2b 3
Classes 4 5
Classes 6 7
Classes 8a/b
PM2.5
Gasoline
2017
0.054343161
0.053502805
0.018495402
0.018495392
PM2.5
Gasoline
2018
0.054250637
0.053502867
0.016512058
0.018495372
PM2.5
Gasoline
2019
0.054213786
0.05350291
0.016512046
0.018495371
PM2.5
Gasoline
2020
0.032530052
0.032112416
0.011686933
0.012651923
PM2.5
Gasoline
2021
0.032539347
0.03211243
0.011686947
0.012651934
PM2.5
Gasoline
2022
0.032530299
0.032112511
0.011686923
0.012651969
PM2.5
Gasoline
2023
0.032533084
0.032112501
0.011686903
0.012651982
PM2.5
Gasoline
2024
0.032533084
0.032112501
0.011686903
0.012651982
PM2.5
Diesel
Pre-1992
4.539930126
5.301241063
6.016181896
6.016176419
PM2.5
Diesel
1992
4.539930126
5.301241063
6.016181896
6.016176419
PM2.5
Diesel
1993
4.539930126
5.301241063
6.016181896
6.016176419
PM2.5
Diesel
1994
9.495746152
11.1299267
10.40181602
9.198303598
PM2.5
Diesel
1995
9.468791212
11.12996332
10.40183263
9.198301547
PM2.5
Diesel
1996
9.460357323
11.12992531
10.40182741
9.198294225
PM2.5
Diesel
1997
9.581914836
11.12991186
10.40181656
9.1982835
PM2.5
Diesel
1998
9.002457911
10.46814316
9.875618502
8.796776469
PM2.5
Diesel
1999
8.914392619
10.46814656
9.875600249
8.796766939
PM2.5
Diesel
2000
9.134916417
10.46815784
9.875623001
8.796769055
PM2.5
Diesel
2001
8.256867353
10.46816445
9.875603115
8.796788638
PM2.5
Diesel
2002
8.193670925
10.46815775
9.875607433
8.796767369
PM2.5
Diesel
2003
6.963425327
8.903949971
8.903942549
7.949960659
PM2.5
Diesel
2004
6.893152416
8.90395322
8.903954516
7.949955194
PM2.5
Diesel
2005
7.273119098
8.90394736
8.903954333
7.949951003
PM2.5
Diesel
2006
7.308623868
8.903944685
8.903944322
7.949955626
PM2.5
Diesel
2007
0.39056082
0.388939975
0.259762366
0.259761363
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix B B-5
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J
Pollutant
Fuel
Model
Year
Class 2b 3
Classes 4 5
Classes 6 7
Classes 8a/b
PM2.5
Diesel
2008
0.390338968
0.388941241
0.259761072
0.259761195
PM2.5
Diesel
2009
0.390238186
0.388941134
0.259760959
0.259761218
PM2.5
Diesel
2010
0.049544042
0.058965413
0.493999204
0.017847758
PM2.5
Diesel
2011
0.04902686
0.057028097
0.484379155
0.017790022
PM2.5
Diesel
2012
0.049437687
0.057369612
0.486820884
0.017832651
PM2.5
Diesel
2013
0.049690538
0.051471326
0.433939249
0.015772215
PM2.5
Diesel
2014
0.006360257
0.006566276
0.056443752
0.023459884
PM2.5
Diesel
2015
0.0063235
0.006565353
0.056451333
0.023462964
PM2.5
Diesel
2016
0.006297629
0.00656608
0.056359301
0.023419384
PM2.5
Diesel
2017
0.00628662
0.006565455
0.056331741
0.023396535
PM2.5
Diesel
2018
0.006289273
0.006562816
0.052606674
0.023409752
PM2.5
Diesel
2019
0.006272237
0.006562624
0.052609429
0.023411047
PM2.5
Diesel
2020
0.003743118
0.003929478
0.035618167
0.016355609
PM2.5
Diesel
2021
0.0037364
0.003929542
0.035602037
0.016347453
PM2.5
Diesel
2022
0.003736847
0.003929713
0.035614656
0.016353313
PM2.5
Diesel
2023
0.003733253
0.003929783
0.035604039
0.016347728
PM2.5
Diesel
2024
0.003733253
0.003929783
0.035604039
0.016347728
Black Carbon
Gasoline
Pre-1992
0.019615537
0.0196156
0.019615541
0.019615692
Black Carbon
Gasoline
1992
0.019615537
0.0196156
0.019615541
0.019615692
Black Carbon
Gasoline
1993
0.019615537
0.0196156
0.019615541
0.019615692
Black Carbon
Gasoline
1994
0.006411877
0.006411854
0.006411862
0.006411867
Black Carbon
Gasoline
1995
0.00764246
0.00764241
0.007642431
0.007642428
Black Carbon
Gasoline
1996
0.017781624
0.017781614
0.017781571
0.017781611
Black Carbon
Gasoline
1997
0.018705125
0.018705139
0.018705151
0.018705153
Black Carbon
Gasoline
1998
0.011169254
0.011169212
0.011169273
0.011169235
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix B B-6
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J
Pollutant
Fuel
Model
Year
Class 2b 3
Classes 4 5
Classes 6 7
Classes 8a/b
Black Carbon
Gasoline
1999
0.005417832
0.005417832
0.005417831
0.005417821
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2000
0.002406454
0.002406465
0.002406457
0.002406462
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2001
0.002259896
0.002259898
0.002259894
0.002259898
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2002
0.009572727
0.009572738
0.0095727
0.009572695
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2003
0.005652391
0.005652392
0.005652386
0.005652381
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2004
0.009995115
0.009995129
0.009995125
0.009995133
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2005
0.009995128
0.00999514
0.009995152
0.009995144
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2006
0.009995131
0.009995133
0.009995101
0.009995112
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2007
0.009995141
0.009995099
0.00999511
0.00999516
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2008
0.009995126
0.009995107
0.009995154
0.009995145
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2009
0.007569564
0.007569581
0.007569588
0.007569589
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2010
0.008146639
0.009164985
0.003054986
0.003054998
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2011
0.008146635
0.009164986
0.003054995
0.003054994
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2012
0.008146645
0.009164958
0.003054987
0.003054994
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2013
0.008146641
0.00814665
0.003054981
0.003054995
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2014
0.008146655
0.008146651
0.003054994
0.003054994
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2015
0.008146651
0.008146648
0.003054998
0.003054984
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2016
0.008146653
0.008146652
0.00305499
0.00305499
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2017
0.008146623
0.008146643
0.003054985
0.003054988
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2018
0.008146659
0.00814665
0.002036661
0.003054993
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2019
0.008146643
0.008146647
0.00203666
0.003054989
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2020
0.005091646
0.005091645
0.002036662
0.002036652
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2021
0.00509165
0.005091642
0.002036661
0.002036664
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2022
0.005091649
0.005091672
0.002036661
0.002036674
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2023
0.005091652
0.005091666
0.002036661
0.002036664
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix B B-7
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^vSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J
Pollutant
Fuel
Model
Year
Class 2b 3
Classes 4 5
Classes 6 7
Classes 8a/b
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2024
0.005091652
0.005091666
0.002036661
0.002036664
Black Carbon
Diesel
Pre-1992
1.920470525
1.682126338
1.90896879
1.908963719
Black Carbon
Diesel
1992
1.920470525
1.682126338
1.90896879
1.908963719
Black Carbon
Diesel
1993
1.920470525
1.682126338
1.90896879
1.908963719
Black Carbon
Diesel
1994
4.043208286
3.531584973
3.300556443
2.918673907
Black Carbon
Diesel
1995
4.05162041
3.531595829
3.300558577
2.918676117
Black Carbon
Diesel
1996
4.054272497
3.531585382
3.300557693
2.918673271
Black Carbon
Diesel
1997
4.016202757
3.531592521
3.300553003
2.918668765
Black Carbon
Diesel
1998
3.780456995
3.321603673
3.133596906
2.791265031
Black Carbon
Diesel
1999
3.808039864
3.32160851
3.13359329
2.791266767
Black Carbon
Diesel
2000
3.738994598
3.321610124
3.133599131
2.791268254
Black Carbon
Diesel
2001
3.330220125
3.321607302
3.133592945
2.791273555
Black Carbon
Diesel
2002
3.33046928
3.321607519
3.13359061
2.791261961
Black Carbon
Diesel
2003
2.832835345
2.82527793
2.825278746
2.52257548
Black Carbon
Diesel
2004
2.833114402
2.825280849
2.825280456
2.522574695
Black Carbon
Diesel
2005
2.831623527
2.82527356
2.825280574
2.522567921
Black Carbon
Diesel
2006
2.831485396
2.825277304
2.825281557
2.522571156
Black Carbon
Diesel
2007
0.045625267
0.045436078
0.030345411
0.030345415
Black Carbon
Diesel
2008
0.045599598
0.0454361
0.0303454
0.030345361
Black Carbon
Diesel
2009
0.045587809
0.0454362
0.030345367
0.030345374
Black Carbon
Diesel
2010
0.005791023
0.006892265
0.057741844
0.002086163
Black Carbon
Diesel
2011
0.00573059
0.006665814
0.056617442
0.00207941
Black Carbon
Diesel
2012
0.005778598
0.006705729
0.056902953
0.002084394
Black Carbon
Diesel
2013
0.005808147
0.006016317
0.050721541
0.001843566
Black Carbon
Diesel
2014
0.000743427
0.000767508
0.006597519
0.002742141
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix B B-8
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^vSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J
Pollutant
Fuel
Model
Year
Class 2b 3
Classes 4 5
Classes 6 7
Classes 8a/b
Black Carbon
Diesel
2015
0.000739132
0.0007674
0.006598399
0.0027425
Black Carbon
Diesel
2016
0.000736108
0.000767486
0.006587641
0.002737414
Black Carbon
Diesel
2017
0.000734818
0.000767412
0.006584427
0.002734738
Black Carbon
Diesel
2018
0.000735132
0.000767103
0.006148989
0.002736286
Black Carbon
Diesel
2019
0.000733137
0.000767083
0.006149332
0.002736434
Black Carbon
Diesel
2020
0.00043752
0.000459303
0.004163278
0.00191175
Black Carbon
Diesel
2021
0.000436734
0.000459311
0.004161392
0.001910793
Black Carbon
Diesel
2022
0.000436787
0.00045933
0.004162867
0.001911481
Black Carbon
Diesel
2023
0.000436368
0.000459339
0.004161628
0.001910831
Black Carbon
Diesel
2024
0.000436368
0.000459339
0.004161628
0.001910831
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix B B-g
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^vSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J
Table B-2. Extended Idle Emission Factors - Class 8b Diesels Only (g/hr)
Model Year
X
o
z
pm25
Black Carbon
Pre-1992
145.6319049
4.918207543
1.117856733
1992
145.6319049
4.918207543
1.117856733
1993
145.6319049
4.918207543
1.117856733
1994
145.6321717
7.566293231
1.672484275
1995
145.6319755
7.568724265
1.677441967
1996
145.6309259
7.5795459
1.699516641
1997
145.6318086
7.566485389
1.672881322
1998
145.6314403
7.244339002
1.621499321
1999
145.6317128
7.225152223
1.579290387
2000
145.6315877
7.212935378
1.552426059
2001
145.6315504
7.213926354
1.55463168
2002
145.6315276
7.2130113
1.552618139
2003
145.6318606
6.518589852
1.402985427
2004
145.6318999
6.518615311
1.403028003
2005
145.6328963
6.51860244
1.403002004
2006
145.6313246
6.518587034
1.402989837
2007
107.539192
0.097012007
0.014911786
2008
107.5399221
0.097012225
0.014911778
2009
107.5400515
0.097012126
0.014911798
2010
45.87624348
0.051921019
0.011046537
2011
45.87622068
0.05192079
0.011046513
2012
45.87616576
0.051920889
0.011046508
2013
45.87631632
0.040499457
0.009350028
2014
45.87620601
0.040499384
0.009350026
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix B B-io
-------
45.87618151
0.040499421
0.009350034
45.87625296
0.040499372
0.00935001
45.87620295
0.040499492
0.009350023
45.87613146
0.0404994
0.009350041
45.87630693
0.040499476
0.009350025
45.87618468
0.040499365
0.009350023
45.87599886
0.040499371
0.009350018
45.87639888
0.040499487
0.009350012
45.87603373
0.040499412
0.009350015
45.87603373
0.040499412
0.009350015
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix B B-11
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"^vSmartWay
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Appendix C: Derivation of National Average
g/kW-hr Emission Factors
FROM ARGONNE GREET MODEL Version 201Q. http://greet.es.anL.gov/
l. Electric Generation Mix (eGRID U.S. Average 2018 Data (https://www.epa.gov/egrid/emissions-
generation-resource-integrated-database-egrid))
Table C-i. Electric Generation Mix
U.S. Mix
Residual oil
0.6%
Natural gas
35.1%
Coal
27.5%
Nuclear power
19.4%
Biomass
1.6%
Hydro
6.9%
Wind
6.5%
Solar
1.5%
Geothermal
0.4%
Other
0.3%
2. Electric Transmission and Distribution Loss = 4.87%
3. Power Plant Emissions: in Grams per kWh of Electricity Available at Power Plant Gate
Table C-2. Power Plant Emissions at Gate
GREET Calculated Emission Factors
By Fuel Type Plants (Stationary and Transportation)
Oil Fired
NG Fired
Coal Fired
Biomass Fired
TOTAL based on US Mix
X
O
z
397
0.21
O.36
O.92
0.21
PM10
0.16
0.011
0.06l
2.09
O.O56
pm25
0.11
0.011
0.043
0.6l
0.026
BC
0.0073
0.0015
0.0018
0.0015
0.0025
co2
840
404
947
0
407
Assumes no emissions from nucLear power pLants, hydro, wind, soLar, geothermaL, and "Other"
4. Power Plant Emissions: Grams per kWh of Electricity Available at User Sites (wall outlets)
Total power plant gate emissions/(i-electric transmission and distribution loss)
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix C C-i
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•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
Table C-3. Power Plant Emissions at Wall Outlet
Total delivered based on US electric generation mix
NOx
0.22
PM10
0.059
pm25
0.028
BC
0.0026
co2
428
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix C C-
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"^vSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency +
Appendix D: PERE Efficiency Modeling
Methodology
The PERE model is not specifically designed for modeling heavy duty hybrid trucks, but as it is a physical
model that is primarily dependent upon input values, its use was considered appropriate for the estimation of
the fuel economy effects of truck hybridization. The model calculates second-by-second fuel consumption
for user-defined drive cycles based on a physical model. The model takes a number of user-specified
parameters, along with some of its own defaults, to perform these calculations for a variety of vehicle and
powertrain types. The assumptions and data sources for the model inputs that were used are presented
below. The defaults for some parameters, such as hybrid regeneration efficiency and hybrid battery
efficiency, were assumed to remain unchanged when scaling from light-duty to heavy-duty vehicles.
Many vehicle parameters, such as road load and transmission data, were used from work already done with
the PERE model for the SmartWay program. Many of the parameters for that previous work were taken from
findings of internet searches for specifications of various trucks in new "as-delivered" condition, prior to the
addition of various vocational or cargo equipment installations that would increase drag and vehicle weight.
To establish the test weights for each truck class in this modeling effort, the original estimate of minimum
weight was averaged with the maximum possible weight for each truck class. This was done with the intent
of modeling an average or medium payload for each truck class. An important source of information was an
EPA draft document discussing the use of the PERE model by Nam and Gianelli48. This document contained
equations that could be used for estimates of some of the input parameters, along with information
describing the use of the model.
The two foremost inputs to the model include the vehicle weight and engine size. Vehicle empty weights
and engine sizes were taken from manufacturer supplied truck specifications where possible. For example,
Ford published a .pdf file titled F-250/F-350/F-450/F-550 Specifications49 that contains base curb weights
and engine sizes for some of their offerings in the light and medium duty market. Another useful source of
manufacturer data was in the Kenworth T170/T270/T370 Body Builders Manual50. The T170-T370 range
consists of medium duty trucks that can be delivered with a cab-only chassis. The manual describes all of
the dimensions relevant to the builder of a body or cargo area on the rear of the chassis. As such, it includes
curb weights, length and width dimensions, and gross vehicle weight ratings that were instrumental in
creating many of the inputs for the Class 5, 6, and 7 fuel economy models. Where specifications of multiple
trucks in a class were found, values were taken that would result in maximum fuel economy unless they
seemed noticeably atypical of in-use vehicles. Variations in weight and engine size over the ranges found in
literature did not have as large an effect on fuel economy as some of the other inputs to the PERE model. For
hybrid modeling, the engine size reduction due to hybridization ranged from 1 liter for the Class 2b and 3
trucks, up to 4 liters for the Class 8 trucks. This range was chosen based on the nature of hybrid trucks
4S Nam, Edward and Gianelli, Robert, Fuel. Consumption Modeling of Conventional and Advanced Technology Vehicles in the Physical Emission Rate
Estimator (PERE). US EPA Publication EPA420-P-05-001, February 2005.
49 FordF150.net. F-250/F-350/F-450/F-550 Specifications. Retrieved from http://www.fordfiqo.net/specs/oqsd specs.pdf Accessed 12-19-22.
50 Kenworth. Kenworth T170/T270/T370 and Hybrid 2011 Body Builders Manual. Retrieved from httPs://www.kenworth.com/media/aa2hk':nt/kenworth-
ti70-t270-t370-and-hvbrid-bodv-builder-manual-20ii.pdf. Accessed 12-19-22.
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix D D-l
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SmartWay
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currently available on the market. Class 2 hybrid trucks on the market typically have very little engine
downsizing from hybridization, however larger trucks were found to have more engine downsizing.
The number of transmission gears in each truck class was also based on specifications found on
manufacturers' web sites, but there is a wide range of the number of gears in the different available
transmissions. While it is very likely that the most efficient setup for Class 2b through 4 would be a 6-speed
manual transmission, there are a variety of options for Classes 5 through 8. It is also typical for a modern
Class 8 truck to have 10 gears, so the model input for Class 6 was taken to be 8 as a representation of typical
trucks in that class, and all trucks were modeled with manual transmissions. The PERE model also requires
shift speeds as an input to the model, and examples of these were not found in literature or internet
searches. ERG has previously logged on-road data from Class 8 trucks with 10-speed manual transmissions,
and this data was analyzed briefly to create an estimate of typical upshift speeds for this type of truck. Using
this speed/gear curve, two other curves were created by scaling for the 6 and 8 speed trucks modeled in
the study. Unfortunately, the shift speed chart has a very strong effect on the model's predicted fuel
economy but using carefully scaled shift point curves hopefully mitigated this source of error. The hybrid
trucks were modeled with the same transmissions as the conventional trucks. The model did not readily
include a provision for changing the transmission characteristics when changing from conventional to hybrid
powertrains. All transmission parameters were kept the same when making this change with the intent of
ensuring the resulting fuel economy effects were only due to hybridization, not due to transmission effects.
There were three other values regarding the driveline that were input for this study. The engine efficiency
was taken to be 40% over the cycle. The maximum engine speeds and highway cruise speeds were adjusted
together as well, to account for the larger displacement heavy duty engines turning more slowly than typical
Class 2b truck engines. The effects of the engine speed parameters on fuel economy were fairly small.
The road load estimation required assumptions and calculations as road load curves are not generally a part
of manufacturers' literature. The method of road load calculation used for this PERE modeling was based on
the coefficient of rolling resistance (CR), the aerodynamic drag coefficient (Cd), and the vehicle frontal area
(AF) in a physical equation of the truck's road load, given in Equation 1 from Nam and Gianelli (2005).
Coefficients of drag were based on values in literature, such as manufacturers' specifications for Class 2b and
in a report publication by Argonne National Laboratory61. Values for Cd ranged from .45 for the Class 2b and
the smaller medium duty trucks, to .5 for the class 8 long-haul trucks. The heavier medium duty trucks were
assumed to have a Cd of .55 as they were assumed to be vocational trucks with less streamlined
aerodynamics. Frontal area was taken from manufacturer specifications where available. As given in Nam
and Gianelli, the product of truck height and width was multiplied by a factor of 0.93 to get an estimate of
effective AF. Engineering judgment was applied to the dimensions found in literature to ensure a
representative increase in frontal area from the smaller to larger trucks. The rolling resistance values were
estimated using the trends observed by both Nam and Gianelli (2005) along with Delorme Karbowski, and
Sharer (2009), ranging from 0.01 for the light and medium duty trucks, down to 0.008 for the class 8 trucks.
51 DeLorme, A., Karbowski, D„ and Sharer, P. Evaluation of Fuel. Consumption Potential of Medium and Heavy-Duty Vehicles through Modeling and
Simulation. Argonne National Laboratory, DEPS-BEES-ooi, October 2009.
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix D D-2
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency +
The final input to the PERE model was the driving cycle. To get a representative range of fuel economy
benefit, two drive cycles were modeled. The first was the Heavy-Duty Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule
(HDUDDS), and the second was the EPA Highway Fuel Economy Test (HwFET). The HDUDDS can be thought
of as a city-type cycle with frequent stops and starts. The HwFET simulates rural driving with varying speeds
but no stops. Even though the HwFET is designed only for light duty vehicles, it was still used as it was the
best representation available for in-use highway driving.
The key values used as the inputs for the PERE model fuel economy calculations are given by truck class in
Table D-i
Table D-i. PERE Model Inputs for Fuel Economy Estimation
Class
Modeled Test
Weight, lbs
Conventional
Engine Disp., L
Hybrid Engine
Disp., L
Number of
Gears
Effective Gear
Ratio, RPM/mph
2b
7.875
6.0
5
6
35
3
10,000
6.0
5
6
35
4
12,250
6.4
54
6
33
5
14.500
6.7
57
6
33
6
19,500
6.7
57
8
33
7
24,000
8.3
6.3
10
31
8
52,500
13
9
10
30
For modeling hybrid vehicles in the PERE model, the user must adjust the hybrid threshold for each different
vehicle and drive cycle combination. This variable represents the amount of power demand during
acceleration that is required to cause the engine to start up to assist the electric motor. The user must adjust
this value such that the amount of energy taken from the battery is approximately equal to the amount of
energy charged back into the battery during regenerative braking. If this is not done, the fuel economy will
be misrepresented due to the battery ending up with a different state of charge at the end of the cycle
compared to the beginning of the cycle.
For the HwFET cycle in the lower truck classes, there were not enough deceleration events charge the
battery back to its initial charge level, even with the hybrid threshold variable at its minimum value. This
meant that the battery was ending at a lower level of charge at the end of the cycle than the beginning,
which has the effect of overestimating the trucks actual fuel economy. For this reason, ERG added an extra
calculation to the model to account for the net change in battery power. This calculation used the various
efficiencies of the hybrid system to estimate the fuel required to make up the change in battery charge over
the cycle and add that number to the modeled fuel consumption. This calculation was needed for the trucks
in Classes 2b through 5.
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix C D-3
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
oEPA
SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency J
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Transportation and Air Quality
1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW
Washington, DC 20460
(734)214-4333
http://www.epa.gov/
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory
2565 Plymouth Rd.
Ann Arbor, Ml 48105 (734) 214-4200
www.epa.gov/transportation-air-pollution-and-
climate-change
EPA-420-B-23-003 | January 2023 | SmartWay Transport Partnership | epa.gov/smartway
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