#• \ ®! % ^ *1 PRO*^ 2020 National Emissions Inventory Technical Support Document: Miscellaneous Non- Industrial NEC: Cremation - Human and Animal ------- ------- EP A-454/R-23 -001 cc March 2023 2020 National Emissions Inventory Technical Support Document: Miscellaneous Non-Industrial NEC: Cremation - Human and Animal U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Air Quality Assessment Division Research Triangle Park, NC ------- Contents List of Tables i 29 Miscellaneous Non-Industrial NEC: Cremation - Human and Animal 29-1 29.1 Sector Descriptions and Overview 29-1 29.2 EPA-developed estimates 29-1 29.2.1 Activity data 29-1 29.2.2 Allocation procedure 29-2 29.2.3 Emission factors 29-2 29.2.4 Controls 29-5 29.2.5 Emissions 29-5 29.2.6 Sample calculations 29-6 29.2.7 Improvements/Changes in the 2020 NEI 29-9 29.2.8 Puerto Rico and U.S. Virgin Islands 29-9 29.3 References 29-9 List of Tables Table 29-1: Human and animal cremation SCCs 29-1 Table 29-2: Human cremation rate by state 29-3 Table 29-3: Emissions factors for the cremation of human and animal blood and tissues 29-3 Table 29-4: Estimated amount of material in restored teeth 29-4 Table 29-5: Sample calculations for mercury emissions from human cremation for the 85+ age group and cremation of cats in Clark County, ID 29-7 l ------- 29 Miscellaneous Non-Industrial NEC: Cremation - Human and Animal 29.1 Sector Descriptions and Overview The cremation of human remains results in emissions of particulate matter, S02, NOx, VOC, CO, and HAPs. It is a significant source of mercury emissions, due to mercury in dental fillings, as well as mercury in blood and tissues. In 2020, human cremation resulted in the emissions of approximately 1.8 tons of mercury. The cremation of animals also results in emissions of CAPs and HAPs, though it emits less mercury than human cremation. In 2020, animal cremation resulted in the emissions of approximately 2 lbs. of mercury. SCCs for human and animal cremation are provided in Table 29-1. Table 29-1: H uman and animal cremation SCCs see see Level 1 SCC Level 2 SCC Level 3 SCC Level 4 2810060100 Miscellaneous Area Sources Other Combustion Cremation Humans 2810060200 Miscellaneous Area Sources Other Combustion Cremation Animals A list of agencies that submitted human and/or animal cremation emissions is provided in Section 6.2.3. 29.2 EPA-developed estimates The calculations for estimating emissions from human cremation involve estimating the number of deaths in each age group in each county, using data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The number of deaths is multiplied by the average weight by age group and the state-level cremation rate from the National Funeral Directors Association to estimate the total amount of cremations in each county in terms of mass. This number is multiplied by an emissions factor to estimate the emissions of CAPs and HAPs. Emissions of mercury include emissions from mercury in fillings in teeth and in blood and tissues. The emissions from mercury in fillings are estimated based on data on the number of filled teeth per person in each age group and assumptions about the proportion of fillings that contain mercury and the amount of mercury in each filling. The calculations for estimating emissions from animal cremation involve determining the number of cremated animals nationally and distributing this number to each county based on population. The number of cremated animals is multiplied by average weights for cats and dogs to determine the amount of cremations in each county in terms of mass. This number is multiplied by an emissions factor to estimate the emissions of CAPs and HAPS. 29.2.1 Activity data Human Cremation The activity data for human cremation is based on the number of deaths in each county in 13 age groups, from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention WONDER database [ref 1], Data for some counties are withheld in the WONDER database. These gaps are filled using the data on the total number of deaths by age group in each state (which includes the number of deaths that are withheld at the county level). First, the sum of the reported county-level number of deaths in each age group and state is subtracted from the reported state-level 29-1 ------- number of deaths in each age group to determine the total number of deaths withheld at the county level in each state and age group. Deaths_withheldsa = Deaths_statesa — ^ Deaths_countysa Where: Deaths_withhelds,a = Total number of withheld deaths in state s in age group a Deaths_states,a = Total number of deaths reported at the state level in state s in age group a Deaths_countys,a = Total number of deaths reported at the county level in state s in age group a The total number of withheld deaths are distributed to the counties based on the proportion of population in those counties to the total state population. Pop_ratioc = (H2) Where: Pop_ratioc = The population ratio used to distribute withheld deaths in state s to county c Popc = The total population of county c Pops = The total population of state s The number of withheld deaths in each state is multiplied by the county population ratio to distribute the withheld deaths to the counties. Note that this step is only performed for counties where county-level data on number of deaths is withheld; this step is not performed where county-level data on deaths is reported. Deathsc a = Deaths_withheldsa x Pop_ratioc (H3) Where: Deathsc,a = The number of deaths in county c in age group a Deaths_withhelds,a = Total number of withheld deaths in state s in age group a, from equation HI Pop_ratioc = The population ratio used to distribute withheld deaths in state s to county c, from equation H2 The total number of deaths in each county (either reported directly in the CDC WONDER database or estimated using equation H3) is multiplied by a state-level cremation rate, reported by the National Funeral Directors Association (NFDA) [ref 2], shown in Table 29-2. It is assumed that the state-level cremation rate applies to all counties within the state. Cremationsc a = Deathsca x Cremations ate s (H4) Where: Cremationsc,a = The number of human cremations in county c in age group a Deathsc,a = The number of deaths in county c in age group a Cremation_rates = The rate of human cremations in state s, from Table 29-2 [ref 2] 29-2 ------- Table 29-2: Human cremation rate by state State Cremation Rate Alabama 23.1% Alaska 66.3% Arizona 66.1% Arkansas 32.7% California 63.4% Colorado 68.6% Connecticut 50.3% Delaware 46.2% District of Columbia 40.0% Florida 62.4% Georgia 37.1% Hawaii 72.7% Idaho 56.8% Illinois 42.8% Indiana 36.6% Iowa 42.2% Kansas 44.6% Kentucky 24.5% Louisiana 26.3% Maine 70.0% Maryland 40.6% Massachusetts 43.4% Michigan 54.9% Minnesota 57.2% Mississippi 18.2% Missouri 39.7% Montana 72.8% Nebraska 43.8% Nevada 76.9% New Hampshire 70.3% New Jersey 40.6% New Mexico 58.9% New York 39.6% North Carolina 39.8% North Dakota 35.3% Ohio 42.3% Oklahoma 39.0% Oregon 74.1% Pennsylvania 43.1% Rhode Island 46.6% South Carolina 37.4% South Dakota 35.4% Tennessee 28.1% Texas 39.3% Utah 31.2% Vermont 67.3% Virginia 36.1% Washington 75.5% West Virginia 27.3% Wisconsin 52.5% Wyoming 66.7% 29-3 ------- The CDC provides estimates of the average weight of individuals in each age group [ref 3], This number is multiplied by the number of cremations in each county in each age group and then summed across all age groups to estimate the total amount of cremations in tons in each county. A Cremations _tonsc Z1 ton Cremationsr n x W„ x — a 2<00() Ws (H5) a = 1 Where: Cremations_tonsc= The weight of humans cremated in county c, in tons CremationSc = The number of human cremations in county c, from equation H4 = The average weight of individuals from age group a Animal Cremation The Pet Loss Professionals Alliance (PLPA) conducted a survey that estimated that there were 1,840,965 pet cremations in 2012, and that 99 percent of deceased pets are cremated [ref 4], In addition, the Humane Society of the United States estimates that there are 2,700,000 adoptable dogs and cats euthanized in animal shelters each year [ref 5], It is assumed that all of these shelter animals are cremated. Therefore, there are a total of approximately 4,540,965 animal creations each year. Note that this estimate does not double count the number of animal cremations, because the PLPA study counts the number of cremations of pets—i.e. animals that are owned by people—whereas the Humane Society estimates are for animals in shelters that were not adopted. The population of cats and dogs is approximately 52.5 percent cats and 48.5 percent dogs [ref 5], Using this percentage and the total number of pets and shelter animals cremated annually, a total number of cats and a total number of dogs cremated annually can be calculated. Cremationsc/d us = Ratioc/d x (Cremations_petsus + Cremations_shelterus) (Al) Cremations_pets us = Total number of pets cremated annually in the United States Cremations_shelter us = Total number of shelter animals cremated annually in the United States The average weight of a domestic cat is approximately 4.5 kg (9.9 pounds) [ref 6], The average weight of a dog is difficult to determine due to large differences in breeds, but an average across breeds is 48.5 pounds [ref 7].- Note that this is a straight average of the average adult weight for male and female dogs across breeds. It is not a weighted average that takes into account the popularity of different breeds in the United States. To calculate the weight, in tons, of both cats and dogs cremated annually, the average weight values are multiplied by the total number of cats and total number of dogs cremated annually. Where: CremationSc/d RatiOc/d = Total cats, c, or dogs, d, cremated annually in the United States = Ratio of cats, c, or dogs, d, in the pet population Cremations_tonsc/d = Cremationsc/d x Weightc/d x 1 ton (A2) 2,000 pounds 29-1 ------- Where: Cremations_tonsc/d,us = Total weight, in tons, of cats, c, or dogs, d, cremated annually in the United States Cremationsc/d,us = Total cats, c, or dogs, d, cremated annually in the United States Weightc/d = Average weight per animal, in pounds, of cats, c, or dogs, d Once the weight of cats and weight of dogs cremated annually has been calculated, these values can be summed to derive a total weight of animals cremated annually. Cremations _tonsanimai = Cremations _tonsc + Cremations _tonsd (A3) Where: Cremations_tonsa„imai,us= Total weight of animals cremated annually in the United States, in tons Cremations_tonsc,us = Total weight of cats, c, cremated annually in the United States, in tons Cremations_tonsd,us = Total weight of dogs, d, cremated annually in the United States, in tons 29.2.2 Allocation procedure Human Cremation The number of deaths is reported by the CDC at the county level. Therefore, these data do not need to be allocated. For counties with withheld data on the number of deaths, the total number of withheld deaths is distributed to counties based on the proportion of population in those counties, as described in equations H1-H3. Animal Cremation The estimated national-level total weight of animals cremated are allocated to the county level based on the ratio of population in each county to the total national population. Popc Cremations_tonsanimal c Cremations_tonsanimal,us ^ ~q (Al) r°PuS Where: Cremations_tonsa„imai,c = Total weight of animals cremated in county c, in tons Cremations_tonsa„imai,us= Total weight of animals cremated annually in the United States, in tons, from equation A3 Popc = The total population of county c Popus = The total population of the United States 29.2.3 Emission factors Human and Animal Cremation - Blood and Tissues The emissions factors for human and animal cremation for CAPs are from AP-42 [ref 8], and a report by EPA on emissions tests of a crematory [ref 9] and are in units of pounds of emissions per ton cremated. The emission factors for CAPs are also provided in the "Wagon Wheel Emission Factor Compendium" on the 2020 NEI Supporting Data and Summaries site. The emissions factors for most HAPs are a report 29-2 ------- from the California Air Resources Board [ref 10], as well as from the EPA emissions test of a crematory. The VOC HAPs are computed in EIS using HAP Augmentation factors available in the zip file "HAPAugmentation_Nonpoint_28jan2023", on the 2020 NEI Supplemental data FTP site. The mercury emissions factor is from a review of multiple studies [ref 11], These emission factors do not include emissions from dental fillings. As shown in Table 29-3, EPA uses the same emissions factors for emissions from cremation of blood and tissues for both humans and animals. Table 29-3: Emissions factors for the cremation of human and animal blood and tissues Pollutant Pollutant Code Emission Factor (lbs/ton) Source Carbon Monoxide CO 2.947 8 Lead 7439921 0.009 9 Nitrogen Oxides NOX 3.560 8 PM10 Primary PM10-PRI 3.036 8 (65% of total PM) PM2.5 Primary PM25-PRI 2.022 8 (43.3% of total PM) Sulfur Dioxide S02 2.173 8 Volatile Organic Compounds VOC 0.299 8 Acenaphthene 83329 1.303E-06 10 Acenaphthylene 208968 8.971E-07 10 Acetaldehyde 75070 9.269E-04 10 Anthracene 120127 2.389E-06 10 Arsenic 7440382 5.097E-04 10 Benzo(a)anthracene 56553 1.166E-07 10 Benzo(a)pyrene 192972 4.720E-07 10 Benzo(b)fluoranthene 205992 1.737E-07 10 Benzo(g,h,i)perylene 191242 5.874E-07 10 Benzo(k)fluoranthene 207089 1.486E-07 10 Beryllium 7440417 1.760E-05 10 Cadmium 7440439 2.940E-03 9 Chromium (VI) 18540299 1.829E-04 10 Chrysene 218019 2.880E-07 10 Cobalt 7440484 8.869E-05 10 Dibenz(a,h)anthracene 53703 1.349E-07 10 Fluoranthene 206440 1.337E-06 10 Fluorene 86737 3.760E-06 10 Formaldehyde 50000 2.469E-04 10 Hydrogen Chloride 7647010 3.595E+00 9 Hydrogen Fluoride 7664393 8.651E-03 10 lndeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene 193395 1.440E-07 10 Mercury 7439976 1.324E-04 10 29-3 ------- Pollutant Pollutant Code Emission Factor (lbs/ton) Source Naphthalene 91203 7.520E-04 10 Nickel 7440020 4.149E-04 10 Phenanthrene 85018 1.531E-05 10 Pyrene 129000 1.474E-06 10 Selenium 7782492 4.971E-04 10 Human Cremation - Dental Mercury In addition to mercury emitted from the cremation of blood and tissues, mercury is also emitted due to the cremation of dental fillings. The Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD) issued a report in 2012 estimating the average amount of mercury in teeth per person for ten age groups, based on data from CDC's National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey [ref 12]. Table 29-4 shows the estimated amount of material in restored teeth by age group from the BAAQMD study [ref 12], which is matched to the age groups used by the CDC Wonder database, which is the source of data on deaths by age group. The BAAQMD memorandum is used to estimate that 31.6 percent of filled teeth in the 5-24 age groups contain amalgam. According to the American Dental Association (ADA 1998) more than 75 percent of restorations before the 1970s used dental amalgam, which declined to 50 percent by 1991. Using these numbers, it is assumed that 50 percent of the filled teeth for 25-44 age groups contain amalgam, 62.5 percent of filled teeth in the 45-64 age group, and 75 percent of filled teeth for people over 65. The Food and Drug Administration has discouraged the use of dental amalgam in children under 6 [ref 13], While EPA does not have data on the percent of fillings containing dental amalgam for the 1-4 age group, it is assumed that this age group has approximately half the dental amalgam of the other age groups under 20 years old. It is also assumed that children under the age of 1 have no dental mercury. The analysis also assumes that 45 percent of all amalgam-containing fillings are mercury, based on information from the Food and Drug Administration [ref 13]. Table 29-4: Estimated amount of material in restored teeth Age Groups in CDC WONDER Database Age Groups in BAAQMD Memorandum Avg. Material in Restored Teeth (g) % of Fillings Containing Mercury < 1 year 0-4 years+ 0.000 0.0% 1-4 years 0.160 15.8% 5-9 years 5-14 years 0.720 31.6% 10-14 years 15-19 years 15-24 years 1.070 31.6% 20-24 years 25-34 years 25-34 years 2.230 50.0% 35-44 years 35-44 years 3.290 50.0% 45-54 years 45-54 years 4.310 62.5% 55-64 years 55-64 years 4.320 62.5% 65-74 years 65-74 years 3.780 75.0% 29-4 ------- Age Groups in CDC WONDER Database Age Groups in BAAQMD Memorandum Avg. Material in Restored Teeth (g) % of Fillings Containing Mercury 75-84 years 75-84 years 3.650 75.0% 85+ years 85+ years 2.960 75.0% The emissions factor for mercury in teeth is calculated by multiplying the average amount of material in restored teeth per person by the percentage of fillings containing mercury in each age group and the proportion of mercury in dental amalgam (approximately 45 percent). lb EF_teethHg a = Materiala x ContainHga x HgProportion x 0.0022— (H6) Where: EF_teethHg,a Materiala ContainHga HgProportion 29.2.4 Controls There are no controls assumed for this source category. 29.2.5 Emissions Human Cremation To estimate the emissions of CAPs from human cremation, the total number of human cremations in each county, in tons, is multiplied by the emissions factor for each pollutant, from Table 29-3. Emissionsp c = Cremation_tonsc x EFp (H7) Where: Emissionsp c = Emissions of pollutant p from human cremation in county c, in pounds Cremations_tonsc= The number of human cremations in county c, in tons EFP = Emissions factor for pollutant p from human cremation, in lbs. per ton The emissions from mercury in teeth are estimated based on the number of cremations rather than the weight. To estimate the emissions of mercury from teeth during human cremation, the number of cremations in each age group is multiplied by the emissions factor for each age group and then summed across age groups. A Emissions_teethHg c = ^ Cremationsca x EF _teethHg a (H8) a = 1 Where: = Emission factor for mercury emissions from teeth due to cremation for age group a, in lbs. per cremation = The average amount of material in restored teeth for age group a, in grams, from Table 29-4 = The proportion of people in age group a with fillings that contain mercury, from Table 29-4 = The proportion of dental amalgam that is mercury (approximately 45 percent) 29-5 ------- Emissions_teethHg,c = Emissions of mercury in teeth from human cremation in county c, in pounds Cremationsc,a = The number of human cremations in county c in age group a EF_teethHg,a = Emissions factor for mercury emissions from teeth due to cremation for age group a, in lbs. per cremation The emissions from mercury from blood and tissues are estimated by multiplying the total number of cremations in each county, in tons, by the emissions factor for mercury from blood and tissues. Emissions_tissueHgc = Cremations_tonsc x EF_tissueHg (H9) Where: Emissions_tissueHg,c= Emissions of mercury in tissues from human cremation in county c, in pounds Cremations_tonsc = The number of human cremations in county c, in tons EF_tissueHg,a = Emissions factor for mercury emissions from blood and tissues due to cremation for in lbs. per ton The total emissions of mercury from cremation in each county is calculated by adding the emissions of mercury from teeth and the emissions of mercury from tissues. EmissionsHgc = Emissions_teethHgc + Emissions_tissueHgc (H10) Where: EmissionsHg,c = Emissions of mercury from human cremation in county c, in pounds Emissions_teethHg,c = Emissions of mercury in teeth from human cremation in county c, in pounds Emissions_tissueHg,c= Emissions of mercury in tissues from human cremation in county c, in pounds Animal Cremation Emissionsp c = Cremation_tonsc x EFp (A5) Where: Emissionsp c = Emissions of pollutant p from animal cremation in county c, in pounds Cremations_tonsc= The number of animal cremations in county c, in tons EFP = Emissions factor for pollutant p from animal cremation, in lbs. per ton 29.2.6 Sample calculations Table 29-5 lists the sample calculations for estimating mercury emissions from human cremation in the 85+ age group and animal cremation of cats in Clark County, ID. To estimate the total emissions in Clark County, these steps would be repeated to estimate emissions from all age groups and from cremation of dogs. 29-6 ------- Table 29-5: Sample calculations for mercury emissions from human cremation for the 85+ age group and cremation of cats in Clark County, ID Eq. # Equation Values for Clark County, ID Result HI Deaths_withheldsa = Deaths_statesa — ^ Deaths_countysa 4,013 state level deaths — 3,997 total county level deaths 16 withheld deaths in Idaho H2 P0Vr 873 people in Clark County 0.442 population ratio i <~>yratior C POPs 1,975 total population of counties with withheld deaths H3 Deathsca Deathswithheidsa x Poprafi0c 16 withheld deaths x 0.442 population ratio 7 deaths in Clark County, ID H4 Cremationsc a = Deathsca x Cremationrate 7 deaths x 56.8% cremationrate 4 cremations in Clark County, ID H5 Cremations _tonsc A = ^ Cremationsc a x Wa a = 1 1 ton X 2,000 lbs 4 cremations x 158.25 lbs per person in 85 + age group h- 2000 lbs per ton 0.3165 tons cremations in Clark County, ID H6 EF_teeth^g a = Materiala x ContainHga x HgProportion lb x 0.0022 — 9 2.96 g mercury x 75 % with mercury x 45% of fillings are mercury x 0.0022 0.0022 lbs. mercury per cremation H7 Emissionspc = Cremationtons x EFp N/A Completed in equation H9 for mercury H8 Emissionstgetft c A = ^ Cremationsc a a = 1 x EFteethHg a 4 cremations x 0.0022 lbs per cremation 0.0088 lbs. mercury from teeth in 85+ age group in Clark County, ID 29-7 ------- Eq. # Equation Values for Clark County, ID Result H9 Emissionstissue Hgc = Cremationstons ^ EFtissue ffg 0.3165 tons cremations x 0.0015 lbs per ton 0.00047 lbs. mercury from tissues in 85+ age group in Clark County, ID H10 EmissionsHg c EYniSSiOTlStegtft c -(- Emissions^issue ^g c 0.0088 lbs from teeth + 0,00047 lbs. from tissues 0.0093 lbs. mercury from cremation of 85+ age group in Clark County ID A1 Cremationsc/dus = Ratioc/d x (Cremations_petsus + Cremations _shelterus) 52.5% of cats in pet population x (1,840,965 pet cremations + 2,700,000 shelter animal cremations) 2,384,006 cremated cats in the U.S. A2 Cremationstons c d = Cremationsc x Weightc d d 1 ton X 2,000 pounds 2,384,006 cremated cats x 9.9 lbs per cat h- 2000 lbs per ton 11,800 tons of cremated cats in the U.S. A3 Cremations tmiq , iunb animal = Cremationstons + Cremationstons d N/A Cremations of dogs are not estimated in this sample calculation A4 Cremations_tonsanimal c Cremations _tonsanimaius Popr x — Popus 873 people in Clark 11,800 cremated cats x 329,164,967 people in US 0.03 tons cats cremated in Clark County, ID 29-8 ------- Eq. # Equation Values for Clark County, ID Result 0.000045 lbs. mercury A5 Emissionspc = Cremationtons x EFp 0.03 x 0.0015 lbs per ton emissions from cremation of cats in Clark County, ID 29.2.7 Improvements/Changes in the 2020 NEI There are no significant changes from the methodology used to calculate the 2020 NEI emissions. 29.2.8 Puerto Rico and U.S. Virgin Islands Since insufficient data exists to calculate emissions from human cremation for the counties in Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands, emissions are based on two proxy counties in Florida: 12011, Broward County for Puerto Rico and 12087, Monroe County for the US Virgin Islands. The total emissions in tons for these two Florida counties are divided by their respective populations creating a tons per capita emissions factor. For each Puerto Rico and US Virgin Island county, the tons per capita emissions factor is multiplied by the county population (from the same year as the inventory's activity data) which served as the activity data. In these cases, the throughput (activity data) unit and the emissions denominator unit are "EACH". Emissions from animal cremation are based on county population; therefore, the emissions from animal cremation in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands are calculated using the method described for the rest of the counties. 29.3 References 1. CDC. 2017 WONDER Database. Table 2, last accessed March 2019. 2. National Funeral Directors Association (NFDA). 2020. The NFDA Cremation arid Burial Report: Research, Statistics and Projections, last accessed December 2021. 3. CDC 2016. Anthropometric Reference Data for Children and Adults: United States, 2011-2014. Vital Health Statistics, Series 3, Number 29, last accessed August 2018. 4. Pet Loss Professionals Alliance (PLPA). 2013. Pet Loss Professionals Alliance Releases Finding of Inaugural Professional Survey, last accessed August 2018. 5. Humane Society of the United States. 2014. Pets by the Numbers, last accessed August 2018. 6. Mattern, M.Y. and D.A. McLennan. 2000. Phylogeny and Speciation of Felids. Cladistics, 16: 232- 253. 7. Modern Puppies. Breed Weight Chart, last accessed August 2018. 8. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1993. AP-42: Compilation of Air Emissions Factors, Fifth Edition, Volume I, Chapter 2.3 - Medical Waste Incineration, Tables 2.3-2 and 2.3-15. 29-9 ------- 9. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1999. Emission Test Evaluation of a Crematory at Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx, NY, Vol. I-III, EPA-454/R-99-049. 10. California Air Resources Board. 1999. Development of Toxic Emissions Factors from Source Test Data Collected Under the Air Toxics Hot Spots Program, Part II, Volume I. Prepared by GE Energy and Environmental Research Corporation. 11. Reindl, J. 2012. Summary of References on Mercury Emissions from Crematoria, last accessed August 2018. 12. Lundquist, J.H. 2012. Mercury Emissions from the Cremation of Human Remains. Bay Area Air Quality Management District. 13. Food and Drug Administration. 2017. About Dental Amalgam Fillings, last accessed August 2018. 29-10 ------- United States Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Publication No. EPA-454/R-23-001cc Environmental Protection Air Quality Assessment Division March 2023 Agency Research Triangle Park, NC ------- |