United States
Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Chemical Safety and
Pollution Prevention
Final Risk Evaluation for
Asbestos
Part 1: Chrysotile Asbestos
Systematic Review Supplemental File:
Data Extraction for Consumer Exposure
December 2020

-------
Monitoring Data Extracted for Asbestos for Personal Breathing Zone
Country
State/
City/
Region
Site/Vehicle Type
Year
No. of
Samples
(Det. Freq.)/
Sample
Duration
Detection
Level
(Method
Type)
Concentration
Reference (HERO ID)
Data Type
and Data
Integration
Range
Central
Tendency
Standard
Deviation
HERO
Citation
Data
Eval.
Score
Personal Breathing Zone (f/cc*) - Brakes
IR
Zahedan
city
Occupational
Brake repair and
replacement auto
shops (n=30)/
Cars
2008
32 (1)/
45 min
0.01
(PCM)
0.116 to
2.48
0.92 (GM)
NR
1082293
(Kakooei et
al.. 2011)
Medium
Monitoring
IR
Zahedan
city
Occupational
Brake repair and
replacement auto
shops (n=30)/
Trucks
2008
28 (1)/
45 min
0.01
(PCM)
0.117 to
1.93
0.46 (GM)
NR
1082293
(Kakooei et
al.. 2011)
Medium
Monitoring
IR
Zahedan
city
Occupational
Brake repair and
replacement auto
shops (n=30)/
Cars and Trucks
2008
32(1)
(cars, n=22
and trucks,
n=10)/
45 min
0.01
(PCM)
0.135 to
2.48
1.27 (GM)
NR
1082293
(Kakooei et
al.. 2011)
Medium
Monitoring
IR
Zahedan
city
Occupational
Brake repair and
replacement auto
shops (n=30)/
Cars and Trucks
2008
28(1);
(cars, n=10
and trucks,
n=18)/
45 min
0.01
(PCM)
0.116 to
1.62
0.29 (GM)
NR
1082293
(Kakooei et
al.. 2011)
Medium
Monitoring
US
New
Kensington,
PA
Occupational
Former automobile
repair facility;
Autos from the
1960s with 4-wheel
drum brakes
2001
2 test runs
for baseline
(NR)/
85 and 92
min
NR (PCM)
NR
0.0217 to
0.0672
(mean)
NR
3080338
(Blake et al..
2003)
Medium
Monitoring
Page 2 of 22

-------
Country
State/
City/
Region
Site/Vehicle Type
Year
No. of
Samples
(Det. Freq.)/
Sample
Duration
Detection
Level
(Method
Type)
Concentration
Reference (HERO ID)
Data Type
and Data
Integration
Range
Central
Tendency
Standard
Deviation
HERO
Citation
Data
Eval.
Score
US
New
Kensington,
PA
Occupational
Former automobile
repair facility;
Autos from the
1960s with 4-wheel
drum brakes
2001
4 test runs
which
included
filing, hand
sanding, or
arc grinding
(NR)/
95-103 min
NR (PCM)
NR
0.0376 to
0.4368
(mean)
NR
3080338
(Blake et al..
2003)
Medium
Monitoring
US
New
Kensington,
PA
Occupational
Former automobile
repair facility;
Autos from the
1960s with 4-wheel
drum brakes
2001
1 test run
which
included
cleaning
(NR)/
30 min
NR (PCM)
NR
0.0146
(mean)
NR
3080338
(Blake et al..
2003)
Medium
Monitoring
AU
Sydney
Occupational
Service garages for
passenger and light
commercial
vehicles (n=3)
1999
(pub..
date)
3(0)/
77 to 135
min
0.05 (PCM)
All ND
ND
NR
3080975
(Yeung et al..
1999)
Medium
Monitoring
CO
Bogota
Occupational
Passenger and
heavy-duty vehicle
brake repair shops
(n=18)/ heavy-duty
and passenger
vehicles
2016
(pub.
date)
68 (NR)/
30 min
NR(PCME)
0 to 2.148
0.316
(mean);
0.184
(median)
0.413
3520524
(Celv-Garcia
et al.. 2016)
High
Monitoring
CO
Bogota
Occupational
Passenger and
heavy-duty vehicle
brake repair shops
(n=18)/ heavy-duty
and passenger
vehicles
2016
(pub.
date)
64 (NR)/
30 min
NR(PCME)
Oto 0.515
0.069
(mean);
0.019
(median)
0.111
3520524
(Celv-Garcia
et al.. 2016)
High
Monitoring
CO
Bogota
Occupational
Passenger and
heavy-duty vehicle
brake repair shops
2016
(pub.
date)
66 (NR)/
30 min
NR(PCME)
0.023 to
5.313
0.853
(mean);
0.459
(median)
1.036
3520524
(Celv-Garcia
et al.. 2016)
High
Monitoring
Page 3 of22

-------
Country
State/
City/
Region
Site/Vehicle Type
Year
No. of
Samples
(Det. Freq.)/
Sample
Duration
Detection
Level
(Method
Type)
Concentration
Reference (HERO ID)
Data Type
and Data
Integration
Range
Central
Tendency
Standard
Deviation
HERO
Citation
Data
Eval.
Score


(n=18)/ heavy-duty
and passenger
vehicles










CO
Bogota
Occupational
Passenger and
heavy-duty vehicle
brake repair shops
(n=18)/ heavy-duty
and passenger
vehicles
2016
(pub.
date)
39 (NR)/
30 min
NR(PCME)
0 to 1.592
0.155
(mean);
0.021
(median)
0.327
3520524
(Celv-Garcia
etal.. 2016)
High
Monitoring
CO
Bogota
Occupational
Passenger and
heavy-duty vehicle
brake repair shop/
passenger vehicles
(n=9)
2016
(pub.
date)
43 (NR)/
NR
NR(PCME)
0 to 0.61
0.151
(mean;
8-hr
TWA);
0.048
(median)
0.191
3520524
(Celv-Garcia
etal.. 2016)
High
Monitoring
CO
Bogota
Occupational
Passenger and
heavy-duty vehicle
brake repair shop/
Heavy-duty
vehicles (n=9)
2016
(pub.
date)
60 (NR)/
NR
NR(PCME)
Oto 0.31
0.042
(mean;
8-hr
TWA);
0.021
(median)
0.057
3520524
(Celv-Garcia
etal.. 2016)
High
Monitoring
CO
Bogota
Occupational
Passenger and
heavy-duty vehicle
brake repair shop/
Cleaning
2016
(pub.
date)
40 (NR)/
30 min
NR(PCME)
0 to 0.864
0.210
(GM)
NR
3520524
(Celv-Garcia
etal.. 2016)
High
Monitoring
us
NR
Occupational
Small service
station; Utility
vehicle (n=l)
NR
2 (0)/NR
0.008
(PCM)
ND
ND
(mean)

3655537
(Sheehv et al..
1989)
High
Monitoring
Page 4 of 22

-------
Country
State/
City/
Region
Site/Vehicle Type
Year
No. of
Samples
(Det. Freq.)/
Sample
Duration
Detection
Level
(Method
Type)
Concentration
Reference (HERO ID)
Data Type
and Data
Integration
Range
Central
Tendency
Standard
Deviation
HERO
Citation
Data
Eval.
Score
US
NR
Brake servicing on
rear brakes by a
"do-it-yourself"
mechanic
Outside in a
driveway/
Full size van (n=l)
NR
2 (0.5)/NR
0.006
(PCM)
ND to 0.008
0.007
(mean)

3655537
(Sheehv et al..
1989)
High
Monitoring
US
NR
Occupational
Auto/truck repair
facility/ Light-duty
vehicles (van,
truck, station
wagon from 1976-
1981 (n=3)
2001
(pub.
date)
31 (NR)/
15 min
NR (PCM)
0.05 to 0.9
NR
NR
3531556
(Weir et al..
2001)
Medium
Experimental
us
NR
Occupational
Auto/truck repair
facility/ Light-duty
vehicles (van,
truck, station
wagon from 1976-
1981 (n=3)
2001
(pub.
date)
1 (NR)/
40 min
NR (PCM)
0.4
NR
NR
3531556
(Weir et al..
2001)
Medium
Experimental
CO
Bogota
Occupational
Personal exposures
to asbestos fibers
during brake
maintenance of
passenger vehicles
5/2010 to
8/2010
14 (NR)/30
min
TEM
0.015 to
8.835
2.24
(median)
NR
2560364
(Celv-Garcia
et al.. 2012)
High
Monitoring
CO
Bogota
Occupational
Personal exposures
to asbestos fibers
during brake
maintenance of
passenger vehicles
5/2010 to
8/2010
11 (NR)/126
to 499 min
TEM
0.006 to
3.493
0.189
(8-hr
TWA)
(median)
NR
2560364
(Celv-Garcia
et al.. 2012)
High
Monitoring
Page 5 of22

-------
Country
State/
City/
Region
Site/Vehicle Type
Year
No. of
Samples
(Det. Freq.)/
Sample
Duration
Detection
Level
(Method
Type)
Concentration
Reference (HERO ID)
Data Type
and Data
Integration
Range
Central
Tendency
Standard
Deviation
HERO
Citation
Data
Eval.
Score
Personal Breathing Zone (f/cc*) - Gasket Repair and Replacement
US
Detroit, Ml
Occupational
Assessment of
airborne asbestos
exposure during
the servicing and
handling of
automobile
asbestos-
containing gaskets
NR
10 (0.7)/
60 to 156
min
NR (PCM)
0.003 to
0.027
NR
NR
3520458
(Blake et al..
2006)
Medium
Monitoring
US
NR
Occupational
Asbestos exposure
from gaskets
during disassembly
of a medium duty
diesel engine
2005
(pub.
date)
14 (0.21)/
11 to 63 min
NR (PCM)
0.017 to
<0.12***
NR
NR
3531131
(Liukonen and
Weir. 2005)
Medium
Monitoring
us
Santa Rosa,
CA
Occupational
Chrysotile asbestos
exposure
associated with
removal of
automobile
exhaust systems
(ca. 1945-1975) by
mechanics
January
and July
2004
28 (0.39)/
9 to 65 min
0.012-
0.132
(PCM)

NR
NR
3531296
(Paustenbach
et al.. 2006)
High
Monitoring
Personal Breathing Zone (f/cc*) -Trucks and Buses
CN
Hong Kong
Occupational
Bus servicing
depot. Brake pad
machining
NR
3 (NR)/
10 min
NR (PCM)
0.04 to 0.83
f/ml
0.55 f/ml
(mean)
NR
3083368
(Cheng and
O'Kellv, 1986)
High
Monitoring
CN
Hong Kong
Occupational
Repair and
servicing facility.
Cleaning brake
housing by
brushing
NR
2 (NR)/
10 min
NR (PCM)
0.01 to 0.01
f/ml
0.01 f/ml
(mean)
NR
3083368
(Cheng and
O'Kellv. 1986)
High
Monitoring
Page 6 of 22

-------
Country
State/
City/
Region
Site/Vehicle Type
Year
No. of
Samples
(Det. Freq.)/
Sample
Duration
Detection
Level
(Method
Type)
Concentration
Reference (HERO ID)
Data Type
and Data
Integration
Range
Central
Tendency
Standard
Deviation
HERO
Citation
Data
Eval.
Score
CN
Hong Kong
Occupational
Repair and
servicing facility.
Cleaning brake
housing by
brushing
NR
2 (NR)/
10 min
NR (PCM)
0.08 to 0.08
f/ml
0.08 f/ml
(mean)
NR
3083368
(Cheng and
O'Kellv. 1986)
High
Monitoring
CN
Hong Kong
Occupational
Repair and
servicing facility.
Cleaning brake
housing by
brushing
NR
2 (NR)/
10 min
NR (PCM)
0.08 to 0.12
f/ml
0.01 f/ml
(mean)
NR
3083368
(Chens and
O'Kellv. 1986)
High
Monitoring
CN
Hong Kong
Occupational
Repair and
servicing facility.
Cleaning brake
housing by high
pressure air jet
NR
2 (NR)/
10 min
NR (PCM)
0.02 to 0.24
f/ml
0.22 f/ml
(mean)
NR
3083368
(Cheng and
O'Kellv. 1986)
High
Monitoring
CN
Hong Kong
Occupational
Repair and
servicing facility.
Cleaning brake
housing by high
pressure air jet
NR
2 (NR)/
10 min
NR (PCM)
0.01 to 0.02
f/ml
0.015 f/ml
(mean)
NR
3083368
(Cheng and
O'Kellv. 1986)
High
Monitoring
CN
Hong Kong
Occupational
Repair and
servicing facility.
Cleaning brake
housing by high
pressure air jet
NR
2 (NR)/
10 min
NR (PCM)
0.05 to 0.05
f/ml
0.05 f/ml
(mean)
NR
3083368
(Cheng and
O'Kellv. 1986)
High
Monitoring
CN
Hong Kong
Occupational
Repair and
servicing facility.
Cleaning brake
housing by high
pressure air jet
NR
2 (NR)/
10 min
NR (PCM)
0.02 to 0.24
f/ml
0.22 f/ml
(mean)
NR
3083368
(Chens and
O'Kellv. 1986)
High
Monitoring
Page 7 of22

-------
Country
State/
City/
Region
Site/Vehicle Type
Year
No. of
Samples
(Det. Freq.)/
Sample
Duration
Detection
Level
(Method
Type)
Concentration
Reference (HERO ID)
Data Type
and Data
Integration
Range
Central
Tendency
Standard
Deviation
HERO
Citation
Data
Eval.
Score
CN
Hong Kong
Occupational
Repair and
servicing facility.
Cleaning brake
housing by high
pressure air jet
NR
2 (NR)/
10 min
NR (PCM)
0.01 to 0.01
f/ml
0.08 f/ml
(mean)
NR
3083368
(Cheng and
O'Kellv. 1986)
High
Monitoring
CN
Hong Kong
Occupational
Repair and
servicing facility.
Cleaning brake
housing by high
pressure air jet
NR
2 (NR)/
10 min
NR (PCM)
0.04 to 0.12
f/ml
0.08 f/ml
(mean)
NR
3083368
(Chens and
O'Kellv. 1986)
High
Monitoring
CN
Hong Kong
Occupational
Repair and
servicing facility.
Cleaning brake
housing by high
pressure air jet
NR
2 (NR)/
10 min
NR (PCM)
0.16 to 0.28
f/ml
0.22 f/ml
(mean)
NR
3083368
(Cheng and
O'Kellv. 1986)
High
Monitoring
CN
Hong Kong
Occupational
Repair and
servicing facility.
Cleaning brake
housing by high
pressure air jet
NR
2 (NR)/
10 min
NR (PCM)
0.08 to 0.12
f/ml
0.1 f/ml
(mean)
NR
3083368
(Cheng and
O'Kellv. 1986)
High
Monitoring
CN
Hong Kong
Occupational
12 Garages - one
bus servicing depot
and 11 repair and
servicing facilities.
All scenarios
combined - brake
pad machining and
cleaning brakes
(airbrush and air
jet)
NR
25 (NR)/
10 min
NR (PCM)
0.01 to 0.83
f/ml
0.13 f/ml
(mean)
NR
3083368
(Cheng and
O'Kellv. 1986)
High
Monitoring
Page 8 of 22

-------
Country
State/
City/
Region
Site/Vehicle Type
Year
No. of
Samples
(Det. Freq.)/
Sample
Duration
Detection
Level
(Method
Type)
Concentration
Reference (HERO ID)
Data Type
and Data
Integration
Range
Central
Tendency
Standard
Deviation
HERO
Citation
Data
Eval.
Score
Fl
NR
Occupational
Brake maintenance
of trucks and
buses; Opening of
brakes
1977-
1983
25 (NR)/
2 to 25 min
0.1 (PCM)
ND to 1.9
0.4
(mean);
0.1
(median)
NR
3100008
(Kauppinen
and
Korhonen.
1987)
Medium
Monitoring
Fl
NR
Occupational
Brake maintenance
of trucks and
buses; Opening and
brushing of brakes
1977-
1983
6 (NR)/
1 to 12 min
0.1 (PCM)
ND to 1
0.3
(mean);
0.3
(median)
NR
3100008
(Kauppinen
and
Korhonen.
1987)
Medium
Monitoring
Fl
NR
Occupational
Brake maintenance
of trucks and
buses; Cleaning of
brakes by brushing
1977-
1983
8 (NR)/
2 to 12 min
0.1 (PCM)
0.1 to 4.5
1.3
(mean);
0.9
(median)
NR
3100008
(Kauppinen
and
Korhonen.
1987)
Medium
Monitoring
Fl
NR
Occupational
Brake maintenance
of trucks and
buses; Cleaning of
brakes with
compressed air jet,
enclosure and
exhaust in use
1977-
1983
9 (NR)/
1 to 14 min
0.1 (PCM)
0.2 to 3
1.2
(mean);
0.7
(median)
NR
3100008
(Kauooinen
and
Korhonen.
1987)
Medium
Monitoring
Fl
NR
Occupational
Brake maintenance
of trucks and
buses; Cleaning of
brakes with damp
cloth
1977-
1983
3 (NR)/
2 to 5 min
0.1 (PCM)
1.1 to 3.3
1.9
(mean);
1.3
(median)
NR
3100008
(Kauppinen
and
Korhonen.
1987)
Medium
Monitoring
Fl
NR
Occupational
Brake maintenance
of trucks and
buses; Opening of
brakes and
cleaning of brakes
by washing
1977-
1983
6 (NR)/
2 to 10 min
0.1 (PCM)
ND to 0.3
0.2
(mean);
0.2
(median)
NR
3100008
(Kauooinen
and
Korhonen.
1987)
Medium
Monitoring
Page 9 of 22

-------
Country
State/
City/
Region
Site/Vehicle Type
Year
No. of
Samples
(Det. Freq.)/
Sample
Duration
Detection
Level
(Method
Type)
Concentration
Reference (HERO ID)
Data Type
and Data
Integration
Range
Central
Tendency
Standard
Deviation
HERO
Citation
Data
Eval.
Score
Fl
NR
Occupational
Brake maintenance
of trucks and
buses; Cleaning of
brakes by washing
with water
1977-
1983
6 (NR)/
4 to 18 min
0.1 (PCM)
ND to 0.2
0.1
(mean);
0.2
(median)
NR
3100008
(Kauppinen
and
Korhonen.
1987)
Medium
Monitoring
Fl
NR
Occupational
Brake maintenance
of trucks and
buses; Loosening
rivets from brake
linings
1977-
1983
12 (NR)/
5 to 29 min
0.1 (PCM)
ND to 1.6
0.3
(mean);
0.2
(median)
NR
3100008
(Kauppinen
and
Korhonen.
1987)
Medium
Monitoring
Fl
NR
Occupational
Brake maintenance
of trucks and
buses; Cleaning of
brakes shoes
1977-
1983
2	(NR)/
3	to 5 min
0.1 (PCM)
0.3 to 0.4

NR
3100008
(Kauppinen
and
Korhonen.
1987)
Medium
Monitoring
Fl
NR
Occupational
Brake maintenance
of trucks and
buses, Punching
rivets into brake
linings
1977-
1983
28 (NR)/
3 to 60 min
0.1 (PCM)
0.1 to 3.5
0.7
(mean);
0.4
(median)
NR
3100008
(Kauppinen
and
Korhonen.
1987)
Medium
Monitoring
Fl
NR
Occupational
Brake maintenance
of trucks and
buses, Grinding of
brake linings with
machine, no
exhaust
1977-
1983
5 (NR)/
4 to 27 min
0.1 (PCM)
0.3 to 125
56
(mean);
67
(median)
NR
3100008
(Kauppinen
and
Korhonen.
1987)
Medium
Monitoring
Fl
NR
Occupational
Brake maintenance
of trucks and
buses; Grinding of
brake linings with
1977-
1983
30 (NR)/
4 to 33 min
0.1 (PCM)
0.1 to 5.9
1.5
(mean);
0.6 f/cc
(median)
NR
3100008
(Kauppinen
and
Korhonen.
1987)
Medium
Monitoring
Page 10 of 22

-------
Country
State/
City/
Region
Site/Vehicle Type
Year
No. of
Samples
(Det. Freq.)/
Sample
Duration
Detection
Level
(Method
Type)
Concentration
Reference (HERO ID)
Data Type
and Data
Integration
Range
Central
Tendency
Standard
Deviation
HERO
Citation
Data
Eval.
Score


machine, exhaust
in use










Fl
NR
Occupational
Brake maintenance
of trucks and
buses, Bevelling
edges of brake
linings with file
1977-
1983
7 (NR)/
2 to 5 min
0.1 (PCM)
0.1 to 0.9
0.4
(mean);
0.3
(median)
NR
3100008
(Kauppinen
and
Korhonen.
1987)
Medium
Monitoring
Fl
NR
Occupational
Brake maintenance
of trucks and
buses, Cleaning of
brake drums by
brushing
1977-
1983
2 (NR)/
5 to 6 min
0.1 (PCM)
0.5 to 0.7

NR
3100008
(Kauppinen
and
Korhonen.
1987)
Medium
Monitoring
Fl
NR
Occupational
Brake maintenance
of trucks and
buses, Grinding of
brake drums
1977-
1983
6 (NR)/
3 to 26 min
0.1 (PCM)
0.1 to 0.3
0.2
(mean);
0.2
(median)
NR
3100008
(Kauppinen
and
Korhonen.
1987)
Medium
Monitoring
Fl
NR
Occupational
Brake maintenance
of trucks and
buses, Assembling
of brakes
1977-
1983
9 (NR)/
6 to 41 min
0.1 (PCM)
ND to 0.4
0.2
(mean);
0.1
(median)
NR
3100008
(Kauppinen
and
Korhonen.
1987)
Medium
Monitoring
Fl
NR
Occupational
Brake maintenance
of trucks and
buses, Sweeping
floor of garage
1977-
1983
4 (NR)/
2 to 4 min
0.1 (PCM)
ND to 1.7
0.6
(mean);
0.3
(median)
NR
3100008
(Kauppinen
and
Korhonen.
1987)
Medium
Monitoring
Fl
NR
Occupational
Brake maintenance
of trucks and
1977-
1983
5 (NR)/
2 to 30 min
0.1 (PCM)
ND to 0.2
0.2
(mean);
ND
(median)
NR
3100008
(Kauppinen
and
Korhonen.
1987)
Medium
Monitoring
Page 11 of 22

-------
Country
State/
City/
Region
Site/Vehicle Type
Year
No. of
Samples
(Det. Freq.)/
Sample
Duration
Detection
Level
(Method
Type)
Concentration
Reference (HERO ID)
Data Type
and Data
Integration
Range
Central
Tendency
Standard
Deviation
HERO
Citation
Data
Eval.
Score


buses; Other, rare
operations










Fl
NR
Occupational
Brake maintenance
of trucks and
buses, Background
to brake
maintenance
1977-
1983
3 (NR)/
3 to 68 min
0.1 (PCM)
ND to 0.1
ND
(mean);
0.1
(median)
NR
3100008
(Kauppinen
and
Korhonen.
1987)
Medium
Monitoring
Fl
NR
Occupational
Brake maintenance
of passenger cars,
Opening and
brushing of brake
drums
1977-
1983
4 (NR)/
2 to 13 min
0.1 (PCM)
0.3 to 0.6
0.4
(mean);
0.4
(median)
NR
3100008
(Kauppinen
and
Korhonen.
1987)
Medium
Monitoring
Fl
NR
Occupational
Brake maintenance
of passenger cars;
Cleaning of drum
brakes with
compressed air jet,
no exhaust
1977-
1983
9 (NR)/
1 to 10 min
0.1 (PCM)
ND to 8.2
1.5
(mean);
0.4
(median)
NR
3100008
(Kauooinen
and
Korhonen.
1987)
Medium
Monitoring
Fl
NR
Occupational
Brake maintenance
of passenger cars;
Cleaning of drum
brakes with
compressed air jet,
exhaust in use
1977-
1983
5 (NR)/
2 to 15 min
0.1 (PCM)
ND to 0.2
0.1
(mean);
0.1
(median)
NR
3100008
(Kauppinen
and
Korhonen.
1987)
Medium
Monitoring
Fl
NR
Occupational
Brake maintenance
of passenger cars;
Cleaning of brake
drum by brushing
1977-
1983
1 (NR)/
1 min
0.1 (PCM)
0.1 to 0.1

NR
3100008
(Kauooinen
and
Korhonen.
1987)
Medium
Monitoring
Page 12 of 22

-------
Country
State/
City/
Region
Site/Vehicle Type
Year
No. of
Samples
(Det. Freq.)/
Sample
Duration
Detection
Level
(Method
Type)
Concentration
Reference (HERO ID)
Data Type
and Data
Integration
Range
Central
Tendency
Standard
Deviation
HERO
Citation
Data
Eval.
Score
Fl
NR
Occupational
Brake maintenance
of passenger cars;
Grinding of brake
drums
1977-
1983
1 (NR)/
3 min
0.1 (PCM)
0.5 to 0.5

NR
3100008
(Kauppinen
and
Korhonen.
1987)
Medium
Monitoring
Fl
NR
Occupational
Brake maintenance
of passenger cars;
Cleaning of disc
brakes and
changing brake
pads
1977-
1983
8 (NR)/
7 to 38 min
0.1 (PCM)
ND to 0.2
ND
NR
3100008
(Kauppinen
and
Korhonen.
1987)
Medium
Monitoring
Fl
NR
Occupational
Brake maintenance
of passenger cars;
Changing of brake
discs
1977-
1983
2 (NR)/
23 to 23 min
0.1 (PCM)
ND

NR
3100008
(Kauppinen
and
Korhonen.
1987)
Medium
Monitoring
Fl
NR
Occupational
Brake maintenance
of passenger cars;
Grinding of brake
discs
1977-
1983
2 (NR)/
10 to 10 min
0.1 (PCM)
ND to 0.2

NR
3100008
(Kauppinen
and
Korhonen.
1987)
Medium
Monitoring
Fl
NR
Occupational
Brake maintenance
of passenger cars;
Changing of clutch
linings
1977-
1983
3 (NR)/
8 to 12 min
0.1 (PCM)
ND to 0.1
ND
NR
3100008
(Kauppinen
and
Korhonen.
1987)
Medium
Monitoring
Fl
NR
Occupational
Brake maintenance
of passenger cars;
Background to
brake maintenance
1977-
1983
1 (NR)/
44 min
0.1 (PCM)
ND

NR
3100008
(Kauppinen
and
Korhonen.
1987)
Medium
Monitoring
US
Stockton,
CA
Occupational
Heavy-duty
equipment service
centers; no active
heating, air
2005-
2006
42 (1)/
30 min
NR (PCM)
0.007 to
0.22
0.053
(mean);
0.045
(GM)
0.029
2591959
(Madl et al..
2009)
High
Monitoring
Page 13 of 22

-------
Country
State/
City/
Region
Site/Vehicle Type
Year
No. of
Samples
(Det. Freq.)/
Sample
Duration
Detection
Level
(Method
Type)
Concentration
Reference (HERO ID)
Data Type
and Data
Integration
Range
Central
Tendency
Standard
Deviation
HERO
Citation
Data
Eval.
Score


conditioning, or
ventilation
systems/
Heavy-duty
agricultural and
construction
equipment.










US
Rock, IL
Occupational
Heavy-duty
equipment service
centers; no active
heating, air
conditioning, or
ventilation
systems/
Heavy-duty
agricultural and
construction
equipment.
2005-
2006
8(1)/
30 min
NR (PCM)
0.11 to
0.622
0.338
(mean);
0.292
(GM)
0.183
2591959
(Madl et al..
2009)
High
Monitoring
CO
Bogota
Occupational
2 heavy vehicle
brake repair shops;
one with local
ventilation and one
with no
ventilation/
Buses and trucks
2012
20 (NR)/
~30 min
NR(PCME)
0.019 to
0.645
0.324
(mean);
0.339
(median)
NR
3078032
(Celv-Garcia
et al.. 2015)
High
Monitoring
CO
Bogota
Occupational
2 heavy vehicle
brake repair shops;
one with local
ventilation and one
with no
ventilation/
Buses and trucks
2012
2 (NR)/
~30 min
NR(PCME)
0.086 to
0.096
0.091
(mean);
0.091
(median)
NR
3078032
(Celv-Garcia
et al.. 2015)
High
Monitoring
Page 14 of 22

-------
Country
State/
City/
Region
Site/Vehicle Type
Year
No. of
Samples
(Det. Freq.)/
Sample
Duration
Detection
Level
(Method
Type)
Concentration
Reference (HERO ID)
Data Type
and Data
Integration
Range
Central
Tendency
Standard
Deviation
HERO
Citation
Data
Eval.
Score
CO
Bogota
Occupational
2 heavy vehicle
brake repair shops;
one with local
ventilation and one
with no
ventilation/
Buses and trucks
2012
6 (NR)/
~30 min
NR(PCME)
0.054 to
0.255
0.147
(mean);
0.154
(median)
NR
3078032
(Celv-Garcia
et al.. 2015)
High
Monitoring
CO
Bogota
Occupational
2 heavy vehicle
brake repair shops;
one with local
ventilation and one
with no
ventilation/
Buses and trucks
2012
13 (NR)/
~30 min
NR(PCME)
0 to 0.459
0.194
(mean);
0.201
(median)

3078032
(Celv-Garcia
et al.. 2015)
High
Monitoring
Personal Breathing Zone (f/cc*) -NIOSH studies with occupational engineering controls
US
NR
Occupational
Garages for
Cincinnati Gas and
Electric/
A sedan, two vans,
two pickups trucks,
and a larger truck
(model years not
specified)
NR
8 (NR)/
Duration of
brake job or
2 hours,
whichever
was longer
0.003
(PCM)
ND to 0.016
0.007
NR
3099264
(Coooer et al..
1988)
Not
scored*
*
Monitoring
US
Louisville,
KY
Occupation al
U.S. Postal Service,
Vehicle
Maintenance
Facility, brake
system
examination/
Postal vehicles
including jeeps,
1987
22 (0.41)/
Duration of
brake job or
2 hours,
whichever
was longer
0.004
(PCM)
ND to 0.006
ND
NR
3099353
(Cooper et al..
1987)
High
Monitoring
Page 15 of 22

-------
Country
State/
City/
Region
Site/Vehicle Type
Year
No. of
Samples
(Det. Freq.)/
Sample
Duration
Detection
Level
(Method
Type)
Concentration
Reference (HERO ID)
Data Type
and Data
Integration
Range
Central
Tendency
Standard
Deviation
HERO
Citation
Data
Eval.
Score


Pinto, and van
(n=10)










US
Nashville,
TN
Occupational
U.S. Postal Service,
Vehicle
Maintenance
Facility, brake
system
examination/
Jeep postal delivery
vehicles (n=10)
1986
20 (0.95)/
Duration of
brake job or
2 hours,
whichever
was longer
0.004
(PCM)
ND to 0.006
ND
NR
3099476
(Godbev et
al.. 1987)
High
Monitoring
US
Fairfax, OH
Occupational
Cincinnati Bell,
Vehicle
Maintenance
Garage, evaluation
of brake drum
service controls/
Vehicles (n=7)
including 2 autos
and 5 utility vans.
1986-
1987
13 (0.62)/
Duration of a
single brake
job or 2
hours,
whichever
was longer
0.004
(PCM)
ND to 0.016
0.007
NR
3099480
(Sheehv et al..
1987b)
High
Monitoring
us
Lebanon,
OH
Occupational
Ohio Department
of Transportation,
Maintenance
Facility, evaluation
of brake drum
service controls/
Vehicles
1986
18 (0)/
Duration of a
single brake
job or 2
hours,
whichever
was longer
0.004
(PCM)
All ND
ND

3648228
(Sheehv et al..
1987a)
High
Monitoring
Personal Breathing Zone (f/cc*) - Brakes and Clutches (Pre-1980)
US
New York
City, NY
Occupational
New York City
Department of
Sanitation where
1977
(pub.
date)
4 (NR)/
2-10 min
NR (PCM)
23.7 to 72.0
37.3
(mean)
NR
3615571
(Rohl et al..
1977)
Low
Monitoring
Page 16 of 22

-------
Country
State/
City/
Region
Site/Vehicle Type
Year
No. of
Samples
(Det. Freq.)/
Sample
Duration
Detection
Level
(Method
Type)
Concentration
Reference (HERO ID)
Data Type
and Data
Integration
Range
Central
Tendency
Standard
Deviation
HERO
Citation
Data
Eval.
Score


truck brakes are
repaired/
Sanitation trucks










US
Queens, NY
Occupational
Sanitation
Department
Central Repair
station/
NR
1979
2 (NR)/
136-190 min
NR (PCM)
0.12 to 0.33
raw data
available
to
calculate
NR
4152152
(Roberts.
1980b)
Medium
Monitoring
US
Queens, NY
Occupational
Sanitation
Department
Central Repair
station/
NR
1979
12 (NR)/
47-196 min
NR (PCM)
0.03 to 0.44
raw data
available
to
calculate
NR
4152152
(Roberts.
1980b)
Medium
Monitoring
us
New York
City, NY
Occupational
Truck Brake
Service/
Truck
1976
(pub.
date)
NR (NR)/
2-10 min
NR (PCM)
1.7 to 7.0
NR
NR
3646036
(Lorimer et
al.. 1976)
Low
Monitoring
us
New York
City, NY
Occupational
Truck Brake
Service/
Truck
1976
(pub.
date)
NR (NR)/
2-10 min
NR (PCM)
23.7 to 72.0
NR
NR
3646036
(Lorimer et
al.. 1976)
Low
Monitoring
NR
NR
NR
1976
(pub.
date)
Older
study and
is
"prelimin
ary"
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
3645882
(NIOSH. 1976)
Low
Monitoring
US
New York
City, NY
Occupational
Automotive Brake
Repair Shop/NR
1976
(pub.
date)
4 (NR)/
3-8 min
NR
(PCM)
6.6 to 29.8
16 (mean)
NR
176
(Rohl et al..
1976)
Medium
Monitoring
Page 17 of 22

-------
Country
State/
City/
Region
Site/Vehicle Type
Year
No. of
Samples
(Det. Freq.)/
Sample
Duration
Detection
Level
(Method
Type)
Concentration
Reference (HERO ID)
Data Type
and Data
Integration
Range
Central
Tendency
Standard
Deviation
HERO
Citation
Data
Eval.
Score
US
New York
City, NY
Occupational
Automotive Brake
Repair Shop/NR
1976
(pub.
date)
3 (NR)/
3-8 min
NR
(PCM)
2 to 4.2
3.3
(mean)
NR
176
(Rohl et al..
1976)
Medium
Monitoring
US
New York
City, NY
Occupational
Automotive Brake
Repair Shop/NR
1976
(pub.
date)
2 (NR)/
3-8 min
NR
(PCM)
0.4 to 4.8
2.6
(mean)
NR
176
(Rohl et al..
1976)
Medium
Monitoring
us
New York
City, NY
Occupational
Automotive Brake
Repair Shop/NR
1976
(pub.
date)
2 (NR)/
3-8 min
NR
(PCM)
1.3 to 3.6
2.5
(mean)
NR
176
(Rohl et al..
1976)
Medium
Monitoring
us
New York
City, NY
Occupational
Municipal Truck
Repair Shop/NR
1976
(pub.
date)
10 (NR)/
3-8 min
NR
(PCM)
1.7 to 7
3.8
(mean)
NR
176
(Rohl et al..
1976)
Medium
Monitoring
us
New York
City, NY
Occupational
Municipal Truck
Repair Shop/NR
1976
(pub.
date)
5 (NR)/
3-8 min
NR
(PCM)
23.7 to 72
37.3
(mean)
NR
176
(Rohl et al..
1976)
Medium
Monitoring
us
New York
City, NY
Occupational
Municipal Truck
Repair Shop/NR
1976
(pub.
date)
2 (NR)/
3-8 min
NR
(PCM)
1.9 to 2
1.5
(mean)
NR
176
(Rohl et al..
1976)
Medium
Monitoring
us
Queens, NY
Occupational
Sanitation
Department
Central Repair
station/NR
1979
2 (NR)/
136 and 190
min
NR
(PCM)
0.12 and
0.33


4152150
(Roberts.
1980a)
Medium
Monitoring
us
NR
Occupational
NR/NR
1979
1 (NR)/
393 min
NR
(PCM)
0.13


4152150
(Roberts.
1980a)
Medium
Monitoring
us
NR
Occupational
Department of
Transportation/NR
1979
5 (NR)/
135-196 min
NR
(PCM)
0.15 to 0.31
NR
NR
4152150
(Roberts.
1980a)
Medium
Monitoring
us
Queens, NY
Occupational
Police
Department/NR
1979
7 (NR)/
47-184 min
NR (PCM)
0.03 to 0.44
NR
NR
4152150
(Roberts.
1980a)
Medium
Monitoring
Page 18 of 22

-------
Country
State/
City/
Region
Site/Vehicle Type
Year
No. of
Samples
(Det. Freq.)/
Sample
Duration
Detection
Level
(Method
Type)
Concentration
Reference (HERO ID)
Data Type
and Data
Integration
Range
Central
Tendency
Standard
Deviation
HERO
Citation
Data
Eval.
Score
GB
London
Occupational
Service bay of a car
dealership/
Cars (Brake
cleaning)
1970
(pub.
date)
6(NR)/NR;
the article
says that
sampling
covered an
entire work
shift
NR (NR)
0.21 to 1.12
0.68
(mean)
NR
3610801
(Hickish and
Knight. 1970)
Low
Monitoring
GB
London
Occupational
Service bay of a car
dealership/
Trucks(Brake
cleaning)
1970
(pub.
date)
1 (NR)/
1.5-2 hour
NR (NR)
7.09


3610801
(Hickish and
Knight. 1970)
Low
Monitoring
GB
London
Occupational
Service bay of a car
dealership/
Trucks (After Brake
cleaning)
1970
(pub.
date)
1 (NR)/
5 hours
NR (NR)
0.08


3610801
(Hickish and
Knight. 1970)
Low
Monitoring
GB
London
Occupational
Service bay of a car
dealership/
Trucks(Brake
cleaning; entire
shift)
1970
(pub.
date)
2 (NR)/
6.5 - 7 hours
NR (NR)
NR
1.75
(mean;
TWA)

3610801
(Hickish and
Knight. 1970)
Low
Monitoring
GB
London
Occupational
Service bay of a car
dealership/
Trucks(Clutch
repair during
cleaning)
1970
(pub.
date)
1 (NR)/
1.5-2 hour
NR (NR)
2.25


3610801
(Hickish and
Knight. 1970)
Low
Monitoring
GB
London
Occupational
Service bay of a car
dealership/
Trucks(Clutch
repair after
cleaning)
1970
(pub.
date)
1 (NR)/
5 hours
NR (NR)
0.11


3610801
(Hickish and
Knisht. 1970)
Low
Monitoring
Page 19 of 22

-------
Country
State/
City/
Region
Site/Vehicle Type
Year
No. of
Samples
(Det. Freq.)/
Sample
Duration
Detection
Level
(Method
Type)
Concentration
Reference (HERO ID)
Data Type
and Data
Integration
Range
Central
Tendency
Standard
Deviation
HERO
Citation
Data
Eval.
Score
GB
London
Occupational
Service bay of a car
dealership/
Trucks(Clutch
repair; entire shift)
1970
(pub.
date)
2 (NR)/
6.5 - 7 hours
NR (NR)
NR
0.79
(mean;
TWA)

3610801
(Hickish and
Knight. 1970)
Low
Monitoring
*Units are expressed as f/cc unless otherwise specified.
**HERO 3099264 has not been evaluated in DistillerSR.
*** Blake et al. reported variable detection limits for PCM where the maximum detection limit is greater than the maximum detected value and the minimum detected value
was less than the reported minimum detection limit.
****Paustenbach et al. reported variable detection limits for PCM where the maximum detection limit is greater than the maximum detected value and the minimum detected
value was less than the reported minimum detection limit. Detectable concentrations are embedded in the range of nondetectable concentrations.
Study Info: The information provided includes the HERO ID and citation; country and year samples collected; number of samples and detection frequency.
Abbreviations: If a value was not applicable, it is shown in this table as ND = not detected at the reported detection limit; GM = geometric mean; NR = not reported; f/cc =
fibers per cubic centimeter; f/ml = fibers per milliliter; TWA = time weighted average; PCM = Phase Contrast Microscopy; PCME = Phase Contrast Microscopy Equivalent; TEM =
Transmission Electron Microscopy.
The following abbreviations are for countries/continents: AU = Australia; CN = China. CO = Colombia; Fl = Finland; GB = United Kingdom; IR = Iran; US = United States.
Parameters: All statistics are shown as reported in the study. All minimum values determined to be less than the detection limit are shown in this table as "ND".
Page 20 of 22

-------
References
Blake. CL; Dotson, GS; Harbison. RD. (2006). Assessment of airborne asbestos exposure during the servicing and handling of
automobile asbestos-containing gaskets. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 45: 214-222. http://dx.doi.Org/10.1016/i.yrtph.2006.04.007
Blake. CL: Van Orden. PR: Banasik. M; Harbison. RD. (2003). Airborne asbestos concentration from brake changing does not exceed
permissible exposure limit. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 38: 58-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0273-2300(03)00069-2
Celv-Garcia. MF; Curriero. FC: Sanchez-Silva. M; Brevsse. PN: Giraldo. M; Mendez. L; Torres-Duque, C: Duran, M; Gonzalez-
Garcia. M; Parada. P; Ramos-Bonilla. JP. (2016). Estimation of personal exposure to asbestos of brake repair workers. J Expo
Sci Environ Epidemiol 27: 417-426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ies.2016.76
Celv-Garcia, MF; Sanchez, M; Brevsse, PN: Ramos-Bonilla, JP. (2012). Personal exposures to asbestos fibers during brake
maintenance of passenger vehicles. Ann Occup Hyg 56: 985-999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/mes030
Celv-Garcia, MF: Torres-Duque, CA; Duran, M; Parada, P; Sarmiento, OL; Brevsse, PN: Ramos-Bonilla, JP. (2015). Personal
exposure to asbestos and respiratory health of heavy vehicle brake mechanics. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 25: 26-36.
http://dx.doi.Org/10.1038/ies.2014.8
Cheng, VK; O'Kelly, FJ. (1986). Asbestos exposure in the motor vehicle repair and servicing industry in Hong Kong. J Soc Occup
Med 36: 104-106.
Cooper, TC: Sheehy, JW; O'Brien, DM: Mcglothlin, JD; Todd, WF. (1987). In-Depth Survey Report: Evaluation of Brake Drum
Service Controls at United States Postal Service Vehicle Maintenance Facility, Louisville, Kentucky, Report No. CT-152-1 IB
(pp. 152-111). (NIOSH/OO177547). Cooper, TC; Sheehy, JW; O'Brien, DM; Mcglothlin, JD; Todd, WF.
Cooper, TC; Sheehy, JW; O'Brien, DM; McGlothlin, JD; Todd, WF. (1988). In-depth survey report: Evaluation of brake drum service
controls at Cincinnati Gas and Electric Garages, Cincinnati, Evanston, and Monroe, Ohio and Covington, Kentucky. (ECTB
152-22b). Cincinnati, OH: NIOSH.
Godbev, FW; Cooper, TC; Sheehy, JW; O'Brien, DM; Van Wagenen, HP; Mcglothlin, JD; Todd, WF. (1987). In-Depth Survey
Report: Evaluation of Brake Drum Service Controls at United States Postal Service, Vehicle Maintenance Facility, Nashville,
Tennessee, Report No. CT-152-20B (pp. 152-120). (NIOSH/OO 175415). Godbey, FW; Cooper, TC; Sheehy, JW; O'Brien, DM;
Van Wagenen, HD; Mcglothlin, JD; Todd, WF.
Hickish, DE; Knight, KL. (1970). Exposure to asbestos during brake maintenance. Ann Occup Hyg 13: 17-21.
Kakooei, H; Hormozy, M; Marioryad, H. (2011). Evaluation of asbestos exposure during brake repair and replacement. Ind Health 49:
374-380.
Kauppinen, T; Korhonen, K. (1987). Exposure to Asbestos During Brake Maintenance of Automotive Vehicles by Different Methods.
Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 48: 499-504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15298668791385101
Liukonen, LR; Weir, FW. (2005). Asbestos exposure from gaskets during disassembly of a medium duty diesel engine. Regul Toxicol
Pharmacol 41: 113-121. http://dx.doi.Org/10.1016/i.vrtph.2004.10.003
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Lorimer, WV; Rohl, AN; Miller, A; Nicholson, WJ; Selikoff, IJ. (1976). Asbestos exposure of brake repair workers in United States.
Mt Sinai J Med 43: 207-218.
Madl, AK; Gaffnev, SH; Balzer, JL; Paustenbach, DJ. (2009). Airborne asbestos concentrations associated with heavy equipment
brake removal. Ann Occup Hyg 53: 839-857. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/mep056
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