Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 7th Report to Congress booooGoa poooooca V "VY"^ rfTYT PRO^& ------- Office of Water EPA 810R23001 September 2023 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 1 ------- DRINKING WATER INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDS SURVEY AND ASSESSMENT 7th REPORT TO CONGRESS A 1 u Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 2 ------- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 6 SECTION 1 TRADITIONAL STATE INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDS 7 Section 1.1 Background 7 Section 1.2 Methodology 7 Section 1.3 Survey Credibility 9 Section 1.4 State Survey Results 9 SECTION 2 STATE AND U.S. TERRITORY LEAD SERVICE LINE COUNTS 17 Section 2.1 Service Line Questionnaire 17 Section 2.2 Lead Service Line Estimate Methodology 20 Section 2.3 Lead Service Line Replacement Allotment Formula 23 Section 2.4 Lead Service Line Results 24 SECTION 3 WORKFORCE SURVEY RESPONSE 28 Section 3.1 Background 28 Section 3.2 Operator Workforce Responses 28 SECTION 4 IRON AND STEEL CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS 30 Section 4.1 Background 30 Section 4.2 Storage Tank Materials Responses 30 Section 4.3 Pipe Materials Responses 33 SECTION 5 TRIBAL WATER SYSTEM TRADITIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDS 36 Section 5.1 Background 36 Section 5.2 Assessment Results 36 APPENDIX A PROCESS FOR DEVELOPING SERVICE LINE COUNT ESTIMATES 42 APPENDIX B STATE-BY-STATE FINDINGS CHARTS 46 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 3 ------- EXHIBITS EXHIBIT 1.1: DWSRF-ELIGIBLE STATE WATER SYSTEMS SURVEYED 8 EXHIBIT 1.2: TOTAL 20-YEAR STATE NEED BY INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECT CATEGORY (IN BILLIONS; JANUARY 2021 DOLLARS) 10 EXHIBIT 1.3: TOTAL 20-YEAR STATE NEED BY SYSTEM SIZE/TYPE (IN BILLIONS; JANUARY 2021 DOLLARS) 10 EXHIBIT 1.4: STATE 20-YEAR NEED REPORTED BY PROJECT CATEGORY (IN MILLIONS; JANUARY 2021 DOLLARS) 11 EXHIBIT 1.5: STATE 20-YEAR NEED BY SYSTEM SIZE (IN MILLIONS; JANUARY 2021 DOLLARS) 13 EXHIBIT 1.6: TOTAL STATE AND U.S. TERRITORY 20-YEAR NATIONAL NEED COMPARED TO PREVIOUS DWINSA FINDINGS (DOLLARS IN BILLIONS) 15 EXHIBIT 1.7: TOTAL 20-YEAR STATE AND U.S. TERRITORY NEED BY SYSTEM SIZE/TYPE (IN BILLIONS; JANUARY 2021 DOLLARS) 15 EXHIBIT 1.8: TOTAL STATE 20-YEAR NEED BY PROJECT CATEGORY FOR EACH ASSESSMENT (IN BILLIONS; JANUARY 2021 DOLLARS) 16 EXHIBIT 2.1: QUESTIONS ON SERVICE LINE QUESTIONNAIRE 18 EXHIBIT 2.2: EXAMPLE COMPLETED LEAD SERVICE LINE SUPPLEMENTAL QUESTIONNAIRE. .. 19 EXHIBIT 2.3: NUMBER OF SURVEYED SYSTEMS THAT RESPONDED TO THE STATE SERVICE LINE SUPPLEMENTAL QUESTIONNAIRE (NATIONAL SUMMARY) 20 EXHIBIT 2.4: ESTIMATED SERVICE LINE MATERIAL BASED ON SURVEY RESPONSE 21 EXHIBIT 2.5 ESTIMATED KNOWN SERVICE LINE MATERIALS APPLIED TO STATE'S UNDISCOVERED 23 EXHIBIT 2.6: NATIONAL PROJECTED SERVICE LINES BY MATERIAL 24 EXHIBIT 2.7: PROJECTED NUMBER OF LEAD SERVICES LINES BY STATE AND TERRITORY 25 EXHIBIT 2.8: TOTAL PROJECTED LEAD SERVICES LINES BY STATE 26 EXHIBIT 2.9: NUMBER OF STATE SERVICE LINES BY MATERIAL TYPE AND SYSTEM SIZE 27 EXHIBIT 3.1: CURRENT WORKFORCE HIRING FOR RESPONDING WATER SYSTEMS 28 EXHIBIT 3.2: HIRING NEXT 5 YEARS FOR RESPONDING WATER SYSTEMS 29 EXHIBIT 3.3: HIRING CHALLENGES BY SYSTEM SIZE FOR RESPONDING WATER SYSTEMS 29 EXHIBIT 4.1: LIKELY TANK REPLACEMENT MATERIAL (ELEVATED) FOR RESPONDING WATER SYSTEMS 31 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 4 ------- EXHIBIT 4.2: LIKELY TANK REPLACEMENT MATERIAL (GROUND) FOR RESPONDING WATER SYSTEMS 31 EXHIBIT 4.3: LIKELY MATERIAL FOR NEW TANKS (ELEVATED) FOR RESPONDING WATER SYSTEMS 32 EXHIBIT 4.4: LIKELY MATERIAL FOR NEW TANKS (GROUND) FOR RESPONDING WATER SYSTEMS 32 EXHIBIT 4.5: EXISTING PIPE MATERIAL BY PERCENT OF LENGTH OF PIPE FOR RESPONDING WATER SYSTEMS 33 EXHIBIT 4.6: REPLACEMENT MATERIAL FOR EXISTING PIPE AND EXISTING MATERIAL BY PERCENT OF LENGTH OF PIPE FOR RESPONDING WATER SYSTEMS 34 EXHIBIT 4.7: LIKELY REPLACEMENT MATERIAL FOR EXISTING PIPE BY PERCENT OF LENGTH OF PIPE FOR RESPONDING WATER SYSTEMS 34 EXHIBIT 4.8: LIKELY MATERIAL TYPE FOR NEW PIPE PROJECTS BY PERCENT OF RESPONDING WATER SYSTEMS 35 EXHIBIT 5.1: 20-YEAR NEED FOR AMERICAN INDIAN AND ALASKA NATIVE VILLAGE SYSTEMS BY EPA REGION AND TYPE OF NEED (IN MILLIONS; JANUARY 2021 DOLLARS) 37 EXHIBIT 5.2: AMERICAN INDIAN AND ALASKA NATIVE VILLAGE 20-YEAR NEED REPORTED BY SURVEY YEAR (IN MILLIONS; JANUARY 2021 DOLLARS) 38 EXHIBIT 5.3: TOTAL 20-YEAR NEED BY PROJECT TYPE FOR AMERICAN INDIAN WATER SYSTEMS (IN MILLIONS, JANUARY 2021 DOLLARS) 39 EXHIBIT 5.4: TOTAL 20-YEAR NEED BY PROJECT TYPE FOR ALASKA NATIVE VILLAGE WATER SYSTEMS (IN MILLIONS, JANUARY 2021 DOLLARS) 40 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 5 ------- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The United States Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment (DWINSA) is used to determine the financial needs of the nation's drinking water infrastructure over the next twenty years. It also guides EPA's distribution of annual funding to states through the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF), including the unprecedented funding provided by the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58), also known as the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law. The 7th DWINSA includes a State survey and a Tribal survey. The State survey includes the U.S. territories, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico and shows a twenty-year capital improvement need of $625 billion. Of that $625 billion, $620.4 billion is for states and Puerto Rico, $1.2 billion is for U.S. territories, and $3.4 billion is for the District of Columbia. The Tribal survey shows a need of $4.1 billion, of which $3.2 billion is for American Indian systems and $0.9 billion is for Alaska Native Villages. This $629.1 billion total estimate represents DWSRF-eligible infrastructure projects necessary, from January 1, 2021, through December 31, 2040, for water systems to continue to provide safe drinking water to the public. The findings are based on data collected in calendar year 2021. The seventh survey and assessment relied primarily on a statistical survey of 3,629 public water systems in all 50 states, Puerto Rico, the District of Columbia, and U.S. territories as well as 198 American Indian water systems and 97 Alaska Native Village water systems for 3,924 systems total. These public water systems consisted of small community water systems (CWS), medium CWS, large CWS, and not-for- profit non-community water systems (NPNCWS). Out of the 3,924 public water systems surveyed, 3,820 responded, which is a 97% response rate. This response rate provides a high degree of confidence in the statistical precision of the assessment's findings. The 7th DWINSA is the largest and broadest scope effort since its inception in 1995, including new data on lead service lines (LSLs), operator workforce concerns, and pipe and storage tank construction materials related to the Safe Drinking Water Act's (SDWA) American Iron and Steel (AIS) provisions. 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 6 ------- Section 1 Traditional State Infrastructure Needs Section 1.1 Background The SDWA requires that EPA examine the needs for infrastructure improvements and maintenance at public water systems in the United States. To accomplish this, EPA is required to conduct a survey and assessment every four years. Results from previous surveys can be found here: https://www.epa.gov/dwsrf. The 7th DWINSA includes a State survey and a Tribal survey. The State survey includes the U.S. territories, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. The Tribal survey includes American Indian systems and Alaska Native Villages. EPA, states, and water systems collected data for the 7th DWINSA in calendar year 2021. This data represents the DWSRF-eligible infrastructure projects that are necessary over the 20-year period of January 1, 2021, through December 31, 2040, for water systems to continue to provide safe drinking water to the public. These projects include infrastructure needs that are eligible for, but not necessarily financed by, the DWSRF, including the installation of new drinking water infrastructure and the rehabilitation, expansion, or replacement of existing infrastructure. The findings of the State survey of traditional 20-year infrastructure needs are reported in this section; the findings of the Tribal survey are reported in Section 5. The SDWA mandates that EPA use the DWINSA to develop a formula to distribute DWSRF capitalization grants to states. By law, each state, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico are guaranteed a minimum allotment of 1% of the total amount available to states and the U.S. territories share 1.5% of the total amount available to states. For each DWINSA, EPA uses a standardized methodology to develop a new allocation formula based on each state's 20-year infrastructure need compared to the national need and accounting for the required 1% minimum allocation for each state. There are minor changes in the allotment percentages in the allocation formula developed from the 7th DWINSA compared to the previous. Starting in FY23, this allotment formula will be used to distribute the DWSRF Base Appropriations, the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law General Supplemental, and the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law Emerging Contaminants funds. As described further below, EPA used information collected in the 7th DWINSA on service line materials to develop a separate allocation formula to distribute the DWSRF Bipartisan Infrastructure Law Lead Service Line Replacement (LSLR) fund for FY23. The Assessment was developed in consultation with a workgroup consisting of state and EPA regional coordinators. The workgroup met several times by conference call and in person to discuss and to receive feedback on the Assessment's policies and processes. In addition, in compliance with the Paperwork Reduction Act (44 U.S.C. §3501 et seq.), the survey design and instrument were reviewed and approved by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). The Information Collection Request for the survey can be accessed in the Federal Register (86 FR 6542; February 5, 2020). Section 1.2 Methodology The 7th DWINSA conducted a statistical survey of 3,629 public water systems in all 50 states, Puerto Rico, the District of Columbia, and the U.S. territories. Exhibit 1.1 shows the total number of DWSRF-eligible systems and the number of systems surveyed. These public water systems included large community 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 7 ------- water systems (CWS), medium CWS, small CWS, and not-for-profit non-community water systems (NPNCWS). Due to the burden of participating, small CWS are not included in every survey. Small CWS were last surveyed in the 4th DWINSA. The 7thDWINSA is the largest and broadest scope effort since its inception in 1995 and includes data related to lead service lines (LSLs), operator workforce concerns, and pipe and storage tank construction materials related to SDWA's American Iron and Steel (AIS) provisions. Out of the 3,629 state public water systems surveyed, 3,526 responded, which is a 97% response rate, well above the 90% goal. This response rate goal was established to provide a high degree of confidence in the statistical precision of the assessment's findings. For the State survey, EPA surveyed all large CWS, a random sample of medium CWS in each state, a national random sample of small CWS and a national sample of NPNCWS. Large and medium CWS either filled out the survey themselves or with state assistance. EPA's contractor assisted small CWS and NPNCWS. States which are likely to only receive the 1% minimum DWSRF allotment may choose to not conduct the survey for medium CWS, and if so, are known as partial participating states. Large and small CWS are still surveyed in partial participating states. Exhibit 1.1 shows the achieved number of responses by water system size for the State survey. Exhibit 1.1: DWSRF-Eligible State Water Systems Surveyed Size of System Total Number of Systems Number of Surveyed Systems Sampling Rate Number of Survey Responses % Survey Responses Small Community Water Systems (serving 3,300 and fewer people) ~40,000 606 1.60% 602 99.3% Medium Community Water Systems (serving 3,301 to 100,000 people) ~9,000 2,181 22.70% 2,091 95.9% Large Community Water Systems (serving over 100,000 people) 708 708 100% 705 99.6% Not-for-Profit Noncommunity Water Systems ~26,000 134 0.50% 128 95.5% Total 3,526 97.6% Basic statistical and survey methodologies used for this assessment are the same as those used in previous assessments. Water systems surveyed by the DWINSA submit cost estimates for capital improvement projects that the water system plans to complete over the next 20 years (for this survey, January 1, 2021, through December 31, 2040). For a project to be included, the water system must 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 8 ------- document that they are committed to completing the project, and that it is feasible and necessary. One way to show commitment is for the project to be listed in a water system's capital improvement plan. To show the project is necessary and feasible a water system might submit a preliminary engineering report. Cost estimates reflect comprehensive infrastructure costs like engineering and design, purchase of raw materials and equipment, and construction labor. Project costs, which can either be actual submitted costs or modeled based on project category, are totaled for each water system and then used to extrapolate the total need for the state. The 20-year national infrastructure need for the State survey is calculated for each individual state and territory using the reported needs of large CWS, the weighted needs of medium CWS and by applying the small CWS national need to each state's small CWS inventory. The medium CWS need for partial participating states was estimated using data from full participating states and the inventory of medium CWS in the partial participating states. Use of this method allowed EPA to meet its precision target for each full participating state as well as at the national level. State extrapolated needs are then totaled with the results of the American Indian and Alaska Native Village surveys to get the national need. Additional information on methodology can be found in the 6th DWINSA Report to Congress. Section 1.3 Survey Credibility EPA has been working closely with water systems and states for over 25 years to conduct the DWINSA. The survey and its methodology are widely accepted and often cited in various literature and studies. The DWINSA collects actual project and asset data from a stratified random statistical sample of water systems, which minimizes bias and uncertainty in the survey and results. Rigorous water system project documentation is required based on a weight of evidence approach to demonstrate that a project is necessary, feasible, and has commitment. Consequently, the survey is credible, defensible, and statistically significant. Section 1.4 State Survey Results The 20-year national infrastructure need for states (including territories, Puerto Rico, and the District of Columbia) estimated by the 7th DWINSA is $625 billion. This is a 32% increase over the 6th DWINSA ($472.6 billion, in January 2015 dollars). Accounting for inflation, this is a 14% increase in need over the adjusted 6th DWINSA ($546.6 billion, in January 2021 dollars). The breakout of the need by project category is presented in Exhibit 1.2. The distribution across categories is similar to the 6th DWINSA, although the quantity of need has increased. Exhibit 1.3 shows the breakout of the need based on water system size and type. The U.S. territory needs, reported as part of the total 20-year state need, total approximately $1.15 billion, of which $519.3 million is needed for distribution and transmission, $232.3 million for treatment, $266.7 million for storage, $70.6 million for source, and $62.7 for other needs. Additional information on U.S. state and U.S. territory needs, including a breakout by territory, can be found in Exhibit 1.4, Exhibit 1.5 and Appendix B. 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 9 ------- Exhibit 1.2: Total 20-year State Need by Infrastructure Project Category (in billions; January 2021 dollars) Total State Need $625 Billion Distribution/ Transmission $420.8 Billion 67% Treatment $106.4 Billion 17% Storage $55.3 Billion 9% Source $24.9 Billion 4% Other $17.6 Billion 3% Exhibit 1.3: Total 20-year State Need by System Size/Type (in billions; January 2021 dollars) System Size/Type Estimated Need Percent of Need (%) Small Community Water Systems (serving 3,300 and fewer people) $100.1 16% Medium Community Water Systems (serving 3,301 to 100,000 people) $273.1 44% Large Community Water Systems (serving over 100,000 people) $235.2 37% Not-for-Profit Noncommunity Water Systems $16.6 3% Total State Need $625.0 100% 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 10 ------- Exhibit 1.4: State 20-year Need Reported by Project Category (in millions; January 2021 dollars) State Distribution/ Transmission Treatment Storage Source Other Total Alabama $9,241.7 $1,486.3 $948.2 $182.5 $319.2 $12,178.0 Alaska* $729.4 $291.1 $201.9 $87.7 $52.9 $1,363.0 Arizona $7,455.6 $2,175.3 $1,161.4 $699.0 $557.4 $12,048.7 Arkansas $5,626.8 $956.4 $695.6 $152.3 $252.7 $7,683.8 California $55,742.3 $13,549.9 $9,238.6 $3,571.1 $1,413.3 $83,515.2 Colorado $7,502.3 $2,877.6 $1,022.9 $290.6 $374.4 $12,067.8 Connecticut $3,017.6 $1,066.1 $445.4 $184.0 $197.0 $4,910.1 Delaware* $1,193.4 $301.4 $176.4 $77.8 $60.8 $1,809.9 District of Columbia $3,316.4 n/a $45.5 n/a $0.0 $3,361.9 Florida $17,615.2 $5,135.6 $1,778.1 $1,454.8 $765.9 $26,749.6 Georgia $13,966.4 $3,299.9 $1,263.1 $552.3 $573.6 $19,655.2 Hawaii* $1,442.8 $454.8 $252.2 $109.1 $54.5 $2,313.4 Idaho* $1,905.8 $552.5 $313.0 $188.4 $114.1 $3,073.8 Illinois $14,101.7 $4,280.5 $2,019.5 $972.0 $837.2 $22,210.8 Indiana $8,161.4 $1,691.0 $872.5 $601.2 $457.7 $11,783.8 Iowa $6,924.3 $1,373.1 $716.1 $860.2 $231.0 $10,104.7 Kansas $4,607.9 $1,495.0 $503.2 $280.0 $149.1 $7,035.1 Kentucky $6,020.7 $974.1 $651.0 $90.3 $106.7 $7,842.9 Louisiana $6,130.8 $1,513.2 $694.7 $307.8 $364.6 $9,011.1 Maine* $1,236.6 $355.7 $206.6 $93.9 $68.3 $1,961.1 Maryland $12,780.4 $1,041.5 $480.9 $271.0 $71.1 $14,644.9 Massachusetts $10,205.1 $2,880.1 $1,143.9 $440.0 $523.7 $15,192.8 Michigan $11,696.1 $2,246.2 $1,110.9 $751.7 $452.9 $16,257.7 Minnesota $6,017.2 $2,122.2 $1,043.4 $593.7 $401.0 $10,177.5 Mississippi $4,925.5 $1,962.4 $650.0 $366.1 $215.0 $8,118.9 Missouri $7,890.2 $1,562.9 $1,025.7 $372.0 $238.6 $11,089.4 Montana* $1,342.6 $490.3 $264.6 $137.8 $90.6 $2,326.0 Nebraska* $2,296.6 $403.0 $268.0 $169.0 $100.8 $3,237.4 Nevada $3,926.2 $997.3 $1,220.3 $208.2 $63.0 $6,414.9 New Hampshire* $1,452.6 $481.7 $279.7 $149.9 $96.2 $2,460.2 New Jersey $8,261.5 $2,230.6 $1,087.5 $361.2 $312.0 $12,252.8 New Mexico* $2,101.0 $547.5 $327.0 $171.8 $162.6 $3,309.8 New York $24,472.1 $5,415.4 $3,237.9 $1,101.6 $920.6 $35,147.7 North Carolina $14,028.7 $3,215.0 $1,372.1 $826.0 $563.2 $20,004.9 North Dakota* $1,326.8 $343.9 $197.4 $1,229.7 $70.3 $3,168.0 Ohio $10,819.6 $2,767.8 $1,308.8 $652.9 $522.7 $16,071.8 Oklahoma $6,331.9 $1,724.7 $739.8 $606.6 $306.0 $9,708.9 Oregon $5,678.3 $2,170.7 $1,349.7 $509.4 $402.3 $10,110.5 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 11 ------- State Distribution/ Transmission Treatment Storage Source Other Total Pennsylvania $15,844.1 $4,710.0 $2,197.1 $691.2 $858.8 $24,301.1 Puerto Rico $2,197.3 $822.9 $425.2 $120.6 $103.8 $3,669.8 Rhode Island* $1,264.6 $347.2 $126.7 $47.4 $40.6 $1,826.5 South Carolina $5,531.3 $1,246.3 $644.4 $415.3 $262.0 $8,099.4 South Dakota* $1,361.5 $362.8 $240.1 $121.1 $81.9 $2,167.4 Tennessee $9,054.7 $1,401.0 $871.9 $154.7 $44.5 $11,526.8 Texas $41,372.6 $11,466.1 $4,828.6 $1,596.1 $1,989.8 $61,253.1 Utah* $3,286.3 $1,146.2 $460.9 $192.8 $149.6 $5,235.7 Vermont* $1,096.7 $325.4 $197.0 $93.9 $66.3 $1,779.3 Virginia $6,147.5 $1,761.0 $927.8 $250.2 $295.6 $9,382.2 Washington $10,105.9 $2,685.9 $2,152.3 $647.1 $731.3 $16,322.5 West Virginia* $3,008.7 $804.5 $455.8 $158.3 $138.0 $4,565.3 Wisconsin $7,494.8 $2,321.9 $1,068.2 $604.5 $266.3 $11,755.7 Wyoming* $987.7 $291.5 $169.1 $76.1 $56.4 $1,580.8 Subtotal $420,245.3 $106,125.2 $55,078.3 $24,842.6 $17,548.0 $623,839.4 American Samoa $86.1 $62.4 $44.2 $19.4 $3.9 $215.9 Guam $132.1 $63.3 $127.6 $29.9 $33.2 $386.1 Northern Mariana Islands $207.0 $91.4 $50.1 $14.0 $17.5 $380.0 Virgin Islands $94.1 $15.3 $44.7 $7.3 $8.1 $169.5 Subtotal $519.3 $232.3 $266.7 $70.6 $62.7 $1,151.6 Total $420,765 $106,357 $55,345 $24,913 $17,611 $624,991 * Partial participating states are those states which are likely to only receive the 1% minimum DWSRF allotment and therefore, by choice, do not conduct the survey for medium water systems. Large and small water systems are surveyed in these states. Medium system needs in these states are estimated based on average medium system needs nationally, by stratum, derived from data from full participating states. The medium system and total needs of partial participating states is estimated but do not meet the data quality objectives for the survey. Note: Numbers may not total due to rounding. 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 12 ------- Exhibit 1.5: State 20-year Need by System Size (in millions; January 2021 dollars) State Large Medium Small NPNCWS Total Alabama $2,564.3 $8,709.8 $894 $9.9 $12,178 Alaska $155.1 * $509.9 $245.7 $910.7 Arizona $6,973.7 $3,619.3 $1,328.1 $127.5 $12,048.7 Arkansas $736.9 $5,054.5 $1,881.6 $10.7 $7,683.8 California $41,926.3 $34,325.9 $5,545.8 $1,717.1 $83,515.2 Colorado $4,710 $5,501 $1,718.6 $138.2 $12,067.8 Connecticut $2,000.1 $1,780.8 $799.7 $329.5 $4,910.1 Delaware $405 * $424 $35 $864 District of Columbia $3,361.9 ** ** ** $3,361.9 Florida $12,409.6 $10,668.2 $2,821.1 $850.6 $26,749.6 Georgia $10,268.9 $6,599.3 $2,677.7 $109.3 $19,655.2 Hawaii $993.7 * $272 $1.4 $1,267.1 Idaho $361.3 * $1,179.4 $180.8 $1,721.6 Illinois $4,973.1 $11,824.3 $4,937.8 $475.6 $22,210.8 Indiana $3,587.8 $5,611.9 $1,937.2 $646.9 $11,783.8 Iowa $1,083.1 $6,312 $2,560.5 $149 $10,104.7 Kansas $1,940.1 $2,737 $2,332 $25.9 $7,035.1 Kentucky $1,543.8 $5,679 $614.4 $5.7 $7,842.9 Louisiana $1,813.1 $4,727.7 $2,435.8 $34.5 $9,011.1 Maine $137.6 * $703.9 $172.4 $1,013.9 Maryland $12,042.2 $1,319.3 $881.9 $401.5 $14,644.9 Massachusetts $3,572.2 $10,803.6 $654 $163 $15,192.8 Michigan $5,358.8 $6,572.7 $2,813 $1,513.2 $16,257.7 Minnesota $1,171.4 $5,355 $2,379.4 $1,271.8 $10,177.5 Mississippi $387.4 $4,345.4 $3,362.9 $23.2 $8,118.9 Missouri $2,822.5 $4,908.6 $3,170.3 $188 $11,089.4 Montana $221.2 * $1,120.8 $211.8 $1,553.8 Nebraska $769.8 * $1,361.5 $104.7 $2,235.9 Nevada $5,032.3 $938.5 $388.6 $55.5 $6,414.9 New Hampshire $41.6 * $1,056.1 $265.3 $1,363 New Jersey $5,941.4 $4,741.3 $1,089.4 $480.6 $12,252.8 New Mexico $516.8 * $1,002.2 $97.7 $1,616.7 New York $22,279.2 $6,971.9 $5,444.1 $452.5 $35,147.7 North Carolina $6,521.8 $9,613.4 $2,916.7 $953.1 $20,004.9 North Dakota $1,297.1 * $641.1 $12.9 $1,951.1 Ohio $6,179.4 $6,580.7 $2,657 $654.7 $16,071.8 Oklahoma $2,866 $4,404.6 $2,372.7 $65.6 $9,708.9 Oregon $2,915.5 $5,141.8 $1,708.6 $344.6 $10,110.5 Pennsylvania $10,218.1 $9,199.3 $4,084 $799.7 $24,301.1 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 13 ------- State Large Medium Small NPNCWS Total Puerto Rico $1,274.2 $1,599 $796.5 ** $3,669.8 Rhode Island $837.3 * $124.9 $66.8 $1,029 South Carolina $2,747.5 $4,336.2 $961.9 $53.7 $8,099.4 South Dakota $167.1 * $814.1 $18.7 $999.9 Tennessee $2,522.2 $8,127.5 $841.8 $35.3 $11,526.8 Texas $23,091.6 $28,152.9 $9,760.6 $248 $61,253.1 Utah $888.2 * $949.1 $61.1 $1,898.4 Vermont ** * $771.5 $117.2 $888.7 Virginia $3,802.3 $3,307.5 $1,991.9 $280.6 $9,382.2 Washington $4,357.9 $7,774.1 $3,843.9 $346.6 $16,322.5 West Virginia $127.9 * $1,398.1 $65.3 $1,591.3 Wisconsin $2,862.8 $4,582.5 $2,403 $1,907.4 $11,755.7 Wyoming ** * $558.1 $71.7 $629.8 Subtotal $234,779 $272,569 $99,893 $16,598 $623,839 American Samoa ** $165.2 $50.7 ** $215.9 Guam $386.1 ** ** ** $386.1 North Mariana Is. ** $291.5 $88.5 ** $380 Virgin Islands ** $98.1 $71.3 ** $169.5 Subtotal $386.1 $554.8 $210.5 $0 $1,151.5 Total $235,165 $273,124 $100,104 $16,598 $624,991 *The total medium system needs for partial participating states is $20,642,700,000. This is represented cumulatively in the "Subtotal" and not by state. Partial participating states are those states which are likely to only receive the 1% minimum DWSRF allotment and therefore, by choice, do not conduct the survey for medium water systems. Large and small water systems are surveyed in these states. **lndicates there are no water systems at all in these categories. Note: Numbers may not total due to rounding. Exhibits 1.6 through 1.8 present the 7th DWINSA results for states compared to previous assessments. Note that the assessments differed in scope (small CWS, American Indian and Alaskan Native Village systems and NPNCWs were not included in data collection every survey cycle, but where data was not collected the total need for the state was calculated using previously collected data for those categories, converted that Assessment's year). Exhibit 1.6 shows each DWINSA total state and U.S. territory need in "current year" dollars (in other words, dollars from the year of the specific Assessment) and expressed in January 2021 dollars. It shows the percentage change in the inflation-adjusted need from the previous assessment's total need. This means the percentage change shown accounts for inflation and reflects the real change in need. 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 14 ------- Exhibit 1.6: Total State and U.S. Territory 20-year National Need Compared to Previous DWINSA Findings (dollars in billions) 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2021 Total National Need (as listed in Assessment Year's Report to Congress in Current Year Dollars) $137.1 $148.7 $274.3 $331.9 $380.9 $468.8 $625.0 Cost adjustment factor to January 2021 dollars (based on Construction Cost Index) 114% 94% 77% 48% 30% 17% - Total National Need in 2021 Dollars $292.8 $288.2 $484.6 $489.7 $495.5 $546.6 $625.0 Percent Increase from Previous Assessment - -1.6% 68.2% 1.0% 1.2% 10.3% 14.3% The 1999 through 2015 National Need each included the estimated capital cost of proposed or recently promulgated regulations taken from the regulations' Economic Analyses. The 1995 and 2021 National Need do not include any proposed or recently promulgated regulations. Exhibit 1.7: Total 20-Year State and U.S. Territory Need by System Size/Type (in billions; January 2021 dollars) System Type 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2021 Small CWSs (serving 3,300 or fewer people) $79.5 $60.4 $60.4 $87.7 $83.9 $86.8 $100.1 Medium CWSs (serving 3,301 to 100,000 people) $214.0 $210.5 $245.6 $273.1 Large CWSs (serving more than 100,000 people) $171.7 $188.7 $203.3 $235.2 Combined Medium/Large CWSs* $213.4 $203.8 $399.1 Not-for-Profit Noncommunity Systems $6.0 $6.0 $6.0 $6.0 $6.0 $16.6 Total Need $292.9 $270.1 $465.4 $479.4 $489.1 $541.7 $625.0 Note: Numbers may not total due to rounding. Total Need presented in Exhibit 1.7 does not include estimated capital costs of proposed or recently promulgated regulations, which were included in the 1999 through 2015 reported Total National Need. 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 15 ------- Exhibit 1.8: Total State 20-year Need by Project Category for Each Assessment (in billions; January 2021 dollars) 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 16 ------- Section 2 State and U.S. Territory Lead Service Line Counts Section 2.1 Service Line Questionnaire America's Water Infrastructure Act (AWIA) of 2018 amended Section 1452(h) of SDWA to mandate that EPA evaluate and include the cost to replace lead service lines (LSLs) in future drinking water infrastructure needs surveys. EPA collected service line material information to support this evaluation for the first time in 2021, as a part of the 7th DWINSA. In accordance with Section 1452(h)(2) of SDWA, all public water systems participating in the 7th DWINSA were asked to provide information on the number of service lines in their system (whether owned by the system, the customer, or jointly owned by both the system and the customer) and their knowledge of the construction materials of the service lines and service line connectors (see Exhibit 2.1). This includes medium CWS in partial participating states which were not surveyed for 20-year infrastructure needs. These systems were sent an abbreviated version of the DWINSA questionnaire which contained only the operator workforce and service line questions. Exhibit 2.1 also shows how the responses for each row were categorized by service line material. If a system reported any LSLs or connectors, EPA included those service lines in the lead content category. EPA included service lines that systems reported as galvanized pipe previously downstream of lead source (including lead pipes, lead connectors and/or any unknown source of lead) in the lead category as well. Galvanized service lines that have never been downstream of a source of lead are reported as standalone galvanized. Service lines known to not be lead are categorized as no lead. Service lines for which the system did not know the material or did not report a material are included in the undiscovered (including unknown and nonreported) category. Exhibit 2.2 shows an example completed questionnaire. Like participation in the full needs survey, the service line questionnaire was optional; however, 75% of water systems in the State survey provided responses. EPA recognizes that states and communities continue to make progress on identifying LSLs. To account for this rapidly developing data, states will be provided a one-time opportunity to adjust their reported service line data in Fall 2023. The updated service line information will be first used in distribution of DWSRF BIL LSLR funding to states in 2024. 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 17 ------- Exhibit 2.1: Questions on Service Line Questionnaire Type of Service Line Category of Service Line Materials Row 1. Service lines that contain any lead pipe Row 2. Service lines that do not contain any lead pipe but have lead connectors (such as goosenecks or pigtails). Row 3a. Service lines that contain galvanized pipe and were previously downstream from a lead pipe that was removed from the service line. Lead Content Row 3b. Service lines that contain galvanized pipe and were previously downstream from a lead connector that was removed from the service line. Row 3c. Service lines that contain galvanized pipe and were previouslv downstream from an unknown source of lead that was removed from the service line. Row 3d. Service lines that contain galvanized pipe that have never been downstream from any lead pipe or lead connector in the service line. Standalone Galvanized Row 4a. Service lines that do not contain any lead pipe or galvanized pipe and that do not have lead connectors. No Lead Row 4b. Service lines for which the material makeup of the service line and of the connector are not known. (Unknown SLs) Undiscovered Inserted Row 5 for Analysis - Service lines that system did not disclose knowledge of material make-up (Not Reported SLs) Material 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 18 ------- Exhibit 2.2: Example Completed Lead Service Line Supplemental Questionnaire LEAD SERVICE LINE TABLE For each category, include those service lines for which it is known or there is reason to believe the service line likely fits the description. Please record the number of service lines that fit the description of each row and column and count each service line only once. Number of Service Lines that are Solely System- Owned Number of Service Lines that are Solely Customer-Owned Number of Service Lines for which the System and Customer Share Ownership Service Lines That Contain Lead Pipe Row 1. Service lines that contain any lead pipe. 0 0 100 Service Lines That Contain Lead Connectors Row 2. Service lines that do not contain any lead pipe but have lead connectors (such as goosenecks or pigtails). 0 0 0 Service Lines That Contain Galvanized Pipe Row 3a. Service lines that contain galvanized pipe and were previously downstream from a lead pipe that was removed from the service line. 0 0 0 Row 3b. Service lines that contain galvanized pipe and were previously downstream from a lead connector that was removed from the service line. 0 0 0 Row 3c. Service lines that contain galvanized pipe and were previously downstream from an unknown source of lead that was removed from the service line. 0 0 0 Row 3d. Service lines that contain galvanized pipe that have never been downstream from any lead pipe or lead connector in the service line. 0 0 200 Other Service Lines and Service Lines of Unknown Materials Row 4a. Service lines that do not contain any lead pipe or galvanized pipe and that do not have lead connectors. 0 0 500 Row 4b. Service lines for which the material makeup of the service line and of the connector are not known. 0 0 200 Total Number of Service Lines by Column 0 0 1,000 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 19 ------- Exhibit 2.3 shows the number of surveyed systems that responded for each category of service line material. A system may have responded with information on more than one type of service line. Some or all of the 725 systems that reported one or more services lines with lead content may also have reported some lines were known to not have lead content and some were of unknown material. Category 5 in Exhibit 2.3 captures the systems that did not respond to the questions on service line inventory. To date, this is the best available data collected and assessed on service line materials in the U.S. Exhibit 2.3: Number of Surveyed Systems that Responded to the State Service Line Supplemental Questionnaire (National Summary) Type of Service Line (Material) Number of System Responses 1. Systems that reported any lead content in any of their service lines or connectors 725 2. Systems that did not know the material of some or all their service lines 843 3. Systems that reported some standalone galvanized service lines 127 4. Systems that reported that they had no lead content 920 5. Not reported 898 Note: A system may have reported data for more than one category (e.g., reported they have lead content in some service lines (Row 1) and known no lead content in other service lines (Row 4). The system would be included as responding in both rows. Section 2.2 Lead Service Line Estimate Methodology The same 3,629 water systems participating in the primary state DWINSA were surveyed using the 7th DWINSA service line questionnaire, which collected information on the number of service lines by material type. Medium CWS selected for the survey in partial participating states were asked to respond to the service line questionnaire even though they did not report 20-year infrastructure needs. To develop estimated counts of service lines, system level data is extrapolated at the state and national level using similar methodology as for the primary DWINSA. A description of this approach is included in Appendix A. Responses from the DWINSA service line questionnaire were used to estimate the number of service lines of each material type. As shown in Exhibit 2.3, EPA categorized these material types as known lead, standalone galvanized, no lead, and undiscovered (including unknown and nonreported). The Lead and Copper Rule Revisions (LCRR) require water systems to identify and make public an initial inventory of the locations of LSLs by October 16, 2024. In 2022, EPA issued the document Guidance for Developing and Maintaining a Service Line Inventory (found here: https://www.epa.gov/ground-water- and-drinking-water/revised-lead-and-copper-rule) to support this effort. Until water systems have complete inventories, the number of reported undiscovered (including unknown and nonreported) service lines that are actually lead is unknown. Therefore, for each state, EPA applied the ratio of the number of known LSLs to the total service lines of all known material types to project how many undiscovered (including unknown and nonreported) service lines might be lead. This same projection was done for the standalone galvanized service lines. The DWINSA estimated service line material based on survey response is shown in Exhibit 2.4 for each state and U.S. territory. Appendix B includes 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 20 ------- information for each state on the number of service lines by category estimated from survey responses and the number projected for the state using the state ratios. Examples of this methodology for two states are shown in Exhibit 2.5. A state-specific ratio was developed to derive the total projected count of LSLs in each state. These state numbers were then totaled to calculate the total national LSL number. This is illustrated in Exhibit 2.5, where Michigan's 871,566 service lines of undiscovered (including unknown and nonreported) material are projected to be either lead, standalone galvanized, or not lead pipe based on state-specific ratios and are added to the totals for those materials from the survey's estimates. If a state reported all unknown materials or did not respond to the survey, for medium CWS, EPA applied a national ratio derived from the states with reported data. For small CWS, a national ratio was applied to the number of connections reported in small CWS in each state. Appendix A provides a more detailed step-by-step description of the methodology used to develop service line estimates. Exhibit 2.4: Estimated Service Line Material Based on Survey Response Service Line Material State/Territory Lead Content Unknown Material Standalone Galvanized No Lead Content Not Reported Alabama 54,838 397,891 34,613 1,029,411 351,025 Alaska 520 41,528 1,351 38,488 30,981 Arizona 8,310 381,240 29,092 1,473,006 185,676 Arkansas 77,248 102,889 21,654 449,384 568,005 California 12,984 215,308 199,929 9,085,439 136,974 Colorado 86,831 135,639 2,291 1,201,973 237,207 Connecticut 17,604 532,699 297 68,482 100,153 Delaware 17,952 53,998 8,322 101,362 120,377 District of Columbia 23,952 16,072 714 99,262 0 Florida 792,534 956,068 791,911 2,939,425 1,137,447 Georgia 32,786 742,610 36,059 2,253,691 192,310 Hawaii 5,715 58,986 5,109 153,278 52,248 Idaho 33,451 70,269 29,823 264,679 86,383 Illinois 690,280 757,795 28,141 1,754,954 507,117 Indiana 174,647 602,747 3,368 1,054,922 37,923 Iowa 64,230 270,987 8,086 667,634 100,024 Kansas 8,385 832,983 2,096 151,310 49,246 Kentucky 20,713 265,507 2,313 802,881 511,796 Louisiana 140,244 267,811 11,005 739,979 537,606 Maine 13,420 56,521 13,616 174,274 13,037 Maryland 8,099 20,196 1,712 155,938 1,270,475 Massachusetts 86,736 413,494 26,754 1,233,738 57,932 Michigan 203,670 569,384 4,538 1,600,986 302,182 Minnesota 81,993 518,229 1,686 750,761 40,263 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 21 ------- State/Territory Lead Content Unknown Material Standalone Galvanized No Lead Content Not Reported Mississippi 4,035 358,522 5,055 434,959 418,706 Missouri 130,044 219,620 10,836 1,124,278 481,476 Montana 5,274 118,333 9,479 86,462 51,467 Nebraska 38,796 126,560 1,831 394,418 35,302 Nevada 5,331 173,212 15,118 446,382 152,271 New Hampshire 11,643 43,192 1,605 202,159 15,544 New Jersey 242,247 574,955 126,914 1,315,082 169,725 New Mexico 8,460 159,641 3,127 332,997 125,171 New York 201,075 936,794 8,041 1,240,706 1,175,258 North Carolina 272,078 640,448 59,669 1,986,416 191,370 North Dakota 14,624 18,709 515 114,075 85,692 Ohio 369,077 657,490 12,895 1,409,102 1,167,069 Oklahoma 12,250 735,471 2,621 573,712 53,850 Oregon 1,316 165,812 6,003 428,382 567,257 Pennsylvania 257,315 1,123,477 21,792 1,123,770 1,228,363 Puerto Rico 30,689 309,050 26,821 801,757 273, 322 Rhode Island 17,204 166,988 63 51,809 68,075 South Carolina 50,350 786,265 11,670 779,545 180,279 South Dakota 3,554 21,710 687 243,057 19,157 Tennessee 79,769 1,976,379 20,719 478,840 213,813 Texas 378,873 1,284,408 10,482 7,206,494 4,103,903 Utah 9,017 243,215 9,454 540,448 83,793 Vermont 3,317 13,773 2,852 98,420 47,577 Virginia 64,360 408,853 26,385 657,562 1,027,314 Washington 11,893 1,113,290 97,278 1,261,166 54,647 West Virginia 6,906 408,507 3,221 215,470 27,682 Wisconsin 256,363 157,160 11,938 873,704 219,939 Wyoming 6,405 35,280 2,813 99,065 33,544 Subtotal 5,149,407 20,784,452 1,732,567 52,765,494 18,486,209 American Samoa 11 180 11 9,665 221 Guam 0 0 0 0 44,736 Northern Mariana Is. 8 151 8 1,623 11,201 Virgin Islands 35,002 54 1 264 66 Subtotal 35,021 385 20 11,552 56,224 Total 5,184,428 20,784,837 1,732,587 52,777,046 18,542,433 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 22 ------- Exhibit 2.5 Estimated Known Service Line Materials Applied to State's Undiscovered Michigan Michigan Projected Totals _ 203,670 1,600,986 871,566 _ 4,538 New Jersey 242,247 1,315,082 744,680 6,724 2,372,249 _ New Jersey Projected Totals 349,355 183,028 _ 126,914 1,896,539 LeadSLs Standalone Undiscovered No Lead Galvanized SLs Material Content Section 2.3 Lead Service Line Replacement Allotment Formula In 2021, the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law included a specific DWSRF appropriation of $15 billion for Lead Service Line Replacement (LSLR) and associated activities. In addition to replacement projects, this funding can and should be used for LSL identification, including development of LSL inventories as required by the LCRR. EPA allocated the first year of the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law LSLR funding using a formula based on all categories of infrastructure need. EPA is using the new results from LSL information collected under the 7th DWINSA to allocate the remaining years of Bipartisan Infrastructure Law LSLR funding. EPA developed a LSL percentage for each state by dividing the states' projected LSLs (as derived using the methodology described in Appendix A) by the total national number of projected LSLs. EPA used the state percentages to develop the LSL- specific allocation formula for distributing the DWSRF Bipartisan Infrastructure Law LSLR funding. As required under Section 1452(a)(1)(D) of SDWA, each state is provided a minimum allotment of 1% of the 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 23 ------- total amount available to states and the U.S. territories share 1.5% of the national total based on each territory's share of the territories total. The new LSL formula will allow states to receive financial assistance commensurate with their need as soon as possible, furthering public health protection nationwide. Any remaining imbalance in allotments is expected to be addressed through the normal DWSRF reallotment process established under SDWA. Funds not distributed to eligible LSLR DWSRF projects by the end of the second fiscal year after apportionment are reallotted; this process is outlined in Section 1452(a)(1)(E) of SDWA and the deadline cannot be shortened or extended by EPA. The new LSL formula will reduce the need for reallotments as well as the administrative burden on states and EPA that is created when allocated funding outweighs the need of water systems in that state or vice versa. EPA recognizes that states and communities continue to make progress on identifying LSLs. To account for this rapidly developing data, states will be provided a one-time opportunity to adjust their reported service line data in fall 2023. The anticipated updated information would be first used in distribution of DWSRF BIL LSLR funding to states in 2024. Section 2.4 Lead Service Line Results Based on the findings from the 7th DWINSA, the total projected number of LSLs in the United States is 9.2 million for the states, U.S. territories, Puerto Rico, and the District of Columbia (see Exhibit 2.6). The estimated cost to replace these LSLs ranges from approximately $50 billion to $80 billion (2021 dollars). This is derived from service line replacement cost information collected as part of the 7th DWINSA for both full and partial lead service line replacement. The low estimate (25th percentile or 25% of LSLR cost data is below this value) is $5,328/LSL and the high estimate (75th percentile or 25% of LSLR cost data is above this value) is $9,015/LSL. There are also an estimated 2.8 million standalone galvanized service lines that have never been downstream of lead. Currently, some states require that galvanized pipe be identified, and some states require that it be removed. Exhibit 2.6: National Projected Service Lines by Material Service Line Material Projected Count * Lead Content 9,223,745 Stand-Alone Galvanized 2,800,839 No-Lead Content 87,929,975 National Total Service Lines 99,949,560 * Projected Count includes known lines and unknown and unreported lines projected to be in one of these three categories. The 7th DWINSA provides the best available national and state-level projections of service line materials and counts. Exhibit 2.7 shows the distribution of LSLs across the nation and Exhibit 2.8 shows projected LSLs by state and territories. Exhibit 2.9 shows the number of service lines by type of material and system size. 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 24 ------- Exhibit 2.7: Projected Number of Lead Services Lines by State and Territory Total Projected LSL 9.2M Projected Number of LSLs Less than 46,000 46,000 to 92,000 92,000 to 230,000 | 230,000 to 460,000 I Greater than 460,000 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 25 ------- Exhibit 2.8: Total Projected Lead Services Lines by State Projected LSL State Number % of Total Alabama 91,544 1.00% Alaska 1,454 0.02% Arizona 11,429 0.12% Arkansas 171,771 1.87% California 13,476 0.15% Colorado 111,907 1.22% Connecticut 146,574 1.60% Delaware 42,479 0.46% District of Columbia 27,058 0.29% Florida 1,159,300 12.62% Georgia 45,985 0.50% Hawaii 9,589 0.10% Idaho 49,434 0.54% Illinois 1,043,294 11.35% Indiana 265,400 2.89% Iowa 96,436 1.05% Kansas 54,107 0.59% Kentucky 40,207 0.44% Louisiana 266,984 2.91% Maine 18,057 0.20% Maryland 71,166 0.77% Massachusetts 117,090 1.27% Michigan 301,790 3.28% Minnesota 136,873 1.49% Mississippi 11,098 0.12% Missouri 202,112 2.20% Montana 14,125 0.15% Nebraska 53,230 0.58% Nevada 9,048 0.10% New Hampshire 14,819 0.16% New Jersey 349,357 3.80% New Mexico 15,453 0.17% New York 494,007 5.38% North Carolina 369,715 4.02% North Dakota 26,443 0.29% Ohio 745,061 8.11% Oklahoma 28,679 0.31% Oregon 3,530 0.04% 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 26 ------- Projected LSL State Number % of Total Pennsylvania 688,697 7.50% Puerto Rico 51,490 0.56% Rhode Island 75,749 0.82% South Carolina 108,177 1.18% South Dakota 4,141 0.05% Tennessee 381,342 4.15% Texas 647,640 7.05% Utah 14,293 0.16% Vermont 5,263 0.06% Virginia 187,883 2.04% Washington 22,030 0.24% West Virginia 20,259 0.22% Wisconsin 341,023 3.71% Wyoming 10,477 0.11% State Subtotal 9,188545 Territories 35,202 0.38% Total 9,223,745 Note: Numbers may not total due to rounding. Exhibit 2.9: Number of State Service Lines by Material Type and System Size aj M In Large >- 1/1 Si Medium I Lead Galvanized i Not Lead Unknown ¦ Unreported Small 10,000,000 20,000,000 30,000,000 40,000,000 Number of Service Lines 50,000,000 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 27 ------- Section 3 Workforce Survey Response Section 3.1 Background As in many technical sectors, the drinking water industry is predicting large-scale retirements and consequently a potential workforce shortage. EPA, states, and drinking water industry associations and organizations are working to promote the water sector as a good source of employment and career opportunities. These efforts are intended to help ensure that there are enough trained and qualified water professionals to meet current and future needs. For the first time, the 7th DWINSA collected responses to operator workforce questions, which provides a unique opportunity to estimate projected water sector workforce shortfalls over the next five to ten years and quantify the reasons for anticipated shortfalls. This data includes responses from all surveyed systems in the states, U.S. territories, Puerto Rico, the District of Columbia, and American Indian and Alaska Native Village water systems. Of the 3,924 systems surveyed, 3,818 responded to the operator workforce questions, for an overall response rate of 97.3%. Of the systems that received the state survey, 97.16% responded, and 98.98% of American Indian and Alaskan Native Village systems responded to the operator workforce questions. Section 3.2 Operator Workforce Responses The following exhibits show the results of the responses to the operator workforce questions. These graphics show that workforce issues are universal across water systems of all sizes. A significant percentage of responding systems of each size reported that hiring difficulties will increase over the next five to ten years and identified lack of interest and lack of candidates as the top reasons. Small water systems cited the inability to hire full-time employees and offer benefits as more significant reasons than larger water systems. Exhibit 3.1: Current Workforce Hiring for Responding Water Systems Do you currently have difficulty hiring employees or obtaining contracted water operators? Small Systems Medium Systems Large Systems 34.99% 27.24% 37.76% 47.37% 30.39% 22.24% 48.25% 29.17% 22.58% 0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00% 80.00% 90.00% 100.00% ¦ Yes ¦ No ¦ Don't Know or No Response 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 28 ------- Exhibit 3.2: Hiring Next 5 Years for Responding Water Systems Which of the following best describes what you anticipate in the next 5 years for replacing or increasing the number of employees or contracted operators? Small Systems 36.54% 27.80% 0.44% 35.22% Medium Systems 40.52% 22.87% 2.07% 34.53% Large Systems 42.64% 28.05% 1.®% 27.49% 0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00% 80.00% 90.00% 100.00% ¦ More Difficult Than It Is Now ¦ About the Same as It is Now Less Difficult Than It is Now ¦ No Opinion or No Response Exhibit 3.3: Hiring Challenges by System Size for Responding Water Systems Percent of Systems Reporting Hiring Difficulty Explanation by System Size Lack Of Interest Lack Of Candidates Lack Of Knowledge Unable To Pay Competitive Wage Difficulty Getting Certifications Met Overwhelming Retirements Long Hours Unable To Hire Fulltime Unable To Offer Benefits 0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% ¦ Small Systems ¦ Medium Systems ¦ Large Systems BAN Systems 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 29 ------- Section 4 Iron and Steel Construction Materials Section 4.1 Background Questions on pipe and storage tank construction materials were included in the 7th DWINSA to provide information on materials used for specific types of infrastructure that are often, but not always, comprised of primarily iron or steel and thus subject to the American Iron and Steel (AIS) requirements under SDWA section 1452(a)(4). The responses to these questions and the data from the 7th DWINSA will aid EPA in management and oversight of the AIS requirements. The questions were provided to all small CWS, medium CWS in full participating states and large CWS in states and the U.S. territories. American Indian and Alaska Native Village were not asked about the material of their pipes and tanks as they are not subject to AIS requirements. Medium CWS in partial participating states were not asked these pipe and tank materials questions because they were not asked to report their 20-year infrastructure needs. The types of infrastructure for which materials information was requested include raw water transmission, finished water transmission, distribution mains, elevated finished water storage, and ground-level finished water storage. The construction materials questions were formatted as inventory tables and focused on identifying the material used for the following project types: Transmission and Distribution Mains Existing material (cast iron, ductile iron, plastic, unknown, etc.) Materials of pipe typically used for replacement Materials typically used for new pipe installation and existing policies for the type of pipe to be installed (e.g., mains <6" are HDPE and >6" are ductile iron) Elevated and Ground Storage Tanks Existing material (bolted or welded steel, glass fused to steel, fiberglass, concrete, composite) Materials typically used for tank replacement Materials typically used for new storage tanks The exhibits in this section show the information provided by survey respondents for the iron and steel construction materials questions. For replacement of existing materials, the exhibits are based on the reported number of existing tanks or the reported pipe length of the surveyed systems. For new materials (tank or pipe), the figures are based on the number of systems offering each response. Overall, 72% of systems responded to pipe material questions and 87% of systems responded to tank material questions. These results have not been adjusted for the statistical weights of each system in the survey. Section 4.2 Storage Tank Materials Responses These exhibits show that storage tank material for future tank construction is generally the same composition as the existing tank materials. Understandably, there are significant differences between the types of materials for elevated tanks versus ground level tanks. While the most common material for both elevated tanks and ground level tanks in responding systems is steel, ground level tanks are 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 30 ------- concrete one-third of the time. In addition, the material is consistent whether for replacement of a tank or construction of a new tank. Note that the "other" category includes responses such as but not limited to, "no future elevated storage tanks planned, elevated storage tank not used, unlikely to construct elevated storage tank," etc. Exhibit 4.1: Likely Tank Replacement Material (Elevated) for Responding Water Systems I Composite I Other Unknown I Welded or Bolted Steel Exhibit 4.2: Likely Tank Replacement Material (Ground) for Responding Water Systems 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 31 ------- Exhibit 4.3: Likely Material for New Tanks (Elevated) for Responding Water Systems Exhibit 4.4: Likely Material for New Tanks (Ground) for Responding Water Systems ¦ Welded or Bolted Steel ¦ Unknown ¦ Other ¦ Glass Fused to Steel ¦ Fiberglass ¦ Concrete 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 32 ------- Section 4.3 Pipe Materials Responses The following exhibits show that cast iron and asbestos cement pipe materials are reported as relatively infrequently used for pipe replacement or new construction. Asbestos cement is reported as replaced primarily with plastic pipe, while cast iron pipe is reported as replaced with ductile iron or plastic pipe. Based on the reported material of existing pipe, approximately one-third of existing pipe is plastic in the surveyed systems. Additionally, based on reported material for replacement of existing pipe, systems in the survey will replace 54% of existing pipe length with plastic pipe and replace 34% of existing pipe with ductile iron pipe. Similarly, 47% of systems stated that plastic is the most likely material for new pipe projects, while 34% stated that ductile iron is the most likely material for new pipe projects. These data report surveyed-system responses and have not been extrapolated to represent national data. Respondents did not indicate the pipe length of new pipe projects (as that length is presently unknown); data for new project questions is shown by percentage of respondents. Note that the "other" category includes, but is not limited to, cement mortar lined pipe, reinforced concrete cylinder pipe (RCCP), and a combination of material types such as HDPE and cement mortar lined pipe. Exhibit 4.5: Existing Pipe Material by Percent of Length of Pipe for Responding Water Systems ¦ Asbestos Cement ¦ Cast Iron ¦ Ductile Iron ¦ Other ¦ Plastic Unknown l 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 33 ------- Exhibit 4.6: Replacement Material for Existing Pipe and Existing Material by Percent of Length of Pipe for Responding Water Systems 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Asbestos Cement Cast Iron Ductile Iron Plastic Existing Pipe Material Other Unknown I Asbestos Cement ¦ Ductile Iron ¦ Plastic BCast Iron BOther ¦ Unknown or No Response Exhibit 4.7: Likely Replacement Material for Existing Pipe by Percent of Length of Pipe for Responding Water Systems 3.10% I Asbestos Cement I Cast Iron Ductile Iron I Other I Plastic Unknown I No Response 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 34 ------- Exhibit 4.8: Likely Material Type for New Pipe Projects by Percent of Responding Water Systems I Plastic Ductile Iron I Multiple I Other Response 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 35 ------- Section 5 Tribal Water System Traditional Infrastructure Needs Section 5.1 Background The 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment estimates that the capital investment needs of water systems serving American Indian and Alaska Native Village water systems totals $4.1 billion over the next 20 years. This is the first time Tribal water systems have been surveyed since the 5th DWINSA in 2011. The Tribal need is compounded by high average per-household costs compared to most non-Native water systems due to unique circumstances that many of these water systems face. Tribal public water systems are almost all small - serving 3,300 or fewer people. They are often located in remote rural areas, some in areas with permafrost, and the communities served may have households that lack piped access to the public water supply. These conditions present special challenges for providing safe drinking water. Section 5.2 Assessment Results The 7th DWINSA Tribal survey is based on distinct and statistically designed surveys of American Indian water systems and Alaska Native Village water systems. These surveys were designed and implemented as distinct efforts due to differences associated with their water systems' geographic locations and infrastructure. Of the 925 American Indian water systems, 198 were included in the survey and all 198 responded; of the 154 Alaska Native Village water systems, 97 were included in the survey and 96 responded. These combine to over 99% response rate for the Tribal survey. Data was submitted for the surveys by Tribal water systems in coordination with the Navajo Nation, EPA Regions, Village Safe Water, and Indian Health Service (IHS) Areas. Exhibit 5.1 presents the American Indian and Alaska Native Village water system need by EPA Region and by type of need. American Indian System needs are presented by the EPA Region in which they are located and for the Navajo Nation. Alaska Native Village water system needs are presented separately and are not included in EPA Region 10, although they are located in that region. Exhibit 5.2 presents the need estimated by the four DWINSAs completed to date in which data were collected for American Indian and Alaska Native Village water systems. Bureau of Reclamation Projects for American Indian Water Systems The Bureau of Reclamation is responsible for several large projects that impact water systems serving American Indian and other communities. These include the Navajo Gallup Water Supply Project, Rocky Boy's/North Central Montana Rural Water System, and the Mni Wiconi Project (Oglala Sioux Rural Water Supply System Project), among others. These are costly projects that are usually completed in phases over many years. The water they provide may have several uses, including community water supplies, irrigation, and power. Under acts of the U.S. Congress, various public laws specify federal funding obligations including water rights settlements; annual funding is specified in the Bureau's budget requests. The American Indian need documented in this DWINSA does not include the costs of the Bureau of Reclamation water projects that are underway or planned for the next 20 years. However, these projects and their costs are noteworthy because they address significant drinking water infrastructure needs. Water supplied by Bureau of Reclamation projects compensates for reduced ground water availability, replaces poor quality sources, and brings piped water to regions where it was not previously available. If operations and maintenance responsibilities are transferred to tribes, considerable infrastructure needs would have to be included in future DWINSA efforts. As these projects are completed, responsibility for future repair and replacement of the infrastructure may shift to American Indian utilities; if and when that should occur, future DWINSA efforts will capture these needs. 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 36 ------- Exhibit 5.1: 20-Year Need for American Indian and Alaska Native Village Systems by EPA Region and Type of Need (in millions; January 2021 dollars) Transmission and Distribution Source Treatment Storage Other Total Need Region 1 $3.2 $3.6 $2.0 $0.5 $0.2 $9.5 Region 2 $26.5 $2.2 $2.8 $1.3 $0.7 $33.5 Region 3 $0.4 $0.2 $0.3 $0.1 $0.1 $1.0 Region 4 $43.7 $17.2 $16.1 $7.2 $4.4 $88.5 Region 5 $121.7 $37.3 $41.7 $20.5 $9.3 $230.4 Region 6 $129.4 $42.1 $46.8 $22.2 $10.7 $251.2 Region 7 $19.1 $6.4 $6.5 $3.4 $1.5 $36.9 Region 8 $456.3 $90.0 $93.8 $35.1 $21.0 $696.1 Region 9 $422.7 $167.2 $183.4 $79.1 $58.2 $910.6 Region 101 $135.4 $50.7 $54.6 $26.7 $11.3 $278.7 Navajo Nation2 $431.0 $56.5 $118.7 $48.2 $13.9 $668.4 Alaska Native Village $422.8 $197.3 $140.1 $83.5 $23.7 $867.5 Systems Total $2,212.1 $670.9 $706.8 $327.8 $154.9 $4,072.5 Note: Numbers may not total due to rounding. 1. Needs for Alaska Native Village water systems are not included in the EPA Region 10 total. 2. Navajo water systems are in EPA Regions 6, 8, and 9, but for purposes of this report all Navajo water system needs are reported in Navajo Nation. 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 37 ------- Exhibit 5.2: American Indian and Alaska Native Village 20-year Need Reported by Survey Year (in millions; January 2021 dollars) EPA Region 1995 Results (1st DWINSA) 1999 Results (2nd DWINSA) 2011 Results (5th DWINSA) 2021 Results (7th DWINSA) Region 1 $0.6 $7.6 $6.8 $9.5 Region 2 $3.8 $11.6 $32.8 $33.5 Region 31 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $1.0 Region 4 $33.3 $34.5 $59.0 $88.5 Region 5 $88.0 $304.8 $239.7 $230.4 Region 6 $73.7 $294.4 $229.7 $251.2 Region 7 $12.2 $27.7 $43.5 $36.9 Region 8 $204.0 $258.4 $568.8 $696.1 Region 9 $684.6 $1,063.6 $731.4 $910.6 Region 102 $97.2 $229.2 $249.3 $278.7 Navajo Nation3 $0.0 $0.0 $1,345.5 $668.4 American Indian Subtotal $1,197.5 $2,232.0 $3,506.6 $3,205.0| Alaska Native Village Systems $1,649.1 $2,068.0 $771.9 $867.5 American Indian and Alaska Native Village Total $2,846.6 $4,300.0 $4,278.5 $4,072.5 Note: Numbers may not total due to rounding. 1. There were no American Indian water systems in EPA Region 3 for the 1995,1999 and 2011 surveys. 2. Needs for Alaska Native Village water systems are not included in the EPA Region 10 total. 3. Navajo water systems are in EPA Regions 6, 8, and 9, but for purposes of this report all Navajo water system needs are reported in Navajo Nation. Navajo Nation water system needs were included in EPA Region 9 for the 1995 and 1999 Assessments. The decrease in the Alaska Native Village Need from the 2nd DWINSAto 5th DWINSA is due to a change in criteria for increased project-specific documentation of project feasibility. The decreased American Indian water system need from the 5th DWINSA to the 7th DWINSA is primarily attributable to exclusion of projects funded by the Bureau of Reclamation that were included in the 5th Assessment, and significant completion of the Navajo-Gallup Water Supply Project between the 5th and 7th Assessments. 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 38 ------- American Indian Water System Needs The total 20-year need for American Indian water systems is estimated to be $3.2 billion, a decrease of $301 million from the 5th DWINSA estimate of $3.5 billion. Exhibit 5.3 shows the total American Indian water system need by project type. As would be expected for these systems, transmission and distribution is the largest category of need, representing 56 percent of the total need. This high percentage reflects the significant infrastructure and logistical challenges associated with American Indian water systems that must serve widely dispersed populations in remote locations or transmit piped water long distances from their source to the consumers. Exhibit 5.3: Total 20-year Need by Project Type for American Indian Water Systems (in millions, January 2021 dollars) Total Need $3,205 Million Treatment $474 Million Distribution/ Transmission Storage $567 Million $1,789 Million Source $244 Million $131 Million 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 39 ------- Alaska Native Village Water System Needs The total 20-year need for Alaska Native Village water systems is estimated to be $868 million, a $95.6 million increase from the 5th DWINSA estimate of $772 million. This difference is attributable in part to investments needed to improve access to safe drinking water in Villages where piped water is not provided to homes. Exhibit 5.4 shows the total Alaska Native Village water system need by project type. The need for Alaska Native Village water systems differs from more typical community water systems and American Indian water systems in that costs for piping in Alaska Native Village water systems make up less than half the need, with storage and treatment comprising a greater percentage of the total. These smaller communities with homes in close proximity typically have lower relative need for piping. However, the cost per foot of pipe is high due to shipping costs to these remote locations and the specialized piping necessary to prevent water from freezing under arctic conditions. Alaska Native Villages face higher treatment and storage costs than American Indian systems and typical systems in the lower 48-states because of their remote or arctic conditions that require they obtain and treat water sufficient for several months of use during a short period of time when warmer conditions enable those water system operations. Exhibit 5.4: Total 20-year Need by Project Type for Alaska Native Village Water Systems (in millions, January 2021 dollars) Total Need $868 Million Distribution/ Transmission $423 Million Treatment $197 Million Storage $140 Million Source Other $84 Million $24 Million 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 40 ------- 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment ------- Appendix A Process for Developing Service Line Count Estimates The 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment (DWINSA) collected information about the investment needs of public water systems. The 7th DWINSA also collected supplemental information from systems about the number of service lines by material composition. A sample of drinking water systems were selected to participate in the 7th DWINSA that included all large systems (those serving more than 100,000 people), a random sample of medium systems (those serving 3,301 to 100,000 people) for each state, and a national random sample of small systems (those serving 3,300 or fewer people). EPA used the information provided by the responding systems to project the number of lead service lines in each state and territory. Step 1. Categorize the service lines reported by surveyed systems by material composition. EPA used the supplemental data about service lines to categorize the service lines by material. Systems provided the following information: 1. The number of service lines that contain any lead pipe. 2. The number of service lines that do not contain any lead pipe but contain lead connectors. 3. The number of service lines that contain galvanized pipe and were previously downstream of a lead pipe that was removed from the service line. 4. The number of service lines that contain galvanized pipe and were previously downstream of a lead connector that was removed from the service line. 5. The number of service lines that contain galvanized pipe and were previously downstream of an unknown source of lead that was removed from the service line. 6. The number of service lines that contain galvanized pipe and were never downstream of a lead pipe or lead connector in the service line. 7. The number of service lines that do not contain any lead pipe or galvanized pipe and that do not have lead connectors. 8. The number of service lines for which the material makeup of the service line and the connector are not known. For purposes of the allotment of the BIL LSLR SRF fund, EPA considers service lines to be eligible if they contain any lead pipe or connectors or are galvanized pipe previously downstream of any lead sources. Therefore, service lines reported under items 1 through 5 above were categorized as lead service lines. The DWINSA Sample Weights The 7th DWINSA relies on a random sample of water systems to estimate the number of LSLs in each state and in the nation. Within each state, medium and large water systems are divided into several categories based on each system's water source and the size of the population served. The DWINSA includes all large systems and a sample of medium systems. A random sample of medium systems is selected from each category of systems in each state. In addition, a random sample of small systems is selected from each category of systems nationally. To estimate state totals for medium and large systems using the sample, each system is assigned a weight that is equal to the number of systems in the category divided by the number of systems sampled from that category. For example, if the survey included a sample of three systems from a category that consists of 12 systems, each of the three systems from that category would receive a weight of 4 (12 -f 3 = 4). 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 42 ------- Some surveyed systems did not respond to the supplemental service line questions. For those systems, EPA used their reported number of connections as an estimate of their number of service lines. EPA categorized those service lines as "unreported." EPA used the following five material type categories: 1. Lead service lines 2. Standalone galvanized service lines 3. Lead-free and galvanized-free service lines 4. Unknown service lines 5. Unreported service lines Step 2. Estimate the proportion of service lines in medium and large systems by material type in each state. EPA used the sample data developed in Step 1 to estimate the proportion of service lines in medium and large systems in each state that are in each of the five material type categories. EPA weighted the sample data by each responding system's sampling weight, including the systems that did not respond to the supplemental service line questions. EPA weights the estimates to ensure the proportions are representative of all the medium and large systems in each state. (See the text box for an explanation of how EPA determines each system's sampling weight.) Table 1 shows the estimated proportions for a sample state. A similar set of proportions was estimated for each state. Table 1. Proportion of Service Lines in Each Material Type Category in Medium and Large Systems in an Example State Service Line Material Proportion of Service Lines in Each Category 1. Lead Service Lines 0.025 2. Standalone Galvanized Service Lines 0.047 3. Lead- and Galvanized-Free Service Lines 0.184 4. Unknown Service Lines 0.560 5. Unreported Service Lines 0.184 Total 1.000 Step 3. Estimate the proportion of service lines in small systems by material type in the nation. EPA used data from the national sample of small systems in Step 1 to estimate the proportion of service lines in those systems that are in each of the five material type categories. EPA contractors visited the small systems in person to help them respond to the survey. All the small systems responded to the supplemental questions, although many responded as "unknown." Table 2 shows the proportion of service lines in each material category for small systems nationally. 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 43 ------- Table 2. Proportion of Service Lines in Each Material Type Category in Small Systems in the United States Proportion of Service Lines in Each Service Line Material Category 1. Lead Service Lines 0.009 2. Standalone Galvanized Service Lines 0.009 3. Lead- and Galvanized-Free Service Lines 0.613 4. Unknown Service Lines 0.369 5. Unreported Service Lines 0.000 Total 1.000 Step 4. Use the proportions estimated in Steps 2 and 3 and data on the number of connections per state to estimate the number of service lines in each state by type of material. To estimate the total number of service lines of each material type in each state, EPA multiplied the proportions estimated in Steps 2 and 3 by the total number of connections in each state. EPA took the number of connections from the federal version of the 2019 Safe Drinking Water Information System (SDWIS Fed), which provides estimates of the number of connections for every system in the country. For medium and large systems, EPA multiplies the proportions estimated in Step 2 by the number of connections in medium and large systems in each state. For small systems, EPA multiplies the proportions estimated in Step 3 by the number of connections among small systems in the state. For example, if a state has 186,000 service lines among medium and large systems and using the example state proportion of lead service lines from Table 1, the total number of lead service lines among medium and large systems would be 4,650: 186,000X0.025 = 4,650 If the same state has 85,000 service lines among small systems and using the national proportion of lead service lines from Table 2, the total number of lead service lines among small systems would be 765: 85,000X0.009 = 765 The total number of lead service lines in the state in small, medium, and large systems would be: 4,650 + 765 = 5,415 This calculation is repeated for each material type category. Table 3 shows the result for the example state. 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 44 ------- Table 3. Estimated Number of Service Lines by Material Type in an Example State Estimated Number of Service Lines in Service Line Material Each Category 1. Lead Service Lines 5,415 2. Standalone Galvanized Service Lines 9,507 3. Lead- and Galvanized-Free Service Lines 86,329 4. Unknown Service Lines 135,525 5. Unreported Service Lines 34,224 Total 271,000 Step 5. Estimate the number of service lines in each state whose material type is unknown that are projected to be lead, standalone galvanized, or lead-free and galvanized-free. The unreported lines and the lines for which the material makeup is unknown likely include some number of lead service lines. To project the total number of lead service lines in each state, including unknown and unreported service lines that might be lead, EPA assumed that the proportion of unknown and unreported service lines that are lead is the same as the proportion of known service lines that are lead. For the example state the proportion of known service lines that are lead is 0.053: 5,415 -r (5,415 + 9,057 + 86,329) = 0.053 The estimated number of unknown and unreported service lines that are projected to be lead is 9,078: 0.053 X (135,525 + 34,224) = 9,078 (Due to rounding, the totals do not match.) The total number of projected lead service lines is then equal to the estimated number of known lead service lines plus the estimated number of unknown and unreported lines that are projected to be lead, or 14,493: 5,415 + 9,078 = 14,493 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 45 ------- Appendix B State-by-State Findings Charts Appendix B presents State survey findings for each state and U.S. Territory. The top two pie charts show the findings for total need by water system size and by project category, representing the DWSRF-eligible infrastructure projects that are necessary over the 20-year period of January 1, 2021, through December 31, 2040. The middle bar chart and table present the estimated number of service lines by material and by water system size, and the pie chart in the lower left presents the total estimated number by material. EPA used survey response sample data to estimate the proportion of service lines in each state that are in each of the five material type categories (including unknown and not reported). The pie chart in the lower right shows the projected service lines findings for lead, galvanized, and all other materials are the total number of service lines in each state that fit these three categories, including unknown and unreported service lines that might be lead. These findings are projected from the estimated findings based on the proportion of known service lines that are lead or galvanized to the number of lines of known material. See Appendix A for a detailed step-by-step description of the methodology used to develop service line estimates. 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 46 ------- Alabama Alabama Total Need by System Size (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $10 _ $2,564^^ $8,710 ¦ Large ¦ Medium Small ¦ NCWS Alabama Total Need by Project Category (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $183 $319 ' Distribution/Transmission Storage 2,000,000 1,800,000 1,600,000 1,400,000 1,200,000 1,000,000 800,000 600,000 400,000 200,000 Alabama Estimated Service Lines by System Size Total: 85,395 Total: 1,782,383 Total: 1,867,778 0 Small Systems Medium and Large Systems All Systems ¦ Unreported 17,374 333,651 351,025 Unknown 14,173 383,718 397,891 ¦ Not Lead 52,351 977,060 1,029,411 ¦ Galvanized 745 33,868 34,613 ¦ Lead 752 54,086 54,838 I Lead I Galvanized I Not Lead Unknown I Unreported Alabama Service Lines - Estimated from Survey Responses 54,838 ¦ Lead ¦ Galvanized ¦ Not Lead Unknown ¦ Unreported Alabama Projected Service Lines ¦ Lead ¦ Galvanized ¦ All Other 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 47 ------- Alaska Alaska Total Need by System Size (in millions; January 2021 dollars) ¦ Large ¦ Medium Small ¦ NCWS Alaska Total Need by Project Category (in millions; January 2021 dollars) ¦ Distribution/Transmission Storage Alaska Estimated Service Lines by System Size Total: 19,966 Total: 92,902 Total: 112,868 60,000 Small Systems Medium and Large Systems All Systems ¦ Unreported 4,060 26,921 30,981 Unknown 3,310 38,218 41,528 ¦ Not Lead 12,267 26,221 38,488 ¦ Galvanized 164 1,187 1,351 ¦ Lead 165 355 520 ¦ Lead ¦ Galvanized ¦ Not Lead Unknown ¦ Unreported Alaska Service Lines - Estimated from Survey Responses ¦ Lead ¦ Galvanized ¦ Not Lead Unknown ¦ Unreported Alaska Projected Service Lines 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 48 ------- Arizona Arizona Total Need by System Size (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $128 ¦ Large ¦ Medium Small ¦ NCWS Arizona Total Need by Project Category (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $699 $557 ¦ Distribution/Transmission Storage 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 500,000 Arizona Estimated Service Lines by System Size Total: 125,467 Total: 1,951,857 Total: 2,077,324 I Lead I Galvanized I Not Lead Unknown I Unreported 0 Small Systems Medium and Large Systems All Systems ¦ Unreported 25,539 160,137 185,676 Unknown 20,827 360,413 381,240 ¦ Not Lead 76,957 1,396,049 1,473,006 ¦ Galvanized 1,062 28,030 29,092 ¦ Lead 1,082 7,228 8,310 Arizona Service Lines - Estimated from Survey Responses Lead 8,310 ¦ Lead ¦ Galvanized ¦ Not Lead Unknown ¦ Unreported Arizona Projected Service Lines ¦ Lead ¦ Galvanized ¦ All Other 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 49 ------- Arkansas Arkansas Total Need by System Size (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $1,882 ¦ Large Arkansas Total Need by Project Category (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $152 $253 ¦ Distribution/Transmission ¦ Treatment Storage ¦ Source ¦ Other 1,400,000 1,200,000 1,000,000 800,000 600,000 400,000 200,000 0 Arkansas Estimated Service Lines by System Size Total: 211,636 Total: 1,007,544 Small Systems Medium and Large Systems Total: 1,219,180 All Systems ¦ Unreported 43,081 524,924 568,005 Unknown 35,111 67,778 102,889 ¦ Not Lead 129,744 319,640 449,384 ¦ Galvanized 1,834 19,820 21,654 ¦ Lead 1,866 75,382 77,248 I Lead ¦ Galvanized ¦ Not Lead Unknown ¦ Unreported Arkansas Service Lines - Estimated from Survey Responses Galvanized 21,654 i Unreported Arkansas Projected Service Lines 171 771 ¦ Lead ¦ Galvanized ¦ All Other 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 50 ------- California California Total Need by System Size (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $5,546 S1'717 ¦ Large ¦ Medium Small ¦ NCWS California Total Need by Project Category (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $1,413 $3,571 I $9,239 ¦ Distribution/Transmission ¦ Treatment Storage ¦ Source ¦ Other 12,000,000 10,000,000 8,000,000 6,000,000 4,000,000 2,000,000 0 California Estimated Service Lines by System Size Total: 324,521 Total: 9,326,113 Total: 9,650,634 ¦ Unreported 66,109 70,865 136,974 Unknown 53,833 161,475 215,308 ¦ Not Lead 199,214 8,886,225 9,085,439 ¦ Galvanized 2,663 197,266 199,929 ¦ Lead 2,702 10,282 12,984 ¦ Lead ¦ Galvanized ¦ Not Lead Unknown ¦ Unreported California Service Lines - Estimated from Survey Responses Lead, 12,984 ¦ Lead ¦ Galvanized ¦ Not Lead Unknown ¦ Unreported California Projected Service Lines __ Galvanized, / 207,506 ¦ Lead ¦ Galvanized ¦ All Other 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 51 ------- Colorado Colorado Total Need by System Size (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $138 ¦ Large ¦ Medium Small ¦ NCWS Colorado Total Need by Project Category (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $291 $1,023 $374 ¦ Distribution/Transmission Storage 1,800,000 1,600,000 1,400,000 1,200,000 1,000,000 800,000 600,000 400,000 200,000 Colorado Estimated Service Lines by System Size Total: 136,670 Total: 1,527,271 Total: 1,663,941 u Small Systems Medium and Large Systems All Systems ¦ Unreported 27,810 209,397 237,207 Unknown 22,689 112,950 135,639 ¦ Not Lead 83,852 1,118,121 1,201,973 ¦ Galvanized 1,152 1,139 2,291 ¦ Lead 1,167 85,664 86,831 I Lead I Galvanized I Not Lead Unknown I Unreported Colorado Service Lines - Estimated from Survey Responses Lead, 86,831 Galvanized, 2,291 Colorado Projected Service Lines Lead, 111,907 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 52 ------- Connecticut Connecticut Total Need by System Size (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $329 ¦ Large ¦ Medium Small ¦ NCWS Connecticut Total Need by Project Category (in millions; January 2021 dollars) ¦ Distribution/Transmission Storage 800,000 700,000 600,000 500,000 400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 Connecticut Estimated Service Lines by System Size Total: 39,217 Total: 680,018 Total: 719,235 0 Small Systems Medium and Large Systems All Systems ¦ Unreported 7,996 92,157 100,153 Unknown 6,510 526,189 532,699 ¦ Not Lead 24,110 44,372 68,482 ¦ Galvanized 297 0 297 ¦ Lead 304 17,300 17,604 I Lead I Galvanized I Not Lead Unknown I Unreported Connecticut Service Lines - Estimated from Survey Responses Unknown, 532,699 Connecticut Projected Service Lines ¦ Lead ¦ Galvanized ¦ All Other 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 53 ------- Delaware Delaware Total Need by System Size (in millions; January 2021 dollars) ¦ Large Delaware Total Need by Project Category (in millions; January 2021 dollars) ¦ Distribution/Transmission ¦ Treatment Storage ¦ Source ¦ Other 350,000 300,000 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000 Delaware Estimated Service Lines by System Size Total: 28,157 Total: 273,854 Total: 302,011 I Lead I Galvanized I Not Lead Unknown I Unreported u Small Systems Medium and Large Systems All Systems ¦ Unreported 5,734 114,643 120,377 Unknown 4,674 49,324 53,998 ¦ Not Lead 17,278 84,084 101,362 ¦ Galvanized 232 8,090 8,322 ¦ Lead 239 17,713 17,952 Delaware Service Lines - Estimated from Survey Responses Delaware Projected Service Lines r 239,847 A A I ¦ Lead ¦ Galvanized ¦ All Other 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 54 ------- District of Columbia District of Columbia Total Need by System Size (in millions; January 2021 dollars) ¦ Large ¦ Medium Small ¦ NCWS District of Columbia Total Need by Project Category (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $o So ¦ Distribution/Transmission ¦ Treatment Storage ¦ Source ¦ Other 160,000 140,000 120,000 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 District of Columbia Estimated Service Lines by System Size Total: 0 Total: 140,000 Total: 140,000 I Lead I Galvanized I Not Lead Unknown I Unreported u Small Systems Medium and Large Systems All Systems ¦ Unreported 0 0 0 Unknown 0 16,072 16,072 ¦ Not Lead 0 99,262 99,262 ¦ Galvanized 0 714 714 ¦ Lead 0 23,952 23,952 District of Columbia Service Lines - Estimated from Survey Responses ¦ Lead ¦ Galvanized i Not Lead Unknown ¦ Unreported District of Columbia Projected Service Lines r 112,135 A I 807 ¦ Lead ¦ Galvanized ¦ All Other 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 55 ------- Florida Florida Total Need by System Size (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $851 ¦ Large ¦ Medium Florida Total Need by Project Category (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $1,455 $766 $1,778 ¦ Distribution/Transmission ¦ Treatment Storage ¦ Source ¦ Other 7,000,000 6,000,000 5,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 Florida Estimated Service Lines by System Size Total: 285,232 Total: 6,332,153 Total: 6,617,385 I Lead I Galvanized I Not Lead Unknown I Unreported 0 Small Systems Medium and Large Systems All Systems ¦ Unreported 58,050 1,079,397 1,137,447 Unknown 47,329 908,739 956,068 ¦ Not Lead 174,905 2,764,520 2,939,425 ¦ Galvanized 2,458 789,453 791,911 ¦ Lead 2,490 790,044 792,534 Florida Service Lines - Estimated from Survey Responses 792,534 ¦ Lead ¦ Galvanized ¦ Not Lead Unknown ¦ Unreported Florida Projected Service Lines 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 56 ------- Georgia Georgia Total Need by System Size (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $109 ¦ Large ¦ Medium Small ¦ NCWS Georgia Total Need by Project Category (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $552 5574 $1,263 ¦ Distribution/Transmission ¦ Treatment Storage ¦ Source ¦ Other 3,500,000 3,000,000 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 500,000 Georgia Estimated Service Lines by System Size Total: 209,662 Total: 3,047,794 Total: 3,257,456 0 Small Systems Medium and Large Systems All Systems ¦ Unreported 42,702 149,608 192,310 Unknown 34,790 707,820 742,610 ¦ Not Lead 128,699 2,124,992 2,253,691 ¦ Galvanized 1,724 34,335 36,059 ¦ Lead 1,747 31,039 32,786 I Lead I Galvanized I Not Lead Unknown I Unreported Georgia Service Lines - Estimated from Survey Responses Georgia Projected Service Lines 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 57 ------- Hawaii Hawaii Total Need by System Size (in millions; January 2021 dollars) ¦ Large ¦ Medium Small ¦ NCWS Hawaii Total Need by Project Category (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $109 i Distribution/Transmission Storage 300,000 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000 0 Hawaii Estimated Service Lines by System Size Total: 16,079 Total: 259,257 Small Systems Medium and Large Systems Total: 275,336 Large Systems ¦ Unreported 3,273 48,975 52,248 Unknown 2,667 56,319 58,986 ¦ Not Lead 9,865 143,413 153,278 ¦ Galvanized 137 4,972 5,109 ¦ Lead 137 5,578 5,715 ¦ Lead ¦ Galvanized ¦ Not Lead Unknown ¦ Unreported 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 58 ------- Idaho Idaho Total Need by System Size (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $181 $361 $1,179 i Large i Medium Small Idaho Total Need by Project Category (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $114 i Distribution/Transmission i Treatment Storage i Source ' Other 600,000 500,000 400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 0 Idaho Estimated Service Lines by System Size Total: 92,398 Total: 392,207 Small Systems Medium and Large Systems Total: 484,605 All Systems ¦ Unreported 18,825 67,558 86,383 Unknown 15,333 54,936 70,269 ¦ Not Lead 56,753 207,926 264,679 ¦ Galvanized 738 29,085 29,823 ¦ Lead 749 32,702 33,451 ¦ Lead ¦ Galvanized ¦ Not Lead Unknown ¦ Unreported Idaho Service Lines - Estimated from Survey Responses Idaho Projected Service Lines ¦ Lead ¦ Galvanized 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 59 ------- Illinois Illinois Total Need by System Size (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $476 i Large i Medium Small Illinois Total Need by Project Category (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $972 $837 $2,019 ¦ Distribution/Transmission ¦ Treatment Storage ¦ Source ¦ Other 4,000,000 3,500,000 3,000,000 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 500,000 Illinois Estimated Service Lines by System Size Total: 400,299 Total: 3,337,988 Total: 3,738,287 I Lead I Galvanized I Not Lead Unknown I Unreported u Small Systems Medium and Large Systems All Systems ¦ Unreported 81,483 425,634 507,117 Unknown 66,419 691,376 757,795 ¦ Not Lead 245,423 1,509,531 1,754,954 ¦ Galvanized 3,457 24,684 28,141 ¦ Lead 3,517 686,763 690,280 Illinois Service Lines - Estimated from Survey Responses i Lead ¦ Galvanized i Not Lead Unknown ' Unreported Illinois Projected Service Lines i Lead i Galvanized i All Other 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 60 ------- Indiana Indiana Total Need by System Size (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $647 i Large i Medium Small Indiana Total Need by Project Category (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $458 i Distribution/Transmission i Treatment Storage i Source i Other 2,000,000 1,800,000 1,600,000 1,400,000 1,200,000 1,000,000 800,000 600,000 400,000 200,000 0 Indiana Estimated Service Lines by System Size Total: 186,311 Total: 1,687,296 Small Systems Medium and Large Systems Total: 1,873,607 All Systems ¦ Unreported 37,923 0 37,923 Unknown 30,914 571,833 602,747 ¦ Not Lead 114,255 940,667 1,054,922 ¦ Galvanized 1,595 1,773 3,368 ¦ Lead 1,624 173,023 174,647 ¦ Lead ¦ Galvanized ¦ Not Lead Unknown ¦ Unreported Indiana Service Lines - Estimated from Survey Responses Indiana Projected Service Lines Lead. 265.400 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 61 ------- Iowa Iowa Total Need by System Size (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $2,561 $149 $1,083 i Large i Medium Small i NCWS Iowa Total Need by Project Category (in millions; January 2021 dollars) ¦ Distribution/Transmission ¦ Treatment Storage ¦ Source ¦ Other 1,200,000 1,000,000 800,000 600,000 400,000 200,000 Iowa Estimated Service Lines by System Size Total: 249,801 Total: 861,160 Total: 1,110,961 I Lead I Galvanized I Not Lead Unknown I Unreported u Small Systems Medium and Large Systems All Systems ¦ Unreported 50,831 49,193 100,024 Unknown 41,463 229,524 270,987 ¦ Not Lead 153,174 514,460 667,634 ¦ Galvanized 2,152 5,934 8,086 ¦ Lead 2,181 62,049 64,230 Iowa Service Lines - Estimated from Survey Responses Unreported 100,024 Iowa Projected Service Lines 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 62 ------- Kansas Kansas Total Need by System Size (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $2,332 Kansas Total Need by Project Category (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $280 $149 ¦ Distribution/T ransmission ¦ Treatment Storage ¦ Source ¦ Other 1,200,000 1,000,000 800,000 600,000 400,000 200,000 0 Kansas Estimated Service Lines by System Size Total: 241,935 Total: 802,085 Total: 1,044,020 Small Systems Medium and Large Systems All Systems ¦ Unreported 49,246 0 49,246 Unknown 40,136 792,847 832,983 ¦ Not Lead 148,329 2,981 151,310 ¦ Galvanized 2,096 0 2,096 ¦ Lead 2,128 6,257 8,385 ¦ Lead ¦ Galvanized ¦ Not Lead Unknown ¦ Unreported Kansas Service Lines - Estimated from Survey Responses Kansas Projected Service Lines 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 63 ------- Kentucky Kentucky Total Need by System Size (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $614 $6 i Large i Medium Small Kentucky Total Need by Project Category (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $90 ^ $107 ¦ Distribution/Transmission ¦ Treatment Storage ¦ Source ¦ Other 1,800,000 1,600,000 1,400,000 1,200,000 1,000,000 800,000 600,000 400,000 200,000 0 Kentucky Estimated Service Lines by System Size Total: 59,155 Total: 1,544,055 Small Systems Medium and Large Systems Total: 1,603,210 All Systems ¦ Unreported 12,041 499,755 511,796 Unknown 9,815 255,692 265,507 ¦ Not Lead 36,275 766,606 802,881 ¦ Galvanized 509 1,804 2,313 ¦ Lead 515 20,198 20,713 ¦ Lead ¦ Galvanized ¦ Not Lead Unknown ¦ Unreported Kentucky Service Lines - Estimated from Survey Responses Galvanized, 2,313 Kentucky Projected Service Lines 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 64 ------- Louisiana Louisiana Total Need by System Size (in millions; January 2021 dollars) i Large i Medium Small i NCWS Louisiana Total Need by Project Category (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $308 $365 ¦ Distribution/Transmiss ion ¦ Treatment Storage i Other 1,800,000 1,600,000 1,400,000 1,200,000 1,000,000 800,000 600,000 400,000 200,000 Louisiana Estimated Service Lines by System Size Total: 219,464 Total: 1,477,181 Total: 1,696,645 I Lead I Galvanized I Not Lead Unknown I Unreported u Small Systems Medium and Large Systems All Systems ¦ Unreported 44,665 492,941 537,606 Unknown 36,413 231,398 267,811 ¦ Not Lead 134,579 605,400 739,979 ¦ Galvanized 1,886 9,119 11,005 ¦ Lead 1,921 138,323 140,244 Louisiana Service Lines - Estimated from Survey Responses ead, 140,244 Louisiana Projected Service Lines i Lead i Galvanized ' All Other 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 65 ------- Maine Maine Total Need by System Size (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $172 $138 $704 i Large i Medium Small Maine Total Need by Project Category (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $207 i Distribution/Transmission Storage ¦ Othe 300,000 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000 0 Maine Estimated Service Lines by System Size Total: 60,082 Total: 210,786 Total: 270,868 Small Systems Medium and Large Systems All Systems ¦ Unreported 12,235 802 13,037 Unknown 9,974 46,547 56,521 ¦ Not Lead 36,886 137,388 174,274 ¦ Galvanized 487 13,129 13,616 ¦ Lead 500 12,920 13,420 ¦ Lead ¦ Galvanized ¦ Not Lead Unknown ¦ Unreported Maine Service Lines - Estimated from Survey Responses Maine Projected Service Lines Lead, 18,057 LAN Other, 234,493 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 66 ------- Maryland Maryland Total Need by System Size (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $882 $401 ¦ Large ¦ Medium Small ¦ NCWS Maryland Total Need by Project Category (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $271 $1,042 ¦ Distribution/Transmission Storage Maryland Estimated Service Lines by System Size Total: 70,935 Total: 1,385,485 Total: 1,456,420 1,600,000 Small Systems Medium and Large Systems All Systems ¦ Unreported 14,440 1,256,035 1,270,475 Unknown 11,775 8,421 20,196 ¦ Not Lead 43,537 112,401 155,938 ¦ Galvanized 586 1,126 1,712 ¦ Lead 597 7,502 8,099 ¦ Lead ¦ Galvanized ¦ Not Lead Unknown ¦ Unreported Maryland Service Lines - Estimated from Survey Responses Maryland Projected Service Lines 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 67 ------- Massachusetts Massachusetts Total Need by System Size (in millions; January 2021 dollars) N $3,572 ' 1 $10,804 1 A ¦ Large ¦ Medium Small ¦ NCWS Massachusetts Total Need by Project Category (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $440 $524 $1,144 • Distribution/Transmission Storage 2,000,000 1,800,000 1,600,000 1,400,000 1,200,000 1,000,000 800,000 600,000 400,000 200,000 Massachusetts Estimated Service Lines by System Size Total: 39,028 Total: 1,779,626 Total: 1,818,654 I Lead I Galvanized I Not Lead Unknown I Unreported 0 Small Systems Medium and Large Systems All Systems ¦ Unreported 7,945 49,987 57,932 Unknown 6,461 407,033 413,494 ¦ Not Lead 23,959 1,209,779 1,233,738 ¦ Galvanized 328 26,426 26,754 ¦ Lead 335 86,401 86,736 Massachusetts Service Lines - Estimated from Survey Responses Unreported,— 57,932 \ Massachusetts Projected Service Lines Lead, 117,090 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 68 ------- Michigan Michigan Total Need by System Size (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $1,513 ¦ Large Michigan Total Need by Project Category (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $752 $453 $1,111 $2,246 ¦ Distribution/Transmission ¦ Treatment Storage ¦ Source ¦ Other Michigan Estimated Service Lines by System Size Total: 273,180 Total: 2,407,580 Total: 2,680,760 I Lead I Galvanized I Not Lead Unknown I Unreported u Small Systems Medium and Large Systems All Systems ¦ Unreported 55,602 246,580 302,182 Unknown 45,318 524,066 569,384 ¦ Not Lead 167,570 1,433,416 1,600,986 ¦ Galvanized 2,331 2,207 4,538 ¦ Lead 2,359 201,311 203,670 Michigan Service Lines - Estimated from Survey Responses Unreported, Lead, 203,670 Michigan Projected Service Lines Lead, 301,790 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 69 ------- Minnesota Minnesota Total Need by System Size (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $1,272 $1,171 $2,379 ¦ Large Small ¦ NCWS Minnesota Total Need by Project Category (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $594 $401 $1,043 ¦ Distribution/Transmission Storage 1. ,600, ,000 1. o o ,000 1. .200, ,000 1. .000, ,000 800, ,000 600, ,000 400, ,000 200, ,000 0 Minnesota Estimated Service Lines by System Size Total: 197,819 Total: 1,195,113 Total: 1,392,932 Small Systems Medium and Large Systems All Systems ¦ Unreported 40,263 0 40,263 Unknown 32,825 485,404 518,229 ¦ Not Lead 121,331 629,430 750,761 ¦ Galvanized 1,686 0 1,686 ¦ Lead 1,714 80,279 81,993 ¦ Lead ¦ Galvanized ¦ Not Lead Unknown ¦ Unreported Minnesota Service Lines - Estimated from Survey Responses ted, . ' Leffi, 81,993 Minnesota Projected Service Lines Lead, 136,873 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 70 ------- Mississippi Mississippi Total Need by System Size (in millions; January 2021 dollars) ¦ Large ¦ Medium Small ¦ NCWS Mississippi Total Need by Project Category (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $366 $215 ¦ Distribution/Transmiss Storage 1,400,000 1,200,000 1,000,000 800,000 600,000 400,000 Mississippi Estimated Service Lines by System Size Total: 359,902 Total: 861,375 Total: 1,221,277 u Small Systems Medium and Large Systems All Systems ¦ Unreported 73,235 345,471 418,706 Unknown 59,717 298,805 358,522 ¦ Not Lead 220,643 214,316 434,959 ¦ Galvanized 3,139 1,916 5,055 ¦ Lead 3,168 867 4,035 I Lead I Galvanized I Not Lead Unknown I Unreported Mississippi Service Lines - Estimated from Survey Responses Mississippi Projected Service Lines 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 71 ------- Missouri Missouri Total Need by System Size (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $188 $3,170 \ $4,909 j ¦ Large Missouri Total Need by Project Category (in millions; January 2021 dollars) i $1,026 ¦ Distribution/Transmission Storage 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 500,000 0 Missouri Estimated Service Lines by System Size Total: 288,918 Total: 1,677,336 Total: 1,966,254 ¦ Unreported 58,789 422,687 481,476 Unknown 47,948 171,672 219,620 ¦ Not Lead 177,180 947,098 1,124,278 ¦ Galvanized 2,489 8,347 10,836 ¦ Lead 2,512 127,532 130,044 I Lead ¦ Galvanized ¦ Not Lead Unknown ¦ Unreported Missouri Service Lines - Estimated from Survey Responses Unknown, 219,620 rted, B V Nc Missouri Projected Service Lines Lead, 202,112 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 72 ------- Montana Montana Total Need by System Size (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $212 $221 1 $1,121 ¦ Large ¦ Medium Small ¦ NCWS Montana Total Need by Project Category (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $265 ¦ Distribution/Transmission Storage 300,000 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000 0 Montana Estimated Service Lines by System Size Total: 85,048 Total: 185,967 Total: 271,015 Small Systems Medium and Large Systems All Systems ¦ Unreported 17,322 34,145 51,467 Unknown 14,112 104,221 118,333 ¦ Not Lead 52,246 34,216 86,462 ¦ Galvanized 678 8,801 9,479 ¦ Lead 690 4,584 5,274 ¦ Lead ¦ Galvanized ¦ Not Lead Unknown ¦ Unreported Montana Service Lines - Estimated from Survey Responses Montana Projected Service Lines 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 73 ------- Nebraska Nebraska Total Need by System Size (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $105 $1,362 ¦ Large ¦ Medium Nebraska Total Need by Project Category (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $169 $101 $268 ¦ Distribution/Transmission Storage 700,000 600,000 500,000 400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 Nebraska Estimated Service Lines by System Size Total: 135,233 Total: 461,674 Total: 596,907 u Small Systems Medium and Large Systems All Systems ¦ Unreported 27,517 7,785 35,302 Unknown 22,433 104,127 126,560 ¦ Not Lead 82,900 311,518 394,418 ¦ Galvanized 1,183 648 1,831 ¦ Lead 1,200 37,596 38,796 I Lead I Galvanized I Not Lead Unknown I Unreported Nebraska Service Lines - Estimated from Survey Responses Unreported, Lead, 38,796 Nebraska Projected Service Lines Lead, 53,230 All Other, 541,156 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 74 ------- Nevada Nevada Total Need by System Size (in millions; January 2021 dollars) 5389 $56 ¦ Large ¦ Medium Small ¦ NCWS Nevada Total Need by Project Category (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $208 ¦ Distribution/Transmission Storage 900,000 800,000 700,000 600,000 500,000 400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 0 Nevada Estimated Service Lines by System Size Total: 27,813 Total: 764,501 Total: 792,314 Small Systems Medium and Large Systems All Systems ¦ Unreported 5,663 146,608 152,271 Unknown 4,612 168,600 173,212 ¦ Not Lead 17,066 429,316 446,382 ¦ Galvanized 234 14,884 15,118 ¦ Lead 238 5,093 5,331 ¦ Lead ¦ Galvanized ¦ Not Lead Unknown ¦ Unreported Nevada Service Lines - Estimated from Survey Responses Nevada Projected Service Lines 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 75 ------- New Hampshire New Hampshire Total Need by System Size (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $42 ¦ Large ¦ Medium Small ¦ NCWS New Hampshire Total Need by Project Category (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $280 ¦ Distribution/Transmission Storage 300,000 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 New Hampshire Estimated Service Lines by System Size Total: 76,297 Total: 197,846 Total: 274,143 u Small Systems Medium and Large Systems All Systems ¦ Unreported 15,544 0 15,544 Unknown 12,683 30,509 43,192 ¦ Not Lead 46,878 155,281 202,159 ¦ Galvanized 592 1,013 1,605 ¦ Lead 600 11,043 11,643 I Lead I Galvanized I Not Lead Unknown I Unreported New Hampshire Service Lines - Estimated from Survey Responses Lead, 11,643 L Galvanized, 1,605 Unreported, _ 15,544 \ New Hampshire Projected Service Lines Lead, 14,819 Galvanized, 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 76 ------- New Jersey New Jersey Total Need by System Size (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $481 $1,089 ¦ Large ¦ Medium Small ¦ NCWS New Jersey Total Need by Project Category (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $312 ¦ Distribution/Transmission Storage 3,000,000 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 500,000 New Jersey Estimated Service Lines by System Size Total: 71,710 Total: 2,357,213 Total: 2,428,923 I Lead I Galvanized I Not Lead Unknown I Unreported 0 Small Systems Medium and Large Systems All Systems ¦ Unreported 14,599 155,126 169,725 Unknown 11,895 563,060 574,955 ¦ Not Lead 43,989 1,271,093 1,315,082 ¦ Galvanized 607 126,307 126,914 ¦ Lead 620 241,627 242,247 New Jersey Service Lines - Estimated from Survey Responses Lead, 242,247 New Jersey Projected Service Lines r 2 1,896,550 i 183,029 I Lead Galvanized All Other 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 77 ------- New Mexico New Mexico Total Need by System Size (in millions; January 2021 dollars) ¦ Large Small ¦ NCWS New Mexico Total Need by Project Category (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $172 $163 ¦ Distribution/Transmission Storage 700,000 600,000 500,000 400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 0 New Mexico Estimated Service Lines by System Size Total: 79,634 Total: 549,762 Small Systems Medium and Large Systems Total: 629,396 All Systems ¦ Unreported 16,215 108956 125,171 Unknown 13,212 146,429 159,641 ¦ Not Lead 48,866 284,131 332,997 ¦ Galvanized 666 2,461 3,127 ¦ Lead 675 7,785 8,460 ¦ Lead ¦ Galvanized ¦ Not Lead Unknown ¦ Unreported 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 78 ------- New York New York Total Need by System Size (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $452 ¦ Large ¦ Medium Small ¦ NCWS New York Total Need by Project Category (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $921 $1,102 ¦ $3,238 — ¦ Distribution/Transmission Storage New York Estimated Service Lines by System Size Total: 321,911 Total: 3,239,963 Total: 3,561,874 2,000,000 Small Systems Medium and Large Systems All Systems ¦ Unreported 65,545 1,109,713 1,175,258 Unknown 53,419 883,375 936,794 ¦ Not Lead 197,582 1,043,124 1,240,706 ¦ Galvanized 2,661 5,380 8,041 ¦ Lead 2,704 198,371 201,075 I Lead ¦ Galvanized ¦ Not Lead Unknown ¦ Unreported New York Service Lines - Estimated from Survey Responses New York Projected Service Lines 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 79 ------- North Carolina North Carolina Total Need by System Size (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $953 ¦ Large ¦ Medium Small ¦ NCWS North Carolina Total Need by Project Category (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $826 $563 $1,372 ¦ Distribution/Transmission Storage North Carolina Estimated Service Lines by System Size Total: 265,956 Total: 2,884,025 Total: 3,149,981 3,500,000 Small Systems Medium and Large Systems All Systems ¦ Unreported 54,183 137,187 191,370 Unknown 44,145 596,303 640,448 ¦ Not Lead 163,256 1,823,160 1,986,416 ¦ Galvanized 2,168 57,501 59,669 ¦ Lead 2,204 269,874 272,078 ¦ Lead ¦ Galvanized ¦ Not Lead Unknown ¦ Unreported 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 80 ------- North Dakota North Dakota Total Need by System Size (in millions; January 2021 dollars) ¦ Large ¦ Medium Small ¦ NCWS North Dakota Total Need by Project Category (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $197 $344 ¦ Distribution/Transmission ¦ Treatment Storage ¦ Source ¦ Other 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000 North Dakota Estimated Service Lines by System Size Total: 59,514 Total: 174,101 Total: 233,615 u Small Systems Medium and Large Systems All Systems ¦ Unreported 12,106 73,586 85,692 Unknown 9,871 8,838 18,709 ¦ Not Lead 36,501 77,574 114,075 ¦ Galvanized 515 0 515 ¦ Lead 521 14,103 14,624 I Lead I Galvanized I Not Lead Unknown I Unreported North Dakota Service Lines - Estimated from Survey Responses North Dakota Projected Service Lines i,443 " « 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 81 ------- Ohio Ohio Total Need by System Size (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $655 ¦ Large ¦ Medium Small ¦ NCWS Ohio Total Need by Project Category (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $653 $523 $1,309 ¦ Distribution/Transmission Storage 4,000,000 3,500,000 3,000,000 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 500,000 Ohio Estimated Service Lines by System Size Total: 261,918 Total: 3,353,715 Total: 3,615,633 I Lead I Galvanized I Not Lead Unknown I Unreported 0 Small Systems Medium and Large Systems All Systems ¦ Unreported 53,314 1,113,755 1,167,069 Unknown 43,444 614,046 657,490 ¦ Not Lead 160,625 1,248,477 1,409,102 ¦ Galvanized 2,252 10,643 12,895 ¦ Lead 2,283 366,794 369,077 Ohio Service Lines - Estimated from Survey Responses Lead, 369,077 Ohio Projected Service Lines 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 82 ------- Oklahoma Oklahoma Total Need by System Size (in millions; January 2021 dollars) ¦ Large Oklahoma Total Need by Project Category (in millions; January 2021 dollars) Oklahoma Estimated Service Lines by System Size Total: 262,962 Total: 1,114,942 Total: 1,377,904 1,600,000 1,400,000 1,200,000 1,000,000 800,000 Small Systems Medium and Large Systems All Systems ¦ Unreported 53,512 338 53,850 Unknown 43,617 691,854 735,471 ¦ Not Lead 161,208 412,504 573,712 ¦ Galvanized 2,294 327 2,621 ¦ Lead 2,331 9,919 12,250 ¦ Lead ¦ Galvanized ¦ Not Lead Unknown ¦ Unreported Oklahoma Service Lines - Estimated from Survey Responses Unreported, Lead, 12,250^. Galvanized, 2,621 _ 53_i50 _ Oklahoma Projected Service Lines Lead, 28,679 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 83 ------- Oregon Oregon Total Need by System Size (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $345 ¦ Large Oregon Total Need by Project Category (in millions; January 2021 dollars) Oregon Estimated Service Lines by System Size Total: 145,769 Total: 1,023,001 Total: 1,168,770 1,400,000 Small Systems Medium and Large Systems All Systems ¦ Unreported 29,698 537,559 567,257 Unknown 24,180 141,632 165,812 ¦ Not Lead 89,456 338,926 428,382 ¦ Galvanized 1,209 4,794 6,003 ¦ Lead 1,226 90 1,316 ¦ Lead ¦ Galvanized ¦ Not Lead Unknown ¦ Unreported Oregon Service Lines - Estimated from Survey Responses Lead, 1,316 ,4-Galvanized, Not Lead, ^ 428,382 ' k [ Unreported, 567,257 i 1 U n knowr^^^V 165,812 Oregon Projected Service Lines 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 84 ------- Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Total Need by System Size (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $800 ¦ Large ¦ Medium Small ¦ NCWS Pennsylvania Total Need by Project Category (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $691 $859 $2,197 ¦ Distribution/Transmission Storage 4,000,000 3,500,000 3,000,000 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 500,000 Pennsylvania Estimated Service Lines by System Size Total: 318,068 Total: 3,436,649 Total: 3,754,717 u Small Systems Medium and Large Systems All Systems ¦ Unreported 64,766 1,163,597 1,228,363 Unknown 52,772 1,070,705 1,123,477 ¦ Not Lead 195,173 928,597 1,123,770 ¦ Galvanized 2,662 19,130 21,792 ¦ Lead 2,695 254,620 257,315 I Lead I Galvanized I Not Lead Unknown I Unreported Pennsylvania Service Lines - Estimated from Survey Responses Lead, 257,315 Pennsylvania Projected Service Lines Lead, 688,697 All Other, 3,007,741 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 85 ------- Puerto Rico Puerto Rico Total Need by System Size (in millions; January 2021 dollars) ¦ Large Puerto Rico Total Need by Project Category (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $121 $104 $425 ¦ Distribution/Transmission Storage 1,600,000 1,400,000 1,200,000 1,000,000 800,000 600,000 400,000 200,000 Puerto Rico Estimated Service Lines by System Size Total: 77,511 Total: 1,364,128 Total: 1,441,639 I Lead I Galvanized I Not Lead Unknown I Unreported 0 Small Systems Medium and Large Systems All Systems ¦ Unreported 15,762 257,560 273,322 Unknown 12,856 296,194 309,050 ¦ Not Lead 47,532 754,225 801,757 ¦ Galvanized 676 26,145 26,821 ¦ Lead 685 30,004 30,689 Puerto Rico Service Lines - Estimated from Survey Responses Puerto Rico Projected Service Lines 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 86 ------- Rhode Island Rhode Island Total Need by System Size (in millions; January 2021 dollars) ¦ Large ¦ Medium Small ¦ NCWS Rhode Island Total Need by Project Category (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $127 $47 $41 i Distribution/Transmission Storage Rhode Island Estimated Service Lines by System Size Total: 7,761 Total: 296,378 Total: 304,139 350,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 Small Systems Medium and Large Systems All Systems ¦ Unreported 1,579 66,496 68,075 Unknown 1,288 165,700 166,988 ¦ Not Lead 4,766 47,043 51,809 ¦ Galvanized 63 0 63 ¦ Lead 65 17,139 17,204 ¦ Lead ¦ Galvanized ¦ Not Lead Unknown ¦ Unreported Rhode Island Projected Service Lines Rhode Island Service Lines - Estimated from Survey Responses Unreported, 68,075 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 87 ------- South Carolina South Carolina Total Need by System Size (in millions; January 2021 dollars) ¦ Large ¦ Medium Small ¦ NCWS South Carolina Total Need by Project Category (in millions; January 2021 dollars) S262 $415 _ ¦ Distribution/Transmission ¦ Treatment Storage ¦ Source ¦ Other 2,000,000 1,800,000 1,600,000 1,400,000 1,200,000 1,000,000 800,000 600,000 400,000 200,000 South Carolina Estimated Service Lines by System Size Total: 100,885 Total: 1,707,224 Total: 1,808,109 I Lead I Galvanized I Not Lead Unknown I Unreported 0 Small Systems Medium and Large Systems All Systems ¦ Unreported 20,543 159,736 180,279 Unknown 16,739 769,526 786,265 ¦ Not Lead 61,868 717,677 779,545 ¦ Galvanized 864 10,806 11,670 ¦ Lead 871 49,479 50,350 South Carolina Service Lines - Estimated from Survey Responses I Unreported, Lead, 50,350 South Carolina Projected Service Lines Lead, 108,177 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 88 ------- South Dakota South Dakota Total Need by System Size (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $19 $167 $814 ¦ Large South Dakota Total Need by Project Category (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $240 ¦ Distribution/Transmission Storage 350,000 300,000 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 South Dakota Estimated Service Lines by System Size Total: 80,733 Total: 207,432 Total: 288,165 u Small Systems Medium and Large Systems All Systems ¦ Unreported 16,429 2,728 19,157 Unknown 13,406 8,304 21,710 ¦ Not Lead 49,519 193,538 243,057 ¦ Galvanized 684 3 687 ¦ Lead 695 2,859 3,554 I Lead ¦ Galvanized ¦ Not Lead Unknown ¦ Unreported South Dakota Service Lines - Estimated from Survey Responses Lead, 3,554 Galvanized, 687 South Dakota Projected Service Lines Lead, 4,141, Galvanized, 801 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 89 ------- Tennessee Tennessee Total Need by System Size (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $842 $35 ¦ Large Tennessee Total Need by Project Category (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $1,401 ¦ Distribution/Transmission ¦ Treatment Storage ¦ Source 3,000,000 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 500,000 0 Tennessee Estimated Service Lines by System Size Total: 93,452 Total: 2,676,068 Total: 2,769,520 Small Systems Medium and Large Systems All Systems ¦ Unreported 19,012 194,801 213,813 Unknown 15,511 1,960,868 1,976,379 ¦ Not Lead 57,299 421,541 478,840 ¦ Galvanized 810 19,909 20,719 ¦ Lead 820 78,949 79,769 ¦ Lead ¦ Galvanized ¦ Not Lead Unknown ¦ Unreported Tennessee Service Lines - Estimated from Survey Responses Lead, 79,769 Galvanized, 20,719 Tennessee Projected Service Lines Lead, 381,342 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 90 ------- Texas Texas Total Need by System Size (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $248 ¦ Large ¦ Medium Small ¦ NCWS Texas Total Need by Project Category (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $1,596 $1,990 ¦ Distribution/Transmission Storage 14,000,000 12,000,000 10,000,000 8,000,000 6,000,000 4,000,000 2,000,000 0 Texas Estimated Service Lines by System Size Tota1: 955,696 Tota |. 12,028,464 Small Systems Total: 12,984,160 Medium and Large Systems All Systems ¦ Unreported 194,529 3,909,374 4,103,903 Unknown 158,584 1,125,824 1,284,408 ¦ Not Lead 586,091 6,620,403 7,206,494 ¦ Galvanized 8,195 2,287 10,482 ¦ Lead 8,297 370,576 378,873 ¦ Lead ¦ Galvanized ¦ Not Lead Unknown ¦ Unreported 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 91 ------- Utah Utah Total Need by System Size (in millions; January 2021 dollars) ¦ Large Utah Total Need by Project Category (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $193 $150 ¦ Distribution/Transmission ¦ Treatment Storage ¦ Source ¦ Other 1,000,000 900,000 800,000 700,000 600,000 500,000 400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 0 Utah Estimated Service Lines by System Size Total: 127,844 Total: 758,083 Total: 885,927 Small Systems Medium and Large Systems All Systems ¦ Unreported 26,022 57,771 83,793 Unknown 21,200 222,015 243,215 ¦ Not Lead 78,392 462,056 540,448 ¦ Galvanized 1,110 8,344 9,454 ¦ Lead 1,120 7,897 9,017 ¦ Lead ¦ Galvanized ¦ Not Lead Unknown ¦ Unreported 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 92 ------- Vermont Vermont Total Need by System Size (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $117 5° $771 ¦ Large Vermont Total Need by Project Category (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $197 i Distribution/Transmission Storage 180,000 160,000 140,000 120,000 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 Vermont Estimated Service Lines by System Size Total: 51,291 Total: 114,648 Total: 165,939 0 Small Systems Medium and Large Systems All Systems ¦ Unreported 10,449 37,128 47,577 Unknown 8,507 5,266 13,773 ¦ Not Lead 31,501 66,919 98,420 ¦ Galvanized 414 2,438 2,852 ¦ Lead 420 2,897 3,317 I Lead I Galvanized I Not Lead Unknown I Unreported Vermont Service Lines - Estimated from Survey Responses Vermont Projected Service Lines 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 93 ------- Virginia Virginia Total Need by System Size (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $281 ¦ Large ¦ Medium Small ¦ NCWS Virginia Total Need by Project Category (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $928 ¦ Distribution/Transmission Storage Virginia Estimated Service Lines by System Size Total: 164,717 Total: 2,019,757 Total: 2,184,474 2,500,000 Small Systems Medium and Large Systems All Systems ¦ Unreported 33,546 993,768 1,027,314 Unknown 27,344 381,509 408,853 ¦ Not Lead 101,069 556,493 657,562 ¦ Galvanized 1,373 25,012 26,385 ¦ Lead 1,385 62,975 64,360 ¦ Lead ¦ Galvanized ¦ Not Lead Unknown ¦ Unreported Virginia Service Lines - Estimated from Survey Responses Virginia Projected Service Lines Lead, 187,883 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 94 ------- Washington Washington Total Need by System Size (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $347 ¦ Large Small ¦ NCWS Washington Total Need by Project Category (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $647 $731 i Distribution/Transmission Storage 3,000,000 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 500,000 0 Washington Estimated Service Lines by System Size Total: 268,192 Total: 2,270,082 Small Systems Medium and Large Systems Total: 2,538,274 All Systems ¦ Unreported 54,647 0 54,647 Unknown 44,506 1,068,784 1,113,290 ¦ Not Lead 164,684 1,096,482 1,261,166 ¦ Galvanized 2,161 95,117 97,278 ¦ Lead 2,194 9,699 11,893 ¦ Lead ¦ Galvanized ¦ Not Lead Unknown ¦ Unreported Washington Service Lines - Estimated from Survey Responses Lead, 11,893 Galvanized, Unreported, i 97,278 54,647 Washington Projected Service Lines Lead. 22.030 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 95 ------- West Virginia West Virginia Total Need by System Size (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $65 ¦ $128 ¦ Large ¦ Medium Small ¦ NCWS West Virginia Total Need by Project Category (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $158 $138 $456 ¦ Distribution/Transmission ¦ Treatment Storage ¦ Source ¦ Other West Virginia Estimated Service Lines by System Size Total: 135,997 Total: 525,789 Total: 661,786 700,000 600,000 500,000 400,000 300,000 Small Systems Medium and Large Systems All Systems ¦ Unreported 27,679 3 27,682 Unknown 22,573 385,934 408,507 ¦ Not Lead 83,377 132,093 215,470 ¦ Galvanized 1,177 2,044 3,221 ¦ Lead 1,191 5,715 6,906 ¦ Lead ¦ Galvanized ¦ Not Lead Unknown ¦ Unreported West Virginia Service Lines - Estimated from Unreported, 27,682 Unknown, 408,507 Survey Responses — Galvanized, Lead, 6,906 3 2n West Virginia Projected Service Lines 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 96 ------- Wisconsin Wisconsin Total Need by System Size (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $2,403 ¦ Large Wisconsin Total Need by Project Category (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $604 $266 $1,068 ¦ Distribution/Transmission ¦ Treatment Storage ¦ Source ¦ Other 1,600,000 1,400,000 1,200,000 1,000,000 800,000 600,000 400,000 200,000 Wisconsin Estimated Service Lines by System Size Total: 202,283 Total: 1,316,821 Total: 1,519,104 I Lead I Galvanized I Not Lead Unknown I Unreported u Small Systems Medium and Large Systems All Systems ¦ Unreported 41,188 178,751 219,939 Unknown 33,566 123,594 157,160 ¦ Not Lead 124,096 749,608 873,704 ¦ Galvanized 1,701 10,237 11,938 ¦ Lead 1,732 254,631 256,363 Wisconsin Service Lines - Estimated from Survey Responses Lead, 256,363 Wisconsin Projected Service Lines Lead, 341,023 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 97 ------- Wyoming Wyoming Total Need by System Size (in millions; January 2021 dollars) $72 SO $558 ¦ Large Wyoming Total Need by Project Category (in millions; January 2021 dollars) ¦ Distribution/Transmission ¦ Treatment Storage ¦ Source ¦ Other 200,000 180,000 160,000 140,000 120,000 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 Wyoming Estimated Service Lines by System Size Total: 48,235 Total: 128,872 Small Systems Medium and Large Systems Total: 177,107 All Systems ¦ Unreported 9,822 23,722 33,544 Unknown 8,001 27,279 35,280 ¦ Not Lead 29,598 69,467 99,065 ¦ Galvanized 404 2,409 2,813 ¦ Lead 410 5,995 6,405 ¦ Lead ¦ Galvanized ¦ Not Lead Unknown ¦ Unreported 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 98 ------- American Samoa American Samoa Total Need by System Size (in millions; January 2021 dollars So $51 $165 L J ¦ Large ¦ Medium Small ¦ NCWS American Samoa Total Need by Project Category (in millions; January 2021 dollars) ¦ Distribution/Transmission Storage 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 American Samoa Estimated Service Lines by System Size Total: 1,088 Total: 9,000 Total: 10,088 I Lead ¦ Galvanized ¦ Not Lead Unknown ¦ Unreported u Small Systems Medium and Large Systems All Systems ¦ Unreported 221 0 221 Unknown 180 0 180 ¦ Not Lead 665 9,000 9,665 ¦ Galvanized 11 0 11 ¦ Lead 11 0 11 American Samoa Service Lines - Estimated from Survey Responses Unknown 180 Unreported 221 Galvanized 11 American Samoa Projected Service Lines Lead 11 Galvanized 11 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 99 ------- Guam Guam Total Need by System Size (in millions; January 2021 dollars ¦ Large ¦ Medium ¦ Small ¦ NCWS Guam Total Need by Project Category (in millions; January 2021 dollars) ¦ Distribution/Transmission ¦ Treatment Storage ¦ Source ¦ Other 50,000 45,000 40,000 35,000 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 Guam Estimated Service Lines by System Size Total: 0 Total: 44,736 Total: 44,736 I Lead I Galvanized I Not Lead Unknown I Unreported u Small Systems Medium and Large Systems All Systems ¦ Unreported 0 44,736 44,736 Unknown 0 0 0 ¦ Not Lead 0 0 0 ¦ Galvanized 0 0 0 ¦ Lead 0 0 0 Guam Service Lines - Estimated from Survey Responses i Unknown 0. Lead 0 Galvanized 0 EPA projected no lead or galvanized lines because all service lines were unreported material for one large system in Guam. 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 100 ------- Northern Mariana Islands Northern Mariana Islands Total Need by System Size (in millions; January 2021 dollars Northern Mariana Islands Total Need by Project Category (in millions; January 2021 dollars) ¦ Large ¦ Medium Small ¦ NCWS ¦ Distribution/Transmission ¦ Treatment Storage ¦ Source ¦ Other 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 I Unreported Unknown I Not Lead I Galvanized I Lead Northern Mariana Islands Estimated Service Lines by System Size Total: 941 Total: 12,050 Total: 12,911 Small Systems 185 151 589 I Lead I Galvanized I Not Lead Unknown I Unreported Northern Mariana Islands- Estimated from Survey Responses Galvanized 8 Not Lead 1,623 Northern Mariana Islands Projected Service Lines Galvanized 63 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 101 ------- Virgin Islands Virgin Islands Total Need by System Size (in millions; January 2021 dollars) i Large • Medium Small ¦ NCWS Virgin Islands Total Need by Project Category (in millions; January 2021 dollars) ¦ Distribution/Transmission ¦ Treatment Storage ¦ Source ¦ Other 40,000 35,000 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 Virgin Islands Estimated Service Lines by System Size Total: 386 Total: 35,001 Total: 35,387 u Small Systems Medium and Large Systems All Systems ¦ Unreported 66 0 66 Unknown 54 0 54 ¦ Not Lead 264 0 264 ¦ Galvanized 1 0 1 ¦ Lead 1 35,001 35,002 I Lead ¦ Galvanized I Not Lead Unknown I Unreported Virgin Islands Service Lines - Estimated from Survey Responses Not Lead 264 Unknown 54 m * Unreported 66 Virgin Islands Projected Service Lines 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment 102 ------- 7th Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment ------- ------- |