Quality Assurance Project Plan for EPA 820-F-23-003
Sample Collection Activities for a
Pilot Study to Investigate the Occurrence of
Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) in
Fish Tissue
Contract No. EP-C-04-030
Work Assignment No. 2-02
Prepared for:
Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology
Standards and Health Protection Division
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW
Washington, D.C. 20460
Prepared by:
Tetra Tech, Inc.
400 Red Brook Boulevard, Suite 200
Owings Mills, MD 21117
August 1, 2006
Revision 0
This quality assurance project plan (QAPP) has been prepared according to guidance provided in EPA Requirements for Quality
Assurance Project Plans (EPA QA/R-5, EPA/240/B-01/003, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Environmental
Information, Washington, DC, March 2001) to ensure that environmental and related data are collected, compiled, and/or
generated for this project are complete, accurate, and of the type, quantity, and quality required for their intended use. Tetra
Tech will conduct work in conformance with the quality assurance program described in the quality management plan for Tetra
Tech's Fairfax Group and with the procedures detailed in this QAPP.
Tetra Tech, Inc.
-Q6
Leanne Stahl
Date
Project Manager
U.S. EPA, Office of Science and Technology
Quality Assurance Coordinator
U.S. EPA, Office of Science and Technology
Project Officer
Quality Assurance Officer
U.S. EPA, Office of Science and Technology
Chief, FSBOB
U.S. EPA, Office of Science and Technology
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CONTENTS
Appendices iii
Tables iv
Figures iv
Distribution List v
A Project Management
1.0 Project/Task Organization 1
2.0 Problem Definition/Background 4
2.1 Re search Need 4
2.2 Overview of Study Design and Schedule 4
3.0 Project/Task Description 5
4.0 Quality Objectives and Criteria for Measurement Data 7
4.1 Proj ect Quality Obj ectives 7
4.2 Measurement Performance Criteria 8
5.0 Special Training Requirements/Certification 11
6.0 Documentation and Records 11
B Data Acquisition
7.0 Sampling Process Design 13
7.1 Sample Type 14
7.2 Sampling Period 15
7.3 Sample Frame 15
7.4 Selection of Sampling Sites 15
8.0 Sampling Methods 16
8.1 Target Species 16
8.2 Composite Sampling 16
8.3 Sample Collection 17
9.0 Sample Handling and Custody Requirements 19
9.1 Sample Handling 19
9.2 Sample Integrity 20
9.3 Custody Requirements 21
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10.0 Analytical Methods Requirements 24
11.0 Quality Control Requirements 24
12.0 Instrument/Equipment Testing, Inspection, and Maintenance Requirements 24
13.0 Instrument Calibration and Frequency 25
14.0 Inspection/Acceptance Requirements for Supplies and Consumables 25
15.0 Data Acquisition Requirements (Nondirect Measurements) 25
16.0 Data Management 25
C Assessment/Oversight
17.0 Assessment and Response Actions 26
18.0 Reports to Management 28
D Data Validation and Usability
19.0 Data Review, Validation, and Verification Requirements 28
20.0 Validation and Verification Methods 29
21.0 Reconciliation with Data Quality Objectives 29
Literature Cited 30
Appendices
A Targeted Wastewater Treatment Plant Sites
B Standard Operating Procedure: Fish Tissue Sample Collection Procedures for the PPCP
Fish Tissue Pilot Project
C Standard Operating Procedure: Flow Measurement Procedures for a PPCP Fish Tissue
Pilot Project
D Field Data Element Dictionary
E Resolved Action Form
F Field Sampling Activities Data Review Form
G Field Observation Plan
H Field Observation Checklist
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TABLES
1 Project Time Line and Milestones 6
2 Types of Field Data to Be Collected in Association with Fish Tissue Sample
Collection 7
3 Recommended Target Species for Inland Freshwaters (in Order of
Preference) 17
4 Equipment and Supply List for Fish Tissue Sampling 19
FIGURES
1 Organizational Diagram for the PPCP Fish Tissue Pilot Project 2
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DISTRIBUTION LIST
Holly Arrigoni
U.S. EPA Region 5
77 West Jackson Blvd., WT15J
Chicago, IL 60604-3507
312/886-6822 (phone)
312/886-0168 (fax)
Frank Borsuk
EPA Region 3/Wheeling Office
1060 Chapline Street, Suite 303
Wheeling, WV 26003-2995
304/234-0241 (phone)
304/234-0260 (fax)
Tangela Cooper
USEPA/OST (4305T)
1200 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W.
Washington, DC 20460
202-566-0369 (phone)
202/566-0409 (fax)
Philip Crocker
EPA Region 6
Fountain Place/6WQ-EW
1445 Ross Avenue, Suite 1200
Dallas, TX 75202-2733
214/665-6644 (phone)
214/665-6689 (fax)
Lonnie Dorn
EPA Region 4, Science and Ecosystem
Support Division
980 College Station Road
Athens, GA 30605-2720
706/355-8683 (phone)
706/355-8726 (fax)
Peter Husby
EPA Region 9 Laboratory
1337 S. 46th Street, Building 201
Richmond, CA 94804-4698
510/412-2331 (phone)
510/412-2302 (fax)
Marion Kelly
USEPA/OST (4303T)
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.
Washington, DC 20460
202-566-1045 (phone)
202/566-1053 (fax)
Jim Pendergast
USEPA/OST (4305T)
1200 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W.
Washington, DC 20460
202/566-0398 (phone)
202/566-0409 (fax)
Esther Peters
Tetra Tech, Inc.
10306 Easton Place, Suite 340
Fairfax, VA 22030
703/385-6000 (phone)
703/385-6007 (fax)
Jennifer Pitt
Tetra Tech, Inc.
400 Red Brook Blvd., Suite 200
Owings Mills, MD 21117
410/356-8993 (phone)
410/356-9005 (fax)
Robert Shippen
USEPA/OST (4305T)
1200 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W.
Washington, DC 20460
202-566-0391 (phone)
202/566-0409 (fax)
Blaine Snyder
Tetra Tech, Inc.
400 Red Brook Blvd., Suite 200
Owings Mills, MD 21117
410/356-8993 (phone)
410/356-9005 (fax)
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Leanne Stahl
USEPA/OST (4305T)
1200 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W.
Washington, DC 20460
202/566-0404 (phone)
202/566-0409 (fax)
Michael Walsh
Computer Sciences Corporation
6101 Stevenson Avenue
Alexandria, VA 22304
703/461-2464 (phone)
703/461-8056 (fax)
Lynn Walters
Computer Sciences Corporation
6101 Stevenson Avenue
Alexandria, VA 22304
703/461-2060 (phone)
703/461-8056 (fax)
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A. PROJECT MANAGEMENT
1.0 PROJECT/TASK ORGANIZATION
This Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) describes the quality assurance (QA) and quality
control (QC) activities/procedures to be used while collecting samples for a pilot study to
investigate the occurrence of pharmaceuticals & personal care products (PPCPs) in fish tissue
(hereafter referred to as the PPCP Fish Tissue Pilot Project) during the summer and fall of 2006.
The purpose of this document is to present the methods and procedures that will be used for the
collection of fish tissue from five effluent-dominated streams (in the vicinity of wastewater
treatment plant discharges) and one reference stream, and the quality assurance procedures that
will be employed. This document addresses only the sample collection effort of the PPCP Fish
Tissue Pilot Project.
This QAPP was prepared according to guidance presented in the document EPA Requirements
for Quality Assurance Project Plans, EPA QA/R-5 (USEPA 2001). References to the QAPP
elements described in the guidance document are included herein. The sample collection
methods, procedures and protocols follow the guidelines and recommendations of Guidance for
Assessing Chemical Contaminant Data for Use in Fish Advisories. Volume I: Fish Sampling and
Analysis, Third Edition (USEPA 2000).
The project team organization provides the framework for conducting the sample collection task
to meet study objectives. The organizational structure and function also facilitate project
performance and adherence to QC procedures and QA requirements. Key roles are filled by
those persons responsible for ensuring the collection and processing of valid data and for
routinely assessing the data for precision and accuracy, as well as the persons responsible for
approving and accepting final products and deliverables. The project and QA personnel include
staff from USEPA and Tetra Tech. The project organizational chart is presented in Figure 1, and
it includes relationships and lines of communication among key project team members.
The USEPA Project Manager is Leanne Stahl, who will supervise the assigned project
personnel to provide for their efficient utilization by directing their efforts either directly or
indirectly. As Project Manager she will also have the following responsibilities:
providing oversight for study design, site selection, and adherence to design
objectives,
reviewing and approving the project work plan, QAPP, and other materials
developed to support the project, and
coordinating with contractors and reviewers to ensure technical quality and
contract adherence.
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Figure 1. Organizational Diagram for the PPCP Fish Tissue Pilot Project.
The OST Quality Assurance Officer is Marion Kelly, who will be responsible for reviewing
and approving all Quality Assurance Project Plans (QAPPs). The SHPD Quality Assurance
Coordinator is Robert Shippen, who will be responsible for reviewing and recommending
approval of all QAPPs. Additional OST QA Officer and SHPD QA Coordinator responsibilities
include the following:
reviewing and evaluating field procedures,
conducting external performance and system audits of the procedures, and
participating in Agency QA reviews of the study.
The Tetra Tech Task Leader is Blaine Snyder, who will participate in study design and site
selection processes and supervise planning and implementation of field collection activities. He
is responsible for ensuring that QA/QC protocols are maintained throughout the sample
collection, handling, and shipment processes. Other specific responsibilities of the Task Leader
include the following:
coordinating project assignments in establishing priorities and scheduling,
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ensuring completion of high-quality projects within established budgets and time
schedules,
providing guidance, technical advice, and performance evaluations to those
assigned to the project,
implementing corrective actions and providing professional advice to staff,
preparing and/or reviewing preparation of project deliverables,
providing support to USEPA in interacting with the project team, technical
reviewers, and USEPA Regions/States to ensure technical quality requirements
are met in accordance with project design objectives,
supervising field sample collection activities, and
reviewing all required documentation for completeness, seeing that any problems
encountered outside normal operating conditions are documented and addressed,
and verifying all other QA/QC procedures identified in the QAPP are followed.
The Tetra Tech Quality Assurance (QA) Officer is Esther Peters, whose primary
responsibilities include the following:
monitoring quality control (QC) activities to determine conformance,
reviewing the QAPP for completeness and noting inconsistencies,
providing support to USEPA and the Tetra Tech Task Leader in preparation of the
work plan and QAPP and in their distribution, and
approving the QAPP.
Field Sampling Teams will be composed of contractor and university-affiliated field staff. The
Task Leader will direct and supervise the Field Sampling Teams and provide for their efficient
utilization by directing their efforts. Field personnel are responsible for performing all field
work, including collection, preparation, and shipment of fish tissue samples and completion of
field sampling records. The Field Sampling Teams will be composed of scientific staff with
specialization and technical competence in field sampling activities to effectively and efficiently
perform the required work. They must perform all work in adherence with the project work plan
and QAPP, including maintenance of sample custody and related documentation. Custody
procedures are required to ensure the integrity of the samples with respect to prevention of
contamination and maintenance of proper sample identification during handling. In this role,
Field Sampling Teams are responsible for:
receiving and inspecting the sample containers,
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completing and signing appropriate field records,
assigning tracking numbers to each sample,
verifying the completeness and accuracy of chain-of-custody documentation,
controlling and monitoring access to samples while in their custody, and
initiating shipment of the samples to appropriate destinations.
2.0 PROBLEM DEFINITION/BACKGROUND
2.1 Research Need
EPA's Office of Science and Technology (OST) within the Office of Water (OW) is initiating a
pilot study to investigate the occurrence of pharmaceutical and personal care product (PPCP)
chemicals in fish tissue called the PPCP Fish Tissue Pilot Project. Increasing evidence indicates
widespread occurrence of PPCP compounds in surface water, sediments, and municipal effluent,
but data on the accumulation of PPCP compounds in fish tissue are scarce. This study was
planned to respond to EPA's new priority of obtaining environmental data on emerging
contaminants and to increase the data available on the occurrence of PPCP compounds in fish.
The proposed targeted study design calls for collecting fish samples from five effluent-
dominated streams in the vicinity of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) discharges and one
reference site. Tissue fractions from each fish sample (fillets and livers) will be analyzed for 39
PPCP chemicals. These analyses will provide data to determine the potential of the target
chemicals to survive the wastewater treatment process and to bioaccumulate in the tissue of fish.
Tetra Tech, Inc. has been tasked with planning, implementing, and managing sample collection,
preparation and analysis, and forwarding pilot project results to Computer Sciences Corporation
(CSC) for data review and database development. Tetra Tech will collect all samples, and will
subcontract with a laboratory for the preparation and analysis of fish samples. This QAPP
describes only the requirements for sample collection activities. The analytical laboratory (to be
determined) will be subcontracted to analyze PPCP Fish Tissue Pilot Project samples for the 39
target chemicals using analytical methods, such as high performance liquid chromatography-
tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS), gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS),
or other methods that can achieve the method detection limits specified by EPA. Analytical
QA/QC procedures and requirements will be documented in a separate QAPP.
2.2 Overview of Study Design and Schedule
EPA is conducting the PPCP Fish Tissue Pilot Project to investigate the occurrence of a broad
suite of PPCPs (39 compounds) in the tissue of adult freshwater fish. These fish will be
collected from streams in the vicinity of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) discharges to
determine the potential for the target PPCP compounds to bioaccumulate in fish tissue.
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Sampling sites will be selected on five effluent-dominated streams and at one reference site.
Appendix A contains a prioritized list of target sampling sites.
Six composite samples of a single fish species will be collected from each stream. Each
composite will consist of a minimum of three adult fish. Depending on the size of the fish
available at the site, the number of fish in a composite sample may need to be adjusted to provide
sufficient tissue for analysis. Sampling is scheduled for the summer and fall of 2006. Whole
fish composites will be shipped to the laboratory on dry ice. The laboratory will prepare two
tissue fractions from each fish composite sample for analysis: liver tissue to address the
occurrence of PPCP compounds in fish, and muscle tissue (fillets) to determine human exposure
through fish consumption. The laboratory will complete analyses for one or two sites in
September 2006 and deliver the full analytical data set by March 2007.
3.0 PROJECT/TASK DESCRIPTION
The study design reflects the study goal and objectives defined by USEPA. The study goal can
be stated simply to investigate the occurrence of a broad suite of PPCP s (39 compounds) in
the tissue of harvestable sized adult freshwater fish that are typically consumed by wildlife and
humans. The project field sampling task presented and discussed in this document involves only
those methods and procedures used to collect and ship fish tissue samples for the PPCP Fish
Tissue Pilot Project. The Analytical Activities QAPP for the PPCP Fish Tissue Pilot Project
discusses the following study topics and tasks: sample preparation, compositing and
homogenization; target analytes; analytical methods; and sample analysis.
In consultation with the USEPA Office of Science and Technology, Tetra Tech will coordinate
with USEPA headquarters and regional staff to collect fish tissue samples from targeted effluent-
dominated streams in the contiguous United States. Field teams will sample five sites where
waters are dominated by wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent, along with one reference
quality site (Appendix A). The samples will be collected between August and November of
2006. The fish tissue samples will be collected based on a targeted design to provide
information on the occurrence of PPCP contaminants in fish. The following elements must be
considered when planning field logistics:
Field teams will consist of one experienced fisheries biologist, who will also serve
as the quality control specialist, and two field technicians, all of whom must have
experience with the array of fisheries sampling gear types to be used.
The pilot study will focus on a single resident species (subject to effluent
exposure for much of its life cycle) that is typically consumed by wildlife and
humans (Section 8.1).
The six samples from each site must consist of a composite of fish (e.g., a
minimum of 3 individuals that will collectively provide at least 30 grams of edible
tissue and 10 grams of liver tissue) of the same target species and be the same
relative size from each sampling location (Section 8.2).
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The sampling window will be restricted to July through November for physical
(e.g., stream flow) and biological (e.g., lipid content) reasons (Section 7.2).
The Sampling Teams will attempt to collect fish at the highest priority sampling sites first. If the
Sampling Team is unable to collect a sufficient sample from a site, an alternate site will be
selected by the USEPA Project Manager from the list of candidate sampling sites. Each
Sampling Team will collect, prepare for shipment, and ship all fish tissue samples to a
designated location (i.e., contract laboratory to be determined) according to the methods and
procedures described in this QAPP and approved by the USEPA Project Manager. The USEPA
Project Manager will be notified immediately by the Tetra Tech Task Leader of any problems
related to successful completion of field efforts.
Field sampling activities will be conducted from August through November of 2006. All
activities associated with fish tissue sample collection will be conducted consistent with the
requirements and procedures (Appendix B) specified in this QAPP as approved by the USEPA
Project Manager. Sampling activities will conclude with the development of a field collection
effort report (i.e., detailed listing of all sampling participants, sampling locations, and specimens
collected), and a Field Sampling QA Report by Tetra Tech which will be reviewed by the
USEPA Project Manager. The summary will be used to document and report back to USEPA
regarding the collective sampling activities. Implementation of the field sampling task will
proceed with several milestones, as presented in Table 1.
Table 1. Project Time Line and Milestones.
Activities and Milestones
(2006 - 2007)
2006
2007
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
o
N
D
J
F
M
Literature search for background
information and current research
Develop study design and solicit labs for
sample analysis
Develop QAPP and project sampling plan
for field efforts
Sampling of streams and shipment of
samples to analytical laboratory
Tissue analysis (refer to Analytical
Activities QAPP)
Data review and validation (refer to
Analytical Activities QAPP)
Interim results (refer to Analytical
Activities QAPP)
Full analytical data set (refer to Analytical
Activities QAPP)
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4.0 QUALITY OBJECTIVES AND CRITERIA FOR MEASUREMENT DATA
4.1 Project Quality Objectives
Data of known and documented quality are essential to the success of any monitoring or
sampling program. Data quality objectives (DQOs) are qualitative and quantitative statements
that clarify the intended use of the data, define the type of data needed to support the decision,
identify the conditions under which the data should be collected, and specify tolerable limits on
the probability of making a decision error due to uncertainty in the data. DQOs are developed by
data users to specify the data quality needed to support specific decisions. Sources of error or
uncertainty include the following:
Sampling error: The difference between sample values and in situ true values
from unknown biases due to collection methods and sampling design,
Measurement error: The difference between sample values and in situ true values
associated with the measurement process,
Natural variation: Natural spatial heterogeneity and temporal variability in
population abundance and distribution, and
Error sources or biases associated with compositing, sample handling, storage,
and preservation.
This QAPP addresses only fish tissue sample collection activities, so the relevant quality
objectives are related to sample handling issues. One exception involves the measurement of
stream flow. Study DQOs for measuring stream flow will require that flow meters are calibrated
to a known standard as per manufacturer's specifications (Appendix C). Types of field sampling
data needed for this project are listed in Table 2. Discussion of conventional data quality
indicators, i.e., precision, accuracy, completeness, representativeness, and comparability, follows
in this section. Methods and procedures described in this document are intended to reduce the
magnitude of the sources of uncertainty (and their frequency of occurrence) by applying the
following approaches:
use of standardized sample collection and handling procedures, and
use of trained scientists to perform the sample collection and handling activities.
Table 2. Types of Field Data to Be Collected in Association with Fish Tissue Sample Collection.
Data Type
Measurement Endpoint(s) or Units
Fish specimen
Species-level taxonomic identification
Fish Length
Millimeters (mm), total length
Fish Weight
Grams (g)
Estimated Average Stream Depth
Meters (m)
Estimated Average Stream Width
Meters (m)
Stream Flow
Meters/Second (m/sec)
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4.2 Measurement Performance Criteria
Measurement performance criteria are quantitative statistics that are used to interpret the degree
of acceptability or utility of the data to the user. These criteria, also known as data quality
indicators (DQIs), include the following:
precision,
accuracy,
representativeness,
completeness, and
comparability.
Precision
Precision is a measure of internal method consistency. It is demonstrated by the degree of
agreement between individual measurements (or values) of the same property of a sample,
measured under similar conditions. As the analytical testing is beyond the scope of this QAPP,
no specific criteria are required for this parameter. However, sufficient sample volumes (i.e., at
least three fish per composite as described in Section 8.2) will be collected to allow for the
assessment of precision during analytical laboratory testing.
For this study, all fish in a stream cannot be sampled, and the laboratory analytical process is not
perfect. The combined variability introduced by the sampling at a stream, the compositing of
fish, the subsampling of the composite for analysis, and the chemical analysis itself can be
considered the "index" variability. The detection limits and analytical precision are one part of
the analytical process that can be specified ahead of time (however, analytical processes are not
part of this QAPP). The training of sampling crews, the procedures that they use to collect fish
from a stream, and the Field Record Forms on which they record data and sampling details will
also be standardized. Only two sampling crews will be collecting fish for this study, which will
greatly reduce variability. Besides standardizing training and Field Record Forms, this
dimension of variability cannot be reduced. Sampling method consistency and adherence to
Standard Operating Procedures (Appendix B) will be assessed during field audits and
documented in a Field Sampling QA Report. In the event that the field audit identifies problems
requiring attention, the Tetra Tech Task Leader and/or the USEPA QA Officer will immediately
consult with the USEPA Project Manager. The corrective action system for this project is
described in Section 17.0.
Accuracy
Accuracy is defined as the degree of agreement between an observed value and an accepted
reference or true value. For example, accuracy of flow meters used for this study will be assured
through proper calibration to known standards (Appendix C). Accuracy is a combination of
random error (precision) and systematic error (bias), introduced during sampling and analytical
operations. Bias is the systematic distortion of a measurement process that causes errors in one
direction, so that the expected sample measurement is always greater or lesser to the same degree
than the sample's true value. As mentioned previously, since analytical testing is beyond the
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scope of this QAPP, no accuracy criteria are identified here. However, proper sample handling
procedures (Section 9.1) will be followed to minimize sample contamination.
Representativeness
Representativeness expresses the degree to which data accurately and precisely represent a
characteristic of a population, parameter, variations at a sampling point, a process condition, or
an environmental condition.
Representativeness of the target species (Section 8.1) for this fish tissue sampling effort was
established based on:
the recommendation of USEPA's Guidance for Assessing Chemical Contaminant
Data for Use in Fish Advisories, Volume 1: Fish Sampling and Analysis, Third
Edition (USEPA 2000),
the input from the study's lead fisheries biologist, and
approval by the U SEP A Proj ect Manager.
The representativeness goal for the sample collection effort will be satisfied by using
experienced field biologists to ensure that the samples collected are actually of the type
(composite and species) specified for this study, and are from the locations targeted for this
study. The Field Team Leader, who must be an experienced fisheries biologist, will assess
conditions in the field and determine the most appropriate locations to collect fish relative to the
WWTP at that site. The location where each individual fish is collected will be recorded on the
Field Record Form, and a sampling site diagram will give an overview of the entire site.
Completeness
Completeness is defined as the percentage of measurements made that are judged to be valid
according to specific criteria and entered into the data management system. To optimize
completeness, every effort is made to avoid sample and/or data loss. Accidents during sample
transport or lab activities that cause the loss of the original samples will result in irreparable loss
of data, which will reduce the ability to perform analyses, integrate results, and prepare reports.
Samples will be stored and transported in unbreakable (plastic) containers (i.e., insulated ice
chests). All sample processing (i.e., compositing, filleting, homogenization) will occur in a
controlled environment within the laboratory, not in the field. The assignment of a set of specific
sample numbers (Section 6.0) that have undergone chain-of-custody inspection makes it less
likely for the sample preparation laboratory to overlook samples when preparing them for
processing.
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Percent completeness (%C) for measurement parameters can be defined as follows:
%c = X 100
T
Where v = the number of measurements judged valid and
T= the total number of measurements.
Completeness, in the case of this project, is the number of valid samples collected relative to the
number of samples that are planned to be collected. Since this is a pilot study with a limited
number of samples, the completeness goal for this project is 100%. It should be noted that
sample locations and numbers may change over the course of the study, based on local
conditions (e.g., accessibility of target sites) and the availability of target fishes (e.g., natural
biological abundance or distribution). Any and all changes must be approved by the USEPA
Project Manager, and approved changes must be considered when assessing completeness. The
completeness goal is achieved when five effluent-dominated sites and one reference quality site
found to contain target fishes are sampled, and the fish tissue samples are shipped with no errors
in documentation or sample handling procedures. Completeness will be documented in the Field
Sampling QA Report and Final Study Report.
Comparability
Comparability is an expression of the confidence with which one data set can be compared with
another. Comparability is dependent on the proper design of the sampling program and on
adherence to accepted sampling techniques, standard operating procedures, and quality assurance
guidelines. For the fish tissue collection task, comparability of data will be accomplished by
standardizing the sampling season, the field sampling methods, and the field training as follows:
All samples will be collected during the summer or fall of 2006 (August-
November). Adjustments to this schedule may be necessary (based on availability
of sampling personnel and equipment, and/or weather and water conditions);
however, all adjustments must be approved by the USEPA Project Manager.
All samples will be collected and prepared for shipment according to standard
operating procedures contained in this QAPP (Appendix B). These procedures are
consistent with the recommendations of USEPA's Guidance for Assessing
Chemical Contaminant Data for Use in Fish Advisories, Volume 1: Fish Sampling
and Analysis, Third Edition (USEPA 2000).
All field personnel involved with sampling will have adequate training and
appropriate experience (Section 5.0).
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5.0 SPECIAL TRAINING REQUIREMENTS/CERTIFICATION
Each Field Sampling Team is required to have the necessary knowledge and experience to
perform all field activities. This includes both knowledge and experience in the collection and
identification of fishes and in the use of fisheries sampling gear specified for the study. It also
includes training in project-specific sample collection and handling procedures. The field
sampling crews will be composed of contracted biologists with a strong technical background in
fisheries sampling activities. Each Field Sampling Team will consist of one experienced
fisheries biologist (that must have experience with the array of fisheries sampling gear types to
be used) and field staff to assist with sample collection and processing. At some sites, the
contracted biologists may enlist the aid of WWTP staff, state fisheries biologists, or other local
personnel to provide logistical support and assist with sample collection. In these cases, each
participant will attend an on-site training session led by the Tetra Tech Task Leader (an
experienced fisheries biologist).
6.0 DOCUMENTATION AND RECORDS
Thorough documentation of all field sample collection and handling activities is necessary for
proper processing in the laboratory and, ultimately, for the interpretation of study results. Field
sample collection and handling will be documented in writing (for each sampling site) using the
following forms and labels:
a Field Record Form that contains information about each individual specimen
and sampling site (Appendix B),
a Sample Identification Label that accompanies and identifies each sample
(Appendix B),
a Chain-of-Custody Label that seals each sample container, and
a Chain-of-Custody Form that provides constant tracking information for all
samples (Appendix B).
A detailed description of each sample collected by each Field Sampling Team will be recorded
on a Field Record Form (Appendix B). The form will document the sampling date, time,
sampler's name, sampling site location/description, and sample description (count, length, and
weight of each specimen). The Field Record Form will also contain a unique tracking code (i.e.,
composite sample identification code) that will be used to identify each record. The nine-
character code will include:
state of collection (two-character abbreviation),
year of collection (two-number abbreviation),
site identification (three-digit city code from Appendix A),
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composite number (1 through 6)
tissue fraction to be completed by laboratory ("L" for liver or "F" for fillet)
The Field Record Form will be produced as a three-page carbonless copy form, with one copy
retained by the sampler, and the other two included in the sample shipment to the laboratory (i.e.,
one for the laboratory, and one for the Tetra Tech Task Leader). All entries will be made in ink
and no erasures will be made. If an incorrect entry is made, the information will be crossed out
with a single strike mark, which is initialed and dated by the sampler/recorder.
A Sample Identification Label will be completed (Appendix B) to accompany each sample
throughout the chain of custody. The label will document the project name, sampling site
location, sampling date and time, the sampler's name, the nine-character tracking code, and the
specimen number (e.g., 01 through 05). All entries will be made in indelible ink and will
coincide with specimen and sample information on the Field Record Form. Descriptions and
definitions of all field data elements required in the Field Record Form and Sample Identification
Label are provided in Appendix D.
Proper chain-of-custody procedures are necessary for tracking sample possession from field to
laboratory. Chain-of-Custody Forms (Appendix B) will accompany each shipment of samples
and will document sample identity (coinciding with information on the field record), sampler
relinquishment date and time, and laboratory receipt date and time. Chain-of-Custody Forms
will be produced as four-page carbonless copies, with one copy for the sampler, and three for
shipment to the laboratory (i.e., one for the laboratory, one for the Tetra Tech Task Leader, and
one for distribution to the CSC data review team). Chain-of-Custody Labels will seal each
sample container following packing operations in the field, and will include the signature of the
sampler and the date and time sealed. All Chain-of-Custody Label and Form entries will be
made in ink. Field sampling teams must notify the laboratory by telephone of an incoming
shipment.
Samples will be shipped from the field to the laboratory via priority, overnight express delivery
service. Copies of all shipping airbills will be retained by the laboratory. Specification for
retention of field samples by the receiving location is outside the scope of this document. While
in storage, it is recommended that samples held for analysis be stored with the original labeling
materials.
Sampling activities will conclude with the development of a field collection effort summary (i.e.,
detailed listing of all sampling participants, sampling locations, and specimens collected) and
Field Sampling QA Report by Tetra Tech and review of the summary by the USEPA Project
Manager. Following USEPA Project Manager approval, the summary will be used to document
and report back to study participants the collective sampling progress. Tetra Tech will maintain
a file as a repository for information used in the preparation of the field collection summary
throughout the duration of the study. The following information will be included:
any documents prepared for the study,
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contract and work assignment information,
project QAPP,
results of technical reviews, data quality assessments, field observations, and
audits,
communications (memoranda; internal notes; telephone conversation records;
letters; meeting minutes; and all written correspondence between Tetra Tech,
USEPA, and other project team personnel, subcontractors, suppliers, or others),
maps, photographs, and drawings, and
studies, reports, and documents pertaining to the project.
If any change(s) in this QAPP is(are) required during the study, a memo will be sent to each
person on the distribution list describing the change(s), following approval by the USEPA
Project Manager. Any and all memos announcing changes must be attached to the QAPP.
All documents and records prepared for this project will be maintained by USEPA and Tetra
Tech during the project, and retained for a period of three years following completion of the
project (unless otherwise directed by USEPA).
B. DATA ACQUISITION
7.0 SAMPLING PROCESS DESIGN
The objective of the PPCP Fish Tissue Pilot Project is to investigate the occurrence of a broad
suite of PPCPs (39 compounds) in the tissue of harvestable sized adult freshwater fish that are
typically consumed by wildlife and humans.
In so doing, the study will provide the following types of information:
the potential for the target PPCP compounds to bioaccumulate in fish muscle and
liver tissue, and
data to answer questions concerning the occurrence of these compounds in fish
and the potential for human exposure through fish consumption.
For the purposes of this study design, the target population will be effluent-dominated streams
associated with WWTPs within the contiguous United States. The streams in this study must
have a viable fish population of a resident species which will spend most of its life stages within
the effluent-dominated waters. A total of five locations will be sampled, plus one reference site.
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7.1 Sample Type
To meet the study objectives, the PPCP Fish Tissue Pilot Project will include composite
sampling of fish fillets and fish livers from each sample site. Six composite samples will be
collected at each site. At least three adult individuals will be collected per composite, all of
which will be large enough to provide sufficient tissue for analysis of the group of target
analytes. It has been determined that at least 30 grams of edible fillet tissue and 10 grams of
liver tissue will be required from the composites to allow for analysis of all target analytes.
Based on the recommendations of USEPA's Guidance for Assessing Chemical Contaminant
Data for Use in Fish Advisories, Volume 1: Fish Sampling and Analysis, Third Edition (USEPA
2000) and methods applied in USEPA's National Lake Fish Tissue Study (USEPA 2006), fish
used in a composite sample must meet the following criteria:
all be of the same species,
satisfy any legal requirements of harvestable size or weight, or at least be of
consumable size if no legal harvest requirements are in effect,
be of similar size so that the smallest individual in a composite is no less than
75% of the total length of the largest individual,
be collected at the same time (i.e., collected as close to the same time as possible
but no more than 1 week apart) [Note: This assumes that a sampling crew was
unable to collect all fish needed to prepare the composite sample on the same day.
If organisms used in the same composite are collected on different days (no more
than 1 week apart), individual fish will be frozen until all the fish to be included
in the composite are available for delivery to the laboratory.], and
be collected in sufficient numbers (at least 3 per composite) and of adequate size
(at least 3 harvestable size adult specimens that collectively will provide greater
than 30 grams of edible tissue and 10 grams of liver tissue) to allow analysis of
recommended target analytes.
Individual organisms used in composite samples must be of the same species because of notable
differences in the species-specific bioaccumulation potential. Accurate taxonomic identification
is essential in preventing the mixing of closely related species with the target species. Under no
circumstance should individuals from different species be used in a composite sample.
Fish for this project are being sampled from wastewater treatment plant effluent-dominated
streams. Earlier reconnaissance may indicate that appropriate fish should be available at a site,
but it is possible that inadequate numbers of target species meeting the sample criteria will be
found when the site is fished. If this situation were to occur, the Field Sampling Leader will
contact the USEPA Project Manager to discuss possible options, which include collecting a
different size or species of fish, sampling a site farther downstream, or sampling an alternate
location.
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7.2 Sampling Period
Field sampling will be conducted during the period when water and weather conditions are
conducive to safe and efficient field sampling. For this study, the sampling period is from
summer to early fall, since lipid content is usually highest and water levels are usually lowest at
that time. Where possible, sampling should not occur during the spawning period of the
particular target species being sought. With these recommendations in mind, and considering the
geographic extent of the study area (i.e., range of latitudes and longitudes) the field sampling
period will begin in August and last through November. Any adjustments to this schedule must
be approved by the USEPA Project Manager.
7.3 Sample Frame
For the purposes of this study, the target population will be effluent-dominated streams which
serve as receiving waters for WWTPs within the contiguous United States. WWTPs using
primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment methods and discharging to a stream or river are
included in the sample frame. The streams in this study must also have a viable fish population
of a resident species that is subject to effluent exposure for most of its life cycle.
7.4 Selection of Sampling Sites
Sites were targeted (Appendix A) in mid- to large-sized cities representing diverse geographic
regions of the country. Information on WWTP design capacity, average discharge, and in-stream
waste concentration was collected for each candidate site through research of publicly accessible
data (i.e., NPDES permits, WWTP websites, USGS flow data) and through phone calls to state
officials and permitting agencies. Once this information was compiled, the list of candidate sites
was used by the EPA project team to select a group of priority sites. The site selection criteria
that were used are:
High effluent flow versus ambient flow
High population density
Large fraction of elderly residents
Large volume of PPCP sales/consumption (higher income brackets as surrogate)
Fish availability
In addition, fisheries information was compiled for each candidate site. This was accomplished
by reviewing published fisheries reports and obtaining first-hand information from state fisheries
personnel. The site list was further narrowed down to 12 priority sites which could potentially
support (via availability of resident species and tissue biomass) the intended sampling. The five
top priority sites were selected from the 12 priority candidates to represent diverse geographic
regions of the country.
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8.0 SAMPLING METHODS
8.1 Target Species
Field sampling procedures will follow the recommendations of USEPA's Guidance for
Assessing Chemical Contaminant Data for Use in Fish Advisories, Volume I: Fish Sampling and
Analysis, Third Edition (USEPA 2000). According to the guidance, the primary criteria for
selecting target fishes are that the species:
are commonly consumed in the study area,
may potentially accumulate high concentrations of chemicals, and
have a wide geographic distribution.
Secondarily, the target species should be:
easy to identify,
abundant,
easy to capture, and
large enough to provide adequate tissue for analysis (i.e., harvestable size adult
specimens that as a composite of at least three fish will provide at least 30 grams
of edible tissue and 10 grams of liver tissue for analysis).
A single species of fish will be collected from each site. Suggested target species are listed in
Table 3 in order of preference (adapted from USEPA 2000). Additional target species may be
added to the list of preferred targets on an as-needed basis, following discussion with the USEPA
Project Manager and/or the Tetra Tech Task Leader. The criteria listed above must be
considered when selecting target species other than those listed in Table 3. Every effort will be
made to collect the desired species and number (Section 8.2) of fish; however, the outcome of
field sampling efforts will ultimately depend on the natural diversity and abundance of fish in the
study streams.
8.2 Composite Sampling
The PPCP Fish Tissue Pilot Project will involve composite sampling of fish. Composite samples
are cost-effective for estimating average tissue concentrations of target analytes in target species
populations, and compositing ensures adequate sample mass for analysis of all target analytes.
Six single-species composites will be collected from each target stream. Each composite will
consist of at least three fish of adequate size (i.e., adult specimens that collectively will provide
at least 30 grams of edible tissue and 10 grams of liver tissue) to allow analysis of the target
analytes. Fish retained for a composite sample must meet the following criteria:
all be of the same species,
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satisfy any legal requirements of harvestable size (or weight), or at least be of
consumable size if no legal harvest requirements are in effect,
be of similar size so that the smallest individual in a composite is no less than
75% of the total length of the largest individual, and
be collected at the same time, i.e., collected as close to the same time as possible,
but no more than one week apart (Note: Individual fish may have to be frozen
until all fish to be included in the composite are available for delivery to the
sample preparation laboratory).
Accurate taxonomic identification is essential in this study to define the organisms that have
been composited and submitted for analysis. Under no circumstances should individuals from
different species be used in a single composite sample. Ideally, the target species composite
should focus on the larger individuals commonly harvested by the local population.
Table 3. Recommended Target Species for Inland Freshwaters (in Order of Preference).
Family name
Common name
Scientific name
Predator/Gamefish
Species
(in order of
preference)
Centrarchidae
Largemouth bass
Micropterus salmoides
Smallmouth bass
Micropterus dolomieu
Black crappie
Pomoxis nigromaculatus
White crappie
Pomoxis annularis
Salmonidae
Brown trout
Salmo trutta
Rainbow trout
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Brook trout
Salvelinus fontinalis
Bottom-dwelling
Species
(in order of
preference)
Cyprinidae
Common carp
Cyprinus carpio
Ictaluridae
Channel catfish
Ictalurus punctatus
Blue catfish
Ictalurus furcatus
Brown bullhead
Ameiurus nebulosus
Yellow bullhead
Ameiurus natalis
Catostomidae
White sucker
Catostomus commersonii
8.3 Sample Collection
The field objective is for sampling teams to obtain six representative composite samples from
each stream selected for the PPCP Fish Tissue Pilot Project. To obtain a representative sample
of the target species in each stream (and particularly in larger waterbodies), field teams will
consider factors such as habitat and presence of contaminant gradients in planning sampling
locations for the target stream. Prior to sampling, field teams will determine habitats suitable for
target species, then sample those habitats in the stream reach located downstream from the
WWTP outfall.
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Fish collection methods can be divided into two major categories, active and passive. Each has
advantages and disadvantages. Active collection methods employ a wide variety of sampling
devices including electrofishing units, seines, trawls, and angling equipment (hook and line).
Although active collection requires greater fishing effort, it is usually more efficient than passive
collection for covering a large number of sites and catching the relatively small number of
individuals needed from each site for tissue analysis. The active collection methods generally
require more field personnel and more expensive equipment than passive collection methods.
Passive collection methods employ a wide array of sampling devices, including gill nets, fyke
nets, trammel nets, hoop nets, pound nets, and d-traps. Passive collection methods generally
require less fishing effort than active methods, but normally yield a much greater catch than
would be required for a contaminant monitoring program. They are also time consuming to
deploy. Passive collection devices (e.g., gill nets) must be checked frequently (e.g., at least once
every 24 hours) to ensure a limited time lag between fish entrapment and sample
preparation/preservation.
Sampling Teams dedicated to the PPCP Fish Tissue Pilot Project will be equipped with an array
of both active and passive gears to ensure the collection of the desired target numbers and
species of fish. Selection of the most appropriate gear type(s) for a particular target stream will
be at the discretion of the experienced on-site fisheries biologist. Contractor-affiliated Sampling
Teams will be responsible for providing fisheries sampling gear, supplies, and sampling vessels.
Sampling Teams must also have access to back-up gear or next-day replacement (through local
suppliers or Fed-Ex) of malfunctioning gear. A list of equipment and expendable supplies is
provided in Table 4. Sample collection, packaging, and shipment methods are presented as
Standard Operating Procedures (Appendix B).
As soon as fish are obtained via active collection methods, or removed from passive collection
devices, they must be identified to species. Species identification will be conducted only by
experienced personnel knowledgeable of the taxonomy of species in the waterbodies included in
the PPCP Fish Tissue Pilot Project. The person handling the fish will wear clean nitrile gloves.
Nontarget species collected by the field team will be returned to the water. Individuals of the
selected target species will be rinsed in distilled water to remove any foreign material from the
external surface and placed in clean holding containers (livewell, buckets, etc.) to prevent
contamination. Each fish of the selected target species will be measured to determine total body
length (mm). Maximum body length is measured, i.e., the length from the anterior-most part of
the fish to the tip of the longest caudal finray (when the lobes of the caudal fin are depressed
dorsoventrally). Each fish of the selected target species will be weighed. When sufficient
numbers of the target species have been identified to make up a suitable composite sample (i.e.,
at least 3 individuals meeting the size criteria presented in Section 8.2), the species name,
specimen lengths, specimen weights, and all other site and sampling information will be
recorded on the Field Record Form (Appendix B).
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Table 4. Equipment and Supply Checklist for Fish Tissue Sampling.
Equipment and Supplies
Check
1. Sampling vessel (including boat, motor, trailer, oars, gas, and all required safety equipment)1-3-1
2. Electro fishing equipment - OPTIONAL (including variable voltage pulsator unit, generator, electrodes,
wiring cables, dip nets, protective gloves, protective boots, and all necessary safety equipment)1-3-1
3. Nets - OPTIONAL (including trawls, seines, gill nets, fyke nets, trammel nets, hoop nets, pound nets,
trap nets)1-3-1 (Note: No tarred nets, and all nets need to be clean and free of potential contaminants)
4. Angling equipment - OPTIONAL (including fishing rods, reels, line, terminal tackle, trot lines)1-3-1
5. Coast Guard-approved personal floatation devices
6. Maps of target rivers/streams and access routes
7. Global Positioning System (GPS) unit
8. Flow meter (including associated calibration supplies)1-3-1
9. Livewell and/or buckets
10. Measuring board (millimeter calibration)
11. Scale (milligram calibration)
12. Ice chests (Note: Each ice chest needs to be washed with detergent and rinsed with distilled water)
13. Aluminum foil (solvent-rinsed and baked)
14. Heavy-duty food grade polyethylene tubing
15. Large plastic (composite) bags
16. Knife or scissors
17. Clean nitrile gloves
18. Field Record Forms
19. Sample Identification Labels
20. Chain-of-Custody Forms
21. Chain-of-Custody Labels
22. Scientific collection permit
23. Dry ice
24. Heavy cloth or leather gloves for handling dry ice
25. Black ballpoint pens and/or waterproof markers
26. Clipboard
27. Packing/strapping tape
28. Overnight courier airbills
29. Plastic cable ties
30. First aid kit and emergency telephone numbers
31. Distilled water
(a)
Selection and exact specifications at the discretion of the experienced on-site fisheries biologist.
9.0 SAMPLE HANDLING AND CUSTODY REQUIREMENTS
9.1 Sample Handling
Clean nitrile gloves must be worn during the entire sample handling process, beginning with
removing the fish from the sampling gear. Individuals of the selected target species must be
rinsed in distilled water to remove any foreign material from the external surface. After initial
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processing to determine species and size, each of the fish found to be suitable for the composite
sample will be individually wrapped in extra heavy-duty aluminum foil (i.e., solvent-rinsed,
oven-baked sheets). For specimens with sharp fins, spines may be broken (via gloved hands or
with the use of a tool covered with the aluminum foil) to prevent perforation of the wrapping
materials. The broken section of the fins must be included with the fish sample. A Sample
Identification Label (Appendix B) will be prepared for each aluminum foil-wrapped specimen.
Each foil-wrapped fish will be placed into a waterproof plastic tubing that will be cut to size to
fit the specimen (i.e., heavy duty food grade polyethylene tubing) and each end of the tubing will
be sealed with a plastic cable tie. The completed Sample Identification Label will be affixed to
the cable tie, and the entire specimen package will be "double-bagged" (i.e., placed inside a large
plastic bag with all the specimens of the same composite from that site and sealed with another
cable tie). Once packaged, samples should be immediately placed on dry ice in an insulated ice
chest or cooler for shipment. If samples will be carried back to a laboratory or other facility to
be frozen before shipment, wet ice can be used to transport wrapped and bagged fish samples in
the coolers to that laboratory or facility. If possible, all of the specimens in a composite sample
should be kept together in the same shipping container (ice chest or cooler) for transport.
Sampling Teams have the option, depending on site logistics, of:
shipping the samples packed on dry ice (in sufficient quantities to keep samples
frozen for up to 48 hours - at least 50 lbs. per cooler), via priority overnight
delivery service (i.e., Federal Express), so that they arrive at the laboratory within
less than 24 hours from the time of sample collection, or
freezing the samples within 24 hours of collection (at <-20ฐC), and storing the
frozen samples until shipment within 1 week of sample collection (frozen samples
will subsequently be packed on dry ice in an insulated ice chest or cooler and
shipped to the laboratory via priority overnight delivery service to arrive within
less than 24 hours from time of shipment).
The time of sample collection, relinquishment by the sample team, and time of their arrival at the
laboratory must be recorded on the Chain-of-Custody Form (Appendix B). Field Sampling
Teams should avoid shipping samples for weekend delivery to the laboratory unless prior plans
for such a delivery have been agreed upon with the laboratory.
9.2 Sample Integrity
A critical requirement of the PPCP Fish Tissue Pilot Project is the maintenance of sample
integrity from the time of collection to the shipment and arrival at the final destination. Sample
integrity is maintained by preventing the loss of contaminants that might be present in the sample
and by taking precautions to avoid possible introduction of contaminants during handling. The
loss of contaminants can be prevented in the field by ensuring that the sample collected remains
intact, i.e., sample collection procedures should be performed with the intention of minimizing
the laceration of fish skin. Once a sample is collected, sample integrity is maintained through
careful and controlled sample handling, storage, and preservation procedures (Section 9.1).
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Preventable sources of extraneous contamination can include the sampling gear, oils and greases
on boats, spilled fuel, skin contact, contact with soil or sand, boat motor exhaust, and other
potential sources. All potential sources should be identified before the onset and during sample
collection, and appropriate measures should be taken to minimize or eliminate them. Examples
of preventative measures include the following:
Collection nets should be free of any potential contaminants.
The use of tarred collection nets is prohibited.
Boats should be positioned so that engine exhaust does not fall on the deck area
where samples are being handled.
Ice chests and other sample storage containers should be scrubbed clean with
detergent and rinsed with distilled water prior to use.
Samples should not be placed directly on dry ice, but should be stored inside foil,
plastic tubing (i.e., heavy-duty food grade polyethylene tubing as per Section
9.1), and plastic garbage bags first.
Proper gloves (clean nitrile gloves) should be used when handling samples.
9.3 Custody Requirements
As soon as possible following collection, the Sampling Team will begin the process of
identifying, labeling, packaging, and storing the sample(s). Each sample will be identified and
tracked with a unique numbering scheme as described in Section 6.0. This nine-character
composite code followed by a two-digit specimen number will identify each sample on all
documentation and records including the following:
Fi el d Record F orm,
Sample Identification Label, and
Chain-of-Custody Form.
Each sample (i.e., individual fish) will be labeled by affixing a Sample Identification Label
(Appendix B) as per the instructions in Section 9.1. All sample label entries will be made with
black indelible ink. The sample label will accompany each sample throughout the chain-of-
custody. Each sample label will include the following information:
project name (USEPA PPCP Fish Tissue Pilot Project),
site identification (receiving waterbody' s name),
specimen number (at minimum, 01 through 03),
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composite code (nine-digit code as in Section 6.0),
date of sample (month/day/year),
time of collection (military time/time zone/standard or daylight savings time),
preservative used (dry ice or wet ice/frozen), and
collector's name (field team leader).
Detailed documentation of the samples collected in the field (for shipment to the laboratory) and
information about the collection location will be recorded on a Field Record Form (Appendix B).
One form must be completed for each sample composite. One page of the three-page carbonless
copy form (Section 6.0) will be retained by the sampler, and the other copies will be included
with sample shipment to the laboratory. (The laboratory will retain one copy, and be responsible
for forwarding one copy to the Tetra Tech Task Leader.) All entries will be made in waterproof
black ink and no erasures will be made. Each form will have the proper entry requirements,
which includes the following information:
composite code (nine digits as per Section 6.0),
sampling date (month/day/year),
time of collection (military time),
collection method (e.g., electrofisher),
collector's name (printed and signed),
collector's affiliation, address, and telephone number,
site location (county name and site coordinates),
facility name,
site name (receiving waterbody's name),
site description (location, area sampled),
estimated average depth (meters [m]),
estimated average width (meters [m]),
stream flow (meters/second [m/sec]),
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average stream flow (meters/second [m/sec])
fish species (common name),
length (millimeters [mm]) of each specimen,
weight (grams [g]) of each specimen,
location, date and time of collection for each specimen, and
a simple sketch of the sampling site and sample collection points.
All samples and composites will be transferred to the receiving laboratory under chain of
custody. The Chain-of-Custody Form (Appendix B) acts as a record of sample shipment and a
catalog of the contents of each shipment (coinciding with information on the field record). The
forms will be produced as four-page carbonless copies. One copy of the completed form will be
retained by the sampler and the remaining three will be inserted into a sealable plastic bag and
included in the shipment of each cooler to the laboratory. The laboratory will sign the form on
receipt of the samples, keep one copy and send the other two copies to the Tetra Tech Task
Leader and one to the CSC data review team. All Chain-of-Custody Form entries will be made
in waterproof black ink and will include:
the USEPA Project Manager's name, address and telephone number (refer to the
Distribution List, pg. vi),
sampler's name and telephone number,
project name (USEPA PPCP Fish Tissue Pilot Project),
page number (e.g., 1 of 1),
sample location (receiving waterbody's name),
collection date and time,
composite code (nine-digit) and specimen number (two-digit),
preservative (dry ice or wet ice/frozen),
number of containers,
type of analysis required (39 PPCP target analytes),
sampler's signature, sample date, and time,
sampler relinquishment date and time,
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laboratory recipient signature, and
laboratory receipt date and time.
Immediately following the packing of each shipping container (Section 9.1), each container (ice
chest) will be secured with packaging tape and sealed with a Chain-of-Custody Label. The
Chain-of-Custody Label must contain the signature of the sampler and the date and time written
in ink. The seal must be affixed such that the shipping container cannot be opened without
breaking the seal (e.g., label adhered across the ice chest latch), so as to protect and document
the integrity of the contents from field to laboratory.
10.0 ANALYTICAL METHODS REQUIREMENTS
Samples will be shipped (Section 9.1) under chain of custody to locations designated by the
USEPA Project Manager for processing and analytical testing. Sample processing and analytical
testing and methods are outside the scope of this QAPP and therefore are not addressed herein,
but will be discussed in the Analytical Activities QAPP.
11.0 QUALITY CONTROL REQUIREMENTS
Data quality is addressed, in part, by consistent performance of valid procedures documented in
the standard operating procedures (Appendix B). It is enhanced by the training and experience
of project staff (Section 5.0) and documentation of project activities (Section 6.0). This QAPP
will be distributed to all sampling personnel. Field Team Leaders will be required to read the
QAPP, and verify that they read or viewed the materials and understood the procedures and
requirements.
Data quality will be addressed in the field through a thorough check of the Field Record Forms
by the Field Team Leader. The Field Team Leader will review each form for completeness and
accuracy of the recorded data. It is important to complete this step while still in the field so that
any unclear data can be verified and corrected. The Field Record Forms will be reviewed again
by Tetra Tech upon receipt, and a Data Review Form will be completed for each Field Record
Form. The Data Review Form documents the completeness and accuracy of all of the recorded
data; if corrections or additional data are necessary, the revisions will be documented on the Data
Review Form.
12.0 INSTRUMENT/EQUIPMENT TESTING, INSPECTION, AND MAINTENANCE
REQUIREMENTS
All field equipment will be inspected prior to sampling activities to ensure that proper use
requirements are met (e.g., boats or electrofishers are operating correctly, nets are without
defects, flow meter properly calibrated). Inspection of field equipment will occur well in
advance of the field operation to allow time for replacement or repair of defective equipment,
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and the field team will be equipped with proper backup equipment to prevent lost time on site.
One member of each field team should gather and inspect all equipment on the equipment and
supply checklist (Table 4) prior to each sampling event.
13.0 INSTRUMENT CALIBRATION AND FREQUENCY
All flow meters used by field teams will be calibrated according to the manufacturer's operating
instructions, on a daily basis, while in use (Appendix C).
14.0 INSPECTION/ACCEPTANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR SUPPLIES AND
CONSUMABLES
Careful and thorough planning is necessary to ensure the efficient and effective completion of
the field sample collection task. A general checklist of field equipment and supplies is provided
in Table 4. Sampling gear and supplies will be provided by each field team. It will be the
responsibility of each field team to gather and inspect the necessary sampling gear and sample
packaging and shipping supplies prior to the sampling event.
15.0 DATA ACQUISITION REQUIREMENTS (NONDIRECT MEASUREMENTS)
Nondirect measurements will include identification and/or verification of each sample site
location. Names of the target streams and addresses of the associated WWTPs will be provided
to the field sampling teams. Appropriate maps (USGS quadrangle, gazetteer, street atlas) will be
used to locate the site and verify the receiving waters that are being sampled.
16.0 DATA MANAGEMENT
Samples will be documented and tracked via Sample Identification Labels, Field Record Forms,
and Chain-of-Custody Forms (Section 6.0). Field team leaders will be responsible for reviewing
all completed field forms. Any corrections should be noted, initialed, and dated by the reviewer
(Section 6.0). As mentioned in Section 6.0, Field Record Forms and Chain-of-Custody Forms
will each be prepared and replicated in the field, via multiple page "carbonless copy" forms. The
sampler will retain one copy each of the Field Record and Chain-of-Custody Forms, and the
remaining copies will be delivered to the laboratory with the samples. Shipment of samples to
the laboratory (Section 9.1) must be conducted by a delivery service that provides constant
tracking of shipments (e.g., Federal Express). Laboratory sample log-in and data management
procedures are beyond the scope of this QAPP.
The laboratory will retain one copy of each Field Record Form and Chain-of-Custody Form, and
will forward the original form to the Tetra Tech Task Leader. Tetra Tech will perform a data
quality control check on the Field Record Form and forward the original form and the Data
Quality Control form to the USEPA Project Manager. Tetra Tech will retain a copy of the Field
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Record Form and Data Quality Control form. All form copies obtained by Tetra Tech will be
maintained in a project file during the active phase of the project, and for a period of 3 years
following completion of the project (unless otherwise directed by USEPA). Upon completion of
sampling activities, Tetra Tech will develop a field collection effort summary (i.e., a detailed
listing of all sampling participants, sampling locations, and specimens collected) based on
information recorded by all Sampling Teams on the Field Record Forms. The Field Record
Form data will be entered into an Excelฎ spreadsheet to create the summary. All data entries will
be checked for errors in transcription and computer input by a minimum of two persons. If there
is any indication that requirements for sample integrity or data quality have not been met, the
Tetra Tech QA Officer will be notified immediately (with an accompanying explanation of the
problems encountered). All computer files associated with the project will be stored in a project
subdirectory by Tetra Tech, and will be copied to disk for archive for the three years subsequent
to project completion (unless otherwise directed by the USEPA Project Manager).
C. ASSESSMENT/OVERSIGHT
17.0 ASSESSMENT AND RESPONSE ACTIONS
Assessment activities and corrective response actions have been identified to ensure that sample
collection activities are conducted as prescribed and that the measurement quality objectives and
data quality objectives established by USEPA are met. The QA program under which this
project will operate includes performance and system audits with independent checks of the data
obtained from sampling activities. Either type of audit could indicate the need for corrective
action. The essential steps in the program are as follows:
identify and define the problem,
assign responsibility for investigating the problem,
investigate and determine the cause of the problem,
assign and accept responsibility for implementing appropriate corrective action,
establish effectiveness of and implement the corrective action, and
verify that the corrective action has eliminated the problem.
Immediate corrective actions form part of normal operating procedures and are noted on project
Field Record Forms. The most common corrective action of this type is the resolution of non-
routine composite samples. Composite samples should contain at least three fish, and the
smallest fish should be at least 75% of the length of the largest fish. If either of these conditions
is not met, the sample is considered to be non-routine. Non-routine samples are not
automatically eliminated from the study. Non-routine sample details must be documented in a
memorandum to the USEPA Project Manager so that the sample can be evaluated to determine if
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it is programmatically viable (e.g., sufficient tissue for analysis). The non-routine memo is
submitted from the Tetra Tech Task Leader to the USEPA Project Manager. It lists each non-
routine composite sample and describes species, number of specimens, and specimen lengths and
weights. The sample is then evaluated by the USEPA Project Manager and the USEPA Project
Statistician, who collectively decide whether it is suitable for inclusion and analysis. They may
decide to do the following: accept non-routine composites that have less than three specimens,
but provide sufficient tissue for analysis; or reject individual specimens or entire composites that
are outside of program parameters. After the USEPA Project Manager and the USEPA Project
Statistician evaluate and reach a decision regarding the non-routine composites, sample details
and resolution elements are recorded on a Resolved Action Form (Appendix E).
Some problems that arise during the study may require more formalized, long-term corrective
action. In the event that quality problems requiring attention are identified, the Tetra Tech Task
Leader and/or Tetra Tech QA Officer will determine whether attainment of acceptable data
quality requires either short- or long-term actions. Failure in an analytical system (e.g.,
performance requirements are not met) and corrective actions for those failures are beyond the
scope of this QAPP.
Communication and oversight will proceed from Field Sampling Team Leaders (e.g., senior
fisheries biologist) to the Tetra Tech Task Leader. The Tetra Tech Task Leader will oversee the
review of all Field Record Forms upon receipt (using field sampling activities data review forms
as presented in Appendix F), and will communicate the status of the sampling activities to the
USEPA Project Manager on a weekly basis (at a minimum). The Tetra Tech Task Leader will
immediately consult with the Tetra Tech QA Officer and USEPA Project Manager regarding any
difficulties encountered during sample collection activities. The Tetra Tech QA Officer will
initiate the corrective action system described above, documenting the nature of the problem in a
system audit report and ensuring that the recommended corrective action is carried out.
The USEPA Project Manager and/or the Tetra Tech QA Officer will work with the Tetra Tech
Task Leader to determine the best way to rectify the problem and obtain accurate and useable
data. When corrective actions have been taken and a sufficient time period has elapsed that
allows a response, the response will be compared with project goals by the USEPA Project
Manager. The Tetra Tech QA Officer will verify that the corrective action has been
appropriately addressed to eliminate the problem. The USEPA Project Manager in coordination
with the USEPA Project Officer has the authority to stop work on the project if problems
affecting data quality are identified that will require extensive effort to resolve. The USEPA
Project Manager will consult with the USEPA QA Manager regarding any and all corrective
actions and stop work orders.
Performance audits are qualitative checks on different segments of project activities, and are
most appropriate for sampling, analysis, and data processing activities. Two field audits will be
conducted in accordance with Agency requirements and availability of resources. Audits will be
conducted at the Dallas, TX site and the West Chester, PA site (Appendix A). The USEPA QA
Officer or authorized designee will conduct this audit. The field audit is designed to ensure that
field activities are adequately observed and monitored for adherence to field sampling protocols.
This gives the Project Management Team the opportunity to identify non-compliance issues and
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to complete corrective actions. During the audit, the field observer will follow a standard field
observation protocol as outlined in the Field Observation Plan (Appendix G), and complete a
Field Observation Checklist (Appendix H). The auditor will complete a field procedural review
checklist and immediately inform the sampling team members of any deviations from the
procedures or other concerns.
Performance audit techniques include checks on sampling equipment, measurements, and the
analysis of data quality using QC and spiked samples. Analytical performance audits are beyond
the scope of this QAPP. The USEPA Project Manager and/or the Tetra Tech Task Leader will
be responsible for overseeing work as it is performed, and periodically conducting QC checks
during the sample collection phase of this project.
System audits are qualitative reviews of project activities to check that the overall quality
program is functioning and that the appropriate QC measures identified in the QAPP are being
implemented. The Tetra Tech QA Officer will conduct one internal system audit during the
project and report the results to the USEPA Project Manager on Tetra Tech's standard Audit
Report Form within thirty days. If QA/QC deficiencies are discovered, additional internal
system audits will be conducted until the Tetra Tech QA Officer and the USEPA Project
Manager conclude that overall project quality requirements are being met.
18.0 REPORTS TO MANAGEMENT
Following completion of the system audits, the Tetra Tech QA Officer will prepare an Audit
Report Form and submit copies to the USEPA Project Manager, the USEPA QA Coordinator,
and the USEPA QA Officer within thirty days of the audit.
Upon completion of weekly sampling activities, the Tetra Tech Task Leader will contact the
USEPA Project Manager to summarize Field Sampling Team progress for the preceding week
and submit a weekly progress report detailing the sampling activities and noting any concerns
about sample quality and their resolution. Following completion of field sampling activities,
Tetra Tech will prepare a field collection effort summary (i.e., detailed listing of all sampling
participants, sampling locations, and specimens collected) and Field Sampling QA Report for
review by the USEPA Project Manager. Following incorporation of USEPA Project Manager
comments and final approval, the summary and Report will be used to report back to study
participants to document the sampling effort for the study.
D. DATA VALIDATION AND USABILITY
19.0 DATA REVIEW, VALIDATION, AND VERIFICATION REQUIREMENTS
Data validation and review services provide a method for determining the usability and
limitations of data, and provide a standardized data quality assessment. All Field Record Forms
and Chain-of-Custody records will be reviewed by the Tetra Tech Task Leader for completeness
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and correctness. Tetra Tech will be responsible for reviewing data entries and transmittals for
completeness and adherence to QA requirements. Data quality will be assessed by comparing
entered data to original data or by comparing results with the measurement performance criteria
summarized in Section 4.2 to determine whether to accept, reject, or qualify the data. Results of
the review and validation processes will be reported to the USEPA Project Manager.
20.0 VALIDATION AND VERIFICATION METHODS
All Field Record Forms and Chain-of-Custody records will be reviewed by the Tetra Tech Task
Leader upon receipt. The Tetra Tech QA Officer or authorized designee will review the Field
Record Forms and Chain-of-Custody records during the system audit. Any discrepancies in the
records will be reconciled with the appropriate associated field personnel and will be reported to
the USEPA Project Manager.
Analytical validation and verification methods are outside of the scope of this QAPP. The
submission of samples to the laboratory will include Field Record Forms and Chain-of-Custody
Forms documenting sampling time and date. This information will be checked by the receiving
laboratory to ensure that holding times (Section 9.1) have not been exceeded. Violations of
holding times will be reported (by the laboratory) to the USEPA Project Manager and the Tetra
Tech Task Leader, and the USEPA Project Manager will discuss with the laboratory whether or
not to issue a stop work order for analysis of that particular sample.
21.0 RECONCILIATION WITH DATA QUALITY OBJECTIVES
As soon as possible following completion of the sample collection task, precision, accuracy, and
completeness measures will be assessed by Tetra Tech and compared with the criteria discussed
in Section 4.0. This will represent the final determination of whether the data collected are of the
correct type, quantity, and quality to support their intended use for this project. Any problems
encountered in meeting the performance criteria (or uncertainties and limitations in the use of the
data) will be discussed with the USEPA Project Manager, and will be reconciled, if possible.
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LITERATURE CITED
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 2000. Guidance for Assessing Chemical
Contaminant Data for Use in Fish Advisories, Volume 1: Fish Sampling and Analysis,
Third Edition. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Washington,
D C. EPA-823-B-00-007.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 2001. EPA Requirements for Quality
Assurance Project Plans (EPA/QA/R-5). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Environmental Information, Washington, D.C. EPA/240/B-01/003.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 2006 (Revision). Quality Assurance Project
Plan for Sample Collection Activities for a National Study of Chemical Residues in Lake
Fish Tissue. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Office of Science
and Technology, Washington, D.C.
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Appendix A
Targeted Wastewater Treatment Plant Sites
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Table A-l. A list of candidate sampling sites for the PPCP Fish Tissue Pilot Project.
St.
City
Facility Name
T reatment
Receiving Water
Name
County
Name
Pop
PCS
Design
Capacity
Existing
Flow
MGD
%
Effluent
% 65&
older
Median
Income
AZ
Phoenix (PHX)
91 st Avenue WWTP
secondary
Salt River
Maricopa
1,418,041
165
153
100%1
8.1
$41,207
IL
Chicago (CHI)
Northside WRD
Advanced secondary
North Shore Channel
Cook
5,376,741
333
234
100%3
10.3
$38,625
TX
Dallas (DAL)
Dallas WWTP
tertiary
Trinity Riverf
Dallas
3,500,000
150
100%3
8.1
$43,324
FL
Orlando (ORL)
Orlando-Iron Br Fac
Advanced Treatment I
Little Econlockhatchee
Seminole
442,542
40.00
36
64%2
11.3
$35,732
PA
West Chester (WEC)
Taylor Run WWTP
secondary
Taylor Run
Chester
17,701
1.5
36 - 86%*
9.0
$37,803
NM
Santa Fe (SAF)
Santa Fe WWTP
secondary
Santa Fe River
Santa Fe
68,041
9
8.5
100%
13.9
$49,705
NV
Las Vegas (LAV)
City of Las Vegas WPCF
primary & secondary,
removes ammonia
Las Vegas Wash}:
Clark
575,000
110
84
100%3
11.6
$44,046
TX
San Antonio (SAN)
Dos Rios WRC
Advanced treatment &
disinfection
Medina & San Antonio
Rivers
Bexar
1,236,249
125
56.5
100%
10.4
$36,214
VA
Lorton (LOR)
Noman M. Cole, Jr.
Pollution Control Plant
tertiary
Pohick Creek
Fairfax
17,786
54
>40
no gauge
data
7.9
$81,050
TX
Denton (DNT)
Pecan Creek Water
Reclamation Plant
secondary
Pecan Creek
Denton
98,288
21
100%4
7.9
$35,422
NC
Raleigh (RAL)
Neuse River WWTP
tertiary
Neuse River
Wake
326,653
60
36.67
48 - 78%
8.3
$46,612
DC
Washington DC (WDC)
Blue Plains STP
tertiary
Potomac River
DC
553,523
370
335
no gauge
data ?
12.2
$40,127
~
= Priority
I = Secondary
* Instream waste concentration from Tetra Tech's WERF field sampling data
0 Gauge is upstream of the Potomac's confluence with the Anacostia River; Blue Plains STP is downstream of this confluence, so Potomac's discharge will be much
greater than the gauge shows.
1 Information from Debra Daniel, AZ DEQ
2 Calculation based on data provided by Alex Trounov, Tt Fairfax
3 Flow is primarily made up of effluent discharged from multiple facilities (http://ndep.nv.gov/docs_04/bwpc_nv0000060_fs.pdf &
www.epa.gov/osp/regions/emerpoll/howe.ppt).
4 During non-storm conditions, flows are comprised almost entirely of effluent; during summer months, water in Pecan Cr. is exclusively effluent (Brooks et. al.,
2005).
t Natural drainage in the Las Vegas Valley and the receiving stream for all area surface water dischargers. The water in the wash is primarily treated wastewater
from the Clark County Water Reclamation District, City of Las Vegas, & City of Henderson.
t Recommendation from Scott Dyer, PGI
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Appendix B
Standard Operating Procedure:
Fish Tissue Sample Collection Procedures for a
PPCP Fish Tissue Pilot Project
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Standard Operating Procedure
Fish Tissue Sample Collection Procedures for a
PPCP Fish Tissue Pilot Project
Scope and Applicability: This Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) must be followed by all Field
Sample Collection Teams involved with the USEPA Office of Water's PPCP Fish Tissue Pilot
Project. Adherence to the SOP will ensure that field sampling activities will be performed the same
way every time, i.e., are standardized, for all sampling participants.
Fish tissue sample collection procedures are presented below as sequential steps, and include specific
equipment, materials, and methods required to perform field sampling activities only.
Responsibility and Personnel Qualifications: This procedure may be used by any Field Sampling
Teams that have been authorized by the USEPA Project Manager to collect fish for the PPCP Fish
Tissue Pilot Project.
References: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1999. National Study of Chemical
Residues in Lake Fish Tissue: Study Design. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology, Washington, D.C.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 2000a. Guidance for Assessing
Chemical Contaminant Data for Use in Fish Advisories. Volume 1: Fish Sampling
and Analysis. Third Edition. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Water, Washington, D.C. EPA 823-B-00-007.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 2000b. Quality Assurance Project
Plan for Sample Collection Activities for a National Study of Chemical Residues in
Lake Fish Tissue. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Office of
Science and Technology, Washington, D.C. EPA-823-R-02-005.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 2001. EPA Requirements for
Quality Assurance Project Plans (EPA/QA/R-5). U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Environmental Information, Washington, D.C. EPA/240/B-
01/003.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 2002. (revision). Field Sampling
Plan for the National Study of Chemical Residues in Lake Fish Tissue. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Office of Science and
Technology, Washington, D.C. EPA-823-R-02-004.
Precautions: Follow usual safety precautions for working in the field. Boats and/or electrofishing
equipment should only be operated by qualified, experienced operators trained in their proper use.
Each vessel must be equipped with the appropriate Coast Guard-required safety equipment
(including personal floatation devices for each field team member). If electrofishing equipment is
used for sample collection, each team member must be insulated from the water, boat, and electrodes
via rubber boots and gloves.
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Equipment/Materials Checklist:
Equipment and Supplies
Check
1. Sampling vessel (including boat, motor, trailer, oars, gas, and all required safety equipment)1-3-1
2. Electro fishing equipment - OPTIONAL (including variable voltage pulsator unit, generator, electrodes,
wiring cables, dip nets, protective gloves, protective boots, and all necessary safety equipment)1-3-1
3. Nets - OPTIONAL (including trawls, seines, gill nets, fyke nets, trammel nets, hoop nets, pound nets,
trap nets)1-3-1 (Note: No tarred nets, and all nets need to be clean and free of potential contaminants)
4. Angling equipment - OPTIONAL (including fishing rods, reels, line, terminal tackle, trot lines)1-3-1
5. Coast Guard-approved personal floatation devices
6. Maps of target rivers/streams and access routes
7. Global Positioning System (GPS) unit
8. Flow meter (including associated calibration supplies)1-3-1
9. Livewell and/or buckets
10. Measuring board (millimeter calibration)
11. Scale (milligram calibration)
12. Ice chests (Note: Each ice chest needs to be washed with detergent and rinsed with distilled water)
13. Aluminum foil (solvent-rinsed and baked)
14. Heavy-duty food grade polyethylene tubing
15. Large plastic (composite) bags
16. Knife or scissors
17. Clean nitrile gloves
18. Field Record Forms
19. Sample Identification Labels
20. Chain-of-Custody Forms
21. Chain-of-Custody Labels
22. Scientific collection permit
23. Dry ice
24. Heavy cloth or leather gloves for handling dry ice
25. Black ballpoint pens and/or waterproof markers
26. Clipboard
27. Packing/strapping tape
28. Overnight courier airbills
29. Plastic cable ties
30. First aid kit and emergency telephone numbers
31. Distilled water
(a)
Selection and exact specifications at the discretion of the experienced on-site fisheries biologist.
Procedures:
1. Identify the target stream to be sampled using the USEPA Office of Water's Target Site List
(Appendix A). Locate the target stream via the Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP)
address provided in the Target Site List and USGS topographic maps (or equivalent maps).
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2. Based on site reconnaissance, determine whether the target site meets the requirements of a
suitable site for sampling for the purposes of this study, i.e., each site must:
be an effluent-dominated stream associated with a WWTP, and
have a viable fish population of a resident species that is subject to effluent exposure
for most of its life cycle.
If the target site meets the above criteria, and if in the case of private property the landowner
allows access/permission to sample the site, proceed with Step 3. If the site does not meet
the requirements and/or if a private landowner denies access, record the problem and contact
the USEPA Project Manager.
3. Assemble an array of both active and passive gear types, to ensure the collection of the
desired target numbers and species of fish. Selection of the most appropriate gear type(s) for
a particular target site will be at the discretion of the experienced on-site fisheries biologist.
Detailed procedures for use or deployment of all possible gear types are not included here.
However, if passive collection devices (e.g., gill nets) are used, they must be checked
frequently (e.g., several times daily if possible, but at least every 24 hours) to ensure a limited
time lag between fish entrapment and sample preparation. Sampling Teams must be
qualified, experienced, and/or trained on the safe and effective use of each gear type selected.
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4. Sampling gear will be selected and deployed to obtain samples of the targeted species.
Suggested target species, listed in order of preference, are as follows:
Family name
Common name
Scientific name
Predator/Gamefish
Species
(in order of preference)
Centrarchidae
Largemouth bass
Micropterus salmoides
Smallmouth bass
Micropterus dolomieu
Black crappie
Pomoxis nigromaculatus
White crappie
Pomoxis annularis
Salmonidae
Brown trout
Salmo trutta
Rainbow trout
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Brook trout
Salvelinus fontinalis
Bottom-dwelling
Species
(in order of
preference)
Cyprinidae
Common carp
Cyprinus carpio
Ictaluridae
Channel catfish
Ictalurus punctatus
Blue catfish
Ictalurus furcatus
Brown bullhead
Ameiurus nebulosus
Yellow bullhead
Ameiurus natalis
Catostomidae
White sucker
Catostomus commersonii
5. As soon as fish have been obtained via active collection methods (or removed from passive
collection devices) they must be identified to species. Clean nitrile gloves must be worn
during the sample handling process. Potential target species/individuals will be rinsed in
distilled water to remove any foreign material from the external surface and placed in clean
holding containers (e.g., livewells, buckets). Nontarget fishes or small specimens are
returned to the stream.
6. Six composite samples of one target species will be retained from each target site. Each
composite must consist of 3-4 fish of adequate size (i.e., adult specimens that collectively
will provide greater than 30 grams of edible tissue and 10 grams of liver tissue) for analysis.
Select fish for each composite based on the following criteria:
all are of the same species,
all satisfy legal requirements of harvestable size (or weight), or at least be of
consumable size if no legal harvest requirements are in effect,
all are of similar size, so that the smallest individual in a composite is no less than
75% of the total length of the largest individual, and
all are collected at the same time, i.e., collected as close to the same time as possible,
but no more than one week apart (Note: Individual fish may have to be frozen until
all fish to be included in the composite are available for delivery to the sample
preparation laboratory).
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Accurate taxonomic identification is essential in assuring and defining the organisms that
have been composited and submitted for analysis. Under no circumstances should
individuals from different species be used in a single composite sample.
7. Following selection of 3-4 fish for each of the six composites that meet the above-listed
criteria for compositing, measure each to determine total body length. Measure total length
of each specimen in millimeters, from the anterior-most part of the fish to the tip of the
longest caudal finray (when the lobes of the caudal fin are depressed dorsoventrally).
8. Measure total biomass of each specimen to the nearest gram, using an electronic scale or
spring balance.
9. Record species retained, specimen length, biomass, location collected and sampling date and
time on the Field Record Form (Figure 1) in black ink. Complete site location description
portions of the form, and draw a simple sketch of the sampling area in the space provided.
One Field Record Form will be completed for each composite collected from the target site.
10. Assign the unique nine-character composite sample ID number to each composite as directed
on the Field Record Form (Figure 1):
state of collection (two-character abbreviation),
year of collection (two-number abbreviation),
site identification number (three-digit city code from Appendix A),
composite number (1 through 6)
tissue type (one character: F = fillet; L = liver)
11. Sign and date the Field Record Form.
12. Remove each fish retained for analysis from the clean holding container(s) (e.g., livewell)
using clean nitrile gloves. Dispatch each fish using a clean wooden bat (or equivalent
wooden device).
13. Wrap each fish in extra heavy-duty aluminum foil (solvent-rinsed, oven-baked sheets).
14. Prepare a Sample Identification Label (Figure 2) (in black ink) for each sample, ensuring that
the label information matches the information recorded on the Field Record Form.
15. Cut a length of food grade tubing that is long enough to contain each individual fish and to
allow extra length on each end to secure with cable ties. Place each foil-wrapped specimen
into the appropriate length of tubing. Seal each end of the tubing with a plastic cable tie, and
attach the appropriate Sample Identification Label.
16. Double-bag each entire specimen package, that is, place inside a large plastic bag with all
specimens of the same composite from that site and seal with another cable tie.
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17. As soon as each sample is packaged, place it immediately on dry ice for shipment. If
samples will be carried back to a laboratory or other facility to be frozen before shipment,
wet ice can be used to transport wrapped and bagged fish samples in the coolers to a
laboratory or other interim facility.
18. If possible, keep all specimens designated for a particular composite in the same shipping
container (ice chest) for transport.
20. Samples may be stored on dry ice for a maximum of 24 hours. Sampling teams have the
option, depending on site logistics, of:
shipping the samples packed on dry ice in sufficient quantities to keep samples frozen
for up to 48 hours, via priority overnight delivery service (e.g., Federal Express), so
that they arrive at the laboratory within less than 24 hours from the time of sample
collection, or
freezing the samples within 24 hours of collection at <-20ฐC, and storing the frozen
samples until shipment within 1 week of sample collection (frozen samples will
subsequently be packed on dry ice and shipped to the laboratory via priority
overnight delivery service).
21. Complete a Chain-of-Custody Form (Figure 3). All entries must be in black ink and coincide
with specimen/sample information on the Sample Identification Labels and Field Record
Forms.
22. Retain one copy of the Chain-of-Custody Form and Field Record Form, place and seal all
other copies in a waterproof bag, and enclose the sealed forms in the shipping container (ice
chest).
23. Pack each shipping container (completely) with dry ice, secure each container with
packaging tape, and seal it (e.g., across the latch of the ice chest) with a Chain-of-Custody
Label. Include the signature of the sampler and the date/time sealed (in black ink) on each
Chain-of-Custody Label.
24. Ship each container to the laboratory via priority overnight express delivery service, as
directed by the USEPA Project Manager or Tetra Tech Task Leader. Monitor sample
holding time, and factor time required for shipment/delivery to ensure that the preservation
and holding criteria described in Step 18 have been met.
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SOP PPCP Fish Tissue Pilot Project
Revision 0
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Page 7 of 9
Figure 1. Field record for fish samples.
Field Record for a PPCP Fish Tissue Pilot Project
Composite Sample ID:
(State) (Year) (Site ID Name) (Composite # 1-6) (Tissue Type)
Sampling Date : Collection Method:
Collector Name (print and sign):
Affiliation: Phone:
Address:
Site Location
Latitude 1:
Latitude 2:
County:
Longitude 1:
Longitude 2:
Facility Name:.
Receiving Waterbody Name:
Site Description:
Estimated average stream depth
Stream flow (3 measurements)
Average stream flow (based on 3 measurements)
meters; Estimated average stream width
m/sec m/sec m/sec
meters
m/sec
Sample Description
Fish Species:
Total Number of Individuals:
Specimen Length Weight
# (mm)* (g)
Location
Time
(Record time & time
zone code below)
01 _
02 _
03 _
04 _
05 _
06 _
Notes and Comments:
EST
Eastern Standard Time
EDT
Eastern Daylight Time
CST
Central Standard Time
CDT
Central Daylight Time
MST
Mountain Standard Time
MDT
Mountain Daylight Time
PST
Pacific Standard Time
PDT
Pacific Daylight Time
*minimum individual size should be no less than 75% maximum individual size
"Include Sampling Site Diagram on back of form
FORM DISTRIBUTION: White Tetra Tech Task Leader Yellow Laboratory Pink-Sampler
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SOP PPCP Fish Tissue Pilot Project
Figure 2. Sample identification label(a).
Revision 0
Date: 1 August 2006
Page 8 of 9
Project Name
Date
Site Identification
Time
Specimen #
Preservative
Composite Sample ID #
Collected by
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SOP PPCP Fish Tissue Pilot Project
Figure 3. Chain-of-Custody Form
Revision 0
Date: 1 August 2006
Page 9 of 9
[H^jTetra Tech, lnc.| Biological Research Facility
CHAIN-OF-CUSTODY RECORD
Project Manager or Client Contact:
Address/Phone:
Collector Name/Phone:
Project Number:
Project Name:
Page
of
Date
Time
Sample Location:
Sample Identification/Station
Type of Analyses Requested
Shaded area for Tt use only:
Sample check-in:
DO _
pH
Cond/Salinity
Chlorine
Appearance
Collection
Method
Log Number
Sampled by:
(signature)
Date/Time:
Relinquished by:
(signature)
Date/Time:
Received by:
(signature)
Date/Time:
Relinquished by:
(signature)
Date/Time:
Received by:
(signature)
Date/Time:
Received by:
(signature)
Date/Time:
FORM DISTRIBUTION: WHITE-Tt BRF YELLOW-Report PINK-Sampler
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Appendix C
Standard Operating Procedure:
Flow Measurement Procedures for a PPCP Fish
Tissue Pilot Project
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SOP PPCP Fish Tissue Pilot Project
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Date: 1 August 2006
Page 1 of 4
Standard Operating Procedure
Flow Measurement Procedures for a PPCP Fish Tissue Pilot Project
Scope and Applicability: This Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) must be followed by all Field
Sample Collection Teams involved with the USEPA Office of Water's PPCP Fish Tissue Pilot
Project. Adherence to the SOP will ensure that field stream flow measurements will be performed
the same way every time, i.e., are standardized, for all sampling participants.
Procedures for field stream flow measurement are presented as sequential steps in the SOP to follow,
and include equipment, materials, and methods required to perform field measurements only.
Responsibility and Personnel Qualifications: This procedure may be used by any Field Sampling
Teams that have been authorized by the USEPA Project Manager to collect fish for the PPCP Fish
Tissue Pilot Project.
References: Swoffer Instruments, Inc. Model 2100 Sensor Calibration/Care-Quick Sheet,
http://www.swoffer.com/pdf/2100pdf/210Q cal care.pdf
USEPA. 2004. Wadeable Stream Assessment: Field Operations Manual, pgs. 55-56.
EPA841-B-04-004. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water and
Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC.
Precautions: Follow usual safety precautions for working in the field. Boats should only be
operated by qualified, experienced operators trained in their proper use. Each vessel must be
equipped with the appropriate Coast Guard-required safety equipment (including personal floatation
devices for each field team member).
Equipment/Materials:
Sampling vessel (including boat, motor, trailer, oars, gas, and all required safety equipment)1-3-1
Coast Guard-approved personal floatation devices
Maps of target stream or river segments and access routes
Field Record Forms
Clipboard
Flow meter(a)
Jeweler's screwdriver
Calibration log book(a)
Selection and exact specifications at the discretion of the experienced on-site fisheries biologist.
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SOP PPCP Fish Tissue Pilot Project
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Date: 1 August 2006
Page 2 of 4
Procedures:
GENERAL
Procedures provided herein focus on flow meter calibration and measurement. Field teams are also
urged to read, understand, and follow the manufacturer's instructions.
CALIBRATION
Calibration procedures presented here are for the Swoffer 2100 model flow meter (taken directly
from the Model 2100 Sensor Calibration/Care-Quick Sheet, Swoffer Instruments, Inc.,
http://www.swoffer.com/pdf/2100pdf/210Q cal care.pdf)
1. Rotate the selector switch to the CALIBRATE position. A figure will appear in the display
and will be either the FEET calibration number or the METERS calibration number
depending on the position of the FEET/METERS switch (located in the battery
compartment). For most measuring applications the calibration numbers will be about:
FEET = 186
METERS = 610
If the displayed figures are much lower than these figures, the first thing to check is the
battery. A weak battery can allow the indicator calibration numbers to "drift" downward
slightly and will cause errors in measurements. Be sure to connect the sensor to the indicator
when confirming battery strength. Always keep a full charge 9-volt battery in the
compartment as a spare.
2. Mark a straight course of 10 to 20 feet in length in a body of calm, current-free water along
which the sensor can be towed by walking the course. A swimming pool or dock into a quiet
lake serves well. Rotate the selector switch to the COUNT position. If the display does not
show all zeros, press and release RESET. (The decimal point does not show in the count
mode.)
3. Place the sensor in the water a few feet before the beginning of the course, 6 to 12 inches
below the surface. Make sure that the wading wand remains vertical throughout the distance
traveled and that the tip of the propeller rotor faces directly into the direction of travel. Do
not "crab" the rotor in the stream as you walk.
4. Begin walking the sensor through the course at a rate close to that which you will be
measuring. If shallow flows are to be encountered, try to duplicate those conditions when
making calibration checks. Using the wand rather than the sensor as a guide, press and
release RESET at the instant the wand enters the course. The indicator will begin counting
the number of sensor pulses generated as you walk. At the instant the wand leaves the
course press and release START/STOP. The display now shows (and will hold) the number
of pulses generated over the course length. Several passes (e.g., 2-3) through the course in
both directions are recommended to develop a reliable average figure. Repeat the above
process as many times as necessary to establish an average for all rotors (e.g., primary and
backup).
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SOP PPCP Fish Tissue Pilot Project
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5. Determine the average number of pulses generated through the course. If your course length
is not 10 feet in length compute the number of pulses that the sensor would generate if the
course were exactly 10 feet. This will be the CALIBRATION NUMBER that the Model
2100 Indicator should hold for accurate measurements with that rotor assembly in feet per
second:
FEET CAL. No. = 10 x AVERAGE No. OF PULSES
COURSE LENGTH (IN FEET)
This number can then be multiplied by 3.281 (the number of feet in one meter) to determine
the calibration number for meters.
6. Next, rotate the selector switch to the CALIBRATE position. Put the FEET/METERS
switch (in battery compartment) in the "F" (FEET) position and the indicator will display the
Calibration Number it presently holds for measuring in Feet Per Second. With a good
battery it should be 180-186 (2" size props only). If your derived Calibration Number is
different from the number displayed you can change the calibration number by using the
CAL ADJUST screws at the bottom end of the indicator. Remove the CAL ADJUST cover
screws (black plastic fillister-head screws). Then USING ONLY A JEWELER'S
SCREWDRIVER (to prevent damage to the adjustment screw) rotate the screw clockwise to
increase the displayed number and counterclockwise to decrease the number. Do the same
for the Meters calibration number if necessary.
7. Each calibration adjustment screw is a 15-turn potentiometer with very fine resolution and
plenty of latitude for normal adjustment given a full charge 9-volt battery. Replace the
adjustment cover screws after making calibration corrections. The model 2100 indicator is
not water resistant without these cover screws in place!
8. Note and store with the Model 2100 Indicator your new Calibration Number(s). Before each
flow meter use, the calibration numbers and rotor assembly(s) that generated them
should be confirmed and matched (rotate 2100 meter switch to CALIBRATE) before relying
on readings. Also, be sure to check the calibration number while the sensor is connected to
the indicator to achieve maximum battery current draw. IMPORTANT: Errors in
measurements due to Calibration Number variation will be in direct percentage proportion to
the difference between the ideal (correct) Calibration Number and the number that the
indicator displays.
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SOP PPCP Fish Tissue Pilot Project
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DEPLOYMENT AND SAMPLE MEASUREMENT
1. Extend the Guide Rod slightly and swivel the Sensor to the 90ฐ reading position.
2. Remove the Sensor Optics Protection Cap and install the Rotor Assembly on the Sensor
Make sure that the Set Screw is snug against the rotor shaft but do not tighten it too much to
avoid stripping the threads or cracking the sensor. Check that the Rotor Assembly spins
very freely.
3. Connect the sensor to the indicator via the twist-lock connector. The connector is "keyed"
and only mates one way.
4. Place the Sensor Wand vertically in the stream and point the propeller rotor into the stream
flow.
5. With the Foot of the Guide Rod at the stream bed, adjust the Depth Rod up or down until the
tip of the propeller is intersected by the stream surface
6. Read the stream depth on the Depth Rod Scale. Depth is measured at the top of the Slide
Index fitting.
7. Next, lower the sensor until the top of the Slide Index fitting is opposite the corresponding
numerical depth reading on the 6/10 Depth Scale. The sensor propeller is now at 6/10 of the
stream depth from the surface of the stream.
8. Locate a cross-section of the stream channel for discharge determination that has most of the
following qualities:
Segment of stream is straight
Depths mostly greater than 15 centimeters, and velocities mostly greater than 0.15
meters/second. Do not measure discharge in a pool.
"U" shaped cross-section, with a uniform streambed free of large boulders, woody debris
or brush, and dense aquatic vegetation.
Flow is relatively uniform, with no eddies, backwaters, or excessive turbulence.
9. Place the wading rod in the stream and adjust the position of the probe on the wading rod so
it is at 0.6 of the measured depth below the surface of the water. Stand downstream of the
probe or propeller to avoid disrupting the stream flow. Wait 20 seconds to allow the meter
to equilibrate, then measure the velocity. Take 3 measurements within this cross section of
the stream. Record the three readings (in m/sec) on the Field Record Form. Calculate an
average value (i.e., divide the sum of the values by three) and record the result on the Field
Record Form.
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Appendix D
Field Data Element Dictionary
-------
Field Data Element Definitions and Instructions
Associated with Field Sample Collection Activities for PPCP Fish Tissue Pilot Project
Element
Affililation:
Collected by:
Collection Method:
Collector Name:
Composite Sample ID:
Estimated Average Stream Depth:
Estimated Average Stream Width:
Facility Name:
Fish Species:
Length:
The Affiliation field (on the Field Record Form) contains the
agency, group, or company name of those persons conducting
the field sampling.
The Collected by field on the Sample Identification Label is
synonymous with the Collector Name field on the Field Record
Form, and contains the name of the Field Team Leader.
The Collection Method field on the Field Record Form contains
the listing of sampling gear used to collect samples.
The Collector Name field on the Field Record Form is
synonymous with the Collected by field on the Sample
Identification Label, and contains the name of the Field Team
Leader.
The Composite Sample ID field on the Field Record Form and
the Sample Identification Label is composed of a nine-character
code including state of collection (two-character abbreviation),
year of collection (two-number abbreviation), site identification
number (three-digit city code), composite number (1 through 6),
tissue type (F for fillet or L for liver).
The Estimated Average Stream Depth field on the Field
Record Form stores an average depth estimate in meters for the
stream. Estimates will be made by the Field Team through
taking several measurements throughout the sampling reach.
The Estimated Average Stream Width field on the Field
Record Form stores an average width estimate in meters for the
stream. Estimates will be made by the Field Team through
taking several measurements throughout the sampling reach.
The Facility Name field on the Field Record Form is
synonymous with the Site Identification field on the Sample
Identification Label and contains the wastewater treatment plant
(WWTP) name.
The Fish Species field on the Field Record Form stores the
common name of the fish retained for analysis. Scientific name
entries are optional.
The Length field on the Field Record Form contains the
individual Total Length (in millimeters) of each fish retained for
analysis. Total length of each specimen is measured from the
anterior-most part of the fish to the tip of the longest caudal
finray (when the lobes of the caudal fin are depressed
dorsoventrally) and recorded to the nearest mm.
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Location:
Preservative:
Project Name:
Receiving Waterbody Name:
Sampling Date:
Site Description:
Site Identification:
Specimen #:
Stream Flow:
Average Stream Flow:
Time:
The Location field on the Field Record Form stores a brief
description of the area in the stream where each fish was
collected.
The Preservative field on the Sample Identification Label stores
information on how the samples were preserved for shipment,
i.e., either on dry ice or frozen.
The Project Name field on the Sample Identification Label
contains the designation "PPCP Fish Tissue Pilot Project".
The Receiving Waterbody Name field on the Field Record
Form stores the name of the stream receiving the WWTP
effluent.
The Sampling Date field on the Field Record Form and Sample
Identification Label stores the numerical month/date/year (e.g.,
10/02/99) of sample collection.
The Site Description field on the Field Record Form contains a
brief written description of the location of the site (e.g., road or
town landmarks) and area of stream sampled (e.g., 200 m reach
downstream from WWTP).
The Site Identification field on the Sample Identification Label
is synonymous with the Receiving Water Name field on the
Field Record Form, and contains the name of the stream
receiving the WWTP effluent.
The Specimen # field on the Field Record Form and the Sample
Identification Label consists of a two-digit number beginning
with specimen number 01.
The Stream Flow field on the Field Record Form stores a series
of 3 measurements of current stream flow recorded as m/sec.
The Average Stream Flow field on the Field Record Form
consists of a single (calculated) average of the 3 stream flow
measurements, recorded as m/sec.
The Time field on the Sample Identification Label and Field
Record Form stores time of sample collection recorded in
military time (i.e., four digits). Time fields on the Field Record
Form include collection times for each individual specimen.
Weight:
The Weight field on the Field Record Form stores the individual
Total Weight (in grams) of each fish retained for analysis.
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Appendix E
Resolved Action Form
-------
FISH SAMPLING ACTIVITIES
DATA REVIEW
RESOLVED ACTION FORM
Date:
Prepared
Composite Sample ID:
Attach this form to corresponding Fish Sampling Activities Data Review and Field Record Forms, and return all
deliverables to the EPA Project Manager.
Prepared by: Signature:
Elements requiring resolution Corrective Action Resolution authorized by:
Forward original form and attached Data Review and Field Record Forms to the EPA Project Manager.
Copy this form and retain with Data Review and Field Record Forms in Tetra Tech Project File.
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Appendix F
Field Sampling Activities Data Review Form
-------
FISH SAMPLING ACTIVITIES
DATA REVIEW
Date:
sampled received
Collector:
Composite Sample ID:
Return this form and the attached deliverable (on which comments or corrections
have been written and initialed) to the EPA Project Manager.
Reviewer: Signature:
Date:
reviewed
Review Elements (Circle One) If "No," describe condition and corrective action.
1. Is Composite Sample ID number Yes No
entered correctly?
2. Does the site ID number correctly Yes No
correspond with the site name (as per
the target site spreadsheet)?
3. Are field collectors identified on the Yes No
form?
4. Have site coordinates been entered on Yes No
the form?
5. Is a fish species identified on the form? Yes No
6. Do fish lengths meet the 75% rule Yes No
(shortest length divided by the longest
length > 0.75)?
7. Are there 3-4 fish in the sample? If Yes No
"No", how many fish are in the sample?
8. Has the Field Record Form been Yes No
completed in its entirety? If "No", list
missing information.
Additional Comments and Notes:
Overall Evaluation: ~ Acceptable ~ Unresolved or Needs Additional Review
Forward original form and attached Field Record Form to the EPA Project Manager. Copy this form and retain
with Field Record Forms in Tetra Tech Project File.
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Appendix G
Field Observation Plan
-------
PPCP Fish Tissue Pilot Project
FIELD OBSERVATION PLAN
Site Observer: USEPA or Tetra Tech QA Representative
Purpose: To observe field operations and adherence to field sampling protocols.
Each Site Observer will receive a package containing the following field sampling monitoring
items:
Field Observation Plan (1-page)
Field Observation Checklist (3-page carbonless copy form) [2 copies]
Field Sampling Standard Operating Procedures (May 2006)
Sampling Site spreadsheet
Clipboard/pen
Stamped, pre-addressed envelope to return completed forms
Site Observers should follow the series of steps below to complete this QA/QC activity.
1. Review Field Observation Checklist with Field Sampling Team Leader. Prepare
materials and equipment.
2. Arrange schedule of visitation with the Field Sampling Team Leader and confirm site
location, where to meet the team, and how to get there.
3. Observe performance of the team through one complete set of sampling activities as
detailed on the Field Observation Checklist.
4. Complete Field Observation Checklist, including comments for any element that is
partially met. Summarize field observations and note any significant issues on the last
page of the Field Observation Checklist before signing and dating the form.
Note: A significant issue is defined as the team overlooking a step in the operation,
incorrectly performing a step, or taking any action that could adversely affect the
chemical analysis of the fish tissue. Examples include incomplete recording of
data on the Field Record Form and inappropriate handling, packaging or labeling
of fish samples.
5. Retain bottom (pink) copy of the Field Observation Checklist for your records. Forward
the original (white copy) and the yellow copy to the EPA Project Manager in the
stamped, pre-addressed envelope.
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Appendix H
Field Observation Checklist
-------
PPCP Fish Tissue Pilot Project
FIELD OBSERVATION CHECKLIST
Date of Assessment Site Observer
Site Name Site ID Number
Field Team Leader/Affiliation
Note: A check mark under Yes means that the requirements of the element are fully met. A "P under Yes
means that the requirements of the element are partially met; this must be explained under Comments.
A check mark under No means that the element was omitted or not performed correctly.
Element Evaluated
Yes
No
Comments
Field Sampling Activities
Roles and responsibilities are discussed at a pre-event
briefing and are understood by each Team member.
Team has all necessary sampling equipment, forms,
sampling materials, labels, and safety equipment. (See
"Table 4. Equipment and Supply Checklist for Fish
Tissue Sampling'' in the Sample Collection Activities
OAPP for the PPCP Fish Tissue Pilot Project.)
Site is determined to meet the following criteria:
- serves as receiving waterbody for WWTP listed on
Sampling Site spreadsheet
- has a viable fish population of a resident species that
is subject to effluent exposure for much of its life cycle
and is typically consumed by wildlife and humans
Passive collection devices (if used) are checked
frequently (e.g., several times daily if possible, but at
least every 24 hours) to ensure a limited time lag
between fish entrapment and sample preparation.
A total of 6 composite samples of the same species are
collected, rinsed, and identified. Clean nitrile gloves
are worn during sample handling.
The selected fish are suggested target species, or an
appropriate substitute species for that particular region.
The selected specimens all satisfy legal requirements of
harve stable size and weight, or are at least of
consumable size if no legal harvest requirements are in
effect.
Form Distribution: White -EPA Project Manager
1
Yellow - Tetra Tech Pink -Field Observer
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KIciikmH K\;ilu:ilcd
Yes
No
('oillllKMllS
Composites consist of at least 3 fish of adequate size (to
provide at least 30 grams of edible tissue and 10 grams
of liver tissue).
The length of each fish is measured and recorded in mm
from the anterior-most part of the fish to the tip of the
longest caudal finray.
The selected specimens all are of similar size, so that
the smallest individual is no less than 75% of the total
length of the largest.
The weight of each fish is measured and recorded in
grams.
The selected specimens are all collected at the same
time (i.e., as close as possible, but no more than one
week apart).
Team completes, signs, and dates Field Record Form.
Sample llaiulling and Integrity
Each fish is wrapped in (laboratory provided) heavy-
duty aluminum foil.
Sample ID Label is prepared for each fish.
Lengths of food-grade tubing are cut that are long
enough to contain each individual fish and allow extra
length on each end to secure with cable ties.
Each foil-wrapped specimen is placed in the appropriate
length of tubing. Each end of tubing is sealed with a
plastic cable tie, and the appropriate Sample ID Label is
attached.
Wrapped specimens are placed inside a large plastic
bag with all specimens of the composite from that site
and sealed with another cable tie.
As soon as each sample is packaged, it is placed
immediately on dry or wet ice for transport to an
interim facility for freezing before shipment.
Form Distribution: White - EPA Project Manager Yellow - Tetra Tech Pink-Field Observer
2
-------
KIciikmH K\;ilu:ilcd
Yes
No
(oillllKMllS
Chain-of-Custody Form is completed. All entries are
written in black ink and coincide with specimen/sample
information on the Sample Identification Labels and
Field Record Forms.
One copy each of the Chain-of-custody Form and Field
Record Form are retained by the field sampling team.
Summary of Observations: (Attach additional sheets if necessary)
Significant Issues Identified? (Circle one) Yes No
If yes, briefly describe corrective action:
Other Comments or Notes:
Signature of Site Observer:
S ignature Date
Form Distribution: White - EPA Project Manager Yellow -Tetra Tech Pink-Field Observer
3
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