U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revision 2.0)
Office of Administration and Resources Management
Safety and Sustainability Division
Washington, D.C.
May 7, 2022
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Acknowledgments
The Safety and Sustainability Division (SSD) acknowledges the cooperative participation
of members of United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA's) Diving Safety
Board (DSB) over the years, including those members listed below.
CONTRIBUTORS:
Steven J. Donohue*
Nick Gannon
Scott Grossman*
Cheryl Hankins
Alan Humphrey
Tara Levine Frost
Ashley Howard
Kristin Leefers
T Chris Mochon Collura
Eric P. Nelson
Mel Parsons*
Sean A. Sheldrake*
Greg White
FORMER CONTRIBUTORS:
Jed Campbell
Gary Collins
Jim Gouvas
Duane Kama
Don Lawhorn
Edward McLean
Bill Muir
Walter Nied
Jim Patrick
Rob Pedersen
Kennard Potts
Bruce Reynolds
Brandi Todd
*Editors for Diving Safety Manual Revision 2.0
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Disclaimer
This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) in the interest of information exchange. The U.S. government assumes no
liability for its contents or use thereof.
The U.S. government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or
manufacturers' names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the
object of this document.
The contents of this manual reflect the views of EPA's Diving Safety Board in presenting
the standards for their operations.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 DIVE PROGRAM POLICY 7
1.1 Purpose 7
1.2 Background 8
1.3 Policy 8
1.4 Scope 9
2.0 DIVE PROGRAM ORGANIZATION 12
2.1 Diving Safety Board 12
2.2 Diving Safety Board Chairperson 13
2.3 Diving Safety Board Technical Director 14
2.4 Diving Safety Board Training Director 15
2.5 Diving Safety Board Special Operations Director 16
2.6 Unit Diving Officer 17
2.7 Alternate Unit Dive Officer 20
2.8 Divemaster 20
2.9 Diving Safety Supervisor 22
2.10 Scientific/Light Working and Trainee Divers 23
2.11 Dive Tender 25
2.12 EPA Diving Medicine Specialist 25
3.0 DIVE PROGRAM ELEMENTS 29
3.1 General Operations 29
3.2 Special Equipment and Operations 34
3.3 EPA Diving Safety 34
3.4 Recordkeeping 35
3.5 Emergency Planning 36
3.6 Reciprocity 37
3.7 Exceptions 39
4.0 DIVER TRAINING AND CERTIFICATION 42
4.1 Need for Divers 42
4.2 Application for Training 42
4.3 Prior Equivalent Diver Training/Certification 43
4.4 Physical Examination 46
4.5 EPA Diver Certification 50
4.6 Issuance 50
4.7 Requalification 50
4.8 Suspension of a Qualification 51
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APPENDICES
A EPA Diving Safety Rules
B Oxygen Enriched Air (Nitrox) Diving
C Dive Computer Guidelines
D EPA Air and Nitrox I and II Dive Tables
E EPA Diving Forms
F EPA Liability Release and Express Assumption of Risk Forms
G Determination and Requirements for Scientific and Light Working
Diving
H Checklist for Light Working Diving Operations
I Surface Supplied Diving Standard Operating Procedure
J Tethered Diving Standard Operating Procedure
K Standard Operating Procedures for Diver Decontamination
L Biohazards of Diving Operations and Aquatic Environments
M Safety Audit Checklist
N EPA Memorandum of Agreement of between the Safety, Health
and Environmental Management Division and Diving Safety
Board signed April, 10 and 11, 2010
O Letters of Certification (Examples)
P Letter of Reciprocity (Examples)
Q EPA Dive Program Report (Template)
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GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS*
AAUS
American Academy of Underwater Sciences
AED
Automated External Defibrillator
AGE
Arterial Gas Embolism
ASME
American Society of Mechanical Engineers
ASTM
American Society for Testing and Materials
ATA
Atmosphere Absolute
BCD
Buoyancy Compensation Device
BGV
Bag Valve Mask
CBW
Chemical and Biological Warfare
CFR
Code of Federal Regulations
CGA
Compressed Gas Association
CPR
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
CRZ
Contamination Reduction Zone
cu ft
Cubic Foot
DAN
Divers Alert Network
DCI
Decompression Illness (includes both DCS and AGE)
DCS
Decompression Sickness
DECON
Decontamination
DMS
Diving Medical Specialist
DOT
U.S. Department of Transportation DOT
DPIC
Designated Person in Charge
DPV
Diver Propulsion Vehicle
DSB
Diving Safety Board
DSO
Dive Safety Officer
DUI
Diving Unlimited International
EGS
Emergency Gas Supply
ENR
Enoyl-Acyl Carrier-Protein Reductase
EPA
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
EZ
Exclusion Zone
FFM
Full-face Mask
fo2
Fraction of Oxygen or Percent of Oxygen
FSW
Feet of Seawater
HASP
Health and Safety Plan
HAZWOPER
Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response
IPA
Isopropyl Alcohol
MD
Doctor of Medicine
mg/m3
milligrams per cubic meter
MOA
Memorandum of Agreement
MOD
Maximum Operating Depth
MSDS
Material Safety Data Sheet
MTV
Manual Triggered Valve
NAUI
National Association of Underwater Instructors
NITROX
Oxygen Enriched Air
NO A A
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
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OA
Office of Administration
OSC
On-Scene Coordinator
OSHA
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (Department of Labor)
PADI
Professional Association of Diving Instructors
PFD
Personnel Floatation Device
P02
Partial Pressure of Oxygen
PPE
Personal Protective Equipment
PPM
Parts per Million
PSI
Pounds per Square Inch
QATS
Quaternary-Ammonium Compounds
RNT
Residual Nitrogen Time
ROV
Remotely Operated Vehicle
RPM
Remedial Project Manager
RSTC
Recreational Scuba Training Council
SCUBA
Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus
SDI
Scuba Diving International
SEE
Senior Environmental Employee
SEI
SCUBA Educators International
SHEMP
Safety, Health and Environmental Management Program
SMB
Surface Marker Buoy
SOP
Standard Operating Procedure
SPG
Submersible Pressure Gauge
ss
Surface Supplied
SSD
Safety and Sustainability Division
SSI
SCUBA Schools International
sz
Support Zone
TSP
Tri-Sodium Phosphate
u/w
Underwater
UDO
Unit Diving Officer
UHMS
Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society
use
United States Code
USN
US Navy
VHF
Very High Frequency
VIP
Visual Inspection Process
VVDS
Variable Volume Dry Suit
WP
Working Pressure
* Abbreviations and Acronyms for EPA Diving Safety Manual and Appendices.
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Section 1 - Dive Program Policy
1.0 DIVE PROGRAM POLICY
1.1 Purpose
This policy section prescribes the administration and safety rules for the United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Diving Safety Program. Federal law requires
that individual underwater activities (diving) conducted in performance of any employment
condition must conform with Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
regulations 29 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 1910 — OSH Standards; Subpart
T — Commercial Diving Operations. Most of EPA 's dives are conducted in accordance
with the scientific diving exemption as codified in that document. However, some EPA dives
are commercial in nature (such as those involving light maintenance, inspection or repair).
Those dives must follow the requirements within 29 CFR 1910, Subpart T (see section
1.4.3). This Diving Safety Manual represents the safe work practices manual as required
by 29 CFR 1910, Subpart T outlined in EPA Diving Safety Manual and therefore, must be
available to all dive team members and at all dive locations.
Hereafter, "EPA diver" or "Diver" refers to an EPA Scientific/Light Working Diver
throughout this manual.
This directive sets forth EPA's policy for minimizing its worker's occupational hazards to
the underwater environment. Divers must be aware of the additional specific underwater-
related hazards such as drowning, near-drowning and hyperbaric illnesses, which include
nitrogen narcosis, decompression sickness (DCS), arterial gas embolism (AGE), oxygen
toxicity, and other ancillary health and safety issues.
The program's objectives include compliance with applicable federal, state, and local
governmental laws, regulations, standards, guidelines, and executive orders; incorporation
of appropriate elements of nationally recognized consensus standards; and effective use of
the wide range of both internal and external resources and expertise available to EPA.
Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), maintained under this program establish the
general approaches and work practices that are implemented at the operations level to
achieve the various requirements of the program in laboratory, field, and other settings.
The program and its associated SOPs incorporate nationally accepted and consistent means
and methods for planning and conducting underwater and diving activities to minimize the
potential hazards associated with these activities. To efficiently manage the EPA Diving
Safety Program, the Diving Safety Board (DSB) will create, revise, and delete SOPs using
this document, the program's Diving Safety Manual. This manual is considered separable
from the EPA Safety and Sustainability Division (SSD) Policy and Program document and
is outside of the revision process for that document. SOPs will be reviewed at the DSB
annual meeting, as necessary, and the SSD will be informed of the board's action in their
annual report.
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Section 1 - Dive Program Policy
1.2 Background
The EPA Diving Safety Program and its associated SOPs address various aspects of
Agency workers' protection from job-related hazards such as might typically be found at
land-based EPA work sites as well as those specific to the underwater environment (such
as immersion in chemically and/or biologically contaminated waters) and hyperbaric
illnesses (such as DCS or AGE) in accordance with the Diving Safety Manual. A
Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) (see EPA Diving Safety Manual, Appendix N)
provides for management of the program by the Office of Administration (OA) and
Resources Management Safety and Sustainability Division and daily administration by the
Chairperson of the DSB. The MOA affirms the authority of SSD for overall program
administration and formalizes the relationship between the DSB and SSD, whereby the
SSD has program policy authority and the DSB provides program technical assistance and
support but retains some independence to ensure that administrative or technical demands
do not unduly influence or require field personnel to perform operations with unreasonable
risk.
1.3 Policy
As with any employer, it is the Agency's responsibility to limit its workers' exposure to
occupational hazards with reasonable risk. This document focuses attention to the risk of
injury or to health in diving and other underwater hazards to fall within the limits prescribed
by underwater diving certifying entities for no-decompression diving. It is the policy of
the Agency to maintain adequate protection for its employees, property and those for whom
it has a responsibility, and to limit occupational exposure to diving-related injuries and
other underwater hazards.
The Agency maintains a program that establishes the organizational structure, managerial
functions, technical framework, safe dive limits system, and other elements through which
this policy is affected. SOPs promulgated under this section establish general approaches
and work practices, as well as specific procedures and techniques, to achieve program
requirements in all operational settings. It must be explicitly stated here that this document
is the policy by which EPA employees conduct all diving operations. By issuing this
Diving Safety Manual, the DSB reserves the need and right to maintain a set of operating
rules, guidelines, procedures and methods as provided in the appendices of this manual. As
required by OSHA, this manual is maintained by the DSB for autonomous guidance of its
operations.
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Section 1 - Dive Program Policy
1.4 Scope
The scope of this manual applies to all EPA employees engaged in underwater activities
using compressed gas as the breathing medium in the self-contained or surface-supplied
mode and shall be administered following the guidance of EPA's basic policies. This
document is the policy by which EPA employees* conduct diving operations. The term
"employees" includes full-time, part-time, temporary, and permanent EPA employees. In
addition, this manual applies to contractors, who are at a minimum, EPA-certified Divers
and who routinely participate as members of an EPA dive unit or contractors and other
organizations conducting diving operations at EPA-controlled sites or conducting dives
under EPA supervision in accordance with EPA policy.
1.4.1 Federal Regulations.
The directives set forth here are not intended to apply to other federal, state or local
governmental agencies or contractor personnel. However, the employees or agents
of such agencies, when performing duties at EPA facilities or at EPA-controlled
sites working as members of an EPA dive unit, are required to comply with:
a. The more conservative of the employee's organization dive regulations or the
EPA Diving Safety Policy and Program.
b. Other sections of the program as directed by the Unit Diving Officer (UDO) or
local Safety, Health and Environmental Management Program (SHEMP)
Manager.
c. Submission of the dive plan and scope of work, approved by the employee's
office, to the office of EPA that hired the employee (the local UDO may review
the dive plan if requested).
Employees or agents of other government agencies conducting diving operations
with EPA, unless covered under a specific reciprocity agreement between that
agency and EPA, must follow the policy and procedures required by their own
organization. The employees of contractors, grantees and other organizations
having agreements with EPA are required to comply with OSHA regulations for
commercial diving or with the scientific diving exemption (provided below) under
the auspices of their own organization. The diver's direct employer is required by
OSHA to have a written program ensuring compliance under either qualification.
Contractors whose work is clearly of a commercial nature (e.g., drum search and
recovery) shall conduct their dives in accordance with the OSHA Commercial
Diving Standard. In any case, the Agency has the responsibility for imposing and
enforcing appropriate safety standards for all personnel at a multi-employer work
site under its control, such as a Superfund remediation site.
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Contractors, grantees and organizations with which EPA has agreements other than
by reciprocating must comply with applicable federal, state and local laws and
regulations pertaining to underwater diving unless otherwise covered under this
manual. Among other requirements are those mandated in the sections below. Two
principal federal agencies regulate and govern diving operations: OSHA and the
U.S. Coast Guard, as indicated below:
OSHA: Title 29 — Labor; Subtitle B; Chapter XVII; Part 1910 — Occupational
Safety and Health Standards; Subpart T — Commercial Diving Operations and
Appendix B to Subpart T — Guidelines for Scientific Diving.
U.S. Coast Guard: Title 46 — Shipping; Chapter I; Subchapter V — Marine
Occupational Safety and Health Standards; Part 197; Subpart B — Commercial
Diving Operations.
1.4.2 Scientific Diving Requirements/Prohibitions.
Both federal regulations have exemptions for diving operations conducted solely
for scientific purposes. The standards indicated below allow diving for observation
or research and exclude any operation that might require strenuous activity or
activities usually associated with commercial diving operations.
OSHA 29 CFR Part 1910 exempts scientific diving under the following conditions:
§ 1910.401 Scope and Application.
(2) ... However, this standard does not apply to any diving operation:...
(iv) Defined as scientific diving and which is under the direction and control of a
diving program containing at least the following elements:
(A) Diving safety manual which includes at a minimum: procedures
covering all diving operations specific to the program; procedures for
emergency care, including recompression and evacuation; and criteria for
diver training and certification.
(B) Diving control (safety) board, with the majority of its members being
active divers, which shall at a minimum have the authority to: approve and
monitor diving projects; review and revise the diving safety manual; assure
compliance with the manual; certify the depths to which a diver has been
trained; take disciplinary action for unsafe practices; and, assure
adherence to the buddy system (a diver is accompanied by and is in
continuous contact with another diver in the water) for SCUBA diving. ...
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§ 1910.402Definitions....
"Scientific diving" means diving performed solely as a part of a scientific,
research, or educational activity by employees whose sole purpose for diving is to
perform scientific research tasks. Scientific diving does not include performing any
tasks usually associated with commercial diving such as: placing or removing
heavy objects underwater; inspection of pipelines and similar objects;
construction; demolition; cutting or welding; or the use of explosives. ... Appendix
B to Subpart T— Guidelines for Scientific Diving
This appendix contains guidelines that will be used in conjunction with
§1910.401 (a) (2) (iv) to determine those scientific diving programs which are
exempt from the requirements for commercial diving. The guidelines are as
follows:
1. The Diving Control Board consists of a majority of active divers and has
autonomous and absolute authority over the scientific diving program's
operation.
2. The purpose of the project using scientific diving is the advancement of
science; therefore, information and data resulting from the project are non-
proprietary.
3. The tasks of a scientific diver are those of an observer and data gatherer.
Construction and trouble-shooting tasks traditionally associated with
commercial diving are not included within scientific diving.
4. Scientific divers, based on the nature of their activities, must use scientific
expertise in studying the underwater environment and, therefore, are
scientists or scientists in training.
1.4.3 Light Working Dives. In addition to performing scientific dives, the EPA allows
for divers to conduct light working dives in support of its mission. The UDO must
determine and document in the dive plan whether a dive meets the OSHA standard
to be a scientific dive and if not, it will be conducted as a light working dive (see
EPA Diving Safety Manual, Appendix G and H for requirements and restrictions).
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Section 2 - Dive Program Organization
2.0 DIVE PROGRAM ORGANIZATION
2.1 Diving Safety Board
2.1.1 Policies/Procedures
a. The EPA DSB shall be composed of the UDOs from each diving unit and
the DSB Chairman as voting members, and a representative from SSD as
an ex-officio member.
b. Non-voting consultants, where necessary, may be invited to provide
essential expertise on matters relating to the EPA Diving Program.
c. All recommendations for revisions of the policy, diving rules or other
requirements associated with this program must be agreed upon by
consensus of the DSB voting members.
d. The dealings and recommendations of the DSB may be represented by its
officers (i.e., Chairperson, Training Director, and Technical Director) with
concurrence of the majority of the DSB.
e. As determined by the DSB Chairperson, all voting members of the DSB
will be polled if the business at hand can be delayed and the absent vote(s)
would determine the decision.
2.1.2 Responsibilities
The DSB shall make recommendations and be responsible for:
a. Meeting annually at a time and place to be designated by the DSB
Chairperson.
b. Recommending policy and changes in operating procedures within EPA
that will ensure a safe and efficient diving program.
c. Reviewing existing policies, procedures and training needs to ensure a
continually high level of technical skills and knowledge throughout the EPA
Diving Program.
d. Planning, programming and directing policy pertaining to the initial
certification of new Divers and refresher training of experienced Divers in
cooperation with the EPA Diving Program's Technical and Training
Directors.
e. Recommending changes in operating policy to SSD through the DSB
Chairperson.
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f. Serving as an appeals board in cases where a Diver's certification has been
suspended.
g. Planning, programming, and directing Diver workshops, seminars, and
other activities considered essential to maintaining a high level of
competency among Divers.
h. Reviewing EPA diving accidents or potentially dangerous incidents and
reporting on preventive measures to ensure safe diving.
i. Reviewing all budgeted advanced diving projects or directing the DSB
Chairperson to establish and chair an approved review committee for such
projects.
j. Advising SSD directly of any policies, procedures or actions that affect the
safety or efficiency of EPA diving activities.
k. Reviewing EPA contracts and cooperative agreements that involve diving,
as necessary.
1. Reviewing diving reciprocity agreements, and when necessary, dive plans
for non-EPA divers when funded and supervised by EPA.
m. Submitting comments on these activities to SSD.
n. Electing officers by a majority vote of board members.
2.2 Diving Safety Board Chairperson
2.2.1 Policies/Procedures
a. The DSB Chairperson shall be the principal contact within EPA for diving
operational policy and safety procedures.
b. The DSB Chairperson shall be a Diver with a wide range of experience and
be:
i. A currently certified EPA Divemaster.
ii. Capable of carrying out the responsibilities listed below.
c. The DSB Chairperson will be elected by a majority from among the DSB
members to nominally serve a term of five years.
2.2.2 Responsibilities
The DSB Chairperson shall make recommendations to allocate sufficient resources
to provide technical assistance and support to SSD, regions, laboratories and other
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operating units to ensure implementation, management and maintenance of
program policies, standards, protocols, priorities and evaluation activities in
accordance with the MOA between SSD and the DSB and the statutes, regulations
and guidelines identified below. The DSB Chairperson, nominated from the DSB
membership and confirmed by the DSB, shall be responsible for:
a. Conducting an annual meeting of the DSB.
b. Conducting an annual review with the EPA DSB of all EPA diving
operations during the preceding calendar year and submitting an annual
report at the end of the calendar year to SSD.
c. Establishing procedures for the UDOs to conduct safety reviews/inspections
of each diving unit on an annual basis.
d. Ensuring that such inspections of each diving unit are accomplished.
f. Reviewing and taking appropriate action on recommendations for changes
in operating policy formulated by the EPA DSB and/or SSD.
g. Leading a review of all EPA diving accidents or potentially dangerous
incidents and issuing reports on preventive measures to ensure safe diving.
h. Approving the use of specialized types of diving apparatus or gas mixtures,
other than open circuit self-contained underwater breathing apparatus
(SCUBA) with air or oxygen-enriched air after consultation with the
appropriate technical experts.
i. Developing diving reciprocity agreements between EPA and other federal
and state agencies, colleges/universities, private institutions, or any other
entity (See EPA Diving Safety Manual, Appendix P).
j. Remaining abreast of new diving techniques and innovations.
k. Establishing and chairing such budgeted advanced diving project review
committees as may be directed and approved by SSD.
2.3 Diving Safety Board Technical Director
2.3.1 Policies/Procedures
a. The DSB shall elect an EPA DSB Technical Director who will be the
principal contact with the DSB Chairperson for safety, equipment and
technical matters.
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b. The DSB Technical Director shall be a currently certified EPA Divemaster
capable of carrying out the responsibilities listed below. This requires the
Technical Director to remain current in the knowledge and understanding
of industry standards, practices and concerns; diving medicine to the extent
necessary to provide guidance on safe diving practices; and diving
technology (e.g., by attending the annual diving technology show or other
technical meetings).
c. The DSB Technical Director will be elected by a majority from among the
DSB members to serve a nominal five-year term.
2.3.2 Responsibilities
The Technical Director shall be responsible to the DSB Chairperson for:
a. Coordinating diving accident reporting with appropriate EPA Safety
Managers.
b Reviewing new technologies that may be incorporated into the EPA Diving
Program.
c. Working with the DSB Chairperson in reviewing all EPA diving accidents
or potentially dangerous incidents and issuing reports on preventive
measures to ensure safe diving.
d. Actively researching new diving equipment, techniques and innovations.
2.4 Diving Safety Board Training Director
2.4.1 Policies/Procedures
a. The DSB shall elect an EPA Training Director from its membership who
will be the principal contact with the DSB Chairperson for training,
certification and Diver qualification. In addition, the Training Director will
be an additional resource on issues of safety, equipment, and technical
diving matters.
b. The Training Director shall be a currently certified EPA Divemaster capable
of carrying out the responsibilities listed below. The Training Director shall
be experienced in the areas of instruction, as required by the duties involved
in the EPA Diving Program and/or as recommended by the DSB. The
Training Director shall be capable of coordinating the training activities for
the Diver qualification, certification and safety training programs.
c. The DSB Training Director will be elected by a majority from the DSB
membership to serve a nominal five-year term.
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2.4.2 Responsibilities
The Training Director shall be responsible to the Chairperson of the DSB for:
a. Providing and coordinating all EPA Diver and Divemaster Training
Courses for EPA employees, certifying individuals to the EPA Diver and
Divemaster levels, maintaining training records, and issuing Letters of
Certification (See EPA Diving Safety Manual, Appendix O) in accordance
with this manual.
b. Managing these courses with the advice and assistance of the EPA DSB by
discussing possible private (contract) sources of trainers and by delegating
various training course responsibilities to the EPA UDOs whom are able to
participate in the course.
c. Coordinating contracting activities with SSD for the purpose of providing
appropriate trainers for these courses.
d. Remaining abreast of new diving equipment, techniques and innovations.
e. Provide training opportunities for the use of specialized types of diving
apparatus or gas mixtures, other than open circuit SCUBA with air or
oxygen-enriched air after consultation with the appropriate technical
specialists.
f. Providing a written summary of all dives conducted during EPA National
Diver Training to the DSB Chairperson for inclusion in the DSB's annual
report to SSD.
g. Acting on behalf of the DSB Chairperson if they are unavailable.
2.5 Diving Safety Board Special Operations Director
2.5.1 Policies/Procedures
a. The DSB shall elect a Special Operations Director from its membership,
who will be the principal contact with the DSB Chairperson related to
special non-routine technical issues or dive support that may be associated
with significant national events.
b. The Special Operations Director and DSB Chairperson shall be the lead
contacts within the EPA Dive Program for major homeland security or
hazardous materials incidents, national disaster response, and coordination
of EPA Dive Unit response actions during significant national events.
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c. The DSB Special Operations Director shall be a currently certified EPA
Divemaster capable of carrying out the responsibilities listed below. The
Special Operations Director should be experienced in:
i. Emergency response to oil/chemical spills or terrorist threats.
ii. Contaminated water diving procedures and equipment.
iii. Providing EPA technical support during hazardous material incidents.
iv. Coordination with local, state and federal agencies.
d. The DSB Special Operations Director will be elected by a majority from the
DSB membership to serve a nominal five-year term.
e. If EPA personnel are requested to dive on a special mission, and the
proposed activity falls outside of the scope of routine scientific diving, the
DSB Chairperson and Special Operations Director will identify and brief
key Agency personnel on the nature of the operation prior to committing
Agency resources.
2.5.2 Responsibilities
The Special Operations Director shall be responsible to the DSB Chairperson for:
a. As requested, coordinating EPA diving projects with On-Scene
Coordinators (OSCs) and Remedial Project Managers (RPMs) at Superfund
sites or spills of oil or hazardous substances.
b. Providing technical support or diving capability at national or significant
events that involve homeland security, waterborne terrorist threats, major
oil or chemical spills to water, or other situations warranting the use of EPA
divers.
c. Coordinating EPA diving resources at a significant national event. The
Special Operations Director will assess the situation and work in
consultation with the DSB Chairperson. Based on the hazards involved, the
Director and Chairperson will consult with UDOs and select the most
qualified Divers.
2.6 Unit Diving Officer
2.6.1 Policies/Procedures
a. The UDO must be capable of managing the unit's diving assignments,
personnel, and equipment resources along with the reporting functions
indicated in this policy section. The Director or appropriate manager in
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each region, Headquarters office, or laboratory, as appropriate, that
conducts diving operations shall recommend to the EPA DSB Chairperson
a UDO for appointment. The UDO candidate nomination shall be made in
consultation with and approved by members of the DSB, who may have a
better understanding of a candidate's capabilities to meet the functional
requirements.
b. The UDO shall be a currently certified EPA Divemaster capable of carrying
out the responsibilities listed below. This requires the UDO to be
knowledgeable of industry standards, practices and concerns; diving
medicine to the extent necessary to provide guidance on safe diving
practices; and diving technology.
c. The UDO is responsible for annually reporting to the DSB a summary of all
diving activities, accidents, incidents and other information as requested by
the DSB Chairperson.
2.6.2 Responsibilities
The UDOs shall compose EPA's DSB, representing the regional, Headquarters
offices, and laboratories, and shall be responsible within the unit for:
a. Reviewing and acting on (i.e., approve or request amendment to) requests
for dive plan approval. Reviewing and maintaining copies of all dive
training and qualification records for all EPA-certified divers within their
unit.
b. Maintaining current generic diving safety policies, plans and procedures.
c. Providing technical support locally in the development of site safety plans
(e.g. Health and Safety Plans [HASPs]).
d. Providing managerial and technical resources for diving programs to the
unit managers and supervisors.
e. Providing, if possible, onsite logistical and supervisory support to the EPA
Training Director for Diver training courses.
f. Investigating and reporting each diving accident/incident and employee
diving-related illnesses that occur within the unit, in conformance with
Subsection 3.1.8, "Reporting, Investigating and Reviewing Diving
Accidents," in concert with the SHEMP Manager.
g. Planning, programming, directing and reviewing the diving activities within
the unit to ensure compliance with EPA policies, procedures and standards
relating to diving operations.
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h. Maintaining familiarity with all diving activities within the unit.
i. Complete the diving portion of the safety self-assessment tool (See EPA
Divining Safety Manual, Appendix M) in coordination with the SHEMP
Manager annually and pursue corrections as needed. Coordinate with SSD
to conduct in-person audits as needed.
j. Recommending Divers for advancement in the EPA Diver Training
Program.
k. Advising and assisting the Training Director in planning and coordinating
Diver training programs leading to certification of Divers to meet the
various research and technical diving requirements of EPA.
1. Establishing requalification criteria within the unit for Divers whose
proficiency requirements have lapsed.
m. Submitting an annual report of all diving activities and accidents, as
required, to the DSB Chairperson.
n. Ensuring that all diving gear and accessory equipment is maintained in a
safe operating condition.
o. Ensuring the maintenance of equipment files for the unit. To include type,
brand name, serial number and repairs completed on compressors, tanks,
regulators, depth gauges, submersible pressure gauges (SPG) and
decompression meters and/or dive computers.
p. Ensuring that a competent Divemaster is in charge of the diving operations
conducted by the unit.
q. Maintaining records on each Diver in their unit or delegating this
responsibility to an Alternate UDO. The records maintained on each Diver
shall include, but not be limited to: a copy of the Diver's most recent
Medical Qualification Form; a copy of the Diver's Letter of Certification;
copies of the Diver's training records and qualification requirements; and
copies of the unit's dive log. {Note: The individual Diver should be
responsible for maintaining a copy of his/her own completed Medical
Evaluation Form, as submitted for Diver qualification.)
r. Ensuring that all Divers demonstrate their ability to meet basic physical
fitness standards by successfully completing the swim test requirements of
the EPA Diver Training Program. This test should be conducted at least
every two years, and at any time the UDO deems necessary (e.g., following
a long hiatus of not diving).
s. Ensuring that all Divers use breathing gas meeting standards found in EPA
Divining Safety Manual, Appendix A, Section 25.
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t. Ensuring Divers in their unit meet and maintain qualification requirements
including:
i. Training/Requalification Dives
ii. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) Training
iii. Automated External Defibrillator (AED) Training
iv. First Aid Training
v. Oxygen Administration Training
vi. Medical Monitoring
u. Providing an annual rescue drill opportunity for their dive unit.
v. Determining whether dive operations are to be conducted as scientific dives
or light working dives, and for documenting this determination in the dive
and project plans, dive logs and reports per EPA Diving Safety Manual,
Appendix G.
2.7 Alternate Unit Dive Officer
2.7.1 Policies/Procedures
An Alternate UDO will be designated at the discretion of the UDO by internal
memorandum to the Office Director (or equivalent level), the DSB Chairperson,
and the UDO's appropriate supervisor, to temporarily assume the duties of the UDO
in his/her absence. The primary responsibility is to provide coverage for
administrative responsibilities in the UDO's absence.
2.7.2 Responsibilities
(See UDO Responsibilities above)
2.8 Divemaster
2.8.1 Policies/Procedures
a. The Divemaster designation is an assigned function for each diving project,
similar to a site supervisor. Depending on the unit organization, a
Divemaster shall be assigned for each ship/work party by the UDO for all
diving operations. In the UDO's or Alternate UDO's absence, the EPA
DSB Chair, Technical Director or Training Director may assign the
Divemaster.
b. The project Divemaster shall be a currently certified EPA Diver
experienced in that specific type of diving and must have successfully
completed the EPA or NOAA Divemaster Training Course.
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c. The Divemaster or UDO may designate an Acting Divemaster who may not
have completed the EPA or NOAA Divemaster Training Course or met all
requirements in Subsection 4.5.5, "Certification." The Acting Divemaster
should be a fully qualified Diver experienced with the type of dive operation
being conducted.
2.8.2 Responsibilities
Designated Divemasters are responsible for:
a. Supervising employees and Divers, as appropriate, and in a manner so as to
ensure that their health is protected through the application of this program
and all related guidance and directives.
b. Through observation of Divers' performance in the field, identifying those
who may be eligible for enrollment, advancement or discharge from the
program.
c. If requested by the UDO, overseeing the proper handling and use and timely
replacement of critical diving equipment.
d. Jointly reviewing diving-related incidences involving their subordinates in
consultation with the SHEMP Manager and UDO.
e. Being aware of their Divers and other workers who are diving profiles that
approach the no-decompression limits (or oxygen toxicity limits for Oxygen
Enriched Air [Nitrox] or mixed-gas profiles) and monitoring those
individuals for neurological or toxic effects (see EPA Diving Safety
Manual, Appendix D for EPA Dive Tables)
f. The Divemaster, or their designee, shall be in complete charge of all diving
operations conducted by the ship/work party and shall be responsible for
ensuring that: Ensuring Divers in their unit meet and maintain qualification
requirements including:
i. All diving operations are conducted safely in accordance with
prescribed EPA diving safety rules and regulations.
ii. All Divers are certified, properly trained and physically fit to
perform the required diving and that the prescribed files are
maintained if responsibility has been delegated by the UDO.
iii. All equipment is in a safe operating condition and that the required
maintenance records are maintained as directed by the UDO.
iv. Emergency procedures are understood by all personnel before diving.
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v. An accurate log of all diving activities is maintained (e.g., times in/out
of water, tank pressures) as required in Subsection 3.1.7, "Diving
Plans, Reports and Logs."
vi. All Divers are monitored after each dive for symptoms of
Decompression Illness (DCI) (e.g., DCS or AGE).
vii. Reporting immediately all diving-related accidents/incidents within
their unit in conformance with Subsection 3.1.8, "Reporting,
Investigating and Reviewing Diving Accidents."
2.9 Diving Safety Supervisor
On hazardous waste sites, EPA OSC and/or RPM are ultimately responsible for the health
and safety of all site workers per the National Contingency Plan Section 300.150. In diving
operations at hazardous waste sites, the designated EPA Diving Safety Supervisor, as the
Divemaster, is immediately responsible for the health and safety of Divers under his/her
control. The EPA Divemaster should make recommendations to the EPA OSC and RPM
for commercial diving subcontractors. Because of the shared responsibilities, both parties
shall ensure implementation of this program and all related guidance and directives at
reporting units, establishments, or workplaces.
2.9.1 Designation
A Diving Safety Supervisor will be approved by the EPA DSB with written
concurrence of the regional or laboratory office in which the candidate is located.
2.9.2 Qualifications
The Diving Safety Supervisor shall:
a. Be a currently certified EPA Divemaster.
b. Complete 40 hours of OSHA Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency
Response (HAZWOPER) Training and be current with their annual 8-hour
OSHA HAZWOPER Refresher Training.
c. Be knowledgeable of all regulations (e.g., EPA, OSHA, AAUS) affecting
the diving operations.
d. Have at least three years of experience with the EPA Diving Program.
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2.9.3 Responsibilities
The Diving Safety Supervisor shall be responsible for:
a. Ensuring that all diving operations are conducted in compliance with the
EPA Diving Safety Policy.
b. Ensuring that all diving operations are conducted in accordance with OSHA
requirements.
c. Protecting the Agency' s interest in the proj ect and adhering to all applicable
criteria for sample collection and recordkeeping (including chain-of-
custody).
d. Remaining abreast of new field techniques, procedures, equipment and
regulations.
2.10 Scientific/Light Working and Trainee Divers
2.10.1 Policies/Procedures
a. Individual Divers shall be certified by the EPA DSB Training Director and
the DSB Chairperson in accordance with the provisions of Subsection 4.5,
"EPA Diver Certification."
b. Divers shall be sufficiently trained to undertake the assigned diving tasks.
2.10.2 Responsibilities
The individual Divers (including the Dive Tender, as the specific dive plan
requires) are responsible for:
a. Comply with the requirements established by this program and following
all directives, SOPs, and related guidance in the performance of their
work.
b. Adhere to dive safe practices in all underwater work-related activities.
c. The proper handling, use and timely replacement of critical diving
apparatus and breathing gases.
d. Maintain a high level of diving proficiency.
e. Maintain diving fitness. Diving can be physically demanding and requires
that each Diver be physically fit in order to conduct operations safely and
effectively. To facilitate the maintenance of good physical conditioning, all
Divers may request and be granted up to three hours per week during work
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hours to exercise, subject to their supervisor's approval and the Diver's
adherence to EPA policy. The ability to establish programs to promote and
maintain physical fitness of federal employees is provided under Section
7901(a) of Title 5 of the United States Code (U.S.C.).
All Divers will be required to demonstrate their ability to meet basic
physical fitness standards by successfully completing the swim test
requirements of the EPA Diver Training Program. This test should be
conducted at least every two years, and at any time the UDO deems
necessary (e.g., following a long hiatus of not diving).
f. Maintain all personal dive equipment in safe operating condition.
g. Ensure diving conditions are safe.
h. Not violating the dictates of training or diving regulations.
i. Maintain a current individual dive log of all EPA-related dives, including
training and proficiency dives. Divers will report to their UDO any dives
conducted with EPA issued dive gear, including those done on the Diver's
own time.
j. Maintain current CPR/AED, Emergency Oxygen Administration, First Aid
certifications, and participate in an emergency rescue drill at least every two
years and complete hazmat materials cylinder handling and transportation
training every three years.
k. Divers are required to notify the UDO if there are any potential issues
regarding their physical and/or psychological fitness that could affect their
ability to dive.
2.10.3 Refusal to Dive (All Levels)
Each Diver has the responsibility and right to refuse to dive in any of the following
cases:
a. If diving conditions appear to be unsafe or unfavorable.
b. If at any specific time the Diver feels that they are not in good physical or
mental condition for diving.
c. If, by diving, the Diver would exceed their level of training or applicable
regulations. The conditions and reasons for refusing to dive may be
required to be documented. If requested, the incident will be reviewed by
the UDO, and appropriate action may be taken. Any action resulting from
this review may be appealed to the EPA DSB.
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2.11 Dive Tender
2.11.1 Policies/Procedures
A Dive Tender, designated by the Divemaster or UDO, shall accompany all EPA
sanctioned dive operations. Except for low-risk dive operations, the Dive Tender
shall be a fully qualified Diver having knowledge and experience with the dive
operation. For low-risk dives, the Dive Tender may be a non-Diver, but must be
currently certified in CPR/AED and First Aid and be familiar with dive operations.
2.11.2 Responsibilities
The Dive Tender is responsible for:
a. Assisting in donning the Divers.
b. Assisting in tracking each Diver's location in the water.
c. Recording each Diver's tank pressure before and after each dive, their
bottom time and maximum water depth.
d. Alerting Divers, when necessary, on the status of their bottom time via the
Diver Recall Unit.
e. Advising other vessels of the diving operation and warning off boat traffic
that might pose a hazard to the Divers.
f. Assisting the Divers in exiting the water and doffing their equipment.
2.12 EPA Diving Medicine Specialist
2.12.1 Policies/Procedures
a. The SSD Operations Branch Chief will be responsible for appointing the EPA
Diving Medical Specialist (DMS). Nominations may be considered from both
the DSB and SSD. Upon the advice of the EPA DSB Chairperson, the EPA
DMS must perform or fulfill the following roles:
i. Be a qualified hyperbaric/diving medicine physician.
ii. Serve as a consultant to provide essential expertise on matters relating
to the medical qualifications of Divers.
b. The EPA DMS will receive overall policy guidance, except for medical
policy, from SSD, and shall make recommendations to the EPA DSB or to
its Chairperson, as appropriate.
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c. The credentials of the EPA DMS must include:
i. Certification as a physician licensed to practice medicine in the United
States of America.
ii. Board Certification in an established primary care specialty such as
Internal Medicine, Family Practice, or Emergency Medicine.
iii. Qualification as a hyperbaric/diving medicine physician, as
evidenced by specific certification as a Navy Diving Medical
Officer licensed in hyperbaric medicine or holding a certificate of
additional qualification for hyperbaric/diving medicine (Board of
Preventative Medicine, Division of Occupational Medicine) and
attending courses and seminars, for continuing education, in
hyperbaric/diving medicine accredited by the Undersea and
Hyperbaric Medical Society (UHMS).
d. The EPA DMS will be provided by agreement (i.e., contract or
memorandum of understanding through another department of the
government) to be available for consultation to the DSB and/or SSD.
2.12.2 Responsibilities
An EPA DMS, appointed by (and/or under contract to) SSD, shall be responsible
for:
a. Providing medical input and recommendations for policies, procedures
(e.g., medical evaluation criteria), and other issues that relate to the safety
and health matters of Divers.
b. Serving as a professional liaison with EPA contractors providing routine
medical examinations on EPA Divers.
c. Reviewing all physical examinations, making final determinations
regarding the ability of Divers to perform their diving-related duties, and
submitting these determinations, using the current EPA Medical Evaluation
Form for Divers, to the respective UDOs as well as the DSB Chairperson.
d. Reviewing or performing special consultations, disability evaluations,
independent medical evaluations and other activities and rendering an
expert opinion concerning the fitness of Divers.
e. Reviewing medical records pertinent to any diving-related medical
emergency, incident or fatality.
f. If requested by the DSB and resources allow, compile medical data related
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to diving and report the conclusions of the compiled medical data to SSD
and the DSB.
g. Responding to specific medical inquiries from SSD or the DSB.
h. Recommending changes in the medical criteria for Divers summarizing and
reviewing results of the medical examinations and providing
recommendations to the DSB based on the analysis.
i. Reviewing the appeals of individual Divers who have been disqualified,
permanently or temporarily, due to their medical qualifications.
j. Provide an annual blanket oxygen prescription to SSD and the DSB for the
purpose of maintaining and filling oxygen cylinders.
2.13 SSD Representative
2.13.1 Policies/Procedures
a. The Director of SSD will be responsible for appointing the SSD
Representative. Nominations may be considered from both the DSB and
SSD.
b. Upon advice of the EPA DSB Chairperson, the SSD Representative is
requested to perform or fulfill the following roles:
i. Attend or participate in DSB meetings as an ex-officio member.
ii. Act as a liaison to the SSD and the DSB to:
• Assist with preparation and presentation of Diving Safety Program
budget issues to SSD.
• Act as the advocate for the Diving Safety Program at SSD.
• Act as the lead for independent audits of the Diving Safety
Program.
c. The SSD Representative will ensure a valid MOA is in effect providing
autonomy of the DSB, as required by OSHA under the Scientific Diving
Exemption (29 CFRPart 1910.401).
2.13.2 Responsibilities
The SSD Representative shall make recommendations and be responsible for:
a. Attending or participating in annual DSB meetings.
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b. Assisting with annual budget funding requests to various Program
Managers who use the Diving Program's services.
c. Maintaining Headquarters records of the Diving Safety Program including:
i. DSB Annual Reports
ii. Audit Report
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3.0 DIVE PROGRAM ELEMENTS
3.1 General Operations
3.1.1 Project Review
Proposed diving projects involving systems or modes other than open-circuit
SCUBA, and not addressed elsewhere in this manual, must receive the approval of
the EPA DSB, or its designee, before proposed diving activities can begin. The
EPA DSB, or its designee, in reviewing and considering operational and safety-
related aspects of the project, shall review and consider:
a. Diver qualifications, certification and physical condition.
c. The availability of equipment and personnel required to complete the
project.
d. Specific SOPs regarding safety, methodology and emergency procedures.
e. Support staffing.
In the case of long-term programs other than standard SCUBA not covered
elsewhere in these regulations, an EPA DSB review shall be conducted annually or
when major personnel or diving system changes occur.
3.1.2 SCUBA Diving Teams
Except under emergency conditions and/or using the Tethered Diving SOP (EPA
Diving Safety Manual, Appendix J), the buddy system of at least two Divers shall
always be required. When conditions are such that the probability of Diver
separation is high, such as with low visibility, some form of direct contact, physical
or visual, between Divers shall be maintained. At all times, Divers (especially
Trainee Divers) shall be in physical, visual or auditory contact with other qualified
members of the dive team so that assistance can be easily rendered in the event
trouble occurs (e.g., entanglement, out-of-air emergency). In the event that diving
is shallow within a restricted area, and as water conditions allow, the buddy Diver
may remain at the surface fully equipped while maintaining contact (e.g., line
tending, visual or underwater communication audio) with the Diver at all times.
A Dive Tender shall always be present to assist Divers in and out of the water.
Depending on conditions, and at the Divemaster's discretion, a fully suited,
equipment-ready standby Diver might also be required.
3.1.3 Diving by Non-EPA-Certified Personnel
Persons not included in a reciprocity agreement must submit, in advance, evidence
of diving training and full medical qualifications, as described in Subsection 4.4,
"Physical Examination," to the UDO, or their designee, who will evaluate this
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evidence along with the standards required for EPA certification to determine
equivalence with a level of EPA certification. Where sufficient doubt exists, this
evidence shall be forwarded to the DSB Training Director for a decision. In all
cases following medical approval, a checkout dive shall be observed by the UDO
or his/her designee before the beginning of diving operations. Volunteers (if
covered by workers comp) may be accepted under a reciprocal agreement if they
are certified by NOAA. Reciprocity agreements with other State or Federal
agencies and AAUS may be accepted with the approval of the DSB Chairperson
(also see Subsection 3.7.2, "Planned Deviations - Diving by Non-EPA divers as
Observers").
3.1.4 Diver Proficiency
EPA-certified divers should log an average of two dives per month. Any time six
weeks or more elapse without a dive, the Diver should complete a requalifying
program. Any time three months or more elapse without a dive, the Diver must be
requalified before resuming EPA dives (as specified by the UDO). This
requirement may be waived by the UDO only during emergency conditions. A
report of such waiver must be submitted to the DSB Chairperson by the UDO for
review by the EPA DSB. Supervisors shall authorize the necessary time and
payment for qualifying dives if diving is required for official program activities.
3.1.5 Equipment Availability During Off-Dutv Hours
Due to the high level of proficiency required and in recognition of the important
benefits of regular dive training with a uniform set of diving equipment, EPA divers
may use EPA-issued diving equipment during off-duty dives for the purpose of
maintaining diving proficiency. Such training helps maintain familiarity with the
controls and function of the equipment, develops muscle memory needed to react
automatically during emergencies, and promotes physical fitness.
a. In order to use EPA-issued dive equipment during off-duty hours, EPA
Divers must be currently authorized to dive in the U.S. EPA Scientific
Diving Program. Divers whose diving proficiency has lapsed may
participate in off-duty dives for the purpose of obtaining requalification,
with UDO approval.
b. Prior to using EPA-issued diving equipment during off-duty dives, each
diver must sign and comply with the Agreement, Liability Release and
Express Assumption of Risk form for EPA Divers Using EPA Supplied
Equipment During Off-Duty Hours (Diving Safety Manual, Appendix F).
Liability Release waivers are valid for the duration of one's tenure as an
EPA Diver. Copies of these documents, with original signatures, will be
maintained at the Diving Unit by the UDO.
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c. Since Divers using EPA-issued equipment during off-duty dives will
receive credit for training/proficiency, they must complete at least two of
the following skills, or other skills as appropriate, during each incidence of
use:
• Ditch and don Buoyancy Compensation Device (BCD)
• Weight belt/pouch removal/replacement
• Disconnect/reconnect inflators (BCD/drysuit)
• Dry suit roll outs and venting
• Out of air scenario using Emergency Gas Supply (EGS) and/or backup
regulator
• Unconscious diver tow/recovery
• Mask removal, replace, and clear
• Maintain neutral buoyancy for 2 minutes
• Control descent/ascent rate
• Underwater (U/W) communication (hand signals)
• U/W navigation and orientation
• Regulator recovery
• Surface Marker Buoy (SMB) deployment
• U/W photography/videography
• Other skills (List - )
d. Completion of requirements in Subsection, 3.1.5.C (above) should be
documented following an off-duty dive with EPA-issued dive gear and a
copy of the documented skills kept on file by the UDO at the unit for a
minimum of one year.
e. All off-duty dives using EPA-issued gear should be logged as
"Proficiency" and "off-duty" in the diver's log and reported to the UDO
per Subsection 2.10.2.i under Responsibilities for Scientific/Light
Working and Trainee Divers.
f. Divers using EPA-issued dive gear during off duty hours are required to
dive within standard recreational dive limits, i.e., maximum depth of 130
feet of seawater (FSW), no decompression diving, no solo diving,
surfacing with at least 500 psi.
g. Working or commercial diving is not allowed with EPA-issued dive gear
during off-duty hours.
3.1.6 Non-EPA Diving
a. EPA-certified divers may participate in non-EPA programs in an official
capacity, provided each EPA diver abides by the provisions of this manual
and that the other divers meet minimum EPA diver requirements as
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determined through a reciprocity agreement, by the UDO or higher
authority. Dives conducted as sanctioned activities may be included in the
Diver's proficiency/qualification records.
b. EPA divers participating in non-EPA activities and not representing the
Agency will not be held to the standards contained herein. However, such
dives may not be sanctioned by EPA. EPA divers are prohibited from
conducting dives that fall outside the standards provided in this document,
when the Diver is in pay or authorized travel status by the Agency.
c. Non-EPA dives may be considered for inclusion in the Diver's
proficiency/qualification records only upon approval of the Diver's UDO,
the DSB Chairperson or the Training Director.
d. When using EPA equipment, Divers should comport with recreational dive
standards of safety.
3.1.7 Diving Plans. Reports and Logs
Divers are required to log and report all dives using EPA equipment. The logged
information must indicate the dive location, purpose or function, maximum water
depth, and bottom times as indicated in EPA Diving Safety Manual, Appendix A,
Section 6.
Recordkeeping
For EPA dives, the following procedures should be followed:
a. The original project's dive plans, Dive Tender's logs, and dive reports will
be maintained by the UDO. Dive Plans should be prepared by the
Divemaster for the project and receive written approval by the UDO, and if
required, by local management (see EPA Diving Safety Manual, Appendix
E). Divers must indicate in writing that they have read and understand the
dive plan. Dive reports will be prepared by the project Divemaster and sent
to the UDO for signature. The reports should be submitted to the UDO
within a timely manner after completion of the dive project authorized by
the dive plan.
b. Dive logs for each dive unit will be maintained by the UDO. The Divers
will provide the UDO with their dive log summaries on an annual basis.
The annual reports of the diving activities of each unit will be provided to
the Chairperson and the DSB. Topics to be addressed in the unit reports are
listed in EPA Diving Safety Manual, Appendix Q. The DSB Chairperson
will ensure that an overall report of all dive unit operations is forwarded to
SSD annually.
3.1.8 Reporting, Investigating and Reviewing Diving Accidents
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It is the responsibility of the Regional, Office, or Laboratory Director, SHEMP
Manager and the UDO to ensure that any diving accident within the unit is promptly
and properly reported in accordance with EPA regulations. Additional reports must
be filed if necessary, as required by OSHA and/or under agreement by
organizational membership in the AAUS. The following details describe the
investigation, reporting and reviewing requirements to EPA authorities.
a. All Accidents or Occupational Illnesses must be reported to the SHEMP
Manager and by completion of the appropriate report form (see forms CA-
1, CA-2, CA-16, CA-17, OSHA and EPA 301 and HCFA 1500) available
through the Human Resources department.
b. Fatal Accident or Critical Injury shall be reported immediately by
telephone or other rapid means to the following:
i. UDO
ii. Immediate Supervisors
iii. Regional, Office, or Laboratory Director and SHEM
iv. DSB Chairperson
v. Director of SSD
c. All Diving Accidents and Incidents, including any potential cases of DCI
(e.g., DCS or AGE), significant equipment malfunctions, and diving
emergencies shall be reported immediately. The report routing sequence
for incidences indicated as noncritical should be as follows:
i. The Divemaster shall report immediately to the UDO.
ii. The UDO, upon observing a diving accident or receiving the
divemaster's report of a diving accident, shall ensure that the
divemaster has prepared and forwarded the necessary reports. In
addition, the UDO shall prepare a detailed analysis and written report
to the DSB Chairperson within 10 days after the date of the accident.
Included in this report shall be the nature of the operation, existing
conditions, personnel involved, type of equipment used, nature of
injury or equipment failure, causal analysis, recommendations for
prevention of a similar future accident, and any other pertinent facts.
iii. The UDO shall work with the Regional, Office, or Laboratory
Directors or their designee to report immediately to the EPA DSB
Chairperson by telephone or other rapid means and conduct a
complete fact-finding investigation of each diving accident/incident,
coordinate the reporting, and submit a written report within 30 days to
the EPA DSB Chairperson.
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iv. The EPA DSB Chairperson, EPA Technical Director, EPA DMS, and
EPA DSB shall review all diving accidents and incidents and report
on preventive measures to ensure safe diving. If the circumstances
warrant such action, they may convene a special investigation.
Recommendations for changes in operating policies or procedures
shall be reported to SSD. In the event of a serious accident or a
fatality, the Agency maintains the right and shall pursue drug testing
of all key operation personnel under the Agency's drug testing
protocols, as applicable.
3.2 Special Equipment and Operations
3.2.1 High Altitude Diving (> 1,000 ft.) (see EPA Diving Safety Manual, Appendix A,
Section 9)
3.2.2 Blue Water (Over-Bottom) Diving (see EPA Diving Safety Manual, Appendix A,
Section 11)
3.2.3 Diver Propulsion Vehicles (DPVs) (see EPA Diving Safety Manual, Appendix A,
Section 12)
3.2.4 Swift Water (Strong Current) Diving (see EPA Diving Safety Manual, Appendix
A, Section 13)
3.2.5 Nitrox (Oxygen Enriched Air) Diving (see EPA Diving Safety Manual, Appendix
B)
3.2.6 Surface Supplied Diving (see EPA Diving Safety Manual, Appendix I)
3.2.7 Tethered Diving (see EPA Diving Safety Manual, Appendix J)
3.2.8 Equipment Decontamination (see EPA Diving Safety Manual, Appendix K)
3.2.9 Biohazards Protection (see EPA Diving Safety Manual, Appendix Q)
3.3 EPA Diving Safety
3.3.1 Rules
The EPA Diving Safety Rules shall be adhered to on all diving operations (see EPA
Diving Safety Manual, Appendix A).
3.3.2 Safety Audits
Diving units shall periodically be subjected to safety quality assurance reviews.
Reviews, inspections or audits shall be conducted as both an internal function and
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by the SSD Safety Audit Department. UDOs shall maintain knowledge and records
of the unit's diving equipment maintenance, compressor systems and air quality,
Diver records, and emergency equipment.
Program audits, involving planning, implementation, assessment, reporting and
quality improvement, shall ensure that the program management and operations
functions are established, monitored and continuously improved to limit EPA
divers' occupational exposure to hyperbaric illnesses. The audit system includes
specific activities for collecting and analyzing information to indicate levels of
success and effectiveness of individual program functions. The audit activities
focus on process and outcomes, and include:
a. Program audits and self-assessments
b. Dive incident reporting
c. Quality control activities
d. Operating data and reports
e. Performance standards and indicators
SSD will be responsible for conducting periodic audits of the various diving unit
programs. All audits will be conducted following procedures outlined in the audit
checklist in EPA Diving Safety Manual, Appendix M.
3.3.3 Maritime Safety
(Refer to the EPA Vessel Safety Manual.)
3.4 Recordkeeping
3.4.1 Diver Training
The EPA Training Director shall maintain complete files on all Divers that have
completed EPA Diver Certification. This includes written tests, logs of water work,
classwork, and homework. The records will be maintained by EPA for a minimum
of 5 years following cessation of diving in the program.
3.4.2 Diver Medical Reviews and Records
Physical evaluation and qualification for diving will be conducted in accordance
with Subsection 4.3, "Physical Examination." Completed forms are maintained by
the EPA DMS at the Public Health Service. A copy of the completed evaluation
form may be requested by the Diver. The Medical Surveillance Clearance
Statement is forwarded from the EPA DMS to the local SHEMP Manager and
UDO. For those candidates applying for the EPA Diver Training Course, the
Medical Clearance Form will be forwarded to the Chairperson of the DSB, and to
the Training Director.
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3.4.3 Dive Logs
Maintenance of an individual Diver's personal log is the responsibility of that
Diver. The Diver's UDO is responsible for maintaining the official dive records,
including the original Dive Tender's logs (see EPA Diving Safety Manual,
Appendix E).
3.4.4 Accident/Incident Reports
Standard EPA procedures apply for reporting and recordkeeping of any work-
related incidents.
3.4.5 Equipment Logs/Maintenance Records
UDOs are required to maintain the following records (or have access to those
records that may be prepared by local dive equipment maintenance specialists, such
as a local dive shop): tank visual inspection process (VIP) and hydrostatic tests,
tank valve and burst disk maintenance, SCUBA regulator system and submersible
pressure gauge (annual maintenance and calibration), variable volume dry suit
(VVDS) systems, surface supply systems, Full-face Mask (FFM), hard hat/helmet
systems, BCD, and compressor maintenance.
3.4.6 Project Dive Requests/Clearances
The UDO is responsible for maintaining the records of approved dive plans and
clearances. A dive plan must be prepared for all EPA-sanctioned dive operations
and submitted to the UDO for approval. Upon completion of the dive operation, a
dive report signed by the Divemaster in charge will be submitted to the UDO, along
with all original dive logs. The UDO will maintain complete records of all dive
operations for seven years.
3.5 Emergency Planning
3.5.1 Diving Accident Management
a. All EPA divers must complete training in diving accident management.
b. Planning for diving accidents should include transportation and oxygen
administration (e.g., backboarding as a potential need). The Divemaster
must pass on to emergency responders all known details of the accident but
may not insist that the victim be transported to a hyperbaric chamber instead
of a hospital. {Note: Standard Coast Guard operating procedures do not
normally allow for the administration of oxygen en route unless specifically
instructed by the patient. The Divemaster may be responsible for providing
these instructions.)
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c. The choice of treatment location and regime is beyond the typical training
of EPA field personnel. Emergency evacuation personnel should be
instructed to communicate with the Divers Alert Network (DAN) at 919-
684-9111. Non-emergency diving-related inquiries should be made to
DAN at 919-684-2948.
3.5.2 Communications
The Divemaster will ensure that there is at least one means of emergency two-way
communication with shore support, such as very high frequency (VHF) radio,
satellite phone or cellular telephone. In the event of an emergency on site, such as
diver injury, sudden adverse weather, or chemical release that might have an impact
outside of the immediate area, the Divemaster or his/her alternate is responsible for
immediately communicating the emergency to the nearest emergency response unit
and the EPA unit from which the operation is based.
3.5.3 Oxygen Administration
For any diving-related injury (e.g., DCS, AGE), providing 100% oxygen is critical
to successful treatment and recovery. It is required that all personnel be familiar
with how to operate the emergency oxygen equipment and complete training in
oxygen administration for diving every two years, such as is available through DAN
or other local sources.
3.5.4 Transportation
In the event of injury at a dive site, communication will be established with the
closest available emergency response unit (e.g., Coast Guard, local authority via
911, VHF radio, or satellite telephone communication). The ranking dive team
member will be responsible for determining the best course of action as to stabilize
the diver's condition and await transportation (e.g., for Coast Guard evacuation) or
to make best speed toward shore for treatment.
3.6 Reciprocity
To facilitate joint diving operations between EPA and colleges and universities, private
institutions, grantees, states or counties, or any other agencies or entities, the UDO may
institute a reciprocity agreement that has been approved by the DSB Chairperson and meets
the following criteria:
3.6.1 Visiting non-EPA-certified divers accompanying EPA divers on EPA projects, or
conducting dive projects for EPA without the presence of EPA divers, shall have
or be covered by the following rules:
a. A Scientific Diving Program, as implemented by his/her responsible
organization (e.g., employer or institution of learning)
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b. Diving training, comparable to EPA's program, for the tasks to be
performed.
c. Approved Standards for Scientific Diving.
d. Written approval for diving from the responsible organization's appropriate
management level.
e. A reciprocity agreement (See EPA Diving Safety Manual, Appendix P).
f. Evidence of a complete dive medical examination.
g. Completed equipment maintenance logs for equipment used on the subject
dives.
h. A brief diver resume.
3.6.2 Any reciprocity agreement shall apply only to divers in the employ of or studying
under the sponsoring institution specified in the agreement; additional agreements
will be required for divers not directly covered by the sponsoring institution. No
third-party agreements are allowed, per Subsection 3.6.6 (below). The visiting
diver must have written permission from his/her Diving Safety Officer (or UDO).
In addition, the visiting diver must be covered by a comprehensive accident
insurance plan by his/her sponsoring institution.
3.6.3 For a non-EPA diving program to be considered comparable to the EPA Diving
Program, it must, at a minimum, conform to the OSHA Commercial Diving
Standard (29 CFR 1910, Subpart T) or the terms of the Scientific Exemption for
that standard. The EPA UDO or his/her designee shall ensure compliance with the
terms of the reciprocity agreement; however, some records, such as medical
records, may remain in the possession of the sponsoring institution. Compliance
with the terms of this reciprocity agreement, as well as the actual diving operations,
are subject to on-site inspection by members of the EPA DSB at any time. UDOs
may request written verification from the reciprocating organization as to the date
of the last medical examination and request that the individually named Diver is
cleared and rated for the given diving activities.
3.6.4 The reciprocity agreement may be renewed annually with the consent of all parties
to the agreement, or it may be terminated or modified by the DSB Chairperson or
the DSB at any time.
3.6.5 An EPA diver may participate in a non-EPA project in an official capacity,
provided he/she conforms to the provisions of the EPA Diving Safely Manual and
the other divers in that diving operation meet the minimum EPA diving safety
requirements for the degree of difficulty and complexity for their role in the diving
to be performed.
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3.6.6 Reciprocity agreements from EPA may not cover third parties to the co-signing
organizations. Dive projects that involve three or more organizations may require
that each organization interested in participating in an EPA-sponsored project enter
into a reciprocity agreement with EPA.
3.6.7 Any EPA regional office or laboratory that does not have an established dive unit
and that may have need for occasional diving services, is required to coordinate
those operations with the EPA DSB to ensure the adherence to the policies and
procedures set forth in the EPA Diving Safety Manual. Such units are urged to seek
the services of other EPA units that have this capability. Contracted diving service
organizations must show proof of operating under OSHA or Coast Guard
regulations and have in place their own "Diving Safety Program," even if EPA may
have oversight. The OSC or RPM must request assistance from an EPA UDO to
review the contractor's operating procedures and safety plans (e.g., HASP) to
ensure compliance.
3.7 Exceptions
3.7.1 Unplanned (Emergency) Deviations
Emergency conditions may warrant actions contrary to the dictates of this manual.
If this occurs, a detailed written report shall be prepared by the Divemaster for the
dive operation. This report shall include a description of all conditions that led to
and resulted in the subject condition and actions taken to address the emergency. If
an injury occurs, the report will be in accordance with Subsection 3.4,
"Accident/Incident Reports."
3.7.2 Planned Deviations - Diving by Non-EPA divers as Observers
At the discretion of the UDO, non-EPA-certified divers may accompany an EPA
dive operation as an observer of an EPA program.
EPA program sites may be visited by representatives of other agencies, the media
and dignitaries for the purposes of familiarization, evaluation or reporting on EPA
programs. Such visits often involve diving activities that are equivalent to
recreational diving and can be safely accomplished by persons holding recreational
diving credentials. The requirements of EPA diver certification for Divers are
substantially more stringent than the standards of the recreational diving industry.
The program must ensure that observer divers do not pose a significant hazard to
themselves or EPA divers through their lack of experience and/or training.
The policy and standards provided in Subsection 3.6, "Reciprocity," of this manual
will allow EPA programs to safely accommodate observing divers who are not EPA
certified but meet the requirements stated herein. Personnel not certified by EPA,
in accordance with the requirements of this manual, may dive in conjunction with
the activities of EPA programs as "observing divers" without obtaining EPA
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Diving Certification. This policy applies to EPA employees and non-EPA
personnel who have been invited to observe the underwater activities of EPA while
using SCUBA equipment. This policy shall only apply when:
a. The observing diver does not participate in work being performed and is
accompanied by a fully certified EPA diver who is not performing work.
b. The observing diver is participating in a single dive or a series of dives on
a single trip not to exceed six dives per year.
Persons who fall within the scope of this policy must provide to the EPA UDO prior
to participating in a dive:
a. Evidence of diving certification by a recognized diver certifying
organization (e.g., the U.S. Armed Forces, National Association of
Underwater Instructors [NAUI], Professional Association of Diving
Instructors [PADI], SCUBA Educators International [SEI], SCUBA
Schools International [SSI], Scuba Diving International [SDI]).
b. Evidence of a physical examination conducted by a medical doctor within
12 months of the date of the planned dive (report shall indicate medical
fitness to dive), and the observer is willing to complete a medical
questionnaire and waiver of liability for the subject dive (e.g. Recreational
Scuba Training Council [RSTC] form).
c. Evidence of diving experience indicating the appropriate level of
proficiency required for the diving conditions likely to be encountered.
d. Evidence of equipment servicing within the past year.
The UDO shall:
a. Inspect the credentials of the observing diver (including an up-to-date
logbook) and determine whether the observing diver has presented evidence
establishing certification by an approved organization and has had a
physical examination within 12 months prior to the date of the planned dive.
b. Determine if the observing diver's experience level and proficiency are
adequate for the conditions likely to be encountered on the dive. The UDO
or Divemaster shall conduct an in-water evaluation of the observing diver,
if necessary. The observer should show proof of conducting at least one
dive to the depth of the planned dive within the past three months or
participate in a SCUBA review at the observer's expense.
c. Inspect the observing diver's equipment and service record. {Note: Items
considered by the Divemaster to be unserviceable will be replaced with
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appropriate equipment provided by the observing diver.)
d. Ensure that the observing diver is informed of the EPA Diving Safety Rules
and that those rules are complied with during the dive. {Note: The observer
shall sign the dive plan indicating his/her understanding of the EPA Diving
Safety Rules, and this shall be countersigned by the UDO or their designee.
e. Maintain a file on each observer diver. The file shall include but not be
limited to a dive log, a copy of the diving certification, the physical
examination, a copy of equipment servicing record and a
signed/countersigned statement of EPA Diving Safety Rules understanding.
f. Retain the authority to suspend the diving operation based on his/her
judgment regarding the ability of the observing diver, the adequacy of the
diver's equipment, or the conditions at the dive site.
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4.0 DIVER TRAINING AND CERTIFICATION
4.1 Need for Divers
Because EPA programs frequently require underwater operations, there is a demonstrated
need for employees trained as Divers. The roster of qualified Divers and diving contractors
cross-referenced to areas of expertise will be maintained by the Training Director and the
UDOs. Where demonstrated needs exist, the DSB Chairperson and UDOs shall aid the
various Regional, Office and Laboratory (Unit) Directors in analyzing diving needs.
Should circumstances dictate the need for more Divers to fulfill operational requirements,
additional personnel may be selected and trained.
4.2 Application for Training
EPA personnel with or without previous training may apply through proper channels to the
appropriate UDO to be considered for EPA diver training and certification when the need
exists. Diver training may be provided by the EPA Diver Training Center in Gulf Breeze,
Florida, or by the NOAA Diving Program.
If slots are available, non-EPA personnel from other Federal, State or local agencies may
be trained at the EPA Diver Training Course. The requirements for non-EPA personnel
are the same as for EPA personnel. All documentation listed below, including medical
approval to dive signed by the approving physician should be submitted by the diver's
Dive Safety Officer (DSO) to the EPA Dive Training Director for review and approval at
least 30 days prior to the course.
4.2.1 As part of the application process to the EPA Training Center, each applicant for
initial training, as well as those for certification based on past training, must
complete the following preliminary actions that may apply:
a. Complete the physical examination as described in Subsection 4.3,
"Physical Examination."
b. Provide evidence of current CPR/AED and First Aid training.
c. Provide evidence of basic SCUBA certification by a nationally recognized
organization. All prospective EPA divers must have successfully
completed a basic diver training course offered by a recognized certifying
agency (e.g., the U.S. Armed Forces, NAUI, PADI, SEI, SSI, SDI) and
provide the Training Director with a photocopy of the certification.
d. The candidate must have written supervisor approval to enter the program.
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e. Successfully perform the swimming skills described in Subsection 4.5.2,
"Swimming Skills."
f. Submit a Diver resume indicating prior experience. Documentation should
include copies of dive logs and the types of diving conducted to date.
g. For certification based on prior training and experience (see Subsection
4.3), the applicant shall submit verification of prior training and experience
through the UDO to the EPA Training Director and DSB Chairperson for
approval. The candidate must also pass the standard EPA SCUBA written
examination.
h. An employee who applies for training and/or certification must be willing
to commit time to the dive program. The need for the employee's services
and the support of their supervisor shall be considered before taking action
on certification or training.
4.2.2 Applicants for Diver training with the NOAA Diving Program must fulfill the
requirements in the Application for Training and Physical Examination sections of
the NOAA Diving Program Administrative and Safety Rules (as currently
provided).
4.3 Prior Equivalent Diver Training/Certification
For Divers that have not taken EPA or NOAA training, UDOs may evaluate the credentials
of a certified dive candidate with prior non-EPA dive training and experience for
application into the EPA Diving Program pending approval from the DSB. After the
candidate successfully passes the medical examination for diving and meets other criteria
for field work (e.g., CPR/AED and First Aid training) and the written EPA SCUBA
examination, the UDO will determine if the applicant sufficiently meets EPA's criteria as
a Trainee or Diver. If the candidate does not meet either of these criteria, he/she will be
required to take EPA's Diver Training Program as directed by the EPA Training Director.
If the candidate meets the Trainee or Diver criteria, the UDO shall:
a. Observe the candidate in demonstrating the required swimming skills (see
Subsection 4.5.2, "Swimming Skills.").
b. Observe the dive candidate in a checkout dive.
c. Forward to the EPA Training Director all appropriate documents along with a
recommendation for the level of EPA certification to be granted.
4.4 Physical Examination
4.4.1 EPA employees must be medically qualified to perform their diving-related duties.
Medical qualification is obtained when the EPA DMS provides a signed
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qualification statement to the UDO, as provided in the latest Medical Evaluation
Form obtained from SSD (non-EPA divers use EPA Diving Safety Manual,
Appendix F). Only the EPA DMS or his/her designee can provide this qualification
statement.
4.4.2 Full medical examinations are required:
a. Prior to Diver training and certification.
b. At least biennially thereafter while continuing in an EPA diving status,
allowing 27 months from the sign-off date, provided the physical
examination has been submitted prior to the end of the 24th month. Hazmat
(30 days or more per year of exposure) Divers must obtain clearances
annually in accordance with OSHA 1910.120. (HAZWOPER). De minimis
hazmat diving (i.e., less than 30 days per year), consistent with 1910.120
does not require an annual medical clearance. Since diving is a collateral
duty, regional offices and labs may require annual examination due to a
Diver's other assigned duties.
c. After a serious accident, injury, or illness at the discretion of the UDO.
d. Upon recommendation of the EPA DMS and approval of the DSB
Chairperson and SSD.
e. Upon termination of EPA diving-related duties.
4.4.3 UDOs will make the necessary arrangements to ensure that Diver medical
examinations occur in a timely manner. SHEMP Managers or UDOs will provide
Divers/candidates with the official EPA Diving Medical Examination Form (gray
shaded area for completion by candidate). NOAA Medical Examination Forms
(SF-88 and SF-93) are required for submission to NOAA for NOAA training
(https://www.gsa.gov/forms-librarv/medical-record-report-medical-examination
and https://www.gsa.gov/forms-librarv/report-medical-history).
4.4.4 UDOs will ensure that candidates and Divers report to the closest EPA-contracted
medical provider for completion of the examination. The Diver/candidate has the
responsibility to complete the medical history portion of the evaluation form. Any
questions or statements that are unclear to the candidate should be identified to the
examining physician for clarification.
4.4.5 UDOs, working with their SHEMP Managers, will ensure that the completed
examination and all of the associated diagnostic studies are forwarded to the EPA
DMS for review and determination of Diver qualification. The completed
examination form, with attached diagnostic tests, should be forwarded to:
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Occupational Medicine Specialist
4350 East-West Highway, Room 3-2A2
Bethesda, MD 20814
Examinations conducted by Federal Occupational Health units will automatically
be forwarded to the address above. The UDOs shall ensure that examinations
conducted by private providers/personal physicians are completed and forwarded
to the indicated address.
4.4.6 Confidential medical evaluation forms should be forwarded as indicated in
Subsection 4.4.5 (above) by the examining physician in a double-sealed envelope.
The completed evaluation form and supporting information should be placed in an
envelope labeled "Confidential Medical Information" and sealed. This envelope
should be placed in a second envelope for mailing to the above address. This
second envelope should also be labeled "Diving Examination" at the lower left
corner.
4.4.7 UDOs will obtain qualification statements for each of their candidates and Divers
from the EPA DMS. The UDO shall also forward a copy of the medical
qualification statement to the DSB Chairperson and Training Director. Should a
quick response be required, a special request can be submitted, allowing for review
and qualification to be made by electronic transmission.
4.4.8 When the examination absolutely cannot be conducted by the EPA medical
contractor, the private provider should complete the EPA Diving Medical
Examination Form and forward it, as detailed above, to the EPA DMS. The private
provider is responsible for identifying and describing any abnormal, historical, or
physical findings. As the private provider/personal physician may not necessarily
be professionally qualified or experienced in diving medicine, the EPA DMS alone
will be responsible for determining diving duty medical qualification from the
available data.
4.4.9 Applicants with a recommendation of "disqualifying medical conditions" will be
ineligible for Diver training. Current EPA divers with such conditions will be
recommended for removal from diving-related duties.
4.4.10 Applicants or current Divers with medical conditions that represent a relative
disqualification may be recommended for temporary suspension from diving-
related duties until a final determination can be made. Some extenuating
circumstances, however, may be accommodated. The formal recommendation of
the EPA DMS and primary care physician will be considered, but the DSB
Chairperson will make the final decision in consultation with the EPA DMS, the
DSB, the Diver's UDO, the SHEMP Manager and the Diver's immediate
supervisor. The following options are available:
a. In some instances, Divers may have their medical conditions
accommodated in a manner that allows them to safely continue the majority
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of their diving-related duties.
b. In some cases, at the recommendation of the EPA DMS and the approval of
the DSB Chairperson, a waiver board may be convened to consider the
medical data and offer guidance to the DSB Chairperson.
4.5 EPA Diver Certification
EPA conducts periodic Diver training courses at the EPA Dive Training Center in Gulf
Breeze, Florida. A more detailed description of course contents is in the most current
version of the EPA Diver Training Curriculum.
4.5.1 Initial Training
For those approved applicants that meet the requirements outlined in Subsection
4.2, "Application for Training", initial EPA diver training shall be taken through
one of the following training programs:
a. Regularly scheduled, official EPA courses approved by the EPA Training
Director with the advice and assistance of the DSB.
b. Equivalent SCUBA training programs authorized by the EPA Training
Director, or his/her designee, plus supplemental training through the
Training Director to ensure that the student has satisfactorily completed all
elements of the EPA SCUBA training curriculum.
c. Regularly scheduled NOAA Diver training courses announced annually.
4.5.2 Swimming Skills
Following approval of the physical examination, each applicant shall demonstrate
the following swimming exercises to the UDO, Training Director, or their designee,
showing a noticeable degree of confidence and excellent swimming skills:
a. Swim 250 yards, using any stroke (e.g., the crawl, sidestroke, and/or
backstroke) or swim a distance of one-quarter mile (440 yards) on the
surface in full SCUBA gear.
b. Swim a horizontal distance of 50 feet at a constant shallow depth
underwater without surfacing (alternatively this may be conducted in full
SCUBA gear without use of the gas supply).
c. Stay afloat for 15 minutes.
d. Transport another person 25 yards on the surface of the water without the
use of swim aids and/or transport another Diver in full SCUBA gear 50
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yards.
e. Surface dive to a depth of 10 feet using mask, snorkel and fins to recover a
4-pound weight and clear the snorkel upon returning to the surface.
g. Conduct the following exercises:
i. Enter the water in full SCUBA gear by giant stride.
ii. Demonstrate mask clearing.
iii. Breathe with an alternate air source.
iv. Use underwater hand signals.
v. Demonstrate equipment removal/replacement.
vi. Exit the water using a boat ladder and stow equipment.
4.5.3 Written Examination
All applicants for EPA certification shall pass a standard EPA written examination.
The passing score for each part shall be 70%. Applicants failing any part must take
a reexamination of the failed part and have a subsequent score of 90% on Sections
A and B on the reexamination and 100% on Section C on the reexamination. The
candidate is responsible for reviewing any incorrect answers and correcting the
errors to confirm a thorough understanding of the material (e.g., achieving a 100%
understanding). The Training Director is responsible for preparation,
administration and scoring of the examination.
4.5.4 Diving Evaluation
Prospective Divers must demonstrate their proficiency and skill in diving by
performing a checkout dive with the appropriate Training Director or designee.
4.5.5 Certification
Upon completion of basic SCUBA training requirements, satisfactory written
examination (except for Trainees) and medical examinations, and EPA field diver
evaluations appropriate to the situation, the EPA Training Director shall make a
final review of all certification requests. EPA employees shall then be considered
for certification in one of the following categories.
a. Trainee Diver. An EPA employee or contractor with initial Diver
certification by a recognized training agency may be issued a Trainee Diver
Certification prior to taking the EPA Diver Training Course. To receive
Trainee status, Trainee Divers must possess a basic open water SCUBA
certification, pass a physical examination as specified in Subsection 4.4,
"Physical Examination" and have current CPR/AED and First Aid training.
The UDO should submit a candidate Trainee's information to the EPA
Training Director and DSB Chair for review, approval and issuance of an
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EPA Diver Trainee Certificate. The EPA written exam is not required for
Trainees. At the UDO or designated Divemaster's discretion, trainees may
perform simple tasks and is initially authorized to a depth of 60' (see
Subsection 4.5.6 for deeper depth authorizations). The UDO will submit
the Trainee Diver for attendance to the EPA or NOAA Diver Training
Program as soon as the UDO determines they are ready.
b. Diver. An EPA diver who has:
i. Completed a minimum of 25 logged dives.
ii. Demonstrated proficiency to carry out assigned tasks as may be
required during EPA's Annual Diver Training Program, such as:
• VVDS use
• FFM use
• Underwater voice communication system use
• Underwater object recovery by use of a lift bag
• Underwater pipe frame object assembly/disassembly
• Underwater pipe flange assembly/disassembly
• Underwater pinger locator use
• Maintain buddy awareness and monitor for signs of DCI
iii. By passing EPA's written examination, demonstrate a proficiency in:
• Dive physics
• Dive physiology
• Decompression table use
• DCI signs/symptoms
• Oxygen administration
• Dive accident management
• Dive equipment
c. Divemaster/Provisional Divemaster. An EPA diver who has:
i. Successfully completed the requirements for an EPA diver (above).
ii. Demonstrated proficiency in conducting the duties of Divemaster as
may be conducted during the EPA's Annual Diver Training Program,
such as:
• Supervising Divers in conducting assigned tasks
• If available for use, supervising Divers by underwater voice
communication
• Maintaining Diver time and activity logs
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• Monitoring Divers breathing gas supply
• Monitoring Divers for signs of DCI
• Conducting a simulated unconscious Diver rescue and recovery
iii. Completed 100 logged EPA dives in a variety of conditions and
successfully completed the EPA Divemaster (or equivalent) training
course, or:
• Divers with less than the requisite 100 logged EPA dives may
attend the EPA Divemaster course and receive a Provisional
Divemaster Certification. Once they have documented completion
of 100 dives or a combination of dives and divemaster credits (see
below), the Diver, through their UDO, may request full divemaster
status.
• After receiving a Provisional Divemaster Certification, the Diver,
at the UDOs discretion and under the mentorship of an onsite
Divemaster, may substitute the supervision of dives for logged
dives and receive Divemaster credit for up to 35 of the required
minimum 100 logged dives. The number of Divemaster dive
credits earned will equal the number of dives the candidate
supervises. For example, if the divemaster candidate supervises 3
dives in a day that equals 3 Divemaster credits towards the
maximum of 35.
4.5.6 Depth Limitations
The EPA Diving Safety Program currently does not provide for formal certification
of individual Diver depth limitations. However, the limitations as provided by
other programs (e.g., AAUS standards) generally comply with the guidelines based
upon EPA diver ratings of Trainee, Diver, and Divemaster and authorizations as
provided by the dive plan approval process. Diving is not permitted beyond 190
FSW.
a. Standard Depth Authorization Levels: 0 - 130 FSW.
i. Authorization to 60 FSW: This is the initial permit level, upon
approval of a Diver as a Trainee and as an EPA Diver upon
successful completion of the EPA Dive Course.
ii. Authorization to 100 and 130 FSW: A Diver authorized to depths
of 60 feet may be authorized to depths of 100 and 130 feet,
respectively, by logging at least four dives near the maximum depth
category. These qualification dives shall be accompanied by the
UDO or a DM and validated by the signature (i.e., verifying the
Diver's logbook) of authorized individual(s) who are Divers
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certified to at least the same depth or by authorization of the UDO
per dive plan approval. Under these circumstances, the Diver may
exceed his/her depth limit by one step. As emphasized in the EPA
Diver Training, the Diver will have demonstrated proficiency in the
use of the appropriate decompression tables.
b. Authorization to Depths Over 130 FSW: Normally, EPA dives shall not
exceed 130 FSW. Proposals and dive plans for depths greater than 130
FSW will require written approval from the DSB Chairperson. A Diver
may be authorized to depths of 150 and 190 FSW after the completion of
four training dives near each depth. Dives shall be planned and executed
under the close supervision of a Diver certified to this depth and the plans
approved by the DSB Chairperson. The Diver must also demonstrate
knowledge of the special problems associated with deep diving (e.g.,
decompression diving, mixed gases), and unique safety requirements and
equipment (e.g., redundant air supply) required for the specified depths.
4.6 Issuance
4.6.1 An EPA Diver Certification shall be issued by the EPA Training Director based
upon the recommendations of the training team (e.g., Training Director, UDOs,
Instructors and Divemasters), following final review of each applicant's submitted
documents. The EPA Training Director shall issue a Letter of Certification (see
EPA Diving Safety Manual, Appendix O) to the Diver and to the diving program
file established for the Diver. {Note: This file is subject to requirements of the
Privacy Act of 1974.)
4.6.2 EPA recognizes and accepts Diver certifications issued by the Director, NOAA
Diving Program, for candidates who successfully complete the NOAA Diver
Certification process and can issue an EPA Equivalency Certification.
4.7 Requalification
The EPA Training Director, or designee, may requalify a Diver whose qualification has
lapsed after the Diver has again completed the requirements for proficiency. A Diver may
be required to requalify based upon medical issues, such as following serious accident,
injury, or illness, at the discretion of the UDO per Subsections 4.4.2.c and 4.4.10.
A requalification program should be established by each UDO to requalify Divers under
his/her jurisdiction. A Diver with more than 12 months lapse without a dive may be
required, at the recommendation of the DSB or the UDO, to attend the EPA Diver
Certification Course in order to be requalified for diving activities.
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4.8 Suspension of a Qualification
An EPA diver qualification may be suspended for cause by the UDO or DSB Chairperson.
Violation of any policy in this Diving Safety Manual or demonstration of poor judgment
may be considered cause. The Diver shall be informed in writing of the reasons for
suspension and will be given the opportunity to appeal the suspension in writing to the EPA
DSB.
Violations of regulations in this Diving Safety Manual include, but are not limited to:
a. Not maintaining one or all of the EPA field safety and health requirements
including physical fitness, CPR/AED, First Aid, Oxygen Administration and
medical monitoring.
b. Not maintaining diving proficiency per 3.1.3.
c. Violating any requirements in this Diving Safety Manual that could endanger
themselves or others.
If a Diver is suspended and fails to appeal to the DSB or meet requalification as specified
by the UDO or DSB within a year's time, or if a Diver repeatedly lapses in maintaining the
requirements listed in this manual or demonstrates poor judgment, possibly endangering
themselves or others, then the Diver's EPA certification may be revoked, subject to review
by the DSB.
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APPENDIX A
EPA Diving Safety Rules
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EPA DIVING SAFETY RULES
1. Certification. Each Diver must have a valid U.S Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) certification or EPA-approved equivalent.
2. Solo Diving. No one may dive unattended.
3. Depth Limits. A Trainee Diver is authorized to a depth of 60 feet of seawater
(FSW). An EPA diver, after successfully completing training per Section 4.0,
Diver Training and Certification, is also authorized to a depth of 60 FSW without
additional training. Divers may be authorized to depths of 100 and 130 FSW
respectively by following the guidelines outlined in Section 4.4.6. Depending upon
conditions, and at the recommendation of the divemaster or Unit Dive Officer
(UDO), an alternate or redundant air source may be required
Normally, EPA dives shall not exceed 130 FSW. Proposals and dive plans for dives
planned to depths greater than 130 FSW will require written approval from the EPA
Diving Safety Board (DSB) Chairperson. Dives to be conducted at depths greater
than 130 FSW require additional diver training, and a hyperbaric chamber must be
available at the dive site. See Depth Limitations, Section 4.4.6, for specific
guidelines, depth limits, and training requirements.
4. No-Decompression Tables. When using dive tables, all no-decompression dives
using compressed air and nitrox will be conducted using the EPA dive tables (EPA
Diving Safety Manual, Appendix D, "EPA Air and Nitrox I and II Dive Tables").
The EPA dive tables are based on the most recent U.S. Navy Standard No-
Decompression Tables.
5. Ascent Rates. The most recent version of the U.S. Navy Diving Manual Volume 2:
Air Diving Operations, has set the standard ascent rate to 30 FSW per minute for
direct ascents to the surface, with an acceptable range of 20 to 40 FSW per minute.
6. Diving Logs. All EPA Divers are required to maintain an EPA dive log. The
information logged must include the diver's name, date, dive location, purpose or
function, time in/out, maximum water depth, and bottom time. In addition, the dive
tender shall also record (on the Dive Tender's Log) whether the dive is a scientific
or light working dive, the divemaster's name, dive mode, dive conditions and any
other information that is needed by the Divemaster or the UDO. The dive tender
must also record the Diver's surface interval, residual nitrogen time and bottom time
for repetitive dives. Dive tables or the Diver's dive computer may be used for this
information. Diver must log his/her bottom (subsurface) time and surface interval
time in the case of repetitive dives. A dive is completed when a Diver surfaces with
a ten minute or more surface interval.
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a. Bottom Time is defined as the total elapsed time rounded up to whole
minutes from when a Diver leaves the surface to begin his/her descent until
the time the Diver begins a direct ascent to the surface. However, EPA
generally uses a conservative, surface to surface time for bottom time. A
"dive" is that time and activity spent beneath the surface of the water by a
person equipped with diving gear.
b. Safety Stop. Divers should include a safety stop (i.e., time spent to help
dissolved nitrogen evolve from tissues) at 15 FSW for 3 minutes to reduce
the chance of decompression illnesses on dives deeper than 30 FSW and a
stop at one half of the maximum diving depth for one minute, especially for
dives below 60 FSW, or as otherwise noted by the dive computer if being
used. Safety stop time is not typically added to bottom time, as tissues are
in the process of releasing nitrogen.
c. Surface Interval is the time that the Divers have spent on the surface
following a dive, beginning as soon as the Divers surface and ending as
soon as they begin their next descent. For surface intervals less than ten
(10) minutes, add the total bottom time of the previous dive to that of the
repetitive dive and choose the decompression schedule for the combined
bottom time and the deepest water depth achieved for the sequence.
7. Decompression Dives. Routine working dives shall not exceed the U.S. Navy no-
decompression limits. Diving activities that exceed the limits of no-decompression
will be permitted only under the following conditions:
a. Proposal. A detailed dive plan has been reviewed and approved by the UDO
and the DSB Chairperson.
b. Competence. The project leader must demonstrate to the UDO or his/her
designee, that the Divemaster and all members of the diving team have a
thorough knowledge of decompression and repetitive dive principles.
c. Dive Team. The team must be composed of no fewer than five people: two
Divers in the water, a standby Diver, a dive tender, and a Divemaster.
d. Equipment. Each participating Diver must wear a watch or bottom timer
and a depth gauge and have on hand a decompression schedule for the
maximum proposed depth of dive or dive computer.
e. Hyperbaric Chamber. Must be on site attended by trained personnel.
8. Decompression Tables. The latest decompression tables should be carried aboard
the dive platform, or dive computers capable of completing decompression
calculations for exigent circumstances that require an immediate response (See
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EPA Diving Safety Manual, Appendix D, "EPA Air and Nitrox I and II Dive
Tables").
9. High Altitude Diving. Decompression tables, depth of stops, rate of ascent, and
repetitive dive planning must be altered for safe diving at altitudes above 1,000
FSW. The more conservative of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA) Diving Manual (current edition) or the Diver's computer
should be used as a guide for diving at high altitudes.
10. Ascent to Altitude/Flying After Diving. Wait a minimum surface interval of 12
hours prior to flying after diving. When making daily, multiple dives for several
days or making a dive requiring an emergency decompression stop, extend the
surface interval beyond twelve hours. Whenever possible wait 24 hours before
flying. When waiting less than 24 hours, the Diver should adhere to the more
conservative of the latest published NOAA Ascent to Altitude table or dive
computer recommendations.
11. Over-Bottom "Blue Water" Dives. Dives in water where a Diver could sense a loss
of orientation or descend below safe diving depths are to be considered over-bottom
dives. No over-bottom dives shall be made unless some direct contact with the
surface is maintained, such as net web, a marked line suspended from a surface
float. Dive computers or depth gauges are required for all participants, which
permit the Divers to determine when ascent or descent occurs.
12. Diver Propulsion Vehicles (DPV). Diver propulsion vehicles are allowed for use
on EPA dives providing the following guidelines are followed:
a. A DPV must never be used for direct ascents or descents.
b. A relatively constant depth should be maintained while underway. A depth
gauge or computer and compass must be in view of the Diver at all times.
c. DPVs may only be used in good visibility conditions that allow Divers to
always maintain contact with their buddy and avoid obstacles that they may
hit while underway.
d. All hoses, second stages or lose items on the Diver must be secured and out
of the way prior to operating the DPV. Prop wash from the DPV, through
venturi action, can cause a safe second regulator to free flow while
underway, resulting in the rapid depletion of the Diver's air supply.
e. Divers utilizing a DPV in open water should utilize a surface float to allow
the dive boat to follow the Divers, where practical, to track the Divers.
The DPV should be equipped with a short line and carabiner clip to secure the DPV
on the bottom if not in use or to clip to the Diver's BC during the safety stop.
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Swift Water (Strong Current). EPA dive teams should generally avoid free
swimming Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus (SCUBA) diving in
current they cannot swim against. The use of surface supplied, or tethered diving
(Appendices O and P) provides the diver the greatest degree of safety when diving
in swift water/strong currents. If performing free swimming SCUBA diving in
swift water/strong current the following guidelines should be followed:
a. For the dive boat to safely track and pick up Divers, all Divers should
descend and ascend either a fixed anchor line with a surface buoy or a towed
line with a surface buoy where practical.
b. Divers should work upstream to downstream, utilizing a surface buoy or
marker where practical which will allow the dive boat to follow and pick up
the Divers at the end of the dive.
c. Divers will always stay in visible distance of each other. It is extremely
easy to become separated in strong current, so all Divers must be diligent in
keeping track of each other.
d. In strong current, especially if the bottom cannot be seen from the surface,
Divers should follow an anchored or towed line down to the bottom and
stay together. If any Diver gets separated or cannot get to the bottom, the
dive must be immediately aborted.
e. All Divers must carry and be proficient in deploying a Surface Marker Buoy
(SMB) or "Dive Sausage", a corresponding dive reel, and a whistle or other
sound device.
f. If diving at a fixed location with an anchored surface buoy, Divers should
use a tape or reel attached to the anchor line at the bottom to be able to
navigate from and back to and ascend the original anchored down line.
g. If the current is too strong to ascend the anchored line, one Diver, pre-
designated before the dive, should deploy their SMB prior to releasing the
anchored line. Once the SMB is deployed the lead Diver will signal the
others to release the anchored line and all Divers should drift together,
carefully monitoring their ascent rate and ascend to 15' to conduct the three-
minute safety stop. When completed, all Divers should ascend together,
staying close to the SMB for pickup by the dive boat. If the SMB is
deployed after releasing from the anchored buoy, the Divers will get carried
downstream of the dive boat before the SMB gets to the surface and may
not be seen by the dive boat.
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h. If visibility is too poor to safely maintain contact with a buddy, the Divers
must be attached to each other or be surface tended.
i. The dive boat must have a floating line with attached buoy ready to throw
to any Divers that may get swept past the boat. The dive boat should also
attach lines (dock lines are ideal) from the bow to the stern of the vessel at
the waterline level for Divers to hang onto while waiting for each other to
board the vessel.
j. If working close to channels or high traffic areas, dives should be planned
with the tides or current, such that Divers will be carried away from the
channel or high traffic areas on ascent.
k. In high traffic areas, the dive boat must stay very near the Divers, flying the
largest red/white dive flag and Alpha flag possible, monitor Very High
Frequency (VHF) channel 16, bridge to bridge, and vessel traffic service
channels (where applicable) and be ready to position themselves between
the marker buoy and any approaching vessel traffic.
14. Boat Tending. During dives beyond swimming distance from shore or those in
areas of strong currents, a small boat with a qualified operator will tend the Divers
(see item 22.n regarding use of a diving flag).
15. Ship Activities. When appropriate during ship-husbandry related diving activities,
the "Dive Safe Ship Operations Checklist" (i.e.., NOAA Form 64-3 or similar) will
be completed and used.
16. Hyperbaric Chamber. The location, accessibility, and telephone number of the
nearest accessible and operable hyperbaric chambers that treat Divers shall be listed
in the dive plan and be available to all participating Divers for each diving
operation.
17. Emergency Procedures. The UDOs, or their designee, with the approval of the EPA
DSB will prescribe emergency procedures to be used in handling diving-related
accidents in the operational area and all Divers shall be familiar with these
procedures.
18. Diving Accident Management Training. All Divers shall have Diving Accident
Management training, must maintain certifications (refer to EPA Diving Safety
Manual 2.10.2.j), and shall complete appropriate refresher training to maintain
skills.
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19. First Aid Kits. A first-aid kit is required to be available for all dive operations. The
First-Aid Kit at a minimum should include:
• Pocket Rescue Mask (for Mouth-to-Mouth)
• Surgical Gloves (disposable)
• Blood Pressure Cuff & Stethoscope
• Digital Thermometer
• Rescue Shears
• Forceps
• Safety Pins
• Adhesive Bandages (e.g., Bandaids®)
• Butterfly Closures
• Tape (e.g., Steri-Strip®, Dermaclear®)
• Sterile Dressings (assorted: 2" x 2", 2" x 3", 4" x 4")
• Cling Bandage Rolls
• Elastic Bandage (Ace type)
• Triangle Bandage
• Sterile Eyewash Solution
• Occlusive Dressing (Vaseline covered)
• Silvidine Ointment (for burns)
• Vinegar (for stings)
• Povidine-Iodine (e.g., Prep-sep, Betadine)
• Triple Antibiotic Ointment (Neosporin, Bacitracin, Polymyxin)
• Tincture of Benzoin (aerosol)
• Q-tips
• Ice Packs
• Alcohol Prep Pads
• Benadryl*
• Aspirin*
• Advil*
• Tylenol*
• First Aid Manual
*The EPA Diving Medicine Specialist (DMS) recommends only non-generic
medications to avoid misapplication should be used in conjunction with the
SOAP/SAMPLE form.
20. Emergency Oxygen. An emergency oxygen kit is required to be available for all
dive operations and capable of servicing at least two nonbreathing Divers at the
same time. Divers and Diver support personnel shall be trained in the use of this
equipment. The emergency oxygen kit shall contain:
• Two manual trigger valve (MTV) regulators, two bag valve mask (BVM)
or a combination of MTVs and BVMs.
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• A single Jumbo D/M22 (640 liters) or size E/M24 (680 liters) oxygen
cylinder or two size D/M15 (425 liters each) cylinders or any other
combination of oxygen cylinders containing at least 640 liters of oxygen.
21. Automatic External Defibrillator. An Automatic External Defibrillator (AED) shall
be present at the dive site.
22. Diving Equipment. Open-circuit SCUBA using compressed air or oxygen-enriched
air shall be standard. Other types of equipment (e.g., closed-circuit rebreathers,
semi-closed units, or other types of diving apparatus using gas mixtures) may be
approved for use by the EPA DSB Chairman, Technical Director, or Training
Director. Individuals requesting use of these other types of equipment must have
been trained and qualified in their use.
a. SCUBA Cylinders. Only those cylinders approved for containing
compressed air by the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) for the
purpose of diving may be used in the U.S. EPA Diving Program. Cylinder
types currently in use for EPA diving include:
• 72 cubic foot (cu ft) steel @ 2,250 pounds per square inch (psi)
working pressure (wp).
• 50, 63, 80, 100 cu ft aluminum @ 3,000 psi wp.
• 50, 65, 80, 100, 120 cu ft high pressure steel @ 3,500 psi wp with
appropriate valve and regulator design.
b. SCUBA Valves. Valve types are matched to the cylinder rating and
regulator type. Typical valve types are:
• K-valve or yoke valve.
• DIN valve (used with newer high-pressure cylinders).
c. SCUBA Regulators and Full-Face Mask (FFM) Systems. Most major
manufacturer open-circuit (exhaled air exhausted to environment versus
being recirculated) regulator systems with demand second stages are
appropriate for use in EPA diving. Special considerations may be necessary
for contaminated water diving.
d. Surface Supplied Diving. Please refer to EPA Diving Safety Manual,
Appendix I, "Surface Supplied Diving Standard Operating Procedure."
e. Alternate Air Source. To allow for the eventuality of a termination of a
team member's air supply, each free-swimming SCUBA Diver will have
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available on his/her system an alternate air source. The alternate air source
may be any of the following:
• A buddy's spare second stage regulator either independent (e.g.,
"octopus") or integral to the buoyancy compensator device (BCD)
low-pressure inflation system (e.g., Air-2®)
• A redundant air system (e.g., "pony" bottle or dual manifold system)
• "Bail-out" system
• A self-contained scuba unit (e.g., Spare-Air®)
f. Weight Belt Weight Harness or Backpack. All harnesses, backpacks
without flotation, and weight belts must have a quick release.
g. Flotation Device. Each free-swimming SCUBA Diver shall wear an
adequate flotation device, such as a BCD, that has two means of inflation:
low pressure via tank supply and oral inflation. See Subsection 22.h for
additional information on Variable Volume Dry Suits (VVDS).
• A BCD must not obstruct inflation or exhaust valves when worn over
VVDS by free-swimming SCUBA Divers.
• A BCD is neither required nor recommended for use in any surface
supplied systems.
• When used in chemically, biologically, or radiologically contaminated
water environments, the BCD should be capable of being
decontaminated (interior as well as exterior) by a method appropriate
to the contamination present without degradation of the device or it
will need to be considered expendable. It should be noted that the oral
inflation device could allow direct oral exposure to harmful materials
if used in contaminated environments.
h. Variable Volume Dry Suits (VVDS). Variable volume dry suits are often
used on EPA dive projects for thermal and chemical protection. The
following guidelines should be followed when using VVDS:
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• Variable volume dry suits will only be used after satisfactory training
by qualified persons designated by the EPA DSB Training Director,
or equivalent prior experience verified by a qualified EPA UDO or
designee. The training shall include a minimum of three (3) hours of
training in the use of VVDS with at least two (2) hours completed in
open water.
• Variable volume dry suits (particularly shell type) manufacturers do
not warranty their suits for floatation. Therefore, an appropriate BCD
which does not obstruct the inflation or deflation valves should be
used when a VVDS is used by a free-swimming SCUBA diver.
• When used in contaminated water environments, the VVDS should be
"qualified" for contaminated environment use by manufacturer
warranty or suit materials (especially seams, seals, and
closures/zippers) should be compatibility tested).
i. Compass. An underwater compass shall be carried by each free-swimming
Diver on all dives.
j. Depth Gauge. A depth gauge shall be carried by each Diver on all dives.
k. Dive Computers. Use of dive computers to control dives is allowed. Refer
to EPA Diving Safety Manual, Appendix C, "Dive Computer Guidelines."
1. Diving Timer. A diving watch or other suitable timing device shall be worn
by each member of a SCUBA diving team. In all cases, an accurate time
record of any dive must be kept.
m. Diving Flag. An appropriate diving flag shall be shown at all times while
actively diving, following State and/or U.S. Coast Guard regulations.
n. Air Compressor. No person shall operate a diving air compressor without
having first read the instructions and/or trained by an operator experienced
in its operation. An operational log shall be maintained for all EPA dive
compressors. Compressed air, from all active EPA compressors, shall be
tested every six (6) months by an approved method.
o. Submersible Pressure Gauge (SPG). Each Diver shall have a SPG capable
of directly reading the breathing gas pressure in his/her gas supply as an
integral part of his/her SCUBA regulator system.
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p. Line Cutter/Dive Knife. Each Diver shall carry at least one line cutter (e.g.,
dive knife, scissors, or other cutting tool) for use to escape from underwater
entanglement/entrapment.
q. Emergency Signaling Device. Each Diver shall carry or have as integral
part of his/her dive equipment an emergency signaling device (e.g., whistle,
compressed air horn/whistle, mirror, light, or inflatable signal tube).
23. Equipment Maintenance. All diving gear and accessory equipment shall be
maintained in a safe operating condition. Manufacturers' recommended servicing
policy shall be followed. Equipment in questionable condition shall be tested,
repaired, overhauled, or discarded. Life support equipment that is not fit for diving
use shall be tagged out and kept separate from operational equipment or properly
disposed.
A signed and dated record of the inspection and repair or maintenance will be filed
with the UDO.
24. SCUBA Cylinder Inspection and Testing. All SCUBA cylinders must be visually
inspected annually by a qualified SCUBA tank inspector, who will attach a dated
visual inspection sticker to the cylinder. Cylinders will be hydrostatically tested at
least every five (5) years. The dates of the last hydrostatic test must be stamped on
the cylinder.
25. Air/Nitrox Standards. SCUBA cylinders shall be filled with air or an oxygen-
enriched air mixture (Nitrox) certified as meeting Compressed Gas Association
Grade E.
26. Minimum Air Supply. Divers must surface with a minimum of 500 psi in the tank
as a safety factor for reaching the shore or boat and to prevent inclusion of water in
the cylinder.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
Appendix A-l 1
-------
APPENDIX B
Oxygen Enriched Air (Nitrox) Diving
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
Appendix B-l
-------
MINIMUM EPA STANDARDS FOR THE USE OF OXYGEN ENRICHED AIR
(NITROX) FOR DIVING OPERATIONS
Minimum U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standards for the use of oxygen
enriched air (Nitrox) for EPA sanctioned diving operations are listed below.
1. A dive plan designating a Divemaster, trained and certified in the use of oxygen enriched air,
must be approved by the Unit Diving Officer (UDO).
2. All EPA and EPA-sanctioned divers who use oxygen enriched air shall be trained and
certified by a nationally recognized organization.
All EPA and EPA-sanctioned divers who are NITROX certified should complete at least one
NITROX dive per year to maintain proficiency. Divers or dive units must re-qualify for
NITROX diving if they have not maintained NITROX proficiency but anticipate having to
utilize NITROX on an upcoming dive project. The dive unit UDO or their designee
overseeing the dive operation shall establish requalification procedures for NITROX use. At
a minimum. Divers shall be able to independently determine percent oxygen content of their
dive cylinder, determine maximum operating depth, demonstrate an understanding of the
limitations of NITROX and be able to set, read and understand NITROX settings and
repetitive dive planning on their dive computer and/or appropriate tables.
3. EPA personnel blending or filling high-pressure storage or Self-Contained Underwater
Breathing Apparatus (SCUBA) cylinders and operating high pressure gas transfer equipment
with oxygen enriched air shall be trained and approved by the UDO or their designee. Gas
blending must occur prior to filling SCUBA cylinders or contact with breathing equipment
(e.g., an open-circuit regulator). Pre-mixed oxygen enriched air or Nitrox may be purchased
from a licensed, commercial supplier that provides breathing quality gas in accordance with
nationally recognized consensus standards.
4. All gas blending and transfer equipment and storage cylinders shall be cleaned and
maintained for oxygen service in accordance with nationally recognized consensus standards.
This is required only for equipment that may be exposed to oxygen concentrations equal to or
greater than 40%.
5. All SCUBA cylinders containing oxygen enriched air shall be labeled with a green band
around the tank with the words, "Oxygen-Enriched Air " or "Nitrox " in letters appropriate
for the size of the cylinder. Cylinders marked in accordance with a nationally or
internationally recognized Nitrox association may also be used.
6. The oxygen content of the gas shall be measured twice. The initial measurement should be
taken at the gas vendor or supplier after the tank is filled and second measurement shall be
taken immediately prior to the use of the cylinder. The Diver using the cylinder must
measure the oxygen content and record the measurement and the SCUBA tank number on the
Dive tender's log. The Diver will also initial this entry.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
Appendix B-2
-------
7. When diving with oxygen-enriched air. Divers shall use a computer set at the percentage of
oxygen in the mix or diving and decompression tables calculated for the specific gas mixture
used (e.g., Nitrox I, II, or Equivalent Air Depth Tables). If the percentage of oxygen
measured is between whole numbers, the percentage entered into the dive computer should
always be rounded down to avoid underestimating the nitrogen load a Diver will accumulate
during the dive (See computer user's manual).
8. Oxygen enriched air up to 40% oxygen can be used for EPA dive operations.
9. The partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) that a diver breathes is only determined by the
combination of percentage of oxygen in the diver's tank being used and the diver's current
depth. The PO2 is NOT determined by the computer setting. The PO2 setting on a diver's
computer simply tells the diver what their maximum operating depth (MOD) is for a certain
PO2 setting. The MOD for any given oxygen mix and depth can be found in the Max Depth/
PO2 and the Nitrox Depth/ PO2 Determination tables in the EPA Diving Safety Manual,
Appendix D, "EPA Dive Tables." EPA divers shall NEVER exceed an actual PO2 of 1.6
Atmosphere Absolute (ATA). If repetitive deep open circuit dives are required, Divers
should limit their depth to work at a maximum PO2 of 1.4-1.5 ATA or reduce the oxygen
percentage in their tank to allow deeper dives while still maintaining a PO2 of 1.4-1.5 ATA.
References:
Nitrox Manual; Complete Guide to Nitrox Diving — by: Dick Rutkowski © 1994;
Hyperbarics International; 490 Caribbean Drive; Key Largo, FL 33037
Incorporated by reference and with copy: AAUS Recommendations and Guidelines for
Scientific Nitrox Diving and Nitrox
Diver Certification, September 1991
Oxygen toxicity Management in the Field, Alert Diver, DAN periodical May/June 2008, pp
13-14. DAN Recommendation for a maximum oxygen partial pressure of 1.4 ATA for open-
circuit scuba using nitrogen-oxygen breathing gas mixtures.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
Appendix B-3
-------
APPENDIX C
Dive Computer Guidelines
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
Appendix C-l
-------
DIVE COMPUTER GUIDELINES
1. Any Diver desiring to use a dive computer as a means of determining
decompression status must first demonstrate to their Unit Diving Officer (UDO)
or designee that they are familiar with use of that particular computer before the
Diver uses it to control a dive. Each Diver using a dive computer to plan and/or
control dives must have their own unit. On any given dive, both Divers in a buddy
pair must follow the more conservative dive computer.
2. If a dive computer fails at any time during a dive, the dive must be terminated and
the appropriate surfacing procedures initiated immediately, unless a working
backup computer that can serve as the primary is being carried by the Diver.
3. After conducting a dive utilizing the latest DSB-approved US Navy (USN) tables,
a Diver should either wait until their residual nitrogen time (RNT) is zero (table-
based) before conducting additional dives using a dive computer to control
bottom time, or conduct all remaining dives utilizing the USN tables.
4. Backup computers should be the same make and model as the primary, or at a
minimum, operate with a more conservative algorithm resulting in a residual
nitrogen value that is equal to, or higher than that displayed by the primary. If this
cannot be determined, or if switching to a computer that was not a backup on all
previous dives, then switching should not take place until the computer(s) have
cleared, indicating no residual nitrogen. If a primary computer has ceased
operation without a backup, the Divemaster should determine if recreating the
dive series with tables is necessary. Any additional dives would require using the
latest DSB-approved USN tables (see EPA Diving Safety Manual, Appendix D,
"EPA Dive Tables."
5. If applicable, once the dive computer is in use, it must not be switched off until it
indicates complete off gassing has occurred, or 18 hours have elapsed, whichever
comes first.
6. When using a dive computer, non-emergency ascents are to be at a rate specified
by the computer being used but should not exceed one foot every two seconds.
7. Divers should include a safety stop (i.e., time spent to help dissolved nitrogen
evolve from tissues) at 15 FSW for 3 minutes to reduce the chance of
decompression illnesses on dives deeper than 30 FSW and a stop at one half of
the maximum diving depth for one minute, especially for dives below 60 FSW, or
as otherwise noted by the dive computer being used. Safety stop time is not
typically added to bottom time, as tissues are in the process of releasing nitrogen.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
Appendix C-2
-------
8. Multiple deep dives require careful planning regardless of whether dive tables or
computers are used.
9. Divers using air integrated computers should be properly equipped and prepared
should an air computer component, high pressure hose, or other integrated
component fail.
10. Digital air integrated displays may not be appropriate for Divers with limited near
vision, or for limited visibility conditions.
11. Special instructions for Nitrox Dive Computer use (See EPA Diving Safety
Manual, Appendix C, "Dive Computer Guidelines"):
a. Dive computers may be used to compute decompression status during
Nitrox dives. Manufacturers' guidelines and operations instructions should
be followed.
b. Prior to diving with a Nitrox dive computer, users should demonstrate to
the UDO or designee a clear understanding of the display, operations, and
manipulation of the unit being used.
c. Dive computers capable of partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) limit and
fraction of oxygen (FO2) adjustment should be checked by the Diver
within 60 minutes prior to the start each dive to assure compatibility with
the gas being used.
d. When diving with oxygen-enriched air, Divers shall use a computer set at
the percentage of oxygen in the mix or diving and decompression tables
calculated for the specific gas mixture used (e.g. Nitrox I, II, or Equivalent
Air Depth Tables). If the percentage of oxygen measured is between
whole numbers, the percentage entered into the dive computer should
always be rounded down to avoid underestimating the nitrogen load a
Diver will accumulate during the dive. For example, Suunto computer
models will assume the next higher value for oxygen toxicity, i.e. when
reading 31.8 on an oxygen analyzer, the manual states this should be
entered as 31. Consult your dive computer manual regarding how to enter
the oxygen concentration.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
Appendix C-3
-------
APPENDIX D
EPA Air and Nitrox I and II Dive Tables*
*Based upon U.S. Navy No Decompression and Decompression Tables
(Rev. 7, December 2016)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Diving Safety Manual
(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
Appendix D-l
-------
d
bo
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8' F € :§»
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DEPTH->
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
SURFACE INTERVAL TABLE
GROUP
A
57
36
26
20
17
14
12
11
9
8
7
6
5
4
4
3
3
2
2
->
->
->
->
A->
0:10
2:20
B
101
60
43
33
27
23
20
17
15
14
12
10
9
7
6
6
5
4
4
->
->
->
B->
0:10
1:16
1:17
3:36
C
158
88
61
47
38
32
27
24
21
19
17
14
12
11
9
8
7
6
6
->
->
C->
0:10
0:55
0:56
2:11
2:12
4:31
D
245
121
82
62
50
42
36
31
28
25
22
19
16
14
12
11
10
9
8
->
D->
0:10
0:52
0:53
1:47
1:48
3:03
3:04
5:23
E
426
163
106
78
62
52
44
39
34
31
28
23
20
17
15
14
12
11
10
E->
0:10
0:52
0:53
1:44
1:45
2:39
2:40
3:55
3:56
6:15
F
217
133
97
76
63
53
46
41
37
33
28
24
21
18
16
15
12
F->
0:10
0:52
0:53
1:44
1:45
2:37
2:38
3:31
3:32
4:48
4:49
7:08
G
297
165
117
91
74
63
55
48
43
39
32
28
24
21
19
->
G->
0:10
0:52
0:53
1:44
1:45
2:37
2:38
3:29
3:30
4:23
4:24
5:40
5:41
8:00
H
449
205
140
107
87
73
63
56
50
45
37
32
28
25
20
H->
0:10
0:52
0:53
1:44
1:45
2:37
2:38
3:29
3:30
4:21
4:22
5:16
5:17
6:32
6:33
8:52
I
256
166
125
100
84
72
63
56
51
42
36
31
->
I->
0:10
0:52
0:53
1:44
1:45
2:37
2:38
3:29
3:30
4:21
4:22
5:13
5:14
6:08
6:09
7:24
7:25
9:44
J
330
198
145
115
95
82
71
63
57
47
39
33
J->
0:10
0:52
0:53
1:44
1:45
2:37
2:38
3:29
3:30
4:21
4:22
5:13
5:14
6:06
6:07
7:00
7:01
8:16
8:17
10:36
K
461
236
167
131
108
92
80
71
63
48
->
K->
0:10
0:52
0:53
1:44
1:45
2:37
2:38
3:29
3:30
4:21
4:22
5:13
5:14
6:06
6:07
6:58
6:59
7:52
7:53
9:09
9:10
11:29
L
285
193
148
121
102
89
74
->
->
L->
0:10
0:52
0:53
1:44
1:45
2:37
2:38
3:29
3:30
4:21
4:22
5:13
5:14
6:06
6:07
6:58
6:59
7:50
7:51
8:44
8:45
10:01
10:02
12:21
M
354
223
168
135
114
92
->
->
M->
0:10
0:52
0:53
1:44
1:45
2:37
2:38
3:29
3:30
4:21
4:22
5:13
5:14
6:06
6:07
6:58
6:59
7:50
7:51
8:42
8:43
9:37
9:38
10:53
10:54
13:13
S
469
260
190
151
125
->
->
N->
0:10
0:52
0:53
1:44
1:45
2:37
2:38
3:29
3:30
4:21
4:22
5:13
5:14
6:06
6:07
6:58
6:59
7:50
7:51
8:42
8:43
9:34
9:35
10:29
10:30
11:45
11:46
14:05
o
992
307
215
163
->
->
o->
0:10
0:52
0:53
1:44
1:45
2:37
2:38
3:29
3:30
4:21
4:22
5:13
5:14
6:06
6:07
6:58
6:59
7:50
7:51
8:42
8:43
9:34
9:35
10:27
10:28
11:21
11:22
12:37
12:38
14:58
z
1102
371
232
->
->
Zr>
0:10
0:52
0:53
1:44
1:45
2:37
2:38
3:29
3:30
4:21
4:22
5:13
5:14
6:06
6:07
6:58
6:59
7:50
7:51
8:42
8:43
9:34
9:35
10:27
10:28
11:19
11:20
12:13
12:14
13:30
13:31
15:50
*Basedon USNTables, Rev. 7,December 2016
z
6
N
M
L
K
J
I
H
G
F
E
D
c
B
A
-No Deco Limit
-------
I I US EPA RESIDUAL NITROGEN TABLE FOR AIR* | J
DEPTH
U
ZONMLKJ IHGFEDCBA
uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu
DEPTH
U
10
427
246
159
101
58
10
NO LIMIT
15
| 450 | 298
218
164
122
89
61
37
15
NO LIMIT
20
462
331
257 | 206 | 166
134
106
83
62
44
27
20
NO LIMIT
25
470
354
286
237
198
167
141
118
98
79
63
48
34
21
25
632
748
816
865
904
935
961
984
1004
1023
1039
1054
1068
1081
30
372
308
261
224
194
168
146
126
108
92
77
63
51
39
28
18
30
63
110
147
177
203
225
245
263
279
294
308
320
332
343
353
35
245
216
191
169
149
132
116
101
88
75
64
53
43
33
24
15
35
16
41
63
83
100
116
131
144
157
168
179
189
199
208
217
40
188
169
152
136
122
109
97
85
74
64
55
45
37
29
21
13
40
11
27
41
54
66
78
89
99
108
118
126
134
142
150
45
154
140
127
115
104
93
83
73
64
56
48
40
32
25
18
12
45
10
21
32
42
52
61
69
77
85
93
100
107
113
50
131
120
109
99
90
81
73
65
57
49
42
35
29
23
17
11
50
2
11
19
27
35
43
50
57
63
69
75
81
55
114
105
96
88
80
72
65
58
51
44
38
32
26
20
15
10
55
2
9
16
23
30
36
42
48
54
59
64
60
101
93
86
79
72
65
58
52
46
40
35
29
24
19
14
9
60
5
11
17
23
28
34
39
44
49
54
70
83
77
71
65
59
54
49
44
39
34
29
25
20
16
12
8
70
4
9
14
19
23
28
32
36
40
80
70
65
60
55
51
46
42
38
33
29
25
22
18
14
10
7
80
1
6
10
14
17
21
25
29
32
90
61
57
52
48
44
41
37
33
29
26
22
19
16
12
9
6
90
4
7
11
14
17
21
24
27
100
54
50
47
43
40
36
33
30
26
23
20
17
14
11
8
5
100
2
5
8
11
14
17
20
110
48
45
42
39
36
33
30
27
24
21
18
16
13
10
8
5
110
4
7
10
12
15
120
44
41
38
35
32
30
27
24
22
19
17
14
12
9
7
5
120
1
3
6
8
10
130
40
37
35
32
30
27
25
22
20
18
15
13
11
9
6
4
130
1
3
6
8
140
37
34
32
30
27
25
23
21
19
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
140
2
4
6
*Based on USN Tables, Rev. 7, December, 2016 ENT
BT
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Diving Safety Manual
(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
Appendix D-3
-------
d
bo
? 'B1
Cu 5
s. a g-
i- <' 2
> § 5's
"a "^oq g
2 bg>3
S- V ^ ~
g s
_L ^ p 2
© g o
to p Q
DEFIH->
15
20
25
30
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
SURFACE INTERVAL TABLE
**EAD->
8
13
17
21
30
34
38
43
47
51
56
64
73
81
90.1
99
107
A
57
36
26
20
17
14
12
11
9
8
7
6
5
4
4
4
3
->
->
->
->
->
->
A->
0:10
2:20
B
101
60
43
33
27
23
20
17
15
14
12
10
9
7
6
6
6
->
->
_>
->
->
B->
0:10
1:16
1:17
3:36
C
158
88
61
47
38
32
27
24
21
19
17
14
12
11
9
9
8
->
->
->
->
->
C->
0:10
0:55
0:56
2:11
2:12
4:31
D
245
121
82
62
50
42
36
31
28
25
22
19
16
14
12
12
11
->
-
_>
-
D->
0:10
0:52
0:53
1:47
1:48
3:03
3:04
5:23
E
426
163
106
78
62
52
44
39
34
31
28
23
20
17
15
15
14
->
->
-
E->
0:10
0:52
0:53
1:44
1:45
2:39
2:40
3:55
3:56
6:15
F
217
133
97
76
63
53
46
41
37
33
28
24
21
18
18
16
->
_>
F->
0:10
0:52
0:53
1:44
1:45
2:37
2:38
3:31
3:32
4:48
4:49
7:08
G
297
165
117
91
74
63
55
48
43
39
32
28
24
21
21
19
->
G->
0:10
0:52
0:53
1:44
1:45
2:37
2:38
3:29
3:30
4:23
4:24
5:40
5:41
8:00
H
449
205
140
107
87
73
63
56
50
45
37
32
28
25
25
20
H->
0:10
0:52
0:53
1:44
1:45
2:37
2:38
3:29
3:30
4:21
4:22
5:16
5:17
6:32
6:33
8:52
I
256
166
125
100
84
72
63
56
51
42
36
31
->
->
I->
0:10
0:52
0:53
1:44
1:45
2:37
2:38
3:29
3:30
4:21
4:22
5:13
5:14
6:08
6:09
7:24
7:25
9:44
J
330
198
145
115
95
82
71
63
57
47
39
33
->
J->
0:10
0:52
0:53
1:44
1:45
2:37
2:38
3:29
3:30
4:21
4:22
5:13
5:14
6:06
6:07
7:00
7:01
8:16
8:17
10:36
K
461
236
167
131
108
92
80
71
63
48
->
->
K->
0:10
0:52
0:53
1:44
1:45
2:37
2:38
3:29
3:30
4:21
4:22
5:13
5:14
6:06
6:07
6:58
6:59
7:52
7:53
9:09
9:10
11:29
L
285
193
148
121
102
89
74
->
->
->
I^>
0:10
0:52
0:53
1:44
1:45
2:37
2:38
3:29
3:30
4:21
4:22
5:13
5:14
6:06
6:07
6:58
6:59
7:50
7:51
8:44
8:45
10:01
10:02
12:21
M
354
223
168
135
114
92
->
->
->
M->
0:10
0:52
0:53
1:44
1:45
2:37
2:38
3:29
3:30
4:21
4:22
5:13
5:14
6:06
6:07
6:58
6:59
7:50
7:51
8:42
8:43
9:37
9:38
10:53
10:54
13:13
N
469
260
190
151
125
->
->
0:10
0:52
0:53
1:44
1:45
2:37
2:38
3:29
3:30
4:21
4:22
5:13
5:14
6:06
6:07
6:58
6:59
7:50
7:51
8:42
8:43
9:34
9:35
10:29
10:30
11:45
11:46
14:05
O
992
307
215
163
->
->
->
o>
0:10
0:52
0:53
1:44
1:45
2:37
2:38
3:29
3:30
4:21
4:22
5:13
5:14
6:06
6:07
6:58
6:59
7:50
7:51
8:42
8:43
9:34
9:35
10:27
10:28
11:21
11:22
12:37
12:38
14:58
z
1102
371
232
->
->
->
z>
0:10
0:52
0:53
1:44
1:45
2:37
2:38
3:29
3:30
4:21
4:22
5:13
5:14
6:06
6:07
6:58
6:59
7:50
7:51
8:42
8:43
9:34
9:35
10:27
10:28
11:19
11:20
12:13
12:14
13:30
13:31
15:50
* Based on USN Tables, Equivalent Air Depth (E.4D), Rev. 7, December, 2016
**EAD=(DecimaI %N in mix/.79)*(De pth+33)-33
Z O
-No Deco Limit
M
H
-------
% J US EPA RESIDUAL NITROGEN TABLE FOR NITROX I* I j
DEPTH
ZONMLKJ I HGFEDCBA
uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu
DEPTH
15
427
246
159
101
58
15
NO LIMIT
20
| 450 | 298
218
164
122
89
61
37
20
NO LIMIT
25
462
331
257 | 206 | 166
134
106
83
62
44
27
25
NO LIMIT
30
470
354
286
237
198
167
141
118
98
79
63
48
34
21
30
632
748
816
865
904
935
961
984
1004
1023
1039
1054
1068
1081
40
372
308
261
224
194
168
146
126
108
92
77
63
51
39
28
18
40
63
110
147
177
203
225
245
263
279
294
308
320
332
343
353
45
245
216
191
169
149
132
116
101
88
75
64
53
43
33
24
15
45
16
41
63
83
100
116
131
144
157
168
179
189
199
208
217
50
188
169
152
136
122
109
97
85
74
64
55
45
37
29
21
13
50
11
27
41
54
66
78
89
99
108
118
126
134
142
150
55
154
140
127
115
104
93
83
73
64
56
48
40
32
25
18
12
55
10
21
32
42
52
61
69
77
85
93
100
107
113
60
131
120
109
99
90
81
73
65
57
49
42
35
29
23
17
11
60
2
11
19
27
35
43
50
57
63
69
75
81
65
114
105
96
88
80
72
65
58
51
44
38
32
26
20
15
10
65
2
9
16
23
30
36
42
48
54
59
64
70
101
93
86
79
72
65
58
52
46
40
35
29
24
19
14
9
70
5
11
17
23
28
34
39
44
49
54
80
83
77
71
65
59
54
49
44
39
34
29
25
20
16
12
8
80
4
9
14
19
23
28
32
36
40
90
70
65
60
55
51
46
42
38
33
29
25
22
18
14
10
7
90
1
6
10
14
17
21
25
29
32
100
61
57
52
48
44
41
37
33
29
26
22
19
16
12
9
6
100
4
7
11
14
17
21
24
27
110
54
50
47
43
40
36
33
30
26
23
20
17
14
11
8
5
110
2
5
8
11
14
17
20
120
54
50
47
43
40
36
33
30
26
23
20
17
14
11
8
5
120
2
5
8
11
14
17
20
130
48
45
42
39
36
33
30
27
24
21
18
16
13
10
8
5
130
2
4
7
10
12
15
*Rased on USN Tables Equivalent Air Depth (EAD), Rev. 7, December 2016 RNT
BT
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Diving Safety Manual
(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
Appendix D-5
-------
US EPA NITROXII (36% 02) DIVE TABLES1'
DEPTH->
20
25
30
35
40
50
55
60
70
80
90
100
110
SURFACE INTERVAL TABLE
**EAD->
9.9
14
18
22
26
34
38
42
50.4
59
67
75
83
A
57
36
26
20
17
14
12
11
8
7
6
5
4
->
->
->
->
->
->
->
->
->
A->
0:10
2:20
B
101
60
43
33
27
23
20
17
14
12
10
9
7
->
->
->
->
->
->
->
->
B->
0:10
1:16
1:17
3:36
C
158
88
61
47
38
32
27
24
19
17
14
12
11
->
->
->
->
->
->
->
c->
0:10
0:55
0:56
2:11
2:12
4:31
D
245
121
82
62
50
42
36
31
25
22
19
16
14
->
->
->
->
->
->
D->
0:10
0:52
0:53
1:47
1:48
3:03
3:04
5:23
E
426
163
106
78
62
52
44
39
31
28
23
20
17
->
->
->
->
->
E->
0:10
0:52
0:53
1:44
1:45
2:39
2:40
3:55
3:56
6:15
F
217
133
97
76
63
53
46
37
33
28
24
21
->
->
->
->
F->
0:10
0:52
0:53
1:44
1:45
2:37
2:38
3:31
3:32
4:48
4:49
7:08
G
297
165
117
91
74
63
55
43
39
32
28
24
->
->
->
G->
0:10
0:52
0:53
1:44
1:45
2:37
2:38
3:29
3:30
4:23
4:24
5:40
5:41
8:00
H
449
205
140
107
87
73
63
50
45
37
32
28
->
->
H->
0:10
0:52
0:53
1:44
1:45
2:37
2:38
3:29
3:30
4:21
4:22
5:16
5:17
6:32
6:33
8:52
I
256
166
125
100
84
72
56
51
42
36
31
->
I->
0:10
0:52
0:53
1:44
1:45
2:37
2:38
3:29
3:30
4:21
4:22
5:13
5:14
6:08
6:09
7:24
7:25
9:44
J
330
198
145
115
95
82
63
57
47
39
33
J->
0:10
0:52
0:53
1:44
1:45
2:37
2:38
3:29
3:30
4:21
4:22
5:13
5:14
6:06
6:07
7:00
7:01
8:16
8:17
10:36
K
461
236
167
131
108
92
71
63
48
->
K->
0:10
0:52
0:53
1:44
1:45
2:37
2:38
3:29
3:30
4:21
4:22
5:13
5:14
6:06
6:07
6:58
6:59
7:52
7:53
9:09
9:10
11:29
L
285
193
148
121
102
74
->
->
I^>
0:10
0:52
0:53
1:44
1:45
2:37
2:38
3:29
3:30
4:21
4:22
5:13
5:14
6:06
6:07
6:58
6:59
7:50
7:51
8:44
8:45
10:01
10:02
12:21
M
354
223
168
135
114
->
->
M->
0:10
0:52
0:53
1:44
1:45
2:37
2:38
3:29
3:30
4:21
4:22
5:13
5:14
6:06
6:07
6:58
6:59
7:50
7:51
8:42
8:43
9:37
9:38
10:53
10:54
13:13
N
469
260
190
151
125
->
N->
0:10
0:52
0:53
1:44
1:45
2:37
2:38
3:29
3:30
4:21
4:22
5:13
5:14
6:06
6:07
6:58
6:59
7:50
7:51
8:42
8:43
9:34
9:35
10:29
10:30
11:45
11:46
14:05
O
992
307
215
163
->
o->
0:10
0:52
0:53
1:44
1:45
2:37
2:38
3:29
3:30
4:21
4:22
5:13
5:14
6:06
6:07
6:58
6:59
7:50
7:51
8:42
8:43
9:34
9:35
10:27
10:28
11:21
11:22
12:37
12:38
14:58
Z
1102
371
232
->
Zr>
0:10
0:52
0:53
1:44
1:45
2:37
2:38
3:29
3:30
4:21
4:22
5:13
5:14
6:06
6:07
6:58
6:59
7:50
7:51
8:42
8:43
9:34
9:35
10:27
10:28
11:19
11:20
12:13
12:14
13:30
13:31
15:50
15lis < DeCit Limit
M
K
H
-------
v J US EPA RESIDUAL NITROGEN TABLE FOR NITROXII* v ,
Z
o
N
M
L
K
J
I
H
G
F
E
D
c
B
A
DEPTH
u
u
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
u
U
U
DEPTH
20
427
246
159
101
58
20
NO LIMIT
25
450
298
218
164
122
89
61
37
25
NO LIMIT
30
462
331
257
206
166
134
106
83
62
44
27
30
NO LIMIT
35
470
354
286
237
198
167
141
118
98
79
63
48
34
21
35
632
748
816
865
904
935
961
984
1004
1023
1039
1054
1068
1081
40
372
308
261
224
194
168
146
126
108
92
77
63
51
39
28
18
40
63
110
147
177
203
225
245
263
279
294
308
320
332
343
353
50
245
216
191
169
149
132
116
101
88
75
64
53
43
33
24
15
50
16
41
63
83
100
116
131
144
157
168
179
189
199
208
217
55
188
169
152
136
122
109
97
85
74
64
55
45
37
29
21
13
55
11
27
41
54
66
78
89
99
108
118
126
134
142
150
60
154
140
127
115
104
93
83
73
64
56
48
40
32
25
18
12
60
10
21
32
42
52
61
69
77
85
93
100
107
113
70
114
105
96
88
80
72
65
58
51
44
38
32
26
20
15
10
70
9
16
23
30
36
42
48
54
59
64
80
101
93
86
79
72
65
58
52
46
40
35
29
24
19
14
9
80
5
11
17
23
28
34
39
44
49
54
90
83
77
71
65
59
54
49
44
39
34
29
25
20
16
12
8
90
4
9
14
19
23
28
32
36
40
100
70
65
60
55
51
46
42
38
33
29
25
22
18
14
10
7
100
1
6
10
14
17
21
25
29
32
110
61
57
52
48
44
41
37
33
29
26
22
19
16
12
9
6
110
4
7
11
14
17
21
24
27
*Basedon USN Tables, Equivalent Air Depth (EAD), Rev. 7, December, 2016 RNT
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Diving Safety Manual
(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
Appendix D-7
-------
US EPA MAX DEPTH*/P02 TABLE
d
bo
? 'B1
CD 5
s. a g-
i- <' 2
> § 5's
"a "^oq g
2 bg>3
S- V ^ ~
g s
^ bO {a CD
00 O g
bO p Q
%o2
DEPTH @ 1.6
DEPTH @ 1.5
DEPTH @1.4
DEPTH @ 1.3
DEPTH @ 1.2
DEPTH @ 1.1
DEPTH @ 1.0
21
218
203
187
171
156
140
124
22
207
192
177
162
147
132
117
23
197
182
168
154
139
125
110
24
187
173
160
146
132
118
105
25
178
165
152
139
125
112
99
26
170
157
145
132
119
107
94
27
163
150
138
126
114
101
89
28
156
144
132
120
O
CO
97
85
29
149
138
126
115
104
92
81
30
143
132
121
110
99
88
77
31
137
127
116
105
95
84
73
32
132
122
111
101
91
80
70
33
127
117
107
97
87
77
67
34
122
113
103
93
83
74
64
35
118
108
99
90
80
71
61
36
114
105
95
86
77
68
59
37
110
101
92
83
74
65
56
38
106
97
89
80
71
63
54
39
102
94
85
77
69
60
52
40
99
91
83
74
66
58
50
* M 0D=(P02/DecinuiI % 02 v33)-33
-------
NITROX DEPTH/P02 DETERMINATION TABLE
c
bo
^ £
s. a s-
«? 5" n
— • i—>
a 5
CD
> § -
§ c.
I O g1 5
s. V ^ ~
S' I?
g s
I'f, bO {a CD
O g Q
tO p Q
O !=- 3
bO
a #
¦«s
Depth (Ft.)
P02 (ca 28%
P02 @ 29%
P02 @ 30%
P02 fg 31%
P02@32%
P02 @ 33%
P02 (a; 34%
P02 @ 35%
P02 @ 36%
0
0.28
0.29
0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.35
0.36
10
0.36
0.38
0.39
0.40
0.42
0.43
0.44
0.46
0.47
20
0.45
0.47
0.48
0.50
0.51
0.53
0.55
0.56
0.58
30
0.53
0.55
0.57
0.59
0.61
0.63
0.65
0.67
0.69
40
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.69
0.71
0.73
0.75
0.77
0.80
50
0.70
0.73
0.75
0.78
0.80
0.83
0.86
0.88
0.91
60
0.79
0.82
0.85
0.87
0.90
0.93
0.96
0.99
1.01
70
0.87
0.91
0.94
0.97
1.00
1.03
1.06
1.09
1.12
80
0.96
0.99
1.03
1.06
1.10
1.13
1.16
1.20
1.23
90
1.04
1.08
1.12
1.16
1.19
1.23
1.27
1.30
1.34
95
1.09
1.12
1.16
1.20
1.24
1.28
1.32
1.36
1.40
100
1.13
1.17
1.21
1.25
1.29
1.33
1.37
1.41
1.45
105
1.17
1.21
1.25
1.30
1.34
1.38
1.42
1.46
1.51
110
1.21
1.26
1.30
1.34
1.39
1.43
1.47
1.52
1.56
115
1.26
1.30
1.35
1.39
1.44
1.48
1.52
1.57
120
1.30
1.34
1.39
1.44
1.48
1.53
1.58|
125
1.34
1.39
1.44
1.48
1.53
1.58
130
1.38
1.43
1.48
1.53
135
1.43
1.48
1.53
1.58
140
1.47
1.52
1.57
1.63
= Ma\ Depth @1.4 ATA 02
= MaxDepth ||: 1.5 ATA 02
= MaxDepth {e§ 1.6 ATA 02
-------
AIR DECOMPRESSION TABLE (All Stops at 20 Feet)"
/
Bottom
Bottom
Bottom
Bottom
Bottom
Bottom
Bottom
Bottom
Depth
Time
Time
Time
Time
Time
Time
Time
Time
Stop Time/
Stop Time/
Stop Time/
Stop Time/
Stop Time/
Stop Time/
Stop Time/
Stop Time/
Grp Out
Grp Out
Grp Out
Grp Out
Gr|) Out
Grp Out
Grp Out
Grp Out
30
371
380
420
480
540
0/Z
5/Z
22/Z
42/Z
71/-
35
232
240
270
300
330
360
0/Z
4/Z
28/Z
53/Z
71/Z
88/-
40
163
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
O/O
6/0
14/Z
21/Z
27/Z
39/Z
52/Z
64/Z
45
125
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
0/N
2/0
14/0
25/Z
34/Z
41/Z
59/Z
75/Z
50
92
95
100
110
120
130
140
150
0/M
2/M
4/N
8/0
21/0
34/Z
45/Z
56/Z
55
74
75
80
90
100
110
120
130
0/L
1/L
4/M
10/N
17/0
34/0
48/Z
59/Z
60
63
65
70
80
90
100
110
120
0/K
2/L
7/L
14/N
23/0
42/Z
57/Z
75/Z
70
48
50
55
60
70
80
90
100
0/K
2/K
9/L
14/M
24/N
44/0
64/Z
88/Z
80
39
40
45
50
55
60
70
80
0/J
1/J
10/K
17/M
24/M
30/N
54/0
77/Z
90
33
35
40
45
50
55
60
70
0/1
4/J
14/L
23/M
31/N
39/0
56/0
83/Z
100
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
0/H
3/J
15/L
26/M
36/N
47/0
65/Z
81/Z
110
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0/H
5/1
14/K
27/M
39/N
50/O
71/Z
120
15
20
25
30
35
0/F
4/H
9/J
24/L
38/N
130
12
15
20
25
0/E
3/G
8/1
17/K
140
10
15
20
0/E
5/11
13/J
150
8
10
15
0/C
2/F
S/Il
160
7
10
0/C
4/F
170
6
10
0/D
6/G
180
6
10
0/D
8/G
190
5
0/D
US Navy Manual, Rev. 7, December 2016
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Diving Safety Manual
(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
Appendix D-10
-------
APPENDIX E
EPA Diving Forms
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revision 2.0, May20,2022)
Appendix E-l
-------
Example: Dive Plan
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revision 2.0, May20,2022)
Appendix E-2
-------
DATE OF REQUEST: _
DIVEMASTER:
SURVEY OBJECTIVES:
DIVE DATES:
Diver Initials:
Light Work1/ Scientific / Training / Proficiency
I have read and understand this dive plan.
DIVERS:
(Check minimum crew requirements in the EPA Diving Safety Manual, Appendix H, "Checklist for Light Working
Diving Operations" and Tether/Surface Supply SOPs as applicable)
LAUNCH SITE/PLATFORM:
EMERGENCY ASSISTANCE 911 - DAN 919 684 9111 emergency - DAN 800-326-2822 non-emergency -
COASTGUARD CH-16
HOSPITAL:
CHAMBER LOCATION:
************** OXYGEN/AED/first aid kit WILL BE ON SITE **************
ANTICIPATED CONDITIONS: MAX DEPTH AIR/H20 TEMP MAX CURRENT
(Work dives in greater than 1 knot of current require the diver(s) to be line tended1)
TIDAL INFLUENCES VESSEL TRAFFIC
POLLUTION SOURCES
BIOLOG. HAZARDS
VISIBILITY OTHER
HAZARDOUS MARINE BIOTA
EQUIPMENT:
DRY SUIT FFM
SURFACE SUPPLY
Gas: air only for work dives1
OTHER
SPECIAL INFORMATION:
POST DIVE REPORT
WATER TEMP AIR TEMP/WEATHER
CURRENTS VISIBILITY
BIOLOGICAL. HAZARD
OTHER (TIDES, POLLUTION, VESSEL TRAFFIC,
PROCEDURAL NOTES
EQUIP. NOTES (REPAIRS(?), ETC.)
xIf conducting a light working dive, complete the checklist in the EPA Diving Safety Manual, Appendix H, "Checklist
for Light Working Diving Operations" before/during/after dive.
STANDARD SCUBA TETHER
Emergency Gas Supply required for work dive?
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revision 2.0, May20,2022)
Appendix E-3
-------
Example: Divemaster Pre- and Post-Dive Briefing
(Divemaster may elect to use the Safety Audit Checklist for a more thorough briefing)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revision 2.0, May20,2022)
Appendix FA
-------
DIVEMASTER PRE-DIVE BRTEFING
1. Review emergency evacuation procedures.
2. Review emergency equipment & evacuation procedures (e.g., AED, first aid, oxygen kits, radio check with lab)
3. Review dive profile (e.g., times, depths, repetitive calculations)
4. Review communications (e.g., hand signals, diver recall)
5. Review proj ect obj ective(s)
6. Review potential hazards (physical & pollutant), tides, and current.
7. Review decontamination procedures for contaminated water diving
8. Review specialized equipment to be used
9. Review duties of dive team personnel (e.g., identify divemaster, tender, etc.)
10. All divers check personal dive equipment
11. Record tank pressures
12. Have confidential EPA Field Emergency Forms for all divers in a sealed envelope at the dive site
13. Advise the diver of the location of a hyperbaric chamber which is ready for use; and
14. Notify vessel traffic/Coast Guard if necessary
15. Alert the diver to the potential hazards of flying after diving
POST-DIVE PROCEDURES
1. Monitor divers for symptoms of "bubble trouble"
2. Protect divers from hypothermia or hyperthermia
3. Have drinking water available
4. Record bottom times, tank pressures, and water depths on Tender's Log
5. Record problems, malfunctions, hazards encountered on Tender's Log
6. Follow appropriate decontamination procedures as appropriate
7. Clean up and stow all equipment; wash FFM masks with soap and warm water.
8. Instruct the diver to report any physical problems or adverse physiological effects
including symptoms of decompression sickness.
9. Alert the divers to the potential hazards of flying or driving to high altitudes after diving.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revision 2.0, May20,2022)
Appendix E-5
-------
Example: EPA Dive Tender's Field Log
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revision 2.0, May20,2022)
Appendix E-6
-------
" EPA DIVE TENDER'S FIELD LOG "
PROJECT: TYPE: SCIENTIFIC LIGHT WORK
DIVEMASTER: MODE: SCUBA_SS_Tether_
DIVER: NOTES:
DATE/
STATION
SI
GROUP
IN
TANK PRESSURE
TIME
BOTTOM
TIME (MIN)
MAX
DEPTH (FT.)
GROUP
OUT
IN
OUT
IN
OUT
11
1
ABT:
RNT:
TBT:
ABT:
RNT:
TBT:
ABT:
RNT:
TBT:
ABT:
RNT:
TBT:
ABT:
RNT:
TBT:
ABT:
RNT:
TBT:
ABT:
RNT:
TBT:
ABT:
RNT:
TBT:
ABT:
RNT:
TBT:
ABT:
RNT:
TBT:
ABT:
RNT:
TBT:
ABT:
RNT:
TBT:
ABT:
RNT:
TBT:
ABT:
RNT:
TBT:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revision 2.0, May20,2022)
Appendix E-7
-------
©EPA DIVE TENDER'S FIELD Lace
PROJECT: TYPE: SCIENTIFIC LIGHT WORK
DIVEMASTER: MODE: SCUBA_SS_Tether_
DIVER: NOTES:
DATE/
STATION
SI
GROUP
IN
TANK PRESSURE
TIME
BOTTOM
TIME (MIN)
MAX
DEPTH (FT.)
GROUP
OUT
IN
OUT
IN
OUT
111
111
ABT
RNT
TBT
ABT
RNT
TBT
ABT
RNT
TBT
ABT
RNT
TBT
ABT
RNT
TBT
ABT
RNT
TBT
DIVER:
DATE/
STATION
SI
GROUP
IN
TANK PRESSURE
TIME
BOTTOM
TIME (MIN)
MAX
DEPTH (FT.)
GROUP
OUT
IN
OUT
IN
OUT
in
ABT
RNT
TBT
ABT
RNT
TBT
ABT
RNT
TBT
ABT
RNT
TBT
ABT
RNT
TBT
ABT
RNT
TBT
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revision 2.0, May20,2022)
Appendix E-8
-------
Example: EPA Field Emergency Form
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revision 2.0, May20,2022)
Appendix E-9
-------
dEFtt
EPA Field Emergency Form
&EFtt
Date
Name
Date oi Birth
Home Address
Home Phone
Office Address
Officei Phnnei
Supervisor's Phone
Immediate Supervisor
Medic Alert Tag
Your Blood Tvoe
2] Yes I |No
Wear Contact Lenses? , ,
_) Yes ~ No
Typical Blood Pressure
Allergic to Antibiotics/Anesthesia
Date of Last Tetanus Shot
Anaphylactic Reactions to Toxins
Other Medcal Considerations
Current Medications
Physician's Phone
Relationship
Personal Medical Coverage Plan
In Emeraencv Notify
Address/Phone
Personal Physician
Dive Profile
See Back Side for More Information
TP:
T:
TP:
T:
TP:
T:
TP:
T:
TP:
T:
TP:
T:
TP:
T:
TP:
T:
Z37i/5T-
Oi^lO
si—
BT:
IF
a-5-*}
SI
BT:
IF
o\-no\
SI—
BT;
1F
O
BT:
TF
Locations:
Comments:
Ndtes: IP = Tm< Pressure, I = Clock Iiiti6, B7 = VoltorH Itrfie, U = Maximum Depth, anO bl = burtadd Interval
me Oxvaen Administration Started
-urther Description of the Accident
Ended
{ S. Environmental Protection Agency
DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revival 2.0, May20,2022)
Appendix E-10
-------
APPENDIX F
EPA Liability Release and Express Assumption of Risk Forms
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
Appendix F-l
-------
£
5
33
\
srx
&
pro^^°
o
z
LU
0
T
Name:
Address:
City, State, ZIP:
AGREEMENT, LIABILITY RELEASE AND EXPRESS ASSUMPTION OF RISK
for EPA Divers Using EPA Supplied Equipment During Off-Duty Hours
This is a release of your rights to sue. This release may be used against you In a court of law If you sue any release party or person.
Please read carefully, fill in all blanks and initial each paragraph before signing.
I, (PRINT NAME): , am currently trained and certified to SCUBA dive by the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and am a Diver in good standing in the EPA Diving Program. I hereby affirm that I have been advised and thoroughly
informed of the inherent hazards of skin and SCUBA diving.
In consideration of being allowed to utilize EPA issued dive equipment during off-duty hours, I agree to dive within recreational dive guidelines as follows. I agree to not dive deeper than 130'. I agree to
not conduct decompression dives. I agree to not dive solo. I agree to surface with at least 500 psi of air or Nitrox.
I understand and agree that I am solely responsible for my own actions, decisions and use of EPA owned and maintained dive gear during off duty hours and am financially responsible for all associated
expenses, including medical expenses and I agree to compensate EPA within one year for any loss, damage, or destruction of any EPA dive gear in my possession and use under this release.
Further, I understand that diving with compressed air involves inherent risks, including but not limited to: decompression sickness, embolism, or other hyperbaric injuries which may occur that require treatment
in a recompression chamber. I further understand that diving activities may be conducted at sites that are remote, either by time or distance or both, from a recompression chamber, and nonetheless agree to proceed with
the diving activity in spite of the possible absence of a recompression chamber in proximity to the site.
I understand that by signing this Liability Release and Assumption of Risk (Release), I agree to release, waive, discharge and give up any and all claims against EPA, its employees, or any duly appointed
staff or crew member of the EPA and the US Government (hereinafter referred to as "Released Parties"), and that none of the Released Parties may be held liable or responsible in any way for any injury, death,
or other damages to me or my family, heirs, or assigns that may occur as a result of my use of EPA issued dive gear during off-duty hours or as a result of any cause including the negligence of any party, including
the Released Party, whether active or passive.
I also understand that skin diving and scuba diving are physically strenuous activities and that I will be exerting myself during such activity, and that if I am injured as a result of a heart attack, panic
hyperventilation, etc., that I expressly assume all of the risk of said injuries and that I will not hold the above listed Released Parties responsible for the same.
I further save and hold harmless any and all Released Parties from any claim or lawsuit by me, my family, estate, heirs, or assigns, arising out of my association with, and participation in any diving activity
while using EPA issued dive equipment during off-duty hours.
I hereby personally assume all risks in connection with said activity, for any harm, injury, or damage that may befall me while I am engaged in this activity, including all risks connected therewith, whether
foreseen or unforeseen. I understand this Release hereby encompasses and applies to all diving activities in which I choose to participate while using EPA dive equipment during off-duty hours. These may include but are
not limited to activities which may be considered specialty diving activities such as: navigation, night, deep, altitude, boat, drift, dry suit, wreck or other overhead environment, underwater naturalist, and underwater
photography.
I also understand that diving from a boat poses additional hazards such as slippery boat decks and movement caused by wave action could cause me to lose my footing, fall and/or be injured, especially while
carrying or wearing SCUBA equipment. In consideration of being allowed to use EPA issued dive equipment during off-duty hours, I hereby personally assume all risks in connection with getting to and from said activity,
for any harm, injury, or damage that may befall me while I am engaged in such activity, including all risks connected with traveling to and from the dive site, whether foreseen or unseen.
I further state that I am of lawful age and legally competent to sign this Release agreement.
I hereby state and agree that this Release will be effective and valid for all diving activities as defined above for the duration of my tenure as an EPA Diver from the initial date on which I execute this Release.
I understand that the terms herein are contractual and are not a mere recital, and that I have signed this document of my own free will.
SPECIAL OXYGEN ENRICHED AIR (EAN, NITROX) CONSIDERATION, IF APPLICABLE:
I understand that diving with oxygen enriched air (EAN, NITROX) involves certain inherent risks of oxygen toxicity and/or improper mixtures of breathing gas. I agree to assume all risks associated with
breathing oxygen enriched air under hyperbaric conditions and agree to personally determine the oxygen content of my breathing gas and plan the dive accordingly to include a maximum depth and time.
BY THIS INSTRUMENT TO EXEMPT AND RELEASE THE U.S.
IT IS THE INTENTION OF (PRINT NAME)
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY AND THE U.S. GOVERNMENT, ANY DULY APPOINTED STAFF OR CREW MEMBER, AND ALL RELATED ENTITIES AS DEFINED ABOVE FROM ALL
LIABILITY AND RESPONSIBILITY WHATSOEVER FOR PERSONAL INJURY, PROPERTY DAMAGE OR WRONGFUL DEATH HOWEVER CAUSED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
NEGLIGENCE OF THE RELEASED PARTIES, WHETHER PASSIVE OR ACTIVE.
I HAVE FULLY INFORMED MYSELF OF THE CONTENTS OF THIS LIABILITY RELEASE AND EXPRESS ASSUMPTION OF RISK BY READING IT BEFORE I SIGNED IT ON BEHALF OF MYSELF AND
MY HEIRS. I FURTHER UNDERSTAND AND AGREE THAT THIS RELEASE IS EFFECTIVE AND VALID FOR THE DURATION OF MY TENURE AS AN EPA DIVER FROM THE DATE ON WHICH I
EXECUTE THIS RELEASE.
Your Signature
Date
Signature of Unit Dive Officer (UDO) or Witness
Date
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
Appendix F-2
-------
*1- PRO^
Name:
Address:
¦£.^ ¦ M m City, State, ZIP:
LIABILITY RELEASE AND EXPRESS ASSUMPTION OF RISK for
Non-EPA Divers Participating in EPA Dive Activities
This is a release of your rights to sue. This release may be used against you in a court of law if you sue any release party or person.
Please read carefully, fill in all blanks and initial each paragraph before signing.
I, (PRINT NAME): , am currently certified to scuba dive by
(PRINT AGENCY) as provided by the assigned certification number (PRINT Certification Number) ,
Do hereby affirm that I have been advised and thoroughly informed of the inherent hazards of skin and SCUBA diving.
Further, I understand that diving with compressed air involves inherent risks, including but not limited to: decompression sickness, embolism, or other hyperbaric injuries which
may occur that require treatment in a recompression chamber. I further understand that the diving activities which the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) engages in from time
to time, may be conducted at a site that is remote, either by time or distance or both, from a recompression chamber, and nonetheless agree to proceed with the diving activity in spite of
the possible absence of a recompression chamber in proximity to the site.
I understand and agree that the EPA and its employees, nor any duly appointed staff or crew member of EPA or property owner of the site dived, (hereinafter referred to as
"Released Party"), may be held liable or responsible in any way for any injury, death, or other damages to me or my family, heirs, or assigns that may occur a s a result of my participation in
this diving activity or as a result of any cause including the negligence of any party, including the Released Party, whether active or passive.
In consideration of being allowed to participate in this diving activity, I agree to dive within the dive guidelines as defined by the "EPA Diving Safety Manual". I hereby personally
assume all risks in connection with said activity, for any harm, injury, or damage that may befall me while I am engaged in this activity, including all risks connected therewith, whether
foreseen or unforeseen. I understand this Liability Release and Assumption of Risk (Release) hereby encompasses and applies to all diving activities in which I choose to participate as part
of EPA diving activities. These may include but are not limited to activities which may be considered specialty diving activities such as: navigation, night, deep, altitude, boat, drift, dry suit,
wreck or other overhead environment, underwater naturalist, and underwater photography.
I further save and hold harmless any and all Released Parties from any claim or lawsuit by me, my family, estate, heirs, or assigns, arising out of my association with, and
participation in this EPA diving activity.
I also understand that skin diving and scuba diving are physically strenuous activities and that I will be exerting myself during such activity, and that if I am injured as a result of
a heart attack, panic hyperventilation, etc., that I expressly assume the risk of said injuries and that I will not hold the above listed Released Parties responsible for the same.
I also understand that diving from a boat poses additional hazard s such a s slippery boat decks and movement caused by wave action could cause me to lose my footing, fall and/or
be injured, especially while carrying or wearing SCUBA equipment. In consideration of being allowed to participate in this diving activity, I hereby personally assume all risks in connection
with getting to and from said activity, for any harm, injury, or damage that may befall me while I am engaged in such activity, including all risks connected with travelling to and from the
dive site, whether foreseen or unseen.
I further state that I am of lawful age and legally competent to sign this liability and release.
I hereby state and agree that this Release will be effective and valid for all specialized diving activities as defined above for a period of one year from the initial date on which I
execute this Release.
I understand that the terms herein are contractual and are not a mere recital, and that I have signed this document of my own free will.
SPECIAL OXYGEN ENRICHED AIR (EAN, NITROX) CONSIDERATION, IF APPLICABLE:
I understand that diving with oxygen enriched air involves certain inherent risks of oxygen toxicity and/or improper mixtures of breathing gas. I agree to assume all risks
associated with breathing oxygen enriched air under hyperbaric conditions and agree to personally determine the oxygen content of my breathing gas and plan the dive accordingly to
include a maximum depth and time.
IT IS THE INTENTION OF (PRINT NAME) BY THIS INSTRUMENT TO EXEMPT AND RELEASE THE U.S.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY AND THE U. S. GOVERNMENT, ANY PROPERTY OWNER IMMEDIATELY ASSOCIATED WITH ACCESSING THE DIVING ACTIVITY, ANY
DULY APPOINTED STAFF OR CREW MEMBER, AND ALL RELATED ENTITIES AS DEFINED ABOVE FROM ALL LIABILITY AND RESPONSIBILITY WHATSOEVER FOR PERSONAL
INJURY, PROPERTY DAMAGE OR WRONGFUL DEATH HOWEVER CAUSED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE NEGLIGENCE OF THE RELEASED PARTIES, WHETHER
PASSIVE OR ACTIVE.
I HAVE FULLY INFORMED MYSELF OF THE CONTENTS OF THIS LIABILITY RELEASE AND EXPRESS ASSUMPTION OF RISK BY READING IT BEFORE I SIGNED IT ON BEHALF OF
MYSELF AND MY HEIRS. I FURTHER UNDERSTAND AND AGREE THAT THIS RELEASE IS EFFECTIVE AND VALID FOR A PERIOD OF ONE YEAR FROM THE DATE ON WHICH I
EXECUTE THIS RELEASE.
Your Signature Date
Signature of Unit Dive Officer (UDO) or Witness Date
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
Appendix F-3
-------
APPENDIX G
Determination and Requirements for Scientific and Light Working Diving
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
Appendix G-l
-------
Background
The purpose of this Appendix is to help to determine whether a dive is classified as a light working
or scientific dive and to highlight the differences between the two. As per OSHA regulation, a
scientific dive is defined as any diving performed solely as a necessary part of a scientific,
research, or educational activity by employees whose sole purpose for diving is to perform
scientific research tasks, but does not include performing any tasks usually associated with
commercial diving such as but not limited to: placing or removing heavy objects underwater;
inspection of pipelines and similar objects; construction; demolition; cutting or welding; or the
use of explosives. Dives which are arguably ambiguous and do not clearly meet the OSHA
definition of a working dive or a scientific dive, but support research/collection of data and allow
EPA to carry out its mission to study and protect the environment would be classified as a
scientific dive as long as they don't specifically fall into OSHA's definition of a working dive
(e.g., use of heavy tools, placing or removing heavy objects inspection of pipelines etc.)1.
Scientific tasks are usually light and short in duration and if tools are used, they are simple ones
like a hammer, collecting jars, measuring devices, hand nets, suction fish collector, camera, or
slate pencil. The diver must be a scientist or scientist in training. Individual tasks (e.g., laying
transects, installing/deploying/retrieving scientific equipment/instruments) conducted as part of a
scientific project are considered within the scope of scientific diving.
Scientific objectives and/or data collected during the dives must be documented in the dive plan,
dive logs and/or the project QAPP/Work Plan/Sampling Plans and/or communicated through
formal or informal informational reports. Without this documentation tasks that are not clearly
within the realm of data collection would likely be considered outside the realm of the scientific
diving exemption by OSHA.
Unit Diving Officers (UDO) shall be responsible for determining whether dive operations are to
be conducted as scientific dives or light working dives, and for documenting this determination
in the dive and project plans, dive logs, and reports.
Light Working Diving
Construction and trouble-shooting tasks traditionally associated with commercial diving, such as
using heavy tools powered by pneumatics or hydraulics from the surface, explosives, welding
equipment, or burning equipment are clearly heavy duty or commercial type tasks and are outside
the scope of what can be considered an EPA light working dive.
However, EPA may need to perform light working dives as part of their dive program. For
example, as part of a scientific project the EPA may need to lower a large object (heavier than
approximately 100 pounds underwater) into the water, or the EPA may need to perform tasks
involving ship husbandry (e.g., clearing a sea strainer or un-fouling a ship's propeller). The EPA
1 Supported by United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit No. 19-60245, Houston Aquarium.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
Appendix G-2
-------
recognizes these tasks cannot be conducted under the scientific exemption and will conducted
these dive operations as light working dives as per this manual and OSHA 29 CFR Part 1910,
Subpart T - Commercial Diving Operations.
The diagram below can help to determine whether a dive falls under the scientific diving
exemption or the light working diving (OSHA Commercial) standard.
US EPA Scientific vs. Light Working Dive Decision Matrix
Does the project require the expertise of a
scientist or scientist-in-training?
Is the project objective to observe natural
phenomena, responses of natural systems
and/or gather scientific data?
ALL ANSWERS YES
It is a
Scientific Dive
Document in dive
and sampling
plans and logs
l/ill the project result in the advancement of
science? And will the data produced be
non-proprietary?
I
Can the tasks be accomplished using no, or
simple hand tools weighing approximately
25 pounds or less underwater?
I
If any object is lifted or moved, is its weight
underwater approximately 100 pounds or
less?
I
Can the task be accomplished within no-
decompression limits?
See Appendix E
Light Working Diving
Checklist and
Appendix F
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
Appendix G-3
-------
The following table illustrates the differences in requirements for a scientific dive vs. a light
working dive:
Item/Topic
Scientific Diving
Light Working Diving
Flags/Warning
Signals
Dive flags are often regulated by
the State or municipality where
the dive operation is conducted.
A code flag "Alpha" and/or the
red/white "Diver down flag" 20"
x 24" meets many of these
requirements, but this should be
verified by the Divemaster prior
to dive operations. The dive
flag should be displayed in a
manner which allows all-round
visibility and shall be
illuminated during night diving
operations.
Dive flags are often regulated by
the State or municipality where
the dive operation is conducted.
A code flag "Alpha" and/or the
red/white "Diver down flag" 20"
x 24" meets many of these
requirements, but this should be
verified by the Divemaster prior
to dive operations. The dive flag
should be displayed in a manner
which allows all-round visibility
and shall be illuminated during
night diving operations.
Hyperbaric Chamber
No hyperbaric chamber is
required on site if operating to
depths less than 130 FSW and
within the no decompression
limits. Dives deeper than 130
feet require written approval
from the EPA DSB Chairman,
appropriate training and possibly
a hyperbaric chamber on-site.
The location, accessibility, and
telephone number of the nearest
accessible and operable
hyperbaric chambers that treat
divers shall be listed in the dive
plan and be available to all
participating Divers for each
diving operation.
Air Dives >100 FSW or outside
the no-decompression limits
require access to a chamber (6
ATA) within 5 minutes of the
dive site.
All Nitrox (mixed-gas) dives
require a chamber available at the
dive location.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
Appendix G-4
-------
Item/Topic
Scientific Diving
Light Working Diving
Emergency Gas
Supply (EGS)
Systems that may be
used include a
SpareAir®, pony
bottle with an
independent second
stage or rigged directly
to a full face mask or
helmet using a
manifold block or
similar mechanism, or
a Reserve Air Supply
System (RASS) kit. If
you are using a
manifold without a
safe second connected,
this would require an
overpressure relief
valve to avoid
inadvertent hose
rupture during first
stage failure. An
independent pressure
gauge is required for
scientific and light
working dives below
30FSW.
The need an independent EGS
for SCUBA diving operations
would be at the Divemaster's
discretion based on mode of
diving, dive profile and dive site
characteristics.
An independent EGS is required
for all surface supplied dives.
An EGS may consist of a:
a. Pony Bottle
b. SpareAir®
c. RASS
A diver-carried reserve breathing
gas supply consisting of an
independent reserve cylinder with
a separate regulator (and pressure
gauge for depths >30 FSW) or a
manually operated J Valve shall
be carried with the Diver for all
working dives regardless of mode
of diving (SCUBA, surface
supplied air, or line tended). The
reserve supply should be enough
quantity to allow the Diver to
reach the surface while
maintaining an ascent rate of 30
feet per minute and kept in a
closed position when not in use
during the dive. SpareAir® is
acceptable per OSHA regulations
if it is attached the Diver and has
a sufficient volume of air. It is
recommended you have least 1
cu. ft. per 10 foot of depth for
open circuit mouthpiece SCUBA.
Two to 3 cu. ft. per 10 foot of
depth is recommended when
wearing a FFM or helmet.
Dive Profile
Documentation in addition to
normal dive logs are not
required (Some information
such as dive purpose or dive
conditions may be documented
in the Dive Plan or Dive
Report).
A written record called a depth-
time profile must be maintained
for each Diver during the dive,
including decompression. (See
Record of Dive below for
clarification) 29 CFR
1910.423(d).
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
Appendix G-5
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Item/Topic
Scientific Diving
Light Working Diving
Swift Water (Strong
Current)
1) No SCUBA operations
conducted in currents > 3
knots
2) For dive operations in 1 to 3
knots (see EPA Diving
Safety Manual, Appendix A,
Diving Safety Rules" for
additional details):
a. Line Reels with
Surface Mark Buoys
(SMB)
b. Dives planned to
minimize swimming
into current
c. A vessel used for live
boating Divers
d. Divers must be
briefed on
importance of gas
management and
buddy
communication.
SCUBA divers must be line
tended when currents > 1 knot.
Standby Diver
For SCUBA, at the
Divemaster's discretion, a fully
suited, equipment-ready standby
Diver might be required.
All tethered diving operations
require a standby Diver ready to
enter the water within several
minutes (crew of 3).
For surface supplied operations
a standby Diver is always
required and ready to enter the
water promptly in case of an
emergency unless there are two
surface supplied Divers in the
same area and are able to render
aid to each other within 3
minutes throughout the dive
(crew of 4).
A standby Diver is required for
all modes of light working dives.
For dives in an enclosed or
physically confined space, a
standby Diver must be stationed
at the underwater point of entry.
Item/Topic
Scientific Diving
Light Working Diving
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
Appendix G-6
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Pre-dive procedures
The dive plan must contain:
1) Nearest medical facility
(hospital or clinic) and a
method of communication
must be established and
documented.
2) Nearest operational
hyperbaric chamber and a
method of communication
must be established and
documented.
3) Method of emergency
evacuation
4) Method of communication
with means of emergency
transportation.
5) DAN's emergency and non-
emergency phone numbers.
6) A copy of the EPA DSM.
At the dive site a list of phone
numbers or call signs for:
• An operational hyperbaric
chamber (if not at the dive
location)
• Accessible hospitals
• Available physicians (DAN is
acceptable)
• Available means of
transportation
• The nearest U. S. Coast Guard
Rescue Coordination Center
Post-dive procedures
Monitoring Divers post dive:
1) Divemaster or tender
monitor each Diver exiting
the water for symptoms of
DCS or other dive related
medical issues.
2) Post dive report.
3) Decontamination performed
if required.
4) Gear cleaned and stored
after dive operations have
been completed.
At the completion of a dive, the
employer must: thoroughly check
the physical condition of the
Diver; instruct the Diver to report
any physical problems or adverse
physiological reactions (including
decompression sickness
symptoms); advise the Diver of
the location of the nearest
hyperbaric chamber; and alert the
Diver to the hazards of flying too
soon after the dive.
After a dive deeper than 100 fsw,
a dive that requires
decompression, or after any dive
using a mixed-gas breathing
mixture, the employer is required
to instruct the Diver to remain
awake and in the vicinity of the
hyperbaric chamber at the dive
location for at least one hour after
the dive, including one hour after
any hyperbaric or diving medical
treatment
Item/Topic
Scientific Diving
Light Working Diving
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
Appendix G-7
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Record of dive
The record maintained for each
diving operation must include:
1) Names of dive-team
members
2) Divemaster
3) Date/Time/Location of
the dive
4) Maximum Depth &
Bottom Time for each
Diver
5) Dive mode (In dive plan
or dive logs)
6) Purpose or function of
dive (In Dive Plan or
dive logs)
7) Dive Conditions (In Dive
Report or dive logs)
8) For repetitive diving, the
elapsed time since the
last pressure exposure (if
less than 24 hours) or the
repetitive dive
designation for each
Diver
The record maintained for each
diving operation must include:
1) Names of the dive-team
members
2) Divemaster (DPIC)
3) Date/Time/Location of the
dive
4) Maximum Depth &
Bottom Time for each
Diver
5) Dive mode (In dive plan
or dive logs)
6) Purpose or function of
dive (In Dive Plan or dive
logs)
7) Dive Conditions (In Dive
Report or dive logs)
8) For repetitive diving, the
elapsed time since the last
pressure exposure (if less
than 24 hours) or the
repetitive dive designation
for each Diver
9) Depth-Time and
breathing-gas profiles
must be maintained for
dives outside the no-
decompression limits,
deeper than 100 FSW or
using mixed-gas.
Enclosed or physically
confining space
N/A
SCUBA Divers to be line-tended
when they are in an enclosed or
physically confining space, and a
Diver must be stationed at the
underwater point of entry to the
enclosed or physically confining
space.
First Aid Kit
Refer to EPA Diving Safety
Manual, Appendix A, Diving
Safety Rules" for minimum
First-Aid Kit contents.
The first aid kit (including a bag
valve mask) specified in the EPA
Diving Safety Manual, Appendix
A, Diving Safety Rules" meet
both light working and scientific
diving requirements.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
Appendix G-8
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Team Make-up
Item/Topic
Scientific Diving
Light Working Diving
SCUBA (air)
1) Divemaster
2) Diver
3) Buddy Diver
4) Standby Diver
(at discretion of
Divemaster)
1) Divemaster (DPIC)
2) Diver
3) Buddy Diver
4) Standby Diver
SCUBA
(nitrox)*
1) Divemaster
2) Diver
3) Buddy Diver
4) Standby Diver
(at discretion of
Divemaster)
1) Divemaster (DPIC)
2) Diver
3) Buddy Diver
4) Standby Diver
Note: For enclosed or physically confined space,
another Diver must be stationed at the underwater point
of entry. Note: 29 CFR 1910.426(c)(1)
Line Tended
SCUBA*
1)
Tender/Divemaster*
2) Line-tended
Diver
3) Standby Diver
*If qualified to
perform both duties
a single person may
serve as Divemaster
and tender.
1) Divemaster (DPIC)
2) Line-tended Diver
3) Standby Diver
The standby Diver can be the DPIC provided that they
are a qualified Diver, and that the third dive team
member is trained and capable of performing all
necessary functions of the DPIC while the DPIC is in
the water as the standby Diver. The standby Diver can
also be the tender provided that they are a qualified
Diver; in this case, the DPIC would assume tending
duties when the standby Diver is in the water
Surface
Supplied Air
1) Divemaster
2) Line-tended
Diver*
3) Tender
4) Standby Diver
or second line-
tended Diver*
*If two line-tended
Divers are in the
water and both are
able to render
assistance to each
other in less than 3
minutes than a
standby diver is not
required
For consistency, EPA surface supplied diving crew
requirements will match between light working and
scientific dives.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
Appendix G-9
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Item/Topic
Scientific Diving
Light Working Diving
Hookah
1) Divemaster
2) Line-tended
Diver*
3) Tender
4) Standby Diver
or second line-
tended Diver*
Not an acceptable mode of diving for working dive
operations
Dive Tender
Dive Tender is
required for all dive
operations and
should be a fully
qualified EPA-
certified diver. For
low-risk dive
operations the
tender may be a
non-diver but must
be certified in
CPR/First Aid and
familiar with dive
operations.
Responsibilities and duties are specified in Appendix E
of OSHA Guidelines for 29 CFR Part 1910, Subpart T
(https://www.osha.gov/OshDoc/Directive_pdf/CPL_02-
00-151.pdf), but are generally similar to the
requirements for a tender during scientific dive
operations. The tender does not have to be a diver nor
have any specific certifications other than training to
perform duties as a tender.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
Appendix G-10
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APPENDIX H
Checklist for Light Working Diving Operations
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
Appendix H-l
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The checklist below consists of the 29 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 1910, Subpart T
standards (verbatim) in a matrix format as updated by Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA) interpretation. The checklist can be used "as is" or tailored for a specific
dive plan by deleting unnecessary paragraphs. See requirements, restrictions, and consultation
requirements for light work during EPA operations in the table below excerpted from 29 CFR
1910.
1910.410 QUALIFICATIONS OF DIVE TEAM.
Comments/
Remarks/Notes
(a) General
(1) Each dive-team member shall have the experience or training
necessary to perform assigned tasks in a safe and healthful manner.
(2) Each dive-team member shall have experience or training
in the following:
(i) The use of tools, equipment and systems relevant to
assigned tasks.
(ii) Techniques of the assigned diving mode.
(iii) Diving operations and emergency procedures.
(3) All dive-team members shall be trained in cardiopulmonary
resuscitation and first aid (American Red Cross standard course or
equivalent).
(4) Dive-team members who are exposed to or control the
exposure of others to hyperbaric conditions shall be trained in
diving-related physics and physiology.
(b) Assignments.
(1) Each dive-team member shall be assigned tasks in accordance
with the employee's experience or training, except those limited
additional tasks may be assigned to an employee undergoing
training provided that these tasks are performed under the direct
supervision of an experienced dive-team member.
(2) The employer shall not require a dive-team member to be
exposed to hyperbaric conditions against the employee's will,
except when necessary to complete decompression or treatment
procedures.
(3) The employer shall not permit a dive-team member to dive or be
otherwise exposed to hyperbaric conditions for the duration of any
temporary physical impairment or condition which is known to the
employer and is likely to affect adversely the safety or health of a
dive-team member.
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DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
Appendix H-2
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(c) Designated person-itt-charge.
(1) The employer or an employee designated by the employer shall
be at the dive location in charge of all aspects of the diving
operation affecting the safety and health of dive-team members.
(2) The designated person-in-charge shall have experience and
training in the conduct of the assigned diving operation.
1910.420 SAFE PRACTICES MANUAL.
Comments/
Remarks/Notes
(a) General. The employer shall develop and maintain a safe
practices manual which shall be made available at the dive location
to each dive-team member (this manual).
(1) The safe practices manual shall contain a copy of this standard
and the employer's policies for implementing the requirements of
this standard [29 CFRPart 1910, Subpart T], Section 7.1 BASIC
EMERGENCY PROCEDURES GUIDELINES/ ADCI are
incorporated by reference to this safe work practices manual.
(2) For each diving mode engaged in, the safe practices manual
shall include:
(i) Safety procedures and checklists for diving operations.
(ii) Assignments and responsibilities of the dive-team
members.
(iii) Equipment procedures and checklists.
(iv) Emergency procedures for fire, equipment
failure, adverse environmental conditions, and
medical illness and injury.
1910.421 PRE-DIVE PROCEDURES.
Comments/
Remarks/Notes
(a) General. The employer shall comply with the following
requirements prior to each diving operation, unless otherwise
specified.
(b) Emergency aid. A list shall be kept at the dive location of the
telephone or call numbers of the following:
(1) An operational decompression chamber (if not at the dive
location);
(2) Accessible hospitals;
(3) Available physicians;
(4) Available means of transportation; and
(5) The nearest U.S. Coast Guard Rescue Coordination Center.
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DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
Appendix H-3
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1910.421 PRE-DIVE PROCEDURES.
Comments/
Remarks/Notes
(c) First aid supplies.
(1) A first aid kit appropriate for the diving operation and
approved by a physician shall be available at the dive location.
(2) When used in a decompression chamber or bell, the first aid kit
shall be suitable for use under hyperbaric conditions.
(3) In addition to any other first aid supplies, an American Red
Cross standard first aid handbook or equivalent, and a bag-type
manual resuscitator with transparent mask and tubing shall be
available at the dive location.
(d) Planning and assessment. Planning of a diving operation shall
include an assessment of the safety and health aspects of the
following:
(1) Diving mode;
(2) Surface and underwater conditions and hazards;
(3) Breathing-gas supply (including reserves);
(4) Thermal protection;
(5) Diving equipment and systems;
(6) Dive-team assignments and physical fitness of dive-team
members (including any impairments known to the employer); For
non-scientific SCUBA dives, a designated person in charge (DPIC)
and standby diver are required to be part of the four-person dive
team, which also includes two divers in the water. The two divers
must be in continuous visual contact with each other or line-tended
from the surface. A three-person team is also acceptable consisting
of a DPIC, standby diver/tender and diver that is line-tended from
the surface.
When referring to
Divemaster
throughout this
manual, this is
equivalent to DPIC
for light working
dives.
(7) Repetitive dive designation or residual inert-gas status of dive-
team members;
(8) Decompression and treatment procedures (including altitude
corrections); and
(9) Emergency procedures.
(e) Hazardous activities. To minimize hazards to the dive-team,
diving operations shall be coordinated with other activities in the
vicinity which are likely to interfere with the diving operation.
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(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
Appendix H-4
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1910.421 PRE-DIVE PROCEDURES.
Comments/
Remarks/Notes
(f) Employee briefing.
(1) Dive-team members shall be briefed on:
(i) The tasks to be undertaken.
(ii) Safety procedures for the diving mode.
(iii) Any unusual hazards or environmental conditions likely
to affect the safety of the diving operation.
(iv) Any modifications to operating procedures necessitated
by the specific diving operation.
(2) Prior to making individual dive-team member assignments, the
employer shall inquire into the dive-team member's current state of
physical fitness and indicate to the dive-team member the
procedure for reporting physical problems or adverse physiological
effects during and after the dive.
(g) Equipment inspection. The breathing-gas supply system
including reserve breathing-gas supplies, masks, helmets, thermal
protection, and bell handling mechanism (when appropriate) shall
be inspected prior to each dive.
(h) Warning signal. When diving from surfaces other than
vessels [emphasis added] in areas capable of supporting marine
traffic, a rigid replica of the international code flag "A" at least one
meter in height shall be displayed at the dive location in a manner
which allows all-round visibility, and shall be illuminated during
night diving operations.
1910.422 PROCEDURES DURING DIVE.
Comments/
Remarks/Notes
(a) General. The employer shall comply with the following
requirements which are applicable to each diving operation unless
otherwise specified.
(b) Water entry and exit.
(1) A means capable of supporting the diver shall be provided for
entering and exiting the water.
(2) The means provided for exiting the water shall extend below
the water surface.
(3) A means shall be provided to assist an injured diver from the
water or into a bell.
Use of bells for light
commercial work is
outside the scope of
EPA diving.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
Appendix H-5
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1910.422 PROCEDURES DURING DIVE.
Comments/
Remarks/Notes
(c) Communications.
(1) An operational two-way voice communication system shall
be used between:
(i) Each surface-supplied air or mixed-gas diver and a
dive-team member at the dive location or bell (when
provided or required).
(ii) The bell and the dive location.
(2) An operational, two-way communication system shall be
available at the dive location to obtain emergency assistance.
(d) Decompression tables. Decompression, repetitive, and no-
decompression tables (as appropriate) shall be at the dive location.
(e) Dive profiles. A depth-time profile, including when
appropriate any breathing-gas changes, shall be maintained for
each diver during the dive including decompression (See
1910.423(d) Record of Dive below).
(f) Hand-held power tools and equipment.
(1) Hand-held electrical tools and equipment shall be de-
energized before being placed into or retrieved from the water.
(2) Hand-held power tools shall not be supplied with power from
the dive location until requested by the diver.
(g) Welding and burning.
Outside the scope of
EPA diving.
(1) A current supply switch to interrupt the current flow to the
welding or burning electrode shall be:
(i) Tended by a dive-team member in voice
communication with the diver performing the
welding or burning.
(ii) Kept in the open position except when the diver is
welding or burning.
(2) The welding machine frame shall be grounded.
(3) Welding and burning cables, electrode holders, and connections
shall be capable of carrying the maximum current required by the
work and shall be properly insulated.
(4) Insulated gloves shall be provided to divers performing welding
and burning operations.
(5) Prior to welding or burning on closed compartments,
structures or pipes, which contain a flammable vapor or in which
a flammable vapor may be generated by the work, they shall be
vented, flooded, or purged with a mixture of gases which will not
support combustion.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
Appendix H-6
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1910.422 PROCEDURES DURING DIVE.
Comments/
Remarks/Notes
(h) Explosives.
Use of explosives is
outside the scope of
EPA diving.
(1) Employers shall transport, store, and use explosives in
accordance with this section and the applicable provisions of 29
CFR 1910.109 and 29 CFR 1926.912.
(2) Electrical continuity of explosive circuits shall not be tested
until the diver is out of the water.
(3) Explosives shall not be detonated while the diver is in the water.
(i) Termination of dive. The working interval of a dive shall be
terminated when:
(1) A diver requests termination;
(2) A diver fails to respond correctly to communications or signals
from a dive-team member;
(3) Communications are lost and cannot be quickly re-established
between the diver and a dive-team member at the dive location,
and between the designated person-in-charge and the person
controlling the vessel in liveboating operations; or
(4) A diver begins to use diver-carried reserve breathing gas or the
dive- location reserve breathing gas.
1910.423 POST-DIVE PROCEDURES.
Comments/
Remarks/Notes
(a) General. The employer shall comply with the following
requirements which are applicable after each diving operation,
unless otherwise specified.
(b) Precautions.
(1) After the completion of any dive, the employer shall:
(i) Check the physical condition of the diver.
(ii) Instruct the diver to report any physical problems or
adverse physiological effects including symptoms of
decompression sickness.
(iii) Advise the diver of the location of a decompression
chamber which is ready for use.
(iv) Alert the diver to the potential hazards of flying after
diving.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
Appendix H-7
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1910.423 POST-DIVE PROCEDURES.
Comments/
Remarks/Notes
(2) For any dive outside the no-decompression limits, deeper
than 100 feet of seawater (fsw) or using mixed-gas as a
breathing mixture, the employer shall instruct the diver to
remain awake and in the vicinity of the decompression chamber
which is at the dive location for at least one hour after the dive
(including decompression or treatment as appropriate).
(c) Recompression capability.
(1) A decompression chamber capable of recompressing the diver
at the surface to a minimum of 165 fsw (6 Atmosphere Absolute
[ATA]) shall be available at the dive location for:
(i) SCUBA and Surface-supplied (SS) air diving to
depths deeper than 100 fsw and SS dives
shallower than 220 fsw.
(ii) Mixed-gas diving shallower than 300 fsw.
(iii) Diving outside the no-decompression limits
shallower than 300 fsw.
Use of an onsite
chamber requires EPA
Dive Safety Board
approval.
(2) A decompression chamber capable of recompressing the diver
at the surface to the maximum depth of the dive shall be available
at the dive location for dives deeper than 300 fsw.
(3) The decompression chamber shall be:
(i) Dual-lock.
(ii) Multi-place.
(iii) Located within 5 minutes of the dive location.
(4) The decompression chamber shall be equipped with:
(i) A pressure gauge for each pressurized compartment
designed for human occupancy.
(ii) A built-in-breathing-system with a minimum of one
mask per occupant.
(iii) A two-way voice communication system between occupants
and a dive-team member at the dive location.
(iv) A viewport.
(v) Illumination capability to light the interior.
(5) Treatment tables, treatment gas appropriate to the diving mode,
and sufficient gas to conduct treatment shall be available at the dive
location.
(6) A dive-team member shall be available at the dive location
during and for at least one hour after the dive to operate the
decompression chamber (when required or provided).
(d) Record of dive.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
Appendix H-8
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1910.423 POST-DIVE PROCEDURES.
Comments/
Remarks/Notes
(1) The following information shall be recorded and maintained
for each diving operation:
(i) Names of dive-team members including the designated
person-in- charge.
(ii) Date, time, and location.
(iii) Diving modes used.
(iv) General nature of work performed.
(v) Approximate underwater and surface conditions
(visibility, water temperature and current).
(vi) Maximum depth and bottom time for each diver.
(vii) Elapsed time since last pressure exposure if less than 24
hours or repetitive dive designation for each diver.
(2) For each dive outside the no-decompression limits, deeper
than 100 fsw or using mixed-gas, the following additional
information shall be recorded and maintained:
(i) Depth-time and breathing-gas profiles.
(ii) Decompression table designation (including modification).
(3) For each dive in which decompression sickness is
suspected or symptoms are evident, the following additional
information shall be recorded and maintained:
(i) Description of decompression sickness symptoms
(including depth and time of onset).
(ii) Description and results of treatment.
(e) Decompression procedure assessment. The employer shall:
(1) Investigate and evaluate each incident of decompression
sickness based on the recorded information, consideration of the
past performance of the decompression table used, and
individual susceptibility;
(2) Take appropriate corrective action to reduce the
probability of recurrence of decompression sickness; and
(3) Prepare a written evaluation of the decompression procedure
assessment, including any corrective action taken, within 45 days of
the incident of decompression sickness.
1910.424 SCUBA DIVING.
Comments/
Remarks/Notes
(a) General. Employers engaged in SCUBA diving shall comply
with the following requirements, unless otherwise specified.
(b) Limits. SCUBA diving shall not be conducted:
(1) At depths deeper than 130 fsw;
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
Appendix H-9
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(2) At depths deeper than 100 fsw or outside the no-
decompression limits unless a decompression chamber is ready
for use;
(3) Against currents exceeding one (1) knot unless line-tended; or
(4) In enclosed or physically confining spaces unless line-tended.
(c) Procedures.
(1) A standby diver shall be available while a diver is in the water.
(2) A diver shall be line-tended from the surface, or accompanied
by another diver in the water in continuous visual contact during
the diving operation.
(3) A diver shall be stationed at the underwater point of entry when
diving is conducted in enclosed or physically confining spaces.
(4) A diver-carried reserve breathing-gas supply shall be
provided for each diver consisting of either a:
(i) A manual reserve (J-valve).
(ii) An independent reserve cylinder with a separate regulator
or connected to the underwater breathing apparatus.
(5) The valve of the reserve breathing-gas supply shall be in the
closed position prior to the dive. [For a J-valve, this is the up
position.]
J-valves while OSHA
compliant are
generally discouraged
as an EGS for light
work dives.
1910.425 SURFACE-SUPPLIED AIR DIVING.
Comments
/Remarks/Notes
(a) General. Employers engaged in surface-supplied air diving
shall comply with the following requirements, unless otherwise
specified.
(b) Limits.
(1) Surface-supplied air diving shall not be conducted at depths
deeper than 190 fsw, except that dives with bottom times of 30
minutes or less may be conducted to depths of 220 fsw.
See also Appendix A
depth restrictions and
requirements.
(2) A decompression chamber shall be ready for use at the dive
location for any dive outside the no-decompression limits or deeper
than 100 fsw.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
Appendix H-10
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1910.425 SURFACE-SUPPLIED AIR DIVING.
Comments
/Remarks/Notes
(3) A bell shall be used for dives with an inwater decompression
time greater than 120 minutes, except when heavy gear is worn or
diving is conducted in physically confining spaces.
Use of bells for light
commercial work is
outside the scope of
EPA diving.
(c) Procedures.
(1) Each diver shall be continuously tended while in the water.
(2) A diver shall be stationed at the underwater point of entry when
diving is conducted in enclosed or physically confining spaces.
(3) Each diving operation shall have a primary breathing-gas supply
sufficient to support divers for the duration of the planned dive
including decompression.
(4) For dives deeper than 100 fsw or outside the no-
decompression limits:
(i) A separate dive-team member shall tend each diver in the
water.
(ii) A standby diver shall be available while a diver is in the
water.
(iii) A diver-carried reserve breathing-gas supply shall be
provided for each diver except when heavy gear is worn.
(iv) A dive-location reserve breathing-gas supply shall be
provided.
Requires EPA Dive
Safety Board
approval.
(5) For heavy gear diving deeper than 100 fsw or outside
the no-decompression limits:
(i) An extra breathing-gas hose capable of supplying
breathing gas to the diver in the water shall be
available to the standby diver.
(ii) An inwater stage shall be provided to divers in the
water.
Requires EPA Dive
Safety Board
approval.
(6) Except when heavy gear is worn or where physical space does
not permit, a diver-carried reserve breathing-gas supply shall be
provided whenever the diver is prevented by the configuration of
the dive area from ascending directly to the surface.
1910.426 MIXED-GAS DIVING.
Comments/
Remarks/Notes
(a) General. Employers engaged in mixed-gas diving shall
comply with the following requirements, unless otherwise
specified.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
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(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
Appendix H-l 1
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(b) Limits. Mixed-gas diving shall be conducted only when:
(1) A decompression chamber is ready for use at the dive location;
and
(i) A bell is used at depths greater than 220 fsw or when the
dive involves inwater decompression time of greater than
120 minutes, except when heavy gear is worn or when
diving in physically confining spaces.
or
(ii) A closed bell is used at depths greater than 300 fsw,
except when diving is conducted in physically confining
spaces.
Use of bells for light
commercial work is
outside the scope of
EPA diving.
1910.426 MIXED-GAS DIVING.
Comments/
Remarks/Notes
(c) Procedures.
(1) A separate dive-team member shall tend each diver in the water.
(2) A standby diver shall be available while a diver is in the water.
(3) A diver shall be stationed at the underwater point of entry when
diving is conducted in enclosed or physically confining spaces.
(4) Each diving operation shall have a primary breathing-gas supply
sufficient to support divers for the duration of the planned dive
including decompression.
(5) Each diving operation shall have a dive-location reserve
breathing- gas supply.
(6) When heavy gear is worn:
(i) An extra breathing-gas hose capable of supplying
breathing gas to the diver in the water shall be
available to the standby diver.
(ii) An inwater stage shall be provided to divers in the
water.
(7) An inwater stage shall be provided for divers without access to
a bell for dives deeper than 100 fsw or outside the no-
decompression limits.
(8) When a closed bell is used, one dive-team member in the bell
shall be available and tend the diver in the water.
(9) Except when heavy gear is worn or where physical space does
not permit, a diver-carried reserve breathing-gas supply shall be
provided for each diver:
(i) Diving deeper than 100 fsw or outside the no-
decompression limits
or
(ii) Prevented by the configuration of the dive area from
directly ascending to the surface.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
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(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
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1910.427 LIVEBOA TING.
Comments
/Remarks/Notes
(a) General. Employers engaged in diving operations involving
liveboating shall comply with the following requirements.
(b) Limits. Diving operations involving liveboating shall not be
conducted:
(1) With an in-water decompression time of greater than 120
minutes;
(2) Using surface-supplied air at depths deeper than 190 fsw,
except that dives with bottom times of 30 minutes or less may be
conducted to depths of 220 fsw;
(3) Using mixed-gas at depths greater than 220 fsw;
(4) In rough seas which significantly impede diver mobility or work
function; or
(5) In other than daylight hours.
(c) Procedures.
(1) The propeller of the vessel shall be stopped before the diver
enters or exits the water.
(2) A device shall be used which minimizes the possibility of
entanglement of the diver's hose in the propeller of the vessel.
(3) Two-way voice communication between the designated person-
in-charge and the person controlling the vessel shall be available
while the diver is in the water.
(4) A standby diver shall be available while a diver is in the water.
(5) A diver-carried reserve breathing-gas supply shall be carried
by each diver engaged in liveboating operations.
1910.430 EQUIPMENT.
Comments/
Remarks/Notes
(a) General.
(1) All employers shall comply with the following requirements,
unless otherwise specified.
(2) Each equipment modification, repair, test, calibration or
maintenance service shall be recorded by means of a tagging or
logging system, and include the date and nature of work
performed, and the name or initials of the person performing the
work.
(b) Air compressor system
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
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(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
Appendix H-14
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1910.430 EQUIPMENT.
Comments/
Remarks/Notes
(1) Compressors used to supply air to the diver shall be equipped
with a volume tank with a check valve on the inlet side, a pressure
gauge, a relief valve, and a drain valve.
(2) Air compressor intakes shall be located away from areas
containing exhaust or other contaminants.
(3)Respirable air supplied to a diver shall not contain:
(i) A level of carbon monoxide (CO) greater than 20 ppm.
(ii) A level of carbon dioxide (C02) greater than 1,000 ppm.
(iii) A level of oil mist greater than 5 milligrams per cubic
meter; or
(iv) A noxious or pronounced odor.
(4) The output of air compressor systems shall be tested for air
purity every 6 months by means of samples taken at the connection
to the distribution system, except that non-oil lubricated
compressors need not be tested for oil mist.
(c) Breathing-gas supply hoses.
(1)Breathing-gas supply hoses shall:
(i) Have a working pressure at least equal to the working
pressure of the total breathing-gas system.
(ii) Have a rated bursting pressure at least equal to 4 times
the working pressure.
(iii) Be tested at least annually to 1.5 times their working
pressure.
(iv) Have their open ends taped, capped or plugged when not
in use.
(2)Breathing-gas supply hose connectors shall:
(i) Be made of corrosion-resistant materials.
(ii) Have a working pressure at least equal to the working
pressure of the hose to which they are attached.
(iii) Be resistant to accidental disengagement.
(3)Umbilicals shall:
(i) Be marked in 10-foot increments to 100 feet beginning
at the diver's end, and in 50-foot increments thereafter.
(ii) Be made of kink-resistant materials.
(iii) Have a working pressure greater than the pressure
equivalent to the maximum depth of the dive (relative to
the supply source) plus 100 psi.
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1910.430 EQUIPMENT.
Comments/
Remarks/Notes
(d) Buoyancy control
(1) Helmets or masks connected directly to the dry suit or other
buoyancy-changing equipment shall be equipped with an exhaust
valve.
(2) A dry suit or other buoyancy-changing equipment not directly
connected to the helmet or mask shall be equipped with an
exhaust valve.
(3) When used for SCUBA diving, a buoyancy compensator shall
have an inflation source separate from the breathing-gas supply.
OSHA is not
enforcing this
subsection of the
standard. (Dry
Tortugas incident
report, 2008)
(4) An inflatable flotation device capable of maintaining the diver
at the surface in a face-up position, having a manually activated
inflation source independent of the breathing supply, an oral
inflation device, and an exhaust valve shall be used for SCUBA
diving.
(e) Compressed gas cylinders. Compressed gas cylinders shall:
(1) Be designed, constructed and maintained in accordance with the
applicable provisions of 29 CFR 1910.101 and 1910.169 through
1910.171;
(2) Be stored in a ventilated area and protected from excessive heat;
(3) Be secured from falling; and
(4) Have shut-off valves recessed into the cylinder or protected by a
cap, except when in use or manifolded, or when used for SCUBA
diving.
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(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
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1910.430 EQUIPMENT.
Comments/
Remarks/Notes
(f) Decompression chambers.
Use of recompression
chambers on vessel or
on site requires EPA
Dive Safety Board
approval.
(1) Each decompression chamber manufactured after the effective
date of this standard, shall be built and maintained in accordance
with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
Code or equivalent.
(2) Each decompression chamber manufactured prior to the
effective date of this standard shall be maintained in conformity
with the code requirements to which it was built, or equivalent.
(3)Each decompression chamber shall be equipped with:
(i) Means to maintain the atmosphere below a level
of 25 percent oxygen by volume.
(ii) Mufflers on intake and exhaust lines, which shall
be regularly inspected and maintained.
(iii) Suction guards on exhaust line openings.
(iv) A means for extinguishing fire and shall be
maintained to minimize sources of ignition and
combustible material.
(g) Gauges and timekeeping devices.
(1) Gauges indicating diver depth which can be read at the dive
location shall be used for all dives except SCUBA.
(2) Each depth gauge shall be dead-weight tested or calibrated
against a master reference gauge every 6 months, and when there
is a discrepancy greater than two percent (2 percent) of full scale
between any two equivalent gauges.
(3) A cylinder pressure gauge capable of being monitored by the
diver during the dive shall be worn by each SCUBA diver.
(4) A timekeeping device shall be available at each dive location.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
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(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
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1910.430 EQUIPMENT.
Comments/
Remarks/Notes
(h) Masks and helmets.
(1) Surface-supplied air and mixed-gas masks and helmets shall
have:
(i) A non-return valve at the attachment point between
helmet or mask and hose which shall close readily and
positively.
(ii) An exhaust valve.
(2) Surface-supplied air masks and helmets shall have a minimum
ventilation rate capability of 4.5 Actual Cubic Feet per Minute
(acfm) at any depth at which they are operated or the capability of
maintaining the diver's inspired carbon dioxide partial pressure
below 0.02 ATA when the diver is producing carbon dioxide at the
rate of 1.6 standard liters per minute.
(i) Oxygen safety.
(1) Equipment used with oxygen or mixtures containing over forty
percent (40%) by volume oxygen shall be designed for oxygen
service.
(2) Components (except umbilicals) exposed to oxygen or
mixtures containing over forty percent (40%) by volume oxygen
shall be cleaned of flammable materials before use.
(3) Oxygen systems over 125 psi and compressed air systems over
500 psi shall have slow-opening shut-off valves.
(j) Weights and harnesses.
(1) Except when heavy gear is worn, divers shall be equipped with
a weight belt or assembly capable of quick release.
(2)Except when heavy gear is worn or in SCUBA diving, each
diver shall wear a safety harness with:
(i) A positive buckling device.
(ii) An attachment point for the umbilical to prevent strain on
the mask or helmet.
(iii) A lifting point to distribute the pull force of the line over
the diver's body.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
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(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
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1910.440 RECORDKEEPING REQUIREMENTS.
Comments/
Remarks/Notes
(a) Recording diving-related injuries and illnesses.
(1) [Reserved]
(2) The employer shall record the occurrence of any diving-related
injury or illness which requires any dive-team member to be
hospitalized for 24 hours or more, specifying the circumstances of
the incident and the extent of any injuries or illnesses.
(b) Availability of records.
(1) Upon the request of the Assistant Secretary of Labor [for
OSHA], or the Director, National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health, Department of Health and Human Services or
their designees, the employer shall make available for inspection
and copying any record or document required by this standard.
(2) Records and documents required by this standard shall be
provided upon request to employees, designated representatives,
and the Assistant Secretary in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1020
(a)-(e) and (g)-(i) (in 1996, 29 CFR 1910.20 was re-designated as
29 CFR 1910.1020). Safe practices manuals (29 CFR 1910.420),
depth-time profiles (29 CFR 1910.422), decompression procedure
assessment evaluations (29 CFR 1910.423), and records of
hospitalizations (29 CFR 1910.440) shall be provided in the same
manner as employee exposure records or analyses using exposure
or medical records. Equipment inspections and testing records
which pertain to employees (29 CFR 1910.430) shall also be
provided upon request to employees and their designated
representatives.
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(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
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1910.430 EQUIPMENT.
Comments
/Remarks/Notes
(3) Records and documents required by this standard shall be
retained by the employer for the following period:
(i) Dive-team member medical records (physician's
reports) (29 CFR 1910.411) - 5 years; [NOTE: No
longer required since 29 CFR 1910.411 was deleted
from the standard],
(ii) Safe practices manual (29 CFR 1910.420) - current
document only
(iii) Depth-time profile (29 CFR 1910.422) - until
completion of the recording of the dive, or until
completion of decompression procedure assessment
where there has been an incident of decompression
sickness.
(iv) Recording of dive (29 CFR 1910.423) - 1 year, except 5
years where there has been an incident of decompression
sickness.
(v) Decompression procedure assessment evaluations (29
CFR 1910.423)-5 years.
(vi) Equipment inspections and testing records (29 CFR
1910.430) - current entry or tag, or until equipment is
withdrawn from service.
(vii) Records of hospitalizations (29 CFR 1910.440) - 5
years.
(4) After the expiration of the retention period of any record
required to be kept for 5 years, the employer shall forward such
records to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health, Department of Health and Human Services. The employer
shall also comply with any additional requirements set forth at 29
CFR 1910.1020(h) (in 1996, 29 CFR 1910.20 was re-designated
as 29 CFR 1910.1020).
(5) In the event the employer ceases to do business:
(i) The successor employer shall receive and retain
all dive and employee medical records required
by this standard
or
(ii) If there is no successor employer, dive and
employee medical records shall be forwarded to
the National Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health, Department of Health and Human
Services.
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(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
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APPENDIX I
Surface Supplied Diving Standard Operating Procedure
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
Appendix I-1
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SURFACE SUPPLIED DIVING STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE
Credits: US EPA Environmental Response Team developed this SOP.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 OBJECTIVES 1-3
2.0 APPLICABILITY 1-3
3.0 DESCRIPTION 1-3
3.1 Certification and Physical Examinations 1-3
3.2 General Dive Equipment and Safety Equipment 1-3
3.3 Documentation 1-3
3.4 Surface Supplied Diving Equipment 1-3
3.4.1 Breathing Gas 1-3
3.4.2 Surface Supplied Control Box 1-4
3.4.3 Diving Umbilicals 1-5
3.4.4 Gas Supply Manifold Block 1-6
3.4.5 Emergency Gas Supply 1-7
3.4.6 Breathing Regulator 1-8
3.4.7 Diver Harness 1-8
3.5 Surface Supplied Diving Operations 1-8
3.5.1 Surface Supplied Control Box Operations 1-8
3.5.2 Communications 1-9
3.5.3 Pre-Dive Operations I-11
3.5.4 Entering the Water 1-11
3.5.5 Depth Monitoring 1-12
3.5.6 Umbilical Pressure 1-12
3.5.7 Breathing Gas Supply 1-12
3.5.8 Emergency Gas Supply 1-13
3.5.9 Ending aDive 1-13
3.5.10 Switching Divers 1-14
3.5.11 Termination of Dive Operations 1-14
3.6 Surface Supplied Air Equipment Maintenance and Storage 1-15
4.0 RESPONSIBILITIES 1-15
4.1 Divemaster 1-16
4.2 Diver 1-16
4.3 Stand-by Diver 1-16
4.3 Dive Tender 1-16
4.4 Surface Supply Control Box Operator 1-17
4.5 Boat Operator 1-17
5.0 REFERENCES 1-17
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Appendix 1-2
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SURFACE SUPPLIED DIVING STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE
1.0 OBJECTIVES
This standard operating procedure (SOP) states the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) policy concerning surface supplied diving operations. Procedures for
general dive operations are specified the EPA Diving Safety Manual. This SOP in not
intended to be a substitute for actual hands-on training. See EPA Diving Safety Manual,
Appendix H, "Checklist for Light Working Diving" for light working requirements that
apply to this diving mode.
2.0 APPLICABILITY
Surface supplied diving applies to diving operations during which Divers are supplied
with breathing gas through an umbilical hose from the surface. These procedures apply
to EPA employees and contractors working directly for EPA, that are engaged in surface
supplied diving operations. This SOP presumes and requires prior training and
experience with surface supplied diving.
3.0 DESCRIPTION
3.1 Certification and Physical Examinations
All Divers must be dive certified and medically qualified to perform their diving
duties, as specified in EPA Diving Safely Manual.
3.2 General Dive Equipment and Safety Equipment
Each component of a Diver's equipment shall be maintained in a safe operating
condition, and shall be inspected, tested, serviced and logged as specified in the
EPAEPA Diving Safety Manual. All appropriate safety equipment shall be
available at the dive site as specified in the Dive Safety Plan and EPA Diving
Safety Manual.
3.3 Documentation
Project-specific Dive Plans and Dive Safety Plans shall be issued prior to
performing dive operations, and all dives shall be logged as specified in the EPA
Diving Safety Manual. The Unit Dive Officer (UDO) shall maintain logs of each
Diver's certifications, medical clearance to dive, and all health and safety
training (e.g., Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation [CPR], first aid and oxygen
administration) as specified in the EPA Diving Safety Manual.
3.4 Surface Supplied Diving Equipment
3.4.1 Breathing Gas
The breathing gas may be air or enriched air (e.g., nitrox up to 40%
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oxygen) depending on the planned dive profile, if the control box and
umbilicals are approved by the manufacturer for that usage and/or have
been oxygen cleaned. Gas may be supplied by means of pressurized
tanks, low pressure/high volume compressors or a compressor/tank
system. Breathing gases may be either generated on-site with a
compressor or from tank fills purchased through a reputable dive shop or
commercial gas supplier or from tank fills from an EPA, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) or other trusted
partner owned compressor. Dive shops and commercial suppliers are
required to have their breathing gas analyzed for impurities regularly.
Compressor-generated breathing gas is also required to be analyzed to
Compressed Gas Association (CGA) grade E standards at least once
every six months. Dive operations shall not be initiated unless there is a
sufficient supply of breathing gas for all Divers, including stand-by
Divers and emergency reserve.
3.4.1.1 Compressed Gas Cylinders
All self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA)
tanks or other pressurized vessels used for breathing gases must
be properly maintained and undergo hydrostatic testing at a
qualified facility at least every five years and have an internal
visual inspection by a qualified technician annually. The
Divemaster or designee shall check that each tank intended for
dive operations has markings for current inspection and test dates.
Prior to use, the yokes on all gas cylinders should be inspected
for damage to the seat or O-rings. Gas pressure must not exceed
the rated working pressure for any of the components of the entire
diving gas supply system.
3.4.1.2 Compressors
All breathing gas compressors must be properly maintained, with
regularly logged maintenance records. Compressors must be
capable of supplying breathing gas at a satisfactory volume (at
least double the volume required) and pressure (at least 25%
greater than the maximum pressure requirement anticipated) for
the number of Divers potentially supplied at the deepest depth
potentially encountered at a work site.
3.4.2 Surface Supplied Control Box
Surface supplied control boxes are capable of running two Divers
simultaneously on separate umbilicals, and can accept breathing gas
either from compressed gas cylinders (working pressure can range from
3,000 pounds per square inch [psi] to 3,500 psi; check the manufacturer
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specifications for details) or from a low pressure/high volume
compressor. Air is the only breathing gas approved by some
manufacturers for use with their control boxes without special cleaning,
while other manufacturers allow the use of Nitrox mixes up to 40%. One
should check the specifications of their control box before using Nitrox.
These boxes typically have an internal rechargeable 12-volt gel cell battery
that must be charged prior to dive operations, and indicator lights that
indicate the battery charge level. The box requires very little power, and a
fully charged battery should last for up to 20 hours of continuous service.
If the unit does not show full charge (all indicator lights lit) after an
overnight charge, the battery may need to be replaced.
While using the control box plugged into an electrical source is possible,
some manufacturers cautions the user to never connect the charger
during a dive due to the potential of electrical shock to the Diver.
The surface supplied control box must be operated by a qualified
technician. When there are one or more Divers in the water on surface
supplied air, the box operator can have no duties other than monitoring
the breathing gas supply to the Diver, maintaining communications with
the Diver, and logging the Diver's bottom time and depth.
3.4.3 Diving Umbilicals
Surface supply umbilicals provide breathing gas, communications, the
Diver's depth and a strength member between the tender and the Diver.
Diving umbilicals may either be the sinking or floating type. The sinking
type is negatively buoyant and more likely to snag on bottom
obstructions or disturb contaminated sediments. The floating type is
positively buoyant and more likely to be affected by surface current or
vessel traffic. The buoyancy of the umbilical can be modified in the field
by adding floats or weights as required.
Decontamination compatible floating umbilicals, ranging in length from
150 to 300 feet are typically used. The umbilicals are typically comprised
of three separate spiral-wound hoses, although straight (not spiral
wound) hoses may be utilized as well in order to use components
separately if needed. This smooth polyurethane umbilical and twists,
rather than tape, is ideal for operations in potentially contaminated water
because it can be effectively decontaminated.
The primary hose is the Diver's breathing gas supply hose, which runs
between the surface supply control box and the Diver's emergency
manifold block (see Section3.4.4).
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The breathing gas supply hose should be rated to a working pressure of
at least 300 psi. The hose is typically 3/8 inch inside diameter, but some
lightweight systems may utilize a 1/4 inch diameter breathing gas hose.
To ensure a sufficient air supply, users should be aware that the diameter
of the breathing gas supply hose may restrict the safe operation of the
system at greater depths, umbilical lengths, or breathing rates. The
manufacturer should be consulted to identify any possible limitations of
the breathing gas system (Dive Lab Surface Supply Breathing
Requirements and Recommendations for Kirbv Morgan Helmets and
Band Masks. 2008).
The second component of the umbilical is the Diver's hard-wired
communication line (com line), which allows open, two-way
communication between the Diver and surface support personnel. The
com line runs between the surface supply box and the Diver's mask-
integrated communication system (microphone and earphones). The com
line is usually also equipped with a strength member capable of towing
or lifting many times the Diver's weight. The hard-wired umbilical may
be eliminated if using a reliable wireless comm. system, although a
strength member is still required.
The third component of the umbilical is the pneumofathometer (pneumo)
hose, a gas line that is open on the Diver's end. The 1/4 inch inner
diameter pneumo runs from the surface supply control box down to the
Diver, with its open end attached in the area of the Diver's chest. The
pneumo line is a simple capillary tube type of depth gauge, which allows
surface personnel to monitor the Diver's depth. The control box operator
can open the pneumo valve to blow gas through the pneumo hose, and
when the valve is closed, the water pressure will back up the hose
allowing the pneumo gauge to read depth. In some instances, the Diver
can also use the pneumo as a tool to inflate a lift bag or to blow sediment
out of a small work area. In the event of an emergency, some
manufacturers suggest the Diver can also use the pneumo as an
alternative breathing gas supply. The pneumo hose may be eliminated in
situations where the Diver monitors and controls their own depth and
dive profile with a depth gauge or dive computer.
For polluted water diving, configuration of the umbilical on the vessel
should allow for easy decontamination of the hose in the "hot zone."
Moving the umbilical into the contamination reduction zone should be
avoided.
3.4.4 Gas Supply Manifold Block
The Diver's harness-mounted manifold block typically has two ports for
attachment of incoming gas supply, one port for the dry suit inflator hose,
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one port for attachment of the breathing regulator, and two low pressure
ports for auxiliary equipment. The primary incoming port is for
attachment of the umbilical breathing gas line. This port must have a
functioning non-return valve to ensure that a loss of umbilical line
pressure, combined with depth pressure, won't suck the gas out of the
Diver's lungs or out of the emergency gas supply tank. This ensures that
in the event of umbilical air supply loss, the Diver will receive air from
the emergency gas supply (EGS). Prior to attaching the umbilical hose to
the manifold block, the non-return valve should be tested by pressurizing
the EGS and checking for any air leakage past the non-return.
The second incoming port on the manifold block is for attachment of the
emergency gas supply (A"bail-out" bottle).
In the event of a loss of air from the surface, the manifold block has a
knob that the Diver turns to open the EGS. At the start of the dive, the
knob must be in the closed position (fully turned clockwise). During the
dive the Diver should periodically confirm the knob is fully closed and
the submerged pressure gauge (SPG) for the EGS is full. It should be
noted that as little as a quarter turn may begin depleting the EGS. All
Divers must be aware of the operation and placement of the manifold
block, so they can find it in an emergency. No other equipment may block
the Diver's access to the knob.
3.4.5 Emergency Gas Supply
While dive planning must involve provision of sufficient air for the dive
operation including ascent and exigencies, independent emergency
breathing gas (EGS) must also be provided for all surface supplied diving
operations. The size of the bail-out bottle is determined based upon the
type of water, i.e. contaminated vs. non-contaminated, working depth, type
of equipment, i.e. FFM vs. helmet and the air consumption rate of the
individual Diver. The bail-out bottle is typically mounted with the valve
down which allows the Diver to turn the tank valve on, should the knob be
inadvertently closed. The larger the bail-out bottle, the longer the Diver
has to surface in the event of a loss of surface supplied gas. The deeper the
Diver is working and the more potential hazards present, the larger the
bail-out bottle required. A SPG for the EGS must be accessible to the
Diver at all times. The first-stage regulator on the pony bottle must have
an over-pressure reliefvalve unless otherwise equipped to relieve pressure
created by first stage failure.
Sometimes it is necessary to fill the bail-out bottle in the field. In those
instances, a filling whip (a length of high pressure air hose with tank yoke
fittings on both ends) is used to connect the bail-out bottle to a full
SCUBA tank. The empty bail-out bottle valve should be completely
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opened, and then the full SCUBA tank valve should be opened very
slowly so that the bail-out bottle does not heat up. Depending on the size
of the bail-out bottle, it may be necessary to use several SCUBA tanks
to get a satisfactory fill (greater than 2500 psi).
3.4.6 Breathing Regulator
EPA divers typically wear a full face mask (FFM) when using surface
supplied gas, but diving helmets may also be used. Both the FFM and the
helmet are equipped with communication equipment (microphones and
earphones).
The decision to use either a helmet or full face mask depends on the
resources and training available to each dive team, the dive objective,
pollution/contamination level, or other environmental factors.
3.4.7 Diver Harness
A harness should be worn by the Diver for all surface supplied dive
operations. The harness is used as an attachment point for both the
umbilical line and the Diver's emergency breathing gas supply. The
communications line must be clipped to the Diver's harness prior to the
start of the dive. This safety feature allows the Diver to pull the umbilical
along or for the Diver to be towed back to the point of entry without
straining any vital gas or communication links.
3.5 Surface Supplied Diving Operations
3.5.1 Surface Supplied Control Box Operations
The control box should be secured in an area where its presence, and that
of the operator, will not impede operations of the surface support crew.
The box should be held open and secured to a fixed object (e.g., boat rail
or a dock piling). The breathing gas source should be within easy reach
of the operator. In inclement weather, the box should be set up in an area
out of the rain (e.g., in the boat cabin or under a tarp).
When the surface supply control box is set up, the main power switch
should be turned on and the battery power checked. The gas outlets
should be uncapped and the breathing gas line and the pneumo line
should be attached. Since the two lines are different diameters, they can
only be attached to their respective outlets. The control box has gas
outlets for two sets of umbilical lines, typically marked with different
colors, typically red/white, red/blue or orange/blue. The control box
operator must be sure to attach both lines (breathing gas and pneumo, if
used) from one umbilical to the matching colors for each diver. Many
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control box umbilical lines (breathing gas and pneumo) have a bronze
Joint Industrial Conference (JIC) hose fitting which screws onto its gas
outlet. These fittings should be lightly tightened with a wrench to prevent
gas leaks, but not tight enough to put torque on the fittings. Both of the
Diver gas supplies have a gate lever that can be opened or closed to allow
gas flow to the outlets.
SCUBA tanks can be used as a source of breathing gas for surface
supplied diving. The control box has a selector valve handle that is used
to switch between two incoming gas lines. While the incoming lines are
typically each attached to a single SCUBA tank, the team may opt to use
a manifold block to attach several tanks to each incoming line. The tanks
on both incoming lines must be open. After the gas tanks are attached to
the system, the operator should blow out the breathing gas line by briefly
opening the outlet gate to allow gas to blow out any dust or particles. The
end of breathing gas line can then be attached to the Diver's gas supply
manifold block.
3.5.2 Communications
3.5.2.1 Voice Communications
The control box communications system can be operated either with a
microphone and the built-in speaker so all surface personnel can hear
the Diver or the box operator can wear headphones to block out
external noise (e.g., machinery, wind, extraneous conversation). When
using headphones, the operator may turn off the speaker switch so that
only the box operator can hear the Diver. When in this mode, the
operator must relay information to dive tender and other surface
personnel. The set up should be close enough to the dive operation and
tenders to allow clear communication between the Communications
Box Operator and dive tender.
Prior to donning the helmet or FFM, the Diver and control box operator
must perform a communications check. The surface end of the com line
is wired with connectors for attachment to the control box, and the Diver
end of the com line is wired to attach to the Diver's communication line
(microphone and earphones). The control box has adjustment knobs for
surface-to-Diver and for Diver-to-surface volume. Proper two-way
communications should be established prior to initiating dive operations.
3.5.2.2 "Line-pull" Communications
In the event of loss of voice communications, the dive unit should
practice backup line signals to ensure the dive can be safely and
efficiently aborted. Example standard line-pull signals are included
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below from the US Navy Dive Manual, revision 6, Table 8-3.
Example Emergency Line-pull Signals
Primary Diver to Tender:
2-2-2
I am in a difficulty but I am OK, I need
assistance, send the backup Diver.
3-3-3
I am entangled and OK, I am stopping to
handle it myself but ready the backup Diver.
4-4-4
I am not OK, I need immediate assistance.
Primary Diver to Standby Diver:
Big Circular Motion: I am entangled here (indicate where the
entanglement is by putting the backup Diver hands on it).
Tap Standby's Hand on Primary Divers Chest:
I am injured here (indicate the injury location).
Tap Standby's Hand to Primary Divers Second Stage:
I am running low on air.
Standby Diver to Primary Diver:
Place primary's hand back on his carabineer and give three squeezes:
I am leaving now but will be back. The standby
Diver goes back to return with additional air to allow more time to deal
with the problem.
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USN Revision 6 Full Set of Line Pull Signals:
Table 8-3. Line-Full Signals.
From Tender to Diver
Searching Signals (Without Circling Line)
1 Pull "Are you all right?" When diver it descending,
one pull means "Stop."
2 Pulls "Going Down." During ascent, two pulls mean
"You have come up too far; go back down until
we stop you."
3 P ulte "Stand by to come up
4 Pulls "Cccneup."
2-1 Pulls "I understand" cr 'Talk to me."
3-2 Pulls 'Ventilate."
4^3 Pulls "Crculate."
T Pulls "Go on (or off) searching signals."
1 Pull "Stop and search where you are."
2 Pul Is 'Move directly away from the tender it given steck;
move toward the tender if stain is taken on the life
line."
2 Pulls "Face your imbilicsl, take a strain, move right"
4 Pulls 'Face your umbilical, take a strain, trove left"
From Diver to Tender
Searching Signals (With Circling Line)
1 Pull "I am all right."When descending, cne pull
means "Stop" or "I am on the bottom."
2 P ulls "Lower" cr "Give me slack."
3 Pulls "Take up my slack."
4 Pulls "Haul me up."
2-1 Pulls "I understand" cr "Talk to me."
3-2 Pulls "Mere air."
4-3 Pulls "Less air."
7 Pulls "Go on (or off) searching signals."
1 Pull "Stop and seardi where you are."
2 Pul Is "Ntove away from tte weight."
3 Pulls "Face the weight and go right."
4 Pulls "Face the weight and go left"
Special Signals From the Diver
Emergency Signals From the Diver
1-2-3 Pulls "Send me a square mark."
5 Pulls "Send me a line."
2-1-2 Pulls "Send me a slate."
2-2-2 Pulls 'I am fouled and need Ihe assistant of another
diver."
3-3-3 Pulls "I am fouled but can clear myself."
4-4-4 Pulls "Haul me up immediately."
ALL EMERGENCY SIGNALS SHALL BE ANSWERED AS GIVEN EXCEPT i-4-4
3.5.3 Pre-Dive Operations
The area in which the Diver dresses and then uses for access to the water
should he kept clear of all debris and items that could present slip, trip or
fall hazards to the Diver. The tender should always be available to
physically assist the fully dressed Diver.
The tender should assist the Diver in donning all equipment and ensure
all belts, clips and harnesses are securely fastened. The dive tender and/or
the box operator should ensure that all air systems and communications
are functioning properly. The tender should complete all predive checks
as specified in the Surface Supplied Air Checklist (Attachment 1).
3.5.4 Entering the Water
The tender should assist the Diver with entering the water and always
maintain a grip on the umbilical. If the Diver jumps into the water, it is
the tender's responsibility to ensure that there are no obstacles in the
Diver's landing area. The tender should also give the Diver enough slack
in the umbilical to get into the water just below the surface. Immediately
after the Diver has entered the water, the tender should pull the Diver
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back to the surface. Once back at the surface, the Diver should ensure
that he or she is properly weighted, do another communication check, and
the tender and the Diver should assess the Diver for leaks (bubbling,
particularly around the mask). Once the Diver is ready to submerge, the
tender should give the Diver enough slack to descend. Since the tender
is usually in the best position to witness the Diver submerging, the tender
should also call out to the box operator and/or divemaster when the Diver
has submerged so the submergence time can be recorded.
3.5.5 Depth Monitoring
When a Diver is in the water, the box operator must maintain regular, open
communication. Once the Diver has descended to the work site, the
operator should monitor the Diver's depth using the pneumo. Using the
correct pneumo gauge for the Diver's umbilical, the operator should open
the pneumo valve below the gauge by turning it in a counter clockwise
direction until the depth gauge reads a depth that is known to be deeper
than the Diver, or until the Diver reports bubbles coming from the open
end of the pneumo hose. The operator should then close the valve,
monitor the depth gauge and record the Diver's depth, measured in feet
of sea water (FSW), when the gauge needle stabilizes. The operator
should monitor the Diver's depth frequently, especially when the Diver
is moving around. The Divemaster or designee records this information
on the tending form during the dive. The Diver may also choose to use a
computer or depth gauge to monitor their depth in lieu of using a pneumo
hose.
3.5.6 Umbilical Pressure
The control box operator should ensure that the Diver is getting sufficient
breathing gas pressure at depth. The umbilical pressure gauge on the
control box should read between 115 psi and 225 psi depending upon the
specifications of the mask or dive helmet being utilized, bottom depth,
and particular control box instructions. Lower umbilical pressure results
in more effort required on the Diver's part to breathe. The EPA typically
maintains umbilical pressure at 150 psi for light to moderate workloads.
If the Diver is performing manual labor (e.g., pounding sediment cores
or moving heavy objects) and is breathing hard, it may be necessary to
increase the umbilical pressure by turning the umbilical pressure knob
until the Diver reports that gas flow is comfortable.
3.5.7 Breathing Gas Supply
The control box operator must maintain careful watch over the pressure
gauge on the line that is supplying gas to the Diver. When the gauge
reads approximately 500 psi, the operator should flip the selector handle
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to the other incoming gas line. The selector handle must be turned all the
way to its stop for breathing gas to flow properly. As soon as is practical,
the operator, or designee, should replace the spent gas cylinder with a
full cylinder. When using SCUBA tanks, the spent tank valve should be
closed, and the pressure should be bled out of the hose between the tank
and the control box using the bleed valve on the yoke. Upon removing
the spent tank and replacing it with a full tank, the bleed valve should be
closed and the tank valve should slowly be fully opened. The operator
should ensure that the pressure gauge on the control box indicates a full
tank. This procedure should be followed each time a spent tank is
replaced. It is the responsibility of the control box operator to ensure that
a sufficient gas supply is readily available for all diving.
Prior to switching the gas source, the operator should notify the Diver to
suspend the current activity, locate the EGS manifold block and be ready
to switch to emergency gas. Once the Diver has responded to the operator
and has put a hand on the manifold block, the operator can switch the gas
source. In the event that a gas line or a seal (O-ring or fitting) should fail
upon changing pressure, the Diver will be prepared to immediately
switch to emergency breathing gas. If a seal should fail and gas pressure
to the system is lost, the operator must switch back to the previous tank
and inform the Diver to be ready to switch to the EGS. The box operator
should replace the failed tank with a new tank as quickly as possible and
switch to the replacement tank. Once the situation has been resolved, it
is the divemaster's decision to either continue or terminate the mission.
3.5.8 Emergency Gas Supply
It is the responsibility of the Divemaster, the Diver and the tender to each
ensure that the valve of the bail-out bottle is opened after it is connected
to the manifold block and that the manifold block knob is closed. The
bail-out bottle pressure should be checked and recorded prior to every
working dive. The EGS should be mounted upside down, and the
divemaster should verify that the Diver can reach the tank valve to re-
open it, should it become closed.
3.5.9 Ending a Dive
At the termination of each dive, the operator should notify the surface
support crew that the Diver is ready to ascend. If conditions permit the
Diver to control the ascent, the tender should slowly pull in the slack
from the umbilical as it becomes available. The umbilical should be
coiled neatly in a pile either in its shipping box, on the deck/dock/ground,
or on a rack behind the tender. The umbilical should be coiled in
alternating over-under loops to facilitate the next deployment. If
conditions do not permit the Diver to control the ascent (e.g., low
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visibility or mid-water current), the tender should gently pull in all slack
umbilical and the operator should have the Diver swim on the bottom in
the direction of the umbilical. Once the Diver is close to or below the
boat/platform, the Diver should exhaust air in their suit to become
negatively buoyant and the tender should use the umbilical to lift the
Diver up to the surface. The tender must maintain an ascent rate of no
more than 30 feet per minute, and the operator must continually
communicate with the Diver to ensure that the ascent rate is not causing
discomfort (e.g., reverse squeeze). The box operator can monitor the
Diver's rate of ascent simply by watching the pneumo gauge. The
operator should warn Diver if any surface hazards are present.
Once the Diver is on the surface, the tender should call out to the
Divemaster or box operator who should record surface time on the dive
log. Once at the dive platform, the tender should assist the Diver exiting
the water. When diving in contaminated water, proper decontamination
methods should be utilized prior to undressing the Diver.
3.5.10 Switching Divers
When switching Divers, the same harness rig is typically worn but the
next Diver's personal FFM should be used. To switch FFMs, the box
operator should close the gate on the umbilical gas outlet, and the tender
should push the purge button on the first Diver's FFM to bleed the
pressure out of the breathing gas hose. The FFM should then be removed
and the next Divers mask put on the system. Dive computers must not
be shared.
3.5.11 Termination of Dive Operations
When the day's dive operations have been completed, the control box
should be properly stowed. The main power switch should be turned off,
and the battery power should be checked. If the battery is low, the box
should be charged overnight prior to the next dive operation. The
microphone should be disconnected and stowed in the battery
compartment, and the com line connectors should be gently pulled. The
gas supply tank valves should be closed and the bleed valves on the tank
yokes should be opened to depressurize the supply hoses. The SCUBA
tanks should be taken off the system, and any tanks that have not been
exhausted should be capped for use on future dives. Tanks that have been
exhausted should not be capped and should be kept separate from the full
tanks so that they can be refilled. The FFM purge button should be
pushed to bleed the gas out of the umbilical. The gas supply gate should
then be closed. Using a wrench, the umbilical lines (both breathing gas
and pneumo) should be removed from the box. The breathing gas hose
should be capped immediately upon being disconnected from the box.
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The gas outlets should then be capped, finger-tight, with their brass caps.
The control box should then be closed and latched so that the o-ring seal
on the lid makes the control box water-tight.
After decontamination, the umbilical should be coiled neatly in its
shipping box. The harness should be disconnected by unclipping the
umbilical and using a wrench to disconnect the breathing gas supply
hose. The supply hose should be capped immediately after being
disconnected. The pony bottle valve should be closed, and the valve on
the manifold block should be briefly opened to bleed the hose pressure
so that the regulator first stage can be removed from the bottle and
capped. After all gear has dried, the umbilical, harness, pony bottle and
regulator should be stowed in the umbilical shipping case, and all of the
latches should be tightened. Prior to shipping the case by air, the pony
bottle must either be removed or emptied.
3.6 Surface Supplied Air Equipment Maintenance and Storage
At the conclusion of daily dive operations, the panels of the control box should
be wiped with a damp cloth. After the project is completed all equipment should
be allowed to air dry prior to being stored.
The control box should be serviced by a qualified technician on an annual basis.
All batteries used in the control box, should be maintained according to the
manufacturer's recommendations. When batteries no longer take a full charge
or the battery life is diminished, they should be replaced according to the
manufacturer's procedures.
The breathing gas hose must be pressure tested to 1.5 times its working pressure
by a qualified facility on an annual basis. The breathing gas hose must be kept
clean, inside and out. It is important to ensure that both ends of the hose are
properly capped when the hose is not in use to prevent dust and particulate
contaminants from getting into the breathing system.
RESPONSIBILITIES
Each member of the surface supplied dive team will have the experience or training
necessary to perform the tasks assigned to them in a safe and efficient manner. This
experience and training will include the use of tools and equipment needed for the
specified tasks and techniques required for surface supplied diving. Each member of the
dive team will also have training in the emergency procedures required in the event of a
diving accident. Each dive team member will only be assigned tasks in accordance with
that person's training and experience.
A simple surface supplied diving operation (a single Diver, shallow, short duration dives)
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requires a minimum of four people; a Diver, a stand-by Diver, a tender, and control box
operator/divemaster. However, dive projects requiring multiple dives, depths greater
than 30 feet, and multiple Divers may require a larger minimum crew. If two Divers are
in the water simultaneously, the minimum of five people are required; two Divers, two
tenders, and a control box operator/divemaster. These minimum numbers assume that
all personnel, with the exception of tenders, are qualified Divers who could switch duties
from surface support to in-water operations. The responsibilities of the dive team are
described in the EPA Diving Safety Manual, but those responsibilities specific to surface
supplied diving follow:
4.1 Divemaster
The divemaster carries the overall responsibility for the safety and performance
of the dive operation. On small operations, the divemaster may also assume the
responsibilities of another surface support person or even perform in-water
duties if there is a qualified divemaster available to assume the divemaster
surface responsibilities.
4.2 Diver
Divers are primarily responsible for performing the in-water work. The Diver is
also responsible for ensuring all dive equipment is present, and in working order.
While in the water, the Diver is responsible to carry outwork duties as instructed,
and to maintain open communication with surface personnel. The surface supply
control box operator and the Divemaster should be aware of the Diver's status
at all times. It is the Diver's responsibility to ensure that they are clear on the
objectives of the dive and is aware of all safety equipment and procedures that
may be required.
4.3 Stand-by Diver
For all surface supplied diving operations, at least one qualified member of the
team will be designated as a stand-by Diver. The stand-by Diver will be ready
to enter the water promptly in case of an emergency. Two surface supplied
Divers may be in the water conducting work each acting as a standby Diver
for the other, if both are able to render the other aid within 3 minutes at all
times, allowing for no decompression limits.
4.3 Dive Tender
The primary responsibility of the dive tender is to assist the Diver while
preparing for, conducting, and recovering from in-water operations. The dive
tender will maintain control of the surface supply air umbilical, ensuring that the
Diver has enough umbilical to work freely, but not so much umbilical that an
entanglement hazard is posed. The dive tender will also be responsible for
visually tracking the Diver's location while in the water. The dive tender and all
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surface personnel are responsible for advising other vessels of the dive operation
and warning off any vessels that may pose a hazard to the Diver. Although the
tender does not need to be a certified Diver, the tender must be trained to perform
the required duties and have an understanding of the equipment utilized by the
Diver.
4.4 Surface Supply Control Box Operator
A qualified and trained person will be dedicated to running the surface supply
control box. This person shall have no other duties that may distract them from
their primary responsibility of maintaining sufficient breathing gas delivery and
communications with the Diver. The dive control box operator in conjunction
with the divemaster must be aware of the Diver's profile (maximum allowable
depth and bottom time) and actual bottom time and depth to ensure that all diving
is performed in a safe manner and the Diver does not exceed the no-
decompression limits (NDL) or the dive-specific profile limits. The control box
operator is directly responsible for the safety of the Diver. In certain
circumstances, at the discretion of the divemaster, the surface supply control box
operator may also maintain the dive logs.
4.5 Boat Operator
The boat operator is responsible for all boat operations in support of the dive
operation. The boat operator must have experience or training in operating the
vessel during dive operations and performing emergency procedures that may
be required. During the dive, if the boat is secured in position (anchored or
docked), this person may also perform the duties of one of the surface support
personnel.
5.0 REFERENCES
Diving Systems International (DSI). 1996. Dive Control System - 2A, Operations and
Maintenance Manual.
Dive Labs, Surface Supply Breathing Requirements and Recommendations for Kirbv Morgan
Helmets and Band Masks. 2008. 37 pp,
http://www.kirbymorgan.com/PDF/Checklists/Surface_Supply_Requirements_02-17-2009.pdf.
Kirby Morgan Dive Systems Inc. 2009, Kirby Morgan Air Control System 5 Operations and
Maintenance Manual.
Humphrey A., Grossman S., McBurney J., Sheldrake S., Use of Surface Supplied Gas for
Scientific Diving (PDF)(T6 pp, 518 K), In PolluckNW; Proceedings of the American Academy
of Underwater Sciences 30th Symposium, 2011.
US Navy Diving Manual, 2016, Revision 7.
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APPENDIX J
Tethered Diving Standard Operating Procedure
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 OBJECTIVE J-3
2.0 APPLICABILITY J-3
3.0 DESCRIPTION J-3
3.1 Certification and Physical Examinations J-3
3.2 General Dive Equipment and Safety Equipment J-3
3.3 Documentation J-3
3.4 Tethered Diving Equipment J-4
3.4.1 Diver Dress J-4
3.4.2 Breathing Regulator J-4
3.4.3 Diver Harness J-4
3.4.4 Tether J-5
3.4.5 Emergency Gas Supply J-5
3.5 Tethered Diving Operations J-6
3.5.1 Procedures J-6
3.5.2 Communications J-8
3.5.3 Vessel Operations J-10
3.5.4 Emergency Procedures J-l 1
4.0 PERSONNEL AM) RESPONSIBILITIES J-12
4.1 Diver J-12
4.2 T ender/Divemaster J-12
4.3 Standby Diver J-12
5.0 REFERENCES J-13
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1.0 OBJECTIVE
This standard operating procedure (SOP) states the United States Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) policy concerning tethered diving operations. Procedures for general dive
operations are specified the EPA Diving Safety Manual. This SOP in not intended to be a
substitute for actual hands-on training.
2.0 APPLICABILITY
Tethered SCUBA diving is a tended diving method where one Diver in the water is line
tended by surface personnel and directed to perform a variety of underwater tasks, which
could include light work or scientific tasks. OSHA also requires that standby Divers for
working dives be line tended. This method is much like that of surface supplied diving in
many ways other than the virtually unlimited air supply. Typical tethered diving
equipment, personnel, and procedure is described below. These procedures apply to EPA
employees and contractors working directly for EPA that are engaged in surface supplied
diving operations. This SOP presumes and requires prior training and experience with
tethered diving.
3.0 DESCRIPTION
3.1 Certification and Physical Examinations
All Divers must be dive certified and medically qualified to perform their diving
duties, as specified in EPA Diving Safety Manual.
3.2 General Dive Equipment and Safety Equipment
Each component of a Diver's equipment shall be maintained in a safe operating
condition, and shall be inspected, tested, serviced and logged as specified in the
EPA Diving Safety Manual. All appropriate safety equipment shall be available at
the dive site as specified in the Dive Safety Plan and EPA Diving Safety Manual.
3.3 Documentation
Project-specific Dive Plans and Dive Safety Plans shall be issued prior to
performing dive operations, and all dives shall be logged as specified in the EPA
Diving Safety Manual. The Unit Dive Officer (UDO) shall maintain logs of each
Diver's certifications, medical clearance to dive, and all health and safety training
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(e.g., CPR, first aid and oxygen administration) as specified in the EPA Diving
Safety Manual.
Tethered Diving Equipment
3.4.1 Diver Dress
Tethered SCUBA diving equipment nominally includes standard Diver
dress, e.g. wetsuit/drysuit, fins, and weight belt, as well as particular
equipment to tethered diving needs. These other items include a full face
mask with communications, strength member with quick release snap
shackle tether, hardwired or wireless communications, and man-rated safety
harness for rated for lifting the Diver from the water. In addition, a cutting
device is recommended for the Diver within easy reach, e.g. EMT shears
mounted on the harness.
3.4.2 Breathing Regulator
EPA Divers may wear a standard dive mask but will typically wear a full
face mask (FFM) to provide VOX communications. The FFM is typically
equipped with communication equipment (microphones and earphones) for
this application. The FFM allows for hardwired communication and in
conjunction with a drysuit with hood and drygloves will give the Diver
some protection from polluted water, when using the positive pressure
version to minimize leakage. When diving in non-polluted water, a wetsuit
may be utilized. Typically, the mask is used with an ear/microphone
attachment, such that the Diver may be in constant hardline communication
with the surface.
3.4.3 Diver Harness
A Diver harness is necessary to connect the Diver securely to the tether line
for all tethered dive operations. This allows the Diver to be towed back to
the point of entry. The harness is worn underneath the BCD or backpack on
top of the wetsuit or dry suit. The harness should be rated to pull the Diver
from the water, in the event of an emergency on the surface or beneath the
water. The harness may also allow for an attachment for a hard-wire
communication (com) line to prevent straining of the communication links.
The com line must be clipped to the Diver's harness prior to the start of the
dive.
Note: Buoyancy compensation device (BCD) D-rings have inadequate
strength for connecting the tether line to the Diver, as they cannot support
the Diver's entire weight and dynamic load when the tender needs to
quickly retrieve the Diver. Breakage of a BCD D-ring could result in
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serious injury to the Diver, as the Diver's head is connected to the tether via
the communications cable, absent the secure harness connection.
3.4.4 Tether
While any kind of line may be used in conjunction with line signals,
typically a com rope is used to allow for constant communications with the
Diver. Care must be taken in tending the Diver when moving in arc patterns
(discussed below), that the line is not hung up and frayed on sharp
underwater objects. The tether should be fitted with a quick release snap-
shackle to allow the Diver to egress to the surface should the tether become
irreconcilably entangled in bottom debris. The tether may also be marked
in intervals for measuring distances used in search patterns, for example.
Tethers can be made in most any length, though 200 and 300 foot tethers
are typical for dive operations. Generally, the tether required must be the
distance from the dive platform added to the depth to the dive site multiplied
by 1.5 (NOAA, 2009), e.g. 50 feet from the dive site at a 50 foot depth
would be 150 foot of tether. A tether longer than 300 foot can present some
span of control problems with a dive platform under anchor, in adequately
fending off nearby vessel traffic in a timely fashion. The tether should be
stowed in a bucket or bag of some kind, with the tender end going in first,
Diver end last, to keep it from being stepped on and damaged, and to avoid
tripping/falling hazards on the dive platform. The container should allow
for easy decontamination and segregation of contaminated line from other
gear.
3.4.5 Emergency Gas Supply
An emergency gas supply (EGS) is necessary for tethered diving operations
should the primary air supply be exhausted. The EGS is typically controlled
through a manifold block, connected to the BCD. The manifold block
should have a one way valve, such that opening the block does not equalize
the primary and EGS cylinders. The EGS itself may be a pony bottle
connected to a larger primary bottle up to a fully redundant SCUBA bottle,
depending on diving depth (Barsky, 1999). The EGS bottle is left open for
diving, while the manifold block is in the closed position, such that the
Diver is breathing off the primary gas supply, but may access the reserve
supply by simply turning the manifold knob, similar to a surface supply
configuration. For those configurations without a manifold valve, the EGS
tank valve itself is used to control the flow of gas and is kept off until
needed. In this configuration, the EGS tank valve should be easily
accessible, e.g. sling mounted. The first stage regulator on the pony bottle
must have an over-pressure relief valve so that first stage malfunction will
not cause a hose failure.
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Note: This is different than a non FFM configuration, where the pony bottle
is normally left off (e.g. NOAA mouthpiece reserve air supply system) to
prevent a free flow from emptying the reserve supply. The size of the bail-
out bottle is determined based upon the type of water, i.e. contaminated vs.
non-contaminated, working depth, type of equipment, i.e. FFM vs. Helmet,
and the air consumption rate of the individual Diver.
The EGS should be mounted upside down such that the Diver can reach the
tank valve, should it accidentally be left closed. A submerged pressure
gauge must also be in plain view of the Diver so that they may see the
current status of their EGS bottle. For example, if the manifold block is
bumped, the Diver may start breathing off the EGS without their
knowledge. Frequent checking of the primary gas supply SPG, bailout
block and EGS SPG will help to ensure that the Diver is continuously
breathing off the primary air supply. Also, as tethered diving is often used
for low visibility situations, analog gauges should be used as digital gauges
cannot be read when pressing the gauge directly against the FFM in true
blackout conditions. For diving with a dry suit, the inflator whip should be
connected to the manifold block such that suit inflation may still be
achieved when using the EGS.
3.5 Tethered Diving Operations
3.5.1 Procedures
The tethered diving operation normally involves at least three Divers. This
allows for safe and efficient diving by rotating through the crew of 3,
especially for deeper dive profiles. The 3 person rotation allows for ample
surface intervals for the Diver who has just dived, and then becomes the
Divemaster/Tender, the Diver who has been out of the water for the duration
of the last dive, who becomes the standby Diver, and the Diver, who has
been out of the water for at least two dives worth of time.
3.5.1.1 Donning Gear and Water Entry/Descent
Both the tender and standby Diver should assist the Diver in donning gear
if needed. Special attention is paid to placement and setting of the manifold
block/EGS and verification that the Diver can reach the block and EGS
valves easily, and without looking, as tethered diving is often used in low
visibility environments. The primary and EGS tank pressures are checked
and recorded. Comm. checks are performed and volumes/earpiece
placement adjusted as needed. The Diver is deployed with an extra loop of
line available (to avoid jerking the Diver during descent) and the tender
arrests their descent into the water via the tether line and holds them at the
surface until they can complete a mask check.
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The tender uses both hands to tend the line, so as to ensure that the Diver is
firmly held in place. The tether line is never wound around the tender in
any way for two reasons: 1) the line may be contaminated, and this could
leave polluted water and sediment on the tender, and 2), the tender could be
pulled into the water with the line wound around them. The tender should
use gloves to prevent chafing, and these should be covered by disposable
gloves if there is any chance of contamination in surface water or sediment.
The tether should be managed in a portion of the dive platform considered
to be the "hot zone" where it can be appropriately decontaminated and
otherwise managed without tracking contamination throughout the vessel
during tending at contaminated sites. The Diver controls the rate of descent,
including making requests for the amount and rate of slack given by the
surface to ensure too much line is not paid into the water column, resulting
in entanglements.
3.5.1.2 On the Bottom
Directing the Diver is undertaken in a different manner than in buddy type
SCUBA operations, where movements are relative to the tethered line itself.
For example, the tender may instruct the Diver to swim "toward the line,"
"away from the line," "take a 90 right," "take a 90 left," and so on. The
Diver trusts that the surface can direct them where they need to go, as in
conducting a search pattern, "Hold line tension, and swim with the tether at
your left." Surface may ask the Diver to conduct search patterns via an arc,
sweep, or out and back methods, using these line signals. Based on whether
there is visibility on the bottom, this will determine the distance between
Diver sweeps. (Hendrick, 2000). The surface will regularly ask for pressure
checks from the Diver, and the Diver should also volunteer these to the
surface. If asked during a crucial task for a pressure check, the Diver should
ask the surface to "standby." The surface will hold tension at all times, and
release tension only when requested by the Diver. Without tension, the
surface loses good information on the status of the line, i.e. tangled or
untangled, and may actually cause the line to tangle by allowing it to drag
on the bottom. Absence of tension also prevents backup communications
from happening as discussed in emergency procedures, below. Equipment
may be conveyed to a stationary Diver nearby the platform via a loop in the
line. If this is done, tension should be maintained in the line should verbal
communications fail, and once the tool is conveyed, all slack should be
removed.
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3.5.1.3 Ascent
The surface may control the Diver's ascent, if the Diver cannot control their
own ascent due to weighting, currents, etc. Using the tether, the tender will
give at least a 2 second count for every foot of line they pull in. When the
Diver nears the platform, the tender will instruct the Diver to put up their
hand for the last part of the ascent to protect their head from the hull of the
vessel. The tender will remain on com until the Diver is aboard and
decontaminated, as needed. The line will be managed in the dive platform's
"hot zone" with gloves such that it can be decontaminated at the end of dive
operations, and otherwise managed to avoid material tracking throughout
the vessel.
3.5.1.4 Doffing Gear
Decontamination, such as a potable water decontamination, will take place
as needed before other tasks, focusing on the mask and glove areas when
conducting repetitive diving. The tender will ensure that the Diver leaves
the bottom with sufficient pressure to undergo whatever type of
decontamination deemed necessary.
3.5.2 Communications
3.5.2.1 Voice Communications Unit
The voice communications unit is utilized by the tender while tending the
Diver's line to maintain constant verbal communication with the Diver and
standby Diver. Communication may be one-way, surface-to-Diver, or two
way allowing the Diver to speak with the surface either by hard-wire
coupled with the tether or by through-water (e.g., acoustic or sonic)
transmission. The voice communications unit may be operated with either
a "voice operated switch," also known as VOX (or Voice Operated
eXchange) or in a "push-to-talk" mode in which the Diver's and operator's
microphone are button activated. The VOX is a switch that operates when
sound over a certain threshold is detected. It is used to turn on a transmitter
when the Diver speaks and is turned off when they stop speaking. The
tender communications unit allows the tender to talk with the Diver via a
headset and belt clip communications unit.
The tender unit typically uses replaceable batteries, which should be
changed out on a daily basis to ensure constant communications. The vessel
should have one set of batteries per day for the dive operation, plus one
spare set. Care should also be taken when installing batteries in the unit, as
the battery compartment soldering can be quite fragile. All batteries must
be removed at the end of the project to prevent corrosion and destruction of
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the unit. Rechargeable batteries are beneficial for this purpose to minimize
waste generation from daily dive operations. When connecting the headset
to the belt clip unit, a "squeal" should initially be heard as the unit powers
on. Absence of this sound can indicate that the batteries are dead, or that
the unit is otherwise not functioning. When the unit is not in use, the headset
should be disconnected from the belt clip unit to conserve battery power.
3.5.2.2 Line-Pull Communications
In the event of loss of voice communications, the dive unit should practice
backup line signals to ensure the dive can be safely and efficiently aborted.
Example standard line-pull signals are included below from the US Navy
Dive Manual, revision 6, Table 8-3.
Example Emergency Line-pull Signals
Primary Diver to Tender:
2-2-2 I am in a difficulty but I am OK, I need
assistance, send the backup Diver.
3-3-3 I am entangled and OK, I am stopping to
handle it myself but ready the backup Diver.
4-4-4 I am not OK, I need immediate assistance.
Primary Diver to Standby Diver:
Big Circular Motion: I am entangled here (indicate where the
entanglement is by putting the backup Diver hands on it).
Tap Standby's Hand on Primary Divers Chest:
I am injured here (indicate the injury location).
Tap Standby's Hand to Primary Divers Second Stage:
I am running low on air.
Standby Diver to Primary Diver:
Place primary's hand back on his carabineer and give three squeezes:
I am leaving now but will be back. The standby
Diver goes back to return with additional air to allow more time to deal
with the problem.
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USN Revision 6 Full Set of Line Pull Signals:
Table 8-3. Line-Pull Signals.
From Tender to Diver
Searching Signals (Without Circling Line)
1 Pull
"Are you all right?" When diver is descending,
one pull means 'Stop."
7 Pulls
"Go on (or off) searching signals."
2 Pulls
"Going Down." During ascent, two pulls mean
"You have come up too far; go back down until
we stop you."
1 Pull
"Stop and search where you are."
3 Pulls
"Stand by to come up."
2 Pulls
"Move directly away from the tender if given
slack; move toward the tender if strain is taken on
the life line."
4 Pulls
"Come up."
3 Pulls
"Face your umbilical, take a strain, move right"
2-1 Pulls
"I understand" or "Talk to me."
4 Pulls
"Face your umbilical, take a strain, move left."
3-2 Pulls
"Ventilate."
4-3 Pulls
"Circulate."
From Diver to Tender
Searching Signals (With Circling Line)
1 Pull
"I am all right." When descending, one pull
means "Stop" or "I am on the bottom."
7 Pulls
"Go on (or off) searching signals."
2 Pulls
"Lower" or "Give me slack."
1 Pull
"Stop and search where you are "
3 Pulls
"Take up my slack."
2 Pulls
"Move away from the weight."
4 Pulls
"Haul me up."
3 Pulls
"Face the weight and go right."
2-1 Pulls
"I understand" or "Talk to me."
4 Pulls
"Face the weight and go left."
3-2 Pulls
"More air."
4-3 Pulls
"Less air."
Special Signals From the Diver
Emergency Signals From the Diver
1-2-3 Pulls
"Send me a square marie"
2-2-2 Pulls
"I am fouled and need the assistance of another
diver."
5 Pulls
"Send me a line."
3-3-3 Pulls
"I am fouled but can clear myself."
2-1-2 Pulls
"Send me a slate."
4-4-4 Pulls
"Haul me up immediately."
ALL EMERGENCY SIGNALS SHALL BE ANSWERED AS GIVEN EXCEPT 4-4-4
3.5.3 Vessel Operations
Vessel operations necessitate important tethered diving safety procedures, which
include:
1. All boat/ship propellers must be deactivated prior to initiating dive operations
2. A small boat must be on anchor before deploying the tethered diver.
3. Ships do not need to be on anchor for a ship husbandly dive, e.g. clearing a
fouled propeller in deep water.
4. A bow and stern line should be available. While it is not required to be at a 2
point or greater anchor configuration, sudden wind changes may necessitate a
two point anchoring system to complete a dive safely.
5. If the boat were to swing on its anchor, it is important that sufficient slack is
given and/or tension is kept on the Diver to ensure they are not swept away in
current or subjected to sudden changes in pressure.
6. When operating near channel, a "Security" call should be made to all
concerned traffic over VHP channel 16 and vessel traffic and channel 16
communications should be monitored to determine if large vessels are
inbound.
7. An Alpha Flag (blue and white) as well as the standard diver down flag must
be flown from the vessel during dive operations.
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As the dive platform cannot fend off other boat traffic by means of physical
presence, care should be given how far channel ward a tethered Diver is allowed to
travel. Consideration of notice to mariners, broadcast of an encumbered vessel
status either via VHF and/or automatic identification system (AIS) could also be
considered.
3.5.4 Emergency Procedures
Before the tethered Diver undertakes a dive, it is important that they have practiced
how to free an entangled line, disconnecting from the tether, unconscious Diver
rescue, and clearing a flooded mask in a training situation. During the dive briefing,
backup communication line pull signals must be reviewed and memorized by the
dive crew. See the US Navy Revision 6 Table 8-3 line pull signal table above.
It is also important that the dive crew review what it sounds like for the
communications cable wet connection for the hard line com to become
disconnected underwater at the Diver end. Absence of sound for the Diver should
indicate that they need to reconnect the plug, and/or begin using line pull signals to
communicate their status to the surface. A fresh set of batteries should be on hand
topside, in the event of communications loss, to ensure that voice communications
can be re-established. A fully redundant tender headset and communications box
might be kept on board in the event that these become flooded or cease operating.
A Diver recall could also be kept on hand to supplement line pull signals should
hard line communications be lost. The Diver must also be prepared to disconnect
from the tether, in consultation with the surface. The Diver should not disconnect
from the tether without first telling the surface, "going off com." to ensure that the
surface understands that communications will be lost for a period of time.
Unplanned loss of communication (voice and line pulls) of the tethered Diver
should lead to immediate deployment of the standby Diver unless the divemaster
determines that conditions are too hazardous for rescue to be undertaken.
For retrieval of an unconscious Diver on the bottom, the standby Diver would be
deployed on tether and follow the primary Diver's tether to the bottom. Once with
the unconscious Diver, the victim should be oriented head up, and the surface
notified that they may haul the pair up.
For trapped Diver situations, a "rescue bottle" could be maintained for the
standby Diver to convey to a trapped primary tethered Diver. The rescue bottle
could be outfitted with a quick disconnect coupling (female), so that the bottle
may be connected underwater to the trapped Diver's SCUBA bailout block
manifold quick disconnect fitting (male), along with a mouthpiece second stage
and SPG. The latest decompression tables should be carried aboard the dive
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platform, or dive computers capable of completing decompression calculations for
exigent circumstances that require an immediate response.
PERSONNEL AND RESPONSIBILITIES
Typically, tethered diving operations consist of a three person team, the Diver, the standby
Diver, and the Divemaster/tender.
4.1 Diver
The Diver, unlike in the conventional SCUBA diving buddy system, will likely be
diving alone. This takes some adjustment for the Diver, and reminders from their
Divemaster that they will be in constant communication with the surface. Taking
the dive slowly and not rushing through tasks is key to avoiding panic, but also in
minimizing air consumption. While the Diver is still responsible for checking their
air supply and reporting this to topside support, unlike surface supplied diving,
other adjustments are needed. Often the dive may be controlled from the surface
depending upon the task being performed. If the dive is primarily surface
controlled, the Diver will need to adjust to not being primarily in control of their
dive, i.e. the Divemaster will be in constant communication with them, and will
instruct the Diver what to do, and when to do it. As with all dives, the Diver or
Divemaster may end the dive for any reason.
4.2 Tender/Divem aster
The Divemaster/tender will assist the Diver in dressing in, tending the line, and
doffing gear at the end of the dive. The tender should also be a Diver prepared to
dive each day, especially for deeper dive profiles. Divemaster responsibilities are
the same as generally defined for buddy type SCUBA operations e.g. the
Divemaster continues to be in charge of the overall dive, except that they can hear
the Diver throughout the dive and should be monitoring the Diver constantly for
signs of anxiety. Breathing rate of the Diver is a clue to their mental status. As
needed, the tender should ask the Diver to stop what they are doing, rest, and
breathe (e.g. more deeply or slowly). As with all dives, the Divemaster must remain
undistracted such that they can monitor the surface for danger from incoming boat
traffic and any other hazards.
4.3 Standby Diver
All tethered diving operations require a standby Diver. The standby Diver must be
ready to get into the water within several minutes and be dressed in their dry suit
or wetsuit either half way or fully at the Divemaster's discretion.
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Disclaimer: This SOP is an illustration of steps to be taken to conduct tethered SCUBA diving
operations and minimize the Diver's exposure to polluted water conditions and is not the official
view of the EPA. Mention of any specific brand or model instrument or material does not constitute
endorsement by the EPA.
5.0 REFERENCES
AAUS Symposium Proceedings, Use of Tethered SCUBA Diving to Improve Safety and
Efficiency, pp. 345-355, 1990.
Barsky SM. Diving in High-Risk Environments, 3rd ed, Santa Barbara, CA: Hammerhead Press,
1999; 197 pp.
Hendrick, Public Safety Diving, 2000.
Miller Diving Harnesses, https://www.millerdiving.com/products. 2009.
NOAA Diving Program, Standby Diver Tending Procedures, 2009.
Ocean Technology Systems, http: //www, oceantechnol ogysvstems.com/. Interspiro AGA positive
pressure mask, cr4 comm. Rope, mk7 tender unit, 2009
Sheldrake SA, Pedersen ER, Schulze C, Donohue S, Humphrey AM, Use of Tethered Scuba for
Scientific Diving (PDF)(T4 pp, 400 K), In: Pollock NW, ed. Diving for Science 2011.
Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences 30th Symposium. Dauphin
Island, AL: AAUS; 2011.
US Navy Diving Manual. 2016. Revision 7.
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APPENDIX K
Standard Operating Procedures for Diver Decontamination
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 OBJECTIVE K-3
2.0 APPLICABILITY K-3
3.0 DESCRIPTION K-3
3.1 Contaminated Water Diving K-3
3.2 Chemical Contaminants K-4
3.3 Biological Contaminants K-4
3.4 Site Area Definitions K-4
3.4.1 Exclusion Zone K-4
3.4.2 Contamination Reduction Zone K-5
3.4.3 Support Zone K-5
3.4.4 Emergency Decontamination Area K-5
3.4.5 Contaminant Zones During Boat Operations K-5
3.5 Decontamination Plan K-6
4.0 REQUIRED EQUIPMENT K-7
5.0 DIVING DECONTAMINATION OPERATIONS K-8
5.1 General Decontamination Procedures K-8
5.1.1 Personnel Requirements K-9
5.1.2 Safety Considerations K-9
5.2 Decontamination Solutions K-10
5.3 Decontamination Stages K-10
5.3.1 Exclusion Zone K-ll
5.3.1.1 Equipment Drop K-ll
5.3.1.2 Samples and Sampling Equipment K-ll
5.3.1.3 Gross Decontamination K-ll
5.3.2 Contaminant Reduction Zone K-12
5.3.2.1 Diver Decontamination K-12
5.3.2.2 Mask/Helmet/BCD/Emergency Gas Supply Removal K-13
5.3.2.3 Dry Glove and Dry suit Removal K-14
5.3.3 Support Zone K-15
5.3.3.1 Hand and Face Wash/Shower K-15
5.3.3.2 Observation Period/ Recovery K-15
5.4 Emergency Decontamination K-15
5.5 Tender Decontamination K-15
5.6 Equipment Decontamination K-16
5.6.1 Full-face Mask Cleaning Procedure K-16
5.6.2 Helmet Cleaning Procedure K-16
5.6.3 Dry suit K-17
5.6.4 Other Equipment K-17
6.0 REFERENCES K-18
FIGURE 1. Decontamination Stages K-20
FIGURE 2: Example Vessel Configurations K-21
ATTACHMENT 1: Diver Decontamination Solutions K-23
TABLE 1. Decontamination Solution Effectiveness/Safety K-30
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1.0 OBJECTIVE
This standard operating procedure (SOP) states the policy concerning decontamination of personnel
involved in contaminated water diving. This SOP is not intended as a substitute for actual hands-on
training.
2.0 APPLICABILITY
These procedures apply to all personnel, including subcontractors under U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) supervision, engaged in diving operations. This SOP presumes and requires prior
experience with diving and decontamination procedures.
3.0 DESCRIPTION
3.1 Contaminated Water Diving
For this SOP, contaminated water is defined as any body of water that is suspected of containing
chemical or biological agents in concentrations that could potentially harm an unprotected diver
and/or surface support personnel. Unless a body of water is known to be clean, some degree of
contamination must be assumed. The level and type of contamination will determine the
decontamination procedure required.
Since a river or a large body of water (e.g., a lake or ocean) has flow or circulation allowing for
removal or dilution of suspected contaminants, these are generally of less concern than diving in
a closed body of water (e.g., a pond or a flooded quarry) which has no flow and significantly less
potential for dilution of contaminants.
In general, most persistent biological and chemical contaminants tend to concentrate in sediment
rather than in the water column (Hendrick, et al. 2000, Hoffman, et al. 2003; US Navy 2004).
Therefore, simply remaining above and not coming into contact with the sediment may reduce the
diver's potential exposure.
It is the responsibility of the Divemaster in charge, with concurrence of the Unit Dive Officer
(UDO), to determine whether sufficient contaminant information is available and whether
conditions are appropriate for diving. All contaminated water diving will be performed using
appropriate exposure protection. For contaminated water diving, this document assumes all divers
will wear, at a minimum, a full-face mask and a dry suit with mating dry gloves. The dry suit
material should have a smooth outer surface which does not trap contaminants and is capable of
being thoroughly decontaminated. Some dry suit manufacturers have had their suit materials tested
against a variety of contaminants in the laboratory using American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM) methods (Viking 2001, Barsky, 2007).
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DIVER DECONTAMINATION
To minimize the number of personnel potentially exposed when performing dive operations in
contaminated water, it is common EPA practice to use a single diver, on surface supplied gas with
hard-wired communications (see SOP Surface Supplied Diving Operations). During boat
operations, it is easier to decontaminate one diver at a time. Additionally, surface supplied divers
can share some dive gear (weight harness, fins, helmet, emergency gas supply (EGS)), limiting the
amount of contaminated equipment. It is the Divemaster's responsibility to determine whether
surface supplied diving and/or the use of a single diver is the safest/most effective means of
completing the dive operation.
3.2 Chemical Contaminants
Chemical contaminants include any chemicals which have leaked, spilled or dumped, or have been
otherwise found in a body of water. Lists of the chemical substances most commonly spilled in
inland and coastal waterways of the United States are available from a number of sources. The
chemical spill lists were summarized for the US Navy's Experimental Diving Unit by Southwest
Research Institute (Henkener and Ehlers, 2000). These chemicals may be located in the sediment,
on the sediment, on the water surface, dissolved in the water column, or associated with
particulates in the water column. Chemicals may pose risk from ingestion, inhalation and/or
dermal contact (NIOSH 2005).
3.3 Biological Contaminants
Biological contaminants include harmful algal blooms (e.g., red tide), bacteria (e.g., fecal
coliforms), viruses and parasites which could potentially harm an unprotected diver. A summary
of potential biological hazards to Navy divers and swimmers was prepared for the US Navy's
Experimental Diving Unit by Southwest Research Institute (Henkener and Ehlers, 2000).
Biological contaminants may be present in stormwater runoff and pose hazards to divers and to
surface support personnel, especially when diving in near shore, urban areas within 36 hours of a
storm event.
3.4 Site Area Definitions
Site area definitions are modified from the EPA's Standard Operating Safety Guides (EPA, 1992).
Modifications were made to make the definitions applicable to dive operations. Figure 2 shows
the flow and procedures at each stage of decontamination.
3.4.1 Exclusion Zone
The Exclusion Zone (EZ), also called the Hot Zone, is the area believed to be contaminated.
This is the area in which site work will normally be performed. Each site will require
definition of this zone. In some cases when divers are entering the water from the shoreline,
performing their duties and returning to the shore, the body of water and a portion of the
shoreline may be considered the EZ. In the case of boat operations, the body of water and
that portion of the boat that a contaminated diver contacts may be considered the EZ. It is
imperative that no personnel enter the EZ without the proper personal protective equipment
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(PPE). It is also imperative that no personnel, equipment or samples pass from the EZ to
the Support Zone without going through the Contaminant Reduction Zone.
3.4.2 Contamination Reduction Zone
The Contamination Reduction Zone (CRZ), or Contamination Reduction Corridor, is
defined as the area through which all personnel leaving the Exclusion Zone must pass
through for decontamination. This is the primary working zone for decontamination
personnel. All personnel in the CRZ must wear proper PPE for the task they have been
assigned. The CRZ is a straight-line operation, divers enter from the EZ and go through
the decontamination process until being fully decontaminated and able to enter the Support
Zone (SZ) on the other end. All equipment must also be decontaminated before moving
into the SZ. All samples must be grossly decontaminated and encapsulated (e.g., placed
inside resealable plastic bags) or placed in a sample container before being passed into the
SZ.
3.4.3 Support Zone
The SZ is defined as the clean area outside of both the EZ and the Contamination Reduction
Zone. No one should be allowed to leave the EZ and enter the SZ without completing the
decontamination procedure, except in the event of a diving accident.
3.4.4 Emergency Decontamination Area
A separate area should be set aside between the EZ and SZ for emergency
decontamination operations. In the case of a diving accident, it may not be possible to
perform the complete decontamination procedure prior to initiating first aid (see Section
5.4).
3.4.5 Contaminant Zones During Boat Operations
When performing dive operations from a boat, the EZ is typically considered to be the
water, the swim platform/ladder and a container on the boat used as the equipment drop.
The other zones have to either be contained in the limited space available on the boat or
completed at another location. It is the responsibility of the Divemaster to determine
whether the space available on the boat is sufficient for the level of decontamination
required. It is also the Divemaster's responsibility to determine whether conditions are
appropriate for decontamination on the boat (e.g., sea state, weather).
For dive operations on a small boat involving low levels of contaminants and a simple
decon, it is often the case that Contaminant Reduction is initiated on the dive platform or
on the swim ladder and the area of the boat immediately around the platform/ladder. All
hand-held equipment must be passed to the dive tender, who sets everything in an area
designated for potentially contaminated equipment (e.g., a labeled container). The entire
diver decontamination process is then carried out on the platform or ladder, and the dry
suit is removed as soon as the diver is on the boat. The diver is considered to be in the SZ
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as soon as he or she is out of the dry suit and away from the immediate area of the
platform/ladder.
It is the Divemaster's responsibility to determine whether contaminant levels and sea state
conditions are low enough to perform decontamination on the back of a small boat (or
ladder/platform). If the vessel size/sea conditions warrant a decontamination procedure
that cannot be done on the ladder or threatens to spread contamination within the vessel,
the Divemaster must make alternate arrangements (e.g., using a second vessel or
transporting the diver to shore for complete decontamination). Any decontamination
process involving multiple steps, or the use of decontamination solutions that cannot be
directly discharged into surface water, cannot be safely accomplished on a small, open
boat. Additional factors to consider are the diver's gas supply integrity during
decontamination, the diver's fatigue and stress levels while holding on to a ladder for
several minutes, and the potential for the spread of contamination to other parts of the
vessel and personnel.
During some dive operations, a second boat or a barge is available to use as the CRZ. The
second vessel should be securely rafted to the primary vessel. Divers may enter the water
from the primary vessel, but always exit the water onto the CRZ vessel, and are
decontaminated there before re-entering the primary vessel. During such operations, the
barge is considered the CRZ and the primary boat is considered the SZ. Additional
considerations include surface-supplied air source and placement. Under no circumstances
should the supplied gas source be on a different vessel than the diver. This may require a
segregated space on the CRZ vessel for the source and operator. Likewise, divers using
shared equipment (i.e., harnesses, tools) will both enter and exit the water from the CRZ
vessel as these items are considered contaminated and should not enter the SZ until the
final dive and complete decontamination. In most cases, when using two adjacent vessels
for the dive operation, decontamination washes will be contained and transported off-site
for temporary storage, testing, and disposal considerations.
It may not be feasible to perform diver decontamination on some smaller vessels, especially
when a more complex decontamination (decon) is required. For these situations the vessel
shall be considered part of the EZ throughout the dive operation and the diver can be
brought to the shore or a larger vessel for decontamination. If this is the case, the boat
must be treated as part of the EZ throughout the entire operation until it has been
decontaminated. All equipment and personnel leaving the vessel would also be required
to pass through the CRZ before returning to the SZ. On a small boat, sufficient
decontamination equipment should be available to remove gross contamination from the
diver and the diver's face/neck seal area to allow the diver to safely remove the
helmet/mask while returning to shore for full decontamination. If multi-day, repetitive
diving is conducted this scenario would not be appropriate.
3.5 Decontamination Plan
Dive personnel shall include a decontamination plan as part of every Dive Plan dealing with
contaminated water. The Dive Plan shall be referenced in the site-specific Health and Safety Plan
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(HASP). The Dive Plan should detail the steps required to properly decontaminate divers based
on the known or suspected site contaminants. Included in the plan will be allowances for gross
decontamination, equipment decontamination, and required decontamination solutions. Special
concerns and procedures will be outlined in the Dive Plan.
If, during contaminated water dive operations, it is discovered that contamination is more severe
than originally believed, it is the Divemaster's responsibility to determine whether appropriate
decontamination equipment is available and whether conditions permit safe dive operations.
4.0 REQUIRED EQUIPMENT
Equipment required for decontamination activities will be dependent on the level of decontamination
required at each site. The equipment should be chosen from the following list based on need.
Potable water
Decontamination solutions (e.g., soap, water, bleach, etc.)
Soft bristled brushes/sponges
Paper towels
Plastic sheeting
Marking tape
Water collection basins
Pump sprayer
Decontamination shower
Disinfectant wipes
Stools
Hand soap
Emergency breathing gas supply
Chemical/Water resistive suits
Face shields/eye protection
Rubber gloves/boot covers
Rubber boots
Other PPE
Basins/Containers/Buckets
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DIVING DECONTAMINATION OPERATIONS
5.1 General Decontamination Procedures
Prior to any dive operation, the level of decontamination shall be determined by the Divemaster
with concurrence of the UDO and Health and Safety Officer, based on the information available.
The anticipated decontamination procedure will be spelled out in the site-specific Dive Plan.
During the dive operation, the Divemaster may alter the decontamination procedure, based on site
conditions and any additional information available. Since real-time contaminant levels are rarely
available, the Divemaster must use professional judgment, weighted on the conservative side of
safety.
This SOP addresses decontamination of divers and equipment after operations in moderately
contaminated water. Some locations may be contaminated to an extent that makes diving unsafe
regardless of the exposure protection available. In those locations, it is the Divemaster's
responsibility to ensure that divers do not enter the water, and operations must be performed using
remotely operated vehicles (ROV), sonar, remote sampling equipment (e.g., Ponar dredge,
Kemmerer bottle, etc.), or other non-diving methods to fulfill the project objectives.
The level of decontamination can range from simply rinsing the diver with clean water to having
the diver pass through a formal decontamination corridor. The major variables to consider when
decontaminating dive equipment include the nature of the surface (smooth surfaces are easier to
clean than porous surfaces) and the type and concentrations of contaminants encountered.
Since many persistent chemical contaminants of concern are present in sediments and most EPA
scientific diver studies occur on or near the sediment zone, gross decontamination of a diver or
removal of all visual contamination (sediment, mud, vegetation, etc) can be a critical
decontamination step. All equipment, especially diver fins, diver boots (including soles), diver dry
suits from the thigh downward, and any areas where contaminants may become trapped should be
inspected for visual contamination before any gear is moved to a clean area.
In some situations, where the diver's dry suit will likely suffer gross contamination (oil spills) that
may not be possible to clean, the diver may wear coveralls, Tyvek or similar PPE over the dry suit.
The coveralls must be modified to not interfere with the proper operation of the dry suit (e.g., holes
have to be cut for the suit inflator and exhaust valves). While the coveralls will provide only
minimal protection to the dry suit, it may be possible to complete a multi-day dive operation before
discarding any dive equipment that can't be sufficiently decontaminated. Coveralls may also be
worn when diving near potentially sharp or jagged edges to prevent tearing the dry suit. Any PPE
materials which become visually contaminated should be removed and replaced between dives.
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5.1.1 Personnel Requirements
Each member of the decontamination team shall have the experience or training necessary
(e.g., EPA Diver Training, Occupational Safety and Health Administration 40-hour
Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response Training (OSHA 1910.120 40hr
HAZWOPER) to perform the tasks assigned to them in a safe and efficient manner. This
experience and training shall include the use of tools and equipment required for efficient
and effective decontamination. Each member of the decontamination team shall also have
training in emergency procedures (first aid and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation/
Automated External Defibrillator [CPR/AED]) Each decontamination team member shall
only be assigned tasks in accordance with that person's training and experience.
5.1.2 Safety Considerations
The duration of the decontamination process is an important consideration during any dive
operation. Having the diver remain encapsulated to walk through a decontamination
corridor is tiring and stressful. During cold weather, the diver may risk hypothermia
walking through a decontamination line. During warm weather the diver may risk
hyperthermia the longer he or she is in the dry suit on the surface (particularly if dressed
for cold water diving). Additionally, the surface support/decontamination personnel will
be exposed to the weather. It is important to get the diver through the decontamination
process and out of the dry suit as quickly as possible (NOAA 2001).
There is a high likelihood that the surface support/decontamination personnel will be
splashed by surface water, sediment and/or by the decontamination solutions. Surface
personnel should wear impermeable, disposable outerwear and face shields or similar PPE
as specified in the HASP. Care must be taken when rinsing contaminated sediment from
the diver in windy conditions. Wind direction should be a consideration in setup of the
decon zones. The EZ should be downwind of the CRZ and support zone.
Choice of PPE for surface support personnel is driven by both the expected site
contaminants and by the choice of decontamination solution. Though certain
decontamination solutions don't require any special PPE (e.g., soap), the potential for being
splashed by site sediment or water mandates proper PPE. Conversely, some
decontamination solutions (e.g., bleach) mandate proper PPE regardless of the site
contamination (see Attachment 1). The appropriate PPE should be defined in the site-
specific Dive Plan.
When assisting the diver donning clean dive gear, the tender needs no PPE. However, as
successive divers reuse the same equipment (e.g., weight harness, buoyancy compensation
device (BCD), emergency gas supply (EGS) harness, fins), the tender must wear
appropriate PPE when handling the equipment that has not been fully decontaminated.
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In order to prevent cross-contamination, when the same tender that assisted a contaminated
diver from the water is required to assist the next diver into clean gear, the tender must first
change out of his/her potentially contaminated PPE (see Section 5.6).
In order to expedite the decontamination process on a small vessel, it is often more efficient
to scrub and rinse the diver's decon compatible equipment with sufficient quantities of
potable water in order to wash the biological agents off, so equipment can be efficiently
removed. Potable water has been shown to effectively remove microbial contaminants
from decon compatible material. Non decon compatible equipment can remain in the EZ
for later use, and be provided to the next diver or soaked in an antimicrobial soap solution,
bleach, or other appropriate decontamination solution if daily operations are completed.
Some decontamination situations may call for covering surrounding areas with plastic
sheeting in order to contain contaminants or decontamination solutions. Care must be
taken that the sheeting is properly anchored and does not pose a slip, trip and fall hazard to
either the diver or the support personnel. Additionally, once the plastic is wet and/or soapy,
it may become more slippery. An appropriate number of support personnel are required to
steady the diver to prevent accidents.
5.2 Decontamination Solutions
The major considerations when choosing a decontamination solution are; 1) effectiveness against
the expected site contaminants; 2) compatibility with dry suit materials and other equipment; 3)
safety of exposure to both the diver and the tenders; 4) availability and cost; 5) use of
biodegradable decontamination solutions or containment and disposal of used non-biodegradable
solutions. Selection of decontamination solutions is at the discretion of the Divemaster, with
concurrence of the UDO and the Health and Safety Officer. Decontamination solutions and
procedures should be described in the Dive Plan prior to going on-site.
There are numerous decontamination solutions to choose from. Unfortunately, some of the most
effective decontamination solutions are very aggressive, corrosive and toxic (LBL 2006).
Attachment 1, DIVER DECONTAMINATION SOLUTIONS lists some decontamination solutions
along with their general effectiveness against biological and chemical contaminants and their
safety/compatibility for use on divers and dive equipment.
5.3 Decontamination Stages
The following sections list decontamination steps, some of which may be minimized, combined
or omitted at the Divemaster's discretion, based on the contaminants and situation. These steps
must be performed in the most efficient, effective manner possible to avoid undue stress on the
diver. The planned decontamination stages should be included in the Dive Plan.
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5.3.1 Exclusion Zone
5.3.1.1 Equipment Drop
As the diver exits the water, all non-life support equipment (e.g., tools, cameras,
dive lights) should be dropped in the EZ for later use or decontamination. The
equipment should be taken by the tender and set aside so that it is out of the way,
but available for the next diver or staged for decontamination. If available space
allows, the equipment should be put in a container to prevent the spread of
contamination. If the equipment is going to be immediately used by the next diver,
it does not need more than gross decontamination until dive operations are
completed for the day. The potentially contaminated equipment must remain in the
EZ and should only be handled by the tender and the divers. The tender must wear
appropriate PPE for the contaminant and situation (e.g., chemically/water resistive
suit, rubber boots/booties, face shield/eye protection, gloves).
5.3.1.2 Samples and Sampling Equipment
While collection of environmental samples may be the reason for the dive
operation, the safety and well-being of the diver is the tender's primary
responsibility. Samples collected by the diver should be grossly decontaminated
and encapsulated (e.g., placed inside resealable plastic bags) or placed into a sample
cooler prior to being transferred from the EZ. Samples and sample containers are
to be considered contaminated and should only be handled by personnel wearing
appropriate PPE.
The diver should hand sampling equipment to the tender who should either set the
equipment down in a designated area in the EZ or pass the equipment on to other
personnel for decontamination or disposal. Sampling equipment has been in direct
contact with the contaminated media being sampled and should only be handled by
personnel wearing appropriate PPE. After the diver has completed the
decontamination process, the sampling equipment can be decontaminated as
specified in the field sampling plan.
5.3.1.3 Gross Decontamination
While still in the EZ, the diver should be grossly decontaminated to remove visible
contamination including sediment, algae, plant life, etc. The tender may be
responsible for gross decontamination. However, if the primary tender is required
to move away from the diver, a second tender may be required to stay with the diver
to ensure that the diver does not slip, trip or fall. If available, a hose with a spray
nozzle may be used to rinse the diver with potable water, or material may be
removed from the diver by hand.
If a hose is used to spray the diver, it should not be a high-pressure hose (e.g., a
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pressure washer). The tender should also take care not to direct the spray toward
the seals around the diver's mask/helmet or gloves, to minimize the chance of
forcing contaminants into the diver's suit. When spraying near the diver's
mask/helmet, the tender should adjust to a gentle spray from the diver's face toward
the back of his or her head (so the water goes over the seal instead of under it).
When spraying the diver's hands, the spray should be directed from the diver's hand
toward the elbow (so the water is not forced into the diver's gloves). The tender
should take extra care to rinse out sediment or contaminants from wrinkles in the
diver's suit and the areas around the glove cuffs and mask/helmet seals. Spraying
should be systematic, starting at the head and working downward to the feet always
considering wind direction and speed.
5.3.2 Contaminant Reduction Zone
Upon leaving the Exclusion Zone, the diver will enter the Contaminant Reduction Zone.
In this zone, the diver will be thoroughly decontaminated. If the dive operation is land-
based all wash water should be captured in a basin for proper disposal as specified in the
site-specific HASP.
5.3.2.1 Diver Decontamination
One suitably dressed person is required to perform decontamination. However,
using two or more people ensures that decontamination is quick and that at no time
will the diver be left unattended. If necessary, the tender from the gross
decontamination step should remain on the edge of the Exclusion Zone to minimize
contamination of the Contaminant Reduction Zone.
The diver should be scrubbed with an appropriate decontamination solution, taking
extra care around the diver's mask/helmet and gloves. Tenders should start at the
diver's head and work down to the diver's feet, scrubbing in a downward motion.
Soft-bristled brushes and/or sponges should be used to scrub the diver, since stiff-
bristled brushes and harsh scrubbing may damage the dry suit. A strong solution of
antibacterial soap does not require any contact time beyond that required to scrub
the diver (refer to label directions). The soap should be rinsed off with water while
it is still wet to more effectively carry away any biological agents.
Typically potable water or a surfactant based decontamination fluid is suitable in
removing most biological agents from the dive equipment. If there is a need not
only to remove the biological agents from the equipment, but additionally destroy
(disinfect) these organisms a decontamination solution such as antimicrobial
surfactant, bleach, or DF-200 (see Attachment 1) may also be necessary. These
solutions require contact time with the biological agents in order to work properly.
Disinfectant solutions should always be used per label directions and consistent
with registered use (e.g., EPA List N for SARS-CoV-2). Contact time is defined
as the length of time that the wet decontamination solution is on the diver's suit
and/or equipment. The minimum effective contact time should be determined in
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advance to ensure appropriate treatment in the shortest amount of time to reduce
stress on the diver. Some solutions (e.g., bleach) lose effectiveness when they dry
up, and may have to be reapplied. This becomes difficult on hot or windy days
when the diver's suit tends to dry quickly.
If a decontamination solution other than soap is used, it should be washed away
with a soapy water scrub to ensure that the decontamination solution is completely
removed from the diver. The soap will also act as a secondary decontamination
solution.
After the diver has been scrubbed with decontamination solution, a final rinse with
potable water is required. This step may be performed in a decontamination
shower, with a hose, a pump sprayer, or using buckets. At no time should the diver
move backward in the decontamination line.
During small boat operations, the contaminant reduction area will usually be on the
dive platform or swim ladder. In these instances, all wash water will go directly
overboard into the EZ. If extensive decontamination must be performed or
decontamination solutions can't be released into the environment (e.g., tri-sodium
phosphate [TSP], quats) the decontamination would need to occur on shore or on a
larger vessel with a designated decontamination area.
For small boat operations, the entire decontamination process may take place with
the diver standing on the dive platform or on the swim ladder (if conditions permit).
In addition to proper PPE, Tenders should wear a personnel floatation device
(PFD). At no time should Tenders put themselves at risk by leaning overboard
attempting to decontaminate a diver. If the Tender cannot safely accomplish the
decontamination with the diver on a ladder, it is the Divemaster's responsibility to
find an alternative location (e.g. aboard the vessel, on a second vessel, or on the
shore). For the purpose of this SOP, the area of the boat in which the diver is being
decontaminated will become the Contaminant Reduction Zone after the diver has
been grossly decontaminated.
5.3.2.2 Mask/Helmet/BCD/Emergency Gas Supply Removal
This step is required after every contaminated water dive. Up to the point where
the decontamination solution is rinsed off, the diver has remained completely
encapsulated. After the diver has been scrubbed, the BCD or EGS harness can be
removed without removing the mask/helmet. The BCD/EGS can be set safely on
a table or bench so that the mask/helmet does not have to be removed and the weight
harness can be removed (the harness can either be decontaminated or kept in service
for the next diver). If necessary, a second tender should hold the BCD/EGS while
the first tender scrubs the area of the dry suit that had been covered by the other
equipment. At this point, all contaminants should have been removed from the
diver or neutralized.
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Care should be taken when removing the diver's mask/helmet and dry suit. At this
stage, a tender other than the one who scrubbed the diver should take over if needed.
If a second tender is not available, the primary tender should change into fresh PPE
(at a minimum the tender should don fresh gloves) before continuing to avoid
recontamination of the diver.
When removing either the helmet or the mask, the area of the seal is critical. With
the full-face mask, the area where the mask sits on the latex face seal of the dry suit
hood will retain water. This water may still contain contaminants from the dive.
Therefore, as soon as the mask has been removed, a paper towel should be used to
wipe up the extra moisture to keep it from dripping into the diver's face. This
should be followed immediately by a disinfectant wipe (e.g., alcohol wipes).
When wearing a helmet, the seal is around the diver's neck and the water left in the
seam is less likely to drip onto the diver. However, this area should be wiped and
disinfected immediately.
During this stage, the tender should assist the diver with removing all gear except
the dry suit and dry gloves. The life support equipment (BCD/EGS) should be set
aside for more thorough decontamination or kept in service for the next diver.
5.3.2.3 Dry Glove and Dry suit Removal
Dry suit outer gloves should be removed first by the tender by pulling the gauntlet
over the diver's hand, so the glove is inside-out. The inner gloves should be left on
the diver and removed as the final stage of the decontamination process.
The tender should wipe the area of the zipper with paper towels and unzip the dry
suit and assist the diver with removing it. It is important that the tender only touch
the outside of the suit, to prevent possible contamination of the inside of the suit.
The diver, with assistance from the tender, should take off the hood and pull their
head through the neck seal. Once the suit has been pulled off of the divers head
and arms, the diver should stand to pull the suit down past his or her waist and then
sit on a clean seat (not the same one that had contact with the dry suit) facing the
Contaminant Reduction Zone so the tender can assist pulling the dry suit off of the
diver's legs and feet. Though the suit should be clean, it should be pulled off inside-
out to reduce the chances the diver will contact the outside of the suit. The last
apparel that should be removed from the diver are the inner gloves. The diver
should then rotate on the seat to put his or her feet down on the side of the seat
facing the Support Zone.
If the diver or tender notices a wet spot (as opposed to obvious sweat marks) on the
diver's undergarments after removal of the suit, it is possible that the suit leaked.
If the suit leaks in contaminated water, the inside of the suit must be decontaminated
as well. The undergarments must be washed or discarded, and the diver should
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shower as soon as possible. The suit must also be repaired before it can be put back
in service.
While the dry suit should be clean at this point, the areas that had been covered by
the full-face mask straps and by the BCD/harness during decontamination should
be gently scrubbed with the same decontamination solution used earlier. The dry
suit can be moved to the Support Zone or reused after decontamination has been
completed.
5.3.3 Support Zone
5.3.3.1 Hand and Face Wash/Shower
Once the dry suit has been removed, the diver has completed contaminant
reduction, and can enter the Support Zone, where resources should be available for
the diver to wash his or her hands and face. If available, a full shower with soap is
preferred.
5.3.3.2 Observation Period/ Recovery
The diver should remain in the Support Zone for thirty minutes for observation.
During this time, the diver should be given water or other non-caffeinated drinks
and allowed to rest in a comfortable area. During the warmer months, a tent or
other shaded area should be used if available. During colder weather, a sheltered
area, preferably indoors should be used if available.
5.4 Emergency Decontamination
In the case of an emergency during a dive or during any stage of the decontamination process, an
emergency decontamination procedure should be used. The Divemaster will determine the extent
of decontamination required based on the level and type of contamination encountered versus the
risk involved in delaying medical treatment. Efforts should be made to minimize exposure of the
diver and emergency personnel to residual contamination. Information on the type and level of
contamination associated with the site must be forwarded to the attending medical personnel so
they may take appropriate precautions to protect themselves and others from exposure.
5.5 Tender Decontamination
Before leaving the Contaminant Reduction Zone, the tender must remove all potentially
contaminated PPE. At the edge of the Contaminant Reduction Zone and the Support Zone, the
exposure suit (e.g., Tyvek suit, etc.) should be pulled off inside out, taking care not to contaminate
the tender's undergarments or skin. After the suit has been pulled down past the tender's waist,
the tender should sit on a clean seat facing the Contaminant Reduction Zone and pull the suit off
his or her legs. As each boot cover is pulled off inside out, the tender should turn and place the
uncovered foot down on the side of the seat facing the Support Zone. Gloves should then be pulled
off inside out and left in the Contaminant Reduction Zone. The tender should then wash his or her
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hands and face with soapy water. All PPE should be discarded with the other site-derived waste.
5.6 Equipment Decontamination
5.6.1 Full-face Mask Cleaning Procedure
At the end of each day, the full-face mask should be completely decontaminated following
the procedure recommended by the manufacturer. For AGA masks the following
procedure should be utilized:
• The AGA mask should be immersed in warm potable water and cleaned to remove any
gross contamination and debris from the mask.
• The front cover assembly (or communications unit) should be removed by unscrewing
the two thumb screws. The regulator (breathing valve) should be removed from the
mask body by rotating one half turn clockwise and pulling outward. Dismantle the
breathing valve by unscrewing the locking ring to remove the positive pressure unit.
Only turn the locking ring, since turning the positive pressure unit may damage the o-
ring used to seal the unit to the body of the breathing valve. The positive pressure unit
assembly should be disassembled by removing the diaphragm assembly and separating
the components (diaphragm assembly, spring and guide disk, and sealing disk). Do not
disassemble the diaphragm assembly. Check for debris and damage to the diaphragm.
• Immerse all parts (with the exception of the communications unit) in a mild
cleaning/disinfecting solution. Allow the contact time per label directions for
disinfection, remove and rinse all parts thoroughly with potable water. Place all parts
on a clean towel and allow to air dry.
• After all parts have dried, check all parts for visible damage, degradation, or
contamination. Lubricate the o-rings and the sealing disk shaft with oxygen-
compatible silicone grease. Reassemble the breathing valve and attach it to the AGA
mask. The AGA mask function should be tested prior to storage. After testing function,
screw the dust cap onto the hose connection, and place the mask into a large plastic bag
for storage.
5.6.2 Helmet Cleaning Procedure
At the end of each day, the diving helmet should be completely decontaminated following
the procedure recommended by the manufacturer and as generally outlined below.
• The helmet should be immersed in warm potable water and cleaned to remove any
remaining gross contamination and debris on the external surfaces helmet.
• The regulator/diaphragm should be taken apart, cleaned and decontaminated as
specified in the manufacturer's procedures.
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• If the helmet is shared between divers, the liners and nose cups should be replaced or
decontaminated as necessary.
• The helmet function should be tested prior to storage or reuse.
5.6.3 Dry Suit
The dry suit should be inspected and additional decontamination and/or repairs should be
performed as needed. The suit should be inspected carefully for tears, abrasions, holes or
areas where chemical damage may have occurred. Brittleness, stickiness, color changes,
or swollen materials could indicate significant chemical damage. Any suit exhibiting these
conditions should be removed from service and returned to the manufacturer for evaluation
and/or repair.
5.6.4 Other Equipment
As practical, all other equipment (BCDs, weight harnesses, EGS harnesses, fins, knives,
tools, etc.) should be decontaminated based on the contaminant. Slick materials are more
amenable to decon and it should be noted that it is likely not possible to clean more porous
materials.
• Gross contamination should be removed by rinsing or brushing with potable water.
Greasy contamination should be scrubbed with a degreasing solution.
• Hard-surfaced equipment (e.g., knives, tools) generally does not require soaking, but
porous-surfaced equipment (e.g., nylon webbing harnesses, BCDs) should be soaked
in an appropriate decontamination solution per label instructions. It should then be
scrubbed, rinsed with potable water, and examined. The procedure should be repeated
until the equipment is clean. The equipment should also be examined for damage. Any
equipment showing signs of damage should be removed and evaluated before being
reused. Of particular importance is equipment used for life support or diver safety.
This includes BCD bladders, harness webbing, etc.
• Some equipment may require disassembly in order to be effectively decontaminated
(e.g., BCD). Refer to manufacturer's instruction for the disassembly, cleaning and
reassembly.
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6.0 REFERENCES
Barsky, S.M., Diving in High-Risk Environments, ¥th Edition, 2007, Hammerhead Press, Ventura,
California.
CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 2002. Guideline for Hand Hygiene in Health-
Care Settings: Recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee
and the HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly
Report, volume 51, number RR-16, October 25, 2002.
DUI (Diving Unlimited International, Inc.). 2009. Public Safety Diving Equipment, Personal
Incident Decontamination System. Information downloaded September 2009. Available at
www.DUI-Online.com.
EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). 1985. Interim Protocol for Diving
Operations in Contaminated Water. Author, R.P. Traver, U.S. EPA Office of Research and
Development, Hazardous Waste Engineering Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio. EPA/600/2-
85/130.
EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). 1992. Standard Operating Safety Guides.
U.S. EPA Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Washington, DC. EPA/540/6-92/XXX.
EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). 2010. Sheldrake, Pedersen, Humphrey et.
al. EPA three part polluted water diving module presentations, AAUS 2010
• Comparative Analysis of Federal Program Polluted Water Diving Protocols
• Viking Dry suit Decontamination Study
• Environmental Response Team Polluted Water Diving Protocols
Hendrick, W., A. Zaferes, and C. Nelson. 2000. Public Safety Diving. Fire Engineering Books &
Videos. Saddle Brook, New Jersey.
Henkener, J. A., R. Ehlers. 2000. Study to Identify Chemical and Biological Threats to U.S. Navy
Divers and Swimmers. Final Report. Prepared for the Naval Experimental Diving Unit, Panama City,
Florida by Southwest Research Institute, San Antonia, Texas under contract number
N613 3198D00006/0021.
Hoffman, D.J., B.A. Rattner, G.A. Burton Jr, J. Cairns Jr. 2003. Handbook of Ecotoxicology. Second
Edition. Lewis Publishers, CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, Florida
Interspiro. Undated. Instruction Manual Divator MKII Face Mask. Publication number 95283-01.
Interspiro, Inc., Branford, Connecticut.
Jagminas, L. and D.P. Erdman. 2006. Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear and Explosives
(CBRNE) - Chemical Decontamination. Available at http://emedicine.com/emerg/topic893.htm.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
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STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES FOR
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LBL (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory). 2006. Biosafety Manual: Decontamination.
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Environment, Health and Safety Division, Biosafety
Program. Available at http://www.lbl.gov/ehs/biosafety/manual/index.shtml.
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health). 2005. NIOSH Pocket Guide to
Chemical Hazards. NIOSH Publications, Cincinnati, OH. NIOSH Publication 2005-149.
NIH (National Institutes of Health). 2006. Guide to Biodecontamination. National Institutes of
Health, Division of Safety, Office of Research Services. Available at:
www.nih.gov/od/ors/ds/pubs/biodecontamination/index.html.
NU (National Institute of Justice). 2001. Guide for the Selection of Chemical and Biological
Decontamination Equipment for Emergency First Responders, NIJ Guide 103-00. National Institute
of Justice, Law Enforcement and Corrections Standards and Testing Program, National Law
Enforcement and Corrections Technical Center, Rockville, Maryland. October 2001.
NOAA (National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration). 2001. NOAA Diving Manual -
Diving for Science and Technology, Fourth Edition. United States Department of Commerce. J.T.
Joiner, editor. Best Publishing Company, Flagstaff, Arizona.
Purdue (Purdue Products LP). 2005. Betadine Solution (10% povidone iodine), Material Safety Data
Sheet. Purdue Products LP, Stamford, Connecticut. MSDS prepared July 2005.
US Navy (United States Navy). 2004. Guidance for Diving in Contaminated Waters. Technical
Manual #SS521-AJ-PRO-010. Naval Sea Systems Command, Washington Navy Yard, DC. August
2004.
USVA. (United States Department of Veterans Affairs). 2006. Chemical Terrorism General
Guidance Pocket Guide. US Department of Veterans Affairs, Office of Quality and Performance,
Clinical Practice Guidelines. Available at www.oqp.med.va.gov/cpg/cpg.htm.
Viking. 2001. Diving in Contaminated Water, 3rd Edition: Chemical and Biological Tests of
Viking Dry suits and Accessories. Trelleborg Viking, Inc., Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Available
at http://www.vikingdiving.eom/filearchive/2/2177/DCW144.pdf.
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FIGURE 1. Decontamination Stages
Area
Procedures
Comments
Exclusion Zone
• Exit water
• Equipment Drop
• Gross Decontamination
Re-used Equipment
Staging
Contamination Reduction Zone
• Thorough Decontamination
with Appropriate
Decontamination
Solution(s)
• Potable Water Rinse Using
Hose or Decontamination
Shower
• Mask/Helmet Removal
• Dry suit Removal
Equipment
Decontamination
Site Derived Waste
Storage
Support Zone
• Hand/Face Wash
• Observation and Recovery
• Shower
Surface Support
Personnel
NOTES:
1. Decontamination stages must be determined on a site-specific basis and must be specified in the site-
specific Dive Plan and HASP.
2. The Control Points indicate that access to each of the decontamination zones is to be controlled to a
single-entry point.
3. Only divers and tender/decontamination personnel in appropriate PPE are allowed in the Exclusion
Zone and Contaminant Reduction Zone.
4. At no time should the diver move backward in the decontamination process.
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FIGURE 2: Example Vessel Configurations: delineating Exclusion Zone (red), Contamination Reduction
Zone (yellow) and Support Zone (green). Note wind direction relati ve to the EZ.
Wind Direction
Support Zone, e.g. Contamination reduction zone Exclusion zone
cabin area, forward (CRZ, outside the cabin, but (swim step —aft part of the
area of vessel not including swim step) vessel—and water body)
Wind Direction
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Wind Direction
SUPPORT ZONE
CONTAMINATION
EXCLUSION ZONE
Vessel Cabin Interior and
REDUCTION ZONE
Landing Ramp and
Stern of Vessel
Vessel Decks
Surrounding Water
(Amidships forward)
Stern
Dive
Ladder
Bow
Support Zone
Vessel
Stern Section of
Sample Processing Barge
Contamination
Reduction Zone
Forward Section of
Sample Processing Barge
Exclusion Zone
Sample Processing Station
SAMPLE
PROCESSING
BARGE
DIVE LADDER
WIND DIRECTION
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ATTACHMENT 1: DIVER DECONTAMINATION SOLUTIONS
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This attachment of decontamination solutions is not all-inclusive, and other suitable
decontamination solutions may be used by the Divemasters with concurrence of the UDO and the
Health and Safety Officer. This list is subject to change without notice as new products come to
market or further testing is conducted.
The major considerations when choosing a decontamination solution are; 1) effectiveness against
the expected site contaminants; 2) compatibility with dry suit materials and other equipment; 3)
safety of exposure to both the diver and the tenders; 4) availability and cost; 5) use of
biodegradable decontamination solutions or containment and disposal of used non-biodegradable
solutions. Decontamination solutions and procedures should be described in the HASP prior to
going on-site.
There are numerous decontamination solutions to choose from. Unfortunately, many of the most
effective decontamination solutions are very aggressive, corrosive and toxic (LBL 2006). Many
disinfectants and sterilants are well suited to cleaning hospital surfaces and equipment but are not
safe to use on divers or some dive equipment. The objective of decontaminating the diver is to
remove the contamination from the diver's suit so that the suit can be safely removed. There is no
necessity to use solutions that are potentially dangerous to the diver or the equipment when other
less dangerous solutions will yield satisfactory results. Removing the contaminants from the diver
is more important than neutralizing chemical contaminants or killing biological contaminants.
Killing biological contaminants on the diver's suit/equipment will usually not be the goal of the
initial stage of the decontamination process (while the diver is still dressed), due to the wet contact
time required to achieve this. A secondary definitive decontamination of dry suits and equipment
may be required after the dry suit/equipment has been removed. Since some of the contaminants
at a site may be unknown, it is necessary to use a decontamination solution that is effective for a
variety of contaminants (EPA 1985).
Decontamination solutions prepared from concentrated products (e.g., soap or bleach) should be
diluted with potable water and not site water, since site water may negatively impact the final
strength of the prepared decontamination solution.
It is recommended that prior to the start of site activities the contaminants of concern should be
identified, and care should be given to select the most appropriate decontamination solution(s). If
contaminants are anticipated but not well documented a very conservative approach should be
used in selecting the most effective broad based decontamination solution(s). Antimicrobial soap
is generally a very effective decontamination solution since it will kill some biological
contaminants and is also a surfactant which will remove most contaminants from the diver's suit.
When the diver's suit is contaminated with oil and/or grease a decontamination solution with
degreasing properties such as Simple Green may be effective as a single decontamination solution
or in conjunction with other decontamination solutions. Always ensure the disinfectant is
registered for the intended use and follow label directions. Although an iodine-based
decontamination solution or alcohol may not be useful as a primary decontamination solution, it
may be most effective for use decontaminating various pieces of dive equipment such full face
masks (i.e., AGA masks). Harsher or more aggressive decontamination solutions such as TSP and
quaternary-ammonium compounds (quats) may not be an ideal primary decontamination solution
but may be useful in performing a secondary definitive decontamination on certain equipment after
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it has been removed from the diver. Certain commercially available decontamination solutions
such as DF200 have been tested and shown to be effective on specific biological and chemical
contaminants. Although this solution is more expensive than many of the other decontamination
solutions listed below, when those contaminants are present DF200 would likely be the most
reliable decontamination solution available.
Water
As noted above, the most important decontamination solution for removal of biological vectors is
potable water (EPA, 2010). A plentiful supply of potable water, preferably from a low-pressure
hose hooked up to a municipal water supply or a large water tank is the first and last step of all
decontamination procedures. If a large tank is not available, smaller containers (e.g., 5-gallon
buckets, collapsible plastic containers, Hudson sprayers) of potable water should be available.
Water from a hose should not be under pressure any higher than typical municipal water pressure
(40 to 70 pounds per square inch). High pressure hoses (e.g., pressure washers) may damage the
diver's suit or force contaminants into seams or contaminate nearby surface support personnel. In
some instances, a thorough rinse with potable water is all the decontamination the diver needs
(e.g., after diving in salt water).
Commercial Soaps/Cleaning Solutions
A strong solution of soap/cleaning solutions (dish soap typically has more surfactant than hand
soap) is the next most commonly used decontamination solution. Commercial soaps/cleaning
solutions are readily available and produced by numerous companies using different various
synthetic and/or natural active ingredients. When selecting a soap/cleaning solution the
following properties should be considered:
1) Surfactant Effectiveness - The greater the surfactant effectiveness the easier the solution will
remove contaminants and oil/grease during the decontamination process. A soap's surfactant
action will remove most organic contamination and scrubbing with soapy water will remove
sediment-associated inorganics (e.g., metals). Soap will also wash away biological
contaminants (when biological contaminants are washed off, they are not killed, but their
physical remove can result in an effective decontamination). When decontaminating oils and
grease, the surfactants' effectiveness is usually a key consideration when selecting an
appropriate decontamination solution.
2) Antimicrobial Properties - Some soap/cleaning solutions include antimicrobial additives.
The active ingredient used in most antimicrobial soaps is triclosan. Triclosan works, even at
very low concentrations, by blocking enoyl-acyl carrier-protein reductase (ENR), preventing
bacteria and fungi from producing fatty acids needed for cell membranes and other vital
functions (Senese 2005). Humans don't have the ENR enzyme, and so triclosan is harmless
enough for use in a wide variety of consumer goods including cosmetics and toothpaste
(Senese 2005). Because of its effectiveness and safety, antimicrobial dish soap is often the
solution of choice for decontaminating patients arriving at hospital emergency rooms (USVA
2006; Jagminas 2006). In hand-washing experiments, antimicrobial soap was shown to be
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more effective at removing biological agents than soap with no antimicrobial additive (CDC
2002). Consult the FDA and CDC for disinfectants appropriate for use on the Diver.
3) Biodegradabilitv - Many biodegradable products are readily available. When
decontamination solutions may be released into the environment during the decontamination
process a biodegradable product should be used. When the decontamination solutions are
controlled and contained, this criterion is of less importance. The products biodegradability
is usually specified on the products label or the associated Material Safety Data Sheet
(MSDS).
4) Safety - When selecting an appropriate soap/cleaning solution the safety to all personnel and
equipment should be considered. To access the safety of a solution MSDS should be
consulted. When possible, non-hazardous solutions with a HMIS health rating of 1 or less
should be utilized. The MSDS will identify any specific health hazards (eye, skin, ingestion,
and inhalation) and the appropriate protective equipment should be used if needed. The
MSDS will also list any applicable first aid measures, accidental release measures, handling
and storage requirements, exposure controls, and the solutions stability and reactivity (which
is important when using multiple decontamination solutions and/or compatibility with dive
equipment materials).
Biodegradable antimicrobial soap registered for its intended use is a useful decontamination
solution because it has wide applicability, ready availability, it is safe for use on both the diver and
the diver's suit, and it requires no special PPE or disposal. The leftover soap solution can be used
to clean the decontamination zone, the boat or other equipment.
Numerous other safe, effective and biodegradable decontamination soap/cleaning solutions (with
or without antimicrobial agents) are available and should be considered based on decontamination
requirements. These products include Simple Green® Ail-Purpose Cleaner (general all-purpose
cleaner/degreaser), Citrus Klean (natural citrus based cleaner/degreaser), BioSol (Organic solvent
degreaser), ZEP Big Orange (natural citrus based cleaner/degreaser), ZEP Acclaim (liquid hand
soap), Orange Blossom (natural citrus based cleaner/degreaser) and Citrus Magic (natural citrus
based cleaner/degreaser). These products contain various natural and synthetic active ingredients
including citrus terpenes [d-Limonene], sodium silicate/metasilicate, linear alcohol ethoxylate,
sodium iminodisuccinate, monoethanolamine, dipropylene glycol methyl ether, dipropylene
glycol monomethyl, and sodium dodecylbenzene suflonate.
Bleach
Sodium hypochlorite, in the form of chlorine bleach, is a biocide that is readily available in most
supermarkets. Household bleach is approximately 6% sodium hypochlorite (Clorox 2005). A 5%
solution of bleach (approximately six ounces mixed into a gallon of water) will kill most bacteria,
fungi and viruses on a hard, non-porous surface after a five-minute contact time (Clorox 2006). In
order to overcome the consumption of free chlorine by organic matter in the site water, a 10%
solution of bleach (12 ounces in a gallon of water) could be used for diver decontamination.
Contact time, in this case, is defined as the length of time the wet solution is in contact with the
surface to be cleaned. Contact time should follow label instructions for EPA registered usage. It
is difficult to keep the diver wet for the entire contact time, so bleach is not the best choice to
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decontaminate the diver's suit. However, it is quite simple and effective to soak the diver's fins,
harness, BCD, etc. Care must be taken when using bleach as a decontamination solution, since it
will burn eyes and mucous membranes in a 10% solution. Bleach can burn unprotected skin and
can damage clothes and dive equipment. Proper PPE (e.g., disposable rain suits, face shield,
surgical gloves) is mandatory when using bleach as a decontamination solution.
Calcium hypochlorite is also used as a biocide, and it is readily available in powder form (e.g.,
swimming pool chlorine granules). A 10% calcium hypochlorite solution has greater available
chlorine than a sodium hypochlorite solution. However, the powder is not readily soluble in water,
and should be mixed thoroughly in warm, preferably soft to moderately hard water prior to use.
This makes it difficult to achieve a desired concentration. Calcium hypochlorite granules can burn
unprotected skin and can damage clothes and dive equipment. The powder also poses an inhalation
risk (Arch Chemicals 2002). Proper PPE (e.g., disposable rain suits, face shield, respirator mask,
surgical gloves) is mandatory when using calcium hypochlorite as a decontamination solution.
Due to the potential harm caused on hoses, brass, and other life support components, bleach should
not be used on regulators, full face masks, and suits but may be appropriate for hard surfaces in
well ventilated areas.
Betadine
Betadine is a brand name for a 10% povidone-iodine solution commonly used in hospitals under
FDA registration to disinfect wounds and prepare skin for surgery. Undiluted Betadine will kill
most pathogens after ten minutes of contact time (always refer to label instructions). Contact time,
in this case, is defined as the length of time the wet solution is in contact with the surface to be
cleaned. The diver must effectively be kept wet with undiluted Betadine for the entire contact time
to prevent the solution on the suit from drying. Iodophors such as Betadine use povidone to slow
the release of iodine, while using surfactants to increase penetration (Abedon 2003). Since the
solution is reddish-brown, it may be easy to see if any areas have been missed. Care must be taken
when using Betadine as a decontamination solution since prolonged contact of large skin areas can
lead to excessive absorption of iodine (Purdue 2005). Betadine will also burn eyes and mucous
membranes, and will stain clothing, dive equipment, and boats. Proper PPE (e.g., disposable rain
suits, face shield/eye protection, gloves) is mandatory when using Betadine, and it is recommended
that all surrounding surfaces be covered with disposable plastic sheeting to prevent permanent
staining.
Pre-mixed iodine based solutions with a cleaning agent such as Multi-Wash™ Mini have been
tested and are commercially available. These types of solutions may not be ideal for primary diver
decontamination but are effective in cleaning and disinfecting certain types of dive gear such as
full-face masks (Scott Health and Safety 2009). Always use disinfectants registered for their
intended usage and follow label instructions.
Quaternary-Ammonium Compounds
Many commercial and household cleaners are based on QATS. These products (e.g., Zepamine
A) are designed primarily for deodorizing and sanitizing general household areas, kitchens,
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cafeterias, food processing equipment/utensils. Additional uses include algae control in pools and
cooling systems (Zep 2006). Quats are highly toxic to fish and aquatic plants, and care should be
taken not to allow decontamination liquids to enter any body of surface water. If quats are mixed
with chlorine bleach, the exothermic reaction is potentially explosive and the resultant chlorine
gas may be hazardous. Quats are also corrosive to skin and eyes, and proper PPE and disposal of
wash fluid is required.
TSP
TSP is an acronym for tri-sodium phosphate, a strong cleaner/degreaser. However, in the 1970s
use of phosphate-containing products was limited. Some products on the market today that are
sold as TSP may contain other ingredients and can be less than half TSP (Savogran 2001a). Other
products sold as TSP or TSP-substitutes may contain no phosphate and may be acutely corrosive
to skin and eyes (Red Devil 2006, Savogran 2001b). TSP products are commonly used to prepare
surfaces for painting, remove mildew from home siding, and remove stains from patios or
driveways. While TSP is a common household cleaner, it is not appropriate for some materials.
TSP will stain metals and can etch glass and fiberglass. When using TSP solutions, care should
be taken to cover the surrounding area with plastic sheeting and the decontamination liquids should
not be allowed to enter any body of surface water. Proper PPE and disposal of wash fluid is
mandatory when using TSP products.
Alcohol
Isopropyl alcohol (IPA) is also a good biocide (NIH 2006), and while it may not be appropriate
for decontaminating the diver's entire suit and/or equipment due to cost, it is ideal for wiping down
the areas under the seals of the diver's AGA mask (the latex seal around the diver's face where the
mask meets the dry suit), or around the area where the diver's helmet mates to the dry suit. IPA
is readily available in supermarkets as a 70% IP A/30% water solution, or as individually packaged
wipes. Contact time can be fairly short for the registered usage (always follow the label directions).
Care should be taken not to get IPA on the diver's face or in the diver's eyes. The readily available
70%) IPA solution should not be diluted further before use. Tenders should wear at least eye
protection and gloves when working with IPA.
DF200
There have been several recently developed commercial decontamination solutions that have been
demonstrated to be effective in neutralizing chemical and biological warfare (CBW) agents. DF-
200 is one of these products that have been shown to be very effective against CBW agents while
being environmentally safe, work on a wide range of material surfaces and need contact times
ranging from about 1 to 30 minutes depending on the organism (DUI 2009).
EasyDECON™ DF200 by Intelagard, a DF200 based decontamination solution distributed by
Diving Unlimited International (DUI), was developed as a decontamination solution for use with
CBW agents, but it has also been shown to be effective with a select number of toxic industrial
chemicals (i.e., organophosphates, chlorine, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide and malathion) and other
biological pathogens (E. coli, Salmonella, Pfiesteria, Giardia, fungus and molds) (DUI 2009).
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Although DF200 will neutralize biological contaminants and select chemicals (i.e.,
organophosphates) it will also act as a surfactant, removing but not neutralizing other chemicals,
such as oil/metals etc. Although DF200 may be most effective in some decontamination
procedures, unlike many of the other solutions listed, it is not readily available in the field and
would be one of the most expensive decontamination solutions evaluated.
Other Decontamination Agents
For crude oil/grease on a dry suit or other dive equipment, a variety of cleaning solutions or wipes
impregnated with cleaning agents/degreasers are available. For disinfecting the area under a
diver's AGA mask seal or where the helmet mates with the dry suit a variety of individually sealed
wipes are readily available (e.g., Saniwipes, benzalkonium chloride wipes, etc.). For chemical and
biological agents from terrorism-related incidents, the National Institute of Justice lists other
decontamination solutions that may be investigated for suitability (NIJ 2001). Before using any
cleaning solvent, its safety for skin contact and compatibility with dry suit and equipment materials
must be assessed.
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TABLE 1. Decontamination Solution Effectiveness/Safety on Slick Decontamination Compatible
Surfaces:
Decontamination Solution
Use Against
Biological
Use Against
Chemical
Safety for
Diver Skin
Dive Gear
Compatibility
Contaminants*
Contaminants
Contact
Potable Water
C1
D2 C3
1
1
Antimicrobial Soap
A
A
1
1
10% Bleach4
A
B
2
3
Simple Green
B
B
1
1
Quaternary Ammonium
A
B
3
2
TSP
B
A
3
3
70% Isopropyl Alcohol
A
C
3
2
*For removal and/or disinfection of biological contaminants. Some decontamination solutions may
disinfect certain biological contaminants while only removing others. If the intent is disinfection of the
biological contaminant, the user must ensure the decontamination solution is registered for such as use
by reviewing the product label. If the product is registered for use, e.g. the ListN for disinfection
effective against SARS-CoV2, the user must follow directions and pay close attention to required
contact time.
Effectiveness: A = Most Effective, B = Very Effective, C = Effective, D =Not effective
Safety/Compatibility: 1 = Not Harmful, 2 = Potentially Harmful, 3 = Harmful if precautions are not
followed
1: 95% removal of biological vectors was achieved on a Viking drysuit using solely potable water; Pedersen, 2010.
2: Hydrophobic chemicals
3: Hydrophilic chemicals
4: Bleach is not recommended on life support equipment due to its destructive nature on metal, brass, and plastic.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
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STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES FOR
DIVER DECONTAMINATION
REFERENCES (Attachment 1)
Abedon, S.T. 2003. Sterilization and Disinfection - Chapter Review for Micro 509 course at Ohio State
University. Available at www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/blackl2.htm.
Arch Chemicals, Inc. 2002. Material Safety Data Sheet: HTH Dry Chlorine Granular. Arch Chemicals,
Inc., Norwalk, Connecticut. MSDS prepared February 2002.
Clorox (The Clorox Company). 2005. Clorox Regular Bleach, Material Safety Data Sheet. The CI or ox
Company, Oakland, California. MSDS prepared May 2005. Available at www.clorox.com.
Clorox (The Clorox Company). 2006. Clorox Bleach, Frequently Asked Questions. The Clorox
Company, Oakland, California. Information downloaded February 2006. Available at
www.clorox.com.
CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 2002. Guideline for Hand Hygiene in Health-Care
Settings: Recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Commitee and the
HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report,
volume 51, number RR-16, October 25, 2002.
DUI (Diving Unlimited International, Inc.). 2009. Public Safety Diving Equipment, Personal Incident
Decontamination System. Information downloaded September 2009. Available at www.DUI-
Online.com.
EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). 1985. Interim Protocol for Diving Operations
in Contaminated Water. Author, R.P. Traver, U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development,
Hazardous Waste Engineering Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio. EPA/600/2-85/130.
Henkener, J.A., R. Ehlers. 2000. Study to Identify Chemical and Biological Threats to U.S. Navy
Divers and Swimmers. Final Report. Prepared for the Naval Experimental Diving Unit, Panama City,
Florida by Southwest Research Institute, San Antonia, Texas under contract number
N613 3198D00006/0021.
Jagminas, L. and D.P. Erdman. 2006. Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear and Explosives
(CBRNE) - Chemical Decontamination. Available at http://emedicine.com/emerg/topic893.htm.
LBL (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory). 2006. Biosafety Manual: Decontamination. Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory, Environment, Health and Safety Division, Biosafety Program. Available
at http://www.lbl.gov/ehs/biosafety/manual/index.shtml.
NIH (National Institutes of Health). 2006. Guide to Biodecontamination. National Institutes of Health,
Division of Safety, Office of Research Services. Available at:
www.nih.gov/od/ors/ds/pubs/biodecontamination/index.html.
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STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES FOR
DIVER DECONTAMINATION
NIJ (National Institute of Justice). 2001. Guide for the Selection of Chemical and Biological
Decontaminatioin Equipment for Emergency First Responders, NIJ Guide 103-00. National Institute of
Justice, Law Enforcement and Corrections Standards and Testing Program, National Law Enforcement
and Corrections Technical Center, Rockville, Maryland. October 2001.
Purdue (Purdue Products LP). 2005. Betadine Solution (10% povidone iodine), Material Safety Data
Sheet. Purdue Products LP, Stamford, Connecticut. MSDS prepared July 2005.
Red Devil. 2009. Material Safety Data Sheet: TSP-90 Heavy Duty Cleaner. Red Devil, Inc., Union,
New Jersey. MSDS prepared March 2009.
Savogran. 2001a. Material Safety Data Sheet: TSP. Savogran, Norwood, Massachusetts. MSDS
prepared August 2001. Available at: http://www.savogran.com/Information/TSP MS.pdf.
Savogran. 2001b. Material Safety Data Sheet: Liquid TSP Substitute. Savogran, Norwood,
Massachusetts. MSDS prepared September 2001. Available at:
http://www.savogran.com/Information/TSP Liquid Sub MS.pdf
Scott Health and Safety (Tyco Fire and Security). 2009. Multi-Wash™ Mini Cleaner and Disinfectant
Fact Sheet. Scott Health and Safety, Monroe, North Carolina. Information downloaded October 2009.
Available at www.scotthealthsafety.com.
Senese, F. 2005. What are triclocarban and triclosan (ingredients in some antiseptic soaps)? Frostburg
University's General Chemistry Online,
http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/faq/triclosan.shtml, updated September 20, 2005.
Sunshine Makers. 2006. Material Safety Data Sheet: Simple Green, also for: Simple Green Scrubbing
Pad. Sunshine Makers, Inc., Huntington Harbour, California. MSDS prepared January 2006.
USEPA, ListN: Disinfectants for Use Against SARS-CoV-2, https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-
registration/list-n-disinfectants-use-against-sars-cov-2
USEPA, EPA/600/2-85/130 Interim Protocol for Diving Operations in Contaminated Water, U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH,Nov. '85
EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). 2010. Sheldrake, Pedersen, Humphrey
et. al. EPA three part polluted water diving module presentations, AAUS 2010
• Comparative Analysis of Federal Program Polluted Water Diving Protocols
• Viking Dry suit Decontamination Study
• Environmental Response Team Polluted Water Diving Protocols
USVA. (United States Department of Veterans Affairs). 2006. Chemical Terrorism General Guidance
Pocket Guide. US Department of Veterans Affairs, Office of Quality and Performance, Clinical Practice
Guidelines. Available at www.oqp.med.va.gov/cpg/cpg.htm.
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STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES FOR
DIVER DECONTAMINATION
Zep (Zep Manufacturing Company). 2006. Product Specification Report: Zepamine A: Concentrated,
Water-Based Deodorant/Sanitizer. Zep Manufacturing Company, Atlanta, Georgia. Product number
1823. Information downloaded March 2006. Available at www.zep.com.
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APPENDIX L
Biohazards Of Diving Operations
and Aquatic Environments
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Acknowledgements
"Biohazards of Diving Operations and Aquatic Environments" (September 1994) was
originally prepared in conjunction with the National Underwater Diving Safety
Management Program by Jerry J. Tulis, Ph.D.; Ricky L. Langley, M.D., M.P.H.; and
Amy M. Gitelman, M.P.H., Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Duke University
Medical Center, Durham, NC, for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Office of Administration and Resources Management, Safety and Sustainability Division,
Washington, D.C. The substantive information in this original paper remains unchanged.
However, it underwent extensive editing and some information was added December
2017, before publication of the EPA Diving Safely Manual, revision 1.4.
The EPA Diving Safety Board would like to thank the Divers Alert Network (DAN) and
in particular Matias Nochetto, M.D., Director, Medical Programs, and Ricky L. Langley,
M.D., M.P.H, FACP, FACOEM, of the North Carolina Department of Health and Human
Services for their valuable input to this document as well as board members Steven
Donohue, Alan Humphrey, and Sean Sheldrake for their contributions.
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Table of Contents
1. PURPOSE L-6
2. BACKGROUND L-7
3. BIOHAZARDS OF AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS L-8
3.1 Infectious Microorganisms L-8
3.1.1 Viruses L-ll
3.1.2 Bacteria L-15
3.1.3 Fungi I .-21
3.1.4 Algae I .-21
3.1.5 Parasites L-23
3.2 Dermatoses L-24
3.2.1 Cymothoidism L-25
3.2.2 Schistosome Dermatitis L-25
3.2.3 Seabather's Eruption L-25
3.2.4 Seaweed Dermatitis L-25
3.2.5 Cutaneous Larva Migrans L-26
3.2.6 Other Allergic Reactions L-26
3.3 Intoxications L-26
3.4 Envenomations L-27
3.4.1 Venomous Invertebrates L-27
3.4.2 Venomous Vertebrates L-29
3.5 Dangerous Non-Venomous Aquatic Animals L-30
4. CONTROLLING AND PREVENTING EXPOSURE L-32
4.1 General Considerations L-32
4.1.1 Diving After Rainfall/Runoff L-33
4.1.2 Dermal Protection L-33
4.1.3 Respiratory Protection L-34
4.1.4 Good Work Habits L-34
5. MEDICAL MONITORING PROGRAM L-36
5.1 Medical Surveillance L-36
5.2 Prophylactic Vaccination L-36
5.3 Post-Exposure Evaluation L-36
6. EMPLOYEE AWARENESS L-37
6.1 General Considerations and Training L-37
6.2 Biological Safety L-38
7. REFERENCES L-39
8. GLOSSARY/DEFINITIONS L-40
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List of Tables
Table 1. Selected Pathogens That Can Be Transmitted by Water 9
Table 2. Marine Bacteria Causing Human Skin and Soft Tissue Infections 15
Table 3. Selected Toxin-Producing Cyanobacterial Genera in North American Lakes 22
Table 4. Zoonotic Diseases Transmitted from Marine Mammals to Humans 31
Table 5. Zoonotic Infections Transmitted from Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles 32
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GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
CDC
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CMV
Cytomegalovirus
DAN
Divers Alert Network
DEET
N,N-Di ethyl -meta-toluami de
EBV
Epstein-Barr virus
EPA
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
HAB
Harmful Algal Bloom
HBV
Hepatitis B
HCV
Hepatitis C
HIV
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
IGRA
Interferon Gamma-Release Assays
OSHA
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
PAM
Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis
PCF
Pharyngo-conjunctival Fever
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BIOHAZARDS OF DIVING OPERATIONS
AND AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS
1. PURPOSE
The purpose of this document is to help safeguard divers, boat operators and other personnel
involved in aquatic operations from biohazards they may encounter in the environment.
Information on potential workplace biohazards is provided to help protect employees while
performing duties like collecting water, sediment, and sludge samples; acquiring marine and
freshwater specimens; and conducting various diving procedures. This document focuses on
those biohazards that may be unique to, or pose a higher risk for, participants in the EPA's
Diving Program.
Since EPA diving projects may involve diving and boating in water with biological or chemical
contaminants, the EPA Diver Training curriculum includes use of variable-volume dry suits, full-
face masks, compatible dive equipment and procedures for contaminated water diving, first aid
for marine wounds, and proper diver decontamination methods. However, all trained EPA divers
and support personnel must continually update their awareness of possible biohazards in the
marine environment.
"Biohazards of Diving Operations and Aquatic Environments" sets forth measures for
minimizing workers' occupational exposure to biohazards in underwater and diving operations.
The hazards involved in dive operations are the same ones EPA workers may encounter in land-
based operations but may also include hazards unique to the aquatic environment. The scope of
this document does not include biohazards that divers or field personnel may face on the surface
from mosquito and other terrestrial disease-causing organisms. As with any field operation,
aquatic and dive operations involve aspects of physical activity that can result in injury leading
to infection. Handling diving and aquatic equipment and supplies commonly involves the
potential for lacerations or abrasions that can become infected by microorganisms.
First responder activities for injured divers, or the sharing of diving equipment, can also
introduce risk of exposure to bloodborne pathogens. However small the risk, employers should
provide training on universal precautions, work practice controls, personal protective equipment
and other provisions of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
"Bloodborne Pathogens" standard, available at Title 29 of the Code of Federal Regulations, part
1910.1030.
Further potential for infection exists from the aquatic environment, both fresh and saltwater, such
as exposure to biohazards from waterborne microorganisms, microbial toxins, plants and animals
that may be encountered in diving operations. This document also provides some information on
first aid for injuries and treatment related to biohazards.
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2. BACKGROUND
Water covers more than 70 percent of the Earth's surface, and many vocational activities involve
exposure to water and the biota present in water. All oceans, seas, lakes, rivers and ponds contain
a wide variety of microorganisms, in addition to higher forms of aquatic life.
All diving operations are conducted in biologically contaminated water, the degree of hazard
being a function of the type and number of potentially infective or venomous organisms and
aquatic life present. Seawater and inland waters are essentially mixtures of many different
microorganisms, some that inhabit the aquatic environment and others that originate from human
and animal excreta and shedding.
The majority of microorganisms found as aquatic inhabitants are harmless to humans - normal
commensals of animals, birds and mammals. But there are dangerous and life-threatening life
forms in all the waters of the world. Certain species of viruses, bacteria, fungi, algae and
parasites are recognized as human pathogens and opportunistic microorganisms; the major
sources of these disease-producing organisms are human and animal excreta, especially from
infected hosts. Besides these normal inhabitants of marine and fresh waters, contamination of
water from various sources poses an increased hazard to exposed persons. The discharge of raw
sewage into oceans, lakes and rivers is the primary source of exposure to potentially infectious
and toxigenic microorganisms for both humans and animals, including consumable species such
as shellfish. These sources of contamination include human and animal waste, industrial wastes,
agricultural wastes, and other forms of pollution such as fertilizer runoff from farms. Many
species of animal viruses, bacteria, fungi, algae and parasites are found in sewage effluents that
may be discharged into rivers, oceans and lakes.
The appearance of water per se may be misleading for workers (seemingly pristine, crystal-clear
water can be grossly contaminated with microorganisms, containing upwards of a million per
milliliter). However, brackish, foul-smelling water is significantly more likely to have extensive
microbial contamination - unless the pollution is due to toxic chemicals, which may also be
detrimental to microbial life and pose a risk to the diver. Taking protective measures is prudent
when entering water known to have been influenced, or potentially influenced, by effluents from
sewage disposal.
The injuries often experienced during aquatic operations, including abrasions, lacerations and
punctures, are readily contaminated with microorganisms, potentially leading to infection. In
addition, exposure of mucous membranes of the eyes (i.e., conjunctival exposure), nose (i.e.,
rhinal exposure), and mouth; exposure of the ear canal; exposure to genitalia, and the swallowing
and aspiration of contaminated water can lead to serious infections and intoxications.
A hierarchy of protective measures can be used to eliminate or significantly reduce exposures to
aquatic biohazards. Included are accepted and proven engineering operations, good work
practices, and the use of personal protective equipment. An adjunct to these measures of
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protection against infectious microorganisms and animal toxins is the use of vaccines and other
prophylactic chemotherapeutic or biological agents (preventative medicines).
Typically, every EPA Diver is issued a complete set of personal diving equipment, which often
includes a full-face mask, dry suit with dry hood, and dry gloves, to minimize potential exposure
to biological and chemical contaminants. However, equipment - such as diving helmets - is
sometimes shared during diving operations. Shared equipment can become contaminated with
blood and other body fluids. Consequently, the possibility of transmission of human diseases
from one diver to another exists, especially for diseases such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C,
tuberculosis, herpes virus and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), among others. This
document describes appropriate precautions and other measures to eliminate or reduce the
potential for disease transmission when using shared diving equipment.
Information and training should be provided to employees on the presence of aquatic biohazards.
This training must include information on the cause of potential infectious diseases and
envenomation (poisonings), the clinical onset and symptoms of specific diseases, measures for
prevention and control of exposure, and accepted treatment modalities (methods of therapy).
Specific information on the proper cleaning and disinfection of diving equipment is mandatory.
The healthcare provider will give medical assistance to injured and ill workers, keep injury and
infection records for employees, immunize employees as indicated and keep vaccination records,
provide periodic serologic testing to establish immune status and infectivity, conduct skin testing
to monitor exposures to certain infectious agents (e.g., tuberculosis), and conduct periodic
physical examinations on employees.
The employer maintains the full responsibility for ensuring that all employees whose duties
require exposure to aquatic environments have the best protection possible against exposure to
both pathogens and other hazards associated with polluted waters.
3. BIOHAZARDS OF AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS
Many potential health hazards affect people performing diving and aquatic operations. These
hazards can be segregated into five categories: infectious microorganisms, dermatoses,
intoxications, envenomations and dangerous non-venomous aquatic animals.
It is important that the person involved with diving or sample/specimen collection and
processing be cognizant of the potential hazards involved in these operations in the waters they
are working in, and that they always perform their tasks as safely as possible to reduce or
eliminate injury or illness.
3.1 Infectious Microorganisms
All bodies of water worldwide, including saltwater and freshwater, contain many species of
microorganisms. Some of these microorganisms represent indigenous organisms and others
represent contaminating organisms, from sewage, industrial and agricultural wastes, and human
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and animal shedding. Among both the indigenous and contaminating microorganisms, in all
bodies of water, may be species of viruses, bacteria, fungi, algae and parasites that are human
pathogens - that is, associated with human disease. Table 1 lists some of the pathogens that can
be transmitted by water.
Human exposures to waterborne pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms most often result
in illnesses such as gastroenteritis (i.e., inflammation of the stomach and intestines), respiratory
disease, wound infections, otitis externa (infection of the external ear canal), conjunctivitis (i.e.,
infection of the conjunctiva of the eyes) and sinusitis. However, more serious consequences and
life-threatening complications can occur. In addition, during diving operations workers may be
exposed to the blood or body fluids of coworkers as a result of sharing equipment, thereby
facilitating the transmission of disease agents. Exposure of workers in the aquatic environment
most often occurs through contact (i.e., skin, eyes and ears), penetrating injuries and respiration,
especially during aspiration of contaminated water. Some of the more important viruses,
bacteria, fungi, algae and parasites associated with waterborne disease or diving operations are
briefly discussed in this document.
An evaluation by a health care provider is recommended when symptoms of disease or injury are
evident or if the diver is concerned they may have been exposed to a potentially harmful agent.
Table 1. Selected Pathogens That Can Be Transmitted by Water
Agenl
Disease
Incubation Period
liaderia
Aeromonas spp.
Wound infection
1-2 days
Burkholderia
pseudomallei
Pneumonia, skin lesions
1-21 days
Campylobacter spp.
Gastroenteritis
3-5 days
Cronobacter sakazakii
Infections, sepsis, pneumonia
Unknown
Escherichia coli
Gastroenteritis
10-72 hours
Helicobacter pylori
Chronic gastritis
5-10 days
Klebsiella spp.
Skin infections, respiratory infection
Unknown, likely a
few days
Legionella spp.
Pontiac fever
Pneumonia
5-66 hours
2-14 days
Leptospira spp.
Weil's disease (headache, chills, fever,
nausea, neck or joint pain)
2-20 days
Plesiomonas shigelloides
Gastroenteritis
24-48 hours
Providencia
Gastroenteritis, urinary tract infection
1-4 days
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Agenl
Disease
Ineuhsilion Period
Psuedomonas spp.
Skin infection, eye infection, respiratory
infection
1-3 days
Shiga-toxin-producing E.
co//0157:H7
Gastroenteritis, hemolytic uremic
syndrome, kidney failure
12 hours-8 days
Salmonella enteric
serovar typhi
Typhoid fever
7-28 days
Salmonella spp.
Salmonellosis
8-48 hours
Shigella spp.
Bacillary dysentery
1-7 days
Staphylococcus aureus
Skin infections
Variable, commonly
4-10 days
Vibrio cholerae 01
Profuse, watery diarrhea, vomiting, rapid
dehydration
9-72 hours
Vibrio cholerae non-Ol
Watery diarrhea
1-5 days
Vibrio spp.
Wound infections, gastroenteritis, sepsis
2 hours-7 days
Yersinia enterocolitica
Gastroenteritis
2-7 days
Parasites
Acanthamoebae
Eye infections, meningitis
Days-weeks
Balantidium coli
Gastroenteritis
4-5 days
Blastocystis
Gastroenteritis
Unclear
Cryptosporidium parvum
Diarrhea
1-2 weeks
Cyclospora cayatanensis
Watery diarrhea alternating with
constipation
2-11 days
Dracunculis medinensis
Guinea worm
10-12 months
Entamoeba histolytica
Amoebic dysentery
2-4 weeks
Fasciola spp.
Liver flukes
3-11 weeks
Giardia lamblia
Diarrhea, malabsorption
5-25 days
Isospora belli
Diarrhea
3-14 days
Microsporidium
Chronic diarrhea, weight loss
Unknown
Naegleria fowleri
Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis
Minutes to hours
Schistosomes
Skin rash (non-invasive forms)
Systemic illness (invasive forms): fever,
headache, myalgia, diarrhea, rash,
respiratory symptoms
Within 12 hours
2-6 weeks
Toxoplasma gondii
Toxoplasmosis
5-20 days
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Agenl
Disease
liicuhsitioii Period
Viruses
Adenovirus
Respiratory illness, conjunctivitis,
vomiting, diarrhea
1-5 days
Aichi virus
Gastroenteritis
27-60 hours
Astrovirus
Vomiting, diarrhea
3-4 days
Calicivirus
Vomiting, diarrhea
15-50 hours
coronavirus
Vomiting, diarrhea, respiratory illness
2-4 days
Coxsackievirus group A
Meningitis, fever, herpangina, respiratory
illness, paralysis
2-10 days
Coxsackievirus group B
Myocarditis, congenital heart anomalies,
rash fever, meningitis, respiratory illness,
pleurodynia
2-6 days
Echovirus
Meningitis, encephalitis, respiratory
illness, rash diarrhea, fever, myocarditis,
endocarditis
2-10 days
Enterovirus
Meningitis, encephalitis, respiratory
illness, acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis,
fever, gastroenteritis
3-10 days
Hepatitis A virus
Infectious hepatitis
15-50 days
Hepatitis E virus
Hepatitis
15-65 days
Norovirus
Epidemic vomiting and diarrhea
1-3 days
Poliovirus
Paralysis, meningitis, fever
6-20 days
Rotavirus
Diarrhea, vomiting
1-4 days
Sapoviruses
Gastroenteritis
1-4 days
Algsie
Desmodesmus armatus
Wound infection
Unknown
Prototheca spp.
Wound infection
10 days-4 months
Adapted from Heymann 2014 and Yates 2016
3.1.1 Viruses
Many viruses can be found in marine and inland waters, especially those polluted with sewage.
Most viruses are found in human and animal wastes that can contaminate aquatic environments.
Currently there are more than 200 human enteric viruses that may be found in wastewater.
Enteric viruses, also known as enteroviruses, are those viruses that originate from the intestinal
tract. They are found at concentrations of 1 million virus particles per gram of feces. According
to Melnick et al. (1978), sewage levels of about 7,000 virus particles per liter are common in the
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United States, with levels in parts of the world reaching more than 500,000 virus particles per
liter of sewage. Viruses contaminating the oceans, seas, lakes and other bodies of water through
the dumping or release of sewage possess a variable survival in these aquatic environments - that
is, viruses are obligate intracellular parasites and cannot replicate without specific animal host
cells. Survival of free viruses in seawater is a function of both the specific virus and the
environmental conditions. Studies have indicated that survival is enhanced significantly by lower
water temperature and the presence of sediments. Enteroviruses such as the polioviruses and
coxsackieviruses have been shown to survive from 1 to 3 months in seawater, depending on the
season (summer or winter, respectively). The bacteria found in seawater also affect the survival
of viruses by releasing antiviral metabolites that rapidly inactivate viruses. In sewage treatment
plants, chlorination is moderately effective in viral inactivation.
The knowledge that viruses can survive for many weeks upon release to marine or fresh waters is
important for the understanding and application of exposure and infection control practices.
Moreover, besides the viruses associated with shedding and the release of sewage that contribute
to the pollution of aquatic systems, there are viruses that inhabit aquatic life as either indigenous
commensals (intestinal symbionts) or pathogens that can infect humans or contaminate seafood.
The major virus families recognized as sewage-associated waterborne organisms that pose a risk
to humans are the following:
• Adenoviridae: adenoviruses
• Astroviridae: astrovirus
• Caliciviridae: norovirus, Sapporovirus
• Hepeviridae: hepatitis E
• Picornaviradae: Aichivirus, coxsackievirus, poliovirus, echovirus, hepatitis A
• Reoviridae: rotavirus A, B and C
Viruses that are transmissible through blood and other body fluids could pose a risk to divers
sharing equipment that becomes contaminated with these fluids. Among these are:
• Hepatitis B (HBV)
• Hepatitis C (HCV)
• Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
• Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
• Epstein-Barr virus (EB V)
• Hemorrhagic fever viruses
• Varicella zoster virus (chickenpox or shingles)
• Influenza and common cold viruses
• Exanthematous viral infections
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The following subsections briefly discuss the more important sewage-associated viruses (i.e.,
adenoviruses, enteroviruses, hepatitis A and hepatitis E) and bloodborne pathogens (i.e., hepatitis
B, hepatitis C, and HIV) found in aquatic environments and operations.
3.1.1.1 Adenoviruses
Adenoviruses are primarily associated with infections of the conjunctiva, respiratory system and
intestinal tract. There are more than 40 serotypes of human adenoviruses. Adenoviral infections
are primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route and by contact, with fecal shedding
continuing for months or years after initial infection. Ocular infections have been associated with
exposure to fecal-contaminated water, resulting in sporadic or epidemic outbreaks of pharyngo-
conjunctival fever (PCF). Disease onset is abrupt, with sore throat, fever and conjunctivitis;
accompanying headache, malaise, nausea and diarrhea are common. In adults, the disease is
milder than among children, and primarily involves the eyes. Complete recovery occurs in
several weeks.
3.1.1.2 Enteroviruses
Enteroviruses include viruses responsible for gastroenteritis and for human poliomyelitis, which
is transmitted through the fecal-oral route. Enteric viruses can cause a variety of illnesses
including gastroenteritis and more rarely encephalitis, meningitis, conjunctivitis, myocarditis and
respiratory illnesses.
One of the more serious illnesses is polio. During the gastrointestinal phase of infection, copious
quantities of poliovirus are shed in the feces; this phase may last for months. With proper sewage
management, the poliovirus is inactivated; where sewage management is minimal or absent, the
poliovirus remains viable in the environmental setting for months. Transmission takes place
through consumption of contaminated water or food, or exposure to virus-contaminated vectors
(e.g., flies). Most infections remain asymptomatic, with approximately one paralytic case for
every 100-150 infections. Highly effective live and inactivated vaccine preparations against
poliomyelitis are available. In less developed regions of the world, poliomyelitis remains a
serious public health problem.
For the majority of enteroviruses, there are no vaccines available and treatment is primarily
symptomatic.
3.1.1.3 Hepatitis A
Hepatitis A is usually spread through the fecal-oral route, i.e., through sewage-contaminated
water and food (including seafood), and by contact. The virus can survive in both salt and fresh
water. Clinical symptoms include fatigue, fever, nausea, malaise and jaundice. The disease is
self-limiting, with a fatality rate of less than 0.1 percent. No chronicity (i.e., association with
cirrhosis or carcinoma of the liver) or carrier state develops, as can occur with HBV and HCV
infections. A vaccine for hepatitis A is available. Prophylaxis with immune globulin should be
considered for travel to endemic areas if travel occurs within less than 1 week of vaccination.
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3.1.1.4 Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B is usually spread through contact with contaminated blood or body fluids or as a
sexually transmitted disease. Clinical disease presents with fever, malaise and jaundice. Serious
sequelae include liver disease, cirrhosis and cancer; a carrier state may develop. Risks for divers
and other aquatic workers include exposure to contaminated diving equipment and working in
polluted waters contaminated by human body fluids. Highly effective vaccines are available that
are mandated by the OSHA Bloodborne Pathogen standard for workers at risk of exposure to
blood or body fluids. Antiviral medications are available for treatment of infection.
3.1.1.5 Hepatitis C
Hepatitis C is usually spread through contact with contaminated blood or by sexual transmission.
Clinical disease is often mild and asymptomatic and characterized by waxing and waning
elevation in liver enzyme levels. Anorexia, fatigue, nausea, abdominal pain and jaundice may
occur. About 80 percent of cases may develop a chronic hepatitis. Serious sequelae may include
fatty liver, liver cancer and cirrhosis; infected persons have an increased risk of lymphoma,
glomerulonephritis and autoimmune thyroid problems. Risks for divers and other aquatic
workers include exposure to contaminated diving equipment. Although there is currently no
vaccine to prevent hepatitis C, medications are available and highly effective to treat the
infection.
3.1.1.6 Hepatitis E
Hepatitis E is usually transmitted through the fecal-oral route through sewage-contaminated
water and food, including shellfish. There is some evidence that hepatitis E may also be a
zoonotic infection. Anorexia, fatigue, nausea, abdominal pain and jaundice may occur. The
disease is usually mild, and no chronic state is recognized except in immunocompromised
persons. However, it may be serious in pregnant females with up to 20 percent mortality.
Treatment is primarily symptomatic, although the antiviral agent ribavarin has shown some
effectiveness in clearing the infection. There is no commercially available vaccine yet but trials
are underway. Immunoglobulin has not proven effective.
3.1.1.7 Human Immunodeficiency Virus
HIV is responsible for the clinical condition recognized as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
(AIDS). HIV is transmissible in the occupational setting by accidental needle stick, mucous
membrane exposure or viral contact with broken skin (e.g., eczema). Infections usually remain
latent for many years, ultimately leading to a variety of life-threatening AIDS-defined clinical
conditions, including opportunistic infections (e.g., candidiasis, Pneumocystis) and cancer.
Among employees whose tasks involve diving operations with shared equipment, the
opportunity for exposure to the blood and/or body fluids of coworkers exists, unless the
equipment is scrupulously cleaned and disinfected after each use. No vaccine is available
currently. Prophylactic chemotherapeutic medications are available if exposure has occurred.
(Follow the latest Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] guidelines for bloodborne
pathogen exposures, available at https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/bbp/guidelines.html.)
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3.1.2 Bacteria
Although certain bacterial species exist as indigenous microflora in the aquatic environment, the
primary sources of waterborne bacteria associated with human infection come from sewage
effluents. Raw and treated sewage contains many species of bacteria, some of which are human
pathogens. The majority of bacteria found in aquatic environments are enteric organisms
(primarily gram-negative species such as E. coli, Salmonella sp. and Shigella sp.). Other
contaminating bacterial species are the gram-positive organisms (e.g., staphylococci and
streptococci) and the acid-fast organisms (i.e., the mycobacteria).
Skin and soft tissue infections resulting from injuries in the aquatic (fresh and salt water)
environment are not uncommon. Many species of "common bacteria" such as E. coli, Klebsiella
pneumoniae, Proteus sp., Psuedomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus sp. and Streptococcus sp.
can cause skin and soft tissue infection after an injury resulting in pyodermas, impetigo and
erysipelas. However, some more unusual bacteria can cause severe or prolonged skin and soft
tissue infections. These are presented in Table 2 below.
Table 2. Marine Bacteria Causing Human Skin and Soft Tissue Infections
Aeromonas hydrophila
Chromobacterium violaceum
Comamonas sp.
1'xhvardsiella tarda
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathie
Mycobacterium abscessus
Aeromonas hydrophila
Chromobacterium violaceum
Comamonas sp.
Edwardsiella tarda
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathie
Mycobacterium abscessus
Mycobacterium fortuitum
Mycobacterium marinum
Shewanella sp.
Streptococcus iniae
Vibrio alginolyticus
Vibrio cincinnatiensis
Vibrio damsela
Vibrio metchnikovii
Vibrio vulnificus
Adapted from Diaz 2014 and Diaz and Lopez 2015
In addition to the bacteria found in the aquatic environment, there are other potentially infectious
organisms that could be associated with the sharing of diving equipment due to contact with the
sputum of an ill person. Among these bacteria are the causative agents of tuberculosis
(Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is readily liberated in the expelled air of clinically ill
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individuals) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (an opportunistic bacterium associated with otitis
externa and other potentially serious infections).
The following subsections briefly discuss the more important bacterial pathogens associated with
aquatic environments and operations, including Aeromonas, Campylobacter, Erysipelothrix,
Mycobacterium, Pseudomonas, Vibrio, Salmonella, Leptospira, Legionella and fecal coliform
bacteria.
3.1.2.1 Aeromonas
Aeromonas species are gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria found as natural inhabitants of
freshwater, where they are responsible for infection among cold-blooded animals (e.g., frogs,
snakes, alligators). They can survive in both fresh and salt water, and have been isolated from
many harbor waters. The motile species - i.e., A. hydrophila, A. caviae and A. sobria - are
associated with human diseases such as soft tissue infections and gastroenteritis by either
penetrating trauma or ingestion, aspiration may result in respiratory infection and septicemia
(blood poisoning). Puncture wounds contaminated with Aeromonas can develop cellulitis within
8 hours, with erythema (reddening), edema (swelling) and a purulent discharge (pus). Localized
pain is considerable; fever, chills and lymphangitis (inflammation of the lymph nodes) may
occur. Aeromonas infections are treatable with a variety of antimicrobials; therapy for serious
infections should include a combination of an aminoglycoside and either a fluoroquinolone or
third- or fourth-generation cephalosporins until culture and antibiotic sensitivities are reported.
3.1.2.2 Campylobacter
Campylobacter species are found worldwide as commensals (intestinal symbionts) in a large
number of wild and domestic animals. Species responsible for human infection include C. jejuni,
which has the broadest animal reservoir; C. coli; and C. fetus. Outbreaks of disease have been
associated with the consumption of contaminated food or water, and the fecal-oral route has been
implicated in person-to-person spread. The disease is diagnosed more often in children than
adults, and may account for about 9 percent of all diarrheal cases. Several clinical forms of C.
jejuni disease exist, from the most common enteritis (of one to seven days' duration with fever,
headache, abdominal pain and diarrhea) to an acute colitis with fever, abdominal cramps, and
bloody diarrhea. C. fetus presents less often with enteric disease, more often as an acute
bacteremia. Most C. jejuni infections are self-limiting; effective antibiotic therapy is available.
3.1.2.3 Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is the causative bacterium of erysipeloid in humans, where it occurs
primarily as an occupational disease. Common names for erysipeloid are fish-handler's disease,
crayfish poisoning, speck finger and blubber finger. E. rhusiopathiae is a gram-positive
organism found as a normal inhabitant of many wild and domestic animals, birds and fish. The
organisms are found in the surface slime of both saltwater and freshwater fishes. Human
infections usually occur on the hands at the site of skin injury as nonsuppurative purplish
erythematous lesions (purple-red rashes), associated with pain and itching. Most infections are
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self-limiting, although complications including endocarditis (inflammation of the heart's interior
lining) can occur. Antibiotics provide effective treatment.
3.1.2.4 Fecal Coliforms
Fecal coliforms are gram-negative, non-spore-forming bacteria (in the family
Enterobacteriaceae) that ferment lactose; they are widely used as indicators of fecal pollution
because of their high numbers in fecal waste and because they are often easier to quantify than
pathogens directly. Total coliform bacteria can be used as indicators of fecal contamination in
fresh water and drinking water, but are not recommended as indicators for recreational water due
to their ubiquity in the environment. Thermotolerant coliforms have been used as indicators of
fecal contamination of fresh water. However, the presence of total coliforms and thermotolerant
coliforms has also been associated with non-fecal sources of contamination. Thus, E. coli has
been used as an indicator for its apparent specificity to fecal material. The EPA has promulgated
levels of E. coli and enterococci (gram-positive bacteria) as indicators of fecal pollution in
recreational waters. Ingestion of fecal coliforms including E. coli may result in a gastroenteritis
and uncommonly renal damage. Skin injuries may become infected by these organisms but are
usually minor in a healthy person.
3.1.2.5 Legionellae
Legionellas are the causative bacteria of legionellosis and Pontiac fever. The Legionellae are
composed of at least 48 species, although about 70 percent of human infections are due to L.
pneumophila. Legionnaires' disease has been reported worldwide, both as endemic outbreaks
and sporadic cases. The natural habitat for the Legionella bacterium is water, including ponds,
lakes, water cooling towers, showers, nebulizers, whirlpools, etc., with transmission occurring
primarily from inhalation of contaminated aerosols. The bacterium can survive and multiply in
tap water for longer than one year; hyper-chlorination is required for microbial inactivation. This
opportunistic pathogen generally afflicts people with specific risk factors (e.g., elevated age,
smoking, alcohol consumption). Two distinct clinical conditions have been described: (1)
Legionnaires' disease, a lower respiratory illness that can lead to systemic disease, with
extensive pulmonary involvement, respiratory failure, and death; and (2) Pontiac fever, a self-
limiting influenza-like illness without pneumonia. No vaccine is available; antibiotic therapy is
recommended for Legionnaire's disease.
3.1.2.6 Leptospira Interrogans
Leptospira interrogans, the causative bacterium of leptospirosis, is contracted through contact
with infected animals or contaminated water: the bacteria enter the body through a skin break or
through mucous membranes. Many wild and domestic animals act as reservoirs, and may
represent the major source of human infection. Swimming, wading, bathing, diving or other
contact with water in ponds, streams and reservoirs contaminated with urine from infected
animals is often the source of human infections, sometimes resulting in outbreaks of illness.
Onset of clinical disease is abrupt and influenza-like; serious sequelae include liver, kidney and
central nervous system involvement. The disease occurs worldwide, especially during the
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summer in temperate climates and as an endemic disease in the tropics. Effective antibiotic
therapy is available; prophylactic use of antibiotics among high-risk occupational groups is
recommended.
3.1.2.7 Mycobacterium Marinum
Mycobacterium marinum is a rod-shaped mycobacterium that is responsible for a disease called
fish tank granuloma or aquarium granuloma. These are granulomatous skin lesions, which occur
primarily at skin sites associated with prior abrasions and a relatively lower skin temperature,
e.g., elbows, knees, toes, and fingers. The organism is widely distributed in nature, occurring in
soil, water, and fish. The clinical infection begins several weeks after exposure, as small papules
that enlarge and may ulcerate. They may or may not be painful, and there may or may not be a
discharge. Complete healing may be spontaneous, but it usually requires several months to two
years. These microorganisms will not grow in standard cultures; require a lower temperature; and
take longer to grow, which usually results in a delayed diagnosis. Antimicrobial therapy is
available. Heat packs may potentiate antibiotic therapy.
3.1.2.8 Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the causative bacterium of tuberculosis. It poses a negligible risk
of infection directly from an aquatic environment. This bacterium is spread from person to
person by contaminated aerosols released through the coughing of clinically ill people. Expelled
sputum and phlegm can contaminate the interior surfaces of the mouthpiece and second stage.
The microorganisms in these potentially infectious aerosols may remain viable for long periods,
and with the infectious dose of tuberculosis being extremely small - i.e., 1-10 organisms -
predisposed coworkers could theoretically be infected.
The most common form of tuberculosis is characterized by pulmonary involvement, with
persistent productive cough, night sweats, weight loss and enlargement of lymph nodes.
Although tuberculosis is rare in healthy young people, it can be fatal in the immunocompromised
and in young children. Antimicrobial regimens are available and recommended. Periodic
tuberculin skin testing or blood testing with interferon gamma-release assays (IGRAs) should be
used to determine if workers have been exposed and need to be treated.
3.1.2.9 Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a gram-negative bacillus, is the primary cause of otitis externa (i.e.,
swimmer's ear) after exposure to water. The disease is common among divers as a result of
altered flora of the ear canal due to prolonged water exposure, and will prevent workers from
diving. Dermatologic and eye infections occur; pneumonia and urinary tract infections have been
reported. Treatment for otitis externa generally involves the use of antibiotic-steroid ear drops.
Serious complications can occur in immunocompromised individuals or diabetics.
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3.1.2.10 Salmonella
Salmonella species found as waterborne pathogens may cause three distinct clinical diseases:
1. A self-limiting gastroenteritis
2. A septicemia
3. An enteric fever (i.e., typhoid fever)
Salmonellae can survive in seawater for several weeks. Several thousand serotypes of
Salmonella exist; the most relevant serotypes associated with human infections are:
• S. enterica serotype Typhi, responsible for typhoid fever
• S. enterica serotype Typhimurium, which causes gastroenteritis
• S. enterica serotype Enteritidis, which causes gastroenteritis
• S. enterica serotype Choleraesuis, which causes septicemia
3.1.2.11 Salmonella Serotype Typhi
Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi is solely carried by humans; it is spread through the fecal-
oral route, and by the consumption of contaminated water and food. In the United States and
other developed countries, the control of carriers, chlorination of water, sewage management and
prophylactic vaccination have kept typhoid fever under control, with about 70 percent of U.S.
cases acquired during travel to endemic areas outside the United States. Among the developing
countries, waterborne transmission represents the major route of infection. Typhoid fever may be
prolonged, lasting about three weeks, with fever, malaise, lethargy, constipation, diarrhea and
bacteremia. The mortality rate is 2-10 percent, with a relapse rate of 20 percent. Antibiotic
therapy is available. A recently developed live oral vaccine is considered efficacious and should
be used for prophylaxis against typhoid fever for those working in endemic areas. (See the CDC
website: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel.)
3.1.2.12 Vibrio
Vibrio species are ubiquitous inhabitants of both saltwater and freshwater, with at least 34
identified species, 11 of which are human pathogens. The majority of human infections are
generally caused by the following three species:
• V. cholerae
• V. parahemolyticus
• V. vulnificus
The Vibrio species primarily responsible for gastroenteritis resulting from fecal-oral transmission
or ingestion of polluted water include:
• V. cholerae
• V. parahemolyticus
• V. mimicus
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• V. hollisae
• V. fluvialis
• V. fournissais
The Vibrio species responsible for soft-tissue infections, otitis and sepsis resulting from
penetrating trauma or contact include:
• V. vulnificus
• V. alginolyticus
• V. damsela
• V. metchnikovii
• V. cincinnatiensis
Although vibrios do exist naturally in the aquatic environment, the contribution of fecal
contamination from infected people and carriers is difficult to ignore in endemic and epidemic
regions of the world, especially where sanitation is inadequate or absent.
3.1.2.13 Vibrio Cholerae
Vibrio cholerae, a nonhalophilic organism, has been associated with several pandemics of
cholera since 1817. Enteric infections occur primarily through the consumption of, or exposure
to, contaminated water or food, especially uncooked seafood. Clinical disease symptoms
typically include severe diarrhea with dehydration; possible serious sequelae include coma,
convulsions and death. The disease is endemic and epidemic in Southeast Asia, Africa, India, the
Middle East, Southern Europe, Central and South America, and the Oceanic Islands. A short-
lived and moderately effective vaccine is available and may be recommended by certain
countries. (Check with the CDC for the latest information on foreign travel.) Treatment includes
fluid replacement, antibiotics and symptomatic therapy.
3.1.2.14 Vibrio Parahemolyticus
Vibrio parahemolyticus is a halophilic organism, is found worldwide as a major cause of
gastroenteritis from the consumption of seafood (e.g., Japanese summer diarrhea). The organism
has been isolated from seawater, sediment, suspended particulates and marine life. The majority
of infections worldwide occur during the warm summer months. Human infections result
primarily from the eating of raw seafood (e.g., oysters and sushi) or undercooked seafood (e.g.,
crabs, shrimp, lobsters). Wounds exposed to the marine environment can become infected with
V parahemolyticus, resulting in a cellulitis, and ocular and ear infections have been reported.
Serious sequelae such as septicemia, pneumonia and osteomyelitis are rare. Recovery is usually
spontaneous after several days; antibiotic therapy is used to treat wound infections or septicemia.
3.1.2.15 Vibrio Vulnificus
Vibrio vulnificus, a halophilic organism, is an insidious and highly invasive marine pathogen,
that causes three distinct clinical disease syndromes:
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1. Wound infections, typically from contact with brackish water while harvesting oysters or
handling of shellfish. These infections, either from the contamination of pre-existing
wounds or injury in the marine environment, may become edematous (swollen) and
erythematous (red) within hours, accompanied by lymphadenopathy. Intense pain occurs
at the infected site, with fever, chills and nausea; complications, especially in persons
with underlying disease like diabetes or immunosuppression, can result in a fatality rate
of 7-22 percent. Mechanical protection using puncture-resistant gloves is highly
recommended in these environments. Antibiotic treatment should be administered
promptly should signs of infection occur.
2. A primary septicemia, with malaise, fever, chills, vomiting, diarrhea, prostration and a
mortality rate of 50 percent, especially among people with pre-existing liver disease who
consume raw seafood. Antibiotic treatment should be administered promptly.
3. An acute, self-limiting diarrhea from the consumption of raw seafood.
3.1.3 Fungi
The most common fungal infections associated with the aquatic environment are the
dermatophytoses, caused by a large group of fungi collectively known as dermatophytes or
"ringworm" fungi. Another less frequently encountered fungal infection associated with polluted
waters is pseudallescheriasis.
3.1.3.1 Epidermophyton, Microsporum and Trichophyton
Epidermophyton, Microsporum and Trichophyton are the fungal genera responsible for the
dermatophytoses; 24 species are currently recognized. Tinea pedis is ringworm of the feet or
athlete's foot, particularly affecting the interdigital webs and soles. Infection can occur by
contact with wet floors or decks, e.g., in communal showers and bathing facilities, a nuisance
infection, though if untreated it can progress to lymphadenitis. Antifungal medications (topical
and oral) are readily available, many as nonprescription drugs.
3.1.3.2 Pseudallescheria Boydii
Pseudallescheria boydii is the causative fungal agent of pseudallescheriasis. The fungus has been
isolated from various environmental sources, including soil, polluted water, sewage, waterlogged
pastures, swamps, algae and animal manure. Many local and systemic diseases have been
attributed to P. boydii, including sinusitis, meningitis, cerebral abscess, pulmonary involvement,
endocarditis, arthritis and cutaneous granulomata. Invasive disease from near drowning due to
aspiration of polluted water has been documented; most infected patients suffered brain
abscesses and death. Traumatic implantation of P. boydii in healthy people has resulted in
chronic, localized infections of soft tissue, bone and the cornea. Chemotherapy with the azole
antifungals appears effective.
3.1.4 Algae
3.1.4.1 Protothecosis
Protothecosis is an uncommon algal infection caused by two species of the genus Prototheca,
namely P. zopfii and P. wicker hamii. Although rare, cases have been reported from all regions
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of the world, including the southeast United States. Species of Prototheca have been isolated
from both marine and fresh water; aquatic sediments; soil; and foods contaminated with polluted
water, soil, or animal feces. Infections involve the soft tissues of the extremities resulting from
penetrating trauma and exposure of existing lesions with contaminated water or soil. The course
of infection is extremely indolent (slow to occur), lasting months or years, with little evidence of
self-healing. Surgery and antifungal medications have been used to treat cutaneous lesions.
3.1.4.2 Harmful Algal Blooms
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are also known as red tides, blue-green algae or cyanobacteria.
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic bacteria that occur naturally in fresh and salt water bodies.
Certain environmental conditions, such as elevated levels of nutrients from human activities
(e.g., nitrogen and phosphorus), warmer temperatures, still water, and plentiful sunlight can
promote the growth of cyanobacteria to higher densities, forming cyanobacterial blooms. When
the bloom is formed by toxin-producing bacteria, it is generally referred to as an HAB. Some
HABs produce dangerous toxins in fresh or marine water, but even nontoxic blooms hurt the
environment and local economies. For example, when masses of algae die and decompose, the
decaying process can deplete oxygen in the water, causing the water to become so low in oxygen
that animals either leave the area or die. The genera of cyanobacteria most related to adverse
health effects include Anabaena, Microcystis, Oscillatoria, Aphanizomenon and Nodularia.
Cyanobacteria may produce a variety of toxins, with more than 60 identified so far. The toxin-
producing cyanobacterial genera most commonly observed in North American lakes are
presented in Table 3 below.
Table 3. Selected Toxin-Producing Cyanobacterial Genera in North American Lakes
(ienus
Potential Toxins Produced
Anabaena
Anatoxin-a, homoanatoxin-a, anatoxin-a (S),
(Dolichospermum)
cylindrospermopsin, microcystin, saxitoxin
Aphanizomenon
Anatoxin-a, homoanatoxin-a, cylindrospermopsin, microcystin,
saxitoxin
Cylindrospermopsis
Anatoxin-a, homoanatoxin-a, cylindrospermopsin, microcystin,
saxitoxin
Lyngbya
Anatoxin-a, homoanatoxin-a, lyngbyatoxin, saxitoxin
Microcystis
Microcystin
Nostoc
Microcystin
Nodularia
Nodularin
Oscillatoria
Anatoxin-a, homoanatoxin-a, cylindrospermopsin, microcystin,
saxitoxin
Planktothrix
Anatoxin-a, homoanatoxin-a, microcystin, saxitoxin
Adapted from Otten and Paerl 2016
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The toxins can be grouped into four functional classes:
1. Neurotoxins - anatoxins, saxitoxins
2. Hepatotoxins - microcystins
3. General cytotoxins - cylindrospermopsin
4. Lipopolysaccharide endotoxins
Exposures to toxins may occur via ingestion, inhalation and skin contact. Ingestion of water
involved in algal blooms has caused deaths in animals. Symptoms from human exposure to algal
blooms include gastroenteritis, fatigue, headaches, skin and eye irritation, hay fever symptoms,
and asthma. Immediate showering after contact with the water and symptomatic therapy is
recommended if exposure to an HAB occurs. The World Health Organization and the EPA have
established guidelines for evaluating HABs.
3.1.5 Parasites
Various human and animal parasites are found as contaminants of both marine and fresh waters
worldwide. The majority of parasitic infections from exposure to the aquatic environment are the
result of contact with or ingestion of fecal contaminated water or food. The subsections below
briefly discuss some of the more important parasitic infections of humans that are associated
with fecal polluted water: amoebiasis, giardiasis, schistosomiasis and cryptosporidiosis.
Information on amoebic meningitis, a serious waterborne disease caused by exposure to free-
living pathogenic amoebae, is also presented.
3.1.5.1 Cryptosporidium
Cryptosporidium hominis and C. parvum are the protozoan parasites responsible for
cryptosporidiosis, which is transmitted by contact and through the ingestion of contaminated
water. Outbreaks and epidemics have been reported, with fecal-oral transmission implicated.
Animals can act as reservoirs. Clinical symptoms include watery diarrhea, fever, abdominal pain
and anorexia. The parasite is found worldwide, with normal water chlorination proving
ineffective in its destruction. Treatment is supportive and includes rehydration therapy and
maintenance of proper electrolyte balance. Antiparasitic therapy is available.
3.1.5.2 Entamoeba Histolytica
Entamoeba histolytica is the protozoan parasite responsible for amoebic dysentery or
"Montezuma's revenge." About 400 million persons worldwide are infected; 100 million have
acute or chronic disease - meaning that most infected people have asymptomatic disease. E.
histolytica normally lives and multiples in the large intestines of infected humans but may
assume a more pathogenic form and invade the tissues. Clinical disease is associated with acute
diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, chills and headache. Cysts are the only infective form; they are
excreted with the feces and remain somewhat tolerant of environmental conditions (e.g., they
survive in feces and cool water for 1-2 weeks). Transmission is primarily through fecal
contaminated water and food; insects often act as carriers of the infective cysts. The prevalence
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of amoebiasis varies, with 5 percent infectivity in the United States and 40 percent in tropical
areas of the world. Antiparasitic treatment is available.
3.1.5.3 Giardia Lamblia
Giardia lamblia is the parasitic protozoan responsible for giardiasis, an intestinal infestation that
occurs worldwide, especially in warmer climates. The disease is readily transmitted to others,
especially where sanitary conditions are not observed. The route of transmission is fecal-oral,
and one index case can infect hundreds of people through the contamination of food or water.
Several animals, including dogs and beavers, act as reservoirs of disease, and may be responsible
for the contamination of streams and other inland waters. Clinical disease is associated with foul-
smelling stools and anorexia, and although not fatal, the disease can prove extremely
discomforting. Antimicrobial treatment is available and recommended for symptomatic cases.
3.1.5.4 Naegleria Fowleri
Naegleria fowleri is a pathogenic free-living amoeba that causes a disease called primary
amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), or amoebic meningitis, among previously healthy people.
The amoebae enter the nasal passages while people are submerged (i.e., swimming or diving) in
warm freshwater harboring N. fowleri; only a few amoebae are required for infection to occur.
The amoebae migrate up the nasal mucosa, penetrate the cribriform plate, and enter the cranium,
where a rapidly fatal encephalitic disease ensues. Symptoms include fever, severe headache,
vomiting, confusion, delirium and coma. The mortality rate from PAM is extremely high.
Although this amoeba is ubiquitous, infections remain rare. Diving in suspect warm and polluted
freshwater should be avoided; hyper-chlorination destroys the amoebae. Immediate medical
evaluation and treatment is required if PAM is suspected. An investigational new drug therapy is
available from the CDC.
3.1.5.5 Schistosoma
Schistosoma species, including S. haematobium, S. mansoni and S. japonicum, have been
recognized as human parasites since antiquity. The clinical disease schistosomiasis occurs
worldwide in tropical regions of Africa, the Caribbean, South America, the Middle East,
Southeast Asia and India. More than 200 million people worldwide are infected. The larval fluke
(worm) responsible for schistosomiasis is transmitted from contaminated freshwater to humans
by penetrating the "unbroken" skin; a freshwater snail acts as the intermediate host. After
penetration, the larvae mature and the host experiences a rash, fever, malaise, cough, abdominal
pain and nausea; bloody diarrhea and enlargement of the liver can occur. The deposition of
human waste in bodies of water containing the intermediate snail host is the single most
important epidemiologic finding. Antiparasitic treatment is available.
3.2 Dermatoses
Various microscopic and macroscopic aquatic animals are responsible for dermatologic problems
among persons exposed to aquatic life while swimming, wading or diving in fresh or seawater.
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Several of the more important organisms associated with dermatologic reactions in humans are
discussed below.
3.2.1 Cymothoidism
Cymothoidism, or sea louse dermatitis, is caused by the bite of free-swimming crustaceans or
cymothoids, i.e., sea lice that live as parasites on invertebrates and fish. They are found in the
shoal waters of both tropical and temperate shorelines, where they are buried in the sandy
bottom. The cymothoids will attack any organism near their domain, including humans. Sea lice
can quickly attach to any prey and inflict sharp bites that result in hemorrhagic wounds.
Cymothoids are commonly found along the southern California coast. Wounds should be
cleansed with soap and water and an antibiotic ointment should be applied.
3.2.2 Schistosome Dermatitis
Schistosome dermatitis, also called cercarial dermatitis or "swimmer's itch," is caused by
penetration of the skin with nonhuman schistosomes, i.e., microscopic immature larval forms of
schistosomal flatworms of birds and other nonhuman animals. Cutaneous infestation occurs
worldwide, both from salt and freshwater and in all geographic regions. Cercarial dermatitis
primarily affects exposed areas of the body; symptoms include a prickling sensation, itching and
the appearance of a red maculopapular rash. Complications include secondary bacterial
infections. Brisk toweling immediately after leaving the water may be helpful in preventing
infestation. Applying water-resistant sunscreens containing niclosamide to the skin may prevent
cercarial penetration; dimethyl phthalate and N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) have been
reported as an effective cercarial repellent. Topical corticosteroids, calamine ointment and oral
antihistamines may help the itching.
3.2.3 Seabather's Eruption
Seabather's eruption, also known as "sea lice," "sea poisoning," "sea critters" and "ocean itch,"
is caused by a group of marine animals known as cnidarians that possess tentacles with stinging
nematocysts. Most outbreaks have been recorded in South Florida and the Caribbean and have
been attributed to the larval form of the thimble jellyfish, Linuche unguiculata. These larvae are
barely visible, appearing like finely ground pepper, and are trapped by bathing suits and diving
apparel. Skin lesions range from a barely discernible macular rash to a generalized
maculopapular and vesicular eruption; urticarial lesions have been reported. The dermatitis is
associated with intense itching; other symptoms include nausea, diarrhea, chills, and weakness,
difficulty in sleeping, muscle spasms, and general malaise. Treatment includes the use of
antihistamines and hydrocortisone creams, with epinephrine for extensive eruptions.
3.2.4 Seaweed Dermatitis
Seaweed dermatitis is caused by exposure to the seaweed Lyngbya majusculata, a common blue-
green alga found throughout the Pacific, Indian and Caribbean oceans. Swimmers and divers
exposed to toxic varieties of L. majusculata develop an erythematous dermatitis (reddened skin
rash) associated with stinging, burning and itching. These dermal sensations may develop within
minutes to hours after exposure. The rash may progress to an escharotic (burn scabbing)
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blistering dermatitis, especially in perianal, perineal or scrotal areas. Oral, ocular and mucous
membrane lesions have been reported, as well as a facial rash and conjunctivitis, possibly
associated with exposure to aerosolized seaweed fragments. Seaweed dermatitis is treated
symptomatically with cool compresses and topical corticosteroids. Washing with soap and water
upon leaving the water may prevent the development of dermatologic problems.
3.2.5 Cutaneous Larva Migrans
Cutaneous larva migrans, also known as creeping eruption, sandworm and plumber's itch, is
caused by exposure of the skin to the filariform larvae of nonhuman hookworms (e.g., of dogs,
cats and raccoons). The sources of human infection include soil and sand contaminated with
animal feces - e.g., exposure of bare feet or other body parts to contaminated beach sand above
the high-water mark or beneath beach houses. Infections occur worldwide, especially in tropical
and subtropical areas, e.g., along the coast of Florida and the Gulf of Mexico in the United
States. Upon penetration of human skin, the larvae cannot complete their normal life cycle,
although they can remain under the skin for months. Symptoms begin immediately after
penetration, with a red papule at the site of entry that becomes enlarged and vesicular. The
embedded larvae can move up to several centimeters per day, leaving torturous tracks with
extreme itching. Treatment is both systemic and topical with antiparasitic medication. The
wearing of sandals and other protective clothing is recommended in potentially contaminated
areas.
3.2.6 Other Allergic Reactions
Divers, dive masters and aquatic workers should be aware that, in addition to environmental
exposure, allergic reactions can develop among workers exposed to diving equipment materials,
especially from the mouthpiece, suit and face mask. Diving equipment is made of many different
chemicals, some of which can cause allergic responses among sensitized divers. These reactions
are manifested by the appearance of skin irritation, including rashes, vesicle formation and
weeping lesions. A diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis can usually be made with a case
history, physical examination and patch testing. An investigation to determine the specific cause
of contact dermatitis is important, since other materials may be substituted to allow continued
diving. Treatment includes the use of cold Burow's solution dressings, antihistamines and
corticosteroids.
Shellfish allergies are often associated with ingestion of shellfish but can also result from contact
with shellfish in the environment. Aquatic workers, divers and dive masters should be aware of
severe allergies that coworkers under their supervision may have, such as fish or shellfish
allergies. Workers with these types of allergies should be required to have EpiPens or other
countermeasures onsite in case of allergic reaction. They should also be required to wear gloves
and take whatever protective measures are needed to avoid contact with potential allergens.
3.3 Intoxications
Dinoflagellates in the aquatic environment produce many toxins that may cause severe illness in
humans; most are the result of ingestion of the toxin. In addition, dinoflagellate toxins
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bioaccumulate in filter-feeding marine animals such as oysters and clams. Consumption of
contaminated oysters and other marine animals, especially raw, can cause intoxication, with
symptoms ranging from numbness of the extremities, headache, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea in
milder cases to muscle paralysis, respiratory distress, memory impairment and, occasionally,
death in severe cases.
Exposure of divers and other personnel engaged in marine operations most often occurs through
the inhalation of aerosolized dinoflagellate toxins. The unarmored dinoflagellate Karenia hre vis
(previously Ptychodiscus brevis) is associated with "red tide" outbreaks, with fish kills and
human exposures taking place during algal blooms. Ocean waves tend to lyse the dinoflagellates,
thereby releasing the toxin which can become airborne along coastal areas. The released toxins
possess both a hemolytic and a neurotoxic effect. Symptoms of respiratory exposure include
conjunctivitis, rhinitis (runny nose), bronchitis, and respiratory irritation. The use of respiratory
protection and goggles should limit exposure. Treatment is symptomatic.
3.4 Envenomations
Many varieties of aquatic animals can envenomate divers and other workers while engaged in
marine and fresh water operations. Both vertebrate and invertebrate animals can be involved in
envenomation, using different mechanisms and producing different toxins. Preventative
measures, including wearing wet and dry suits, hoods, gloves, and covering exposed skin, should
be emphasized for divers and aquatic workers to help avoid exposure.
3.4.1 Venomous Invertebrates
Venomous invertebrates, such as jellyfish, stinging corals, sea anemones, seapansies, hydroids
and the Portuguese Man of War belong to a group of marine animals known as cnidarians, with
more than 9,000 species worldwide. They possess stinging nematocysts used to envenomate
victims. Nematocysts are triggered by contact, which leads to skin penetration with the
concurrent release of toxins that can cause intense pain, inflammation at the sites of exposure and
urticarial skin rash (hives).
While envenomations have rarely led to systemic symptoms and death, reactions to the sting
from the clinging jellyfish (Goniomemus sp) in New England waters have caused respiratory
distress in divers and required hospitalization.
The DAN website contains up-to-date, comprehensive information on general treatment
principles for jellyfish and hydroid stings at
http://www.diversalertnetwork.org/medical/articles/Marine Life Trauma.
3.4.1.1 Box Jellyfish
Chironex fleckeri (known as the "sea wasp") and Chiropsalmus quadrigatus are the most
dangerous of the invertebrate cnidarians identified as box jellyfish, and the most explosive
envenomation process known to mankind. Deaths have been reported in as little as three minutes.
For survivors, nematocyst stings from these jellyfish produce immediate discolored wheals that
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progress to extensive swelling, erythema (reddening), vesiculation (blistering) and necrosis. The
victim experiences immediate intense pain that can be incapacitating. Within minutes after
tentacle attachment and envenomation, the affected person may become cyanotic, convulsive and
pulseless. Pulmonary edema is evidenced upon autopsy. The four-handed box jellyfish
(Chiropsalmus quadrumanus) has a habitat spanning from South Carolina to the Caribbean, the
Gulf of Mexico and as far south as Brazil. It can inflict extremely painful stings and is the
slightly smaller American cousin to the Australian sea wasp.
First aid is of utmost importance, as the victim may die within minutes of being stung. Once
visible tentacles have been removed, the area should be treated with vinegar. This stabilizes any
unfired nematocysts to prevent further envenomation. The area can be washed with sea water
(never fresh water, since it could cause osmotic lysis) to flush out any remaining tentacles.
Vinegar does not neutralize the toxins; it just makes the unfired nematocysts more stable to
handle. Apply heat by immersing the affected area in hot water (upper limit of 113°F/45°C) for
30 to 90 minutes.
The DAN website contains up-to-date, comprehensive information on first aid for exposure to
nematocysts at http://www.diversalertnetwork.org/health/hazardous-marine-life/portuguese-man-
of-war. Poison centers are also sources for updated treatment; they can be reached at 1-800-222-
1222.
The Commonwealth Serum Laboratories of Melbourne, Australia, has developed an antivenom
for C.fleckeri stings, but it is not readily available for cases of "sea wasp" poisoning in the
United States. Other treatment is supportive and may require advanced life support in an
intensive care unit.
Irukandji syndrome results from small box jellyfish found near Australia, Carukia barnesi and
Malo kingi, and is responsible for an extremely painful symptomatic complex. These small
cubozoans' bells measure only a few millimeters, but their tentacles are up 3 feet (1 meter) long.
Deaths from these smaller species are rare, but stings are extremely painful and can cause
systemic symptoms including cardiovascular instability that require immediate medical attention.
3.4.1.2 Echinoderms
Echinoderms, including starfish (or sea stars) and sea urchins, possess hard exoskeletons with
spines that can easily penetrate the human skin, even muscular layers or joints. Sea urchins are
probably the most imminent threat to divers. Most of them do not have any specific venom, but
puncture wounds can cause a variable degree of pain, redness and swelling. In some cases,
muscle weakness and paresthesias (i.e., sensations of burning, prickling or formication) may be
present, particularly on long-spined species of the genus Diadema. Cardiac arrhythmias and
other severe reactions are rare. The decision of whether to remove spines surgically is usually
based on joint or muscular layer involvement and whether there is pain with movement or signs
of infection. Spines will usually encapsulate in a short time, but they may not always dissolve. A
reactive granuloma is a common reaction to remaining small foreign bodies. Do not attempt to
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remove spines embedded deeper in the skin; let medical professionals handle those. Deeply
embedded spines may break down into smaller pieces, complicating the removal process.
Ancillary treatment is supportive.
The DAN website contains up-to-date and comprehensive information on first aid for exposure
to sea urchin spines at http ://www. diversalertnetwork. org/health/hazardous-marine-life/sea-
urchins.
3.4.1.3 Mollusks
Mollusks, including cone snails and cephalopods, may envenomate upon handling. Cone snails
envenomate by a radular tooth or dart that produces localized paresthesias, numbness and
paralysis, which may progress to respiratory arrest. Cephalopods such as octopi secrete toxic
saliva (tetrodotoxin), which is inoculated into the victim through a bite from its beak. These bites
usually produce modest bleeding and can be painful, causing swelling, redness, inflammation,
blurred vision, numbness, difficulty in swallowing and occasional paralysis.
The blue-ringed octopi are a small, venomous species that live in tropical tide pools from south
Japan to the coastal reefs of Australia and the western Indo-Pacific. These small octopi are the
only cephalopods known to be dangerous to humans. Treatment for mollusk envenomation is
primarily supportive.
3.4.1.4 Polychaetes
Several species of polychaete marine roundworms have biting jaws with venom glands. Bites can
cause swelling, pain and erythema (reddening), with spontaneous healing in several days. Some
species - called bristle worms - have bundles of bristles, called setae, on their sides that
resemble fiber optics. Contact with these bristles can result in localized numbness, redness and
moderate swelling that can be followed by vesiculation (blisters). Treatment is symptomatic.
3.4.2 Venomous Vertebrates
Venomous vertebrates have venom glands that can inflict serious injury to victims upon
accidental exposure. More than 100 species of marine fish have defensive venom-injecting
apparatuses. Although worldwide in distribution, most venomous species are found in tropical
and semi-tropical waters around coral reefs. Included are stingrays, scorpion fish, lion fish,
weever fish, stonefish, zebrafish, tiger fish, turkey fish, fire cod, toadfish, stargazers, stonelifters,
catfish surgeonfish and (particularly relevant to divers in the Pacific Northwest) rockfish. Venom
glands are usually associated with spines or barbs in front of the dorsal, anal or pectoral fins and
spines in the tail and gill covers. In the stingray, the venom gland is at the tip of the long-barbed
spine.
Envenomations are associated with immediate and intense pain at the puncture site. Bleeding
from the penetrating wound is usually proportionate to what one would expect for the location.
Associated symptoms may include nausea and vomiting. Weakness, respiratory distress,
convulsions and numbness are rare. Deaths are very rare, and perhaps only from species of stone
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fish (Synanceja verrucosa, S. horrida) and stingrays. Treatment of stung limbs involves
immersion of the limb in hot water (110-120°F/43-49°C) for 30-60 minutes. All embedded
spines, barbs or other foreign materials must be removed from the injured site. Antibiotics and
tetanus toxoid should be administered to patients stung by stingrays or fish, where larger
penetrating wounds are encountered. Antivenom is available for stonefish envenomations.
Supportive therapy is generally adequate.
Sea snakes have paddle-shaped tails and tiny fangs, are highly venomous, and are native to the
Indo-Pacific Ocean. Some species can be found in the western tropical Americas, but there are
no sea snakes in the Atlantic. The bite is usually painless and results in small puncture wounds.
Most bites do not result in envenomation; nevertheless, all bites should be treated as potentially
lethal until proven not. Generalized rhabdomyolysis (i.e., disintegration or dissolution of muscle)
is the dominant feature of sea snake envenomation. Early symptoms include headache, thirst,
sweating and vomiting, with generalized aching and tenderness of the muscles within 30
minutes. The venom contains neurotoxins that can cause paralysis, respiratory arrest and death if
the victim is not adequately supported. Trismus, or lockjaw, is a frequent manifestation. Renal
failure and cardiac arrest are the result of damage to skeletal muscles (rhadomyolysis and
hyperkalemia). Antivenom is available and should be given immediately upon development of
symptoms.
Some venomous terrestrial snakes, such as the water moccasin (Agkistrodonpiscivorous), also
like to live near water bodies.
The DAN website contains up-to-date and comprehensive information on general treatment
principles for vertebrate marine envenomations at http://www.alertdiver.com/?articleNo=491.
It is imperative that medical personnel evaluate injuries from envenomations as promptly as
possible.
3.5 Dangerous Non-Venomous Aquatic Animals
Dangerous non-venomous aquatic animals can seriously injure divers and others inhabiting the
aquatic environment because of their aggressive behavior and size.
Many species of sharks have attacked divers and swimmers in temperate and tropical waters
around the world, inflicting severe and fatal injuries. Other potentially dangerous marine and
freshwater animals include barracudas, moray eels, alligators and crocodiles, electric eels,
piranhas, and several non-venomous snakes such as the brown water snake.
Some mammals may also be dangerous for humans, including the orca and sea lion. All wounds
from these animals should be thoroughly debrided; rabies prophylactic vaccination should be
considered.
Table 4 lists zoonotic infections from marine mammal encounters, while Table 5 presents
zoonotic infections transmitted from fish, amphibians and reptiles.
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Table 4. Zoonotic Diseases Transmitted from Marine Mammals to Humans
Conns and Species
Disease
Clinical Signs/Svinploins
Reported in lliimans from
Marine .Mammal Kncounlcrs
Bacteria
Bisgaardia hudsonensis
Seal finger
Dermatitis
Brucella pinnipedialis and B.
ceti
Brucellosis
Headache, lethargy, severe sinusitis
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Erysipeloid (humans),
erysipelas (marine
mammals)
Localized dermatitis/sepsis in
severe cases
Leptospira interrogans
(serovars pomona,
gryppotyphosa)
Leptospirosis
Renal failure
Mycobacterium marinum
andM pinnipedii
Mycobacteriosis
Lethargy, weight loss, anorexia,
granulomatous dermatitis
(marinum) and tuberculosis
(pinnipedii)
Mycoplasma
phocacerebrale, M.
phocarhinis, M. phocidae
Mycoplasmosis (seal
finger)
Localized dermatitis
Virus
Calicivirus (San Miguel sea
lion vims)
Seal finger
Skin blisters (vesicles) and
influenza-like illness
Influenza A vims
Influenza
Conjunctivitis
Parapoxvirus
Seal finger
Single papule, milker's nodule
Fungus
Ajellomyces dermatitidis
Blastomycosis
Cellulitis and lymphadenitis
Lacazia loboi
Lobomycosis
Granulomatous dermatitis
Adapted from Waltzek et al. 2012
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Table 5. Zoonotic Infections Transmitted from Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles
Aeromonas spp.
Campylobacter spp.
Clostridium spp.
Edwardsiella tarda
Enterobacter spp.
Erysipelothrix spp.
Escherichia coli
Flavobacterium meningosepticum
Gnathostoma spp.
Klebsiella spp.
Mycobacterium spp.
Nocardia spp.
Plesiomonas shigelloides
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Salmonella spp.
Serratia spp.
Staphylococcus spp.
Streptococcus iniae
Streptococcus spp.
Spirometra spp.
Yersinia spp.
The DAN website contains a medical guide to handling interactions with marine creatures:
http://www.alertdiver.com/Bites and Attacks .
Chapter 16 in the NOAA Diving Manual (NOAA 2017) describes hazardous aquatic animals,
identification of signs and symptoms, as well as treatment options.
4. CONTROLLING AND PREVENTING EXPOSURE
4.1 General Considerations
It is clearly understood that we exist in a world full of health risks, risks that affect us every day
of our lives. When operating in the aquatic environment, an awareness of the potential and real
risks present is necessary to avoid a serious consequence; that is the purpose of this document.
As Barsky (2007) stated in Diving in High Risk Environments, "when diving in contaminated
water ... precautions include obtaining the right equipment, maintaining it according to
manufacturer's specifications, completing the initial training, continuing with monthly training
dives to ensure competency in the use of the equipment, and maintaining a realistic attitude about
what you can and can't do."
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Thus, risk reduction is the key. By understanding the biohazards present in the aquatic
environment, we can minimize or prevent exposure to these biohazards. Through the deployment
of a hierarchy of exposure control measures generally understood and accepted in the
management of biohazards - namely engineering practices, good work habits, medical
surveillance and prophylactic vaccination, and the use of appropriate protective equipment and
apparel - risk can be reduced.
The most important preventive strategy to avoid occupational disease while conducting aquatic
operations is "exposure control." When conducting diving operations in known polluted waters,
the need for optimal protection from exposure to these waters is indicated. All body parts must
be protected by diving apparel, and extreme care must be exercised to avoid mucous membrane
and oral exposure to even minute quantities of water.
This section emphasizes good work habits, in conjunction with medical monitoring and the use
of personal protective equipment, to control and prevent exposure.
4.1.1 Diving After Rainfall/Runoff
A good mitigation measure is to avoid diving immediately after a rainfall or runoff event,
especially in urban areas. These events can cause non-point source discharges: specifically,
stormwater can wash pet waste and other pollutants from impervious surfaces into bodies of
water. In older cities, stormwater sewers may be interconnected with sanitary sewers; heavy
rainfall may lead to these combined sewers overflowing and carrying untreated sewage into
water bodies.
How long to wait to dive after a runoff event depends on many factors, including the flushing
rate of the water body and the type of dive gear being used (i.e., whether it includes a fully
encapsulating dry suit and full-face mask).
EPA maintains a website that allows the public to determine if beach areas are closed now or
have been closed in the past. The site can be found at https://www.epa.gov/beaches/find-
information-about-vour-beach.
4.1.2 Dermal Protection
It is imperative that diving personnel with pre-existing wounds, incompletely healed surgical
incisions or underlying disease completely refrain from entering the aquatic environment unless
they take other mitigating measures, including wearing a dry suit with dry hood and dry gloves
and a full-face mask. Many pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms require an easy portal
of entry, such as a previous cut, abrasion or wound, in order to infect.
In general, when divers have open lesions or other wounds, they should not dive. However,
simple skin lesions can be treated with a petroleum-based antibiotic ointment and covered. The
wound should be thoroughly cleaned after the dive, with removal of all dressings and
medications.
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Abrasions and open wounds can occur when certain body parts - e.g., the toes, knees, wrists and
axillae - chafe against the seams and collars of diving suits. Wearing a full-body skin under the
diving suit can prevent chafing.
4.1.3 Respiratory Protection
Divers should avoid using standard SCUBA with mouthpiece second-stage regulators in urban or
potentially contaminated waters: they can inadvertently ingest water by placing such
mouthpieces in their mouths. In addition, a mouthpiece regulator's exhalation valve cannot be
water-tight, by design - ambient water may leak into the mouthpiece, where it is aerosolized on
inhalation and inhaled and/or ingested by the diver. Divers using mouthpiece regulators should
be aware that minute quantities of the water they are diving in are entering their bodies through
this route of exposure. At a minimum, divers should consider using positive pressure full-face
masks.
In more contaminated environments, a dual or quad exhaust regulator (typical of a diving helmet
directly mated to the suit) or even exhaust to the surface may be necessary to fully control this
pathway.
Upper respiratory infections tend to swell the passages of the eustachian tube and the sinuses;
diving under these conditions can cause barotraumas of the sinuses or the middle ear. Pre-
existing lower respiratory infections can lead to pulmonary barotraumas and serious injury due to
mucous plugging of the small airways, thereby preventing the escape of air during ascent.
Anyone experiencing systemic illness should refrain from diving until fully recovered.
In addition, people who have underlying diseases or are immunocompromised are significantly
more susceptible to serious and life-threatening infection upon exposure to the aquatic
environment. Waterborne microorganisms can cause serious respiratory disease when the
normally sterile lung is contaminated through near-drowning or accidental aspiration of polluted
water.
4.1.4 Good Work Habits
Workers engaged in operations in the aquatic environment need to adhere to standard procedures
of infection control. Exposure to potentially polluted waters must be prevented or limited to
avoid infection. After being used in potentially polluted water, diving equipment must be
decontaminated to prevent exposure of the diver or attending personnel to waterborne biohazards
and pathogenic microorganisms. Decontamination involves the initial cleaning and
decontamination of the exterior of the diving equipment. The exterior is decontaminated to
remove or destroy any potentially dangerous microorganisms acquired from the aquatic
environment. Moreover, personal hygiene is mandatory; employees must shower immediately
upon removal of diving equipment.
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4.1.4.1 Diving Suit Decontamination
For decontamination procedures, see EPA Diving Safety Manual, Appendix K, "Standard
Operating Procedures for Diver Decontamination."
4.1.4.2 Personal Hygiene
Immediately following the removal of diving equipment, the diver should shower with soap. All
undergarments, including bathing suits, underwear, etc., should be washed as soon as possible.
Suits and gear should be hung in a manner that allows water to drain and stored in an open-air
area until completely dry.
Divers can apply an ear drop solution of 50 percent white distilled vinegar and 50 percent
isopropyl alcohol to their ears (or use a commercially available product) following a dive as
precautionary measure to prevent infection.
Residues left on diving equipment from cleaning, decontamination and/or disinfection may cause
allergic responses or skin irritation. Thoroughly rinsing equipment should prevent these
problems.
4.1.4.3 Sample Collection
Workers collecting aquatic specimens and environmental samples, including potentially polluted
water and aquatic sediments, must be cognizant of the presence of pathogenic microorganisms
and dangerous life. They must take care when handling water samples contaminated with
sewage: such samples contain many enteric microorganisms, some of which can cause disease
upon exposure of abraded skin or mucous membranes. Touching the oral cavity, nasal passages
or eyes with contaminated hands - gloved or ungloved - can result in localized or systemic
infections of these areas, i.e., gastrointestinal infections, sinusitis or conjunctivitis. Injuries from
marine and freshwater animals, including penetrations from barbs, spines, and fins, can become
infected when exposed to contaminated water or aquatic sediments. Many venomous marine
animals can inflict painful stings or bites resulting in envenomation; heavy-duty gloves must be
worn when handling these marine animals.
Important exposure control measures to consider when collecting aquatic materials include the
complete avoidance of water potentially contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms. Workers
who must be exposed to these waters must use protective apparel that covers all exposed body
parts. All used protective apparel must be discarded in appropriate biohazard containers if
disposable, or properly decontaminated if it is to be reused. Since most collection will be done
with the hands, protective gloves and vigorous hand-washing are important principles of
infection control; topside personnel must also take these precautions where collected specimens
and sediments may be handled, processed and discarded.
In general, many persistent biological and chemical contaminants tend to concentrate in sediment
rather than in the water column (EPA et al. 2010; Hendrick et al. 2000; Hoffman et al. 2003;
U.S. Navy 2004). Therefore, simply avoiding contact with the sediment by remaining above it
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and taking care not to suspend sediment inadvertently by finning action may reduce the diver's
potential exposure.
5. MEDICAL MONITORING PROGRAM
5.1 Medical Surveillance
The EPA medical surveillance program is covered in Section 4.5 of the EPA Diving Safety
Manual. Divers and field personnel are examined by a physician either annually or biennially
depending on their duties. Additionally, a hyperbaric physician reviews the Medical Evaluation
Form and the recommendation of the primary physician before clearing a diver to conduct
underwater operations. The examination includes a complete history of illnesses and general
health and a comprehensive medical examination. Tests also include pulmonary function tests,
EKG, EEG and audiogram.
5.2 Prophylactic Vaccination
As an important adjunct to the use of personal protective equipment, good work habits and diver
training, the use of specific vaccines will help prevent certain infections associated with the
aquatic environment. Although many disease-causing agents are found in polluted waters,
primarily from sewage effluents, the number of vaccines available to protect the worker is
limited. Nevertheless, serious diseases can be prevented with these vaccines, and divers should
avail themselves of their protective value.
Among the vaccines that are recommended for all personnel engaged in diving and other aquatic
operations are those developed against the viral infections that cause hepatitis A, hepatitis B and
poliomyelitis, and against bacterial infections that cause typhoid fever, cholera and tetanus. In
addition, when workers are engaged in marine operations in semi-tropical and tropical waters -
especially where insect vectors of various viral, rickettsial, bacterial and parasitic diseases are
present - the need for additional vaccines, prophylactic medications and insect repellents needs
to be considered. If the diver may be operating in bat-infested caves, then consider prophylactic
rabies vaccination. If the diver is operating in a situation that may involve exposure to
bioterrorism agents, then other vaccinations are available for certain agents such as anthrax and
smallpox. More information on bioterrorism agents and diseases can be found at the CDC
website (https://emergencv.cdc.gov/agent/agentlist.asp).
5.3 Post-Exposure Evaluation
An employee who suffers an accident or potential exposure to biohazards, including polluted
waters containing pathogenic microorganisms, needs to be promptly evaluated by medical
personnel.
When an exposure to infectious agents is suspected, the exposed areas need to be thoroughly
cleansed and the worker monitored for the onset of clinical symptoms.
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The exposure of diving personnel to the residual blood or body fluids of other divers (e.g., during
use of shared diving equipment) needs to be addressed through training described below and
must include information on the risk of hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV.
For all occupational exposures, employees involved in diving and other operations need to be
monitored periodically until the injury has healed or recovery from infection or illness is
complete. Diving personnel may need to be restricted from diving operations until the medical
provider deems it safe for the employee to resume diving.
6. EMPLOYEE AWARENESS
6.1 General Considerations and Training
Employees whose job requirements involve potential exposure to waterborne pathogenic
microorganisms, aquatic life responsible for dermatoses and envenomation, and dangerous
marine and freshwater animals should be aware of these risks. This includes employees whose
occupational duties involve diving operations in both seawater and freshwater; the monitoring of
estuarine and coastal waters; the collection of water samples, sediments, sludge, and sewage; the
collection of marine and freshwater animal and plant species; and the laboratory use and disposal
of collected environmental samples and specimens.
EPA's Diver and Divemaster Training, as well as required EPA field safety training and required
annual refresher training, provide instruction on these topics. In addition, the DAN provides
training that includes bloodborne pathogens and hazardous marine life injuries and first aid. The
curriculum for these courses is available at https://www.diversalertnetwork.org/training/.
Other health and safety training required for field workers or provided as a part of the EPA Diver
Training includes:
• Good work practices
• Use of protective clothing
• Medical surveillance programs
• Compliance with the OSHA Bloodborne Pathogen standard
• Diving in contaminated and polluted water
• Choosing safe diving equipment
• Decontaminating diving equipment
Dive Units may also consider additional regional training on:
• Geographic distribution of infectious agents and reporting dangerous marine life
exposure incidents
• Personal hygiene after diving
• Contraindications to diving
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6.2 Biological Safety
One purpose of this document is to make our divers, boat operators and other personnel involved
in aquatic operations more aware of biohazards they may encounter in the environment.
Biological safety information in this document includes:
• Etiology of waterborne infectious diseases
• Sources of water pollution
• Infectivity of microorganisms from aquatic environments
• Transmissibility of aquatic microorganisms
• Clinical symptoms of relevant diseases
• Symptomatic and specific treatment
• Vaccine prophylaxis
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7. REFERENCES
Barsky, S.M. 2007. Diving in High-Risk Environments. 4th edition. Hammerhead Press, Ventura,
California.
Diaz, J.H. 2014. Skin and Soft Tissue Infections Following Marine Injuries and Exposures in
Travelers. Journal of Travel Medicine, 21:207-213.
Diaz, J.H., and F.A. Lopez. 2015. Skin Soft Tissue and Systemic Bacterial Infections Following
Aquatic Injuries and Exposures. American Journal of Medical Sciences; 349:269-275.
Hendrick, W., A. Zaferes and C. Nelson. 2000. Public Safety Diving. Fire Engineering Books &
Videos. Saddle Brook, New Jersey.
Heymann, D.L. 2014. Control of Communicable Diseases Manual. 20th edition. American Public
Health Association. APHA Press, Washington, D.C.
Hoffman, D.J., B.A. Rattner, G.A. Burton Jr. and J. Cairns Jr. 2003. Handbook of Ecotoxicology.
2nd edition. Lewis Publishers, CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, Florida.
Melnick, J.L., C.P. Gerba and C. Wallis. 1978. Viruses in Water. Bulletin of the World Health
Organization, 56(4):499-508.
NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). 2017. NOAA Diving Manual:
Diving for Science and Technology. 6th edition. United States Department of Commerce. David
Dinsmore, editor. Best Publishing Company, Flagstaff, Arizona.
Otten, T.G., and H.W. Paerl. 2016. Best Practices for Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Bloom
Monitoring. Chapter 3.1.2 in: Manual of Environmental Microbiology. 4th edition.
EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). 2010. Sheldrake, Pedersen, Humphrey
et. al. EPA three-part polluted water diving module presentations, AAUS 2010
• Comparative Analysis of Federal Program Polluted Water Diving Protocols
• Viking Drysuit Decontamination Study
• Environmental Response Team Polluted Water Diving Protocols
U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 2022. Standard Operating Procedures for Diver
Decontamination. Appendix K in: EPA Diving Safety Manual. Revision 2.0. Prepared by S.
Grossman, A. Humphrey, J. McBurney and S. Sheldrake.
Waltzek, T.B., G. Cortes-Hinojosa, J.F. Wellehan Jr. and G.C. Gray. 2012. Marine Mammal
Zoonoses: A Review of Disease Manifestations. Zoonoses and Public Health, 59:521-535.
PMCID: PMC2395640.
Yates, M.V. 2016. Drinking Water Microbiology. Chapter 3.1.7. in: Manual of Environmental
Microbiology. 4th edition.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
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U.S. Navy (United States Navy). 2004. Guidance for Diving in Contaminated Waters. Technical
Manual #SS521-AJ-PRO-010. Naval Sea Systems Command, Washington Navy Yard,
Washington, D.C.
8. GLOSSARY/DEFINITIONS
Antibiotics: Also called antibacterials, a type of antimicrobial drug used in treating and
preventing bacterial infections. Includes aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins,
penicillins, tetracyclines, to name a few.
Cercarialdermatitis: Swimmer's itch.
Commensal: An intestinal symbiont.
Conjunctivitis: Infection of the eyes.
Dermatophytes: Ringworm fungi.
Edema, edematous: Swelling, swollen.
Endocarditis: Inflammation of the heart's interior lining.
Enteric bacteria: Bacteria arising from the intestinal tract, primarily gram-negative organisms
(e.g., E. colt) but also gram-positive (e.g., enterococci).
Enteric viruses: Viruses originating from the intestinal tract.
Envenomation: Poisoning.
Erysipelas: An acute infection, typically with a skin rash. Usually caused by Streptococcus
bacteria on scratches or otherwise infected areas.
Erythema: Reddening.
Erythematous lesions: Purple-red rashes associated with pain and itching.
Gastroenteritis: Inflammation of the stomach and intestines. Symptoms include nausea,
vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, occasionally fever.
Halophilic organisms: Organisms that need saline environment for growth.
Lymphangitis: Inflammation of the lymph nodes.
Macular or maculopapular rash: A type of rash characterized by a flat, red area on the skin that
is covered with small confluent bumps.
Mycobacteria: Acid-fast bacteria.
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Nonhalophilic: - Organisms able to grow in fresh, but not saltwater.
Otitis: Infection of the ear canal.
Otitis externa: Swimmer's ear.
Prostration: Collapse, weakness, debility, lassitude, exhaustion, fatigue, tiredness, enervation.
Purulent discharge: Pus.
Pyoderma: Any skin disease that is pyogenic (has pus).
Sepsis, septicemia: Blood poisoning, a life-threatening complication of an infection. This can
damage multiple organ systems, leading them to fail, sometimes even resulting in death.
Staphylococci and streptococci: Gram-positive bacteria.
Vesicular, vesicles, vesiculation: Rash featuring small blisters on the skin.
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APPENDIX M
Safety Audit Checklist
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Safety Audit Checklist
I. DIVING SAFETY PLAN AND DIVE PLAN
The Diving Safety Plan and Dive Plan can be two separate documents or they may be
combined. The dive plan is specific to the proposed dive operation, and the diving safety
plan can be either a generic plan developed by the dive unit or simply a copy of the
Diving Safety Policy, the U.S. Navy Decompression Tables, and area specific emergency
information. The elements of each plan are combined in the following checklist.
A. EMERGENCY INFORMATION
1. Was the nearest medical facility (i.e., hospital or clinic) identified?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
2. Was a method of communication with the nearest medical facility established?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
3. Was the nearest operational hyperbaric chamber identified?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
4. Was a method of communication with the hyperbaric chamber established?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
5. Was a method of emergency evacuation identified?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
6. Was a method of communication with the means of emergency transportation
established?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
7. Are the Divers Alert Network (DAN) telephone numbers, (919) 684-2948 and
(919) 684-9111, for medical advice and locations of hyperbaric chambers listed?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
8. Is a copy of the most recent EPA's Diving Safety Manual readily available at the
dive site to address unanticipated events or procedural issues?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
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Safety Audit Checklist
B. PROJECT SPECIFIC INFORMATION
1. Did the dive plan describe the proposed dive project?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
2. Were the objectives of the proposed dive project clearly identified?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
3. Were the potential hazards identified?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
4. Were the potential sources of pollution identified?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
5. Were other environmental conditions identified and discussed in the dive plan?
a. tidal heights o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
b. water currents o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
c. max. dive depth o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
d. in-water visibility o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
e. weather o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
f. boat/vessel traffic o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
6. Were the Divers, boat operators, and support personnel identified in the plan?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
7. Has the dive plan been approved by the Unit Diving Officer?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
8. Was the dive clearly defined as a scientific or light working dive, with associated
requirements in the dive plan per EPA Diving Safety Manual, Appendix E,
"Checklist for Light Working Diving Operations"?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
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Safety Audit Checklist
II. PRE-DIVE BRIEFING AND ACTIVITIES
The project leader and Divemaster for the dive should gather all project personnel
together just before diving operations are to start and review the following topics.
1. Was there a review of emergency evacuation procedures?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
2. Was there a review of diving accident management and emergency equipment
(e.g., first aid and oxygen kits)?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
3. Were any safety protocols for the dive reviewed (e.g., a safety stop buoy line
descent/ascent, low air supply procedures/alternate air source use)?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
4. Were the diver-to-diver and tender-to-diver communication procedures reviewed?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
5. Was there a review of the project description and objectives?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
6. Was there a review of the potential hazards:
a. Pollution sources?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
b. Environmental conditions: waves/strong currents/visibility?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
7. Were decontamination materials available and decontamination procedures
reviewed for polluted water diving operations?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
8. Was there a review of any specialized equipment for the dive (e.g., pinger, pinger
locator, current meters, remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), dive sleds, oxygen
meters for Oxygen Enriched Air [Nitrox])?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
9. Were the dive team roles identified (i.e., Divemaster, alternate Divemaster,
tender, and if needed, standby Diver)?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
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10. Did the Divers check all of their dive equipment prior to each dive?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
11. Were the tank pressures checked and recorded before each Diver entered the
water and subsequent dive start times by the divemaster or tender?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
12. Was the personal emergency information available for each Diver (e.g., medical
history, family notification) and stored in a manner to ensure the privacy of the
information?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
13. Was vessel traffic control notified, if necessary?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
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Safety Audit Checklist
III. OPERATIONS DURING THE DIVE
During the dive it is important to observe the position of the support vessel(s), operation
of the equipment, and the topside diving personnel.
1. Was the tender monitoring the Divers and not performing another function that
could interfere with tending responsibilities?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
2. Were the appropriate dive flags displayed on the vessel tending the Divers?
a. red/white "diver down" flag on inland/coastal waters?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
b. red/white flag and blue/white code alpha flag in waters with international
vessel traffic?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
3. Was the size of the dive flags appropriate for the diving operation?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
4. Was a standby Diver equipped and ready to provide immediate assistance?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
5. Was a tender-to-diver communication system deployed (i.e., diver recall unit)?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
6. Were the emergency first aid. Automatic External Defibrillator (AED) on site, and
oxygen kits on the dive platform?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
7. If applicable, were appropriate light working dive requirements followed per EPA
Diving Safety Manual, Appendix E, "Checklist for Light Working Diving
Operations"?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
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Safety Audit Checklist
IV. POST-DIVE PROCEDURES
Monitoring post-dive diving operations is important to ensure that Divers are taking the
necessary precautions to avoid injury, protect themselves from environmental conditions,
and maintain their equipment.
1. Did the Divemaster and/or tender monitor each Diver exiting the water for signs
and symptoms of "bubble trouble"?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
2. Were the Divers protecting themselves from hypothermia or hyperthermia?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
3. Was freshwater (or other appropriate fluids) available to prevent dehydration?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
4. Were the water depths, bottom time, and tank pressures of each Diver recorded
after each dive?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
5. Was a dive report prepared that included appropriate information specific to the
diving operation (e.g., water depths and bottom times for the dives, tank
pressures, achievement of objectives, hazards encountered, malfunctions and lost
equipment)?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
6. Were appropriate decontamination procedures followed when diving in polluted
waters?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
7. Did the Divers properly clean and store their equipment when they were not
diving or after they had completed the diving operations?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
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Safety Audit Checklist
V. DIVING PERSONNEL AND RECORDS REVIEW
An evaluation of the training, background, and capabilities of each Diver involved in the
diving operation is of primary importance.
1. Were all Divers current with diving physical examinations (within one or two
years depending on whether the dive unit conducts 30 days or more of hazmat
water dives each year, or has been so advised by a physician)?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
2. Were all Divers current with Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) and AED
certification?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
3. Were all Divers current with first aid training?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
4. Were all Divers current in oxygen administration
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
5. Were all Divers certified for their respective levels of responsibility (i.e., as
Divers or Divemasters)?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
6. Were all Divers using the air compressor, trained in its operation, if one was at the
dive site?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
7. Is there record of a rescue drill within the past 12 months (i.e., rescue of an
incapacitated Diver from the water to the diving platform) been performed?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
8. Had all Divers maintained their proficiency (i.e., dived within the last three
months)?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
9. Were all Divers experienced with the conditions that were expected during the
project?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
10. If the answer to nos. 8 or 9, above, is negative, what provisions and preparations
has the divemaster undertaken to prepare the Diver for the new situation?
Comments:
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Safety Audit Checklist
VI. DIVE EQUIPMENT
Diving equipment must be maintained according to the requirements in the Diving Safety
Policy, the manufacturer's specifications, whichever are the most conservative.
A. SCUBA EQUIPMENT
1. Were all SCUBA cylinders tested within the 5-year hydrostatic test date?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
2. Had all SCUBA cylinders been visually inspected within the past 12 months?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
3. For EPA-owned or leased compressors, was an air quality test result obtained
within the past 6 months? (Air quality must meet the standard, as cited in EPA
Diving Safety Manual, Appendix A, "EPA Diving Safey Rules"?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
4. If the compressor was not in use for more than six months, was it labeled with
"TAGOUT" or had the air quality been tested before dive operations resumed?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
5. Were all regulators critically examined, calibrated, or overhauled according to the
manufacturer's recommended service interval?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
6. Had all of the Diver's gauges (e.g., pressure, depth, compass, bottom timers, and
watches) been critically examined and calibrated or replaced according to the
manufacturer's recommended service interval?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
7. Had all valves and hoses been critically examined and replaced or overhauled as
needed?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
8. Were all belts and buckles in good condition?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
9. For dry suit diving, were all dry suits leak-free?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
10. Were all buoyancy compensators in good condition and maintained in accordance
with manufacturers specifications?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
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Safety Audit Checklist
11. Were all buoyancy compensators capable of being inflated by two methods (one
other than oral)?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
12. Had the Diver communication equipment been checked prior to use?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
13. Was a dive ladder available for the Divers to enter the dive platform? (Some boats
are low to the water or have swim step and do not require a dive ladder.)
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
14. Was hygienic maintenance performed on all full-face masks?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
15. Were all full-face masks free of corrosion and in good operating condition?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
16. Were the head harness and buckles in good condition?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
17. Were the manufacturer's repair and maintenance manuals available for the
specialized dive equipment (e.g., the communication equipment, and full-face
masks), if personnel are certified to service equipment or was spare equipment
available in case of equipment failure in the field?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
18. Was the dive equipment, in general, free of corrosion and in good working
condition?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
19. Were adequate spare parts and repair materials available at the dive site?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
20. Is out of service dive equipment (e.g. regulators) clearly tagged out?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
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Safety Audit Checklist
B. FIRST AID EQUIPMENT
1. Was the emergency oxygen kit capable of servicing two Divers with demand
second stage regulators at the same time?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
2. Did the emergency oxygen kit have an oxygen cylinder that was size Jumbo D or
M22 (640 liters) size E or M24 (680 liters) and/or two size D or Ml5 (425 liters
ea.) or larger cylinders?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
3. Had the regulator on the oxygen cylinder been maintained according to the
manufacturer's specifications?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
4. Did the oxygen kit contain a cylinder wrench (or wheel) for opening and closing
the tank valve?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
5. Were the hoses, valves, and regulators in the oxygen kit in good condition and
clean, particularly of oil and grease?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
6. Were the oxygen cylinders within 5-year hydrostatic test date?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
7. Were the valve seats and washer seal in good condition?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
8. Was the oxygen cylinder stored in a manner to prevent excessive temperatures
(i.e., where the temperature may exceed 125 degrees Fahrenheit)?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
9. Was there an adequately supplied first aid kit (appropriate for the project)
available for the Divers, the contents stored properly, and appropriate for the
users?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
10. Were spare oxygen [washer seals] available?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
11. Was there a backboard for emergency use on board the survey vessel or in the
dive staging area?
o YES o NO o N/A; Comments:
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Appendix N
Memorandum of Agreement on EPA's Diving Safety Program
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EPA MEMORANDUM OF AGREEMENT
BETWEEN THE
SAFETY, HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT DIVISION
AND
DIVING SAFETY BOARD
Background
In 1982, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) exempted scientific diving
from commercial diving regulations (29 CFR 1910, Subpart T) when (1) the diving operation
met OSHA's definition of scientific diving; (2) the diving operation is part of a diving program
that uses a safety manual; and (3) the diving program is directed and controlled by a diving
control board that conforms to certain criteria (29 CFR 1910.401 [a][2][iv]). OSHA's final
scientific diving guidelines for the exemption became effective in 1985,
Purpose
The purpose of this Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) is to establish a formal agreement
between EPA's Safety, Health and Environmental Management Division (SHEMD) and Diving
Safety Board (DSB) on the Agency's Diving Safety Program, This MOA affirms SHEMD's
authority for oversight of EPA's Dive Safety Program, including administrative, compliance, and
training requirements. It also affirms the DSB's authority for overall programmatic and
operational management of EPA's Diving Safety Program, Furthermore, the DSB retains the
autonomy specified in OSHA's scientific diving exemption (29 CFR 1910.401), which ensures
that administrative or operational demands do not unduly influence or require field personnel to
perform dive operations with unreasonable risk.
Primary Roles and Responsibilities of SHEMD
Roles
The Director of SHEMD appoints a SHEMD Representative to serve on EPA's DSB. The
primary roles of the SHEMD Representative is to:
1. Attend DSB meetings as an ex officio member.
2. Serve as a liaison on the DSB,
3. Provide safety and health assistance, guidance and support to the DSB,
4. Lead and conduct independent audits of EPA's dive units in accordance with EPA's
Diving Safely Manual.
The SHEMD Representative will also ensure that a valid MOA is in effect to provide autonomy
to the DSB as required by OSHA under the scientific diving exemption (29 CFR Part 1910,401),
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Responsibilities
The SHEMD Representative is responsible for:
1, Attending annual DSB meetings
2, Maintaining headquarters reports of the Diving Safety Program, including:
(a) DSB annual reports
(b) Audit reports
3, Recommending changes in policy to the DSB
Primary Roles and Responsibilities of the DSB
The DSB is composed of the Unit Diving Officers (UDOs) as voting members, representing one
vote from each diving unit and the SHEMD Representative as an ex officio member. Non-voting
consultants, where necessary, may be invited to provide essential expertise on matters relating to
the Diving Safety Program,
Roles
The DSB has autonomous and absolute authority over EPA's Diving Safety Program's scientific
operations. All recommendations for revisions of the policy, diving rules, or other requirements
associated with this program must be agreed upon by consensus of the voting members of the
DSB, As determined by the DSB Chairman, all voting members of the DSB will be polled if the
business at hand can be delayed, and the absent vote(s) would determine the decision.
Responsibilities
The DSB is responsible for:
1. Recommending policy and changes in operating procedures within EPA to ensure a safe
and efficient Diving Safety Program
2. Reviewing existing policies, procedures, and training needs to ensure a continually high
level of technical skills and knowledge throughout the Diving Safety Program
3. Planning, programming, and directing policy pertaining to the initial certification of new
divers and refresher training of experienced divers in cooperation with the Diving Safety
Program's Technical and Training Directors
4. Approving changes in operating policy
5. Serving as an appeal board in cases where a diver's certification has been suspended
6. Planning, programming, and directing diver workshops, seminars, and other activities
considered essential to maintaining a high level of competency and safety among divers
7. Reviewing EPA diving accidents or potentially dangerous incidents and reporting on
preventive measures to ensure safe diving
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8. Reviewing all budgeted advanced diving projects, or directing the DSB Chairman to
establish and chair an approved review committee for such projects
9. Directly advising SHEMD on any policies, procedures, or actions that affect the safety or
efficiency of EPA diving activities
10. As necessary, reviewing EPA contracts and cooperative agreements that involve diving.
11. Reviewing diving reciprocity agreements and, when necessary, dive plans for non-EPA
divers when funded and supervised by EPA.
12. Securing sufficient funds to administer, support, and comply with the safety and health
requirements associated with EPA divers.
Duration of Agreement
This agreement will commence on the date of the signature of all parties and will continue in
effect until amended through agreement by the parties.
(Date)
Wesley J. Carpenter, Acting Director
Safety, Health and Environmental Management Division
Kennard Potts, Chairman
Diving Safety Board
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
Appendix N-4
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APPENDIX O
EPA Letters of Certification (Examples)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
Appendix O-l
-------
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MEASUREMENT AND MODELING
GULF ECOSYSTEM MEASUREMENT AND MODELING DIVISION
EPA DIVER TRAINING CENTER
1 SABINE ISLAND DRIVE • GULF BREEZE, FL 32561-5299
LETTER OF CERTIFICATION TO DIVE
FOR THE U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
FIRST AND LAST NAME
Is Hereby Certified to Dive at The Level of:
AUTHORIZATION: You are authorized to use open-circuit, self-contained underwater breathing
apparatus (SCUBA) incident in the performance of your official duties and subject to the prescribed
EPA policy and regulations governing the use of such equipment, per the EPA Diving Safety Manual.
RESTRICTIONS: When diving in unfamiliar conditions, you must be under the supervision of a diver
trained and experienced in those conditions. At the Unit Diving Officer's (UDO's) discretion, you may
perform light scientific dives. You are initially authorized to dive to a depth of 60 FSW. Deeper depths
may be authorized in writing by your Unit Diving Officer. You may serve as a surface tender.
SPECIAL QUALIFICATIONS: This diver has successfully completed Open Water SCUBA
Certification, First Aid, CPR, AED and the EPA medical requirements for SCUBA has been approved.
REMARKS: This diver has completed all requisite requirements except for the EPA Scientific and
Light Working Diver Training Program.
Mel Parsons Date Cheryl Hankins Date
Chairperson, EPA Diving Safety Board Training Director, EPA Diving Safety Board
TRAINEE DIVER
Period of Agreement: DATE through DATE
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
Appendix 0-2
-------
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MEASUREMENT AND MODELING
GULF ECOSYSTEM MEASUREMENT AND MODELING DIVISION
EPA DIVER TRAINING CENTER
1 SABINE ISLAND DRIVE • GULF BREEZE, FL 32561-5299
DATE
LETTER OF CERTIFICATION TO DIVE
FOR THE U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
FIRST AND LAST NAME
Is Hereby Certified to Dive at The Level of:
SCIENTIFIC and LIGHT WORKING DIVER
AUTHORIZATION: You are authorized to use open-circuit, self-contained underwater breathing
apparatus incident to the performance of your official duties, and subject to the prescribed EPA policy
and regulations governing the use of such equipment, per the EPA Diving Safety Manual.
RESTRICTIONS: When diving in unfamiliar conditions, you must be under the supervision of a diver
trained and experienced in those conditions.
SPECIAL QUALIFICATIONS: This diver has successfully completed Diving Accident Management,
Oxygen Enriched Air, Full Face Mask and Dry-Suit Training.
REMARKS: The above individual was examined and found technically qualified and psychologically
adapted for diving.
Mel Parsons Date Cheryl Hankins Date
Chairperson, EPA Diving Safety Board Training Director, EPA Diving Safety Board
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
Appendix 0-3
-------
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MEASUREMENT AND MODELING
GULF ECOSYSTEM MEASUREMENT AND MODELING DIVISION
EPA DIVER TRAINING CENTER
1 SABINE ISLAND DRIVE • GULF BREEZE, FL 32561-5299
DATE
LETTER OF CERTIFICATION TO DIVE
FOR THE U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
FIRST AND LAST NAME
Is Hereby Certified to Dive at The Level of:
DIVEMASTER
AUTHORIZATION: You are authorized to plan, manage and lead EPA dive operations and to use open-
circuit, self-contained underwater breathing apparatus incident to the performance of your official duties,
and subject to the prescribed EPA policy and regulations governing the use of such equipment, per the
EPA Diving Safety Manual.
RESTRICTIONS: When managing dive operations or diving in unfamiliar conditions, you must be
under the supervision of a diver trained and experienced in those conditions.
SPECIAL QUALIFICATIONS: This diver has successfully completed Diving Accident Management,
Scientific and Light Working Diver Training, Oxygen Administration, Dry Suit and Dive Master
Training.
REMARKS: The above individual was examined and found technically qualified and psychologically
adapted for diving.
You are hereby certified to supervise EPA divers.
Mel Parsons
Date
Cheryl Hankins
Date
Chairperson, EPA Diving Safety Board
Training Director, EPA Diving Safety Board
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
Appendix 0-4
-------
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MEASUREMENT AND MODELING
GULF ECOSYSTEM MEASUREMENT AND MODELING DIVISION
EPA DIVER TRAINING CENTER
1 SABINE ISLAND DRIVE • GULF BREEZE, FL 32561-5299
DATE
LETTER OF CERTIFICATION TO DIVE
FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
FIRST AND LAST NAME
Is Hereby Certified to Dive at The Level of:
PROVISIONAL DIVEMASTER
AUTHORIZATION AND RESTRICTIONS: You are authorized to plan, manage and lead EPA dive
operations under the supervision of a fully certified EPA Divemaster. You must complete at least 100
EPA dives or combination of dives and up to 35 Divemaster Days as defined in the EPA Diving Safety
Manual, to be certified to independently plan and manage EPA dive operations. Once your UDO submits
a written request to the Diving Safety Board Chairperson and Training Director verifying the completion
of Divemaster requirements, you may be issued a certificate qualifying you as a fully certified EPA
Divemaster. You are authorized to use open-circuit, self-contained underwater breathing apparatus
incident to the performance of your official duties, and subject to the prescribed EPA policy and
regulations governing the use of such equipment, per the EPA Diving Safety Manual.
SPECIAL QUALIFICATIONS: This diver has successfully completed Diving Accident Management,
Scientific and Light Working Diver Training, Oxygen Administration, and Dry Suit/FFM Training.
You are hereby certified to supervise EPA divers under the supervision of a fully certified EPA
Divemaster and subject to the restrictions listed above.
REMARKS: The above individual was examined and found technically qualified and psychologically
adapted for diving.
Mel Parsons Date Cheryl Hankins Date
Chairperson, EPA Diving Safety Board Training Director, EPA Diving Safety Board
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
Appendix 0-5
-------
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MEASUREMENT AND MODELING
GULF ECOSYSTEM MEASUREMENT AND MODELING DIVISION
EPA DIVER TRAINING CENTER
1 SABINE ISLAND DRIVE • GULF BREEZE, FL 32561-5299
DATE
LETTER OF CERTIFICATION TO DIVE
FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
FIRST AND LAST NAME
Is Hereby Certified to Dive at The Level of:
EPA DRY SUIT AND FULL-FACE MASK DIVER
AUTHORIZATION: You are authorized to use a Dry Suit and Full-Face Mask with open-circuit, self-
contained underwater breathing apparatus incident to the performance of your official duties, and subject
to the prescribed EPA policy and regulations governing the use of such equipment per the EPA Diving
Safety Manual.
RESTRICTIONS: When diving in unfamiliar conditions, you must be under the supervision of a diver
trained and experienced in those conditions.
SPECIAL QUALIFICATIONS: This diver has successfully completed Diving Accident Management,
Scientific and Light Working Diver Training, Oxygen Enriched Air, Oxygen Administration, Dry Suit
and Full Face Mask Training.
REMARKS: The above individual was examined and found technically qualified and psychologically
adapted for diving.
Mel Parsons Date Cheryl Hankins Date
Chairperson, EPA Diving Safety Board Training Director, EPA Diving Safety Board
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
Appendix 0-6
-------
APPENDIX P
Letters of Reciprocity (Examples)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
Appendix P-l
-------
ISEZ
5 '
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
0
\ PHOlt&
DIVING SAFETY BOARD
April 08,2019
NOAA Diving Program Manager
Office of Marine and Aviation Operations
33 East Quay Rd.
Key West, FL 33040
I am pleased to provide the enclosed Reciprocity Agreement between the United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Diving Safety Board and National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) for the 2019 calendar year. Under this agreement, NOAA
divers will be allowed to participate in EPA sponsored projects and operations.
Maintenance of this agreement is contingent upon compliance with EPA diving regulations
and standards. When participating on EPA dive operations, NOAA divers are required to provide
the EPA project Unit Dive Officer (UDO) with; a current letter of reciprocity or authorization to
dive, signed by their Diving Safety Officer, verifying them as being a diver in good standing in the
NOAA dive program.
I look forward to continuing this relationship with your program. This Reciprocity
Agreement may be renewed annually. If you have any questions, please feel free to contact me at
706-355-8714.
Sincerely,
Dear
Mel Parsons
Chairperson, EPA Diving Safety Board
Enclosure
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
Appendix P-2
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.rtEO sr,,..
£ A \ UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
* ' " 4! WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
The United States Environmental Protection Agency
Diving Safety Board
And
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Diving Program
Gregory B. McFall
NOAA Diving Program Manager
Period of Agreement: January 1, 2019 - December 31, 2019
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Diving Program Diving Safety Board
(DSB) recognizes the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Diving
Program's authorization to dive as equivalent to EPA authorization. Under this agreement, NOAA
divers are allowed to participate in EPA sponsored diving projects and operations. Each diver will
be required to present to the EPA project Unit Diving Officer (UDO) a current letter of reciprocity
or authorization to dive, signed by the NOAA Diving Safety Officer and if a non-federal employee,
must present proof of coverage for worker's compensation. This agreement can only be applied to
personnel directly employed by or working under the control of the NOAA diving program, unless
agreed upon by both diving programs.
Maintenance of this agreement is contingent upon strict compliance with all EPA diving regulations
and standards, when diving on EPA projects, as set forth in the EPA Diving Safety Policy. This
policy specifically includes the following: diver certification, current medical clearance for divers,
current CPR and First Aid certifications for divers, periodic inspection and testing of certain pieces
of diving equipment, the preparation and approval of a dive plan before each dive operation, the
logging of the details of each dive, the maintenance of diver proficiency, the presence of a qualified
divemaster at each dive site.
This agreement may be terminated or modified by the EPA Dive Safety Board at any time. This
agreement may be renewed annually by mutual consent of both diving programs.
DIVING SAFETY BOARD
Diver Authorization Reciprocity Agreement
Between
April 8. 2019
Date
Chairperson, EPA Diving Safety Board
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
Appendix P-3
-------
Example of a multi-diver LOR for a single project:
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
REGION 4
Science and Ecosystem Support Division
980 College Station Road
Athens, GA 30605-2720
, Unit Diving Supervisor May 09, 2019
Southeast Fisheries Science Center
75 Virginia Beach Drive
Miami, FL 33149
Dear
Please review the following Letter of Reciprocity (LOR) for EPA Divers , ,
and myself for upcoming dives to collect sediment samples at Port Everglades.
As the UDO for EPA's Athens, GA Lab and the EPA's Diving Safety Board Chairperson, I certify that
all divers listed are current and in good standing in EPA's Scientific Diving Program. All divers are
permanent US EPA employees and as such, will be working in an official capacity and covered by
Workman's Compensation.
Please feel free to contact me with any questions or if you need further information.
Thank you.
Sincerely,
c^ha)
Mel Parsons, Unit Diving Officer
Chairperson, EPA Diving Safety Board
USEPA
980 College Station Rd.
Athens, GA 30605
Ph: 706.355.8714
Cell: 706.202.5092
Email: parsons.mel@epa.gov
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
Appendix P-4
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Diver Information
Diver
Level
Physical*
CPR/AED
First
Aid
O2 Cert.
Equip.
Serviced
Scientific
Diver
02/20/18
09/20/17
09/20/17
05/18/18
05/19
Dive Master
04/27/18
03/28/18
03/28/18
05/18/18
01/19
Dive Master
04/02/19
03/28/18
03/28/18
05/09/19
01/19
Dive Master
09/14/18
03/28/18
03/28/18
05/07/19
01/19
Dive Master
09/18/18
02/21/19
02/21/19
09/17/18
05/19
*EPA physicals and certifications are good for two years from the date o
certification.
Diver Certifications
issuance or
Diver
EPA Certified*
Nitrox
Depth Certified
05/2016
05/2016
100
05/1988
10/1991
130
10/2014
10/2014
100
05/2010
05/2010
130
05/2009
05/2009
130
* Scientific Diver, Dry Suit/FFM, Diving Accident Management
EPA Dive Stats
Diver
Dives Past Year
Last Dive
Depths
Total Dives
31
03/28/19
30-75'
120
32
04/05/19
20-130'
-1800
12
05/08/19
20-130'
300
35
05/08/19
20-130'
272
31
04.14/19
20-125'
-500
Emergency Contact Information
Diver
Emergency
Contact
Relation
Phone
E-mail
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
Appendix P-5
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APPENDIX Q
EPA Dive Program Report (Template)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
Appendix Q-l
-------
ANNUAL REPORT OF DIVE TRAINING AND OPERATIONS
Diving [Input Dive Unit]
Unit: [e.g., Region or Laboratory]
[Input UDO Name]
[List Alternate UDO Name(s)]
Time
Period:
[Input Start Date]
[Input End Date]
A. DIVING ACTIVITIES
1. Describe each type of diving operation; include pollutant exposure (use separate
sheet, if necessary).
2. Locations of diving operations (list each state and type of water body).
3. Dive Statistics:
Number of Dives:
Scientific: [Input Number]
Light Work: [Input Number]
Training: [Input Number]
Proficiency: [InputNumber]
Total minutes:
Scientific: [Input Number]
Light Work: [Input Number]
Training: [Input Number]
Proficiency: [InputNumber]
Number of Exposure Days*
Scientific: [Input Number]
Light Work: [Input Number]
Training: [Input Number]
Proficiency: [InputNumber]
*Each day of diving is an exposure day per diver regardless of how many dives
each diver performs (e.g., three divers diving making two dives on a single day
would equal three exposure days and two divers making one dive on a single day
would equal two exposure days).
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
Appendix Q-2
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B. DIVING ACCIDENTS. INJURIES. OR INCIDENTS
1. Describe all accidents, injuries, and incidents.
(Use separate sheet if necessary, and include copies of all applicable forms, e.g.,
EPA form 1440-9, CA-1 or CA-2)
C. DIVE TRAINING
1. Describe the type of training conducted/received, and list the name, office, and
level of certification for each trainee. (Use separate sheet if necessary)
2. List any training needed.
D. DIVE EQUIPMENT
1. Same as last year. [Yes or No]
2. If no, list and note the equipment that is new or removed from service.
[List all equipment added or removed from service, use separate sheet if
necessary]
3. Describe any important equipment problems.
4. Equipment needed.
E. REVIEW OF UNIT DIVING PERSONNEL
[List diving personnel names and certification levels.]
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
Appendix Q-3
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F. TIME SIMM ON I II I NATIONAL DIVE PROGRAM
1. Time expenditures.
ACTIVITIES TIME
A. Assistance with Diver Training Course [hours]
B. Review of Documents [hours]
[Identify and list (e.g., dive plans)]
C. Performing Action Items [hours]
[Identify and list (e.g., Prep for & Audit of Dive ops)]
D. Preparation for and Attendance at Meetings [hours]
[Identify and list]
E. Technical Assistance to Other Units [hours]
[Identify and list]
F. Other [hours]
2. Fiscal (monetary) expenditures:
A. COST OF TRAVEL SPENT ON NATIONAL PROGRAM
[list costs by trip]
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DIVING SAFETY MANUAL
(Revision 2.0, May 20, 2022)
Appendix Q-4
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