September 2020
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Table of Contents
Introduction 3
Commonly Used Solid Waste Acronyms 4
Commonly Used Solid Waste Terms 5
Training Agenda 1 2
Course Evaluation 1 5
Chapter 1 Solid Waste Management Overview 1 7
Chapter 2 Waste Assessment Overview 30
Chapter 3 Types of Waste Assessments 37
EPA MS W Characterization Methodology 48
EPA Guidance to Conduct a Facility Walk Through for a Waste
Assessment 57
GBB Waste Sort Equipment & Supplies Checklist and Budgeting
Example 58
Chapter 4 Waste Sort Planning & Preparation 60
Chapter 5 Waste Sort Field Work 82
EPA Guide to Conducting a Waste Sort 93
Waste Sort Material Category Weigh-Out Worksheet Example 94
Chapter 6 Waste Sort Data Management 96
Chapter 7 Utilizing Waste Sort Results 106
Chapter 8 Opportunities for Collaboration 1 1 6
Chapter 9 Funding & Assistance Resources 1 23
Chapter 10 Pala Band of Mission Indians' Waste Sort 1 31
Chapter 11 Prairie Band of Potawatomi Nation's Waste Sort 148
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Introduction
Understanding the type and amount of waste that is being disposed of in your area
is a vitally important topic to enable you to protect the health of your community and
environment. The information collected during a waste assessment will uncover
opportunities to improve current waste management methods, reduce waste, refine
collection processes, reduce costs, and collect metrics to build and improve your solid
waste program.
This Waste Sort Training for Tribes Handbook is intended to supplement the Waste
Sort Training for Tribes Webinar occurring on September 1 and 2, 2020. Topics
addressed during the training include: an overview of solid waste management, an
overview of waste assessments, types of waste assessments, waste sort planning and
preparation, waste sort field work and data management, utilizing waste sort results,
opportunities for collaboration, and Tribal funding and assistance resources. The
training also includes presentations from representatives from the Pala Band of
Mission Indians and the Prairie Band of Potawatomi Nation to share their waste sort
experiences.
This Handbook provides additional information to help you understand the waste sort
process and conduct your own waste sort in your community. This training will teach
you best practices for conducting a waste sort so that you can make informed
decisions to help maximize your tribe's waste management resources related to the
collection, transportation, processing, and disposal of waste materials.
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Commonly Used Solid Waste Acronyms
AD Anaerobic Digestion
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
C&D Construction and Demolition
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
H&S Health and Safety
HASP Healthy and Safety Plan
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
HHW Household Hazardous Waste
MSW Municipal Solid Waste
MRF Materials Recovery Facility
OCC Old Corrugated Cardboard
ONP Old Newsprint
PET Polyethylene Terephthalate
PP Polypropylene
PPE Personal Protective Equipment
TPD Tons per Day
TPY Tons per Year
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Commonly Used Solid Waste Terms
Anaerobic Digestion (AD): The controlled decomposition of organic materials, such
as leaves, grass, and food scraps, by microorganisms. Anaerobic digestion happens
in closed spaces where there is no oxygen.
ASTM International: Formerly the American Society for Testing and Materials, ASTM
International is a non-profit, membership-based and consensus-driven standards
organization that develops and publishes voluntary consensus technical standards for
a wide range of materials, products, systems, and services.
ASTM International D 5231 — 92: The standard test method for determination of the
composition of unprocessed municipal solid waste.
Collection: The transfer of solid waste from the point of use and disposal to the point
of treatment or landfill. Waste collection also includes the curbside collection of
recyclable materials that technically are not waste, as part of a landfill diversion
program.
Combustion with Energy Recovery: The conversion of non-recyclable waste
materials into usable heat, electricity, or steam through the process of combustion, in
which waste materials are heated in a controlled environment to the point of self-
igniting.
Composite: A composite material is a combination of two materials with different
physical and chemical properties.
Composting: The natural process in which microorganisms break down organic
materials, such as leaves, grass, and food scraps, by microorganisms. Composting
occurs when oxygen is present. The result of this decomposition process is compost, a
crumbly, soil-like material.
Confidence Interval: A confidence interval, in statistics, refers to the probability that
a range of values is likely to include the average value of the data set. For example,
a 90% confidence interval means that 9 out of 1 0 times the data set is produced, the
data set's average will land within the error range. The top and bottom of the error
range is known as the upper and lower confidence interval.
Construction and Demolition (C&D) Debris: Materials resulting from the construction,
remodeling, repair, or demolition of buildings, bridges, pavement, and other
structures. Typically includes concrete, asphalt, wood, metals, drywall (gypsum
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wallboard, sheet rock, or plaster), and roofing materials. Land clearing debris such
as stumps, rocks, and dirt may also be included in this category of waste.
Contamination: Recycling contamination is non-recyclable material or garbage that
ends up in the recycling system or stream.
Convenience Centers: Community waste and/or recyclables drop-off sites. They
typically consist of one or more bins for waste and/or recyclables and are located
at spots convenient for residents, such as near major roads or at shopping centers or
community centers.
Curbside Collection: Programs in which waste or recyclable materials are collected
at the curb, often from special containers, and then taken to various processing
facilities.
Disposal: Waste disposal includes removing and destroying or storing damaged,
used, or other unwanted products, materials, and substances. In the context of this
course, disposal primarily refers to burying material at landfill sites.
Diversion: Waste diversion is the process of diverting waste from landfills or other
disposal methods through recycling and source reduction activities.
Drop-off Collection: A method of collecting waste, recyclable, or compostable
materials in which the materials are taken by individuals to collection sites, such as
convenience centers, where they deposit the materials into designated containers.
End-Use Market: A company or other entity that purchases recycled materials for use
in manufacturing new products.
Error Range or Error Bars: In statistics, a numerical or graphic representation, such as
a line on a chart, that represents how variable the data set is. An error range indicates
the uncertainty or "error" in the data reported and gives a general idea of how
precise the data set is.
Fines: Waste materials that are small in size (usually less than 2 inches in size) that
are too small to sort or separate either mechanically or manually.
Generator: Any entity that produces solid waste. Generators are usually divided into
the following types: residential (single or multi-family households); commercial
(offices, retail, and wholesale outlets); institutional (social, educational, or charitable
activities); and industrial (industrial processes or manufacturing operations).
Generation Rate: Amount of solid waste produced over a given period of time. For
example, a community might produce 1,600 tons of waste per year. For a population
of 2,000, that amounts to 4.4 pounds per person per day.
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Health and Safety Plan (HASP or H&S Plan): A health and safety plan is a plan that
outlines the safety measures and procedures implemented in a workplace. It is also
designed in accordance with the legislative requirements covering the roles and
responsibilities of the staff and the emergency action plan.
Household Hazardous Waste (HHW): The leftover content of consumer products used
in and around the home that contain hazardous components, including certain paints,
cleaners, stains and varnishes, car batteries, motor oil, and pesticides. Certain types
of household hazardous waste have the potential to cause physical injury to sanitation
workers, contaminate septic tanks or wastewater treatment systems if poured down
drains or toilets, and present hazards to children and pets if left around the house.
While households do not have to separate household hazardous waste from trash
under federal law, some states and localities, including tribes, have special disposal
requirements for this waste.
Illegal or unauthorized dumping: The dumping of waste illegally or without
permission, either on land or water, instead of using an authorized method such as
curbside collection or a regulated landfill.
Incinerator: A furnace for the routine burning of waste materials using controlled
flame combustion. Various types of incinerators are used in the process of Combustion
with Energy Recovery, but not all incineration facilities are designed to meet the
requirements of Combustion with Energy Recovery.
Integrated Solid Waste Management: A solid waste management system composed
of the following actions, steps, methods, processes, and facilities: planning, financing,
regulation, operation, and management. It also includes reduction of solid waste
generation (source reduction), collection, transfer, materials recycling, composting,
combustion, and disposal. EPA defines integrated solid waste management as a
process for managing solid waste and materials diverted from solid waste through a
combination of any of the following four methods of management: source reduction,
recycling, combustion, and landfilling.
Landfill: A landfill (informally referred to as a tip, dump, rubbish dump, garbage
dump, or dumping ground) is a site for the disposal of waste materials by method of
burial. Landfill is the oldest and still most common form of waste disposal in the United
States. In the context of this course, landfill refers to a sanitary landfill, which is
engineered to contain and prevent leakage of waste materials into surrounding land
and groundwater, as well as to contain odors and various air pollutants that may be
harmful to the surrounding community.
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Material Category: In general, categories contain types of materials that are made
of the same base material; for example, paper, plastic glass, or metal.
Material Type: Materials with the same basic attributes within a material category;
examples include old corrugated cardboard (OCC), newsprint (ONP), and office
paper, and aluminum cans.
Materials Recovery Facility (MRF): A materials recovery facility is a specialized
plant that receives, sorts and separates, and prepares recyclable materials for sale
to end-use markets.
Medical Waste: All wastes from hospitals, clinics, or other health care facilities that
contain or have come into contact with diseased tissues or infectious microorganisms.
Can include human blood and blood products, pathological waste, discarded sharps
(e.g., needles, lancets, scalpels, broken medical instruments), and contaminated
animal waste. Also referred to as "red bag" waste because of the red biohazard
bags in which it is discarded.
Mu nicipal Solid Waste (MSW): A specific type of solid waste that primarily consists
of trash comprised of various items that consumers throw away, for example,
packaging, food, yard trimmings, paper, plastics, metals, glass, furniture, appliances,
tires, clothing, etc. Despite the name, MSW is not limited to municipalities and comes
from a variety of sources, including residences, businesses, schools, hospitals, etc. By
definition, MSW does not include industrial waste (including manufacturing waste),
hazardous waste (including medical waste and chemicals), or construction and
demolition debris, although these items may still appear in MSW streams on occasion.
Open Burning: The uncontained burning of solid waste in a pit, pile, container, or
open dump. Open burning does not comply with federal and local regulatory
standards and legal requirements for the disposal of waste and does not qualify as
Combustion with Energy Recovery.
Open Dump: An uncovered site used for disposal of waste without environmental
controls and that does not comply with federal and local regulatory standards and
legal requirements for the disposal of waste.
Organics: Organic waste is any material that is biodegradable and comes from
either a plant or an animal.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Personal protective equipment is protective
clothing, helmets, goggles, or other garments or equipment designed to protect the
wearer's body from injury or infection. The hazards addressed by protective
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equipment include physical, electrical, heat, chemicals, biohazards, and airborne
particulate matter.
Processing: Processing is the physical treatment of waste by using physical methods,
techniques, and technologies for changing the composition and character of the waste.
Records Evaluation: A detailed review of available waste- and recycling-related
data, including waste hauling and disposal contracts, records, and receipts. A records
evaluation provides insight into an organization's waste generation and removal
patterns including purchasing, supply invoices, waste hauling and disposal records,
and service contracts.
Recoverable: Recoverable materials are those that can be successful recovered,
removed, or extracted from a waste stream and that have economical value or utility
for purposes such as reuse, repair, recycling, composting, or conversion to energy.
Recycling: A series of activities that includes collecting recyclable materials that
would otherwise be considered waste, sorting by either manual or mechanized
methods to separate by material type, and processing these separated material
types into raw materials such as fibers and plastic resins that can be used for
manufacturing into new products.
Residue: The remaining waste material that is left over after sorting or processing
either at a waste or recycling processing facility (the material that either cannot be
processed or does not have economical value or utility) or during a waste sort (the
material that cannot be sorted into any other defined category).
Reuse: Using a product more than once, either for the same purpose or for a different
purpose. Reusing items by repairing them, donating them to charity or community
groups, or selling them also reduces waste.
Roll-off Container: A large waste or recyclables container that fits onto a tractor-
trailer that can be dropped off and picked up hydraulically.
Sampling Plan: A waste sampling plan outlines where, how, and when samples will
be taken during a waste sort in order to produce a data set that both is random and
representative of the larger waste stream.
Skewness: In statistics, a measure of how uniform the distribution of the set of values
is around its average. A positive or negative skew to a data set can be an indication
of the consistency of the data.
Solid Waste: Solid waste is a general term that includes any garbage, refuse, or
discarded material resulting from industrial, commercial, mining, and agricultural
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operations, and from community activities. Solid waste also includes sludge from a
wastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control
facility. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW, see above) is a specific type of Solid Waste.
Sorting Plan: A waste sorting plan outlines how samples will be physically sorted and
into what specific material categories and types during a waste sort.
Source Reduction (or Waste Prevention): Refers to any change in the design,
manufacture, purchase, or use of materials or products (including packaging) to
reduce the amount, quantity, or quality of these materials or products before they
become waste. Source reduction can also refer to the reuse of products or materials.
Special Wastes: A non-regulatory term often used by tribes to describe problem
wastes typically generated by households that are not disposed in household
garbage containers primarily due to their size or because of disposal restrictions. The
most common special wastes include tires, furniture, bicycles, appliances and other
white goods, and car batteries. Tires and lead-acid car batteries are examples of
special wastes that might have disposal restrictions.
Standard Deviation: In statistics, a measure of the amount of variation (the deviation)
of a set of values. A low standard deviation means that all the values in a set tend
to be close the average value of the set. A high standard deviation means that the
values in a set tend to be spread out over a wider range. Note: The unit of measure
of the standard deviation is the same as the data set itself, e.g., if the data set is
measured in pounds, the standard deviation that results will also be in pounds.
Tare Weight: A tare weight is the weight of an empty vehicle or container. Subtract
the tare weight from the weight of the full vehicle or container to determine the weight
of only the goods or materials carried or contained.
Transfer: The movement of waste over a specific area by trains, tankers, trucks,
barges, or other vehicles.
Transfer Station: A site or facility where waste materials are taken from smaller
collection vehicles (or private vehicles) and placed in larger vehicles, including trucks,
trailers, railroad cars, or barges for transport. Recycling and some waste processing
may also occur at some transfer stations.
Variance: In statistics, variance measures the spread of a data set. A low variance
means that the numbers tend to be very close to the average and to each other
indicating a more representative data set. A high variance means that the numbers
tend to be spread out from the average and from each other, potentially identifying
an outlier data point.
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Visual Assessment: A visual assessment is a direct observation and evaluation of the
physical properties of waste materials that are visible to the naked eye and that can
be evaluated directly in the field. A visual assessment can be completed at the point
of waste generation, collection, or disposal.
Waste Assessment: A waste assessment is a systematic study of a community's or an
area's waste stream. The three main types of waste assessments are: Records
Evaluation, Visual Assessment, and Waste Characterization Study ("Waste Sort").
Waste Characterization Study ("Waste Sort"): A waste characterization study or
"waste sort" is the process of collecting random and representative samples of a
particular waste stream and manually sorting these samples into individual waste
components by material type; it is a systematic process used to identify, sort, and
analyze material types in a particular waste stream. Data from such a study can be
statistically analyzed to understand the detailed composition of the waste stream (the
Waste Composition Profile) to help, for example, in planning how to reduce waste,
set up recycling programs, and conserve money and resources.
Waste Composition Profile: A waste composition profile depicts the percentage of
materials contained in a particular waste stream.
Waste Reduction: Using source reduction, recycling, or composting to prevent or
reduce waste generation.
Waste Stream: The total flow of solid waste from generators within an area or
community that must be recycled, reused, or disposed.
Yard Trimmings: Leaves, grass, clippings, prunings, and other natural organic matter
discarded from yards or gardens. Yard trimmings may also include tree stumps and
brush
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Training Agenda
Day 7 Agenda
Timeline
Agenda
Objectives
12:30 -
Virtual Classroom —
•
Introduce and get to know the speakers
1 2:45pm CDT
• Speaker Introductions
• Overview of training
•
Get oriented on the format and
schedule for the training
agenda
•
Understand content and resources
• Overview of the student
available in the student handbook
handbook
1 2:45 -
Virtual Classroom —
•
Frame the topic
1:15pm CDT
• Big Picture - Solid Waste
Management Overview
• Q&A on information
presented
•
Understand the value of waste
assessments in terms of the big picture
1:15 —
Virtual Classroom —
•
Understand the local value of waste
1:45pm CDT
• About Waste Assessments:
o Waste Assessments
assessments and potential applications
for waste characterization data
Overview
•
Outline goals for waste assessments
o Types of Waste
Assessments
o Q&A on information
presented
•
•
Introduce different types of waste
assessments, strengths & limitations.
Review main stages of waste
assessments and overview of steps
1:45 -
Break (10 minutes)
1:55pm CDT
1:55 -
Virtual Classroom —
•
Detail the steps required to plan for a
2:35pm CDT
• Conducting a Waste Sort:
o Planning for the Sort
o Q&A on information
presented
waste sort, including identifying the
need for the study, developing goals
and objectives, and designing the study
2:35 -
Virtual Classroom —
•
Learn how to conduct the field work
3:15pm CDT
• Conducting a Waste Sort:
o Field Work
o Q&A on information
presented
during the sort, including considering
health and safety, team training,
sample selection, and sorting materials
into respective categories
3:1 5 —
Break (10 minutes)
3:25pm CDT
3:25 -
Virtual Classroom —
•
Learn how to collect the data during the
4:05pm CDT
• Conducting a Waste Sort:
o Data Collection &
Analysis
o Q&A on information
presented
sort, including weighing, data
recording, and analyzing the data
after the sort
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4:05 -
4:20pm CDT
Virtual Classroom —
• Open Discussion and Q&A
• Open opportunity to discuss local
challenges and opportunities, and how
a waste sort can work for your Tribe
4:20-
4:30pm CDT
Virtual Classroom —
• Final Q&A
• Wrap-up for the day
• Discuss observations and lessons
learned/additional questions
Day 2 Aaenda
Timeline
Agenda
Objectives
12:30 -
1 2:40pm CDT
Virtual Classroom —
• Speaker Introductions -
refresh
• Overview of training
agenda
• Refresh of speakers for Day 2
• Get oriented on the format and
schedule for Day 2 of the training
1 2:40 -
1:20pm CDT
Virtual Classroom —
• After the Sort:
o Utilizing Results
o Q&A on information
presented
• Discuss how to put the information to
work, understanding the types of
materials disposed and using the
information to inform programs and
services that prevent and divert waste,
and incorporating the information into
an Integrated Waste Management Plan
or a grant application
1:20-
1:55pm CDT
Virtual Classroom —
• After the Sort:
o Opportunities for
collaboration
o Funding & Assistance
Resources
o Q&A on information
presented
• Introduce ideas for how to work with
entities within the tribe as well as other
entities in the local area to achieve
results
• Introduce resources available to tribes
for funding and technical assistance
1:55 -
2:05pm CDT
Break (10 minutes)
2:05 -
3:05pm CDT
Virtual Classroom —
• Tribal Speakers: Pala
Band of Mission Indians
o Heidi Brow, Waste
Resource Specialist
o Alexis Wallick,
Assistant Tribal Historic
Preservation Officer
• Discuss the Pala Band of Mission
Indians' experience with conducting
waste assessments
• Explain how the Pala Band of Mission
Indians analyzes the data and uses it to
inform program activities and secure
funding
3:05 -
3:15pm CDT
Break (10 minutes)
3:1 5 —
4:15pm CDT
Virtual Classroom —
• Discuss the Prairie Band of Potawatomi
Nation's experience with conducting
waste assessments
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• Tribal Speaker: Prairie
Band of Potawatomi
Nation
o Virginia LeClere,
Environmental Director
• Explain how the data collected has
been put to use
• Discuss the Prairie Band of Potawatomi
Nation's experience with collaborating
with others and getting tribal
department support for these efforts
4:15 -
4:30pm CDT
Virtual Classroom —
• Final Discussion and Q&A
• Wrap-up & evaluation
• Next Steps and Additional
Resources
• Discuss observations and lessons
learned/additional questions
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Course Evaluation
Course Evaluation
Waste Sort Training
September 1 & 2, 2020
Part 1
Excellent
Good
Fair
Poor
Chapter 1: Solid Waste Management Overview
Chapter 2: Waste Assessment Overview
Chapter 3: Types of Waste Assessments
Chapter 4: Planning for the Waste Sort
Chapter 5: Field Work During the Waste Sort
Chapter 6: Collecting the Data from the Sort
Chapter 7: Utilizing Results
Chapter 8: Opportunities for Collaboration
Chapter 9: Funding and Assistance Resources
Chapter 10: Pala Band of Mission Indians'
Waste Sort
Chapter 11: Prairie Band of Potawatomi
Nation's Waste Sort
Part 2
Strongly
Disagree
Disagree
Neither
Agree
nor
Disagree
Agree
Strongly
Agree
1. This training provided me with the tools and
information needed to plan and conduct a
waste sort for my community
2. 1 know how to organize and conduct a waste
sort in a safe and effective manner
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Part 2 Continued
Strongly
Disagree
Disagree
Neither
Agree
nor
Disagree
Agree
Strongly
Agree
3. 1 understand how to evaluate and analyze
the data collected during a waste sort
4. 1 understand the value of and uses for the
data and information gained from doing a
waste sort
5. What 1 learned today will help me improve
my Tribe's solid waste management
program
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Solid Waste Management
Overview
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Chapter 1
Solid waste management affects all aspects of tribal life including public health,
environmental quality, economic development, tribal culture, and community pride.
The types of tribal solid waste management programs can be varied and diverse,
ranging from simple, one-step disposal programs to complex management programs
that involve recycling, composting, and disposal. Geography, demographics, financial
situation, and culture each influence how a Tribe develops, implements, funds, and
enforces their solid waste program.
Solid waste is a general term that includes any garbage, refuse, or discarded
material resulting from industrial, commercial, mining, and agricultural operations,
and from community activities. Chapter 1 focuses on providing foundational
knowledge about municipal solid waste (MSW), a specific type of solid waste.
Despite the name, MSW is not limited to municipalities and comes from a variety of
sources, including residences, businesses, schools, hospitals, etc.
As the amount of waste generated by communities is expected to increase over time,
creating a strong and resilient tribal solid waste management program will become
critical to protecting and conserving the tribe's natural, cultural, and economic
resources.
Learning Objectives
7. An explanation of solid waste
2. Solid waste management basics: collection/
transfer and processing, and treatment and
disposal
3. Solid waste categories by material type
4. Environmental impacts of solid waste
management
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What is Solid Waste?
• "Solid Waste:"
o Any garbage or refuse
o Sludge from a wastewater treatment
plant, water supply treatment plant, or air
pollution control facility
o Other discarded material, resulting
from industrial, commercial, mining, and
agricultural operations, and from
community activities
Nearly everything we do leaves behind
some kind of waste.
20
Notes:
What is Municipal Solid Waste?
• Throughout this training, when we refer to
solid waste, we are specifically talking
about Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
• Not all "solid waste" is Municipal
Solid Waste, and MSW is not specific
to municipalities
• What is MSW?
o Trash comprised of various items consumers
throw away
o Packaging, food, yard trimmings, paper,
plastics, metals, glass, furniture, appliances,
tires, clothing, shoes... and more!
21
Notes:
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What is Municipal Solid Waste?
Notes:
What is Municipal Solid Waste?
• Where does MSW come from?
o Residences
o Businesses
o Institutions like schools and hospitals
o Wide variety of sources!
• What is NOT MSW?
o Not industrial waste (including
manufacturing waste)
o Not hazardous waste (including medical
waste, chemicals, etc.)
o Not construction and demolition waste
23
Notes:
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MSW Generation: 1960 to 2017
e 200
5 150
§ 100
i/i
I960 1965 1970 1975 1960 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017
•At Total M5W generation -fl- Per capita generation
Note: 2017 is the most recent calendar year for which data is available.
Solid Waste Management Basics
1. Collection
* Picking up materials at the generation
source
o Curbside for many residences
o From dumpsters for apartments, commercial
buildings, and institutions
• Picking up materials at designated
location
o Centralized "drop-off" or convenience center
where area residents can dispose certain types
of materials
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Solid Waste Management Basics
2. Transfer and processing
• Materials may be accumulated at
centralized facilities where they may be
sorted or otherwise manipulated to
prepare them for final treatment or
disposal
3. Diversion and disposal
• Diversion: includes methods like
recycling, composting, and using the waste
for energy
• Disposal: primarily landfilling
Notes:
Solid Waste Management Basics
27
Notes:
22
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MSW Diversion and Disposal: 2017
Management of MSW in
the United States, 2017
Undfilling
More than half
of all municipal
solid waste
generated in the
52,1*
tomfnnlmqi
10.1%
CtwrrtxitlKHi wtfclt
Energy Recovery
United States is
disposed in
landfills
/Vote: 2017 is the most recent calendar year for which data
1
1
•to
Notes:
MSW Diversion and Disposal: 1960-
2017
Municipal Solid Waste Management: 1960-2017
300.000.000
200.000,000
VI
=
is
100.000.000
0
1960 1970 > 980 1*90 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019 2017
Year
I Recycling Composting H Combustion with Energy Recovery Landfill
Note: 2017 is the most recent calendar year for which data is available. 29
Notes:
23
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Solid Waste Material Categories
• Waste can be categorized based ori
material type:
o plastic
o paper
o glass
o metal
o food
o yard debris
o textiles
Each tribe generates a unique waste stream,
depending on its size, geographic location,
and activities
2017 Total MSW Generation
in the United States
30
Notes:
Total MSW Generation by Material, 2017
267.8 Million Tons
Olher.
m
9J%
Note: 2017 is the most recent calendar year for which data is available.
Notes:
24
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EPA Waste Management
Hierarchy
Waste Management Hierarchy
Source R«iuct>on & Reire*
\\
\
Recycling / Compcsttng
V
Energy Recovery
/
^ Treatment
<1^ &DiBponal
w
32
Notes:
Environmental Benefits of
Waste Management
The waste management hierarchy has several
environmental benefits:
o Conserve land that would otherwise be
needed for landfills
o Protect land and soil quality that could
otherwise be at risk of illegal dumping
¦ Ensuring programs and services address the
community's needs and are accessible to
residents helps alleviate illegal dumping
issues
33
Notes:
25
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Environmental Benefits of
Waste Management
34
Notes:
Environmental Benefits of
Waste Management
The waste management hierarchy has several
environmental benefits (cont.):
o Protect air quality by reducing harmful
gases from decomposition
o Protect surface and ground water by
reducing leaching pollutants from landfills
and illegal dumping to surface and ground
water
35
Notes:
26
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Environmental Benefits of
Waste Management
Notes:
Environmental Benefits of
Waste Management
The waste management hierarchy has several
environmental benefits (cont.):
o Conserve our resources associated with
extracting materials, manufacturing,
transporting, using, and managing the end-
of-life of products and materials
o Protect our communities
¦ Environmental issues disproportionately
affect minority and lower income
communities
37
Notes:
27
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Chapter 1 Review
1. Solid waste is: a general term that includes any garbage, refuse,
or discarded material resulting from industrial, commercial,
mining, and agricultural operations, and from community
activities; includes sludge from a wastewater treatment plant,
water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility.
2. Municipal solid waste is: A specific type of solid waste that
primarily consists of trash comprised of various items that
consumers throw away, e.g., packaging, food, paper, plastics,
furniture, appliances, tires, clothing, etc. MSW is not limited to
municipalities and comes from a variety of sources, including
residences, businesses, schools, hospitals, etc. MSW does not
include industrial waste, hazardous waste, or construction and
demolition debris, although these items may still appear in MSW
streams on occasion.
39
Notes:
Chapter 1 Review
3.
Solid waste management is composed of 3 categories: collection,
transfer and processing, and diversion or disposal
4.
Waste generation has been trending upwards over time in
almost all communities
5.
The majority of waste is disposed in landfills. However,
great diversion options (ex. recycling and composting) can be
utilized!
6.
A key component of a strong tribal solid waste management
program is setting up systems, programs, and services that reflect
your tribe's environmental and economic needs
7.
Solid waste management touches all aspects of life - public health,
environmental quality, economic development and prosperity,
community pride, culture and land stewardship.
40
Notes:
28
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Waste Assessment Overview
29
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Chapter 2
A waste assessment is a systematic study of a community's or an area's waste stream.
The primary purpose of a waste assessment is to establish a baseline of what is being
disposed in your community or area. Conducting a waste assessment can identify the
sources, quantities, and types of waste generated in your community.
The three main types of waste assessments are: records evaluation, visual assessment,
and waste characterization study or "waste sort"; a waste sort is the type of
assessment that this training focuses on. An assessment can inform waste planning
decisions, help you understand recycling contamination or recycling program
potential, identify program needs, and make a justifiable case for funding and
resources.
Learning Objectives
7. Waste assessment basics
2. Understand the importance of waste assessments
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What is a Waste Assessment?
Waste assessment: a systematic study of
a community's or area's waste stream.
Depending on the type of assessment, it can:
• Identify sources of waste generation
• Identify quantity of waste generated
(volume and/or weight)
• Identify types of waste generated (by
material)
44
Notes:
What is a Waste Assessment?
The primary purpose of a waste
assessment is to establish a
baseline of what is being
disposed in your community
or area.
45
Notes:
31
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Assessing Tribal Waste Materials
• Establish a waste generation baseline
• Identify potential waste management
methods
• Prioritize programs and services to reduce
and better manage waste
• Measure the effectiveness of waste
management programs, services, and
methods
Notes:
Assessing Tribal Waste Materials
A waste management program can address
both the environmental and economic
needs of your tribe
Examples of waste management methods:
o Large amount of organics -> set up a
composting program
o Large amount of usable clothing —>
implement a donation program
o Large amount of fixable appliances —~
establish a repair education program
Notes:
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Assessing Tribal Waste Materials
o Large amount of fixable appliances —>
establish a repair education program
Notes:
Why Do a Waste Assessment?
A waste assessment can also help:
o Assess current waste management
practices and effectiveness
o Evaluate the success of programs and
services that divert materials from
disposal into processes like recycling,
composting, etc. ("diversion")
o Identify new waste diversion
opportunities or necessary
improvements
Notes:
33
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Why Do a Waste Assessment?
o Inform waste planning decisions, including
areas where improvements are most needed or
would be most impactful/effective
50
Notes:
Why Do a Waste Assessment?
o Understand recycling contamination or
recycling program potential
51
Notes:
34
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Why Do a Waste Assessment?
o Assess the suitability of the waste stream
for a particular diversion method
Notes:
Why Do a Waste Assessment?
Programs and services can be expensive:
o Cost to build facilities and purchase
equipment
o Cost to operate and maintain facilities and
equipment
o Cost to conduct community education and
outreach efforts (ongoing)
In many cases securing outside funding relies
on an accurate waste assessment
53
Notes:
35
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Use Waste Assessments to
Secure Funding
A waste assessment will lay the groundwork
to communicate your Tribe's solid waste
management needs and make a justifiable
case for funding and resources - both from
within the Tribe and from outside sources.
54
Notes:
Chapter 2 Review
1.
A waste assessment is defined as: a systematic study
of a community's or area's waste stream
2.
The primary purpose of a waste assessment is to
establish a baseline of what is being disposed in your
community or area
3.
Conducting a waste assessment can identify the sources,
quantities, and types of waste generated in your
community
4.
An assessment can also inform waste planning decisions,
help you understand recycling contamination or recycling
program potential, identify program needs, and make a
justifiable case for funding and resources
56
Notes:
36
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Types of Waste Assessments
37
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Chapter 3
A solid waste assessment is the backbone to a successful tribal solid waste
program. Characterizing tribal waste will help solid waste decision makers
evaluate current management practices and services and identify new waste
diversion opportunities or necessary improvements. In Chapter 2, the three main
types of waste assessments were introduced: records evaluation, visual
assessment, and waste characterization study.
Chapter 3 describes the process of conducting the three types of waste
assessments in detail in detail. Although there are strengths and limitations to
each type of assessment, a waste sort is recommended for any tribe evaluating
its solid waste program because it will enable your tribe to identify specific
types of waste generated at different locations. A waste sort is the process of
collecting random and representative samples of the waste stream and manually
sorting these samples into individual waste components by material type. The
three major phases of waste sorts are planning, field work, and data analysis.
The greatest benefit of a waste sort is that it produces reliable and accurate
results that can be used to make informed decisions for solid waste programs
and services.
Learning Objectives
7. Understand types of waste assessments:
^ Records evaluation
Visual assessments
Waste sort
2. Introduction to the waste sort process
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Types of Waste Assessments
Three primary ways to conduct a
comprehensive assessment of your waste
stream:
• Records Evaluation
• Visual Assessment
• Waste Characterization Study,
commonly known as a "Waste Sort"
I
Focus of this training
60
Notes:
Records Evaluation
Defined as a detailed review of available
waste- and recycling-related records
and data, including:
• Waste hauling and disposal records and
contracts
• Tipping fee receipts
• Contracts with recycling facilities and
earned revenues from recycling
Notes:
39
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Records Evaluation
Strengths:
• Provides data on the weight or volume of
waste / recyclables on a regular basis
•Tracks waste from the point of origin
• Identifies the most expensive or valuable
components of an organization's waste
• Documents financial benefits of waste
minimization / recycling / diversion
• Requires less time and effort than a waste
sort 62
Notes:
Records Evaluation
Limitations:
• Might not provide quantitative data about
specific waste material components or
types
• Might require substantial effort upfront to
gather the records
• Does not provide data on how or why
wastes are generated
63
Notes:
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Visual Assessment
Defined as a physical, visual observation
of your waste materials will enable you to:
• Observe the quality of the waste, including
types and relative amounts of waste
• Identify waste-producing activities and
sources
• Assess existing space and equipment for
collection of recyclables and other material
types or diversion streams
64
Notes:
Notes:
41
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Visual Assessment
Strengths:
• Requires less time and effort than waste sorts
• First-hand examination of facility operations
• Flexibility to observe and assess point of
generation, collection, and disposal
• Provides qualitative information about major
waste components and waste-generating
processes
• Reveals waste reduction opportunities
66
Notes:
Visual Assessment
Limitations:
• Relies on estimates of waste generation
• Needs to be repeated throughout the
year to improve the reliability of the
estimates
• Might not identify all wastes generated
67
Notes:
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Visual Assessment
Considerations for Planning and
Conducting a Visual Assessment:
• Identify areas to be evaluated
• Assess how procedures or operations affect
waste generation
• Evaluate which activities generate the most
waste
• Identify any seasonal or event-related
wastes
• Schedule observations just before pickups
Notes:
Waste Sort
• The process of collecting random and
representative samples of the waste
stream and manually sorting these
samples into individual waste
components by material type
Notes:
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Waste Sort
A waste sort will enable you to:
• Statistically analyze data from the sort
to understand the detailed composition
of the waste stream
• Identify specific types of waste by quantity
of the overall waste stream
• Target specific waste generators (e.g.
residences, businesses, institutions)
Notes:
Waste Sort
Strengths:
• Allows flexibility to target generator types or
even individual generators
• Provides very detailed information on
quantity of waste generated
• Identifies specific waste components and
material types
/ \
• Produces reliable and accurate results
that can be used to make informed decisions
for programs and services The imPortant
N strength of a waste sort] j
Notes:
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Waste Sort
Limitations:
• Requires more time and resources than
records or visual assessment
• May not be representative if only
performed once
72
Notes:
Waste Sort Process
This training is based on the main standard
procedure in the United States: ASTM
International: D 5231 - 92 (Reapproved 2003)
"Standard Test Method for the Determination of the
Composition of Unprocessed Municipal Solid Waste"
ASTM International:
o Formerly American Society for Testing and Materials
o A non-profit, membership-based and
consensus-driven standards organization
o Develops and publishes voluntary consensus
technical standards for a wide range of
materials, products, systems, and services.
Notes:
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Waste Sort Process
1.
Planning
• Identify study need, goals and objectives
• Design the study and plan for the logistics,
staffing, health and safety plan, available
resources and necessary supplies
2.
Field work
• Crew health and safety training
• Waste sampling and sorting
3.
Data recording and analysis
• Data collection, analysis, and utilization
74
Notes:
1. Planning
1. Identify
need for
study
2. Field
Work
4. Field Work
3. Data
Recording
& Analysis
7. Record Data
2. Develop
study's goal
and
objectives
5. Select and
Obtain Waste
Sample
8. Analyze Data
6. Sort Waste
Sample
Notes:
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Chapter 3 Review
1. The 3 methods for waste assessment include:
records evaluations, visual assessments, waste sorts
2. A records evaluation requires less time and
effort than a waste sort but not provide quantitative
data about specific waste material components or
types
3. A visual assessment allows the flexibility to
observe and assess point of generation, collection,
and disposal but relies on estimates of waste
generation
78
Notes:
Chapter 3 Review
4. A waste sort is the process of collecting random
and representative samples of the waste stream and
manually sorting these samples into individual waste
components by material type
5. A waste sort will enable you to identify specific
types of waste generated at different locations
6. 3 major phases of waste sorts: planning, field
work, data analysis
7. Biggest benefit of a waste sort is that it produces
reliable and accurate results that can be used
to make informed decisions for programs and
services 7I
Notes:
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Chapter 3 Supplemental Materials
EPA MSW Characterization Methodology
*P/ease contact EPA for the most current data tables and for more information.
INTRODUCTION
This fact sheet and these data tables are the most recent in a series of reports and data
tables sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to characterize municipal solid
waste (MSW) in the United States. Together with the previous reports, this fact sheet and data
tables provide a historical database for a 46-year characterization (by weight) of the materials
and products in MSW. For brevity, the fact sheet and data tables are both implied when data
tables are referred to in this methodology.
Management of the nation's municipal solid waste (MSW) continues to be a high priority
for communities in the 21st century. The concept of integrated solid waste management^ source
reduction of wastes before they enter the waste stream, recovery of generated wastes for
recycling (including composting), and environmentally sound disposal through combustion facilities
and landfills that meet current standards— s being used by communities as they plan for the future.
This methods description provides background on integrated waste management and the
data tables, followed by a brief overview of the methodology. Next is a section on the variety
of uses for the information in these data tables. Then, more detail on the methodology is provided.
BACKGROUND
The Solid Waste Management Hierarchy
EPA's 1989 Agenda for Action endorsed the concept of integrated waste management,
by which municipal solid waste is reduced or managed through several different practices, which
can be tailored to fit a particular community's needs. The components of the hierarchy are:
• Source reduction (or waste prevention), including reuse of products and on-site (or
backyard) composting of yard trimmings.
• Recycling, including off-site (or community) composting.
• Combustion with energy recovery.
• Disposal through landfilling or combustion without energy recovery.
As done in previous versions of this report, combustion with energy recovery is shown as discards
in the tables and figures.
Overview of the Methodology
Readers should note that this report characterizes the municipal solid waste stream of the
nation as a whole. Data in this report can be used at the national level. It can also be used to
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address state, regional, and local situations, where more detailed data are not available or
would be too expensive to gather. More detail on uses for this information in this report for both
national and local uses is provided later in this chapter.
At the state or local level, recycling rates often are developed by counting and weighing
all the recyclables collected, and then aggregating these data to yield a state or local recycling
rate. At the national level, we use instead a materials flow methodology, which relies heavily on
a mass balance approach. Using data gathered from industry associations, key businesses, and
similar industry sources, and supported by government data from sources such as the Department
of Commerce and the U.S. Census Bureau, we estimate tons of materials and products generated,
recycled, or discarded. Other sources of data, such as waste characterizations and surveys
performed by governments, industry, or the press, supplement these data.
To estimate MSW generation, production data are adjusted by imports and exports from
the United States, where necessary. Allowances are made for the average lifespans of different
products. Information on amounts of disposed MSW managed by combustion comes from industry
sources as well. MSW not managed by recycling (including composting) or combustion is assumed
to be landfilled.
In any estimation of MSW generation, it is important to define what is and is not included
in municipal solid waste. EPA includes those materials that historically have been handled in the
municipal solid waste stream-those materials from municipal sources, sent to municipal landfills.
In this report, MSW includes wastes such as product packaging, newspapers, office and classroom
papers, bottles and cans, boxes, wood pallets, food scraps, grass clippings, clothing, furniture,
appliances, automobile tires, consumer electronics, and batteries.
A common error in using this report is to assume that all nonhazardous wastes are included.
As shown later in this methods description, municipal solid waste as defined here does not include
construction and demolition debris, biosolids (sewage sludges), industrial process wastes, or a
number of other wastes that, in some cases, may go to a municipal waste landfill.
These materials, over time, have tended to be handled separately and are not included in the
totals in these data tables. EPA has addressed several of these materials separately, for instance,
in Biosolids Generation, Use, and Disposal in the United States, EPA530-R-99-009, September 1 999,
and Characterization of Building-Related Construction and Demolition Debris in the United States,
EPA530-R-98-01 0, May 1998. Recycling (including composting) is encouraged for these materials
as well.
In addition, the source of municipal solid waste is important. EPA's figures include municipal
solid waste from homes, institutions such as schools and prisons, commercial sources such as
restaurants and small businesses, and occasional industrial sources. MSW does not include wastes
of other types or from other sources, including automobile bodies, municipal sludges, combustion
ash, and industrial process wastes that might also be disposed in municipal waste landfills or
combustion units.
HOW THESE DATA TABLES CAN BE USED
Nationwide. The data in this tables provide a nationwide picture of municipal solid waste
generation and management. The historical perspective is particularly useful in establishing trends
and highlighting the changes that have occurred over the years, both in types of wastes generated
and in the ways they are managed. This perspective on MSW and its management is useful in
49
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assessing national solid waste management needs and policy. The consistency in methodology and
scope aids in the use of the data tables for reporting over time. The data tables are, however, of
equal or greater value as a solid waste management planning tool for state and local governments
and private firms.
Local or state level. At the local or state level, the data in these data tables can be used
to develop approximate (but quick) estimates of MSW generation in a defined area. That is, the
data on generation of MSW per person nationally may be used to estimate generation in a city or
other local area based on the population in that area. This can be of value when a "ballpark"
estimate of MSW generation in an area is needed. For example, communities may use such an
estimate to determine the potential viability of regional versus single community solid waste
management facilities. This information can help define solid waste management planning areas
and the planning needed in those areas. However, for communities making decisions where
knowledge of the amount and composition of MSW is crucial, (e.g., where a solid waste
management facility is being sited), local estimates of the waste stream should be made.
Another useful feature of these data tables for local planning is the information provided
on MSW trends. Changes over time in total MSW generation and the mix of MSW materials can
affect the need for and use of various waste management alternatives. Observing trends in MSW
generation can help in planning an integrated waste management system that includes facilities
sized and designed for years of service.
While the national average data are useful as a checkpoint against local MSW
characterization data, any differences between local and national data should be examined
carefully. There are many regional variations that require each community to examine its own waste
management needs. Such factors as local and regional availability of suitable landfill space,
proximity of markets for recovered materials, population density, commercial and industrial
activity, and climatic and groundwater variations all may motivate each community to make its own
plans.
Specific reasons for regional differences may include:
• Variations in climate and local waste management practices, which greatly influence
generation of yard trimmings. For instance, yard trimmings exhibit strong seasonal
variations in most regions of the country. Also, the level of backyard composting in
a region will affect generation of yard trimmings.
• Differences in the scope of waste streams. That is, a local landfill may be receiving
construction and demolition wastes in addition to MSW, but these data tables
address MSW only.
• Variance in the per capita generation of some products, such as newspapers and
telephone directories, depending upon the average size of the publications.
Typically, rural areas will generate less of these products on a per person basis
than urban areas.
• Level of commercial activity in a community. This will influence the generation rate
of some products, such as office paper, corrugated boxes, wood pallets, and food
scraps from restaurants.
• Variations in economic activity, which affect waste generation in both the residential
50
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and the commercial sectors.
• Local and state regulations and practices. Deposit laws, bans on landfilling of
specific products, and variable rate pricing for waste collection are examples of
practices that can influence a local waste stream.
While caution should be used in applying the data in these tables, for some areas, the
national breakdown of MSW by material may be the only such data available for use in comparing
and planning waste management alternatives. Planning a curbside recycling program, for
example, requires an estimate of household recyclables that may be recovered. If resources are
not available to adequately estimate these materials by other means, local planners may turn to
the national data. This is useful in areas that may have typical MSW generation or in areas where
appropriate adjustments in the data can be made to account for local conditions.
In summary, the data in this report can be used in local planning to:
• Develop approximate estimates of total MSW generation in an area.
• Check locally developed MSW data for accuracy and consistency.
• Account for trends in total MSW generation and the generation of individual
components.
• Help set goals and measure progress in source reduction and recycling (including
composting).
CHARACTERIZATION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE: IN PERSPECTIVE
The Two Methodologies for Characterizing MSW: Site-Specific Versus Materials Flow
There are two basic approaches to estimating quantities of municipal solid waste at the
local, state, or national levels—site-specific and materials flow. These data tables are based on
the materials flow approach.
Site-specific studies. In the first methodology, which is site-specific, sampling, sorting, and
weighing the individual components of the waste stream could be used. This methodology is useful
in defining a local waste stream, especially if large numbers of samples are taken over several
seasons. Results of sampling also increase the body of knowledge about variations due to climatic
and seasonal changes, population density, regional differences, and the like. In addition, quantities
of MSW components such as food scraps and yard trimmings can only be estimated through
sampling and weighing studies.
A disadvantage of sampling studies based on a limited number of samples is that they may
be skewed and misleading if, for example, atypical circumstances were experienced during the
sampling. These circumstances could include an unusually wet or dry season, delivery of some
unusual wastes during the sampling period, or errors in the sampling methodology. Any errors of
this kind will be greatly magnified when a limited number of samples are taken to represent a
community's entire waste stream for a year. Magnification of errors could be even more serious if
a limited number of samples was relied upon for making the national estimates of MSW. Also,
extensive sampling would be prohibitively expensive for making the national estimates. An
additional disadvantage of sampling studies is that they do not provide information about trends
unless performed in a consistent manner over a long period of time.
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Of course, at the state or local level, sampling may not be necessary— many states and
localities count all materials recovered for recycling, and many weigh all wastes being disposed to
generate state or local recycling rates from the "ground up." To use these figures at the national
level would require all states to perform these studies and perform them in a consistent manner
conducive to developing a national summary, which so far has not been practical.
Materials flow. The second approach to quantifying and characterizing the municipal solid
waste stream-the methodology used for this report-utilizes a materials flow approach to estimate
the waste stream on a nationwide basis. In the late 1 960s and early 1 970s, EPA's Office of Solid
Waste and its predecessors at the Public Health Service sponsored work that began to develop
this methodology. These data tables represent the latest version of this database that has been
evolving for over 40 years.
The materials flow methodology is based on production data (by weight) for the materials
and products in the waste stream. To estimate generation data, specific adjustments are made to
the production data for each material and product category. Adjustments are made for imports
and exports and for diversions from MSW (e.g., for building materials made of plastic and
paperboard that become construction and demolition debris.) Adjustments are also made for the
lifetimes of products. Finally, food scraps, yard trimmings, and a small amount of miscellaneous
inorganic wastes are accounted for by compiling data from a variety of waste sampling studies.
One problem with the materials flow methodology is that product residues associated with
other items in MSW (usually containers) are not accounted for. These residues would include, for
example, food left in a jar, detergent left in a box or bottle, and dried paint in a can. Some
household hazardous wastes, (e.g., pesticide left in a can) are also included among these product
residues.
Municipal Solid Waste Defined in Greater Detail
As stated earlier, EPA includes those materials that historically have been handled in the
municipal solid waste stream-those materials from municipal sources, sent to municipal landfills. In
these data tables, MSW includes wastes such as product packaging, newspapers, office and
classroom paper, bottles and cans, boxes, wood pallets, food scraps, grass clippings, clothing,
furniture, appliances, automobile tires, consumer electronics, and batteries. For purposes of analysis,
these products and materials are often grouped in these data tables into the following categories:
durable goods, nondurable goods, containers and packaging, food scraps and yard trimmings,
and miscellaneous inorganic wastes.
Municipal solid wastes characterized in these data tables come from residential,
commercial, institutional, or industrial sources. Some examples of the types of MSW that come from
each of the broad categories of sources are:
Sources and Examples Example Products
Residential (single-and multi-family homes) Newspapers, clothing, disposable tableware,
food packaging, cans and bottles, food scraps,
yard trimmings
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Commercial (office buildings, retail and
wholesale establishments, restaurants)
Institutional (schools, libraries, hospitals,
prisons)
Industrial (packaging and administrative; not
process wastes)
Corrugated boxes, food scraps, office papers,
disposable tableware, paper napkins, yard
trimmings
Cafeteria and restroom trash can wastes, office
papers, classroom wastes, yard trimmings
Corrugated boxes, plastic film, wood pallets,
lunchroom wastes, office papers.
The materials flow methodology used in these data tables does not readily lend itself to
the quantification of wastes according to their sources. For example, corrugated boxes may be
unpacked and discarded from residences, commercial establishments such as grocery stores and
offices, institutions such as schools, or factories. Similarly, office papers are mostly generated in
offices, but they also are generated in residences and institutions. The methodology estimates only
the total quantity of products generated, not their places of disposal or recovery for recycling.
Other Subtitle D Wastes
Some people assume that "municipal solid waste" must include everything that is landfilled
in Subtitle D landfills. (Subtitle D of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act deals with wastes
other than the hazardous wastes covered under Subtitle C.) As shown in Figure 1, however, RCRA
Subtitle D includes many kinds of wastes. It has been common practice to landfill wastes such as
municipal sludges, nonhazardous industrial wastes, residue from automobile salvage operations,
and construction and demolition debris along with MSW, but these other kinds of wastes are not
included in the estimates presented in these data tables.
Figure 1: Municipal Solid Waste in the Universe of Subtitle D Wastes
Subtitle D Wastes
The Subtitle D Waste included in these data tables is Municipal Solid Waste, which
includes:
Containers and packaging such as soft drink bottles and corrugated boxes
Durable goods such as furniture and appliances
Nondurable goods such as newspapers, trash bags, and clothing
Other wastes such as food scraps and yard trimmings.
Subtitle D Wastes not included in these data tables are: Municipal
sludges Agricultural wastes
Industrial nonhazardous wastes Oil and gas wastes
Construction and demolition debris Mining wastes
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Figure 1-A: Definition of Terms
The materials flow methodology produces an estimate of total municipal solid waste
generation in the United States, by material categories and by product categories.
The term generation as used in these data tables refers to the weight of materials and
products as they enter the waste management system from residential, commercial, institutional,
and industrial sources and before materials recovery or combustion takes place. Preconsumer
(industrial) scrap is not included in the generation estimates. Source reduction activities (e.g.,
backyard composting of yard trimmings) take place ahead of generation.
Source reduction activities reduce the amount or toxicity of wastes before they enter the
municipal solid waste management system. Reuse is a source reduction activity involving the
recovery or reapplication of a package, used product, or material in a manner that retains its
original form or identity. Reuse of products such as refillable glass bottles, reusable plastic food
storage containers, or refurbished wood pallets is considered to be source reduction, not recycling.
Recovery of materials as estimated in these data tables includes products and yard
trimmings removed from the waste stream for the purpose of recycling (including composting). For
recovered products, recovery equals reported purchases of postconsumer recovered material
(e.g., glass cullet, old newspapers) plus net exports (if any) of the material. Thus, recovery of old
corrugated containers (OCC) is the sum of OCC purchases by paper mills plus net exports of OCC.
If recovery as reported by a data source includes converting or fabrication (preconsumer) scrap,
the preconsumer scrap is not counted towards the recovery estimates in these data tables.
Imported secondary materials are also not counted in recovery estimates in this report. For some
materials, additional uses, such as glass used for highway construction or newspapers used to
make insulation, are added into the recovery totals.
Combustion of MSW with energy recovery, often called "waste-to-energy," is estimated
in these data tables. Combustion of separated materials-wood and rubber from tires-is
included in the estimates of combustion with energy recovery in these data tables.
Discards include MSW remaining after recovery for recycling (including composting).
These discards presumably would be combusted without energy recovery or landfilled,
although some MSW is littered, stored or disposed onsite, or burned onsite, particularly in rural
areas. No good estimates for these other disposal practices are available, but the total amounts
of MSW involved are presumed to be small.
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Materials and Products Not Included in These Estimates
As noted earlier, other Subtitle D wastes (illustrated in Figure 1) are not included in
these estimates, even though some may be managed along with MSW (e.g., by combustion
or landfilling). Household hazardous wastes, while generated as MSW with other residential
wastes, are not identified separately in these data tables. Transportation parts and
equipment (including automobiles and trucks) are not included in the wastes characterized in
these data tables.
Certain other materials associated with products in MSW are often not accounted for
because the appropriate data series have not yet been developed. These include, for
example, inks and other pigments and some additives associated with packaging materials.
Considerable additional research would be required to estimate these materials, which
constitute a relatively small percentage of the waste stream. Some adjustments are made in
these data tables to account for packaging of imported goods, but there is little available
documentation of these amounts.
REFERENCES
Darnay, A., and W.E. Franklin, The Role of Packaging in Solid Waste Management,
1966 to 1976. Public Health Service Publication No. 1 855. U.S. Government Printing
Office. 1969.
Franklin, W.E., and A. Darnay. The Role of Nonpackaging Paper in Solid Waste
Management, 1966 to 1976. Public Health Service Publication No. 2040. U.S.
Government Printing Office. 1971.
Darnay, A., and W.E. Franklin. Salvage Markets for Materials in Solid Wastes.
Environmental Protection Publication SW-29c. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1972.
Franklin, W.E., et al. Base Line Forecasts of Resource Recovery 1972 to 1990.
Midwest Research Institute for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. March
1975.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste Management Programs.
Second Report to Congress: Resource Recovery and Source Reduction (SW-1 22). 1 974.
Smith, F.L., Jr. A Solid Waste Estimation Procedure: Material Flows Approach. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (SW-147). May 1975.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste Management Programs.
Third Report to Congress: Resource Recovery and Source Reduction (SW-1 61). 1 975.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste Management Programs.
Fourth Report to Congress: Resource Recovery and Waste Reduction (SW-600). 1 977.
Franklin Associates, Ltd. Post-consumer Solid Waste and Resource Recovery Baseline.
Prepared for the Resource Conservation Committee. May 16, 1979.
Franklin Associates, Ltd. Post-consumer Solid Waste and Resource Recovery Baseline:
Working Papers. Prepared for the Resource Conservation Committee. May 1 6, 1 979.
55
-------
Resource Conservation Committee. Choices for Conservation: Final Report to the
President and Congress (SW-779). July 1 979.
Franklin Associates, Ltd. Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste in the United States,
1960 to 2000. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. July 1 1, 1986.
Franklin Associates, Ltd. Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste in the United States,
1960 to 2000 (Update 1988). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. March 30, 1988.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste in the
United States: 1990 Update. (EPA/SW-90-042). June 1990.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste in the
United States: 1992 Update. (EPA/530-R-92-01 9). July 1992.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste in the
United States: 1994 Update. EPA/530-R-94-042. November 1994.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste in the
United States: 1995 Update. EPA/530-R-945-001. March 1996.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste in the
United States: 1996 Update. EPA/530-R-97-01 5. June 1997.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste in the
United States: 1997 Update. EPA/530-R-98-007. May 1998.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste in the
United States: 1998 Update. EPA/530-R-99-021. September 1999.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Municipal Solid Waste Generation, Recycling and
Disposal in the United States: Facts and Figures for 1998. EPA/530-F-00-024. April
2000.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Municipal Solid Waste in The United States: 1999
Facts and Figures. EPA/530-R-01-01 4. July 2001.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Municipal Solid Waste in The United States: 2000
Facts and Figures. EPA/530-R-02-001. June 2002.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Municipal Solid Waste in The United States: 2001
Facts and Figures. EPA/530-R-03-01 1. October 2003.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Municipal Solid Waste Task Force, Office of
Solid Waste. The Solid Waste Dilemma: An Agenda for Action. February 1 989.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste. Subtitle D Study Phase I
Report (EPA/530-SW-054). October 1986.
56
-------
EPA Guidance to Conduct a Facility Walk Through for a Waste
Assessment
A walk-through provides an opportunity to observe the connection between the types of waste
generated and the actual waste-generating activities or processes. The team should be careful
during the walk-through not only to record the types of waste observed and how waste is
generated, but also to consider the potential waste reduction opportunities for increasing the
efficiency of these operations.
If possible, schedule the walk-through just before trash pickups to allow a sufficient amount of
waste to accumulate. Avoid scheduling it on or around holidays, company parties, or other
special events that would produce wastes not representative of a normal workday.
Before conducting the walk-through, the team should inform the function area or department
managers of the assessment and arrange interviews with employees. The interviews offer
important additional detail on waste generation and removal practices. Moreover, interviews
help keep employees informed and interested in the evolving waste reduction program and
offer an opportunity to ask questions. Employees also can be a valuable source of ideas for
reducing waste.
During the walk-through, ask questions about variations in daily waste generation. For
example, periodic deliveries might result in more discards on the delivery day. In addition, ask
about any recent or upcoming changes within the function area or department, such as new
equipment or procedures that could alter the types or amount of waste generated. The
worksheet is formatted so that you can print it out and use it to record your findings as you
walk through your facility.
Be sure to pay close attention to areas and operations that tend to generate the largest
amounts of waste, such as shipping and receiving departments, copying areas, cafeterias,
assembly lines, and offices. Remember to include a review of the grounds maintenance
operations. While conducting the walk-through, watch closely for activities and equipment that
generate unnecessary waste, as well as waste reduction efforts that are already in place.
57
-------
GBB Waste Sort Equipment & Supplies Checklist and Budgeting
Example
Waste Sort Equipment & Supplies Checklist and Budgeting Example prepared by Gershman, Brickner &
Bratton, Inc. on behalf of United States Environmental Protection Agency.
Facilities
Supplied
By
Quantity
Total
Quantity
Cost/Unit
Total
Cost
Indoor sorting area
Indoor bathroom facilities
Access to electricity
Sorting tent (20' x 30')
Portable toilet
Portable hand and eye
washing stations
Subtotal
General Equipment
Supplied
By
Quantity
Total
Quantity
Cost/Unit
Total
Cost
Heavy duty scale (min. 300 lb.
capacity with extra batteries)
1
Shovels
Rakes
Brooms
Subtotal
General Supplies
Supplied
By
Quantity
Total
Quantity
Cost/Unit
Total
Cost
Work Tables, (1 -2) per 2-8 staff
Supply & Food Table, (1) per up
to 12 staff
Supplied
By
Quantity
Total
Quantity
Cost/Unit
Total
Cost
Work Table
Supply & Food Table
Subtotal
Sorting Supplies
Supplied
By
Quantity
Total
Quantity
Cost/Unit
Total
Cost
96-gallon plastic trash
can/cart
64-gallon plastic trash
can/cart
32-gallon plastic tote
18-gallon plastic tote
5-gallon plastic bucket
58
-------
Large paint sticks
2/week for each
sorter
Whisk broom and dustpan set
3 sets per
sorting table
Data sheets
Container labels
Heavy Duty Duct tape
1 roll
Magnet (can be small)
1
Tarp (20'x 16')
Subtotal
Personal Protective Equipment Supplies
Supplied
By
Quantity
Total
Quantity
Cost/Unit
Total
Cost
Protective coverall suits
1 /day for each
sorter
Protective sleeves
12 sleeves/day
for each sorter
Puncture-resistant gloves
2 pairs/week
for each sorter
Nitrile gloves
20 gloves/day
for each sorter
Dust masks
1 mask/day for
each sorter
Disposable face masks
3 masks/day for
each sorter
Safety glasses/goggles
1 pair for each
sorter
Hand sanitizer
First Aid Kit
1
Subtotal
Staff Supplies
Supplied
By
Quantity
Total
Quantity
Cost/Unit
Total
Cost
Water
Other Drinks (e.g. sports
drinks)
Snacks (individually
packaged, easy to eat)
Paper Towels
Permanent Markers
Subtotal
Subtotal All Categories
Contingency
Grand Total
59
-------
Waste Sort Planning &
Preparation
60
-------
Chapter 4
A waste sort is the process of collecting random and representative samples of a
particular waste stream and manually sorting these samples into individual waste
components by material type. It is a systematic process used to identify, sort, and
analyze material types in a particular waste stream. The three phases of a waste are
planning, field work, and data analysis.
The design of your tribe's waste sort depends on many factors, including study
goals/objectives, volume of community waste generated, data needs, staff, budget,
time, and available resources and equipment. A successful waste sort begins with a
sorting plan that is based on the desired data and goals for the sort while the field
work should ensure the safety of waste sort participants. Data from a waste sort can
be statistically analyzed to understand the detailed composition of the waste stream
to help in planning how to reduce waste, set up recycling programs, and conserve
money and resources.
Learning Objectives
7. Identify need for study and its goals & objectives
2. Understand how to design the study and plan a waste
sort
61
-------
Waste Sort Process:
Phase 1 Planning
1. Identify
need for
study
2, Develop
study's goal
and
objectives
3. Study Design
4. Field Work
5. Select and
Obtain Waste
Sample
6. Sort Waste
Sample
7. Record Data
Notes:
Waste Sort Process:
Phase 1 Planning
1. Identify need for study
2. Develop study's goal
and objectives
r
3. Study Design
Identify waste stream
Material supply / collection & delivery
Sort Location
Staff, Budget, and Supplies
Sampling & Sorting Plan
Post-Sort Disposal
Health & Safety Plan
L
Other Preparations
J
Notes:
62
-------
Waste Sort Vs. Other
Assessment Types
A waste sort provides better data than
records and visual assessments by allowing
you to:
o Collect detailed information on the
quantity of waste generated
o Identify specific waste material types
o Collect reliable and accurate data that
can be used to make informed decisions
for programs and services
Notes:
Develop Goals and Objectives
What questions do you want to answer by
conducting a waste sort?
• Identify where/who is generating waste
• Identify educational and outreach
opportunities
• Identify the types of materials disposed
o Recyclables
o Food and yard waste, or other organics
o Reusable materials or objects
o Electronics and/or household hazardous waste
o C&D debris
Notes:
63
-------
Study Design
Study design is based ori data needed to
develop a statistical representation of
waste generation
• Important information to consider and plan:
o Identify waste generation sectors or
individuals to be studied
o Think about your community - where is
waste being created?
Notes:
Study Design
Elder Care / Kid's Day
Care facilities
Gas Station/
Travel Centers
Health Clinic
an
Maintenance
& Utility
Buildings
Restaurant/
Coffee Shop
Casino
89
Tribal Administration
Buildings/Offices
Residences
Schools
Notes:
64
-------
Study Design — Collecting Material
for Sorting
Important information to consider and plan:
o Outline how you will collect the waste
or have the waste delivered
• Note any activities that may impact
waste disposal, such as scavenging,
unauthorized dumping, or special events
¦ If waste will be delivered to sort area,
coordinate dates and procedures with
haulers and collection vehicles
90
Notes:
Study Design - Location
Select location to conduct the sort:
¦ Should be easy to access with equipment and
vehicles and provide level floor or ground
¦ Ideal to be shielded from weather, with
adequate ventilation
91
Notes:
65
-------
Study Design - Location
Select location to conduct the sort:
¦ Consider access to emergency healthcare
facilities and on-site bathrooms and eye wash
stations
¦ Coordinate dates and times, permissions,
logistics, protocols, and communication
procedures with facility managers for the
selected location
92
Notes:
Study Design - Staffing
Determine staffing availability for the sort
crew members:
¦ Field Manager
¦ Waste sort crew - at least 2 people (more
will make the sort go faster and allow you to
sort more materials!)
¦ Waste facility/sort location point of contact
¦ Tribal emergency contact
¦ Can you recruit volunteers from the
community or hire short-term day workers?
Notes:
66
-------
Study Design - Budget & Supplies
Develop budget availability for the sort,
considering the need to purchase for the crew:
Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE)
• High visibility vests
• Hard hats
• Protective coveralls and
sleeves
• Eye protection (glasses or
goggles)
• Ear protection (depending on
site conditions)
94
Notes:
Study Design - Budget & Supplies
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE),
continued:
• Dust masks
• Nitrile gloves (inner layer)
• Durable textile/rubber/leather gloves (outer
layer, puncture resistant)
Notes:
67
-------
Study Design - Budget & Supplies
Develop budget availability for the sort,
considering the need to purchase:
General waste sorting supplies:
• Assorted size and types of containers to collect
and move sorted materials
o 55+ gallon cans or totes
o 20-gallon bins
o 5-gallon buckets
* Labels or signs for sorting bins
Notes:
Notes:
68
-------
Study Design - Budget & Supplies
General waste sorting supplies, continued:
• Folding tables or other elevated sorting surface
• Large tarp(s)
• Large utility broom
• Assorted sizes and types of shovels - should be
metal and wood to support heavy weight
• Utility knife for opening bags
• Pickers (optional)
• Large paint sticks, or similar, to move materials
around sorting surface
98
Notes:
Study Design - Budget & Supplies
-
99
Notes:
69
-------
Notes:
Study Design - Budget & Supplies
General waste sorting supplies, continued:
• Heavy-duty portable scale, with digital display and
extra battery
c Weight capacity of at least 300 pounds
c Accuracy within 0.1 or 0.2 pounds
Notes:
70
-------
Study Design - Budget & Supplies
Develop budget availability for the sort,
considering the need to purchase:
Other miscellaneous supplies:
• Clipboards for data recording sheets
• Portable toilets (if restrooms unavailable
nearby)
• Portable eye wash station (if unavailable at
location)
• Large garbage bags
• Pens and markers
¦ Tape 102
Notes:
Study Design - Budget & Supplies
Other miscellaneous supplies, continued:
• First aid kit
• Hand sanitizer
• Anti-bacterial/sanitizing wipes & spray
• Paper towels
Notes:
71
-------
Study Design - Budget & Supplies
Other miscellaneous supplies, continued:
• Camera
¦ Folding table for water and refreshment station
(if table or other suitable surface not available)
• Water, sports drinks, and snacks
Notes:
Study Design - Plan & Protocols
The study design is largely influenced by:
o Study goals and objectives
o Staff availability
o Budget and available time, resources, and
equipment
o How much waste is generated in your
community
o How accurate you need the data to be
A larger number of samples taken over a
longer time period will produce more
accurate results
Notes:
72
-------
Study Design - Plan Standards
• The most reliable and accurate results come
from sorts done over a period of at least 5
days, with 40-50 samples of 200-300 pounds
each
• A well-trained crew of 10-14 people can sort
8-10 x 200-300 pound samples per day
• Recognize that things don't always go
according to plan!
Notes:
Study Design - Plan Standards
You may decide to modify your study to
sort all waste in a load or from a particular
generator at one time. This means that
your results will only tell you the
composition of waste at a single
snapshot or point in time and will not
provide representative results for the entire
community.
107
Notes:
73
-------
Study Design - Sampling Plan
A sampling plan should be tailored for each
study and/or facility. Consider:
o Waste generating sectors
o Waste quantities by generating sector and
hauler (if applicable)
o Target number of samples by waste
generating sector and hauler - how many
days will it take to achieve the target
number of samples?
The plan should be reviewed by facility
Notes:
Study Design - Sampling Plan
Example Sampling Plan:
by Individual Generator/Generator Type
Individual
Generator /
Generator Type
Annual
Tons of
Waste
% Share of
Total Stream
Number of
Samples by %
Share
Tribal HQ
3,500
10%
5
Health Clinic
5,000
14.3%
7
Community
Center
2,500
7.1%
4
Casino
14,000
40%
20
Residences
10,000
28.6%
14
Totals
36,000
100%
50
Notes:
74
-------
Study Design — Sampling Plan
Example Sampling Plan;
by Neighborhood or Hauler
Neighborhood
or Hauler
Annual Tons
of Waste
% Share of
Total Stream
Number of
Samples by %
Share
A
5,000
143%
7
B
8,000
22.9%
12
C
3,000
8.5%
4
D
12,000
34.3%
17
E
7,000
20%
10
Totals
35,000
100%
50
Notes:
Study Design - Sampling Plan
• Use the sampling plan as a guide to finalize
staffing needs and schedule
• Make adjustments as necessary
• Remember things may change on the day or
week of the sort - try to stay flexible!
ill
Notes:
75
-------
Study Design - Sorting Plan
• Based on the desired data and goals for the
sort, develop your material categories
• Generally, you will want at least 15 but less
than 40 categories
• Most often, 20 - 30 categories will be good
for most needs
Notes:
Study Design -
Potential Material Categories
Material
Category
No.
Material Type
Fiber
X
Old Corrugated
Cardboard (OCC)
2
Kraft Paper and Board
3
Old News Pnnt (ONP)
4
High Grade Office Paper
5
Magazines / Catalogs
6
Mixed Recyclable Paper
7
Gable Top Containers /
Aseptic Cartons
8
Non-Recyclable Paper
Glass
9
Oear Glass
10
Brown Glass
11
Green Glass
12
Non-Recyclable Glass
Material
Category
No.
Material Type
Plastic
13
#1 PET Bottles
14
#2 HDPE Bottles
(Natural)
15
#2 HDPE Bottles
(Colored)
16
#5 Polypropylene (PP)
17
#3 - #7 Mixed
18
Film and Flexible
Packaging
19
Expanded Polystyrene
Foam
20
Non-Recyclable and
Bulky Plastics
Metal
21
Ferrous Metal Containers
22
Aluminum Cans
23
Other Metals
Notes:
76
-------
Study Design -
Potential Material Categories
Material
Category
Organic*
24
Food Waste
25
Yard Waste
25
Compostable Fibers
27
Other Organic;
28
Textiles, Leather, and
Rubber
HHW
29
Househok! Hazardous
Waste
Electronics
30
All Electronics
C&D
31
Wood
32
Carpet and Padding
33
Gypsum Board
34
Asphalt Roofing
Material
No. Material Type
Category
Other
36 Bulky or Composite
Items
37 Fines and Dirt
38 Other Residue
35 All Other C&D
Notes:
Study Design — Post-Sort Disposal
Determine in advance what you will do with
the materials after sorting
o Can you recycle the sorted recyclables?
o Can you compost the food and yard waste?
o What containers will you need to collect
the materials? Depends on size of sort
o Do you need to arrange for
transportation in order to dispose, recycle,
or compost the materials after the sort?
Notes:
77
-------
Study Design - Post-Sort Disposal
Notes:
Study Design - Health & Safety Plan
• Develop a Health & Safety Plan well in
advance of the sort - safety is the most
important priority!
• Keep a copy on site during the sort
• The H&S Plan should include:
o Who is responsible for the H&S of the crew
during the sort, and what those
responsibilities are
o List of safety equipment required
o Outline of safe site procedures
o List of potential hazards
Notes:
78
-------
Study Design - Health & Safety Plan
o Safety inspection requirements
o Decontamination and cleaning protocols
o Emergency protocols, incident reporting, and
evacuation procedures
¦ Where is the nearest hospital?
¦ What will you do in the event of:
• Injury / Accident
• Spill or Splash
• Fire
• Hazardous or Infectious waste
118
Notes:
Other Preparations
Establish additional baseline information:
• Points of contact information
o Waste management decision makers and
primary staff
o Tribal Council
o Tribal Economic, Business, or Community
Development teams
• Current waste management program,
including staff, contracts, and costs
119
Notes:
79
-------
Other Preparations
• Community demographics - will this
influence your sort planning or activities?
o Tribal/nontribal populations, tourist
populations, etc.
• Community outreach about the sort activities
Notes:
Chapter 4 Review
1. A waste sort should identify the who, what, when, and
where of waste generated in your community
2. A sampling plan should be tailored for each study and/or
facility and consider waste generating sectors, waste
quantities by generating sector and/or hauler and target
number of samples
3. A sorting plan is based on the desired data and goals for
the sort and identifies the material categories that will be
sorted
4. The design of the waste sort depends on: study
goals/objectives, volume of community waste generated,
data needs, staff, budget, time, and available resources and
equipment
123
Notes:
80
-------
Chapter 4 Review
5. A larger number of samples taken over a longer time
period will produce more accurate results
6. Be sure to create a budget to purchase supplies for the
sort (ex. PPE)
7. Develop a health and safety plan in advance. The plan
should include responsibilities, equipment, site
procedures, potential hazards, safety monitoring, and
emergency procedures.
8. Determine what will happen to the waste once sorted
and analyzed
Notes:
81
-------
Waste Sort Field Work
82
-------
Chapter 5
The conditions for each waste sort are unique. Waste sort plans can change due to
facility environments, staffing and equipment availability, and weather. During field
work, the sampling plan and other aspects of the study design may need to be
modified. It is important to adjust project goals and objectives based on what is
feasible and make the most out of the available resources and circumstances.
Above all, the personnel involved in the sort should receive thorough training in order
to anticipate the steps required so that health and safety can be maintained at all
times. Protocols should be established for selecting, sorting, and weighing the waste
samples to ensure the best use of staff and time.
Learning Objectives
7. Site set-up for the waste sort
2. Personnel training for the waste sort
^ Health and safety
^ Material sorting
3. Protocols for selecting/ sorting, and weighing the
waste sample
83
-------
Phase 2 Field Work
1. Identify
need for
study
2, Develop
study's goal
and
objectives
3. Study Design
5. Select and
Obtain Waste
Sample
6. Sort Waste
Sample
7. Record Data
Notes:
Phase 2 Field Work
4. Field Work Preparation
• Establishing sort procedures and
safety protocols
¦ Training project team
• Equipment and site setup
*
5. Obtain Waste Sample
¦ Random selection
• Consistent samples
6. Sort Waste Sample
* Quality control for accurate data
¦ Weighing samples
128
-------
Assess the Field Situation
Conditions at solid waste facilities vary
• Guidelines:
¦ Do not despair if things don't go as planned
¦ Document changes in plans
« Adjust project goals and objectives based on
what is feasible
¦ Communicate change(s) to everyone involved
¦ Focus on obtaining representative data
¦ Do the best you can with the
conditions/resources available
The sampling plan and other aspects of the
study design may need to be modified
129
Notes:
Equipment Needs
• Sort table(s)
• Tarp(s)
• Containers
o 2 to 3 different sizes
• Ex: 5-gallon buckets, 18-gallon plastic totes, and
64-galfon trash carts
o Number depends on waste sort categories
o Material category labels
• Pictures are best
¦ Can write on side of container with permanent
marker
o Record tare weights (empty)
Notes:
85
-------
Equipment Needs
• Scale
o Capable of weighing at least 300 pounds
o Calibrated and accurate within 0.1 or 0.2 pounds
o Having two is ideal, one for backup
• Tools
o Shovel
o Broom
o Large paint sticks
• Facilities
o Protect work crew from the elements, ex. tent
o Hand and eye washing station
o Restrooms
131
Notes:
Training
• Important all project team members
understand:
o Individual roles and responsibilities
o Goals and objectives of the study
o Health, safety, and emergency requirements
and reporting
• Lead field manager must train team:
o Obtaining waste samples
o Sorting techniques
o Identifying material groups and categories
o Handling dangerous materials
133
Notes:
86
-------
Health and Safety
Priority #1!
• Be aware of hazards:
o Truck/vehicle traffic
o Waste materials
o Weather conditions
o Hostile people/animals
134
Notes:
Health and Safety
• Personal protective equipment (PPE):
o Steel-toed shoes or boots
o Safety glasses
o High visibility vests
o Gloves, a pair of each:
• Nitrile/rubber (inside)
• Puncture resistant (outside)
o Dust masks
o Protective coveralls and sleeves
q Ear protection
o Hard hat
• Other:
o Hand cleaner/sanitizer
o Drinking water, snacks
135
Notes:
87
-------
Selecting Waste Samples
• Safety is most important!
o Working near heavy equipment and
trucks
• Use sampling plan as a guide
• Communicate with facility staff
• Randomly select trucks
o Confirm waste origin/source
o Avoid sampling mixed wastes, if possible
Notes:
Selecting Waste Samples
• Direct truck diver to offload waste near
disposal area
o Safety is most important
o Full access to visually inspect waste load
o Note unusual characteristics
o Use a tarp to cover offload site
• Obtain sample
o Identify location of waste pile to obtain sample
o Hand tools (shovel, scoop)
o Equipment (loader, other heavy machinery, if applicable)
o Place waste in containers
o Weigh sample presort, if possible/applicable
Notes:
88
-------
Waste Sorting
• Load sample on sort table
• Tear open bags containing waste
• Place individual materials in separate
containers
• Separate composite items to extent
possible
o i.e. remove food scraps from containers
o Take apart materials that are stuck
together
Notes:
Quality Control During Sorting
• Materials can be
deceiving and
recycling symbols
can be hard to find
• Always ask your
waste sort Lead
Field Manager if
you are unsure or
need help
142
Notes:
89
-------
Quality Control After Sorting
Notes:
Weighing Sorted Materials
• Use appropriate capacity scales
• Weigh all containers:
o With sorted materials, even if a small
amount
o Empty weight of material containers
should also be recorded
• Record weights on data sheet
o 0.1- or 0.2-pound increments should
be sufficient in most cases
o Include notes for any unusual items
o Write neatly!
Notes:
90
-------
Weighing Sorted Materials
• Multi-person effort
o Task designation will increase efficiency, e.g.,
assign one person to oversee recording material
weights for the duration of waste sort
145
Notes:
Data Recording
• Very important! Treat data like gold!
• Separate data sheet for each sample
• Record detail of waste sample:
o Date/time sample obtained
o Hauler name/truck number
o Waste generating sector
o Location where waste was collected
o Weather conditions
o Segment of waste pile where sample is
collected
• Material weights are recorded on sample
data sheet 146
Notes:
91
-------
Review Completed Data Sheets
- ¦
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Notes:
Chapter 5 Review
1.
All personnel involved in the sort should be
trained to anticipate the steps required, so
that health and safety can be maintained.
2.
Protocols should be established for selecting,
sorting, and weighing the waste samples to
ensure the best use of staff and time.
3.
Ensure all necessary equipment is available or
plan to bring it to the sort location.
4.
Record the sample information in a logical
format for easy Interpretation using pre-
formatted data sheets.
150
Notes:
92
-------
Chapter 5 Supplemental Materials
EPA Guide to Conducting a Waste Sort
Beginning the Waste Sort
1. Assemble the waste sample to be sorted, using either one day's
worth of waste or an otherwise representative sample of waste
from your organization.
2. Obtain containers for holding the sorted wastes and a scale for
weighing the samples. The size of the containers depends on the
amount of waste to be sorted. Office wastebaskets might work well
for small sorts. For lager sorts, 30- to 50-gallon plastic containers,
garbage cans, or large corrugated cardboard boxes will be
needed.
3. Weigh the empty containers that the sorted wastes will be placed
into and record these weights on a label on each container.
4. Sort the waste sample by major component (paper, plastics, glass,
metal, compostable organics, other),
5. Further sort each major waste component into more specific
component subcategories (e.g., glass into clear, green, and; or
paper into high grade, newspaper, and magazines).
6. Place the sorted materials into separate labeled containers.
Calculations
Weigh each filled waste container and subtract the weight of the
container to obtain the net component weight. Use the worksheet to
record the findings of your waste sort by filling in the white spaces only.
All other colored spaces will be automatically populated.
93
-------
Waste Sort Material Category Weigh-Out Worksheet Example
This is an example of a waste sort material category weigh-out worksheet. This list can be modified
and simplified, e.g., by combining multiple paper types or plastic types, to meet inividual waste sort
needs and objectives. Material types may also be added as needed for your community's waste stream.
Material Composition
Week: Sample Number: Residential Material Sample Location:
Day: Commercial
Time: Vehicle Number: C&D
Number of Staff: Weather Conditions:
Category
Material
Bin Weight
Bucket
Weight
Tote Weight
No Tare
Weight
Tare (Weight of empty container):
Paper
Old Corrugated Cardboard (OCC)
Old Newsprint (ONP)
Office Paper/Magazines
Gable Top/Aseptic Containers
Other Mixed Recyclable Paper/Kraft
Non-recyclable Paper Products
Plastic
PET Bottles (#1)
PET Containers/Packaging (#1)
HDPE Color (#2)
HDPE Natural (#2)
Mixed Bottles/Containers (#3-#7)
EPS Foam (#6)
Film & Flexible Packaging
Mixed Rigid Bulky
Non-Recyclable Rigid Plastic
Glass
Recyclable Glass
Non-Recyclable Glass
Metals
Ferrous Metal Containers
Aluminum Cans (UBC)
Other Metals
Organics
Food/Putrescible Waste
Compostable Fibers (Napkins, Etc.)
Other Organics
Textiles
Re-Usable Textiles
Non-recyclable Textiles
Leather & Rubber
94
-------
Haz. Waste
Household Hazardous Waste
Electronics
All Electronics
C&D
Wood
Other C&D
Other
Fines
Diapers
Other Bulky or Composite Items
Waste Sort Material Category Weigh-Out Worksheet Example prepared by Gershman, Brickner & Bratton,
Inc. on behalf of United States Environmental Protection Agency.
95
-------
Waste Sort Data Management
96
-------
Chapter 6
Data record keeping includes good habits both during and after the waste sort. It is
important during the sort to take notes about atypical circumstances that could impact
data results, such as weather conditions that could possibly create wet and heavy
waste, large or bulky items, or unusual materials. Raw data sheets should be legible,
complete, and digitally copied, such as by taking a cell phone picture, to ensure data
preservation. After the sort, data gathered will be used to determine the percentage
of each material category within the stream for each sample, generating sector or
source, and for an overall average.
Learning Objectives
7. Understand the importance of data record keeping
2. How to input, review, and analyze waste sort data
3. Basic statistical analysis of data
97
-------
Waste Sort Process:
Phase 3 - Data Recording & Analysis
1. Identify
need for
study
2, Develop
study's goal
and
objectives
4. Field Work
5. Select and
Obtain Waste
Sample
8. Analyze Data
3. Study Design
6. Sort Waste
Sample
Notes:
Waste Sort Process:
Phase 3 - Data Recording & Analysis
7. Record Data
Review data sheets
Save and backup data
8. Analyze Data
Composition
Statistical analysis
9. Data Use
Program opportunities
Recycling contamination
Waste stream suitability for specific
waste processing technoiogies
We will
i explore this
iri more detail
on Day 2
156
Notes:
98
-------
Recording the Data
1.
During the Sort: Review raw data forms
* After sorting each sample
• Take good notes
• Identify missing information
2.
After the Sort: Transfer raw data to a computer
• Use spreadsheet software
• Weigh-out sheet should be used as a template for
spreadsheet
• Transfer all data, including notes
3,
After Data Entry: Calculate materials' weights
• Subtract container tare weight
4.
Keep data safe and organized!
157
Notes:
Recording the Data
Sample data entry spreadsheet setup
CartMinar Waight
Boek*t Waqgta
Tpt« W«ight
2.51
2.16
12.2
Tout
Waight fissooa
Day!
Day
Sort
1
%
Cumulative Sort
I
Category
*C HB Ht
B*n Buck*! Tat* No Tare
Total
Nata*
Old1 Corrugated Cardboard
1 rib" IOCC)
2 Old News.print |ONP)
1 Office Pi»per/Maga*iiMrt
0 Q
n o a
o a
9.2
7.8
0.0
2.8
4 bable Top/As«ptlc Containers
Oth«»r Mtxpd Rpcyrlshk'
I'aper/Kraft
6 Nan racyrlahle Papor Products
i o a
d a
d a
3.6
14.4
15.0
0.1
9.4
10.0
7 Pl**tfc P£T flronles <#1J
B PFT C nnt.i inprs/P»rk»fli'^ 1)
} o a
1 0 0
11-4
J.0
64
0.5
9 HOPE Color
10 HDPF Natural |»7|
i a a
10 0
5.0
1.0
7,5
0.5
158
Notes:
99
-------
Recording the Data
Sample data entry spreadsheet setup
17 Non-Recyclable Glass
0 1 0
5.0
5.0
18 Metals Ferrous Metal Containers
2 0 0
16.8
11.8
19 Aluminum Cans (UBC)
2 0 0
8.8
3.8
20 Other Metals
0 0
9.0
9.0
21 Organics food/Putrescible Waste
i 0 0
83.0
73.0
Compost a Die fibers (Paper Towels,
22 Etc.)
23 Other Organics
BOO
3 1 0
46.0
33.6 8.6
38.5
34.7
24 Textiles Re-UsaWe Textiles
25 Noivrecycla We Textiles
2 0 D
0 0
2S.0
17.4
20.0
17.4
26 Leather & Rubber
1 0 0
6.2
3.7
27 HHW Household Hazardous Waste
0 0 0
0.0
28 Electronic* All Electronics
0 0
20.2
20.2
29 C&D Wood
0 0
7.8 6.2
14.0
30 Other C&D
1 0
5.8 5.4
8.7
31 Other Fines
7 0 0
62.4
57.4
32 Diaper*
0 3 0
33.4
33.4
33 Other Bulky or Composite Items
3 0 0
37.4
299
Toul 477.99
159
Notes:
Analyzing the Data
• Determine the percentage of each
material category within the stream -
called a waste composition profile
o Each sample
o Each generating sector or source
o Overall average
• The total must equal 100%
160
Notes:
100
-------
Sample Composition Profile Pie Chart
Metal Containers*
6J0%
Newspaper
L224
Mixed fibers*
3.5%
Muted Pliitits*
iji%
Other Metals®
0,8%
(II1 PlasVc Bottles are *1 PET and #2 Cdor and Natural HOPE conta-ners with disceroable necks
<2| Mewl Containers are Ferret* cans and UK Aluminum Can«
J:i| Mixed Ffflcrs -neliidp Office Paper and Magajinos Kraft Paper, crhor Rccydnfalo Paper and Gablo Tap Contain on
Mined Plastics include *1 PET (Danishes*. W3-ff7 Mi*ed Plastics, And E-ulkv Rigid Plastics
Other Metal! is a mu of Pe, AJ and other metals that are rw* containers
|&| Ftnw generally included or greater glass
Notes:
Analyzing the Data
• A basic understanding of statistical
analysis is important in fully
understanding the data collected
o Variance: measures the spread of the
data
• A low variance means that the numbers
tend to be very close to the average and
to each other indicating a representative
data set
¦ A high variance means that the numbers
tend to be spread out from the average
and from each other potentially identifying
an outlier data point
162
Notes:
101
-------
Analyzing the Data
o Standard deviation: a measure of the
amount of variation (the deviation) of a set
of values - similar to variance
- A low standard deviation means that all the
values in your set tends to be close the
average value of the set
¦ A high standard deviation means that the
values in your set tend to be spread out over
a wider range
¦ Advantage: The unit of measure of the
standard deviation is the same as the data
set
163
Notes:
Analyzing the Data
o Skewness: a measure of how uniform the
distribution of the set of values is around
its mean (the average value of the set)
- A positive or negative skew to your data can
be another indication of how consistent the
material compositions are from one sample
to the next
161
Notes:
102
-------
10
9
8
7
G
5
4
3
7
1
0
Skewness Example
Distribution of Sample Material
5
I
3
I ¦ -
(0.0%, 0.5%| (0.5*1.0*1 41.0%. 1.396) (1.5*, 2.0*1 12.0%, 2.5*1 (2.5%, 3.0*1 13.0%, 3.5*1 (3.5*, 4.0*1
Range of Mate rial Percentage In Sample
165
Analyzing the Data
o Confidence Interval: a range of values
that is likely to include the average value
of the set
- Aim for at least a 90% confidence
interval in your data - meaning that 9 out
of 10 times you perform the sort, the mean
will land within your error range (defined
by what is known as the upper and lower
confidence interval)
166
103
-------
Analyzing the Data
o Error Range or Error Bars: a line or graphic
shown in a chart or graph that represents how
variable your data
- Indicates the uncertainty, or "error," in the
data reported
¦ Gives a general idea of how precise your
data is
167
Notes:
Sample Composition Profile Bar Chart
10.0%
2
& 7-0*
V
[7~~7] - Big 4 Recyclables
re
^ 5 0*
[ [ - Residue
,u 4.0% 1
2 3.«
01 _
r+n tl 113 ph mm m
i i.o%
J*
* s
J" j? J" + 4? ** &
/ /// '///
s /
Waste Material
168
Notes:
104
-------
Analyzing the Data
Getting help:
o Statistical analysis not your strong suit?
Make a friend!
o The internet can also be your friend - many
tutorial articles and videos exist online
o Most updated software programs include in-
application help, as well as smart formulas
that can guide you
Notes:
Chapter 6 Review
1. Data record keeping includes good habits both
during the sort and after the sort.
2. During the sort be sure to review raw data forms,
take good notes, and identify any missing
information
3. After the sort, transfer raw data along with any
notes to a computer using spreadsheet software
4. Have your statistical analysis done by someone
who is experienced and can help you interpret
your results
170
Notes:
105
-------
Utilizing Waste Sort Results
106
-------
Chapter 7
The data from a waste sort will reveal important details about the materials that are
in your tribe's waste stream. The data from a waste stream can be used for many
purposes, including assessing the suitability of the waste stream for specific waste
diversion and processing methods or technologies, building or improving programs
and services, addressing recycling contamination, and developing long-term planning
strategies. The data gained from a waste sort can also be used in grant applications
to demonstrate a deeper understanding of your tribe's waste stream and present a
data-driven need for program assistance.
Learning Objectives
Understand how to put the data you have gathered to
work! Use it to understand:
7. Types of materials disposed
2. Quantities of materials disposed
3. Waste stream suitability for specific waste
diversion and processing methods or technologies
4. How to build or improve programs and services
5. Recycling contamination
6. Long-term planning strategies — incorporating
Into an Integrated Waste Management Plan or
grant application
107
-------
Data Use
• Data = knowledge!
• Use your waste sort to establish a baseline
for your community and inform:
o Program development
o Diversion method selection
o Infrastructure investment
o Facility/program sizing
o Determine need for future waste sorts
185
Notes:
Sample Top 10 Materials Bar Chart
Average % - Top 10 Materials
I 1 - Big 4 Recydables
| - Other Recydables
) - Residue
f|[i[Tlfirinn.ii
s Jf ? s s
/ / / / / / / / /
/ v
* /
186
Notes:
108
-------
Sample Top 10 Materials by Generator
50. CJX>
45.054
40.056
35.0X
3
lb.0%
10, OX
5.0%
O.OW
udlJ
I Container 1 O Container 2
~ Container 3 Q Container 4
¦ Container 5 ~ Container 6
(tftn Jtfln IWiTin ihkfl JL
s/
&
j'
s / / / /
p Jr v
-------
Example: Choctaw Nation
of Oklahoma
• Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma (CNO)
Headquartered in Durant, Oklahoma, with
land across 10.5 counties
• Conducted an MSW waste sort over
approximately 6 weeks in early 2019
o 4 cities/towns
¦ Atoka
¦ Calera
¦ Durant
¦ McAlester
Notes:
Example: Choctaw Nation
of Oklahoma
o 6 different generator types in Durant
¦ Residential
¦ Commercial
¦ Casino (2)
¦ Headquarters Building
¦ Events Center
• Crew of 2-4 personnel sorted 26,689
pounds of materials into 25 categories
Notes:
110
-------
Example: Choctaw Nation
of Oklahoma
• Results of the waste sort were used to
understand:
o The dollar value of recyclable
materials that were being disposed
o Whether the material composition profile
was appropriate for:
o Anaerobic Digestion / Composting
(quantity of organic material)
o Production of Solid Fuel (energy value
calculation of waste)
o Combustion with Energy Recovery
(energy value calculation of waste)
191
Notes:
Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma
2019 Waste Composition Profile
Material
Composition
Material
Composition
Category
Material Type
Percentage
Category
Material Type
Percentage
OCC
12.4%
Organics
Food
25.5%
Fiber
Other Paper
4.2%
Leaves & Brush
1.9%
Shredded paper,
0.3%
Textiles
Textiles
3.4%
PET (1)
3-8%
HHW
Batteries
0.0%
HOPE (2) natural
0.6?d
Printer Cartridges
0.0%
Plastic
HDPE (2) colored
0.6%
Electronics
All Electronics
0.7%
PP(5f
0.6%
C&D
1.0%
Mixed Plastic 17) & other
1.9%
Other
Styrofoam
0.9%
Bagi & Him
4.4%
Other
0.0%
Glass
Colored Glasi
2.4%
Residue
Residue
30.2%
Clear Glass
1.6%
Non Ferrous (tin}.
1.2%
Total:\ 100.0%)
Metals
Nort Ferrous (aluminum)
1.7%
Non-Ferrous (other)
0.2%
Ferrous
0.5%
192
Notes:
111
-------
Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma
2019 Waste Composition Profile
Electronics
0.67%
HHW
0.05%
¦ Residue ¦ Qigdnits fibet • Plastic Glass Metals ¦ textiles ¦ Other ¦ ttecti emits ¦ HHW
193
Notes:
CNO 2019 Waste Diversion Analysis
1 Material
Competition
Currently
% Currently
Could be
1% Could be
| Could be
% Could be
| Category
Material Type
Percentage
Recycled
Recycled
Recycled
!
i
Compostedj
Composted
OCC
12.4%
Y
12.42%
Y
12.42%
N
0.00%
Fiber
Other Paper
4.2%
Y
4.17%
Y
4.17%
N
0.00%
Shredded paper
0.5%
Y
0.28%
Y
0.28%
M
0.00%
FETil)
3.8%
Y
3.81%
Y
3.81%
N
0.00%
HOPE (2) natural
0,6%
Y
0.56%
Y
0.56%
N
0,00%
Plastic
HOPE (2) colored
0.6%
Y
0.59%
Y
0 59%
M
0.00%
pp(V
0.6%
Y
0.61%
Y
0-63%
N
0.00%
Mixed Piastit (7) & othei
1J*%
N
0.00%
Y
1.88%
N
0.00%
P Bags & Flint
4.4%
Y
4.38%
Y
4.38%
N
0.00%
Glass
Colored Gloss
2.4%
N
0.00%
Y
2.38%
IM
0.00%
Clear Glass
1.6%
N
0.00%
Y
1.57%
N
0.00%
Non-ferrous (tin)
1.2%
Y
1.22%
Y
1.22%
N
0.00%
Metals
Non-ferrous (aluminum)
1.7%
Y
1.75%
Y
1.75%
N
0.00%
Non-Ferrous (other)
0,2%
N
0.00%
Y
0.16%
N
0.00%
Ferrous
0,5%
N
0.00%
Y
0 54%
N
0,00%
Organics
Food
25.5%
N
0.00%
N
0 00%
V
25.49%
team & Brush
1.9%
N
0.00%
N
0 00%
y
1.91%
Textiles
: itotiaiw
3.4%
N
0.00%
Y
3.40% '
M
0.00%
HHW
Batteries
0.0%*
N
0.00%
N
0.00% '
N
0.00%
Printer Cartridges
0.0%
Y
0.03%
Y
0.03%
N
0.00%
Electronics
All Electronics
0.7%
N
0.00%
N
0.00%
N
0.00%
C&D
i.0%
N
0.00%
N
0.00%
N
0.00%
Other
Styrofoam
0.9%
Y
0.88%
N
0.00%
Y
0.88%
Other
0.0%
N
0.00%
Y
0.03%
N
0.00%.
Residue
Residue
30,2%
N
0.00%
N
0.00%
N
0,00%
roKrfj ITO.wj I 30.7*1 I 39.8»i I ZB.39tji)4
Notes:
112
-------
Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma
2019 Waste Diversion Analysis
2019 Waste & Recycling Methods Potential Waste Diversion Opportunities
• Currently Recycled "Currently Landf tiled ¦ Recyclable • Corn post able ¦ landfill
Notes:
Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma
2019 Value of Recycling in Waste
Recycling Market
1
Value of
Material
Composition Value per Ton (as
Recyclable; per
Category
Material Type
Percentage of Q1 2019)
Ton of Waste
Fiber
OCC
12.42% S 88.00
S 10.93
Other Paper
4.17% S 21.00
$ 0.88
Shredded paper
0.28% $ 205.00
5 0.59
Plastic
3.81%, S 100.00
S 11.44
HOPE (2) naturct
0,56% S 485.00
$ 2.71
HOPE (2) colored
0.59% $ 105,00
$ 1.79
PP(S}
0.63% $ 240.00
$ 1,52
Bogs & Film
4,38% $ 10 00
$ 0,44
Metals
Non-Ferrous (tin,
1,22% $ 174.00
$ 2,13
Non-Ferrous (aluminum,
1.75% $ 1,267.00
5 2217
HHW
0.03% $
$
Other [
0.88% $ 100.00
$ 0.88
Totalj 30.74'Kj I S 55.49 I
Notes:
113
-------
Data Use
Track progress of programs and services
over time by comparing results across
multiple years
• Note that it is important to maintain
consistent processes, strategies, and
material categories each time you
conduct a sort in order for the data from
one sort to be comparable to another
197
Notes:
Sample Data Comparison Chart
Over Multiple Years
1017
ion
MOS
1998
Food Waste'
Food Waste
Food Waste
Food Waste
ao 0%
133H
io.6%
10.7%
Plastic Film"
OCC & Kraft Paper
OCC S Kraft Paper
Non-Rec. Paper1
8.7H
9.0%
85%
10.3%
Compostable Paper
Plastic Film'
Mixed Rec. Paper
OCC S Kraft Paper
7,CM
6,7%
7.0%
8.5%
Mixed Ret Paper
Compostable Paper
Plastic Film*
Other Plastic Products
6.1%
6.1%
6.6%
7S*
OCC & Kraft Paper"
Untreated Wood
Compostable Paper
Mixed Rec. Paper
4.6%
5.4%
6.5%
5 4%
TOTAL PROPORTION OFTOP 5 MATERIALS
<,7.0*6
40.5%
J9-i%
M
-------
Data Use Review
• Understanding your waste stream is the
backbone of a good Waste Management
Plan
• The data gained from a waste sort can also be
used in grant applications, to demonstrate that
you have done your homework in
understanding your waste stream and how
receiving the grant will help you accomplish
your goals
199
Notes:
Chapter 7 Review
1. Fundamentally, the data from a waste sort
tells you how much and what types of
materials are in your waste stream.
2. The data from a waste stream can be used for
many additional purposes, including:
a. Assessing the suitability of the waste stream
suitability for specific waste diversion and
processing methods or technologies
b. Building or improve programs and services
c. Addressing recycling contamination
d. Developing long-term planning strategies -
incorporating into an Integrated Waste
Management Plan or grant application
Notes:
115
-------
Opportunities for Collaboration
116
-------
Chapter 8
Waste assessments can be used as a platform to collaborate and communicate with
partners and individuals within your community. The waste assessment process can
become a springboard to build relationships and strengthen connections with key
decision makers that impact solid waste programming. Taking ownership of the waste
generated in your community can create jobs, save money, and gain revenue while
improving the health of your community and the environment.
Learning Objectives
7. Understand how waste and recycling span multiple
industries
2. Understand the value of taking ownership over your
waste stream and creating additional relationship
connections within your Tribe
3. Understand the importance of partnerships
4. Identify potential collaboration opportunities within
the Tribe
5. Considerations for other partnerships
117
-------
Opportunities for Collaboration
Who manages waste in your community?
• Waste sorts can be a great pfatform to encourage
multiple departments to collaborate and take an
interest in how waste is managed in your
community.
• Consider involving the following departments in
planning and communicate results; healthcare,
utilities, water departments, local businesses, and
schools
~ This process can become a springboard to build
relationships and strengthen connections with key
decision makers.
• Make sure to brief tribal leadership of all phases of
the waste sort, especially findings!
Opportunities for Collaboration
Notes:
Residences
Tribal Administration
Building 5/Offices
Maintenance
& Utility
Bu'ildsngs
Gas Station/
Travel Centers
Restaurant)'
Coffee Shop
Elder Csre / Kid's Dsy
Care facilities
Casino
Health Clinic
Notes:
118
-------
Opportunities for Collaboration
Potential Local Partnerships:
Local partnerships can be powerful in terms of
economic/community development & achieving
measurable results:
o Schools/colleges/universities
¦ Education & vocational training
o Agricultural & local food producers
¦ Can provide both a waste source and an end
market for compost and other products
Notes:
Opportunities for Collaboration
Other potential local partnerships:
o Local utilities (energy, electricity, and waste)
o Other tribes & tribal entities
o City and county governments and their
facilities and/or private contractors
o Popular public places or commercial entities
¦ Can provide convenient drop-off locations
Notes:
119
-------
Opportunities for Collaboration
Potential Federal Partnerships:
• EPA
• IHS
• BIA
• USD A
• HUD
• Mentoring with other tribes
• Pollution Prevention Institutes
Notes:
Opportunities for Collaboration
EPA Peer Matching Program:
• Goal is to strengthen tribal
capacity and develop
sustainable waste
management programs
• Open to all tribes and Alaska
Native Villages
• Match with tribes and Alaska
Native Villages who are
working on similar issues to
exchange experiences and
practical knowledge
Notes:
120
NATIONAL
TRIBAL
WASTE MANAGEMENT
PEER MATCHING
PROGRAM
-------
Opportunities for Collaboration
Tribal Waste Management Technical Assistance Directory:
Provides information on both national and regional-specific
assistance available to tribes.
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Chapter 8 Review
Potential partners include:
• Local tribal offices, departments, and schools
« Other tribes
• Federal partners
• Waste and recycling industries
Notes:
122
-------
Funding & Assistance Resources
123
-------
Chapter 9
A resilient solid waste project or program will be self-sustainable, using revenues or
fees to cover operating costs. Many resources exist for tribes to secure external
funding or technical assistance to start or expand a solid waste program or project.
Resources can be generally classified as private, such as debt or equity, or public,
including grants, loans, and tax credits.
Learning Objectives
7. How to leverage funding and assistance resources
2. Understanding of different types of funding assistance
and resources
3. How to search for funding assistance and resources
4. Examples of current funding opportunities
124
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Funding & Assistance Resources
Leveraging Funding & Assistance Resources
• Over the long-term, a successful project or program will be self-
sustainable, using revenues or fees to cover costs
• To get a project or program started, many resources exist for
Tribes to secure outside funding or technical assistance
• Resources can be generally classified as:
o Private
o Public
Notes:
Funding & Assistance Resources
Potential Funding & Assistance Sources for a
Tribal Project Could Include:
• Public Sources
o Grants (Federal, State)
o Loans and loan guarantees (Federal, State)
o Tax credits (Federal)
o Technical support (Federal)
o Other incentives & support (Federal, State,
Private/Non-profit)
~ Sources may be "Direct" (funding/assistance
provided directly to Tribe) or "Indirect" (funding/
assistance provided to another entity but ultimately
benefits the Tribe)
Notes:
125
-------
Searching for Funding & Assistance
Resources
• Internal funding opportunities
• Online searches
• Grants.gov!
• Regional EPA Representative
• Inquire with other Tribes
Notes:
Funding & Assistance Resource
Partner Organization Considerations
Financial benefits & incentives available for a
business entity on tribal land may include:
o Historically Under-Utilized Business Zone (HUBZone)
o Immigrant Investor/EB-5 Visas Program
o Tribal Economic Development Bonds
o Federal and State Tax Exemptions (can include
income and property tax)
o Federal Tax Credits in Opportunity Zones
o Accelerated Depreciation (twice the normal rate
when the item/facility is on tribal land)
o Federal Government Contracting Preferences
Notes:
126
-------
Funding & Assistance Resources
Direct Federal Funding - Grant Opportunities:
• Indian Environmental General Assistance
Program fGAP)
o Funded by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
o Awards range from $75,000 to $400,000
o Provides grant funding for tribal government
capacity and participation in administering
environmental regulatory programs, including
tribal solid and hazardous waste program
development and implementation
o May include technical assistance
o Website: https://www.epa,qov/qrants/multipurpose-
qrants-states-and-tribes
Notes:
Funding & Assistance Resources
AfV-S'" f
GuMi-hiwik fiir Etiiililin|> Tribal
EltiniDKilal Program Capacity
May 15.2013
E: BulJtliua Solid WaMi. Vsr.li-, h jhI E mIim gi nil*:! Storxfr Tanic
tapjflrlts
fc.l HF.Ce NdlrtTA«ti". lUniduiH Wjhbk t MGtrgfnuuifl Simajj Ttali TVnjjram'
il'Ai? feniu; Jftacd id tnk'-L vafel xai .uruiWJ'. ir«ft cio/rii:- in >ui:iK iz Ijji rjvrl.
.ur:>i fircvajcifcPA " ili) iIk anbMityw fuA Uaiaisr dcHibpJscn! offtrtgnml
Hpfti/f <*t *r4MK? 'f ippfec»b£c pratioiyH M' In: irilufnp Sk Xe&d Wavx Clupev£ As:)"
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• j MkbbmAw "•
Notes:
127
-------
Funding & Assistance Resources
Solid Waste Capacity building under GAP:
• Development of ISWMP
• Development of staffing plan
¦ RCRA arid other SW trainings for environmental
staff
¦ Waste characterization assessment
¦ Development of Solid waste facility/feasibility
plan
• Development of waste management/ UST laws,
codes & regulations
• Development of enforcement plan
Notes:
Funding & Assistance Resources
Direct Federal Funding - Grant Opportunities:
¦ Environmental Education Grants Program
o Funded by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
o Awards vary
o Provides funding for environmental education
projects that promote environmental awareness
and stewardship and help provide people with the
skills to take actions that protect the environment
a Requires a 25% match and that 25% of EPA
funding be used to fund sub-awardees
o Website:
h ttps: //www, eoa .aov/e n vi ron im enta II ustice/e rrviron men
tal-iustice-smali-arants-prooram
Notes:
128
-------
Funding & Assistance Resources
Direct Federal Funding - Grant Opportunities:
• Environmental Justice Small Grants Program
o Funded by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
o Funds projects up to $30,000
o Provides funding that supports and empowers
communities working on solutions to local
environmental and public health issues
o Projects can fall into several categories, including
Clean Air, Clean Water, and Solid Waste Disposal
o Website:
https i //www.e pa .oov/e n viron menta li ustice/en viron men
ta I - justice- sm al I - a ra nts- proora m
Notes:
Funding & Assistance Resources
Direct Federal Funding - Grant Opportunities:
• Multipurpose Grant (MPG) Program for States
and Tribes
o Funded by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
o Awards vary
o Provides flexible, multipurpose funding for high-
priority activities to complement activities funded
under established environmental statutes
o Eligibility may vary depending on Tribes that have
been delegated federal regulatory authority or are
approved to operate certain regulatory programs
o Website: https: //www, eoa .aov/q ra nts/ muiti purpose-
qrants-states-and-tribes
Notes:
129
-------
Funding & Assistance Resources
Other Assistance - Misc. Federal Programs:
* The Office of Land and Emergency
Management COLEM) Grants and Funding
o As part of the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, OLEM administers a variety of grant
programs that may vary from year to year
o Grant categories typically include those related
to brownfields, workforce training, hazardous
waste management, and other waste
management capacity building
o Some grants are specific to Tribes
o Website: https;//www.epa.aoy/orants/office-land-
and-emerQencv-manaaement-Qrants-and-fundina
Notes:
130
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Pala Band of Mission Indians'
Waste Sort
131
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Chapter 10
Heidi Brow has been the Water Resource Specialist for
the Pala Band of Mission Indians (San Diego, CA) since
2005. She oversees the tribe's water resource program,
including water quality monitoring and drinking water
programs, grant management, developing water-
related reports for the tribe, conducting regular
outreach to both the tribal community and watershed-
wide outreach, working on tribal youth science
programing, and a variety of different water-
conservation implementation programs. Additionally,
she has worked on several of the tribe's climate change efforts, including reports,
planning, and outreach with the Climate Science Alliance. She has also served as a
board member (Secretary/Treasurer) for the San Luis Rey Watershed Council since
2009. She currently oversees most of their reporting, social media/website and
general outreach, and helps with their grant management.
Alexis Wallick has been the Assistant Tribal Historic
Preservation Officer (THPO) for the Pala Band of
Mission Indians (San Diego, Ca) since 2009. She
attends to the daily operation of the THPO program
by responding to requests for cultural consultations and
staying up to date on projects that are important to
Pala. In 2017, she began managing the tribe's
hazardous waste grant and implementing a curbside
household hazardous waste collection program. She
also acts as an environmental technician by helping out
the other environmental programs when needed. Additionally, she regularly conducts
outreach to the tribal community on a myriad of different environmental programs.
132
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Pala Band of Mission Indians / Pala Environmental Department
~ Waste Assessment Case Study
Notes:
Timeline: Pala's Solid Waste Program
Mstfre Decision
iiW .3p
-------
Notes:
Design Overview: Waste Audit #1 [2011]
What questions did we ask / want answered?
Only 1 question was askect,.,,.
What's in our trash?
Gathering baseline data.
.torrt/JrtCiugr! JfffQfifl Trusts ptartfr a?ifi? r^vivoaiao
Secondary
¦
1c«K
CaTOW
CAW 1
Cwkm/
WWtnlrf/
C^rier
Huuict***
fcK,:u&«K H&jiiCw.
wax
Sorting fobte
L-W.VMCS
WHiTC
GCO y$
Notes:
134
-------
Our experiences / lessons learned j mistakes
Things to consider
Wurthtf camif^oai
• How yao'l) pfck up/,sort matorfois
• Safer? concern
this w£?s 2^% of our weekly
residential w/osfe
/«4irarmxi-..
too much to fjo through!
Mfefahing ohr mciersits
Notes:
Notes:
135
-------
Interesting Fmds.„.ors0mefw/i£ like that
Unopcfsed toyyaod ckctrcoU: coutpmcrt
IfnOjHfAfri ^lu<«ns, l*.-i MIM t*>l|li»V «l*i S«Xl«< bcrfthiS
A lc< on' jjood cloths ai*d ihocs. that ooulrf have been donated
A(J«xj<1 amount of tfaxronic-watt*
A few crfl pbcnies
(MC& itf
Unopened nUtifciooaJ sypsteTnen*;.
A. bufrch t># staffed <-iiirn.it-.;
Did rwl • ind much alummuip
Qt&fl 2 bit of MTipCitnilkf food A& ! t u
Notes:
Design Overview:
Waste Audit #2 [2018]
• What questions did we ask / want answered?
Goals for thg Waste Assessment
* Quantify amount of e dai'^tcd tx?. ctes fo/rt&ut£
Notes:
136
-------
s
Notes:
SdfriYa? our irnir-w&xU Uff th rfc* tioiA
Things to consider:
* Wof pccpic - nci ahtv/i better
* Get through rpon- materia*
• iejs flc-cwirtc'
* WtATtf&RI NUT fiV SUMMitLt
* Oossrovr Trwnine - prm/com
Notes:
1
37
-------
Notes:
\y to) J|>,
'-J <>'¦;<
2- Analyzing the Data
Pi!
\.J
' J'
f*--: ^T' /
Hr* l'"'
Excel & Charts!
DATA HOLES: Always consider what you might have
left out & what you can change for next time
s® J
{gsg^yly
L*'
I' — ^ ^
^5* ^
WM
Notes:
138
-------
Data
Sheets -
Tracking
c:
2011 Waste Audit Findings
Standard Operating Plan
Planning, Conducting & Analyzing
Waste Characterization Audita
Uiwriik
Uilirtih & CiUilnr Hn|bi
1 roitir-vl . ISO
1 IN V, M|hl
<«»>
'.jViilaii-i llxtrral tt«i£kt
(fc)
1
42.2
25.5
it i
IrtW* f'CfST
VJ.l'
jr. J
404
15.5.
KJ
»-1 Pvff'
27,4
UP
H.i
i
1
2
IK.1
Grthiari
J2.I
55.5
U f
f«rAW/V
l|
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fc?*i
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»:
J.J
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»,7
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SOS
5.5
55. j
Cinihu^
43,4
ii
2JJ
13 I
firM
\i
if
91
Mi
15.5
14.3
(MNM
js
if J-
tt.i
toritaMfiUMkl
IW.J
Notes:
Scrap Metal
2.3%
Green
Waste 2.3%
Food
Waste 1,8%
Plastics 3.5%
Cardboard 7%
Mixed Paper
4.6%
E-waste
1.7%
LandMfed 61.*) [Tom/yew]
Currently Diverted 325.84 [toeH/yeM]
Additional Potentially Diverted 13f.>J pom/yew]
Tfftel frowtM laity C'fyfflfril 143,17 [Icoij'ycw]
2011 Waste Audit Findings
27% of sorted waste was
RECYCLABLE!
Notes:
139
-------
1 1
2011 Waste Audit Findings
Current & Potential Diversion
Recyclable &. Compostable (tons/year)
5S.0
ANOTHER WAY TO LOOK AT IT:
w>.p
The B is where we need to
focus our outreach efforts on.
2S.o
20.1*
We primarily did outreach on
recycling
* What to recycle
~ Where to take it
15.D;
tftto
(HI
1..I
^//"/ J ///J
c/
¦ Currant ¦ Potential
Notes:
r
2018 Waste Audit Findings
WfctlU Chiii.n.luii jJtVx, PfB AiiStfrtWirtfa QiHsS(lMltUj[« I
NAM.
CUTE
Trtt* c1-,uK»-\ WMf
f.i r»T* r >> i»-a ct wpc- wa t*
"rwn'ini it
Notes:
140
-------
2018 Waste Audit Findings
45% of sorted waste was RECYCLABLE!
Notes:
r
2018 Waste Audit Findings
Problematic Wastes:
Medical Waste and Sharps Two used syringes and transJuiroii tubing was found in the residential
waste.
Household Hazardous Wait.? (hhw|: Household cleaners, solvents, and automobile chemicals were
found in the waste stream indicating residents likely need belter options for disposing of HHW
correctly including regular HHW events.
E-Waste: Waste sort data indicates that relatively smafl amounts of e-waste were Sound in the
residential waste.
Continue promoting the proper dtsposoit and recycling of problematic items at the Transfer Station and the. Paia
EtwhifRmental D epoftmeni. Efforts should address HHWr white goods, vehicle bailer ies and pafisr and e-wasie
Monitor and anticipate increased *• Waste generation
Notes:
141
-------
Notes:
Solid Waste Reports
These provide a roadmap to guide you.
This helps you stay on track, accomplish your
milestones,, & reach your end goal.
They also provide justification for your projects & can
help enforce your codes.
> ISVVMP—Jrtwgrawd Solid Waste Manageir^ertT Plan
H HUMP - -Household Hazardous & Universa l Management Plan
HWMP - Ma&ardous Wast? Management Plan
Notes:
142
-------
wsawipwocsxkcj .-twsjj-
^aiAiRBf MfjatWNriAtwsrt cHAPAcrtwc/Aiif** euseuNe
FOB DETESMIMWl 0AGANK3 PHQCeSSWa OPTIONS
Other Related Reports?
There maybe other programs that can
utilize this information
*¦ MPS Aw & fotP Nonpoin* Source Assessment Kepoct& Management flan
> SWAP BMP Report (PotentlyCwHTfryitoiiCQflc&rttlcstistcd)
*¦ If!MP -1 ntegfate-d Resource Managen^nT ^Ja >
> Organics Diversion Feasibility Study
Notes:
("ALA BAND Ot WJ54i*¦>#• am nr»i-«insn !<««¦ i Ax ir.iv '*».¦!. »*»-
l| >m-x»»44 *»:«»¦ Kx*wi *¦+* tatm r.»f ref a-W i rjm ala F(s-;^ivat l-n ¦f&'tfit tMiwnt of :utrers and fluferfa gwcralicni frfo^jli
education, culrcach. collaboration, and sctancc based sto warship.
001 WSM"- iSW CCfniYiuirfy Ih-< !j.ly uraefcft&nri* Mud K (vtniiifil«1 la lh? Ii^Iik-1 if^Kv .jrl
4iivi»«'iA;rli;« sr.rf ttivtaMiutflut n* dv»p, aod whose «u£f*et knaMting* heaHhisr wc*id
«it#nds *4l; Pali's /«KTi*t».y ar£ ixtesktianal K-Lndsi «as.
Waste Management
> Maximize source reduction, reuser a*i Maximize diversion of wastes from landfills (Zero Waste)
> Eliminate lllegal dumping and dump sites throughout the reservation
> Properly manage all wastes withm the reservation
Notes:
143
-------
Planning - Pilot Programs
tjp MAKE A DIFFERENCE WCQ
YOU era..
fifr- ¦ ft- * 730 -
EVERY MMOrVfMiAMMf
- 670,140-84
$35,000
RECYCLE
~ &
Recycling Pilot Program
PSS-SBlffiS
HHW Curbside Pilot
MbUSI W»Ul MMAADOUS
Notes:
mUMRMLA QUICK tlK
ARE
YOU
WASTING
FOOD?
40* Of MM
FOOD ENDS UP
IN THE TRASH
.i.vr.iw.pwr(W mmfx
H)BX H* (Bfaa>V«M
»?>*• S«* q>» HtCHU
iwtfocm.
HA TI WASTE
Ih hoa Rmjhwmi
ankcittti
'(¦ HltTK- k» tX*
USING
GREEN
CLEANERS
IS EASY AT
THE PAW
TRANSFER
STATION
CONSERVE
NATURAL
RESOURCES
V*v'd hWp wi •**< iw«u
n»i» sf«*, ouf «ar> rctad
nqsr
-------
Show Success
Pala Transfer Station
DwipiV«i
Notes:
Use comparison charts to track community progress over the years
Show program success - to 3pplyfor new grants or grant deliverables
Show need to Tribal leadership {if you need more $$)
Notes:
145
-------
Notes:
Lessons Learned
This is how it works in an IDEAL world...
..but we live in the REAL world.
The importance of STAFF buy-in cannot
be overstated enough.
Ask the right questions during a waste
audit.
Notes:
...you
can't get
back the
Evaluate
data
holes
Check
weather
Do more
outreach
Ask the
r«lit
questions
off more
than you
can chew
Don't get
lost In
the
146
-------
Big picture takeaways:
Potentia 1 stumbling blocks to avoid.,,.
1 Know WHAT ANSWERS vou need to find out
(so you can track the right categories)
MOREmut—
KNOW Z
' 1 Evaluate what vou missed to make the next
one better
Notes:
Big picture takeaways:
Potential stumblingblodssto avoid.,,.
THE
MOREyou
KNOW
Know WHAT ANSWERS vou need to find out
fsoyoo can track the right categories)
Compare apples to apples
Evaluate what you missed to make the next
one better
Notes:
147
-------
Prairie Band of Potawatom!
Nation s Waste Sort
148
-------
Chapter 11
Virginia LeClere is the Environmental Manager for
the Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation in Kansas.
She has served the Tribe's Division of Planning and
Environmental Protection in several capacities over
the past 20 years. Prior to her management role,
Virginia worked in the areas of environmental
education/outreach, land use inventory, solid
waste, and air quality. She holds an Associate of
Arts degree in Liberal Arts from Haskell Indian
Nations University, a Bachelor of Science degree
in Management and Leadership from Friends
University, and a Master of Science Degree in
Management from Baker University. Virginia is a delegate to the Region 7 Joint
USEPA/Tribal Operations Committee, delegate and the National Steering Committee
on Tribal Waste and Response Assistance Program.
149
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