Technical Support Document:
Preparation of Emissions Inventories
for the Version 4, 2005-based Platform
July 7, 2010
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Air Quality Assessment Division
Contacts:
Rich Mason, Madeleine Strum, Marc Houyoux
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACRONYMS Ill
LIST OF TABLES V
LIST OF FIGURES VI
LIST OF APPENDICES VI
1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 2005 EMISSION INVENTORIES AND APPROACHES 2
2.1 2005 NEI Point sources (ptipm and ptnonipm) 10
2.1.1 IPM sector (ptipm) 12
2.1.2 Non-IPM sector (ptnonipm) 14
2.2 2005 NONPOINT SOURCES (AFDUST, AG, NONPT) 15
2.2.1 Area Fugitive dust sector (afdust) 15
2.2.2 Agricultural Ammonia sector (ag) 16
2.2.3 Other nonpoint sources (nonpt) 19
2.3 FIRES (PTFIRE AND AN hi IRE I 22
2.3.1 Day-specific point source fires (ptfire) 22
2.3.2 Average fires (avefire) 26
2.4 Biogenic sources (biog) 28
2.5 2005 Mobile sources (on_noadj, on_moves_runpm, on_moves_startpm, nonroad, alm_no_c3,
sec a ( 51 29
2.5.1 Onroad mobile MOVES cold-start exhaust sources requiring temperature adjustments
(on moves startpm) 31
2.5.2 Onroad mobile MOVES running exhaust sources requiring temperature adjustments
(onmovesrunpm) 33
2.5.3 Onroad no-adjustments mobile sources (on noadj) 34
2.5.4 Nonroad mobile sources -NMIM-based nonroad (nonroad) 35
2.5.5 Nonroad mobile sources: locomotive and non-C3 commercial marine (alm_no_c3) 36
2.5.6 Nonroad mobile sources: C3 commercial marine (seca_c3) 38
2.6 Emissions from Canada, Mexico and Offshore Drilling Platforms (othpt, othar, othon) ....42
2.7 SMOKE-ready non-anthropogenic inventories for mercury and chlorine 44
2.7.1 Mercury 44
2.7.2 Chlorine 45
3 EMISSIONS MODELING SUMMARY 45
3.1 Key emissions modeling settings 46
3.1.1 Spatial configuration 47
3.1.2 Chemical speciation configuration 49
3.1.3 Temporal processing configuration 56
3.2 Emissions modeling ancillary files 58
3.2.1 Spatial allocation ancillary files 58
3.2.2 Chemical speciation ancillary files 62
3.2.3 Temporal allocation ancillary files 66
4 DEVELOPMENT OF FUTURE YEAR EMISSION INVENTORIES 69
5 REFERENCES 70
11
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Acronyms
BAFM
Benzene, Acetaldehyde, Formaldehyde and Methanol
BEIS
Biogenic Emissions Inventory System
C3
Category 3 (commercial marine vessels)
CAIR
Clean Air Interstate Rule
CAMD
EPA's Clean Air Markets Division
CAMX
Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions
CAP
Criteria Air Pollutant
CARB
California Air Resources Board
CEM
Continuous Emissions Monitoring
CHIEF
Clearinghouse for Inventories and Emissions Factors
CI
Chlorine
CMAQ
Community Multiscale Air Quality
CMV
Commercial marine vessel
CO
Carbon monoxide
EGU
Electric generating units
EPA
Environmental Protection Agency
EMFAC
Emission Factor (California's onroad mobile model)
EEZ
Exclusive Economic Zone
FAA
Federal Aviation Administration
FCCS
Fuel Characteristic Classification System
FIPS
Federal Information Processing Standards
HAP
Hazardous Air Pollutant
HC1
Hydrochloric acid
Hg
Mercury
HGNRVA
Natural recycled, volcanic and anthropogenic Hg
HMS
Hazard Mapping System
IMO
International Marine Organization
IPM
Integrated Planning Model
ITN
Itinerant
MOBILE
OTAQ's model for estimation of onroad mobile emissions factors
MOVES
Motor Vehicle Emissions Simulator ~ OTAQ's model for estimation of onroad mobile
emissions - replaces the use of the MOBILE model
NEEDS
National Electric Energy Database System
NEI
National Emission Inventory
NESHAP
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
nh3
Ammonia
nm
nautical mile
NMIM
National Mobile Inventory Model
NO A A
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NONROAD
OTAQ's model for estimation of nonroad mobile emissions
NOx
Nitrogen oxides
OAQPS
EPA's Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
OTAQ
EPA's Office of Transportation and Air Quality
ORD
EPA's Office of Research and Development
ORL
One Record per Line
PF
Projection Factor, can account for growth and/or controls
PFC
Portable Fuel Container
pm25
Particulate matter less than or equal to 2.5 microns
PM10
Particulate matter less than or equal to 10 microns
in
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RIA
Regulatory Impact Analysis
RFS2
Revised Annual Renewable Fuel Standard
RRF
Relative Response Factor
RWC
Residential Wood Combustion
RPO
Regional Planning Organization
see
Source Classification Code
SMARTFIRE
Satellite Mapping Automated Reanalysis Tool for Fire Incident Reconciliation
SMOKE
Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions
so2
Sulfur dioxide
SOA
Secondary Organic Aerosol
TAF
Terminal Area Forecast
TCEQ
Texas Commission on Environmental Quality
TSD
Technical support document
VOC
Volatile organic compounds
VMT
Vehicle miles traveled
WRAP
Western Regional Air Partnership
iv
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List of Tables
Table 2-1. Platform sectors used in emissions modeling for the 2005 Platform 3
Table 2-2. Summary of significant changes between 2002 and 2005 Platforms by sector 6
Table 2-3. Summaries by sector of 2002 and 2005 Platform base year CAPs-only emissions for
the continental United States (48 states + District of Columbia) 9
Table 2-4. Summaries by sector for the other ("oth" -Canada, Mexico, and offshore- 2002 and
2005 Platform base year CAPs-only emissions within the 36km domain 10
Table 2-5. SCCs in the afdust platform sector 16
Table 2-6. Livestock SCCs extracted from the 2002 NEI to create the ag sector 17
Table 2-7. Fertilizer SCCs extracted from the 2002 NEI for inclusion in the "ag" sector 19
Table 2-8. Oil and gas production nonpoint emissions in WRAP states in 2002 and 2005
platforms. Emissions provided in short tons/year 20
Table 2-9. New SCCs from the Phase II WRAP Oil and Gas Inventory 20
Table 2-10. RWC Emissions Changes for CAPs between 2002 and 2005 platforms. Emissions
values provided in short tons/year 21
Table 2-11. 2005 NEI SCCs representing emissions in the ptfire and avefire modeling sectors 22
Table 2-12. SCCs in the ptfire sector 23
Table 2-13. Average fire VOC changes from 2002 to 2005 platform. Emissions provided in
short tons/year 27
Table 2-14. HAP emission factors applied to avefire PM2.5 emissions 27
Table 2-15. Pollutants covered by the draft MOVES model in the 2005 Platform1 29
Table 2-16. SCCs in the 2005 alm_no_c3 inventory compared to the 2002 platform aim sector36
Table 2-17. Regional growth factors used to project 2002 C3 emissions to 2005 40
Table 2-18. Contiguous U.S. C3 CMV emissions in 2002 and 2005 platforms 40
Table 2-19. HAP emission ratios for generation of HAP emissions from criteria emissions for
C3 commercial marine vessels 41
Table 2-20. Summary of the othpt, othpt hg, othar, othar hg, and othon sectors in the 2005
Platform 43
Table 3-1. Key emissions modeling steps by sector 46
Table 3-2. Descriptions of the 2005-based Platform Grids 48
Table 3-3. Model Species produced by SMOKE for CB05 with SOA for CMAQ4.7 50
Table 3-4. Integration status of benzene, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde and methanol (BAFM) for
each platform sector 53
Table 3-5. Source-category specific criteria for integrating nonpt SCCs for categories
comprising 80% of the nonpoint VOC emissions 54
Table 3-6. Temporal Settings Used for the Platform Sectors in SMOKE 57
Table 3-7. U.S. Surrogates Available for the 2002 and 2005 Platforms 59
Table 3-8. Surrogate assignments to new mobile categories in the 2005 Platform 60
Table 3-9. Canadian Spatial Surrogates for 2005-based platform Canadian Emissions 61
Table 3-10. Differences between two profiles used for coal combustion 64
Table 3-11. Summary of VOC speciation profile approach by sector for 2005 65
Table 3-12. Temporal Profiles Assigned to New Onroad SCC from the Draft MOVES model:
Parking Areas 68
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List of Figures
Figure 2-1. SMARTFIRE System 24
Figure 2-2. MOVES exhaust temperature adjustment functions 32
Figure 3-1. CMAQ modeling domains 48
Figure 3-2. Process of integrating BAFM with VOC for use in VOC Speciation 52
Figure 3-3. Diurnal Profiles are based only on road type (use local for "start") and whether the
road is urban versus rural 69
List of Appendices
Appendix A. Methodology to Revise VOC from Residential Wood Combustion
Appendix B. Methodology to Speciate Partially-Speciated MOVES PM2.5 Emissions
vi
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1 Introduction
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), hereto referred to as "we," has developed a
2005-based air quality modeling platform. This document describes the emissions inventory and
emissions modeling for a version of the platform consisting of Criteria Air Pollutants (CAPs) and
the following select Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs: mercury (Hg), chlorine (CI), hydrochloric
acid (HC1) and benzene, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde and methanol. The latter four are also
denoted BAFM. This platform is called the "CAP-BAFM 2005-Based Platform, Version 4"
platform, since it is primarily a CAP platform, with BAFM and Hg included. The reason it is
"Version 4" is that it has been updated from the 2002-based platform, version 3. It is based on
the 2005 National Emission Inventory (NEI), version 2
(http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/net/2005inventory.htmn. From this point on, we refer to it simply
as the "2005 Platform." This document describes the approach and data used to produce the
emission inputs to the air quality models used in the 2005 Platform. A version of the 2005-based
platform that contains additional HAPs is documented as part of the Revised Annual Renewable
Fuel Standard (RFS2) rule (EPA, 2010).
Emissions preparation for the 2005 Platform supports two air quality models: (1) the Community
Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model (http://www.epa.gov/AMD/CMAQ/) and (2) the
Comprehensive Air Quality Model, with extensions (CAMx) (http://www.camx.com/). Both
models support modeling ozone (O3) and particulate matter (PM) and require hourly and gridded
emissions of chemical species from the following inventory pollutants: carbon monoxide (CO),
nitrogen oxides (NOx), volatile organic compounds (VOC), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ammonia
(NH3), particulate matter less than or equal to 10 microns (PM10), and individual component
species for particulate matter less than or equal to 2.5 microns (PM2.5). In addition, the CMAQ
CB05 with chlorine chemistry, which is part of the "base" version of CMAQ, allows explicit
treatment of BAFM and includes anthropogenic HAP emissions of HC1 and CI. Readers may
note that the base version of CMAQ targeted by the 2005 Platform described here does not
support Hg, but that this modeling platform does include Hg for 2005.
The effort to create the emission inputs for the 2005 Platform included
(1) development of emission inventories for a 2005 model evaluation case,
(2) development of emission inventories for a 2005 base case and projected years consistent
with that base,
(3) updates to the emissions modeling tools,
(4) updates to the emissions modeling ancillary files used with the tools, and
(5) application of the tools.
The primary emissions modeling tool used to create the CMAQ model-ready emissions was the
Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions (SMOKE) modeling system. We used this tool to
create emissions files for a 36-km national grid, a 12-km Eastern grid and a 12-km Western grid
for the following cases:
• 2005 evaluation (also known as the "2005ak" case): The purpose of this case is to
compare the air quality model results to ambient air observations to assess the ability of
the air quality model to estimate ambient air concentrations of ozone and PM2.5 levels.
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For regulatory applications, this case is not included in the relative response factor (RRF)
calculations.
• 2005 base case (also known as the "2005ck" case): The purpose of this case is to provide
a 2005 case that is consistent with the methods used in the future-year base case and
control cases. For regulatory applications, this case is included in the RRF calculations.
A final version of this documentation will also contain sections on the development of the 2020
(2020ck) base case.
Other 2005 and future-year base case emissions have been developed but are associated with
specific regulatory actions and are therefore documented as part of those rules (e.g., RFS2, Light
Duty Greenhouse Gas Rule).
There are two differences between the 2005 evaluation and the 2005 base case. The evaluation
case uses 2005-specific fire emissions and 2005 hour-specific continuous emission monitoring
(CEM) data for electric generating units (EGUs). The 2005 base case includes an "average year"
scenario for fires, described in Section 2.3.2. For EGUs, the base case allocates the 2005
emissions to days and hours using a different approach; this method is also used when creating
the future-year emissions.
The version 4 2005-based Platform builds upon the concepts, tools and emissions modeling data
from EPA's version 3 2002-based Platform, documented by:
http://www.epa.gov/scram001/reports/Emissions%20TSD%20Voll 02-28-08.pdf
A summary of the key differences between the 2005 Platform and the 2002 Platform are
provided in Table 2-1.
This document contains five sections and two appendices. Section 2 describes the 2005
inventories input to SMOKE. Section 3 describes the emissions modeling and the ancillary files
used with the emission inventories. Section 4, to be added in a future version of this document,
describes the development of the 2020 inventory (projected from 2005). Section 5 provides
references. Appendices A and B provide additional details about specific technical methods.
Electronic copies of the data used with SMOKE for the 2005 Platform are available at the
emissions modeling clearinghouse, http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/emch/. under the section
entitled "2005-Based Modeling Platform" and the subsection entitled "CAP-BAFM 2005-Based
Platform". This is referred to as the "2005v4 website" throughout this document.
2 2005 emission inventories and approaches
This section describes the 2005 emissions data created for input to SMOKE. The primary basis
for the 2005 emission inputs for the version 4 Platform is the 2005 National Emission Inventory
(NEI), version 2, which includes emissions of CO, NOx, VOC, SO2, NH3, PM10, PM2.5 and
hazardous air pollutants (HAPs). The 2005 platform utilizes select HAPs: the base version
includes chlorine, HC1, Hg, benzene, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, and methanol. The RFS2
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version of the platform (EPA, 2010) utilized the following additional HAPs: acrolein, 1,3-
butadiene, naphthalene, toluene and xylenes (m,o,p and mixed).
Documentation for the 2005 NEI can be found at:
http://www.epa.gOv/ttn/chief/net/2005inventory.html#documentation. Version 2 of the 2005
NEI was used for the 2005 Platform. For inventories outside of the United States, which include
Canada and Mexico, we used the latest available base-year inventories as discussed in Section
2.6.
The 2005 NEI includes five sectors: nonpoint (formerly called "stationary area") sources, point
sources, nonroad mobile sources, onroad mobile sources, and fires. The fires portion of the
inventory includes emissions from wildfires and prescribed burning computed as hour-specific
point sources. For purposes of preparing the CMAQ-ready emissions, we split the 2005
emissions inventory into several additional "platform" sectors for use in emissions modeling, and
we added biogenic emissions, emissions from the Canadian and Mexican inventories, and
augmented with other emissions data to be explained below. The significance of an emissions
modeling or "platform" sector is that it is run through all of the SMOKE programs except the
final merge (Mrggrid) independently from the other sectors. The final merge program combines
the sector-specific gridded, speciated and temporalized emissions together to create the CMAQ
or CAMx emission inputs.
Table 2-1 presents the sectors in the 2005 Platform. The sector abbreviations are provided in
italics; these abbreviations are used in the SMOKE modeling scripts and inventory file names,
and throughout the remainder of this document. We did not use all sectors for all modeling
cases; in particular, we used the ptfire platform sector only for the 2005 model performance
evaluation. We used the avefire platform sector for all modeling cases except for the model
performance evaluation. The rationale for using average fires in the 2005 base case and future-
year cases rather than the 2005 year-specific fires (ptfire) is described in Section 2.3.2. Updates
from the 2002 platform are discussed in Table 2-2.
Table 2-1. Platform sectors used in emissions modeling for the 2005 Platform
Platform Sector
2005 NEI
Sector
Description and resolution of the data input to SMOKE
IPM sector: ptipm
Point
2005v2 NEI point source EGUs mapped to the Integrated Planning
Model (IPM) model using the National Electric Energy Database
System (NEEDS, 2006 version 3.02) database. Hourly files for
continuous emission monitoring (CEM) sources are included only for
the 2005 evaluation case. Day-specific emissions for non-CEM
sources created for input into SMOKE.
Non-IPM sector:
ptnonipm
Point
All 2005v2 NEI point source records not matched to the ptipm sector,
annual resolution. Includes all aircraft emissions.
Point source fire
sector: ptfire
Fires
Point source day-specific wildfires and prescribed fires for 2005. This
sector used only for the 2005 evaluation case.
Average-fire
sector: avefire
N/A
Average-year wildfire and prescribed fire emissions derived from the
2002 Platform avefire sector, county and annual resolution. Used for
the 2005 base year and the future base model runs, but not for the
model evaluation case.
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Platform Sector
2005 NEI
Sector
Description and resolution of the data input to SMOKE
Agricultural
sector: ag
Nonpoint
NH3 emissions from NEI nonpoint livestock and fertilizer application,
county and annual resolution.
Area fugitive dust
sector: afdust
Nonpoint
PM10 and PM2 5 from fugitive dust sources from the NEI nonpoint
inventory (e.g., building construction, road construction, paved roads,
unpaved roads, agricultural dust), county and annual resolution.
Remaining
nonpoint sector:
nonpt
Nonpoint
Primarily 2002 NEI nonpoint sources not otherwise included in other
SMOKE sectors, county and annual resolution. Also includes updated
Residential Wood Combustion emissions and year 2005 non-
California Western Regional Air Partnership (WRAP) oil and gas
"Phase II" inventory.
Nonroad sector:
nonroad
Mobile:
Nonroad
Monthly nonroad emissions from the National Mobile Inventory
Model (NMIM) using NONROAD2005 version nr05c-BondBase for
all states except California. Monthly emissions for California created
from annual emissions submitted by the California Air Resources
Board (CARB) for the 2005v2 NEI.
locomotive, and
non-C3
commercial
marine:
aim no c3
Mobile:
Nonroad
Year 2002 non-rail maintenance locomotives, and category 1 and
category 2 commercial marine vessel (CMV) emissions sources,
county and annual resolution. Unlike prior platforms, aircraft
emissions are now included in the ptnonipm sector and category 3
CMV emissions are now contained in the seca c3 sector
C3 commercial
marine: seca_c3
Mobile :
Nonroad
Annual point source formatted year 2005 category 3 (C3) CMV
emissions, developed for the EPA rule called "Control of Emissions
from New Marine Compression-Ignition Engines at or Above 30
Liters per Cylinder", usually described as the Emission Control Area
(ECA) study, originally called S02 ("S") ECA.
Onroad
California,
NMIM-based, and
MOVES sources
not subject to
temperature
adjustments:
onnoadj
Mobile:
onroad
Three, monthly, county-level components:
1) Onroad emissions from NMIM using MOBILE6.2, other than
for California.
2) California onroad, created using annual emissions submitted
by CARB for the 2005v2 NEI.
3) Onroad gasoline non-motorcycle vehicle emissions from draft
MOVES not subject to temperature adjustments: exhaust CO,
NOx, VOC, some VOC HAPs, and evaporative VOC and
some VOC Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs).
Onroad cold-start
gasoline exhaust
mode vehicle from
MOVES subject
to temperature
adjustments:
on moves startpm
Mobile:
onroad
Monthly, county-level draft MOVES-based onroad non-motorcycle
gasoline emissions subject to temperature adjustments. Limited to
exhaust mode only for PM species and Naphthalene. California
emissions not included. This sector is limited to cold start mode
emissions that contain different temperature adjustment curves from
running exhaust (see on_moves_runpm sector).
Onroad running
gasoline exhaust
mode vehicle from
MOVES subject
to temperature
adjustments:
on moves runpm
Mobile:
onroad
Monthly, county-level draft MOVES-based onroad non-motorcycle
gasoline emissions subject to temperature adjustments. Limited to
exhaust mode only for PM species and Naphthalene. California
emissions not included. This sector is limited to running mode
emissions that contain different temperature adjustment curves from
cold start exhaust (see on_moves_startpm sector).
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Platform Sector
2005 NEI
Sector
Description and resolution of the data input to SMOKE
Biogenic: biog
N/A
Hour-specific, grid cell-specific emissions generated from the
BEIS3.14 model -includes emissions in Canada and Mexico.
Other point
sources not from
the NEI: othpt
N/A
Point sources from Canada's 2006 inventory and Mexico's Phase III
1999 inventory, annual resolution. Also includes annual U.S. offshore
oil 2005v2 NEI point source emissions.
Other point
sources not from
the NEI, Hg only:
othpt hg
N/A
Annual year 2000 Canada speciated mercury point source emissions.
Other nonpoint
and nonroad not
from the NEI:
othar
N/A
Annual year 2006 Canada (province resolution) and year 1999 Mexico
Phase III (municipio resolution) nonpoint and nonroad mobile
inventories, annual resolution.
Other nonpoint
sources not from
the NEI, Hg only:
othar hg
N/A
Annual year 2000 Canada speciated mercury from nonpoint sources.
Other onroad
sources not from
the NEI: othon
N/A
Year 2006 Canada (province resolution) and year 1999 Mexico Phase
III (municipio resolution) onroad mobile inventories, annual
resolution.
The emission inventories for input to SMOKE for the 2005 base and evaluation case are
available at the 2005v4 website (see the end of Section 1) under the link "Data Files" (see
"2005emis"directory). The "readme" file provided indicates the particular zipped files
associated with each platform sector.
Before discussing the specific components of the 2005 emissions platform, we provide a
summary of the significant differences between the 2002 V3 emissions platform and this 2005
platform. Table 2-2 shows the emissions inventory updates from 2002 V3 to this 2005 platform.
New sectors appear in the 2005 platform and some sources migrate to different sectors. Table
2-2 does not discuss the modifications to these inventories for emissions modeling; these details
are provided in the sections that follow.
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Table 2-2. Summary of significant changes between 2002 and 2005 Platforms by sector
Platform Sector
Summary of Significant Inventory Differences in 2005 Platform
IPM sector: ptipm
- Updated from 2002 NEI version 3 to 2005 NEI version 2 point inventory.
- Updated hourly CEM data from 2002 to 2005.
- Updated day-specific CEM and non-CEM data using temporal information based
on years 2004 through 2006, rather than 2001 through 2003.
- Updated NEEDS database to NEEDS 2006, version 3.02.
- EGUs from 2002 platform assigned to ptnonipm sector have been reassigned to
the ptipm sector.
Non-IPM sector:
ptnonipm
- Updated from 2002 NEI version 3 to 2005 NEI version 2 point inventory.
- Now includes all aircraft emissions (no longer in alm_no_c3 sector).
- EGUs from 2002 platform assigned to ptnonipm sector have been reassigned to
the ptipm sector.
Point source fire
sector: ptfire
- Updated to include all wildfire and prescribed burning emissions for 2005. The
2002 platform contained some county-level monthly prescribed burning
emissions that were included in the nonptfire sector. In contrast, all 2005 fires
data used for modeling are resolved as point sources at day-specific temporal
resolution. Therefore, there is no nonptfire sector in the 2005 platform.
- This sector uses BAFM emissions from the inventory for BAFM model species
as part of VOC speciation (as opposed to getting BAFM model species from
solely speciating VOC as was done in the 2002 CAP-only platform)
Average-fire
sector: avefire
Same as 2002 Platform with the following exceptions:
1) VOC revised higher, now as a factor of CO;
2) Avefire inventory data contains HAPs, computed as factor from PM2 5;
however, these data were not used during processing of the emissions (they
are provided in the inventory files)
Agricultural
sector: ag
Unchanged from 2002 Platform.
Area fugitive dust
sector: afdust
Transport fraction for PM2 5, inadvertently not applied in the original 2002
platform, is correctly applied in 2005 platform.
Remaining
nonpoint sector:
nonpt
Similar to the 2002 Platform except for the following:
1) Replaced non-California WRAP oil and gas emissions with WRAP Phase
II oil and gas emissions;
2) Residential Wood Combustion (RWC) emissions updated for PM and
VOC for Oregon and New York, VOC emissions factor corrected for all
states except California, and, VOC HAPs computed;
3) HC1 corrections made to GA, UT, and VA for Industrial and
Commercial/Institutional coal-fueled boilers;
4) Use BAFM emissions from the inventory as part of VOC speciation for
some sources in this sector.1
Nonroad sector:
nonroad
2002 platform emissions replaced with 2005 NEI version 2 emissions.
1) California 2002v3 emissions replaced with C ARB-submitted 2005v2
emissions with NH3 and some HAPs computed separately.
2) The remaining states emissions simply replaced with 2005v2 NMIM.
Use BAFM as part of VOC speciation for the nearly the entire sector1 (only LPG
and CNG fueled sources did not have BAFM emissions; these were the only
sources for which we did not use BAFM.)
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Platform Sector
Summary of Significant Inventory Differences in 2005 Platform
locomotive, and
non-C3
commercial
marine:
alm_no_c3
Locomotives, and Category 1 and Category 2 CMV emissions are the same as
2002 Platform aim sector. 2005 Platform does not include these emissions in this
sector:
1) aircraft -these are in the 2005 ptnonipm sector;
2) Category 3 CMV -these are replaced by 2005 seca_c3 sector inventory;
3) Tribal data removed due to lack of spatial surrogates.
Use BAFM emissions from the inventory as part of VOC speciation for some
sources in this sector.1
C3 commercial
marine: seca_c3
New sector for 2005 Platform. These point source C3 CMV emissions replace a
subset of the 2002 Platform aim sector emissions, specifically, port and underway
residual fuel C3 county-level emissions.
Use BAFM emissions from the inventory as part of VOC speciation for all sources
in this sector.1
Onroad
California,
NMIM-based, and
MOVES sources
not subject to
temperature
adjustments:
onnoadj
2002 platform emissions replaced with updated 2005 emissions as follows:
1) California -2005 CAP and HAP emissions. Supplied by CARB, gap-filled
with NMIM NH3 and allocated to road types using NMIM -based ratios.
2) Draft MOVES (except for California) onroad gasoline emissions for
exhaust and evaporative mode for all vehicle types except motorcycles for
the pollutants NOx, VOC, CO, benzene, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, 1,3-
butadiene, acrolein, and naphthalene.
3) All other emissions not covered by (1) and (2) above used the 2005 NEI
version 2 emissions, except for PMi0 and PM2 5 emissions included in the
on_moves_startpm and on_moves_runpm sectors, as described below.
Use BAFM emissions from the inventory as part of VOC speciation for all sources
in this sector.1
Onroad cold-start
gasoline exhaust
mode vehicle from
MOVES subject
to temperature
adjustments:
on moves startpm
For the 2005 platform, this new sector includes the draft MOVES onroad gasoline,
non-motorcycle PM and naphthalene cold start mode emissions subject to grid cell
and hourly temperature adjustments. Temperature adjustments for cold starts
(here) are different than running mode emissions, hence the need to separate these
emissions into these new sectors, on_moves_startpm and on_moves_runpm.
Onroad running
gasoline exhaust
mode vehicle from
MOVES subject
to temperature
adjustments:
on moves runpm
For the 2005 platform, this new sector includes the draft MOVES onroad gasoline,
non-motorcycle PM and naphthalene running mode emissions subject to grid cell
and hourly temperature adjustments. Temperature adjustments for running mode
(here) are different than cold start mode emissions, hence the need to separate these
emissions into these new sectors, on_moves_startpm and on_moves_runpm.
Biogenic: biog
Updated from BEIS3.13 in the 2002 platform to BEIS3.14 in the 2005 platform.
Underlying land use data was not updated. Domains in both 2002 and 2005
platforms are the same: U.S., Canada, and Mexico.
Other point
sources not from
the NEI: othpt
New offshore oil emissions from 2005 NEI version 2 point inventory.
Canadian emissions updated from year 2000 to 2006, and using point-specific
speciated emissions and facility-specific temporal allocation.
Other point
sources not from
the NEI, Hg only:
othpt hg
This sector was not in the "CAP-only" version of the 2002 Platform, but it was in
the multi-pollutant version. It contains the same data as in the 2002 multi-pollutant
platform: year 2000 Canadian point source mercury emissions.
7
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Platform Sector
Summary of Significant Inventory Differences in 2005 Platform
Other nonpoint
and nonroad not
from the NEI:
othar
Canadian emissions updated from year 2000 to 2006.
Other nonpoint
sources not from
the NEI, Hg only:
othar hg
New sector in the 2005 platform, contains year 2000 Canadian point source
mercury emissions.
Other onroad
sources not from
the NEI: othon
Canadian emissions updated from year 2000 to 2006.
1 Section 3.1.2.1 details the use of BAFM emissions from the inventory as part of VOC speciation; this is
one of the changes between the 2005 Platform and the 2002 Platform for several sectors.
Annual emission summaries for 2005, with comparisons to 2002 CAPs emissions by emissions
modeling sector are provided in Table 2-3. VOC totals are before BAFM speciation; they are
inventory VOC emissions, and not the sum of VOC emissions after BAFM speciation. Table 2-4
provides a summary of emission changes for CAPs only for Canada and off shore oil between
the 2002 and 2005 platforms. The Mexico emissions are unchanged from 2002 platform.
The emission inventories for input to SMOKE for the 2005 base and evaluation case are
available at the 2005v4 website (see the end of Section 1) under the link "Data Files" (see the
"2005emis" directory). The inventories "readme" file provided indicates the particular zipped
files associated with each platform sector.
8
-------
Table 2-3. Summaries by sector of 2002 and 2005 Platform base year CAPs-only emissions for
the continental United States (48 states + District of Columbia)
Year
Sector
[tons/yr]
voc
[tons/yr]
NOx
[tons/yr]
CO
[tons/yr]
so2
[tons/yr]
nh3
[tons/yr]
PM10
[tons/yr]
pm25
2002
afdust
8,858,989
1,830,273
ag
3,251,990
aim1'"
123,458
2,258,985
806,170
312,180
904
96,981
86,719
nonpt
7,929,917
1,531,603
7,526,721
1,250,266
135,542
1,377,055
1,100,884
nonroad
2,873,623
2,176,159
21,386,058
187,284
1,859
227,875
216,658
onroad3
4,847,990
7,786,709
59,810,864
242,379
290,708
200,686
146,003
ptipm
42,378
4,618,946
605,147
10,359,117
29,991
608,708
501,999
ptnonipm
1,425,158
2,368,988
3,195,465
2,249,548
154,180
600,355
372,330
avefire
1,958,992
189,428
8,554,551
49,094
36,777
796,229
684,035
ptfire+nonptfire4
1,825,284
82,613
8,039,286
67,229
123,414
742,980
629,635
2002 non-fires Total
17,242,523
20,741,388
93,330,425
14,600,775
3,865,173
11,970,649
4,254,865
2005
afdust
8,858,992
1,030,391
ag
3,251,990
aim no c31,2
67,690
1,924,925
270,007
154,016
773
59,366
56,687
seca c31,2,5
22,336
641,228
53,677
416,793
53,519
49,237
nonpt
7,474,512
1,683,490
7,376,314
1,252,645
134,080
1,349,685
1,076,954
nonroad
3,480,959
2,115,408
19,502,718
197,341
1,972
209,100
198,734
on noadj3
3,123,642
7,203,876
41,647,066
144,216
295,203
170,554
115,991
on moves runpm3
46,430
42,753
on moves startpm3
23,607
21,738
ptipm
40,950
3,728,190
601,564
10,381,411
21,684
615,095
508,903
ptnonipm2
1,310,085
2,247,228
3,222,221
2,117,649
159,003
653,957
442,656
avefire
451,127
189,428
8,554,551
49,094
36,777
796,229
684,035
ptfire
2,962,421
193,371
12,529,792
101,012
206,081
1,294,651
1,097,162
2005 non-fires Total
15,520,175
19,544,345
72,673,566
14,664,071
3,864,706
12,040,304
3,544,046
%
afdust
0%
-44%
Differ-
ag
0%
ence
(2005 -
2002)
/2002
aim1,2
-27%
14%
-60%
83%
-14%
16%
22%
nonpt
-6%
10%
-2%
0%
-1%
-2%
-2%
nonroad
21%
-3%
-9%
5%
6%
-8%
-8%
Emiss-
onroad3
-36%
-7%
-30%
-40%
2%
20%
24%
ions
ptipm
-3%
-19%
-1%
0%
-28%
1%
1%
ptnonipm2
-8%
-5%
1%
-6%
3%
9%
19%
avefire
-77%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
ptfire
62%
134%
56%
50%
67%
74%
74%
% Difference non-fires
Total
-10%
-6%
-22%
0%
0%
1%
-17%
1 -aim sector in % Difference calculation consists of aim from 2002 platform and aggregated alm_no_c3 and
seca_c3 from the 2005 platform.
2- Note: aircraft in 2005 platform is contained in the ptnonipm sector.
3 -onroad sector in % Difference calculation consists of onroad from 2002 platform and aggregates on_noadj,
on_moves_runpm, and on_moves_startpm from the 2005 platform.
4 - nonptfire emissions are in the 2002 platform only; these are covered by the ptfire sector in the 2005 platform.
5 - only U.S. state/county seca_c3 emissions are included here; emissions outside the (up to) 200nm offshore
boundary and international boundaries, while included in our modeling, are not included in these summaries.
9
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Table 2-4. Summaries by sector for the other ("oth" -Canada, Mexico, and offshore- 2002 and
2005 Platform base year CAPs-only emissions within the 36km domain.
Year
Sector
[tons/yr]
voc
[tons/yr]
NOx
[tons/yr]
CO
[tons/yr]
so2
[tons/yr]
nh3
[tons/yr]
PM10
[tons/yr]
pm25
2002
Canada othar
1,878,996
1,060,097
4,282,782
227,942
569,738
1,462,643
400,493
Canada othon
410,981
874,564
5,810,763
26,376
18,332
19,692
18,071
Canada othpt
308,286
654,803
1,155,470
2,115,572
23,866
241,081
129,342
Canada Subtotal
2,598,262
2,589,464
11,249,016
2,369,890
611,937
1,723,417
547,906
Mexico othar
586,842
249,045
644,733
101,047
486,484
143,816
92,861
Mexico othon
183,429
147,419
1,455,121
8,270
2,547
6,955
6,372
Mexico othpt
113,044
258,510
88,957
980,359
0
125,385
88,132
Mexico Subtotal
883,314
654,974
2,188,811
1,089,676
489,031
276,156
187,366
Off-shore othpt
70,329
26,628
6,205
0
0
0
0
2002 Total
3,551,905
3,271,066
13,444,032
3,459,566
1,100,967
1,999,573
735,271
2005
Canada othar1
1,281,095
734,587
3,789,362
95,086
546,034
1,666,188
432,402
Canada othon
270,872
524,837
4,403,745
5,309
21,312
14,665
10,395
Canada othpt
447,313
857,977
1,270,438
1,664,040
21,268
117,669
68,689
Canada Subtotal
1,999,279
2,117,402
9,463,544
1,764,434
588,614
1,798,523
511,486
Mexico othar
586,842
249,045
644,733
101,047
486,484
143,816
92,861
Mexico othon
183,429
147,419
1,455,121
8,270
2,547
6,955
6,372
Mexico othpt
113,044
258,510
88,957
980,359
0
125,385
88,132
Mexico Subtotal
883,314
654,974
2,188,811
1,089,676
489,031
276,156
187,366
Off-shore othpt
51,240
82,581
89,812
1,961
0
839
837
2005 Total
2,933,833
2,854,957
11,742,168
2,856,070
1,077,645
2,075,518
699,688
Percent
Difference
(2005 -
2002)/2002
emissions
Canada othar1
-32%
-31%
-12%
-58%
-4%
14%
8%
Canada othon
-34%
-40%
-24%
-80%
16%
-26%
-42%
Canada othpt
45%
31%
10%
-21%
-11%
-51%
-47%
Canada Subtotal
-23%
-18%
-16%
-26%
-4%
4%
-7%
Mexico othar
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
Mexico othon
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
Mexico othpt
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
Mexico Subtotal
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
Off-shore othpt
-27%
210%
1348%
% Difference Total
-17%
-13%
-13%
-17%
-2%
4%
-5%
1- Canada provided year 2006 fires but we did not include them in our 2005 platform.
The remainder of Section 2 provides details of the data contained in each of the 2005 platform
sectors. Different levels of detail are provided for different sectors depending on the availability
of reference information for the data, the degree of changes or manipulation of the data needed
for preparing it for input to SMOKE, and whether these 2005 platform emissions changed
appreciably since the previously-documented 2002 platform.
2.1 2005 NEI Point sources (ptipm and ptnonipm)
Point sources are sources of emissions for which specific geographic coordinates (e.g.,
latitude/longitude) are specified, as in the case of an individual facility. A facility may have
multiple emission points, which may be characterized as units such as boilers, reactors, spray
booths, kilns, etc. A unit may have multiple processes (e.g., a boiler that sometimes burns
residual oil and sometimes burns natural gas). Note that this section describes only contiguous
10
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U.S. NEI point sources. The offshore oil platform (othpt sector) and category 3 CMV emissions
(seca_c3 sector) are point source formatted inventories, but they are discussed later in Section 2.
After removing offshore oil platforms (othpt sector), we created two platform sectors from the
remaining 2005 point source NEI, v2 for input into SMOKE: the Integrated Planning Model
(IPM) sector (ptipm) and the non-IPM sector (ptnonipm). This split facilitates the use of
different SMOKE temporal processing and future year projection techniques for these sectors.
The inventory pollutants processed through SMOKE for both ptipm and ptnonipm sectors were:
CO, NOx, VOC, S02, NH3, PMio, PM2.5 and the following HAPs: HC1, Hg and CI. We did not
utilize BAFM from these sectors as we chose to speciate VOC without any integration of VOC
HAP (integration is discussed in detail in Section 3.1.2.1).
The ptnonipm emissions were provided to SMOKE as annual emissions. The ptipm emissions
used in 2005 were different for the model evaluation case and for the base case. For the model
evaluation case, those ptipm sector sources with CEM data (that we could match to the NEI)
used hourly S02 and NOx emissions and annual emissions of all other pollutants. The hourly
data also contained heat input, which was used to allocate the annual emissions to hourly values.
For the non-CEM sources, we created daily emissions using an approach described in Section
2.1.1, and applied state-specific diurnal profiles to create hourly emissions. Finally, for the base
case, all sources (both CEM and non-CEM) used the daily emissions and diurnal profiles
approach.
Full documentation for the development of the 2005 point source NEI, v2, is at:
http://www.epa.gOv/ttn/chief/net/2005inventory.html#documentation. A summary of this
documentation describes these data as follows:
1. Electric generating unit (EGU) emissions are obtained from emissions/heat input from
EPA'S Acid Rain Program. The following approach applied to units in the 2002 NEI that
matched to 2005 CEMS units. For pollutants covered by the CEMS, the 2005 CEMS
data were used. For CEMS units with pollutants not covered by CEMS (e.g., VOC,
PM2.5, HCL) unit-specific ratios of 2005 to 2002 heat input were applied to 2002 NEI v3
emissions to obtain 2005 estimates.
2. Non-EGU Stationary Source enhancements focused on improving the following sectors:
a. HAP data received from States and industry to support the MACT program,
including the recent Risk and Technology Review rulemaking
b. 2005 State, local, and tribal data submitted to EPA under the Consolidated
Emissions Reporting Rule (CERR)
c. HAP data from Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) for missing facilities and
pollutants
d. Off-shore platform data from Mineral Management Services (MMS)
The changes made to the NEI point sources prior to modeling are as follows:
• The tribal data, which do not use state/county Federal Information Processing Standards
(FIPS) codes in the NEI, but rather use the tribal code, were assigned a state/county FIPS
11
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code of 88XXX, where XXX is the 3-digit tribal code in the NEI. We made this change
because SMOKE requires the state/county FIPS code.
• We defaulted stack parameters for some point sources when modeling in SMOKE.
SMOKE uses an ancillary file, called the PSTK file, which provides default stack
parameters by SCC code to either gap fill stack parameters if they are missing in the NEI
or to correct stack parameters if they are outside the ranges specified in SMOKE for
acceptable values. The SMOKE PSTK file is contained in the ancillary file directory of
the 2005v4 website (see the end of Section 1).
• We applied a transport fraction to all SCCs that we identified as PM fugitive dust, to
prevent the overestimation of fugitive dust impacts in the grid modeling as described in
Section 2.2.1.
2.1.1 IPM sector (ptipm)
The ptipm sector contains emissions from EGUs in the 2005 NEI version 2 point inventory that
we were able match to the units found in the 2006 NEEDS database, version 3.02
(http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/progsregs/epa-ipm/index.htmn. which is used by the IPM,
version 3.02. The IPM model provides future year emission inventories for the universe of
EGUs contained in the NEEDS database. As described below, this matching was done in order
to (1) provide consistency between the 2005 EGU sources and future year EGU emissions for
sources which are forecasted by IPM and (2) avoid double counting in projecting point source
emissions.
The 2005 NEI point source inventory contains emissions estimates for both EGU and non-EGU
sources. The IPM is used to predict the future year emissions for the EGU sources. The
remaining non-EGU point sources are projected by applying projection and control factors to the
base year emissions. It was therefore necessary to identify and separate into two sectors: (1) all
sources that are projected via the IPM and (2) those that are not. This procedure prevents
double-counting or dropping significant emissions when creating the future-year emissions. The
matching process relies on imperfect data; consequently, we experienced a small degree of
dropped and/or double-counted emissions for sources that we could not match. We believe that
the unmatched units are small emissions sources because we have reviewed both the NEI and the
NEEDS database to ensure that all significant EGUs have been captured in the matching process.
The methodology that follows describes how we split the point inventory into the ptipm and
ptnonipm sectors. The approach started with the splits identified for the 2002 NEI (step 1) and
then included additional steps to apply these to the 2005 NEI.
Methodology to split the EGU from the non-EGU sources
Step 1: Obtain facilities and units identified as EGUs from the 2002 NEI
We identified 2002 NEI units as IPM units using the 2006 NEEDS 3.0 database. This
methodology is described in the 2002 Platform documentation previously referenced. Since
some source identifiers are held constant between the 2002 and 2005 NEI, particularly "NEI
12
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Unique ID", we were able to more easily compare the two inventories to ensure that we made
improvements in the 2005 matching rather than inadvertent omissions.
Step 2: Create the 2005 NEI v2 point modeling inventory from the 2005v2 NEI and impacts on
EGU matching
We further enhanced the published 2005 NEI v2 point inventory to improve the ptipm and
ptnonipm splits and make other udpates. What follows are the issues and how we resolved them,
and these represent differences between the published 2005 v2 NEI and what we used for
modeling.
1) We identified facilities added with HAP emissions records that were clearly EGUs, but
had not been flagged as "IPM" sources. These facilities had facility identifiers (i.e., plant
IDs) beginning with "EGU". We further confirmed that these records were EGU
emissions; and therefore, we moved these units to the ptipm sector.
2) We found one additional unit with HAP emissions records not flagged as an EGU, but
that we confirmed were representing emissions from a facility for which we had
identified CAP records as ptipm sector records. We moved this unit (South Mississippi
Electric Power, plantid = 2807300021, unitid = 012, NEI_UNIQUE_ID=NEI409) into
the ptipm inventory.
3) Several facilities and units closed between 2002 and 2005 and had not initially been
removed in the development of the 2005v2 NEI; we removed these based on a list from
the NEI developers.
4) Inspection of CEM and 2005 NEI v2 point inventory revealed some duplication of
sources with state and non-state reported data. This can occur because EPA created the
EGU records in the 2005 NEI, but the states sometimes still submitted these emissions
records. We removed these duplicates.
5) ORIS facility and boiler codes (used to match to the CEM hourly data) were
unintentionally dropped between a preliminary and final 2005 NEI v2 point dataset. We
completely repopulated these ORIS facility and boiler codes based on what we had in
hand.
Creation of temporally resolved emissions for the ptipm sector
Another reason we separated the ptipm sources from the other sources was due to the difference
in the temporal resolution of the data input to SMOKE. The ptipm sector uses the available
hourly CEM data via a method first implemented in the 2002 platform that was also used for the
2005 platform. For sources with CEMs, we used the actual hourly CEM data for the 2005
evaluation case. The hourly CEM data were obtained from the CAMD Data and Maps website2.
The SMOKE modeling system matches the ORIS Facility and Boiler IDs in the NEI SMOKE-
ready file to the same fields in the CEM data. This allowed us to use the hourly SO2 and NOx
CEM emissions directly from the CEM data file. We used the heat input from the hourly CEM
2 http://camddataandmaps.epa. gov/gdm/index.cfm?fuseaction=emissions. wizard
13
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data to allocate the NEI annual values for all other pollutants from CEM sources, because hourly
data for these other pollutants are not available with the hourly CEM data.
For sources not matching the CEM data ("non-CEM" sources), we computed daily emissions
from the NEI annual emissions using a structured query language (SQL) program and state-
average CEM data. To allocate annual emissions to each month, we created state-specific, three-
year averages of 2004-2006 CEM data. These average annual-to-month factors were assigned to
non-CEM sources by state. To allocate the monthly emissions to each day, we used the 2005
CEM data to compute state-specific month-to-day factors, averaged across all units in each state.
The resulting daily emissions were input into SMOKE. The daily-to-hourly allocation was
performed in SMOKE using diurnal profiles. The development of these diurnal ptipm-specific
profiles, which are considered ancillary data for SMOKE, is described in Section 3.2.3.
For the 2005 base case, we do not use year-specific CEM data, and for future-year scenarios,
there are no CEM data available for specific units. Thus, for the base and future-year cases, we
used the same procedures as for "non-CEM" sources to compute daily emissions for input to
SMOKE for all ptipm sources.
2.1.2 Non-IPM sector (ptnonipm)
The non-IPM (ptnonipm) sector contains all 2005 NEI v2 point sources that we did not include
in the IPM (ptipm) sector3. The ptnonipm sector contains fugitive dust PM emissions from
vehicular traffic on paved or unpaved roads at industrial facilities or coal handling at coal mines4.
Prior to input to SMOKE, we reduced the fugitive dust PM emissions to estimate the emissions
that remain aloft by applying county-specific fugitive dust transportable fraction factors. This is
discussed further in Section 2.2.1.
For some geographic areas, some of the sources in the ptnonipm sector belong to source
categories that are contained in other sectors. This occurs in the inventory when states, tribes or
local programs report certain inventory emissions as point sources because they have specific
geographic coordinates for these sources. They may use point source SCCs (8-digit) or non-
point, onroad or nonroad (10-digit) SCCs. In the 2005 NEI, examples of these types of sources
include: aircraft emissions in all states, waste disposal emissions in several states, firefighting
training in New Mexico, several industrial processes and solvent utilization sources in North
Carolina and Tennessee, livestock (i.e., animal husbandry) in primarily Kansas and Minnesota,
and petroleum product working losses.
The most significant changes we made to the ptnonipm emissions involved moving some HAP
records that should have been flagged as IPM into the ptipm sector (discussed in section 2.1.1).
The other modifications are listed here and represent differences between the published 2005
NEI v2 and the 2005 inventory we used for modeling:
1) Removed duplicate annual records. We correctly did not delete sub-annual, non-
repeating records.
3 Except for the offshore oil and day-specific point source fire emissions data which are included in separate sectors,
as discussed in sections 2.6 and 2.3.1, respectively.
4Point source fugitive dust emissions, which represent a very small amount of PM, were treated the same way in the
2002 platform but were treated as a separate sector in the 2001 Platform.
14
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2) Removed a source with a state/county FIPS code of 30777; the "777" county FIPS
represents portable facilities that move across counties, but is not currently a valid
state/county FIPS code in the SMOKE ancillary file "COSTCY". This Montana FIPS
code was located in northern Wyoming and contained very small emissions.
3) Dropped sources with coordinates located well into the oceans or lakes.
4) Fixed the coordinates for several larger sources that had a state/county FIPS code
mismatch with their inventory coordinates greater than 10 km and emissions greater than
10 tons per year of either NOx, VOC, SO2, or 5 tons/yr of PM2.5. These corrections were
limited to a small number of plants in Arizona, Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio, and Virginia.
2.2 2005 Nonpoint sources (afdust, ag, nonpt)
The 2005 NEI v2 generally did not included updated nonpoint emissions from values used in the
2002 NEI, and this modeling platform took a similar approach. Consequently, we created
several sectors from the 2002 nonpoint NEI. We removed the nonpoint tribal-submitted
emissions to prevent possible double counting with the county-level emissions. Because the
tribal nonpoint emissions are small, we do not anticipate these omissions as having an impact on
the results at the 36-km and 12-km scales used for modeling. This omission also eliminated the
need for us to develop costly spatial surrogate data for allocation of tribal data to grid cells
during the SMOKE processing, with little expected impact.
The documentation for the nonpoint sector of the 2005 NEI is available at:
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/net/2005inventory.html
In the rest of this section, we describe in more detail each of the platform sectors into which we
separated the 2005 nonpoint NEI, and the changes we made to these data. We will refer to the
2002 platform documentation for sectors that did not change.
2.2.1 Area Fugitive dust sector (afdust)
The area-source fugitive dust (afdust) sector contains PM10 and PM2.5 emission estimates for
2002 NEI nonpoint SCCs identified by EPA staff as dust sources. This sector is separated from
other nonpoint sectors to make it easier to apply a "transport fraction," which reduces emissions
to reflect observed diminished transport from these sources at the scale of our modeling.
Application of the transport fraction prevents the overestimation of fugitive dust impacts in the
grid modeling as compared to ambient samples. Categories included in this sector are paved
roads, unpaved roads and airstrips, construction (residential, industrial, road and total),
agriculture production and all of the mining 10-digit SCCs beginning with the digits "2325." It
does not include fugitive dust from grain elevators because these are elevated point sources.
We created the afdust sector from the 2002 NEI based on SCCs and pollutant codes (i.e., PM10
and PM2.5) that are considered "fugitive". A complete list of all possible fugitive dust SCCs
(including both 8-digit point source SCCs and 10-digit nonpoint SCCs) is provided at:
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/emch/dustfractions/tf see list2002nei v2.xls. However, not all of
the SCCs in this file are present in the 2002 NEI. The SCCs included in the 2002 NEI that
15
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comprise the 2005 (2002) platform afdust sector (which are a subset of the SCCs in the web link)
are provided in Table 2-5.
Table 2-5. SCCs in the afdust platform sector
see
SCC Description
2275085000
Mobile Sources;Aircraft;Unpaved Airstrips;Total
2294000000
Mobile Sources;Paved Roads;All Paved Roads;Total: Fugitives
2296000000
Mobile Sources;Unpaved Roads;All Unpaved Roads;Total: Fugitives
2296005000
Mobile Sources;Unpaved Roads;Public Unpaved Roads;Total: Fugitives
2296010000
Mobile Sources;Unpaved Roads;Industrial Unpaved Roads;Total: Fugitives
2311000000
Industrial Processes;Construction: SIC 15 - 17;All Processes;Total
2311010000
Industrial Processes;Construction: SIC 15 - 17;Residential;Total
2311010040
Industrial Processes;Construction: SIC 15 - 17;Residential;Ground Excavations
2311010070
Industrial Processes;Construction: SIC 15 - 17;Residential;Vehicle Traffic
2311020000
Industrial Processes;Construction: SIC 15 - 17;Industrial/Commercial/Institutional;Total
2311020040
Industrial Processes;Construction: SIC 15 - 17;Industrial/Commercial/Institutional;Ground
Excavations
2311030000
Industrial Processes;Construction: SIC 15 - 17;Road Construction;Total
2325000000
Industrial Processes;Mining and Quarrying: SIC 14;All Processes;Total
2801000000
Miscellaneous Area Sources;Agriculture Production - Crops;Agriculture - Crops;Total
2801000002
Miscellaneous Area Sources;Agriculture Production - Crops;Agriculture - Crops;Planting
2801000003
Miscellaneous Area Sources;Agriculture Production - Crops;Agriculture - Crops;Tilling
2801000005
Miscellaneous Area Sources;Agriculture Production - Crops;Agriculture - Crops;Harvesting
2801000007
Miscellaneous Area Sources;Agriculture Production - Crops;Agriculture - Crops;Loading
2805000000
Miscellaneous Area Sources;Agriculture Production - Livestock;Agriculture - Livestock;Total
2805001000
Miscellaneous Area Sources;Agriculture Production - Livestock;Beef cattle - finishing
operations on feedlots (dry lots) ;Dust Kicked-up by Hooves (use 28-05-020, -001, -002, or -003
for Waste
Our approach was to apply the transportable fractions by county such that all afdust SCCs in the
same county receive the same factor. The approach used to calculate the county-specific
transportable fractions is based on land use data and is described by:
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/emch/dustfractions/transportable fraction 080305 rev.pdf
As the approach paper mentions, a limitation of the transportable fraction approach is the lack of
monthly variability, which would be expected due to seasonal changes in vegetative cover.
Further, the variability due to soil moisture, precipitation, and wind speeds is not accounted for
by the methodology. An electronic version of the county-level transport fractions can be found
at: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/emch/dustfractions/transportfractions052506rev.xls
The 2002 platform documentation describes an error in which the transportable fraction
application for PM2.5 was not applied. This error was fixed for the 2005 platform, and 2005
PM2.5 afdust emissions are therefore correctly about 43% less than those in the 2002 platform.
2.2.2 Agricultural Ammonia sector (ag)
The agricultural NH3 "ag" sector is comprised of livestock and agricultural fertilizer application
emissions from the nonpoint sector of the 2002 NEI. This sector is unchanged in the 2005
16
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platform. The rest of this section documentation is therefore very similar to that in the 2002
documentation.
In building this sector we extracted livestock and fertilizer emissions based on the SCC. The
livestock SCCs are listed in Table 2-6, and the fertilizer SCCs are listed in Table 2-7.
Table 2-6. Livestock SCCs extracted from the 2002 NEI to create the ag sector
SCC
SCC Description*
2805000000
Agriculture - Livestock;Total
2805001100
Beef cattle - finishing operations on feedlots (drylots);Confinement
2805001200
Beef cattle - finishing operations on feedlots (drylots);Manure handling and storage
2805001300
Beef cattle - finishing operations on feedlots (drylots);Land application of manure
2805002000
Beef cattle production composite;Not Elsewhere Classified
2805003100
Beef cattle - finishing operations on pasture/range;Confinement
2805007100
Poultry production - layers with dry manure management systems;Confinement
2805007300
Poultry production - layers with dry manure management systems;Land application of manure
2805008100
Poultry production - layers with wet manure management systems;Confinement
2805008200
Poultry production - layers with wet manure management systems;Manure handling and storage
2805008300
Poultry production - layers with wet manure management systems;Land application of manure
2805009100
Poultry production - broilers;Confinement
2805009200
Poultry production - broilers;Manure handling and storage
2805009300
Poultry production - broilers;Land application of manure
2805010100
Poultry production - turkeys;Confinement
2805010200
Poultry production - turkeys;Manure handling and storage
2805010300
Poultry production - turkey s;L and application of manure
2805018000
Dairy cattle composite;Not Elsewhere Classified
2805019100
Dairy cattle - flush dairy;Confinement
2805019200
Dairy cattle - flush dairy;Manure handling and storage
2805019300
Dairy cattle - flush dairy;Land application of manure
2805020001
Cattle and Calves Waste Emissions;Milk Cows
2805020002
Cattle and Calves Waste Emissions;Beef Cows
2805020003
Cattle and Calves Waste Emissions;Heifers and Heifer Calves
2805020004
Cattle and Calves Waste Emissions;Steers, Steer Calves, Bulls, and Bull Calves
2805021100
Dairy cattle - scrape dairy;Confinement
2805021200
Dairy cattle - scrape dairy;Manure handling and storage
2805021300
Dairy cattle - scrape dairy;Land application of manure
2805022100
Dairy cattle - deep pit dairy;Confinement
2805022200
Dairy cattle - deep pit dairy;Manure handling and storage
2805022300
Dairy cattle - deep pit dairy;Land application of manure
2805023100
Dairy cattle - drylot/pasture dairy;Confinement
2805023200
Dairy cattle - drylot/pasture dairy;Manure handling and storage
2805023300
Dairy cattle - drylot/pasture dairy;Land application of manure
2805025000
Swine production composite;Not Elsewhere Classified (see also 28-05-039, -047, -053)
2805030000
Poultry Waste Emissions;Not Elsewhere Classified (see also 28-05-007, -008, -009)
2805030001
Poultry Waste Emissions;Pullet Chicks and Pullets less than 13 weeks old
2805030002
Poultry Waste Emissions;Pullets 13 weeks old and older but less than 20 weeks old
2805030003
Poultry Waste Emissions;Layers
2805030004
Poultry Waste Emissions;Broilers
2805030007
Poultry Waste Emissions;Ducks
2805030008
Poultry Waste Emissions;Geese
2805030009
Poultry Waste Emissions;Turkeys
2805035000
Horses and Ponies Waste Emissions;Not Elsewhere Classified
17
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SCC
SCC Description*
2805039100
Swine production - operations with lagoons (unspecified animal age);Confinement
2805039200
Swine production - operations with lagoons (unspecified animal age);Manure handling and storage
2805039300
Swine production - operations with lagoons (unspecified animal age) ;L and application of manure
2805040000
Sheep and Lambs Waste Emissions;Total
2805045000
Goats Waste Emissions;Not Elsewhere Classified
2805045002
Goats Waste Emissions; Angora Goats
2805045003
Goats Waste Emissions;Milk Goats
2805047100
Swine production - deep-pit house operations (unspecified animal age);Confinement
2805047300
Swine production - deep-pit house operations (unspecified animal age);Land application of manure
2805053100
Swine production - outdoor operations (unspecified animal age);Confinement
* All SCC Descriptions begin "Miscellaneous Area Sources;Agriculture Production - Livestock"
The "ag" sector includes all of the NH3 emissions from fertilizer from the NEI. However, the
"ag" sector does not include all of the livestock ammonia emissions, as there are also significant
NH3 emissions from livestock in the point source inventory that we retained from the 2002 NEI.
Note that in these cases, emissions were not also in the nonpoint inventory for counties for which
they were in the point source inventory; therefore no double counting occurred. Most of the
point source livestock NH3 emissions were reported by the states of Kansas and Minnesota. For
these two states, farms with animal operations were provided as point sources using the
following SCCs5:
• 30202001: Industrial Processes; Food and Agriculture; Beef Cattle Feedlots; Feedlots
General
• 30202101: Industrial Processes; Food and Agriculture; Eggs and Poultry Production;
Manure Handling: Dry
• 30203099: Industrial Processes; Food and Agriculture; Dairy Products; Other Not
Classified
There are also livestock NH3 emissions in the point source inventory with SCCs of 39999999
(Industrial Processes; Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries; Miscellaneous Industrial
Processes; Other Not Classified) and 30288801 (Industrial Processes; Food and Agriculture;
Fugitive Emissions; Specify in Comments Field). We identified these sources as livestock NH3
point sources based on their facility name. The reason why we needed to identify livestock NH3
in the ptnonipm sector was to properly implement the emission projection techniques for
livestock sources, which cover all livestock sources, not only those in the ag sector, but also
those in the ptnonipm sector. This will be discussed further in Section 4 in the final version of
this documentation.
5 These point source emissions are also identified by the segment ID, which is one of the following: "SWINE"
"CATTLE", "DAIRY", or "PLTRY".
18
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Table 2-7. Fertilizer SCCs extracted from the 2002 NEI for inclusion in the "ag" sector
2002 SCC
2002 SCC Description*
2801700001
Anhydrous Ammonia
2801700002
Aqueous Ammonia
2801700003
Nitrogen Solutions
2801700004
Urea
2801700005
Ammonium Nitrate
2801700006
Ammonium Sulfate
2801700007
Ammonium Thiosulfate
2801700010
N-P-K (multi-grade nutrient fertilizers)
2801700011
Calcium Ammonium Nitrate
2801700012
Potassium Nitrate
2801700013
Diammonium Phosphate
2801700014
Monoammonium Phosphate
2801700015
Liquid Ammonium Polyphosphate
2801700099
Miscellaneous Fertilizers
* All descriptions include "Miscellaneous Area Sources; Agriculture
Production - Crops; Fertilizer Application" as the beginning of the
description.
2.2.3 Other nonpoint sources (nonpt)
Nonpoint sources that were not subdivided into the afdust, ag, or avefire sectors were assigned to
the "nonpt" sector. This sector is similar to the nonpt sector in the 2002 Platform, which uses the
2002 NEI v3 emissions. The differences are that:
• The 2005 platform replaces 2002 NEI v3 non-California Western Regional Air
Partnership (WRAP) oil and gas emissions (SCCs beginning with "23100") with WRAP
year 2005 Phase II oil and gas emissions.
• Residential wood combustion (RWC) emissions were replaced with data for Oregon and
New York. This update is consistent with the 2005 NEIv2.
• RWC VOC emissions were recalculated for all states except California to reflect an
updated emissions factor for VOC from RWC sources. This update is consistent with the
2005 NEIv2.
• We utilized benzene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and methanol (BAFM) emissions from
sources that met the HAP-CAP integration criteria discussed in Section 3.1.2.1 (i.e., the
"integrate" sources). We removed BAFM from sources that did not meet the integration
criteria (i.e., the "no-integrate" sources) so that BAFM would not be double counted with
the BAFM generated via speciation of VOC.
The 2002 platform documentation describes the creation of the 2002 nonpt sector in great detail,
but the rest of this section will simply document what has changed for the 2005 platform.
2005 Phase II WRAP oil and gas inventory
19
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NEI2002 Industrial Processes, Oil and Gas Production emissions (SCC=2310000000) were
removed from all non-California WRAP states and the WRAP 2005 Phase II oil and gas
emissions were added. As seen in Table 2-8, the 2002 NEI nonpt inventory contains a very
small amount of emissions for this category. The 2002 NEI oil and gas nonpt emissions were
limited to VOC in Arizona, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, North and South Dakota, and
Wyoming, and negligible CO and NOx emissions in New Mexico. In contrast, the 2005 WRAP
oil and gas inventory contains much higher emissions, reflecting greatly improved information
on the activity and equipment and emission factors for this sector for all WRAP states except for
California (and Washington): AK, AZ, CO, MT, NV, NM, ND, OR, SD, UT, WY. The
motivation and development of the Phase II WRAP oil and gas emissions is described in this
report:
http://www.wrapair.org/forums/ogwg/documents/2007-10 Phase II O&G FinaOReportCvlO-
07%20rev.s).pdf
Table 2-8. Oil and gas production nonpoint emissions in WRAP states in 2002 and 2005
platforms. Emissions provided in short tons/year.
Pollutant
2002
2005
CO
1
53,784
NOx
31
155,133
so2
0
2,842
VOC
2,184
480,252
Table 2-9 lists the new area source SCCs that were created to describe the new WRAP oil and
gas emissions inventory. We converted the WRAP'S average day "IDA"-formatted inventory to
the SMOKE annual "ORL" (one record per line) format and retained only non-zero emissions,
leaving us with the following pollutants (also seen in Table 2-8): CO, NOx, SO2, and VOC. The
first two SCC Tier descriptions "Industrial Processes, Oil and Gas Production" are not repeated
in this table.
Table 2-9. New SCCs from the Phase II WRAP Oil and Gas Inventory
SCC
Description
2310000220
All Processes, Drill Rigs
2310000330
All Processes, Artificial Lift
2310000440
All Processes, Saltwater disposal engines
2310010100
Crude Petroleum, Heaters
2310010200
Crude Petroleum, Tanks - Flashing & Standing/Working/Breathing
2310010300
Crude Petroleum, Pneumatic Devices
2310010700
Crude Petroleum, Fugitives
2310010800
Crude Petroleum, Truck Loading
2310020600
Natural Gas, Compressor Engines
2310020700
Natural Gas, Fugitives
2310020800
Natural Gas, Truck Loading
2310021100
Natural Gas, Heaters
2310021300
Natural Gas, Pneumatic Devices
2310021400
Natural Gas, Dehydrators
20
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see
Description
2310021500
Natural Gas, Completion - Flaring & Venting
2310021600
Natural Gas, Venting
2310023000
Natural Gas, CBM - Dewatering pump engines
2310030210
Natural Gas Liquids, Tanks - Flashing & Standing/Working/Breathing, Uncontrolled
2310030220
Natural Gas Liquids, Tanks - Flashing & Standing/Working/Breathing, Controlled
Updates RWC emissions
The updates for RWC emissions were done between the 2002 v3 and 2005 v2; no additional
updates were made for the platform. Currently the documentation of RWC changes is not
available on the website so we document these changes here. First, emissions were replaced for
Oregon and New York, because these areas submitted changes to their 2002 v3 emissions that
they indicated were improvements. Second, analysis of PM2.5 and VOC for RWC indicated that,
with the exception of California, states and local agencies that submitted emissions, used the AP-
42-based VOC emissions factor (229 lb VOC per ton wood) for fireplaces, which we have
subsequently determined overestimated VOC by over an order of magnitude. Therefore, we
replaced the AP-42-based VOC factor of 229 lbs VOC/ton wood burned with a factor from a
Mid-Atlantic Regional Air Management Association (MARAMA) study (Marama, 2006) of 18.9
lbs VOC/ton wood burned, using a series of conditional analyses detailed in Appendix A. The
conditional part of the changes was required because many states included fireplaces together
with woodstoves or did not include VOC with all RWC-related SCCs.
The net effect of the RWC updates and the VOC recalculation on annual national emission totals
between the 2002 and 2005 platform is shown in Table 2-10.
Table 2-10. RWC Emissions Changes for CAPs between 2002 and 2005 platforms.
Emissions values provided in short tons/year.
Pollutant
2002
2005
% Change
VOC
1,476,756
40,754
-97.2%
NOx
40,707
38,369
-5.7%
CO
3,061,043
2,857,985
-6.6%
S02
5,705
5,307
-7.0%
nh3
8,700
7,238
-16.8%
PM2.5
405,777
382,192
-5.8%
PM10
416,488
384,295
-7.7%
The 2005 platform also contains corrected HC1 emissions for Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Coal fired Industrial and Commercial/Institutional boilers (SCCs 2102002000 and 2103002000).
The EPA Office of Research and Development (ORD) identified overestimated HC1 in the 2002
platform nonpt sector and provided revised HC1 emissions in Georgia, Utah, and Virginia that
lowered these emissions by approximately 100,000 tons/year.
21
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2.3 Fires (ptfire and avefire)
Wildfire and prescribed burning emissions are contained in the ptfire and avefire sectors. The
nonptfire sector in the 2002 platform is not needed for the 2005 platform because the 2005
platform ptfire sector contains these emissions. The ptfire sector has emissions provided at
geographic coordinates (point locations) and has daily emissions values, whereas the avefire
sectors are county-summed inventories and have annual total emissions values. For the 2005
evaluation case, we modeled 2005 year-specific fires using the emissions from the ptfire sector.
For the 2005 base case, the ptfire sector was replaced by the avefire sector.
For the 2005 Platform, the following SCCs from the 2005 NEI are considered "fires" (note that
the actual SCC description includes "Miscellaneous Area Sources" as the first tier level
description).
Table 2-11. 2005 NEI SCCs representing emissions in the ptfire and avefire modeling sectors
SCC
SCC Description *
2810001000
Other Combustion;Forest Wildfires;Total
2810015000
Other Combustion;Prescribed Burning for Forest Management;Total
2810005000
Managed Burning, Slash (Logging Debris);Total
* all SCC descriptions begin with "Miscellaneous Area Sources;"
Both the ptfire and avefire sectors for the 2005 Platform exclude agricultural burning and other
open burning sources, which are included in the nonpt sector. We chose to keep agricultural
burning and other open burning sources in the nonpt sector because these categories were not
factored into the development of the average fire sector (as described in 2.3.3). Additionally,
their year-to-year impacts are not as variable as wildfires and non-agricultural
prescribed/managed burns.
2.3.1 Day-specific point source fires (ptfire)
The ptfire sector includes wildfire and prescribed6 burning emissions occurring in 2005, which
were used for the 2005 model evaluation case. Note that Agricultural Burning is not included in
the ptfire sector as it is included in the nonpt sector. We did not include emissions from this
sector in the 2005 base case or any of the future year cases. This sector includes emissions for
all 2005 wildfires and many prescribed burns with daily estimates of each fire's emissions. It
includes a satellite derived latitude/longitude of the fire's origin and other parameters associated
with the emissions such as acres burned and fuel load, which allow estimation of plume rise.
The SCCs in the ptfire sector are listed in Table 2-12.
6 For purposes of this document prescribed burning also includes managed burning, i.e., "Other Combustion;
Managed Burning, Slash (Logging Debris)"
22
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Table 2-12. SCCs in the ptfire sector
SCC
SCC Description *
2810001000
Other Combustion;Forest Wildfires;Total
2810005000
Other Combustion;Managed Burning, Slash (Logging Debris);Total
* all SCC descriptions begin with "Miscellaneous Area Sources;"
The use of point source and day-specific data for fires was a new feature to EPA's modeling for
the 2002 platform and is described in the 2002 platform documentation.
The point source day-specific emission estimates for 2005 fires rely on Sonoma Technology,
Inc.'s Satellite Mapping Automated Reanalysis Tool for Fire Incident Reconciliation
(SMARTFIRE) system (Sullivan, et al., 2008). This system involves the use the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA's) Hazard Mapping System (HMS) fire
location information as input combined with CONSUMEv3.0 (Joint Fire Science Program, 2009)
and the Fuel Characteristic Classification System (FCCS) fuel-loading database to estimate fire
emissions from wildfires and prescribed burns on a daily basis. The method involves the
reconciliation of ICS-209 reports (Incident Status Summary Reports) with satellite-based fire
detections to determine spatial and temporal information about the fires. The ICS-209 reports
for each large wildfire are created daily to enable fire incident commanders to track the status
and resources assigned to each large fire (100 acre timber fire or 300 acre rangeland fire). The
SMARTFIRE system of reconciliation with ICS-209 reports is described in an Air and Waste
Management Association report (Raffuse, et al., 2007).
Figure 2-1 shows a functional diagram of the SMARTFIRE process.
Once the fire reconciliation process is completed, the emissions are calculated using the U.S.
Forest Service's CONSUMEv3.0 fuel consumption model and the FCCS fuel-loading database
in the Bluesky Framework (Ottmar, et. al., 2007),
This method of estimating emissions in the ptfire sector is significantly different than that
described in the 2002 platform documentation. First, the fire locations are satellite-based instead
of ground-based. This means that many more fires are detected in space and time. Fires that
could be matched in space and time with an ICS-209 report were designated as wildfires; all
other fires were designated as prescribed burning. This point leads to the second difference from
2002: the distinction between wildfire and prescribed burn is not as precise as with ground-based
methods. Third, the fire size was based on the number of satellite pixels and a nominal fire size
of 100 acres/pixel was assumed for a significant number of fire detections when the first
detections were not matched to ICS 209 reports. This means that the fire size information is not
as precise as ground based methods. Finally, because the HMS satellite product from NOAA is
based on daily detections, the emission inventory represents a time-integrated emission estimate.
For example, a large smoldering fire will show up on satellite for many days and would count as
acres burned on a daily basis whereas a ground-based method would count the area burned only
once even it burns over many days.
Additional references for this method are provided in (McKenzie, et al., 2007), (Ottmar, et al.,
2003), (Ottmar, et al., 2006), and (Anderson et al., 2004).
23
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Figure 2-1. S MA RTF I RE System
SMARTFIRE System
Functional Diagram
CED-
Retrieve satellite
fire location paint
data (FirePixeJs)
Project FirePixel
data into an equal-
area projection
(Albers Conic)
Retrieve ICS-209
reports and
determine
perimeter of
burned area
Create an
envelope around
the report
perimeter (bum
area + -1km)
(Optional) Create
spatial perimeter
ft* each fire
reported by other
sources
Create an
envelope around
each burn
perimeter
Retrieve existing
FireEvent
snapshots fnotn
the past (11) days
For each FirePixel
Create a km
envelope around
each disjoint
perimeter
Creates ~1km
"buffer' (perimeter)
around current
pixel
Merge current
perimeter with any
overlapping
perimetenfs)
Check current
perimeter against
other perimeters in
array (If any)
All perimeters are
disjoint add new
perimeter to array
Next FirePixel
For each created
envelope
No>
Create new
FireEvent; this
perimeter is the
most current
snapshot
No>
Create new
FireEvent
Merge perimeter
with existing
eerimeters to form
a daily snapshot
for the FireEvent
(Optional) Query
geodatabase to
find other data
(e.g. fuel toadings)
& add to snapshot
Write snapshot to
geodatabase for
current FireEvent
Derive predicted
snapshot for next
day
Note: At this point the
system is not finished; only
the automated processing is
oorripitete. A user can review
the generated FireEvents
and associated data through
a web-based user interface
and, if necessary, make
manual modifications.
Next envelope
T
Done
J
24
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The SMOKE-ready "ORL" files created from the raw daily fires contain both CAPs and HAPs.
The HAPs were generated using the same emission factors as were used in the 2002 Platform
and described in Section 2.3 of the CAP and HAP 2002-Based Platform, Version 3
(ftp://ftp.epa.gov/EmisInventorv/2002v3CAPHAP/documentation)
2.3.1.1 Speciation of "isomers of xylenes" in ptfire
Although xylenes are not HAPs that are used in the 2005 CAP-BAFM platform, they are used in
the RFS2 version. We modified "Xylenes (Mixed Isomers)" emissions present in the raw daily
fires files, represented only by pollutant code 1330207 by apportioning the emissions to m-
xylene (108383), o-xylene (95476) and p-xylene (106423). We did this because pollutant code
1330207 (representing "Xylenes (Mixed Isomers)") is mapped (during the speciation process
that occurs in SMOKE) to m, o, and p, xylene and ethylbenzene. The mapping (developed by
the chemical mechanism developers) treats pollutant code 1330207 as a solvent as opposed to a
combustion byproduct. We apportioned the code 1330207 emissions using the following
percentages: 61.41% m-xylene, 16.58% p-xylene and 22.01% o-xylene. These were derived
from measurements of the flaming and smoldering xylene emission rate (Lee, et. al, 2005) and
the assumption that 75% of the emissions are flaming and 25% smoldering7.
2.3.1.2 Creation of "NONHAPVOC" in ptfire
We used the BAFM HAP emissions from the inventory rather than from VOC speciation in this
sector (though it is listed as a limitation below). To accomplish this, we computed the
NONHAPVOC as an input to SMOKE, because SMOKE is limited to computing
NONHAPVOC for annual emissions data but not the daily data we used for fires. Daily
NONHAPVOC for each fire was computed for each source by subtracting the fire's daily BAFM
mass from the daily VOC mass. We also then dropped the pollutant "VOC" from the data files
since it was no longer needed and if we had kept it, then we would be double counting emissions.
2.3.1.3 Limitations of the ptfire data in the 2005 platform
There were several limitations of the ptfire data approach that we identified after the data were
prepared and modeled. Only the first issue listed affects a species that was modeled, and that
issue only affects the model evaluation case; it had no impact on the base case used in RRF
calculations because ptfire was not used in the base case. The limitations are listed below.
(1) Benzene (Pollutant code and CAS =71432): Emissions were inadvertently dropped during
format conversion. Raw data annual total = 58,346 tons/yr and ORL file annual total = 263.47
tons/yr.
(2) Benzo[g,h,i,]Perylene (Pollutant code and CAS= 191242): A portion of the emissions were
inadvertently dropped during format conversion. Raw data annual total = 263 tons and ORL file
annual total = 266.58 tons.
7 When reviewing the calculations, it turns out an equal flaming and smoldering fraction was used by mistake, a
75/25 split would have resulted in the following percentages: 59.07, 19.25 and 21.68 for m, p, and o-xylene,
respectively.
25
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(3) Benzo[k]Fluoranthene (Pollutant code and CAS= 207089): Emissions were missing from the
ORL file. Raw data annual total = 134.84 tons and ORL file annual total = 0 tons.
(4) Benzofluoranthenes (Pollutant code and CAS 56832736) double counts emissions of CAS=
203338 (Benzo(a)Fluoranthene) and CAS= 207089 Benzo[k]Fluoranthene). Therefore this
pollutant should not have been in the file.
As noted earlier, items 2 through 4 above impact HAPs that are not used in the modeling, but
that are included with incorrect emissions values in the data we posted at the 2005v4 website
(see the end of Section 1). The first error, however, impacts the modeling results because
benzene emissions were integrated with the VOC and used as part of the speciation approach
described in Section 3.1.2.1.
Finally, our use of the HAP emissions to "integrate" the HAP VOCs with the VOC (described in
Section 2.3.1.2) was an approach that we have since dropped in favor of using VOC speciation
without BAFM integration. Due to the introduction (in this platform) of a new speciation
profile (5560) that is based on a compilation and critical evaluation of a large variety of species
emitted from biomass fires (Andrae, 2001), we have not established whether or not HAP
emissions from the NEI are more or less accurate. Therefore in subsequent modeling, we will
choose to use the "no-integrate", "no-hap-use" case which means VOC from these sources is
speciated to provide all model species including BAFM.
2.3.2 Average fires (avefire)
The average fire sector includes emissions from wildfires, prescribed burning, and managed
burning. We used this sector for the 2005 base case, and all future year cases. As noted above,
avefire emissions are annual, county-level emissions.
The purpose of the avefire sector is to represent emissions for a typical or average year's fires for
use in projection year inventories, since the location and degree of future year fires are not
known. This approach keeps the fires information constant between the 2005 base case and
future-year cases to eliminate large and uncertain differences between those cases that changing
the fires would otherwise cause. Using an average of multiple years of data reduces the
possibility that a single-year's high or low fire activity would unduly affect future year model-
predicted concentrations.
We created the average-fires inventory based on the 2001 (1999 NEI-based) fire emissions data.
The average fire sector is comprised of a 1996-2002 average fire inventory for wildfires and
prescribed burning. We calculated the average wildfire and prescribed burning inventories using
the following formula for all pollutants:
_ average acres burned
average fire = 2001 fire x
2001 acres burned
The average acres-burned was calculated base on 1996 through 2002 data; therefore, the average
fire inventory represent average fires from 1996 through 2002, with the assumption of 2001
26
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emissions rates and a spatial distribution of emissions to counties based on fires from 2001. This
approach is the same as that used for our previous emissions modeling platforms used to model
2001 and 2002 base years, with some differences described here.
The 2005 platform avefire sector differs from the avefire sector in the 2002 platform in the
following ways:
a. We recomputed VOC as a function of CO: VOC = CO * 0.229 at the suggestion
of EPA fire inventory expert who reviewed the VOC emissions and found them
too high (Tom Pace, personal communication).
b. We created HAP emissions records by applying emission ratios to PM2.5
Table 2-13 provides the VOC differences between the 2002 and 2005 platforms for each of the
types of fires in the avefire sector. Emissions for CO and PM2.5 are unchanged and are provided
for reference.
Table 2-13. Average fire VOC changes from 2002 to 2005 platform. Emissions provided in
short tons/year
SCC
SCC Description *
2002 VOC
2005 VOC
CO
pm25
2810001000
Forest Wildfires;Total
386,997
1,883,230
8,223,736
685,783
2810005000
Managed Burning, Slash (Logging
Debris);Total
67,664
105,661
461,404
7,460
2810015000
Prescribed Burning for Forest
Management;Total
84,784
399,880
1,746,208
147,298
* all SCC descriptions begin with "Miscellaneous Area Sources; Other Combustion"
The 2005 HAP emissions records were created by multiplying PM2.5 emissions by the emission
factors in Table 2-14. The HAP factors are the same for all source types. Because we chose not
to integrate criteria and HAP VOCs for the avefire sector, the HAPs contained in the avefire
inventory were not used to generate air quality modeling inputs for the 2005 Platform.
Table 2-14. HAP emission factors applied to avefire PM2.5 emissions
Pollutant Description
CAS
PM2 5 factor
1,3-butadiene
106990
0.0147
1-Methylpyrene
2381217
0.00033
Acetaldehyde
75070
0.0148
Acrolein
107028
0.0154
Antracene
120127
0.00018
Benz [a] Anthracene
56553
0.00022
Benzene
71432
0.041
Benzo(a)fluoranthene
203338
0.00009
Benzo(c)phenanthrene
195197
0.00014
Benzo[a]Pyrene
50328
0.00005
Benzo|e] Pyrene
192972
0.0001
27
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Pollutant Description
CAS
PM2 5 factor
Benzo|g,h,i,]Perylene
191242
0.00018
Benzo [k] Fluoranthene
207089
0.00009
Carbonyl sulfide
463581
0.00002
Chrysene
218019
0.00022
Fluoranthene
206440
0.00024
Formaldehyde
50000
0.0936
Hexane
110543
0.00059
Indenof l,2,3-c,d]Pyrene
193395
0.00012
Methyl chloride
74873
0.00464
Methylanthracene
26914181
0.0003
Methylbenzopyrene
65357699
0.00011
Methylchrysene
41637905
0.00029
O-xylene
95476
0.001932554
M-xylene
108383
0.005392065
P-xylene
106423
0.00145538
Perylene
198550
0.00003
Phenanthrene
85018
0.00018
Pyrene
129000
0.00034
Toluene
108883
0.0206
2.4 Biogenic sources (biog)
For CMAQ, we computed the biogenic emissions based on 2005 meteorology data using the
BEIS3.14 model from SMOKE. The 2002 platform used the BEIS3.13 model; otherwise, all
underlying land use data and parameters are unchanged for the 2005 platform.
The BEIS3.14 model creates gridded, hourly, model-species emissions from vegetation and soils.
It estimates CO, VOC, and NOx emissions for the U.S., Mexico, and Canada. The BEIS3.14
model is described further in:
http://www.cmascenter.org/conference/2008/slides/pouliot tale two cmas08.ppt
The inputs to BEIS include:
• Temperature data at 2 meters which were obtained from the CMAQ meteorological input
files,
• Land-use data from the Biogenic Emissions Landuse Database, version 3 (BELD3).
BELD3 data provides data on the 230 vegetation classes at 1-km resolution over most of
North America, which is the same land-use data were used for the 2002 platform.
28
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2.5 2005 Mobile sources (onnoadj, on_moves_runpm,
on movesjstartpm, nonroad, alm_no_c3, seca_c3)
The biggest differences in the U.S. mobile emissions between the 2002 and 2005 platforms are
(1) the apportioning of the emissions into additional platform sectors to allow for processing
differences among the sectors; (2) the use of new emissions methods and data sets, particularly
the use of a draft version of the Motor Vehicle Emissions Simulator (MOVES) model including
temperature affects on gasoline PM2.5 exhaust emissions; and (3) the update of most of the data
to 2005. A summary of these differences is presented below; details are provided in the
subsections that follow.
For the 2005 platform, as indicated in Table 2-2, we have separated the previous 2002 sectors
"onroad" and "aim". The result is the 2005 onroad emissions are now broken out into three
sectors: (1) "on moves startpm"; (2) "onmovesrunpm"; and (3) "on noadj". The aircraft,
locomotive, and commercial marine emissions are now divided into two nonroad sectors:
"alm_no_c3" and "seca_c3", and as previously mentioned, the aircraft emissions are now in the
nonEGU point inventory.
o
While the previous EPA platforms have used NMIM for the onroad and nonroad sectors , some
of the onroad emissions in the 2005 platform were based on a draft version9 of the MOVES
model run for the year 2005. We used this draft MOVES model to make sure to include the
PM2.5 emissions from onroad gasoline vehicles, which include temperature effects and are much
larger than previous versions of onroad PM2.5 The onroad gasoline emissions, except for
motorcycles, were based on MOVES for the pollutants listed in Table 2-15. Unlike our use of
NMIM, we used the MOVES data to create emissions by state and month and then allocated
these to counties based on 2005 NMIM-based county-level data. The reason for the state
resolution was due to (a) run time issues that made a county run done for the nation infeasible in
the timeframe required and (b) uncompleted efforts to create a national database of county-
specific inputs to MOVES. The emissions that did not come from the MOVES model were
obtained from the 2005 NMIM runs, which are consistent with the 2005 NEI v2.
Table 2-15. Pollutants covered by the draft MOVES model in the 2005 Platform1
Used in the 2005 CAP-BAFM Platform
Available from draft MOVES, but not used
in 2005 CAP-BAFM Platform
PM2.5; exhaust, partially speciated
Naphthalene3
VOC; except refueling
1,3 butadiene4
CO
Acrolein4
NOx
Benzene; except refueling
Formaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Draft MOVES data were used only for onroad gasoline vehicles with the exception of motorcycles. Draft MOVES
8 Other than California which were provided by CARB and were based on the mobile models used by California,
EMFAC and OFFROAD, for onroad and nonroad emissions, respectively.
9 As of December 2009, this draft version was replaced by the publicly released MOVES2010 version at
www.epag.gov/otaq/models/moves/
29
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data were not used for any California onroad emissions
2 Exhaust mode PM2 5 species from MOVES consist of: PEC, PS04 and the difference between PM2 5 and PEC
(named as "PM250C")- Brake wear and tire wear PM25 emissions were not available from draft MOVES.
3 Used for the RFS2 version of the platform
4 Used for the RFS2 and LD GHG versions of the platform
The 2005 v2 NEI does not contain the draft MOVES data that we use for the 2005 platform.
Instead, it contains onroad and nonroad mobile emissions that we generated using NMIM (EPA,
2005b) for all of the U.S. except for California.10 The NMIM data was used for all of the
remaining onroad mobile sources and for some of the nonroad mobile sources. NMIM relies on
calculations from the MOBILE6 and NONROAD2005 models as described below, and in the
NEI documentation. Inputs to NMIM are posted with the 2005 Emission Inventory. The direct
link is: ftp://ftp.epa.gov/EmisInventory/2005 nei/mobile sector/ncd/ncd20080522.zip.
NMIM creates the onroad and nonroad emissions on a month-specific basis that accounts for
temperature, fuel types, and other variables that vary by month. Inventory documentation for the
2005 NEI v2 onroad and nonroad sectors is also posted with other 2005 NEI documentation; the
direct link is:
ftp://ftp.epa.gov/EmisInventory/2005 nei/mobile/2005 mobile nei version 2 report.pdf
The residual fuel commercial marine vessel (CMV), also referred to as Category 3 (C3) from the
2002 platform have been replaced with a new set of approximately 4-km resolution point source
format emissions; these are now modeled separately as point sources in the new "seca_c3" sector
for the 2005 platform.
The nonroad sector is the only 2002 mobile sector with U.S. emissions that was left intact and is
still based on NMIM; however, for the 2005 platform, NMIM was run for 2005.
California onroad and nonroad emissions, which use neither MOVES nor NMIM, are based on
an updated submittal to the NEI for 2005.
With the exception seca_c3 point source-formatted sector, the mobile sectors are at county and
SCC resolution. Tribal data from the alm_no_c3 sector have been dropped because we do not
have spatial surrogate data, and the emissions are small; these data were removed from the
SMOKE input inventories for 2005.
All mobile sectors that have benzene, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde or methanol present in the
inventory data, use these HAPs via "integration" for input into the air quality model, as described
in Section 3.1.2.1. A few categories of nonroad sources (CNG and LPG-fueled equipment) do
not have BAFM and therefore utilize the "no-integrate", "no-hap-use" case which means VOC
from these sources is speciated to provide BAFM.
10 Although OTAQ generated emissions using NMIM for California, these were not used in the 2005 NEI version 2,
but rather were replaced by state-submitted emissions.
30
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2.5.1 Onroad mobile MOVES cold-start exhaust sources requiring
temperature adjustments (on_moves_startpm)
This sector contains draft MOVES emissions for PM and naphthalene11 for non-California
onroad gasoline cold-start exhaust except for motorcycles. These emissions (and the
onmovesrunpm sector discussed in the next section) are processed separately from the
remainder of the onroad mobile emissions because they are subject to hourly temperature
adjustments, and these temperature adjustments are different for cold-start and running exhaust
modes.
Temperature adjustments were applied to account for the strong sensitivity of PM and
naphthalene exhaust emissions to temperatures below 72 °F. Because it was not feasible to run
MOVES directly for all of the gridded, hourly temperatures needed for modeling, we created
emissions of PM and naphthalene exhaust at 72 °F and applied temperature adjustments after the
emissions were spatially and temporally allocated. The PM2.5 (and naphthalene for RFS2)
adjustments were different for starting and running exhaust and applied to SMOKE gridded,
hourly intermediate files using the gridded hourly temperature data also input to the CMAQ
model. One result of this approach is that inventory summaries based from the raw SMOKE
inputs for the onmovesstartpm and on moves runpm sectors will not be valid because they
will not include the temperature adjustments. As a result, the post-processing for temperature
adjustments included computing the emissions totals at state, county, and month resolution to use
for summaries.
Figure 2-2 shows how PM (and naphthalene) emissions increase with colder temperatures and
how start exhaust emissions increase more than running exhaust emissions.
11 Naphthalene is not used in the 2005 CAP-BAFM platform, but it is contained in the MOVES-based inputs and
was used in the version of the 2005 platform used for RFS2 (EPA, 2010)
31
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Figure 2-2. MOVES exhaust temperature adjustment functions.
80
c
0)
E
+¦»
3
¦5"
<
¦ Run Exhaust
¦ Start Exhaust
-20 -10 1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71
Temperature (F)
A number of features of the MOVES output required additional processing to develop county-
level monthly ORL files for SMOKE. As stated earlier, the spatial resolution of the MOVES
data was at the state level and data were allocated to county level prior to input into SMOKE. In
addition, the exhaust PM2.5 emissions from MOVES were partially speciated. To retain the
speciated elemental carbon and sulfate emissions from MOVES, the speciation step that is
usually done in SMOKE was performed prior to SMOKE, and it was modified to allow the
temperature adjustments to be done only on the species affected by temperature. Finally,
because the start emissions were broken out separately from running exhaust emissions, they
were assigned to new SCCs (urban and rural parking areas) that allowed for the appropriate
spatial and temporal profiles to be applied in SMOKE.
A list of the procedures performed to prepare the MOVES data for input into SMOKE is
provided below.
i. We allocated state-level emissions to counties using state-county emission ratios by
SCC, pollutant, and emissions mode (e.g., evaporative, exhaust) for each month. The
ratios were computed using NMIM 2005 data (same data included in the 2005 NEI
v2).
ii. We assigned these start emissions to urban and rural SCCs based on the county-level
ratio of emissions from urban versus rural local roads from the NMIM onroad
gasoline data. For example, we split LDGV start emissions in the state-total MOVES
data (assigned SCC 2201001000) into urban (2201001370) and rural (2201001350)
based on the ratio of LDGV urban (2201001330) and rural (2201001210) local roads.
32
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iii. We converted MOVES-based PM2.5 species at 72 °F to SMOKE-ready PM species.
The SMOKE-ready species are listed below and the speciation technique used to
obtain the SMOKE-ready species is further discussed in Appendix B.
• NAPHTH72: unchanged from MOVES-based file, subject to temperature
adjustment below 72 °F.
• PEC72: unchanged from MOVES-based PM25EC, subject to temperature
adjustment below 72 °F.
• POC 72: modified MOVES-based PM250C to remove metals, PN03 (computed
from MOVES-based PM25EC), NH4 (computed from MOVES-based PM25S04
and PN03), and MOVES-based PM25S04. Subject to temperature adjustment
below 72 °F.
• PSO4: unchanged from MOVES-based PM25S04, not subject to temperature
adjustment.
• PNO3: computed from MOVES-based PM25EC, not subject to temperature
adjustment.
• OTHER: sum of computed metals (fraction of MOVES-based PM25EC) and
NH4 (computed from PN03 and PS04), not subject to temperature adjustment.
• PMFINE 72: Computed from OTHER and fraction of POC 72. Subject to
temperature adjustment below 72 °F.
• PMC 72: Computed as fraction of sum of PMFINE 72, PEC_72, POC_72,
PS04, and PN03. Subject to temperature adjustment below 72 °F.
The result of these preprocessing steps is SMOKE-ready PM emissions that do not exactly match
what MOVES provides. The emissions are conserved during allocation from the state to county
and from the generic total "start" SCCs to the two new parking SCCs that end in "350" and
"370". PEC and PSO4 components of PM2.5 emissions are also conserved as they are simply
renamed from the MOVES specie "PM25EC". However, as seen above, POC, PNO3, and
PMFINE components involve multiplying the MOVES PM species by components of an onroad
gasoline exhaust speciation profile described in Appendix B.
2.5.2 Onroad mobile MOVES running exhaust sources requiring
temperature adjustments (on_moves_runpm)
This sector is identical to the onmovesstartpm sector discussed in Section 2.5.1, but contains
running exhaust emissions instead of cold-start exhaust emissions. The same pollutants are in
this sector, and allocation from the MOVES state-level to county-level inventory is a simple
match by SCC to NMIM state-county ratios. The only reason this sector is separated from
on moves startpm is because the temperature adjustments are less extreme for these running
emissions at colder temperatures when compared to the curve for cold-start emissions (Figure
2-2).
33
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2.5.3 Onroad no-adjustments mobile sources (on_noadj)
This sector consists of the remaining onroad mobile emissions not covered by the
onmovesstartpm and onmovesrunpm sectors. These emissions did not receive any
temperature adjustments in our processing. There are four sources of data that are pre-processed
to create three sets of monthly inventories for this sector.
1. MOVES-based onroad gasoline, non-motorcycle, non-PM: These are the monthly non-
PM, non-naphthalene MOVES-based emissions from two MOVES inventories:
a. Exhaust: VOC, NOx, CO, 1,3-butadiene (106990), acetaldehyde (75070), acrolein
(107028), benzene (71432), and formaldehyde (50000); and
b. Evaporative: Non-refueling VOC, benzene, and naphthalene (91203)
For these pollutants listed, these non-California MOVES emissions encompass the same
sources as the on moves startpm and on moves runpm sectors -LDGV, LDGT1,
LDGT2, and HDGV- but do not require the same intermediate temperature adjustments
and can therefore be processed with the remaining onroad mobile emissions. These
emissions contain both running and parking sources and are pre-processed from state-
level to county-level much like the on moves startpm and on moves runpm sectors
already discussed. The preprocessing for these emissions did not require species
calculations because the raw MOVES emissions translated directly to SMOKE inventory
species.
2. California onroad inventory: California year 2005 v2 complete CAP/HAP onroad
inventory. California monthly onroad emissions are year 2005 and are based on
September 2007 California Air Resources Board (CARB) data from Chris Nguyen. NH3
emissions are from NMIM runs for California. We retained only those HAPs that are
also estimated by NMIM for nonroad mobile sources; all other HAPs provided by
California were dropped. The California onroad inventory does not use the SCCs for
Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicles (HDDV) class 6 & 7 (2230073XXX) emissions. California
does not specify road types, so we used NMIM California ratios to break out vehicle
emissions to the match the more detailed NMIM level.
3. Remaining NMIM-based onroad inventory: The remainder of the non-California onroad
inventory that was not replaced by MOVES. This includes monthly emissions for all
onroad diesel, all motorcycles, all refueling, and onroad LDGV, LDGT1, LDGT2, and
HDGV emissions for pollutants not covered by the draft MOVES used for this platform
(e.g., SO2, NH3, and most HAPs). The NMIM county database is NCD20080522; this is
an update of NCD20070912 in which state/local and tribal inputs replace EPA default
inputs where provided.
The remainder of this section discusses the pre-processing required to create monthly ORL files
for the remainder of the on noadj sector (#3 above).
EPA/OTAQ created the NMIM 2005v2 onroad mobile CAP/HAP emissions for all states and
sources using the MOBILE6 model version M6023ChcOxFixNMIM. We then removed the CO2
emissions and emissions of dioxins and furans, as well as emissions that were replaced by
MOVES and California-submitted data. We also removed onroad refueling emissions since the
NEI treats onroad refueling as a stationary source that is included in the nonpt sector (gasoline
34
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distribution, Stage II, SCC=2501060100), and in limited appearance in the point sector in a
handful of states (gasoline distribution Stage II; vapor loss or unclassified, SCC=40600401,
40600402, 40600403, and 40600499 in California, Colorado, Kentucky, and North Carolina).
Emissions were converted from monthly totals to monthly average-day based the on number of
days in each month. Furthermore, this sector includes exhaust, evaporative, brake wear and tire
wear emissions from onroad sources, which allowed us to use speciation profiles that are specific
to each of these processes.
Similar to nonroad pre-processing, we reassigned NMIM evaporative xylene (compound XYL or
CAS=EVP 1330207) into MXYL (CAS=EVP_108383) and OXYL (CAS=EVP_95476,)
using a 68% and 32% ratio to evaporative XYL, respectively. We also split NMIM exhaust
xylene (CAS=EXH_1330207) into MXYL (CAS=EXH_108383) and OXYL
(CAS=EXH 95476) using a 74% and 26% ratio to XYL, respectively.
The 2005 VMT database was based on 2002 VMT grown to 2005 based on Federal Highway
Administration (FWHA) data unless replaced by state-provided VMT. A summary of the 2005
vehicle miles traveled (VMT) inputs (along with future year 2020 VMT used in the projections
and will be discussed in a future version of this documentation) is available at:
ftp://ftp.epa.gov/EmisInventory/2005 nei/mobile/2005 mobile nei version 2 report.pdf
2.5.4 Nonroad mobile sources -NMIM-based nonroad (nonroad)
This sector includes monthly exhaust, evaporative and refueling emissions from nonroad engines
(not including commercial marine, aircraft, and locomotives) derived from NMIM for all states
except California. The NMIM relied on the version of the NONROAD2005 model (NR05c-
BondBase) used for the marine spark ignited (SI) and small SI engine proposed rule, published
May 18, 2007 (EPA, 2007c). For 2005, the NONROAD2005 model (NR05c-BondBase) is
equivalent to NONROAD2008a, since it incorporated Bond rule revisions to some of the base
case inputs and the Bond rule controls did not take effect until future years. Future year nonroad
emissions (to be added to Section 4 of this document) used the NR05d-Bond-final version of
NONROAD which incorporates the Bond rule revisions. As with the onroad emissions, NMIM
provides nonroad emissions for VOC by three emission modes: exhaust, evaporative and
refueling. Unlike the onroad sector, refueling emissions for nonroad sources are not dropped
from processing for this sector.
Similar to the on noadj pre-processing, we also reassigned NMIM evaporative xylene. Since for
nonroad sources we kept the refueling emissions in the nonroad sector (unlike onroad, these are
not in any other part of the inventory) we also reassigned refueling xylene. We use the same
percentages for refueling as for evaporative emissions as follows: we converted compound XYL
or CAS=EVP 1330207, RFL_1330207) into MXYL (CAS=EVP_108383, RFL_108383)
and OXYL (CAS=EVP 95476, RFL 95476) using a 68% and32% ratio to both evaporative
and refueling XYL, respectively. We also split NMIM exhaust xylene (CAS=EXH 1330207)
into MXYL (CAS=EXH_108383) and OXYL (CAS=EXH_95476) using a 74% and 26% ratio
to XYL, respectively.
35
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EPA/OTAQ ran NMIM to create county-SCC emissions for the NEI 2005v2 nonroad mobile
CAP/HAP inventory, and similar to onnoadj, we removed California NMIM emissions that
were submitted separately by California. Emissions were converted from monthly totals to
monthly average-day based the on number of days in each month. Similar to onroad NMIM
emissions, EPA default inputs were replaced by state inputs where provided. The NMIM
inventory documentation describes this and all other details of the NMIM nonroad emissions
development:
ftp://ftp.epa.gov/EmisInventory/2005 nei/mobile/2005 mobile nei version 2 report.pdf
California nonroad
California monthly nonroad emissions are year 2005 and are based on September 2007
California Air Resources Board (CARB) data from Chris Nguyen. NH3 emissions are from
NMIM runs for California because these were not included in the California NEI submittal.
HAP emissions were estimated by applying HAP-to-CAP ratios computed from California data
in the NEI 2005 v2 submittal. We retained only those HAPs that are also estimated by NMIM
for nonroad mobile sources; all other HAPs were dropped.
The CARB-based nonroad data did not have mode-specific data for VOC (exhaust, evaporative,
and refueling). We split the annual total California data into monthly, mode-specific nonroad
emissions for California using the NMIM results. Details on this process are documented
separately (Strum, 2007). Nonroad refueling emissions for California were computed as
Gasoline Transport (SCC=2505000120) emissions multiplied by a factor of 0.46 (to avoid
double counting with portable fuel container (PFC) emissions in the nonpt sector) and were
allocated to the gasoline equipment types based on ratios of evaporative-mode VOC. The factor
of 0.46 was computed by dividing the NMIM-derived California refueling for 2005 by the sum
of portable fuel container emissions and NMIM-derived refueling for 2005.
2.5.5 Nonroad mobile sources: locomotive and non-C3 commercial marine
(alm_no_c3)
The alm_no_c3 sector contains CAP and HAP emissions from locomotive and commercial
marine sources, except for category 3/residual-fuel (C3) commercial marine vessels. In previous
modeling platforms, this sector also contained aircraft emissions, but here we have removed
aircraft emissions from the sector because point-source airports were provided in the 2005 NEI
v2 point source inventory, and we chose to include them with other point sources in the
ptnonipm sector. (The C3 commercial marine vessel emissions are in the seca_c3 sector.) We
note that the "a" in the "alm_no_c3" sector name is now misleading because aircraft are no
longer in this sector.
The remaining emissions in the alm_no_c3 sector are year 2002 emissions unchanged from the
2002 platform. The SCCs in the alm_no_c3 sector are listed in Table 2-16.
Table 2-16. SCCs in the 2005 alm_no_c3 inventory compared to the 2002 platform aim sector
see
Action
SCC Description
2275000000
Emissions removed and replaced by
aircraft in ptnonipm sector for 2005
Mobile Sources; Aircraft: All Aircraft Types and
Operations: Total
36
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see
Action
SCC Description
platform
2275001000
Emissions removed and replaced by
aircraft in ptnonipm sector for 2005
platform
Mobile Sources; Aircraft: Military Aircraft: Total
2275020000
Emissions removed and replaced by
aircraft in ptnonipm sector for 2005
platform
Mobile Sources; Aircraft: Commercial Aircraft:
Total: All Types
2275050000
Emissions removed and replaced by
aircraft in ptnonipm sector for 2005
platform
Mobile Sources; Aircraft: General Aviation:
Total
2275060000
Emissions removed and replaced by
aircraft in ptnonipm sector for 2005
platform
Mobile Sources; Aircraft: Air Taxi: Total
2280002100
Retained from 2002 Platform
Mobile Sources;Marine Vessels,
Commercial;Diesel;Port emissions
2280002200
Retained from 2002 Platform
Mobile Sources;Marine Vessels,
Commercial;Diesel;Underway emissions
2280003100
Emissions removed and replaced by
seca c3 inventories for 2005 platform
Mobile Sources;Marine Vessels,
Commercial;Residual;Port emissions
2280003200
Emissions removed and replaced by
seca c3 inventories for 2005 platform
Mobile Sources;Marine Vessels,
Commercial;Residual;Underway emissions
2280004000
Retained from 2002 Platform
Mobile Sources;Marine Vessels,
Commercial;Gasoline;Total, All Vessel Types
2285002006
Retained from 2002 Platform
Mobile Sources;Railroad Equipment;Diesel;Line
Haul Locomotives: Class I Operations
2285002007
Retained from 2002 Platform
Mobile Sources;Railroad Equipment;Diesel;Line
Haul Locomotives: Class II / III Operations
2285002008
Retained from 2002 Platform
Mobile Sources;Railroad Equipment;Diesel;Line
Haul Locomotives: Passenger Trains (Amtrak)
2285002009
Retained from 2002 Platform
Mobile Sources;Railroad Equipment;Diesel;Line
Haul Locomotives: Commuter Lines
2285002010
Retained from 2002 Platform
Mobile Sources;Railroad Equipment;Diesel;Yard
Locomotives
The documentation of the 2002 NEI for the aim sector is available at:
http://www.epa.gOv/ttn/chief/net/2002inventory.html#documentation
For modeling purposes, the following additional changes were made to the data for the 2005
platform:
• For the 2005 platform, we removed C3 CMV SCCs (residual fuel) and aircraft SCCs.
• Removed railway maintenance emissions (SCCs 2285002015, 2285004015, and
2285006015) because these are included in the nonroad NMIM monthly inventories.
This change was made for the 2002 platform and is retained here in the 2005 platform.
• For the purpose of CAP-HAP VOC integration as discussed in Section 3.1.2.1, we
removed benzene, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde for all sources that we did not
integrate these HAPs with VOC. As discussed in Section 3.1.2.1, sources are considered
37
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no-integrate when the source of data between VOC and VOC HAPs is inconsistent or
VOC analysis of VOC and VOC HAPs indicates the source is not integrated. Although
our CAP-HAP integration approach also required the removal of methanol for no-
integrate sources, the only sources in this sector that included methanol were in
California, where we used the integrate approach for all sources and therefore did not
need to remove it.
The 2002 platform documentation goes into greater detail on the locomotives and C1/C2 CMV
emissions in this sector.
2.5.6 Nonroad mobile sources: C3 commercial marine (seca_c3)
The raw seca_c3 sector emissions data were developed in an ASCII raster format used since the
Emissions Control Area-International Marine Organization (ECA-IMO) project began in 2005,
then known as the Sulfur Emissions Control Area (SECA). These emissions consist of large
marine diesel engines (at or above 30 liters/cylinder) that until very recently, were allowed to
meet relatively modest emission requirements, often burning residual fuel. The emissions in this
sector are comprised of primarily foreign-flagged ocean-going vessels, referred to as Category 3
(C3) ships. The seca_c3 (ECA) inventory includes these ships in ports and underway mode and
includes near-port auxiliary engines. An overview of the ECA-IMO project and future year
goals for reduction of NOx, SO2, and PM C3 emissions can be found at:
http://www.epa.gov/oms/regs/nonroad/marine/ci/420fD9015.htm
The base year ECA inventory is 2002 and consists of these CAPs: PM10, CO, CO2, NH3, NOx,
SOx (assumed to be SO2), and Hydrocarbons (assumed to be VOC). EPA developed regional
growth (activity-based) factors that we applied to create a 2005 inventory from the 2002 data.
These growth factors are provided in
38
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Table 2-17 and are mapped and documented in the following report:
http://www.epa.gov/oms/regs/nonroad/marine/ci/420r090Q7-chap2.pdf
These growth factors are the same for all pollutants except NOx which includes a Tier 1
Standard.
39
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Table 2-17. Regional growth factors used to project 2002 C3 emissions to 2005
Region
NOx
All other pollutants
Alaska
1.054
1.102
East Coast
1.091
1.141
Gulf Coast
1.042
1.090
Hawaii
1.107
1.158
North Pacific (Washington)
1.054
1.102
South Pacific (Oregon and California
1.107
1.158
Great Lakes
1.047
1.052
The raw ECA inventory started as a set of ASCII raster datasets at approximately 4-km
resolution that we converted to SMOKE point-source ORL input format as described in this
conference paper:
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/conference/eil7/session6/mason.pdf
This paper describes how the ASCII raster dataset was converted to latitude-longitude, mapped
to state/county FIPS codes that extend up to 200 nautical miles (nm) from the coast, assigned
stack parameters, and how the monthly ASCII raster dataset emissions were used to create
monthly temporal profiles. Counties were assigned as extending up to 200nm from the coast
because of this was the distance through the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), a distance that
would be used to define the outer limits of ECA-IMO controls for these vessels.
Table 2-18 shows how these C3 emissions generally increase from the 2002 v3 platform (from
the old methods used in the NEI) and this 2005 v4 platform. Note that the 2002 NEI-based C3
emissions are confined to the immediate coast and ports, whereas the 2005 C3 emissions cover
most of the northern hemisphere Atlantic and Pacific oceans, including the Great Lakes/St.
Lawrence seaway and Gulf of Mexico. The conference paper also shows gridded emissions
maps comparing the 2002 NEI and 2002 ECA datasets. The 2005 ECA-based C3 inventory also
does not delineate between ports and underway (or other C3 modes such as hoteling,
maneuvering, reduced-speed zone, and idling) emissions; therefore, we assigned these emissions
to the broad ("total") SCC for C3 CMV (2280003000). This has no effect on temporal allocation
or speciation compared to existing profiles for underway and port C3 emissions (2280003100
and 2280003200).
Table 2-18. Contiguous U.S. C3 CMV emissions in 2002 and 2005 platforms
Pollutant
2002 platform
2005 platform
% Change
CO
28,195
53,746
91%
nh3
131
0
-100%
NOx
244,988
642,089
162%
PMio
13,687
53,581
291%
PM2.5
12,620
49,294
291%
so2
150,532
417,307
177%
voc
7,377
22,367
203%
40
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We applied factors to compute HAP emissions (based on emissions ratios) to either VOC or
PM2.5 to obtain HAP emissions values. Table 2-19 below shows these factors and whether they
were applied to VOC, PM2.5, or PMi0. Because we computed HAPs directly from the CAP
inventory and the calculations are therefore consistent, the entire seca_c3 sector utilizes CAP-
HAP VOC integration to use the VOC HAP species directly, rather than VOC speciation
profiles.
Table 2-19. HAP emission ratios for generation of HAP emissions from criteria emissions for
C3 commercial marine vessels
Pollutant
Apply to Pollutant Code
Factor
Acetaldehyde
VOC
75070
0.0002286
Benzene
VOC
71432
9.795E-06
Formaldehyde
VOC
50000
0.0015672
Benz[a]Anthracene
10
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have also been cropped from the original ECA-IMO data to cover only the 36-km CMAQ
domain, which is the largest domain used for this effort.
2.6 Emissions from Canada, Mexico and Offshore Drilling Platforms
(othpt, othar, othon)
The emissions from Canada, Mexico, and Offshore Drilling Platforms are included as part of five
sectors: othpt, othpthg, othar, other hg, and othon. The "oth" refers to the fact that these
emissions are "other" than those in the 2005 NEI, and the third and fourth characters provide the
SMOKE source types: "pt" for point, "ar" for "area and nonroad mobile", and "on" for onroad
mobile. There are two new sectors in the 2005 platform, othpt hg and othar hg. These sectors
contain year 2000 Canadian speciated mercury emissions for point and area inventories. All
other "oth" emissions are CAP-only inventories. Mexico's emissions are unchanged from the
2002 Platform with one exception -one stack diameter was updated (recomputed from stack
velocity and flowrate) in the Mexico border states point inventory.
For Canada we updated the emissions from the 2002 platform, migrating the non-Hg data from
year 2000 inventories to year 2006 inventories for the 2005 platform. We migrated to these 2006
Canadian emissions despite not receiving future year emissions, as we were advised by Canada
that the improvement in the 2006 inventory over the 2000 inventory was more significant than
the undesirable effect of retaining these 2006 emissions for all future year modeling (discussed in
a future version of this documentation). We applied several modifications to the 2006 Canadian
inventories:
i. We did not include wildfires, or prescribed burning because Canada does not include
these inventory data in their modeling.
ii. We did not include in-flight aircraft emissions because we do not include these for the
U.S. and we do not have an appropriate approach to include in our modeling.
iii. We applied a 75% reduction ("transport fraction") to PM for the road dust, agricultural,
and construction emissions in the Canadian "afdust" inventory. This approach is more
simplistic than the county-specific approach used for the U.S., but a comparable approach
was not available for Canada.
iv. We did not include speciated VOC emissions from the ADOM chemical mechanism.
v. Residual fuel CMV (C3) SCCs (22800030X0) were removed because these emissions are
included in the seca_c3 sector, which covers not only emissions close to Canada but also
emissions far at sea. Canada was involved in the inventory development of the seca_c3
sector emissions.
vi. Wind erosion (SCC=2730100000) and cigarette smoke (SCC=2810060000) emissions
were removed from the nonpoint (nonpt) inventory; these emissions are also absent from
our U.S. inventory.
vii. Quebec PM2.5 emissions (2,000 tons/yr) were removed for one SCC (2305070000) for
Industrial Processes, Mineral Processes, Gypsum, Plaster Products due to corrupt fields
after conversion to SMOKE input format. This error should be corrected in a future
inventory.
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viii. Excessively high CO emissions were removed from Babine Forest Products Ltd (British
Columbia plantid='5188') in the point inventory. This change was made at our
discretion because the value of the emissions was impossibly large.
ix. The county part of the state/count FIPS code field in the SMOKE inputs were modified in
the point inventory from "000" to "001" to enable matching to existing temporal profiles.
x. Fixed coordinates for facility "ON105803" in the othpthg inventory to match those in
the National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI) othpt sector.
xi. Nonpoint speciated mercury emissions duplicate emissions summed and state/county
FIPS code field changed from Nunavut (62) to NW Territories (61) to match surrogates.
For Mexico we continued to use emissions for 1999 (Eastern Research Group Inc., 2006) which
were developed as part of a partnership between Mexico's Secretariat of the Environment and
Natural Resources (Secretaria de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales-SEMARNAT) and
National Institute of Ecology (Instituto Nacional de Ecologia-INE), the U.S. EPA, the Western
Governors' Association (WGA), and the North American Commission for Environmental
Cooperation (CEC). This inventory includes emissions from all states in Mexico.
The offshore emissions include point source offshore oil and gas drilling platforms. We used
updated emissions from the 2005 NEI v2 point source inventory. The offshore sources were
provided by the Mineral Management Services (MMS).
Table 2-20summarizes the data in the "oth" sectors and indicates where these emissions have
been updated from the 2002 platform.
Table 2-20. Summary of the othpt, othpt hg, othar, othar hg, and othon
sectors in the 2005 Platform
Sector
Components
Changes from 2002 Platform
othpt
Mexico, 1999, point
None
Canada, 2006, point
Uses emissions from 2006 National Pollut ant
Release Inventory (NPRI), 3 components:
1) upstream oil and gas sector emissions for all
CAPs except VOC;
2) VOC sources pre-speciated to CB05
speciation except for benzene;
3) Remaining point source emissions.
Offshore, 2005, point
Uses emissions from 2005 v2 point inventory
othpthg
Canada, 2000, mercury
point
Uses speciated mercury point source year 2000
inventory.
othar
Mexico, 1999, nonpoint
None
Mexico, 1999, nonroad
None
Canada, 2006, nonpoint
Uses 2006 Canadian aircraft (landing and take-offs
only), agricultural NH3, fugitive dust, and
remaining nonpoint inventories.
Canada, 2006, nonroad
Uses 2006 Canadian nonroad mobile, non-C3
marine, and locomotives inventories.
43
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Sector
Components
Changes from 2002 Platform
otharhg
Canada, 2000, mercury
nonpoint
Uses speciated mercury nonpoint source year 2000
inventory.
othon
Mexico, 1999, onroad
None
Canada, 2006, onroad
Uses 2006 Canadian onroad inventory. Emissions
are given at vehicle type resolution only (i.e., does
not include road types).
2.7 SMOKE-ready non-anthropogenic inventories for mercury and
chlorine
We generated elemental mercury from natural (N), recycled (R) and volcanic (V) emissions,
which we added to anthropogenic (A) elemental mercury processed from the inventories
discussed above, to provide the elemental mercury species "HGNRVA" required by the multi-
pollutant version of CMAQ. This model species is intended to include the sum of elemental
mercury emissions from these sources. For the ocean chlorine, we used the same data as in the
CAP and HAP 2002-based Platform. See
ftp://ftp.epa.gov/EmisInventorv/2002v3CAPHAP/documentation for details. A new recycled
mercury file was developed for 2005 since the scaling factors applied to temporalize the annual
natural and recycled emissions from oceans and land are based on solar radiation and skin
temperature from the 2005 meteorology files. The annual files were the same as were used in
the 2002 Platform.
2.7.1 Mercury
As discussed in the CAP and HAP 2002-based Platform documentation, the initial data for
natural mercury, provided by Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Incorporated (AER),
consisted of three existing global inventories containing annual flux rates of elemental mercury,
gridded to 1 degree by 1 degree resolution:
• mercury emissions from oceans
• mercury emissions from land
• mercury emissions from volcanoes
Annual fluxes of recycled elemental mercury for 2001 were created using the deposition results
from a CMAQ4.5.1 run. The approaches assumed that all recycled mercury emissions are in the
form of elemental mercury gas. It is necessary to treat these recycled emissions whenever a
version of CMAQ is used that also treats dry deposition of elemental mercury gas. The total
deposition (wet plus dry) of all forms of mercury was used as the basis for the recycled emission
estimates. A fraction equal to one-half the total deposition flux was used as the estimate for
recycled emissions based on previous model calibrations done by AER. This fraction is subject
to future adjustment as the processes controlling the recycling of mercury are better understood.
Natural and recycled emissions from oceans and land (but not volcanic emissions) were allocated
to hourly values based on the meteorological variables of solar radiation and temperature, which
are shown to be positively correlated with the evasion of elemental mercury from water surfaces
soils and vegetation. While the correlation is widely variable for each of these surfaces, simple
44
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scaling functions for land and ocean developed for the 2001 applications were used for the 2002
and were repeated again for the 2005 Platform, but using 2005-specific factors:
Ocean:
SOLRADhr * {SFCTMPhr - 273)
or exactly zero for SFCTMP < 273 K
Y.^SOLRAD* (SFCTMP-im
Land' hr v hr '
^.JSOLRADHSFCIMP-25 3)]
SOLRADhI *(SFCTMPlr -253)
or exactly zero for SFCTMP < 253K
2
where SOLRAD is the solar radiation in W/m and SFCTMP is the skin temperature (Kelvin),
both from the 2-dimensional meteorology file from the Meteorology Chemistry Interface
Processor (MCIP) output.
The same sequence of steps were performed apply the hourly gridded scaling factors to create
hourly gridded files for recycled and natural mercury based on 2005 meteorological data. No
changes were made to the 2002 volcano mercury data
2.7.2 Chlorine
The oceanic chlorine gas emission estimates were the same as those used in the CAP and HAP
2002 Platform.
3 Emissions modeling summary
The CMAQ model requires hourly emissions of specific gas and particle species for the
horizontal and vertical grid cells contained within the modeled region (i.e., modeling domain).
To provide emissions in the form and format required by CMAQ, it is necessary to "pre-process"
the "raw" emissions (i.e., emissions input to SMOKE) for the sectors described above in Section
2. In brief, this processing step transforms these emissions from their original temporal
resolution, pollutant resolution, and spatial resolution into the data required by CMAQ. As seen
in Section 2, the temporal resolution of the emissions input to SMOKE for the 2005 Platform
varies across sectors, and may be hourly, monthly, or annual total emissions. The spatial
resolution, which also can be different for different sectors, may be individual point sources or
county totals (province totals for Canada, municipio totals for Mexico). The pollutants for all
sectors except for biogenics, natural, recycled and volcanic mercury and ocean chlorine are those
inventoried for the NEI. The pre-processing steps involving temporal allocation, spatial
allocation, pollutant speciation, and vertical allocation of point sources are referred to as
emissions modeling. This section provides some basic information about the tools and data files
used for emissions modeling as part of the 2005 Platform. Since we devoted Section 2 to
describing the emissions inventories, we have limited this section's descriptions of data to the
ancillary data SMOKE uses to perform the emissions modeling steps
All SMOKE inputs (and scripts, at a later date) for the 2005 Platform emissions are available at
the 2005v4 website (see the end of Section 1).
We used SMOKE to pre-process the raw emissions to create the emissions inputs for CMAQ.
Although we used SMOKE version 2.5, the SMOKE version 2.6 source code and executables
45
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can be used to reproduce our emissions modeling, and these are available from the Community
Multiscale Analysis System (CMAS) Center at http://www.cmascenter.org. The scripts used for
running the 2002 platform in SMOKE are available on the CHIEF website provided at the end of
Section 1. The 2005 scripts will be provided at a later date.
One of the largest processing differences compared to the 2002v3 platform is the use of the
CMAQ in-line emissions capability, which we used to create source-based emissions files rather
than the 3-dimensional files for sectors that have plume rise. SMOKE was also updated (in
version 2.5) to create combination speciation profiles that could vary by state/county FIPS code
and by month; we used this approach for some mobile sources as described in Section 3.1.2.
3.1 Key emissions modeling settings
Each sector is processed separately through SMOKE, up until the final merge program
(Mrggrid), which combines the model-ready, sector-specific emissions across sectors. The
SMOKE settings in the run scripts and the data in the SMOKE ancillary files control the
approaches used for the individual SMOKE programs for each sector. Table 3-1 summarizes the
major processing steps of each platform sector. The "Spatial" column shows the spatial
approach: "point" indicates that SMOKE maps the source from a point (i.e., latitude and
longitude) location to a grid cell, "surrogates" indicates that some or all of the sources use spatial
surrogates to allocate county emissions to grid cells, and "area-to-point" indicates that some of
the sources use the SMOKE area-to-point feature to grid the emissions (further described in
Section 3.2.1). The "Speciation" column indicates that all sectors use the SMOKE speciation
step, though biogenics speciation is done within BEIS3 and not as a separate SMOKE step. The
"Inventory resolution" column shows the inventory temporal resolution from which SMOKE
needs to calculate hourly emissions.
Finally, the "plume rise" column indicates the sectors for which the in-line approach is used.
These sectors are the only ones which will have emissions in aloft layers, based on plume rise.
For the 2005 Platform, we did not have SMOKE compute vertical plume rise; this was done in
CMAQ using stack data in SMOKE output files for each model-ready sector. The one sector
with "in-line" only, seca_c3, was processed so that the entire emissions would be in aloft layers.
Thus, there were no seca_c3 emissions in the 2-dimensional, layer-1 files created by SMOKE.
Rather the speciated and temporalized source-based CMAQ inputs for seca_c3 were used for the
vertical allocation. The in-line approach was not done for the 2002 Platform, as this was a new
feature in CMAQ and SMOKE that was not available at that time.
Table 3-1. Key emissions modeling steps by sector
Platform sector
Spatial
Speciation
Inventory
resolution
Plume rise
ptipm
point
Yes
daily & hourly
in-line
ptnonipm
point
Yes
annual
in-line
othpt
point
Yes
annual
in-line
othpt hg
point
Yes
annual
in-line
nonroad
surrogates &
area-to-point
Yes
monthly
46
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Platform sector
Spatial
Speciation
Inventory
resolution
Plume rise
othar
surrogates
Yes
annual
seca c3
point
Yes
annual
in-line
aim no c3
surrogates &
area-to-point
Yes
annual
on noadj
surrogates
Yes
monthly
on noadj
surrogates
Yes
monthly
on moves startpm
surrogates
Yes
monthly
on moves runpm
surrogates
Yes
monthly
othon
surrogates
Yes
annual
nonpt
surrogates &
area-to-point
Yes
annual
ag
surrogates
Yes
annual
afdust
surrogates
Yes
annual
biog
pre-gridded
landuse
in BEIS
hourly
ptfire
point
Yes
daily
in-line
nonptfire
surrogates
Yes
annual
avefire
surrogates
Yes
annual
One of the issues we found was that when using in-line processing, the PELVCONFIG file
cannot allow grouping, otherwise the "inline" versus "offline" (i.e., processing whereby SMOKE
creates 3-dimensional files) will not give identical results. Since we used a PELVCONFIG file
with grouping, anyone wanting to exactly replicate our results should use the "inline" approach.
3.1.1 Spatial configuration
For the 2005 Platform, we ran SMOKE and CMAQ for modeling domains with 36-km and
12-km spatial resolution. These are the same domains as were used for the 2002 Platform.
Figure 3-1 shows the 36-km CONtinental United States "CONUS" modeling domain, the 12-km
eastern domain (EUS), and the 12-km western domain (WUS).
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Figure 3-1. CMAQ modeling domains
All three grids use a Lambert-Conformal projection, with Alpha = 33°, Beta = 45° and Gamma =
-97°, with a center of X = -97° and Y = 40°. Table 3-2 describes the grids for the three domains.
Table 3-2. Descriptions of the 2005-based Platform Grids
Common
Name
Grid
Cell Size
Description
(see Figure 3-1)
Grid name
Parameters listed in SMOKE grid
description (GRIDDESC) file:
projection name, xorig, yorig,
xcell, ycell, ncols, nrows, nthik
US 36 km or
CONUS-36
36 km
Entire conterminous
US plus some of
Mexico/Canada
US36KM 148X1
12
'LAM 40N97W', -2736.D3, -2088.D3,
36.D3, 36.D3, 148, 112, 1
Big East 12
km
12 km
Goes west to
Colorado, covers
some Mexico/Canada
EUS12_279X240
'LAM 40N97W', -1008.D3 , -1620.D3,
12.D3, 12.D3, 279, 240, 1
West 12 km
12 km
Goes east to
Oklahoma, covers
some of
Mexico/Canada
US12_213X192
LAM 40N97W', -2412.D3 , -972.D3,
12.D3, 12.D3, 213, 192, 1
48
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Section 3.2.1 provides the details on the spatial surrogates and area-to-point data used to
accomplish spatial allocation with SMOKE.
3.1.2 Chemical speciation configuration
The emissions modeling step for chemical speciation creates "model species" needed by the air
quality model for a specific chemical mechanism. These model species are either individual
chemical compounds or groups of species, called "model species." The chemical mechanism
used for the 2005 Platform is the Carbon Bond 05 (CB05) mechanism (Yarwood, 2005) with
secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and HONO enhancements as described in
http://www.cmascenter.org/help/model docs/cmaq/4.7/RELEASE NOTES.txt From the
perspective of emissions preparation, it is the same mechanism used in the 2002 Platform except
that additional input model species are needed to support the nitrous acid (HONO) chemistry
enhancements and additional input model species are needed to support SOA. Table 3-3 lists the
model species produced by SMOKE for use in CMAQ; the only three input species that were not
in the CAP 2002-Based Platform described in 2002 "CAP-only" Platform
(http://www.epa.gov/scram001/reports/Emissions%20TSD%20Voll 02-28-08.pdf) are nitrous
acid (HONO), BENZENE and sesquiterpenes (SESQ). It should be noted that the BENZENE
model species is not part of CB05 in that the concentrations of BENZENE do not provide any
feedback into the chemical reactions (i.e., it is not "inside" the chemical mechanism). Rather,
benzene is used as a reactive tracer and as such is impacted by the CB05 chemistry. BENZENE,
along with several reactive CB05 species (such as TOL and XYL) plays a role in SOA
formation in CMAQ4.7.
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Table 3-3. Model Species produced by SMOKE for CB05 with SOA for CMAQ4.7
Inventory Pollutant
Model Species
Model species description
CO
CO
Carbon monoxide
NOx
NO
Nitrogen oxide
N02
Nitrogen dioxide
HONO
Nitrous acid
S02
S02
Sulfur dioxide
SULF
Sulfuric acid vapor
nh3
NH3
Ammonia
VOC
ALD2
Acetaldehyde
ALDX
Propionaldehyde and higher aldehydes
BENZENE
Benzene (not part of CB05)
ETH
Ethene
ETHA
Ethane
ETOH
Ethanol
FORM
Formaldehyde
IOLE
Internal olefin carbon bond (R-C=C-R)
ISOP
Isoprene
MEOH
Methanol
OLE
Terminal olefin carbon bond (R-C=C)
PAR
Paraffin carbon bond
TOL
Toluene and other monoalkyl aromatics
XYL
Xylene and other polyalkyl aromatics
Various additional
SESQ
Sesquiterpenes
VOC species from
the biogenics model
which do not map to
TERP
Terpenes
the above model
species
PM10
PMC
Coarse PM >2.5 microns and <10 microns
PM2.5
PEC
Particulate elemental carbon < 2.5 microns
PN03
Particulate nitrate <2.5 microns
POC
Particulate organic carbon (carbon only) < 2.5
microns
PS04
Particulate Sulfate <2.5 microns
PMFINE
Other particulate matter < 2.5 microns
The approach for speciating PM2.5 emissions is the same as that described for the 2002 platform
except that two of the onroad sectors, and Canadian emissions contained pre-speciated PM
emissions which were not further speciated in SMOKE . The approach for speciating VOC
emissions from non-biogenic sources is different in two major ways: 1) for some sources, HAP
emissions are used in the speciation process to allow integration of VOC and HAP emissions in
the NEI. This has the result of modifying the speciation profiles based on the HAP emission
estimates which are presumed to be more accurate than the speciated VOC results for the HAPs;
and, 2) for some mobile sources, "combination" profiles are specified by county and month and
50
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emission mode (e.g., exhaust, evaporative). SMOKE computes the resultant profile on the fly
given the fraction of each specific profile to use for the county, month and emission mode. A
new feature and new profile file in SMOKE (the GSPROCOMBO file) allowed the use of this
approach for the 2005 Platform.
The below subsections provide a further description of the HAP/CAP integration and use of
combination profiles. Section 3.2.2 provides the details about the data files used to accomplish
these speciation processing steps.
3.1.2.1 The Combination of HAP BAFM (benzene, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde
and methanol) and VOC for VOC Speciation
The VOC speciation approach for the 2005 Platform differed from the 2002 Platform in that we
included, for some of the U.S. platform sectors, HAP emissions from the NEI in the speciation
process. That is, instead of speciating VOC to generate all of the species listed in Table 3-3 as
we did for the 2002 platform, we integrated emissions of the 4 HAPs, benzene, acetaldehyde,
formaldehyde and methanol (BAFM) from the NEI with the NEI VOC. The integration process
(described in more detail below) combines the BAFM HAPs with the VOC in a way that does
not double count emissions and uses the BAFM directly in the speciation process. We believe
that generally, the HAP emissions from the NEI are more representative of emissions of these
compounds than their generation via VOC speciation.
We chose these HAPs because, with the exception of BENZENE, they are the only explicit VOC
HAPs in the base version of CMAQ 4.7 (CAPs only with chlorine chemistry) model. By
"explicit VOC HAPs," we mean model species that participate in the modeled chemistry using
the CB05 chemical mechanism. We denote the use of these HAP emission estimates along with
VOC as "HAP-CAP integration". BENZENE was chosen because it was added as a model
species in the base version of CMAQ 4.7, and there was a desire to keep its emissions consistent
between multi-pollutant and base versions of CMAQ.
The integration of HAP VOC with VOC is a feature available in SMOKE for all inventory
formats other than PTDAY (the format used for the ptfire sector). SMOKE allows the user to
specify the particular HAPs to integrate and the particular sources to integrate. The particular
HAPs to integrate are specified in the INVTABLE file, and the particular sources to integrate are
based on the NHAPEXCLUDE file (which actually provides the sources that are excluded from
12
integration ). For the "integrate" sources, SMOKE subtracts the "integrate" HAPs from the
VOC (at the source level) to compute emissions for the new pollutant "NONHAPVOC." The
user provides NONHAPVOC-to-NONHAPTOG factors and NONHAPTOG speciation profiles.
SMOKE computes NONHAPTOG and then applies the speciation profiles to allocate the
NONHAPTOG to the other CMAQ VOC species not including the integrated HAPs. This
process is illustrated in Figure 3-2. Note that we did not need to remove B,A,F,M from no-
integrate sources in a sector where all sources are no-integrate because this is accomplished by
through use of a SMOKE ancillary "INVTABLE" which essentially drops all B,A,F,M in that
sector.
12 In SMOKE version 2.6 the options to specify sources for integration are expanded so that a user can specify the
particular sources to include or exclude from integration, and there are settings to include or exclude all sources
within a sector.
51
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Figure 3-2. Process of integrating BAFM with VOC for use in VOC Speciation
Step 1: Analyze Inventory to determine which sources will be "integrate" sources
Foreach Sector,
Examine Emissions
Sources of VOC and
B,A,F,M
Determine which sources
will not be Integrated (either
whole sector or some
sources within a sector)
based on "Integration
Criteria"
Create list of
"no-integrate"
sources
NHAPEXCLUDE
Ancillary file
Ready for SMOKE
Emissions ready for j
SMOKE
Emissions ready for
SMOKE
Step 2: Run SMOKE
Speciated Emissions for VOC species
52
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We considered CAP-HAP integration for all sectors and developed "integration criteria" for
some of those. Table 3-4 summarizes the integration approach for each platform sector used in
Step 1 of Figure 3-2.
Table 3-4. Integration status of benzene, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde and methanol (BAFM) for
each platform sector
PLATFORM
SECTOR
Approach for Integrating NEI emissions of Benzene (B), Acetaldehyde (A), Formaldehyde
(F) and Methanol (M)
ptipm
No integration because emissions of BAFM are relatively small for this sector
ptnonipm
No integration because emissions of BAFM are relatively small for this sector and it is not
expected that criteria for integration would be met by a significant number of sources
ptfire
Full integration (However, NONHAPVOC computed outside of SMOKE since SMOKE cannot
do this calculation for the day-specific fire formatted files)
avefire
No integration
ag
N/A - sector contains no VOC
afdust
N/A - sector contains no VOC
nonpt
Partial integration; details provided below table
nonroad
For other than California: Partial integration - did not integrate CNG or LPG sources (SCC
beginning with 2268 or 2267) because NMIM computed only VOC and not any HAPs for these
SCCs.
For California: Full integration
aim no c3
Partial integration; details provided below table
seca c3
Full integration
onroad
Full integration
biog
N/A - sector contains no inventory pollutant "VOC"; but rather specific VOC species
othpt
No integration - not the NEI
othar
No integration - not the NEI
othon
No integration - not the NEI
For the nonpt sector, we used the following integration criteria to determine the sources to
integrate (Step 1):
1. Any source for which B, A, F or M emissions were from the 1996 NEI were not
integrated (data source code contains a "96"),
2. Any source for which the sum of B, A, F, or M is greater than the VOC was not
integrated, since this clearly identifies sources for which there is an inconsistency
between VOC and VOC HAPs. This includes some cases in which VOC for a source is
zero.
3. For certain source categories (those that comprised 80% of the VOC emissions), we
chose to integrate sources in the category per the criteria specified in the first column in
Table 3-5. For most of these source categories, we allow sources to be integrated if they
had the minimum combination of B,A,F and M specified in the first column. For a few
source categories, we designated all sources as "no-integrate".
53
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4. For source categories not covered in Table 3-5 (i.e., that don't comprise the top 80% of
VOC emissions), then as long as the source has emissions of one of the B, F, A or M
pollutants, then it can be integrated.
Table 3-5. Source-category specific criteria for integrating nonpt SCCs for categories
comprising 80% of the nonpoint VOC emissions
minimum
HAP(s)
needed
SCC Tier 3
SCC Tier 3 Description
Comments
BFA
2104008000
Stationary Source Fuel
Combustion;Residential ;Wood
B
2501060000
Storage and Transport;Petroleum and Petroleum
Product Storage;Gasoline Service Stations
BM
2440000000
Solvent Utilization;Miscellaneous Industrial;All
Processes
Speciation profile: 3144 has no benzene but
most records have it and they're from EPA
(and Calif)
FAM
2401001000
Solvent Utilization;Surface Coating;Architectural
Coatings
B
2310001000
Industrial Processes;Oil and Gas Production: SIC
13;A11 Processes : On-shore
M
2460000000
Solvent Utilization;Miscellaneous Non-industrial:
Consumer and Commercial;All Processes
B
2501011000
Storage and Transport;Petroleum and Petroleum
Product Storage;Residential Portable Gas Cans
M
2425000000
Solvent Utilization;Graphic Arts;All Processes
M
2465000000
Solvent Utilization;Miscellaneous Non-industrial:
Consumer;All Products/Processes
3144 is profile, and it does have methanol
(but no BFA).
BFA
2801500000
Miscellaneous Area Sources;Agriculture Production
- Crops;Agricultural Field Burning - whole field set
on fire
8746 is speciation profile and has BFA
M
2440020000
Solvent Utilization;Miscellaneous
Industrial;Adhesive (Industrial) Application
3142 is speciation profile which has methanol
(.32%) and 0 form (and no acetald, benz)
B
2501050000
Storage and Transport;Petroleum and Petroleum
Product Storage;Bulk Terminals: All Evaporative
Losses
B
2310000000
Industrial Processes;Oil and Gas Production: SIC
13;A11 Processes
M
2465400000
Solvent Utilization;Miscellaneous Non-industrial:
Consumer;Automotive Aftermarket Products
8520 is speciation profile which doesn't have
benz but does have methanol. OR is only
state with benzene which is negligible
B
2461850000
Solvent Utilization;Miscellaneous Non-industrial:
Commercial;Pesticide Application: Agricultural
profile has no benzene. Benzene came from
solvent utilization data (Fredonia) for "other
markets" for the year 1998. Consider
changing this to no-integrate in the future
since benzene no longer allowed in pesticides.
BFA
2630020000
Waste Disposal, Treatment, and
Recovery;Wastewater Treatment;Public Owned
profile BFA 2002 (wastewater treatment
plants). No methanol in profile. No
methanol mentioned in POTW NESHAP (nor
were A,F). Methanol in NEI documentation.
no-
integrate
2461021000
Solvent Utilization;Miscellaneous Non-industrial:
Commercial;Cutback Asphalt
profile 1007 has none of these HAP. Only
Minnesota has a tiny amount.
no-
integrate
2401005000
Solvent Utilization;Surface Coating;Auto
Refinishing: SIC 7532
Only NY has benzene. Spec, profile is 2402
and has none of these HAP. Documentation
for NEI does not estimate this HAP.
use
Integrate
case
2301030000
Industrial Processes;Chemical Manufacturing: SIC
28;Process Emissions from Pharmaceutical Manuf
(NAPAP cat. 106)
profile 2462 - has nearly 8% benzene. Will
create a LOT of benzene with "no HAP use"
case.
54
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minimum
HAP(s)
needed
SCC Tier 3
SCC Tier 3 Description
Comments
M
2460200000
Solvent Utilization;Miscellaneous Non-industrial:
Consumer and Commercial;All Household Products
profile is 3146 contains only nonzero
methanol.
any 1 HAP
2415000000
Solvent Utilization;Degreasing;All Processes/All
Industries
profile 8745 (non legacy but composite made
up of a bunch of E-rated profiles )has M, B.
M
2401002000
Solvent Utilization;Surface Coating;Architectural
Coatings - Solvent-based
profile 3139 has only M
no-
integrate
2401020000
Solvent Utilization;Surface Coating;Wood
Furniture: SIC 25
profile 2405 has no HAP
B
2505040000
Storage and Fransport;Petroleum and Petroleum
Product Fransport;Pipeline
any 1 HAP
2610030000
Waste Disposal, Freatment, and Recovery;Open
ESurning;Residential
profile 0121 is old and has only hexane.
any 1 HAP
2610000000
Waste Disposal, Freatment, and Recovery;Open
ESurning;All Categories
profile 0121 is old and has only hexane.
FAM
2401003000
Solvent Utilization;Surface Coating;Architectural
Coatings - Water-based
profile 3140 has FAM
M
2460100000
Solvent Utilization;Miscellaneous Non-industrial:
Consumer and Commercial;All Personal Care
Products
profile (3247, nonlegacy based on CARES
1997 survey) has no M or B. However,
Freedonia was used for M.
M
2465200000
Solvent Utilization;Miscellaneous Non-industrial:
Consumer;Household Products
M
2415300000
Solvent Utilization;Degreasing;All Industries: Cold
Cleaning
profile 8745 (non legacy but composite made
up of a bunch of E-rated profiles )has M, B.
any 1 HAP
2401040000
Solvent Utilization;Surface Coating;Metal Cans:
SIC 341
profile 2408 has none. - no HAPs in NEI so
this SCC will not have any integrated sources
any 1 HAP
2401050000
Solvent Utilization;Surface Coating;Miscellaneous
Finished Metals: SIC 34 - (341 + 3498)
SPEC PROFILE 3127 has none - no HAPs in
NEI so this SCC will not have any integrated
sources
any 1 HAP
2401200000
Solvent Utilization;Surface Coating;Other Special
Purpose Coatings
profile 3138 has methanol. Not legacy.
0.11% aerosol coatings.
B
2461800000
Solvent Utilization;Miscellaneous Non-industrial:
Commercial;Pesticide Application: All Processes
3001 is speciation profile (not legacy) "D"
rating 2004. Calif. Festing for speciation
profile from 2000. Has NO benzene!
Benzene came from solvent utilization data
(Fredonia) for "other markets" for the year
1998.
M
2460800000
Solvent Utilization;Miscellaneous Non-industrial:
Consumer and Commercial;All FIFRA Related
Products
3145 has M only and just a 0.01%
55
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For the alm_no_c3 sector, the integration criteria were (1) that the source had to have at least one
of the 4 HAPs and (2) that the sum of BAFM could not exceed the VOC emissions. The criteria
for this sector were less complex than the nonpt sector because it has much fewer source
categories.
We used the SMOKE feature to compute speciation profiles from mixtures of other profiles in
user-specified proportions. The combinations are specified in the GSPROCOMBO ancillary
file by pollutant (including pollutant mode, e.g., EXH VOC), state and county (i.e.,
state/county FIPS code) and time period (i.e., month).
We used this feature for onroad and nonroad mobile and gasoline-related related stationary
sources whereby the emission sources use fuels with varying ethanol content, and therefore the
speciation profiles require different combinations of gasoline, E10 an E85 profiles. Since the
ethanol content varies spatially (e.g, by state or county), temporally (e.g., by month) and by
modeling year (future years have more ethanol) the feature allows combinations to be specified
at various levels for different years.
3.1.2.2 Creation of model-ready mercury species
As part of 2005 Platform, we created model-ready mercury species by speciating any of the
mercury in the NEI that was not provided as divalent gaseous, elemental or divalent particulate
mercury. The same speciation approach was used in the CAP and HAP 2002 platform.
3.1.3 Temporal processing configuration
Table 3-6 summarizes the temporal aspect of the emissions processing configuration. It
compares the key approaches we used for temporal processing across the sectors. We control the
temporal aspect of SMOKE processing through (a) the scripts L TYPE (Temporal type) and
M TYPE (Merge type) settings and (b) the ancillary data files described in Section 3.2.3.
56
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Table 3-6. Temporal Settings Used for the Platform Sectors in SMOKE
Platform sector
Inventory
resolution
Monthly
profiles
used?
Daily
temporal
approach 12
Merge
processing
approach 13
Process
Holidays as
separate days?
ptipm
daily &
hourly
all
all
yes
ptnonipm
annual
yes
mwdss
all
yes
othpt
annual
yes
mwdss
all
othpt hg
annual
yes
mwdss
all
nonroad
monthly
mwdss
mwdss
yes
othar
annual
yes
mwdss
mwdss
aim no c3
annual
yes
mwdss
mwdss
seca c3
annual
yes
mwdss
mwdss
on noadj
monthly
week
week
yes
on_moves_startpm
monthly
week
week
yes
on moves runpm
monthly
week
week
yes
othon
annual
yes
week
week
nonpt
annual
yes
mwdss
mwdss
yes
ag
annual
yes
aveday
aveday
afdust
annual
yes
aveday
aveday
biog
hourly
n/a
n/a
ptfire
daily
all
all
avefire
annual
yes
aveday
aveday
1 Definitions for processing resolution:
all = hourly emissions computed for every day of the year, inventory is already daily
week = hourly emissions computed for all days in one "representative" week, representing all weeks for each
month, which means emissions have day-of-week variation, but not week-to-week variation within the
month
mwdss= hourly emissions for one representative Monday, representative weekday, representative Saturday
and representative Sunday for each month, which means emissions have variation between Mondays,
other weekdays, Saturdays and Sundays within the month, but not week-to-week variation within the
month. Also Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays are treated the same.
aveday = hourly emissions computed for one representative day of each month, which means emissions for
all days of each month are the same.
2 Daily temporal approach refers to the temporal approach for getting daily emissions from the inventory
using the Temporal program. The values given are the values of the L_TYPE setting.
3 Merge processing approach refers to the days used to represent other days in the month for the merge
step. If not "all", then the SMOKE merge step just run for representative days, which could include holidays
as indicated by the rightmost column. The values given are the values of the M_TYPE setting.
In addition to the resolution, temporal processing includes a ramp-up period for several days
prior to January 1, 2005, which is intended to mitigate the effects of initial condition
concentrations. The same procedures were used for all grids, but with different ramp-up periods
for each grid:
• 36 km: 10 days (Dec 22 - Dec 31)
• 12 km (East): 3 days (Dec 29 - Dec 31)
• 12 km (West): 3 days (Dec 29 - Dec 31)
57
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For most sectors, our approach used the emissions from December 2005 to fill in surrogate
emissions for the end of December 2004. In particular, we used December 2005 emissions
(representative days) for December 2004. For biogenic emissions, we processed December 2004
emissions using 2004 meteorology.
3.2 Emissions modeling ancillary files
In this section we summarize the ancillary data that SMOKE used to perform spatial allocation,
chemical speciation, and temporal allocation for the 2005 Platform. The ancillary data files,
particularly the cross-reference files, provide the specific inventory resolution at which spatial,
speciation, and temporal factors are applied. For the 2005 Platform, we generally applied spatial
factors by country/SCC, speciation factors by pollutant/SCC or (for combination profiles)
state/county FIPS code and month, and temporal factors by some combination of country, state,
county, SCC, and pollutant.
3.2.1 Spatial allocation ancillary files
As described in Section 3.1.1, we performed spatial allocation for a national 36-km domain, an
Eastern 12-km domain, and a Western 12-km domain. To do this, SMOKE used national 36-km
and 12-km spatial surrogates and a SMOKE area-to-point data file. For the U.S. and Mexico, we
used the same spatial surrogates as were used for the 2002 Platform. For Canada, for which we
used a 2006 inventory, we used a new set of Canadian surrogates provided by Environment
Canada along with their emissions data. The spatial data files we used can be obtained from the
files listed below; these are available from the 2002v3CAP (for US and Mexico) and
2005v4CAP-BAFM (for Canada) websites (see the end of Section 1).
• 36km_surg_2002v3mpCAP_smokeformat.zip: U.S. and Mexican surrogate files for
36-km spatial resolution (Canadian data contained in this zip file was not used for the
2005-based platform except for the year 2000 mercury data which is contained in the
sector othpt)
• 12km_surg_2002v3mpCAP_smokeformat.zip: U.S. and Mexican surrogate files for
surrogate files for 12 km spatial resolution (Canadian data contained in this zip file was
not used for the 2005-based platform except for the year 2000 mercury data which is
contained in the sector othar)
• new36km_surg_2005v4_smokeformat.zip: Canadian surrogate files for 36-km spatial
resolution for Canadian surrogates
• newl2km_surg_2005v4_smokeformat.zip: Canadian surrogate files for 12-km spatial
resolution for Canadian surrogates
• ancillary_2005v4_smokeformat.zip: spatial related data included are the grid
description (GRIDDESC), surrogate description (SRGDESC), surrogate cross reference
file (AGREF), and area-to-point (ARTOPNT) file
The U.S., Mexican, and Canadian 12-km surrogates cover the entire CONUS domain, though
they are used directly as inputs for the two separate Eastern and Western Domains shown in
Figure 3-1. The SMOKE model windowed the Eastern and Western grids while it created these
58
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emissions. The remainder of this subsection provides further detail on the origin of the data used
for the spatial surrogates and the area-to-point data.
3.2.1.1 Surrogates for U.S. Emissions
There are 66 spatial surrogates available for spatially allocating U.S. county-level emissions to
the CMAQ 36-km and 12-km grid cells; they are the same as for the 2002 Platform. As
described in Section 3.3.1.2, an area-to-point approach overrides the use of surrogates for some
sources. Table 3-7 lists the codes and descriptions of the surrogates.
Table 3-7. U.S. Surrogates Available for the 2002 and 2005 Platforms
Code
Surrogate Description
Code
Surrogate Description
N/A
Area-to-point approach (see 3.3.1.2)
515
Commercial plus Institutional Land
100
Population
520
Commercial plus Industrial plus Institutional
Golf Courses + Institutional +Industrial +
110
Housing
525
Commercial
120
Urban Population
527
Single Family Residential
130
Rural Population
530
Residential - High Density
Residential + Commercial + Industrial +
137
Housing Change
535
Institutional + Government
140
Housing Change and Population
540
Retail Trade
150
Residential Heating - Natural Gas
545
Personal Repair
160
Residential Heating - Wood
550
Retail Trade plus Personal Repair
0.5 Residential Heating - Wood plus 0.5 Low
Professional/Technical plus General
165
Intensity Residential
555
Government
170
Residential Heating - Distillate Oil
560
Hospital
180
Residential Heating - Coal
565
Medical Office/Clinic
190
Residential Heating - LP Gas
570
Heavy and High Tech Industrial
200
Urban Primary Road Miles
575
Light and High Tech Industrial
210
Rural Primary Road Miles
580
Food, Drug, Chemical Industrial
220
Urban Secondary Road Miles
585
Metals and Minerals Industrial
230
Rural Secondary Road Miles
590
Heavy Industrial
240
Total Road Miles
595
Light Industrial
250
Urban Primary plus Rural Primary
596
Industrial plus Institutional plus Hospitals
255
0.75 Total Roadway Miles plus 0.25 Population
600
Gas Stations
260
Total Railroad Miles
650
Refineries and Tank Farms
270
Class 1 Railroad Miles
675
Refineries and Tank Farms and Gas Stations
280
Class 2 and 3 Railroad Miles
700
Airport Areas
300
Low Intensity Residential
710
Airport Points
310
Total Agriculture
720
Military Airports
312
Orchards/Vineyards
800
Marine Ports
320
Forest Land
807
Navigable Waterway Miles
330
Strip Mines/Quarries
810
Navigable Waterway Activity
340
Land
850
Golf Courses
350
Water
860
Mines
400
Rural Land Area
870
Wastewater Treatment Facilities
500
Commercial Land
880
Drycleaners
505
Industrial Land
890
Commercial Timber
59
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Code
Surrogate Description
1 Code
Surrogate Description
510
Commercial plus Industrial |
We did not use all of the available surrogates to spatially allocate sources in the 2002 Platform;
that is, some surrogates in Table 3-7 were not assigned to any SCCs. Appendix B provides the
U.S. emissions assigned by the available surrogates for the CONUS domain region.
The creation of surrogates and shapefiles for the U.S. via the Surrogate Tool was discussed in the
2002 Platform documentation and is not be repeated here. The tool and updated documentation
for it is available at http://www.ie.unc.edu/cempd/projects/mims/spatial/ and
http://www.cmascenter.org/help/documentation.cfm?MODEL=spatial allocator&VERSION=3.
6&temp id=99999.
The new onroad off-network (parking area) emissions from the MOVES model, new to the 2005
platform, were allocated as shown in Table 3-8.
Table 3-8. Surrogate assignments to new mobile categories in the 2005 Platform
SC'C Description
SlMTOIiillC
2201001350 Light Duly Gas Vehicles- parking areas rural
2201002350 Light Duty Gas Trucks 1&2- parking areas rural
2201004350 Light Duty Gas Trucks 3&4- parking areas rural
Rural population (same as rural
local roads), code= 130
2201001370 Light Duty Gas Vehicles- parking areas urban
2201002370 Light Duty Gas Trucks 1&2- parking areas urban
2201004370 Light Duty Gas Trucks 3&4- parking areas urban
Urban population (same as urban
local roads), code =120
2201070350 Heavy Duty Gasoline Vehicles 2B thru 8B & Buses
(HDGV)- parking areas rural
2201070370 Heavy Duty Gasoline Vehicles 2B thru 8B & Buses
(HDGV)- parking areas urban
Commercial plus Industrial plus
Institutional, code = 520
3.2.1.2 Allocation Method for Airport-Related Sources in the U.S.
There are numerous airport-related emission sources in the 2005 NEI, such as aircraft, airport
ground support equipment, and jet refueling. Unlike the 2002 platform in which most of these
emissions were contained in sectors with county-level resolution - aim (aircraft), nonroad
(airport ground support) and nonpt (jet refueling), the 2005 platform includes the aircraft
emissions as point sources. As shown in Table 2-1, aircraft emissions are part of the ptnonipm
sector, since the 2005v2 inventory included them as point sources.
Thus, for the 2005 platform, we used the SMOKE "area-to-point" approach for only airport
ground support equipment (nonroad sector), and jet refueling (nonpt sector). The approach is
described in detail in the 2002 Platform documentation:
http://www.epa.gov/scram001/reports/Emissions%20TSD%20Voll 02-28-08.pdf.
We used nearly the same ARTOPNT file to implement the area-to-point approach as was used
for the CAP and HAP-2002-Based Platform. This was slightly updated from the CAP-only 2002
Platform by further allocating the Detroit-area airports into multiple sets of geographic
60
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coordinates to support finer scale modeling that was done under a different project. We chose to
retain the updated file for the 2005 Platform.
3.2.1.3 Surrogates for Canada and Mexico Emission Inventories
We used an updated set of surrogates for Canada to spatially allocate the 2006 Canadian
emissions for the 2005 Platform with the exception of the nonpoint Canadian mercury emissions.
The updated set completely replaced the 2002 Platform surrogates for allocating the 2006
province-level Canadian emissions. The 2002 Platform surrogates for Canada were used for the
mercury data in the sector other hg because Canada did not provide updated mercury data with
its 2006 inventory.
The updated surrogate data provided in the 2005v4 zip files and described in Table 3-9 came
from Environment Canada. They provided the surrogates and cross references; the surrogates
they provided were outputs from the Surrogate Tool (previously referenced). Per Environment
Canada, the surrogates are based on 2001 Canadian census data. We changed the cross-
references that Canada originally provided as follows: all assignments to surrogate '978'
(manufacturing industries) were changed to '906' (manufacturing services), and all assignments
to '985' (construction and mining) and '984' (construction industries) were changed to '907'
(construction services) because the surrogate fractions in 984, 978 and 985 did not sum to 1. We
also changed codes for surrogates other than population that did not begin with the digit "9".
The same surrogates were used for the 12-km domains as were used for the 36-km domain.
Table 3-9. Canadian Spatial Surrogates for 2005-based platform Canadian Emissions
Surrogate
description
Filename of 2005
Platform Surrogate
Surrogate
description
Filename of 2005
Platform Surrogate
Population
CA 100 NOFILL.txt
asphalt
CA 951 NOFILL.txt
Total dwelling
CA 901 NOFILL.txt
cement
CA 952 NOFILL.txt
Agriculture and
Forestry and Fishing
CA_902_NOFILL.txt
chemical
CA 953 NOFILL.txt
Waste Management
Service
CA_903_NOFILL.txt
commfuelcomb
CA 954 NOFILL.txt
Upstream Oil and Gas
(UOG)
CA_904_NOFILL.txt
downstream_petroleum
CA 955 NOFILL.txt
Mining and Oil and Gas
services
CA_905_NOFILL.txt
egu
CA 956 NOFILL.txt
Manufacturing services
CA 906 NOFILL.txt
grain
CA 957 NOFILL.txt
Construction services
CA 907 NOFILL.txt
manufacturing
CA 958 NOFILL.txt
Transportation of
Passengers and goods
CA_908_NOFILL.txt
mining
CA 959 NOFILL.txt
Electric and Gas and
Water utilities
CA_909_NOFILL.txt
oilgas distibution
CA 960 NOFILL.txt
Wholesaling
Merchandise services
CA_910_NOFILL.txt
smelting
CA 961 NOFILL.txt
Retailing Merchandise
services
CA_911_NOFILL.txt
waste
CA 962 NOFILL.txt
Government Services
CA 915 NOFILL.txt
wood
CA 963 NOFILL.txt
All Sales
CA 920 NOFILL.txt
asphalt industries
CA 971 NOFILL.txt
Intersection of
CA 921 NOFILL.txt
cement industries
CA 972 FILL.txt
61
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Surrogate
description
Filename of 2005
Platform Surrogate
Surrogate
description
Filename of 2005
Platform Surrogate
AGRFORFISH and
MANUFACT
Intersection of Forest
and Housing
CA_922_NOFILL.txt
chemical industries
CA 973 FILL.txt
Intersection of
MININGOILG and
MANUFACT
CA_923_NOFILL.txt
commercial fuel
combustion
CA 974 FILL.txt
Intersection of
UTILITIES and
DWELLING
CA_924_NOFILL.txt
downstream petroleum
industries
CA 975 FILL.txt
Intersection of
CONSTRUCTION and
DWELLING
CA_925_NOFILL.txt
Electric utilities
CA 976 FILL.txt
Intersection of
PUBADMIN and
DWELLING
CA_926_NOFILL.txt
grain industries
CA 977 FILL.txt
Commercial Marine
Vessels
CA_928_NOFILL.txt
manufacturing
industries1
CA 978 FILL.txt
HIGHJET
CA 929 NOFILL.txt
mining industries
CA 979 FILL.txt
LOWMEDJET
CA 930 NOFILL.txt
smelting industries
CA 981 FILL.txt
OTHERJET
CA 931 NOFILL.txt
waste management
CA 982 NOFILL.txt
CANRAIL
CA 932 NOFILL.txt
construction industries1
CA 984 NOFILL.txt
LDGV
CA_934_NOFILL.txt
construction and
mining1
CA 985 NOFILL.txt
PAVED ROADS
CA 941 NOFILL.txt
TOTALBEEF2
CA 986 NOFILL.txt2
UNPAVED ROADS
CA_942_NOFILL.txt
TOTALPOUL2
CA 987 NOFILL.txt2
Oil Sands
CA 950 NOFILL.txt
TOTALSWIN2
CA 988 NOFILL.txt2
TOTALFERT2
CA 989 NOFILL.txt2
1: Not used because fractions did not sum to 1;
2: Surrogates 986, 987, 988 and 989 were originally numbered by Canada as 611, 615, 620 and 65, respectively. We changed the
numbers so that all Canadian surrogates would begin with "9".
The Mexican emissions and single surrogate (population) were the same as were used in the
2002 Platform.
3.2.2 Chemical speciation ancillary files
The following data file, provided at the 2005v4 website (see the end of Section 1), contains the
SMOKE inputs used for chemical speciation of the inventory species to the CMAQ model
species. SMOKE environmental variable names, used in the file names, are shown using capital
letters in parentheses:
• ancillary_2005v4_smokeformat.zip: inventory table (INVTABLE), NONHAPVOC
emissions calculation exclusions file (NHAPEXCLUDE), speciation cross references
(GSREF), speciation VOC-to-TOG conversion factors (GSCNV), speciation profiles
(GSPRO), and combined, monthly speciation profiles (GSPRO COMBO).
62
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3.2.2.1 INVABLE and NHAPEXCLUDE
The INVTABLE and NHAPEXCLUDE SMOKE input files have a critical function in the VOC
speciation process for emissions modeling cases utilizing HAP-CAP integration, as is done for
the 2005 Platform.
We prepared two different INVTABLE files to use with different sectors of the platform. For
sectors in which we chose no integration across the entire sector (see Table 3-5), we created a
"no HAP use" INVTABLE that set the "KEEP" flag to "N" for BAFM. Thus, any BAFM in the
inventory input into SMOKE would be dropped. This approach both avoids double-counting of
these species and assumes that the VOC speciation is the best available approach for these
species for the sectors using the approach. The second INVTABLE, used for sectors in which
one or more sources are integrated, causes SMOKE to keep the BAFM pollutants and indicates
that they are to be integrated with VOC (by setting the "VOC or TOG component" field to "V"
for all four HAP pollutants.
We also prepared Error! Reference source not found.sector-specific NHAPEXCLUDE files
that provide the specific sources that are excluded from integration (see Table 3-5). Due to a
limitation with SMOKE2.4, we needed to provide an NHAPEXCLUDE file even for sectors for
which we integrate all sources in the sector. In this case, we included a source in the file that
was not contained in the inventory (this SMOKE limitation has since been resolved).
3.2.2.2 GSPRO, GSPRO_COMBO, GSREF and GSCNV,
For VOC speciation, we generated the following SMOKE-ready profiles for the CB05 chemical
mechanism using the Speciation Tool (Eyth, 2006):
• TOG-to-model species (used only for no-integrate sources)
• NONHAPTOG-to-model species (used only for the integrate sources)
• TOG-to-BENZENE (used only for no-integrate sources)
We added speciation profile entries that simply map NEI emissions of benzene, acetaldehyde,
formaldehyde and methanol to the model species BENZENE, ALD2, FORM and METHANOL,
respectively. These profiles were used only for the integrate sources. Note that we process the
integrate and no-integrate sources using the same GSREF and GSPRO files. Thus, to avoid
double counting of these HAP species, we removed B, A, F and M for all no-integrate sources in
the inventory. If the entire sector was no-integrate, then we were able to remove these in
SMOKE (by using "N" in the INVTABLE) but if a sector was partially integrated, then we
needed to remove these HAPS from the actual inventory input to SMOKE, but only for the no
HAP use, no-integrate sources.
In addition to the speciation profiles, the Speciation Tool generates the SMOKE-ready speciation
conversion files (GSCNV). We generated two of these: one containing profile-specific VOC-to-
TOG conversion factors and the other containing profile-specific NONHAPVOC-to-
NONHAPTOG conversion factors.
The TOG and PM2.5 speciation factors that are the basis of the chemical speciation approach
were developed from the SPECIATE4.2 database
63
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(http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/software/speciate/index.htmn which is EPA's repository of TOG
and PM speciation profiles of air pollution sources. The 2002-based platform utilized an earlier
version, SPECIATE4.0. Note that this update did not impact the PM2.5 profiles we used with the
2005-based platform; they were the same as those used for the 2002-based platform.
As with SPECIATE4.0, SPECIATE 4.2 development was a collaboration involving EPA's ORD
and EPA's Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS) at Research Triangle Park,
NC, and Environment Canada (EPA, 2006c). The SPECIATE database contains speciation
profiles for TOG, speciated into individual chemical compounds, VOC-to-TOG conversion
factors associated with the TOG profiles, and speciation profiles for PM2.5. The database also
contains the PM2.5 speciated into both individual chemical compounds (e.g., zinc, potassium,
manganese, lead), and into the "simplified" PM2.5 components used in the air quality model.
These simplified components are:
• PS04 : primary particulate sulfate
• PN03: primary particulate nitrate
• PEC: primary particulate elemental carbon
• POC: primary particulate organic carbon
• PMFINE: other primary particulate, less than 2.5 micrograms in diameter
One minor issue we found with the PM2.5 speciation which was similarly an issue with the 2002-
based platform is that we used a bituminous coal combustion profile (92095) that is applicable to
numerous inventory sources, but we used it for only a single nonpoint SCC (2101002000). For
the other SCCs pertaining to bituminous coal combustion we used the sub-bituminous coal
combustion profile (92084). Table 3-10 shows the differences are shown below, though these
are quite small and represent only a minor change to the SMOKE results:
Table 3-10. Differences between two profiles used for coal combustion
pollutant
species
split factors sub-
bituminous 92084
split factors
bituminous 92095
PM2 5
PEC
0.0188
0.01696
PM2 5
PMFINE
0.8266
0.827928
PM2 5
PN03
0.0016
0.00208
PM2 5
POC
0.0263
0.026307
PM2 5
PS04
0.1267
0.126725
Another issue is that profile 92095 appears to have been inadvertently left out of SPECIATE4.2
(and 4.0); we obtained it from EPA ORD staff using it in their modeling applications.
Key changes to the TOG profiles from the 2002 Platform are as follows:
• Updated the profile for aircraft from 1098 (Aircraft Landing/Takeoff (LTO) -
Commercial) which is from SPECIATE3.2 and has a profile date of 1989, to 5565
(Aircraft Exhaust), which has a profile date of 8/2008 and is based on testing conducted
in 2005).
64
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• Updated the profile for forest fires from 0307 (Miscellaneous Burning - Forest Fires)
which was from SPECIATE3.2 and has a profile date of 1989) to 5560 (Biomass Burning
- Extratropical Forest, dated 2/2008 and was based on testing conducted in 2001)
• Changed the assignment of residential wood combustion (including woodstove and
fireplace emissions) and other profiles that formerly used 4641 (Fireplace wood
combustion-oak wood) to 4642 (Fireplace wood combustion-pine wood) because of all
three woods tested in the study (oak, pine and eucalyptus), the most complete testing was
done for the pine wood (for example, benzene was only measured for pine)
• Updated the profiles for mobile onroad and nonroad sources to use more up-to-date test
data. The updated profiles are:
o 8750: Gasoline Exhaust - Reformulated gasoline
o 8751: Gasoline Exhaust - E10 ethanol gasoline
13
o 8752 : Gasoline Exhaust - E85 ethanol gasoline
o 8753: Gasoline Vehicle - Evaporative emission - Reformulated gasoline
o 8754: Gasoline Vehicle - Evaporative emission - E10 ethanol gasoline
o 87559: Gasoline Vehicle - Evaporative emission - E85 ethanol gasoline
o 87569'14: Composite Profile for Tier 2 vehicles E0, exhaust
o 87579'10: Composite Profile for Tier 2 vehicles E10, exhaust
• Utilized combination profiles comprised of the above updated exhaust and evaporative
profiles to match the average ethanol content of fuels used by different counties and for
different months of the year. Combinations were created based on the fuel properties
data in the NMIM county database.
Table 3-11 provides a summary of the 2005 speciation approach for mobile and other fuel-
related sources. It shows the updated profiles that form the 2005 combinations. The headspace
profile, 8737 is the same as was used in the 2002 Platform, and is used for other nonroad
refueling and other fuel-related stationary source emission categories.
Table 3-11. Summary of VOC speciation profile approach by sector for 2005
Inventory
type and
mode
VOC speciation
approach
for fuels
VOC
Profile
Codes
2005
sectors
Mobile onroad and nonroad
Exhaust
E0 and E10
combinations
(excludes Tier 2)
8750
8751
onnoadj
nonroad
Mobile onroad and nonroad
Evaporative
E0 and E10
combinations
8753
8754
onnoadj
nonroad
13 Profile not used in 2005, but used in future years built off of the 2005 base year.
14 Profile not included in SPECIATE4.2 (Nov. 2008), per OTAQ documentation, profiles were created October
2008, by OTAQ with EPAct Phase 1 data, 22 out of 22 valid test cycles. Three vehicles tested: Honda Civic,
Toyota Sienna, Chevy Silverado. Composite emission factors calculated using straight weighting for an LA92 drive
cycle (1.19 miles, 8.63 miles, 1.19 miles for Bags 1,2 and 3, respectively).
65
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Inventory
type and
mode
VOC speciation
approach
for fuels
VOC
Profile
Codes
2005
sectors
Mobile nonroad Refueling
Stationary (no mode assigned
to VOC): Portable Fuel
Containers, bulk plant -to-
pump, refinery-to-bulk
terminal
E0
8737 (Composite
Profile - Non-
oxygenated
Gasoline
Headspace
Vapor)
Nonroad
nonpt
In future years, different profile combinations and a different headspace profile is used, due to
the influx of greater quantities of ethanol in fuels. Changes to the above profiles for future year
scenarios will be discussed in more detail in a subsequent version of this document. In summary,
we utilized additional profiles in the combinations. The profiles we added were E85 and Tier 2
profiles for EO and E10. One error (affecting the 2012, 2022 and 2030 future years) is that we
used the same onroad and nonroad profiles in the future years. The nonroad profiles in future
years should not include any Tier2 vehicles (since Tier 2 impacts only onroad) and should not
include any E85.
Speciation profiles for use with BEIS are not included in SPECIATE. The 2005 Platform uses
BEIS3.14 which includes a new species (SESQ) that was not in BEIS3.13 (the version used for
the 2002 Platform). Thus we added this species (it is mapped to the CMAQ species SESQT) to
the set of profiles that we had been using in the 2002 Platform. The profile code associated with
BEIS3.14 profiles for use with CB05 uses the same as in the 2002 Platform: "B10C5."
3.2.3 Temporal allocation ancillary files
The emissions modeling step for temporal allocation creates the 2005 hourly emission inputs for
CMAQ by adjusting the emissions from the inventory resolution (annual, monthly, daily or
hourly) that are input into SMOKE. The temporal resolution of each of the platform sectors
prior to their input into SMOKE is included in the sector descriptions from Table 2-1 and
repeated in the discussion of temporal settings in Table 3-6.
The monthly, weekly, and diurnal temporal profiles and associated cross references used to
create the 2005 hourly emissions inputs for CMAQ were generally based on the temporal
allocation data used for the 2002 Platform. We added new profile assignments for SCCs in the
2005 inventory that were not in the 2002 inventory, and we updated the profiles used for ptipm
sources without CEM data to represent the year 2005.
The following data file, provided at the 2005v4 website (see the end of Section 1), contains the
SMOKE inputs used for chemical speciation of the inventory species to the CMAQ model
species. SMOKE environmental variable names, used in the file names, are shown in capital
letters in parentheses:
• ancillary_2005v4_smokeformat.zip: includes temporal cross reference files used across
all inventory sectors (ATREF, MTREF, and PTREF) and for ptipm sector (used for
66
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electric generating units) for the evaluation case (PTREF) and, temporal profiles
(ATPRO, MTPRO, and PTPRO)
The starting point for our temporal profiles was the 2002 Platform. The remainder of this section
discusses the development of the new temporal profiles or profile assignments used in the 2005
Platform.
Canadian emissions
The profiles assignments for the Canadian 2006 inventory were provided by Environment
Canada along with the inventory. They provided profile assignments that rely on the existing set
of temporal profiles in the 2002 Platform. For point sources, they provided profile assignments
by PLANTID.
WRAP Oil and Gas Inventory Profiles
The WRAP 2005 oil and gas inventory SCCs15 utilized uniform monthly and day of week
profiles (codes 262 and 7, respectively) and an hourly profile (code 26) that put emissions in
every hour, but weighted towards the day light hours.
Diurnal Profiles for Electric Generating Units (ptipm)
We updated the state-specific and pollutant-specific diurnal profiles for use in allocating the day-
specific emissions for non-CEM sources in the ptipm sector. We used the 2005 CEM data to
create state-specific, day-to-hour factors, averaged over the whole year and all units in each state.
We calculated the diurnal factors using CEM SO2 and NOx emissions and heat input. We
computed SO2 and NOx-specific factors from the CEM data for these pollutants. All other
pollutants used factors created from the hourly heat input data. We assigned the resulting
profiles by state and pollutant.
Onroad Parking Area Profiles
The new SCCs and descriptions, along with the assignments chosen are shown in Table 3-12.
Figure 3-3 shows the diurnal profiles referred to in the table.
See Table 2-9: 2310000220,2310000330,2310000440,2310010100,2310010200,2310010300,2310010700,
2310010800,2310020600, 2310020700, 2310020800, 2310021100, 2310021300,2310021400, 2310021500,2310021600,
2310023000,2310030210, 2310030220
67
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Table 3-12. Temporal Profiles Assigned to New Onroad SCC from the Draft MOVES model:
Parking Areas
S( ( & Description
Temporal Profile:
Monihl\
\ arialion
Temporal Profile:
l);i\ ol'W eek \ arialion
Temporal Profile:
Diurnal \ arialion
2201001350
Light Duty Gas Vehicles-
parking areas rural
2201002350 Light Duty
Gas Trucks 1&2- parking
areas rural
2201004350 Light Duty
Gas Trucks 3&4- parking
areas rural
Not applicable -
will be receiving
monthly emissions
RURAL LD values are:
Mon-Fri 12.1% 12.1%
12.1% 12.1% 18.3%
Sat/Sun: 15.3% 18.3%
Weekly code (for
SMOKE) =20021
Use same as profile as
rural local roads.
Code = 2006 (see
Figure 3-3.
Diurnal Profiles
are based only on
road type (use
local for "start")
and whether the
road is urban
versus ruralFigure
3-3, reddish curve)
2201001370
Light Duty Gas Vehicles-
parking areas urban
2201002370 Light Duty
Gas Trucks 1&2- parking
areas urban
2201004370 Light Duty
Gas Trucks 3&4- parking
areas urban
Not applicable -
will be receiving
monthly emissions
URBAN LD values are:
Mon-Fri
14.8% 14.8% 14.8%
14.8% 16.0%
Sat Sun 13.4% and
11.6%
Weekly code (for
SMOKE) =20031
Use same as profile as
urban local roads.
Code = 2012 (see
Figure 3-3, yellow
curve)
2201070350
Heavy Duty Gasoline
Vehicles 2B thru 8B &
Buses (HDGV)- parking
areas rural
Not applicable -
will be receiving
monthly emissions
RURAL HD values are:
Mon-Fri
16.8% 16.8% 16.8%
16.8% 15.9%
Sat Sun 8.8% and 8.8%
Weekly code (for
SMOKE) =20022
Use same as profile
rural local roads.
Code = 2006 (see
Figure 3-3, reddish
curve)
2201070370
Heavy Duty Gasoline
Vehicles 2B thru 8B &
Buses (HDGV)- parking
areas urban
Not applicable -
will be receiving
monthly emissions
URBAN HD values are:
Mon-Fri
17.7% 17.7% 17.7%
17.7% 17.7%
Sat Sun 7% and 5%
Weekly code (for
SMOKE) =20032
Use same as profile on
urban local roads.
Code = 2012 (see
Figure 3-3, yellow
curve)
68
-------
Figure 3-3. Diurnal Profiles are based only on road type (use local for "start") and whether the
road is urban versus rural
Rural Local: code = 2006
Weekday Diurnal
Urban Local: code = 2012
0
« •
0,
h f\
0.
I \ > \
•
0.'
•
0.:
¦
0.4
¦ :
•
0.:
•
0.:
•
0." <
•
•
f/
L " -
i
.
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 1?
Hour of Day
Weekend Diurnal (same codes)
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
\
10 12 14 16 18 20 22
4 Development of Future Year Emission Inventories
This section will be completed at a later date. Please also see rule-specific documentation, such
as the Transport Rule's Emission Inventory Technical Support Document.
69
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