Calcium Hypochlorite Supply Chain - Executive Summary Calcium Hypochlorite Direct Use Chemical Ca(CIO)2 (solid) Inputs to Manufacturing Process: Calcium Hydroxide Chlorine Sodium Hydroxide ^ % of Total Domestic Consumption Attributed to Water Sector: Greater than 10% ^ Derivative Water Treatment Chemicals: Understanding Chemical Supply Chains None Map of Suppliers & Manufacturers A. Product Family: Chlor-alkali Calcium CAS No.: 7778-54-3 2 Shelf Life: 24 Months — RISK OF SUPPLY DISRUPTION (Assessed in 2022) RISK RATING: Low . i nui MnHn. RISK DRIVERS Production of calcium hypo- chlorite depends on supply of the chlor-alkali products chlo- rine and sodium hydroxide. Domestic manufacturing loca- tions are co-located with chlor- alkali manufacturing sites. Im- ports are almost exclusively supplied by one country, and anti-dumping measures are in place for imports from China. RISK PARAMETERS Criticality: Moderate-High. Used for disinfection, though not as widely as other chlorine-based products. Likelihood: Low. No history of supply disruptions between 2000 and 2022. Vulnerability: Moderate-Low. Domestic manufacturing is limited to two locations, and imports are almost exclusively supplied by India. Production is heavily dependent on chlor-alkali products. MANUFACTURING PROCESS Water Treatment Applications Calcium Hydroxide Chlorine Sodium Hydroxide Calcium Hypochlorite Input End Use Disinfection Other Applications Pool and spa sanitation General disinfection Washing fruits and vegetables DOMESTIC PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION, AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE Domestic Manufacturing Locations (2015): ^ 2, located in Tennessee and West Virginia (^) International Trade (2019) PrimaryTrading Partner (Imports): India Primary Trading Partner (Exports): Mexico Domestic Production and Consumption Domestic manufacturing volume of calcium hypochlorite was not reported under the TSCA CDR and was not available from independent sources. Due to this data gap, U.S. consumption of calcium hypochlorite could not be estimated. &EPA ------- Calcium Hypochlorite Supply Chain - Full Profile Product Description Calcium hypochlorite (Ca(CIO)2), an inorganic chemical and strong oxidant, is a widely used pool disinfectant. It is a derivative product of the chlor-alkali industry, and production relies on supply of both chlorine and sodium hydroxide. Use in Water Treatment Calcium hypochlorite is utilized in disinfection in drinking water and wastewater treatment (AWWA, 2018), most often at very small systems since it is easier and safer to handle than gaseous chlorine or sodium hypochlorite. Use as a Precursor to Other Water Treatment Chemicals Calcium hypochlorite is not used to manufacture other water treatment chemicals. Other Applications Calcium hypochlorite is widely used in many industries and a variety of settings as a general disinfectant. It is most widely used for pool and spa disinfection. For this purpose it may be sold as a pure calcium hypochlorite solid, or as a blend with other ingredients such as calcium chloride and calcium hydroxide. Other uses include surface disinfection and washing fruits and vegetables (USITC, 2015). Primary Industrial Consumers The primary use of calcium hypochlorite is swimming pool disinfection, which has been estimated at 75% of domestic consumption. Municipal and industrial disinfection and bleaching have historically accounted for the majority of the remaining domestic consumption (NCBI, 2021; USITC, 2015). Manufacturing, Transport, & Storage Manufacturing Process Calcium hypochlorite is produced using one of two methods: the calcium method or the sodium method. The sodium method, the most common method of domestic production, is based on the reaction of sodium hydroxide, chlorine, and calcium hydroxide. The calcium method reacts gaseous chlorine with calcium hydroxide to produce calcium hypochlorite, calcium chloride, and water. The sodium method may begin with the production of sodium hypochlorite or may proceed with sodium hypochlorite as a starting material. As described in the manufacturing process for the sodium hypochlorite supply chain (EPA, 2022a), chlorine is reacted with sodium hydroxide to yield sodium hypochlorite, sodium chloride, and water. Sodium hypochlorite is then reacted with calcium hydroxide and chlorine through a series of reactions to produce a calcium hypochlorite paste which is filtered and dried to produce a granular or powdered calcium hypochlorite (USITC, 2020). The overall equation for this process is outlined in Figure 1. Sodium Method Chlorine Gas + Calcium Hydroxide + Sodium Hydroxide —> Calcium Hypochlorite + Sodium Chloride + Water 2CI2 + Ca(OH)2 + 2NaOH -> Ca(CIO)2 + 2NaCI + 2H20 Figure 1. Chemical Equation for the Total Chemical Reaction to Manufacture Calcium Hypochlorite Product Transport Calcium hypochlorite may be transported in container by truck, rail, barge, and ship; however, purities above EPA 817-F-22-017 | December 2022 SEPA ------- Calcium Hypochlorite Supply Chain - Full Profile 39% chlorine content by weight are considered hazardous materials and require special handling (CINS and P&l, 2016). Storage and Shelf Life Calcium hypochlorite should be stored in a tightly closed container and kept in cool, dry conditions. When stored properly, calcium hypochlorite can have a shelf life of 24 months (ACI, 2015). Domestic Production & Consumption Domestic Production Production data was unavailable from the EPA Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) and other independent sources. Trade data was collected from the U.S. International Trade Commission (USITC) Dataweb, as characterized in Table 1. Trade data are specific to calcium hypochlorite. Table 1. Calcium Hypochlorite Production and Trade Data Sources Production and Trade Data Category Data Source Identifier Description Domestic Production Not Available CAS No.: 7778-54-3 Calcium Hypochlorite Imports and Exports U.S. International Trade Commission HS Code: 2828.10 Calcium Hypochlorite Total U.S. domestic manufacturing of calcium hypochlorite could not be estimated. There are two known domestic producers, one in Tennessee and the other in West Virginia, and neither producer has made production volume public (EPA, 2016; EPA 2020). This is in part due to a history of trade challenges and foreign product antidumping measures (USITC, 2015; USITC, 2020). Both domestic production facilities are co-located with chlor-alkali manufacturing sites. Supply of NSF/ANSI Standard 60 certified calcium hypochlorite for use in drinking water treatment is available at 14 locations in the continental U.S., as shown in Figure 2 (NSF International, 2021). For a more current listing of manufacturing locations and supplier locations, visit the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) Chemical Locator Tool (EPA, 2022a). 2 &EPA ------- Calcium Hypochlorite Supply Chain - hull Profile O Q O O o o o o -o o o o o 1 ¦-r # IHk Domestic Supply and Manufacturing of Calcium Hypochlorite O 14 NSF/ANSI Standard 60 Certified Suppliers (NSF International, 2021) 0 2 Domestic Manufacturing Locations (EPA Chemical Data Reporting, 2016) Figure 2. Domestic Supply and Manufacturing of Calcium Hypochlorite Domestic Consumption Due to lack of available production data, domestic consumption of calcium hypochlorite could not be estimated. Trade & Tariffs Worldwide Trade Worldwide import and export data for calcium hypochlorite are reported through the World Bank's World Integrated Trade Solutions (WITS) software, as a category specific to commercial calcium hypochlorites. In 2021, the U.S. ranked fifth worldwide in total exports and 14th in total imports. In 2021, China ranked first worldwide in total exports while Vietnam ranked first in total imports (WITS, 2022), as shown in Table 2. 3 &EPA ------- Calcium Hypochlorite Supply Chain - Full Profile Table 2. WITS Worldwide Export and Import of Calcium Hypochlorite in 2021 2021 Worldwide Trade Commercial Calcium Hypochlorites (HS Code 2828.10) Top 5 Worldwide Exporters Top 5 Worldwide Importers China 95 M kg Vietnam 24 M kg India 37 M kg France 17 M kg South Africa 19 M kg Philippines 12 M kg Japan 18 M kg Brazil 9 M kg United States 18 M kg Canada 8 M kg Domestic Imports and Exports Domestic import and export data are reported by USITC in categories specific to calcium hypochlorite. Figure 3 summarizes imports for consumption1 and domestic exports2 of calcium hypochlorite between 2015 and 2020. During this period, the overall quantity of exports gradually decreased while the quantity of imports remained steady, with domestic exports consistently exceeding imports for consumption. Over this five-year period, Mexico and Canada were the primary recipients of domestic exports, though the U.S. exports to numerous countries. India was the source of greater than 98% of imports for consumption throughout this period. Prior to 2015, China was the primary source of imports (USITC, 2021). 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Domestic Trade of Calcium Hypochlorite HS Code 2828.10 E 2015 2016 2017 E 2018 E 2019 I Imports from India I Imports from Dominican Republic Imports from Other Countries I Exports to Mexico Exports to Canada Exports to Other Countries E 2020 Figure 3. USITC Domestic Import and Export of Calcium Hypochlorite between 2015 and 2020 1 Imports for consumption are a subset of general imports, representing the total amount cleared through customs and entering consumption channels, not anticipated to be reshipped to foreign points, but may include some reexports. 2 Domestic exports are a subset of total exports, representing export of domestic merchandise which are produced or manufactured in the U.S. and commodities of foreign origin which have been changed in the U.S. 4 &EPA ------- Calcium Hypochlorite Supply Chain - Full Profile Tariffs There is a 2.4% general duty for import of calcium hypochlorite (USITC, 2022), as summarized in Table 3. Imports from China are subject to additional duties of 25% and 65.85% (Federal Register, 2020; USITC, 2022). Table 3. Domestic Tariff Schedule for Calcium Hypochlorite in 2021 HS Code General Duty Additional Duty - China (Section 301 Tariff List) Additional Duty- China3 Special Duty 2828.10 2.4% 25% 65.85% Free (A, AU, BH, CL, CO, D, E, IL, JO, KR, MA, OM, P, PA, PE, S, SG)4 Market History & Risk Evaluation History of Shortages Production of calcium hypochlorite depends on the chlor-alkali industry to produce the manufacturing inputs. Changes to production of chlor-alkali products may impact production of calcium hypochlorite. Flowever, no notable calcium hypochlorite domestic supply chain disruptions impacted the water sector between 2000 and 2022. Risk Evaluation The complete risk assessment methodology is described in Understanding Water Treatment Chemical Supply Chains and the Risk of Disruptions (EPA, 2022b). The risk rating is calculated as the product of the following three risk parameters: Risk = Criticality x Likelihood x Vulnerability Criticality Measure of the importance of a chemical to the water sector Likelihood Measure of the probability that the chemical will experience a supply disruption in the future, which is estimated based on past occurrence of supply disruptions Vulnerability Measure of the market dynamics that make a chemical market more or less resilient to supply disruptions The individual parameter rating is based on evaluation of one or more attributes of the chemical or its supply chain. The ratings and drivers for these three risk parameters are shown below in Table 4. 3 Calcium Hypochlorite From the People's Republic of China: Final Results of the Expedited First Sunset Review of the Countervailing Duty Order, 85 Fed. Reg. 67,19443 (April 7, 2020), the Department of Commerce published noticed that calcium hypochlorite imported from China would continue to be subject to countervailing import duties. 4 Symbols used to designate the various preference programs and trade agreements. A full list of special trade agreements and associated acronyms can be found at https://help.cbp.eov/s/article/Article-310?laneuaee=en US and the General Notes Section of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule https://hts.usitc.eov/current &EPA ------- Calcium Hypochlorite Supply Chain - Full Profile Table 4. Supply Chain Risk Evaluation for Calcium Hypochlorite Risk Parameter Ratings and Drivers I ICriticality Moderate-High 1 Likelihood Low 1 Calcium hypochlorite is used for disinfection, though not as widely as other chlorine-based disinfectants. The water sector has not experienced calcium hypochlorite supply chain disruptions between 2000 and 2022. Domestic manufacturing is limited to two location, and imports are almost exclusively supplied by one country (India). The production of calcium hypochlorite is heavily dependent on chlor-alkali products chlorine and sodium hydroxide. Risk Rating: Low le-L°w M°deraf Range '&4 ( "N U -P 0> 1 1 References AllChem Performance Products (ACI), 2015. Safety Data Sheet for Cal-Shock® Calcium Hypochlorite Granules, retrieved from https://www.hillbrothers.eom/pdf/downloads/msds/sds/n/calcium-hypochlorite-sds.pdf American Water Works Association (AWWA), 2018. B300 Hypochlorites. Denver, CO: American Water Works Association. Cargo Incident Notification System (CINS) and the International Group of P&l Clubs (P&l), 2016. Guidelines for the Carriage of Calcium Hypochlorite in Containers, retrieved from https://www.cinsnet.com/documents/ EPA, 2016. 2016 TSCA Chemical Data Reporting, retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/chemical-data- reporting/access-cdr-data#2016 EPA, 2020. 2020 TSCA Chemical Data Reporting, retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/chemical-data- reporting/access-cdr-data#2020 EPA, 2022a. Chemical Suppliers and Manufacturers Locator Tool, retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/waterutilitvresponse/chemical-suppliers-and-manufacturers-locator-tool EPA, 2022b. Understanding Water Treatment Chemical Supply Chains and the Risk of Disruptions, retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/waterutilityresponse/risk-disruptions-supplv-water-treatment-chemicals Federal Register, 2020. Calcium Hypochlorite From the People's Republic of China: Final Results of the Expedited First Sunset Review of the Countervailing Duty Order, Federal Register Vol.85 No.67, 19443- 19444, Washington D.C.: Department of Commerce, retrieved from https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/FR-2020-04-07/context NSF International, 2021. Search for NSF Certified Drinking Water Treatment Chemicals, retrieved from https://info.nsf.org/Certified/PwsChemicals/ 6 &EPA ------- Calcium Hypochlorite Supply Chain - Full Profile National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2021. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 24504, Calcium hypochlorite, retrieved from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Calcium- hypochlorite U.S. International Trade Commission (USITC), 2015. Publication 4515: Calcium Hypochlorite from China, retrieved from https://www.usitc.gov/publications/701 731/pub4515.pdf U.S. International Trade Commission (USITC), 2020. Publication 5065: Calcium Hypochlorite from China, retrieved from https://www.usitc.gov/publications/701 731/pub5065.pdf U.S. International Trade Commission (USITC), 2021. USITC DataWeb, retrieved from https://dataweb.usitc.gov/ U.S. International Trade Commission (USITC), 2022. Harmonized Tariff Schedule (HTS) Search, retrieved from https://hts.usitc.gov/ World Integrated Trade Solutions (WITS), 2022. Trade Statistics by Product (HS 6-digit), retrieved from https://wits.worldbank.org/trade/countrv-bvhs6product.aspx?lang=en#void 7 &EPA ------- |