March 2016
Test Report
In Stove 60-Liter Institutional Stove with Wood Fuel
Air Pollutant Emissions and Fuel Efficiency
Prepared by:
James J. Jetter, P.E.
Seth Ebersviller, Ph.D.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cookstove Testing Facility operated by:
Craig Williams
Jerroll Faircloth
ARCADIS ARCADIS U.S., inc.
A contractor to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Notice
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), through its Office of Research and
Development, has financially supported the testing described here. This document has been
reviewed by the Agency. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute
endorsement or recommendation by the EPA for use.
Prepared by:
James J. Jetter, P.E., Principal Investigator
Seth Ebersviller, Ph.D., Post-Doctoral Fellow
Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division
National Risk Management Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
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Executive Summary
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) cookstove testing program was first developed to
assist the EPA-led Partnership for Clean Indoor Air (1) and is now part of the U.S. Government's
commitment to the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves (the Alliance) (2). Goals of the testing program
are to:
1. Support the development of testing protocols and standards for cookstoves through ISO
(International Organization for Standardization) TC (Technical Committee) 285: Clean
Cookstoves and Clean Cooking Solutions (3).
2. Support the development of international Regional Testing and Knowledge Centers (many
sponsored by the Alliance) for scientifically evaluating and certifying cookstoves to international
standards (4).
3. Provide an independent source of data to Alliance partners.
This work supports EPA's mission to protect human health and the environment. Household air
pollution, mainly from solid-fuel cookstoves in the developing world, is estimated to cause
approximately 4 million premature deaths per year (5), and emissions of black carbon and other
pollutants from cookstoves affect regional and global climate (6). An Alliance-coordinated multi-
national multi-disciplinary approach, including the development of standards and testing, is designed to
improve global health and the environment through clean cooking solutions (7).
This report provides testing results for a cookstove system consisting of the stove, cooking pot, fuel, and
operating procedure. A detailed description of the system is provided in the body of the report. During
testing, the stove was operated as intended by the manufacturer. Actual performance of a cookstove
used in the field may vary if the system is different (e.g., a different fuel is used) or is not operated as
intended.
The cookstove system was tested using the Water Boiling Test (WBT) Version 4.2.3 (8) and following the
ISO IWA (International Workshop Agreement) 11-2012, Guidelines for Evaluating Cookstove
Performance (9) (10), unanimously affirmed by more than 90 stakeholders at the ISO International
Workshop on Cookstoves on February 28-29, 2012, in The Hague, Netherlands. IWA 11:2012 provides
guidelines for rating cookstoves on tiers of performance for four important indicators: [1] Efficiency/fuel
use, [2] Total Emissions, [3] Indoor Emissions, and [4] Safety; and the guidelines are being used while
further development of testing protocols and standards is underway through ISO Technical Committee
285 (3). For measuring air pollutant emissions, the "total capture" method (also known as the "hood"
method) was used, as described on Pages 60-61 of the WBT protocol (8) and similar to EPA Method 5G
(11). The protocol specifies that the stove be tested at high power (cold- and hot-start phases) and low
power (simmer phase). The cold-start phase begins with the stove at ambient temperature, and the
hot-start phase begins with the stove at operating temperature. During both phases, the stove is
operated at high power to heat water in the pot from ambient to boiling temperature. During the
simmer phase, the stove is operated at low power to maintain the target water temperature at 3 °C
below the boiling point. Fuel burning rates determine the power levels. During testing, variation in fuel
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burning rates between test replications is minimized. Actual performance of a cookstove used in the
field may vary if the stove is operated at different fuel burning rates and hence at different power levels.
Test results summarized on Page iv were obtained in accordance with IWA 11:2012 guidelines, and tier
ratings range from 0 (baseline) to 4 (best). Tier 0 represents the performance of typical traditional open
three-stone fires used for cooking, and Tier 4 represents aspirational goals for solid-fuel cookstoves.
Efficiency/fuel use, total emissions, and indoor emissions are tested at high- and low-power operating
conditions, and sub-tier values and ratings are reported for the two power levels, while the overall
rating is the lowest sub-tier rating, as specified in the IWA. Sub-tier values and ratings for many
different stove types are compared in Figures 4 and 6-9 of this report. Following are brief descriptions
of performance indicators specified in the IWA.
Efficiency/fuel use is an important indicator, especially for cookstoves used in areas where fuel is scarce
or expensive or where forest degradation is an issue due to unsustainable harvesting of wood for fuel.
Greater fuel efficiency is desirable, but increased efficiency does not always correlate with reduced
emissions of air pollutants. Efficiency/fuel use tier levels are based on thermal efficiency at high power
and specific energy use at low power, per the IWA.
Total emissions of air pollutants from cookstoves have potential impact on human health and climate
change. CO (carbon monoxide) and PM2.5 (fine particulate matter) are indicator pollutants specified in
IWA 11:2012, and emissions of additional pollutants are quantified in this report, including gaseous
pollutants C02 (carbon dioxide), THC (total hydrocarbons), CH4 (methane), and NOx (nitrogen oxides), as
well as particulate OC (organic carbon), EC (elemental carbon), and BC (black carbon). Total emission
tier levels are based on the mass of pollutant emitted per unit of useful energy delivered at high power
and the specific emission rate at low power, per the IWA.
Indoor emissions have a potential direct impact on human health, and emissions may be reduced by
stoves with cleaner combustion and/or with chimneys (flues). Stoves without chimneys are tested for
total emissions into the indoor space, and stoves with chimneys are tested for fugitive emissions from
the stove. Indoor emissions tier levels are based on emission rates, per the IWA.
Safety is also an important indicator included in IWA 11:2012 for evaluation of stoves for protection
from risk of burns and other injuries, but safety is not evaluated in this report.
Cooking power is not an IWA performance indicator, but it is reported in the summary because it can be
important for meeting user needs.
Fuel burning rates are reported to define the test conditions.
IWA tier ratings are based on the performance of the stove system operated as intended with low-
moisture fuel. Additional test results are provided in this report for energy efficiency, fuel use, and air
pollutant emissions for both low- and high-moisture fuel. Discussion of results, observations, and
quality assurance are also included in the report.
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Stove Manufacturer
& Model
InStove Cottage Grove, OR, USA
60-Liter Institutional Stove Serial No. 1079
Testing Center
EPA-Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
Test Protocol
WBT Version 4.2.3, EPA Rev. 4 [see Reference (8)]
Fuel Used
Red oak wood, 7.2% moisture (wet basis), 2 x 2 x 36 cm
Pot Used
Flat-bottomed pot supplied with stove, tested with 40 liters of water
Test results were obtained in accordance with ISO (International Organization for
Standardization) IWA (International Workshop Agreement) 11:2012. See previous page for
brief description.
Metric
Value
Unit
Sub-Tier
Efficiency / Fuel Use
Tier
4
High Power Thermal Efficiency
56
%
4
Low Power Specific Energy Use
0.005
MJ / (min L)
4
Total Emissions
Tier
3
High Power CO
2.9
g / MJdelivered
4
Low Power CO
0.02
g/ (min L)
4
High Power PM2.5
155
mg / MJdelivered
3
Low Power PM2.5
0.3
mg / (min L)
4
Indoor Emissions
Tier
4
High Power CO
0.01
g/ min
4
Low Power CO
0.009
g/ min
4
High Power PM2.5
1.0
mg / min
4
Low Power PM2.5
0.3
mg / min
4
Tiers 0 4 (best)
Cooking Power (average of Cold Start and Hot Start phases) 3,703 W
Fuel burning rate (average for Cold Start, based on equivalent dry fuel consumed) 22.2 g / min
Fuel burning rate (average for Hot Start, based on equivalent dry fuel consumed) 22.7 g / min
Fuel burning rate (average for Simmer, based on equivalent dry fuel consumed) 11.3 g / min
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Acronyms and Abbreviations
Alliance Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials (now known as ASTM International)
BC black carbon
C carbon
C3H8 propane
CH4 methane
cm centimeter
CO carbon monoxide
C02 carbon dioxide
EC elemental carbon
EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
g gram(s)
HEPA high-efficiency particulate air
ISO International Organization for Standardization
IWA International Workshop Agreement
kg kilogram(s)
kJ kilojoule(s)
L liter(s)
MCE modified combustion efficiency
Met Lab Metrology Laboratory
mg milligram(s)
min minute(s)
MJ megajoule(s)
MJdeiivered megajoule(s) of useful energy delivered
mm millimeter(s)
n.a. not applicable
NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
NOx nitrogen oxides
OC organic carbon
PM2.5 particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 micrometers
PTFE polytretrafluoroethylene
OA quality assurance
RTP Research Triangle Park
SD standard deviation
SOP Standard Operating Procedure
TC Technical Committee
TC total carbon
THC total hydrocarbon
W Watt(s)
WBT Water Boiling Test
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Contents
Notice i
Executive Summary ii
Acronyms and Abbreviations v
List of Figures vi
List of Tables vii
Cookstove Testing Program 1
Description of Cookstove System Tested 1
Test Protocol 3
Test Results 4
Test Results for High-Moisture Fuel 6
Test Results for Indoor Emissions 6
Discussion of Results and Observations 10
Quality Assurance/Quality Control 12
Tables 13
Acknowledgments 31
References 32
List of Figures
Figure 1. Side-view cross-section diagram showing internal design. Credit: InStove 2
Figure 2. InStove 60-Liter Institutional Stove 2
Figure 3. Cooking power versus fire power during high-power 7
Figure 4. Specific energy use during low-power versus thermal efficiency during high-power 7
Figure 5. Modified combustion efficiency, low-power versus high-power 8
Figure 6. CO versus PM25 emissions per useful energy delivered to water in the cooking pot during high-
power 8
Figure 7. CO versus PM25 emissions per liter of water simmered per minute during low-power 9
Figure 8. CO versus PM25 indoor emission rates during high-power 9
Figure 9. CO versus PM25 indoor emission rates during low-power 10
Figure 10. Real-time data for total emissions for a typical test sequence 12
Figure 11. Real-time data for indoor (fugitive) emissions 12
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List of Tables
Table 1. Low-moisture fuel, high-power cold-start - WBT, PM2.5, and gaseous pollutant parameters 14
Table 2. Low-moisture fuel, high-power hot-start - WBT, PM2.5, and gaseous pollutant parameters 16
Table 3. Low-moisture fuel, low-power (30-min simmer) - WBT and pollutant emission parameters 18
Table 4. Low-moisture fuel - emissions of OC (organic carbon) and EC (elemental carbon) in PM2.5 20
Table 5. Low-moisture fuel - PM2.5 mass fractions of organic carbon to total carbon (OC/TC) and
elemental carbon to total carbon (EC/TC) 21
Table 6. Low-moisture fuel - emissions of BC (black carbon) measured with aethalometer 22
Table 7. High-moisture fuel, high-power cold-start - WBT, PM2.5, and gaseous pollutant parameters.... 23
Table 8. High-moisture fuel, high-power hot-start - WBT, PM2.5, and gaseous pollutant parameters 24
Table 9. High-moisture fuel, low-power (30-min simmer) - WBT and pollutant emission parameters.... 25
Table 10. High-moisture fuel - emissions of PM2.5 OC (organic carbon) and EC (elemental carbon) 26
Table 11. High-moisture fuel - PM2.5 mass fractions of organic carbon to total carbon (OC/TC) and
elemental carbon to total carbon (EC/TC) 26
Table 12. High-moisture fuel - emissions of BC (black carbon) measured with aethalometer 27
Table 13. Comparison of low- and high-moisture fuel - WBT, PM2.5 and gaseous pollutant parameters. 28
Table 14. Comparison of low- and high-moisture fuel - PM2.5 organic and elemental carbon emissions. 29
Table 15. Comparison of low- and high-moisture fuel - emissions of black carbon (aethalometer) 29
Table 16. Results from indoor (fugitive) emissions tests 30
Table 17. Carbon balance, percent difference based on fuel carbon 30
Table 18. Measurement quality objectives for critical measurements 31
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Cookstove Testing Program
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) cookstove testing program was first developed to
assist the EPA-led Partnership for Clean Indoor Air (1) and is now part of the U.S. Government's
commitment to the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves (the Alliance) (2). Goals of the testing program
are to:
1. Support the development of testing protocols and standards for cookstoves through ISO
(International Organization for Standardization) TC (Technical Committee) 285: Clean
Cookstoves and Clean Cooking Solutions (3).
2. Support the development of international Regional Testing and Knowledge Centers (many
sponsored by the Alliance) for scientifically evaluating and certifying cookstoves to international
standards (4).
3. Provide an independent source of data to Alliance partners.
This work supports EPA's mission to protect human health and the environment. Household air
pollution, mainly from solid-fuel cookstoves in the developing world, is estimated to cause
approximately 4 million premature deaths per year (5), and emissions of black carbon and other
pollutants from cookstoves affect regional and global climate (6). An Alliance-coordinated multi-
national multi-disciplinary approach, including the development of standards and testing, is designed to
improve global health and the environment through clean cooking solutions (7).
Description of Cookstove System Tested
A cookstove system consists of the stove, cooking pot, fuel, and operating procedure. The default
operating procedure used for testing is the written instructions provided by the manufacturer, or
operation as intended by the manufacturer. Actual performance of a cookstove used in the field may
vary if the system is not operated as intended.
Development and dissemination. Damon Ogle and Fred Colgan developed the 60-liter Institutional
Stove while associated with Aprovecho Research Center in Cottage Grove, Oregon, USA. In 2012, Colgan
and Ogle founded Institutional Stove Solutions (InStove) to further develop and disseminate the
technology. InStove manufactures stoves in Cottage Grove and has established a factory in Afikpo,
Nigeria. InStove institutional stoves are designed for use in developing-world institutional settings,
primarily refugee camps, schools, clinics, hospitals, and orphanages. More than 1,000 stoves have been
disseminated in 20 countries, according to InStove (12).
Type of stove. The InStove 60-Liter Institutional Stove is a natural-draft type of cookstove designed for
wood or other biomass fuel. Electrical power is not required for natural-draft stoves (power is required
for some forced-draft stoves). As shown in Figure 1, a chimney provides draft and may be used to vent
emissions to outside the cooking space. A rocket-type combustion chamber is located under the
cooking pot. A "sunken-pot" design provides an integral pot skirt to enhance heat transfer to the sides,
as well as the bottom, of the pot. The stove is designed to burn fuel sticks of wood or other biomass
(e.g., biomass briquettes) that are manually fed into an opening in the lower front of the stove. Cooking
power is controlled by the amount of fuel fed into the combustion chamber. A cap on top of the
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chimney prevents rain from entering the stove. The stove is designed to be manufactured in a small
factory. InStove has developed drinking-water pasteurization and hospital-grade autoclave systems for
use with the stove, but EPA tested the stove with only the cooking pot.
Stove Body
Insulation
Fuel
Supply Air
Insulated
Combustion Chamber
Figure 1. Side-view cross-section diagram showing internal design. Credit: InStove
Construction materials. The InStove body is built from a 55-gallon steel drum that is coated to prevent
corrosion. The combustion chamber is constructed from high-temperature 310 stainless steel and 601
nickel alloys. Chimney and rain cap are galvanized steel, and the pot and lid are aluminum. Weight of
the stove without the pot is 33 kg.
Dimensions.
Stove height: 88 cm
Stove body diameter: 59 cm
Combustion chamber internal diameter: 14 cm
Combustion chamber internal height: 22 cm
Chimney internal diameter: 15 cm
Chimney length: 152 cm
Height of chimney top from floor: 198 cm
Fuel opening: 16.5 cm x 6.5 cm
Height of fuel opening from floor: 20 cm
Pot dimensions: see below
Figure 2. InStove 60-Liter Institutional Stove
Accessories. The stove was supplied with a cooking pot, pot lid, chimney, and rain cap.
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Cooking pot. The flat-bottomed pot supplied with the stove was used for the tests. Weight of the pot is
4.1 kg, and weight of the pot lid is 0.6 kg. Full capacity is approximately 55 liters, and the pot was used
with 40 liters of water for the tests - the water was level with the top of the stove body, as shown in
Figure 1. The stove system was tested without the lid on the pot, per the test protocol (described
below). The pot material is aluminum. Outside diameter is 41.3 cm, and inside diameter is 40.5 cm at
the top of the pot. Outside diameter at the bottom is 40 cm. Height is 45 cm. The pot and stove are
designed to function together, and performance may vary if the stove is used with a different cooking
pot.
Fuel. A hardwood, Red Oak (Quercus rubra), was obtained from a local supplier. Bark was removed,
and the wood was saw-cut to dimensions of 2 cm x 2 cm x 36 cm. Wood was air dried, and high-
moisture fuel was preserved in air-sealed containers in a freezer. Moisture content is reported on a wet
basis in Tables 1-3 for low-moisture fuel and in Tables 7-9 for high-moisture fuel. Performance may vary
if the stove is used with a different type of fuel.
Operating procedure. Operating and safety instructions were supplied with the stove, and the
instructions were followed during testing.
Cost. According to InStove information (12), retail cost is approximately US$850 for the 60-liter
institutional stove.
Quantity disseminated. According to InStove information (12), more than 1,000 stoves have been
disseminated.
Lifetime. Estimated typical lifetime is approximately five years, but lifetime may vary depending on
hours of use, fuel quality, environmental conditions, and other factors. In the future, a durability testing
protocol may be developed through ISO TC 285, and durability testing may provide more comparable
and quantitative results than the estimated lifetime.
Test Protocol
The cookstove system was tested using the Water Boiling Test (WBT) Version 4.2.3 (8) and following the
ISO IWA (International Workshop Agreement) Guidelines for Evaluating Cookstove Performance (9) (10).
Further development of testing protocols and standards is underway through ISO Technical Committee
285 (3). For measuring air pollutant emissions, the "total capture" method (also known as the "hood"
method) was used, as described on Pages 60-61 of the WBT protocol (8) and similar to EPA Method 5G
(11). Emissions were captured in a fume hood and were drawn under negative pressure through a
primary dilution tunnel and then through a secondary tunnel with additional high-efficiency particulate
air (HEPA)-filtered dilution air. Total emissions were measured per the ISO IWA by capturing both
chimney emissions and fugitive emissions from the stove body with a fume hood. Indoor emissions
were measured per the ISO IWA by capturing only fugitive emissions from the stove body with a hood.
For quantification of total emissions, gaseous air pollutants were sampled from the primary dilution
tunnel, and particulate pollutants were sampled from the secondary dilution tunnel. For quantification
of indoor emissions, both gaseous and particulate pollutants were sampled from the primary dilution
tunnel.
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The WBT protocol specifies that the stove be tested at high power (cold- and hot-start phases) and low
power (simmer phase). The cold-start phase begins with the stove at ambient temperature, and the
hot-start phase begins with the stove at operating temperature. During both phases, the stove is
operated at high power to heat water in the pot from ambient to boiling temperature. During the
simmer phase, the stove is operated at low power to maintain the target water temperature at 3 °C
below the boiling point. Fuel burning rates determine the power levels. During testing, variation in fuel
burning rates between test replications is minimized. Actual performance of a cookstove used in the
field may vary if the stove is operated at different fuel burning rates and hence at different power levels.
During each of the three separate phases of the test protocol, PM2.5 (particulate matter with an
aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 micrometers) was isokinetically sampled and collected on
polytretrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-membrane filters for gravimetric analysis and on quartz-fiber filters for
OC (organic carbon) and EC (elemental carbon) analyses. Gravimetric analysis was performed with a
microbalance in a temperature- and humidity-controlled room. OC and EC analyses was performed
using National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Method 5040 (13), including analysis
of gas-phase samples collected on quartz fiber filters downstream of PTFE membrane filters to account
for the gas-phase absorption artifact (14). BC (black carbon) concentrations were measured in real-time
with a microAeth® Model AE51 (AethLabs, San Francisco, CA, USA) aethalometer. Gaseous pollutant
concentrations were measured in real-time with continuous emission monitors. CO (carbon monoxide)
and C02 (carbon dioxide) were measured with non-dispersive infrared analyzers, THC (total
hydrocarbons) and CH4 (methane) were measured with flame-ionization detection analyzers, and
nitrogen oxides (NOx) were measured with a chemiluminescence analyzer.
Fuel moisture content was measured using the oven-drying method (15), and fuel heat of combustion
was measured using the calorimeter method (16).
Test Results
A summary of results is presented in accordance with ISO IWA 11:2012 (9) on Page iv of this report. IWA
tier ratings are based on the performance of the stove system operated as intended with low-moisture
wood fuel.
InStove test results are compared with previously published results (17) in Figures 3-9. Key indicators of
performance shown in the figures are described in Jetter et al. 2012 (17). Error bars on the data points
for the InStove stove indicate standard deviations or 95% confidence intervals (using the t-distribution),
as specified in the figures. For reference, data points for the 3-stone fire are indicated by red-colored X
markers. Two data points are shown on each graph for a carefully-tended and a minimally-tended 3-
stone fire. The carefully-tended fire performed better than the minimally-tended fire in all measures
(17). Data points (blue diamonds indicated by the letter "P") are indicated for comparison with the
Philips Model HD4012 - a well-known and relatively high-performing forced-draft solid-fuel household
stove. Data points for other stoves with previously published results are not identified in Figures 3-9,
but stoves are identified in the journal article (17). All data shown in the figures are for stoves tested
with low-moisture solid fuels, as described in the published results (17).
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Cooking power versus fire power (in measurement units of Watts) data are shown in Figure 3 for high-
power (average of cold-start and hot-start phases of the WBT). Cooking power is the rate of useful
energy delivered to the contents of the cooking pot, while fire power is the rate of fuel energy used.
Adequate cooking power is important for user acceptability, and cooking power is correlated with "time-
to-boil" (17). The ratio of cooking power to fire power is thermal efficiency - shown in Figure 4.
Specific energy use during low-power (simmer phase of the WBT) versus thermal efficiency during
high-power (average of cold-start and hot-start phases of the WBT) data are shown in Figure 4. These
metrics are used to determine IWA Tier ratings, and the IWA Sub-Tiers are indicated in the figure.
Low-power versus high-power MCE (modified combustion efficiency) data are shown in Figure 5. MCE
is defined as [C02/(C02 + CO)] on a molar basis and is considered a reasonable proxy for true combustion
efficiency. MCE is not used to determine IWA Tier ratings, but stoves with higher MCEs tend to have
lower emissions of air pollutants. Best performance is indicated in the upper right corner of the graph.
CO versus PM2.5 emissions per useful energy delivered (MJdeiivered) to the water in the cooking pot
during high-power phases of the WBT data are shown in Figure 6. Pollutant emissions per useful energy
delivered and thermal efficiency are key IWA metrics because they are based on the fundamental
desired output - cooking energy - that enables valid comparisons between all stoves and fuels.
CO versus PM2.5 emissions per minute per liter of water simmered during the low-power phase of the
WBT data are shown in Figure 7. Useful cooking energy is not accurately measured during the low-
power test phase of the WBT (17), therefore the specific emission rate is used as the metric, per the
IWA.
CO versus PM2.5 indoor emission rates during high-power phases of the WBT data are shown in Figure
8.
CO versus PM2.5 indoor emission rates during low-power data are shown in Figure 9.
Tabulated data for the InStove with low-moisture wood fuel, including data for test replicates, are
shown in Tables 1-3 for parameters of the Water Boiling Test (8) and emissions of PM2.5 and gaseous air
pollutants, as described in Jetter et al. 2012 (17). Test Numbers shown in the column headings may not
be sequential, because tests were rejected if quality assurance requirements were not met (see Quality
Assurance/Quality Control section, below). The number of acceptable test replicates performed was
seven for low-power, nine for high-power hot-start, and ten for high-power cold-start test phases. A
sufficient number of replicates was performed to reduce 95% confidence intervals for ISO IWA tier
ratings (Figures 4, 6, and 7).
OC and EC particulate emissions data are reported for low-moisture fuel in Table 4. Mass fractions of
organic and elemental carbon to total carbon in particulate matter are reported in Table 5.
BC emissions data are reported for low-moisture fuel in Table 6.
5
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Test Results for High-Moisture Fuel
Tabulated data for the InStove 60-Liter Institutional Stove with high-moisture fuel are shown in Tables 7-
12 in the same format as Tables 1-6, as described in the previous section for low-moisture fuel. Four
test replicates were performed to enable the calculation of standard deviations as an indicator of test
variability. A side-by-side comparison of data for low- and high-moisture fuels is provided in Tables 13-
15. Results for high-moisture "green" wood fuel are indicated by the green background color in the
tables, while results for low-moisture (dry) fuel are indicated by the tan color. Moisture content was
approximately 30 percent (wet basis) for high-moisture wood fuel, but some low-moisture fuel was
required for starting the fire and maintaining combustion. Fuel moisture content is reported as the
average (on a mass basis) of low- and high-moisture fuels, as described in Jetter et al. - see Supporting
Information (17).
Test Results for Indoor Emissions
Data for indoor (fugitive) emissions tests per the ISO IWA with low-moisture fuel are shown in Table 16.
The chimney effectively vented most of the emissions, and no visible smoke was emitted from the stove
body during the tests. One test was performed to confirm and quantify the low level of fugitive
emissions, and results are reported in the table.
6
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X 3-stone fire
¦ Charcoal stove
~ Forced-draft stove
~ Natural-draft stove
ft Liauid-fuel stove
£ ±
¦
*
a'4
¦ ~
X
X
V o* ¦ 1
A
2,000 4,000 6,000
Fire Power (W)
8,000
10,000
A InStove 60-Liter stove
Error bars:
± one standard
deviation
"P" indicates Philips HD4012
forced-draft stove
12,000
Figure 3. Cooking power versus fire power during high-power
~
X 3-stone fire
¦ Charcoal stove
~ Forced-draft stove
~ Natural-draft stove
O Liquid-fuel stove
\x A
A
O
¦
~ A
¦ A
I
4
> A
m A
X ~ P
" .
¦
5%
15%
25%
35%
45%
55%
Sub-Tier 0
Sub-Tier 1
Sub-Tier 2
Sub-Tier 3 Sub-Tier 4 (best)
A InStove 60-Liter stove
Error bars:
95% confidence interval
"P" indicates Philips HD4012
forced-draft stove
Thermal Efficiency, High-Power
Figure 4. Specific energy use during low-power versus thermal efficiency during high-power
7
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100%
H-
-Q
3
1
00
0 ¦¦
X
3-stone fire
¦
Charcoal stove
~
Forced-draft stove
A
Natural-draft stove
O
Liquid-fuel stove
^ InStove 60-Liter stove
Error bars:
95% confidence interval
"P" indicates Philips HD4012
forced-draft stove
10,000
3
2
1
Sub-Tier 0
PM2.5 Emission, High-Power (mg/MJddivered)
Figure 6. CO versus PM2.s emissions per useful energy delivered to water in the cooking pot during high-
power
8
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E
-52
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between EC and BC and between TC and PM2.5 may sometimes be observed due to the different
methods and measurement uncertainties.
A comparison of performance with low- and high-moisture fuel, as shown in Tables 13-15, indicated
mixed results. Thermal efficiency was nearly the same with low- and high-moisture fuels, but specific
energy use was better with low-moisture fuel. During the high-power test phases, fire power and
emission rates for PM2.5 and CO were higher with low-moisture fuel, but during the low-power phase,
fire power and the PM2.5 emission rate were lower with low-moisture fuel. Emission rates of THC and
CH4 were generally lower with low-moisture fuel. Emissions of OC, EC, and BC were less during the low-
power than during the high-power test phases for both low- and high-moisture fuel (Tables 14 and 15).
Real-time data for total emissions for a typical test sequence are shown in Figure 10. Data are shown for
pollutant concentrations measured in the dilution tunnel, and pot water temperature indicates the
three phases of WBT test sequence. Concentrations fluctuated over time as fuel was fed into the stove.
C02 concentration indicates the rate of fuel consumption. CO, THC, CH4, and NOx concentrations were
clearly above background levels (measured before and after the test. THC concentrations were reported
as C3H8 (propane).
Real-time data for indoor (fugitive) emissions are shown in Figure 11. CO concentrations were clearly
above background levels, and fluctuating emissions occurred over the entire test cycle - not just during
start-up. Occasionally, THC peak concentrations were above background levels, but concentrations
averaged over the test phases were not significantly above background levels. CH4 and NOx
concentrations were not above background levels and are not shown in the figure.
The InStove performed without any problems during testing. The InStove is simple to operate - similar
to typical rocket stoves. With its relatively lightweight metal components, the InStove is portable.
Stoves are manufactured in small factories, and the InStove has a good-quality manufactured
appearance. For more information, see the InStove web site (12).
11
-------
Time (hr:min)
Figure 10. Real-time data for total emissions for a typical test sequence
—CO (ppm) THC(ppm) Pot water temp (C)
A l\ A fl
I 1
a/1 j/1.,A J\)
jjLf'VV W vy v*
,Lv\ l\i\h \ ,«/i iW\
J vWU\r '
1
9:30 10:00 10:30 11:00 11:30 12:00 12:30 13:00
Time (hr:min)
Figure 11. Real-time data for indoor (fugitive) emissions
Quality Assurance/Quality Control
A Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) meeting EPA requirements (18) was prepared and was
reviewed by an EPA Quality Manager. Specifically, work was in compliance with Category II Quality
Assurance Project Plan requirements "...for important, highly visible Agency projects involving areas
such as supporting the development of environmental regulations and standards" (19).
In February 2014, EPA QA staff conducted a technical systems audit (ISA) of this project. The purpose of
this TSA was to conduct an independent and objective assessment of on-site activities through an in-
depth evaluation of technical system documents, on-site laboratory work, equipment, procedures, and
record keeping activities to ensure (1) that environmental data collection activities and the resulting
data comply with the project's QAPP; (2) that these activities are implemented effectively; and (3) that
these activities are suitable to achieve the project's data quality goals.
The TSA was conducted in accordance with principles described in Guidance on Technical Audits and
Related Assessments for Environmental Data Operations (20). The technical basis of the TSA was the
12
-------
QAPP entitled Cookstove Testing for Air Pollutant Emissions, Energy Efficiency, and Fuel Use, Revision 1,
September 2013.
In general, the audit findings were positive in nature and indicated that the project was implemented as
described in the QAPP. Note that the term "findings" as used in this document was consistent with the
QA/G-7 definition and does not necessarily imply non-conformance. There were no findings that
indicated a quality problem requiring corrective action. All phases of the implementation were found to
be acceptable and to be performed in a manner consistent with the QAPP and with EPA quality
assurance requirements.
An important indicator of overall data quality for cookstove performance testing is the carbon mass
balance. Carbon measured in the emissions is compared with carbon measured in the fuel consumed. A
percent difference based on carbon in the fuel is calculated for each test phase. A positive result
indicates that more carbon was measured in the fuel than in the emissions, and a negative result
indicates that less carbon was measured in fuel than in emissions. The absolute value of the percent
difference is used as a quality indicator and is considered to be excellent when < 10%, good when < 15%,
acceptable when < 20%, and unacceptable when > 20%. A continuous improvement process is used in
pursuit of excellent results, and tests are rejected when the carbon balance is > 20%. Carbon-balance
results are shown in Table 17. Measurement uncertainties for both emissions and fuel are reflected in
the carbon-balance results. Negative values in Table 17 indicate potential positive bias for carbon
measured in emissions and/or negative bias for carbon measured in fuel. Test replicates were rejected
if the carbon balance was unacceptable, and data were rejected if measurement quality objectives
(described below) were unacceptable.
The carbon balance is an overall indicator of many of the critical measurements included as
measurement quality objectives listed in Table 18. Test results included in this report were based on
measurements that met or exceeded these quality objectives. Data were rejected if measurements did
not meet acceptance criteria.
Tables
Following are tabulated data and information, as described above.
13
-------
Table 1. Low-moisture fuel, high-power cold-start - WBT, PM2.5, and gaseous pollutant parameters
Parameter
Units
Average
SD
Test 1
Test 2
Test 3
Test 4
Test5
Test 6
Test 7
Test 8
Test 9
Test 10
Fuel moisture (wet basis)
%
7.2
0.7
8.0
7.3
6.6
6.4
6.5
6.2
7.5
7.8
7.9
7.4
Fuel consumed (raw)
g
1817
62
1812
1840
1763
1860
1925
1821
1689
1854
1808
1801
Equivalent dry fuel consumed
g
1607
99
1435
1671
1613
1691
1768
1671
1522
1620
1544
1529
Time to boil 40 liters of water, 25 to 100°C
min
72.71
6.01
62.97
76.30
67.18
75.33
78.68
77.22
72.68
80.63
71.00
65.05
Thermal efficiency
%
55.0
1.6
57.6
54.4
54.9
53.4
53.4
54.4
53.7
54.3
57.1
57.0
Fuel burning rate
g/min
22.2
1.2
22.8
21.9
24.0
22.5
22.5
21.6
20.9
20.1
21.7
23.5
Temperature-corrected specific fuel consumption
g/liter
40.3
1.9
36.5
40.9
40.2
41.2
41.8
40.6
43.5
41.2
38.8
38.6
Temperature-corrected specific energy use
kJ/l iter
718
34
673
722
709
726
738
716
785
745
684
681
Fire power
W
6574
329
6995
6442
7062
6603
6609
6363
6305
6047
6396
6914
Cooking power
W
3620
249
4026
3507
3880
3523
3530
3464
3387
3286
3653
3940
Modified combustion efficiency
%
97.6
0.9
98.6
96.0
97.4
97.0
96.8
97.9
97.8
97.0
98.6
98.7
PM2.5 temperature-corrected total mass
mg
2295
211
2305
2357
2501
2254
2333
1877
2275
2680
2145
2221
mass per effective volume of water boiled
mg/liter
60.1
6.0
58.7
60.8
64.9
58.2
60.3
48.8
66.9
69.6
55.4
57.2
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
1316
114
1274
1351
1477
1286
1325
1105
1387
1474
1219
1259
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
1491
135
1608
1487
1614
1415
1442
1204
1538
1688
1428
1482
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
83.7
6.9
87.3
84.3
91.5
80.2
81.7
68.2
85.2
93.4
80.9
84.0
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
mg/MJ
152.1
12.9
151.7
154.8
166.5
150.2
153.0
125.3
158.5
171.9
141.6
147.4
mass per time
mg/hour
1982
205
2199
1955
2326
1906
1945
1563
1933
2034
1863
2091
CO temperature-corrected total mass
g
45.0
16.9
20.0
70.8
44.4
54.9
56.8
36.3
38.8
59.3
n.a.1
23.8
mass per effective volume of water boiled
g/liter
1.18
0.44
0.51
1.83
1.15
1.42
1.47
0.94
1.14
1.54
n.a.1
0.61
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
25.8
9.6
11.1
40.6
26.3
31.3
32.3
21.4
23.6
32.6
n.a.1
13.5
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
28.8
10.1
14.0
44.7
28.7
34.4
35.1
23.3
26.2
37.3
n.a.1
15.9
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
1.62
0.58
0.76
2.53
1.63
1.95
1.99
1.32
1.45
2.07
n.a.1
0.90
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
2.98
1.10
1.32
4.65
2.96
3.66
3.73
2.42
2.70
3.80
n.a.1
1.58
mass per time
g/hour
38.2
12.9
19.1
58.7
41.3
46.4
47.4
30.2
32.9
45.0
n.a.1
22.4
C02temperature-corrected total mass
g
2685
219
2167
2636
2567
2747
2716
2633
2728
2992
2850
2818
mass per effective volume of water boiled
g/liter
70.4
6.8
55.2
68.0
66.6
70.9
70.2
68.5
80.2
77.7
73.6
72.6
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
1541
131
1198
1510
1516
1567
1543
1550
1663
1646
1620
1597
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
1743
128
1511
1663
1657
1723
1679
1689
1844
1884
1897
1881
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
97.9
7.6
82.1
94.3
93.9
97.7
95.2
95.7
102.1
104.3
107.5
106.6
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
178
14
143
173
171
183
178
176
190
192
188
187
mass per time
g/hour
2314
164
2067
2186
2388
2322
2264
2193
2318
2271
2476
2653
Table 1 continued on next page
14
-------
Table 1 continued from previous page
Parameter
Units
Average
SD
Test 1
Test 2
Test 3
Test 4
Test5
Test 6
Test 7
Test 8
Test 9
Test 10
THC (as C3H8) temperature-corrected total mass
g
0.82
0.42
0.86
0.70
0.58
0.36
0.69
0.49
1.21
1.65
n.a.2
n.a.2
mass per effective volume of water boiled
g/liter
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.04
0.04
n.a.2
n.a.2
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
0.47
0.24
0.47
0.40
0.34
0.21
0.39
0.29
0.74
0.91
n.a.2
n.a.2
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
0.53
0.27
0.60
0.44
0.38
0.23
0.42
0.31
0.82
1.04
n.a.2
n.a.2
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
0.03
0.02
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.05
0.06
n.a.2
n.a.2
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
0.05
0.03
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.02
0.04
0.03
0.08
0.11
n.a.2
n.a.2
mass per time
g/hour
0.69
0.32
0.82
0.58
0.54
0.31
0.57
0.40
1.03
1.25
n.a.2
n.a.2
CH4temperature-corrected total mass
g
0.21
0.06
0.12
0.26
0.19
0.16
0.23
0.18
n.a.3
n.a.3
0.31
n.a.3
mass per effective volume of water boiled
g/liter
0.005
0.002
0.003
0.007
0.005
0.004
0.006
0.005
n.a.3
n.a.3
0.008
n.a.3
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
0.12
0.04
0.07
0.15
0.11
0.09
0.13
0.11
n.a.3
n.a.3
0.18
n.a.3
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
0.13
0.04
0.09
0.16
0.12
0.10
0.14
0.12
n.a.3
n.a.3
0.21
n.a.3
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
0.008
0.002
0.005
0.009
0.007
0.006
0.008
0.007
n.a.3
n.a.3
0.012
n.a.3
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
0.014
0.004
0.008
0.017
0.012
0.011
0.015
0.012
n.a.3
n.a.3
0.020
n.a.3
mass per time
g/hour
0.18
0.05
0.12
0.21
0.17
0.14
0.19
0.15
n.a.3
n.a.3
0.27
n.a.3
NOx temperature-corrected total mass
g
1.26
0.17
0.86
1.34
1.29
1.19
1.23
n.a.4
1.24
1.42
1.38
1.37
mass per effective volume of water boiled
g/liter
0.033
0.005
0.022
0.035
0.034
0.031
0.032
n.a.4
0.036
0.037
0.036
0.035
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
0.72
0.10
0.47
0.77
0.76
0.68
0.70
n.a.4
0.76
0.78
0.79
0.77
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
0.82
0.10
0.60
0.85
0.83
0.75
0.76
n.a.4
0.84
0.89
0.92
0.91
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
0.05
0.01
0.03
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.04
n.a.4
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
0.08
0.01
0.06
0.09
0.09
0.08
0.08
n.a.4
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.09
mass per time
g/hour
1.09
0.14
0.82
1.11
1.20
1.01
1.02
n.a.4
1.05
1.08
1.20
1.29
1 CO concentration measurement failed acceptance criteria
2 THC analyzer malfunctioned
3 CH4 analyzer malfunctioned
4 NOx analyzer malfunctioned
15
-------
Table 2. Low-moisture fuel, high-power hot-start - WBT, PM2.5, and gaseous pollutant parameters
Parameter
Units
Average
SD
Test 1
Test 2
Test 3
Test 4
Test5
Test 71
Test 8
Test 9
Test 10
Fuel moisture (wet basis)
%
7.3
0.7
8.0
7.3
6.6
6.4
6.5
7.5
8.1
7.9
7.4
Fuel consumed (raw)
g
1724
73
1782
1743
1725
1643
1801
1583
1691
1761
1785
Equivalent dry fuel consumed
g
1513
78
1409
1580
1577
1486
1651
1425
1475
1500
1515
Time to boil 40 liters of water, 25 to 100°C
min
66.81
5.25
59.20
69.48
72.83
61.42
73.22
60.43
69.45
67.95
67.33
Thermal efficiency
%
56.0
1.1
55.5
55.9
55.5
57.2
55.1
54.2
56.3
56.3
57.7
Fuel burning rate
g/min
22.7
1.0
23.8
22.7
21.7
24.2
22.6
23.6
21.2
22.1
22.5
Temperature-corrected specific fuel consumption
g/liter
39.4
1.3
38.1
39.6
39.1
37.5
39.7
42.0
38.6
39.3
40.5
Temperature-corrected specific energy use
kJ/l iter
700
27
702
699
690
661
700
759
681
693
714
Fire power
W
6729
363
7301
6688
6368
7117
6633
7098
6247
6494
6615
Cooking power
W
3765
201
4055
3737
3537
4070
3655
3846
3519
3653
3815
Modified combustion efficiency
%
97.6
0.8
98.6
96.3
97.1
97.7
97.3
96.9
98.2
98.4
98.1
PM2.5 temperature-corrected total mass
mg
2359
316
2265
2018
2391
2483
2501
2982
2446
2265
1877
mass per effective volume of water boiled
mg/liter
62.0
10.8
57.9
52.7
61.6
64.2
64.5
87.2
63.0
58.2
48.9
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
1385
247
1200
1205
1442
1550
1490
1869
1424
1263
1025
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
1573
246
1518
1330
1577
1713
1625
2076
1632
1482
1208
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
88.2
13.3
82.5
75.4
89.4
97.1
92.1
115.0
90.3
84.0
68.5
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
mg/MJ
158.4
26.1
148.5
134.9
160.9
169.8
167.2
212.2
164.2
149.3
118.7
mass per time
mg/hour
2148
382
2167
1814
2049
2488
2200
2937
2080
1963
1630
CO temperature-corrected total mass
g
40.9
13.1
19.3
60.8
48.1
37.5
45.0
50.7
n.a.2
29.2
36.6
mass per effective volume of water boiled
g/liter
1.08
0.37
0.49
1.59
1.24
0.97
1.16
1.48
n.a.2
0.75
0.95
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
24.2
8.5
10.2
36.3
29.0
23.4
26.8
31.8
n.a.2
16.3
20.0
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
27.2
00
00
12.9
40.1
31.7
25.8
29.2
35.3
n.a.2
19.1
23.5
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
1.53
0.50
0.70
2.27
1.80
1.46
1.66
1.95
n.a.2
1.08
1.33
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
2.75
0.92
1.26
4.06
3.23
2.56
3.01
3.61
n.a.2
1.93
2.31
mass per time
g/hour
37.3
12.0
18.4
54.6
41.2
37.5
39.6
50.0
n.a.2
25.3
31.8
C02 temperature-corrected total mass
g
2602
224
2203
2514
2543
2511
2592
2499
2752
2841
2963
mass per effective volume of water boiled
g/liter
68.1
6.2
56.3
65.6
65.5
64.9
66.9
73.1
70.9
72.9
77.2
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
1520
137
1167
1502
1533
1567
1545
1566
1602
1583
1618
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
1730
129
1476
1657
1677
1732
1684
1740
1836
1858
1907
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
97.1
8.0
80.2
93.9
95.0
98.2
95.5
96.3
101.6
105.3
108.1
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
174
13
144
168
171
172
173
178
185
187
187
mass per time
g/hour
2353
159
2107
2261
2179
2515
2280
2461
2339
2462
2574
Table 2 continued on next page
16
-------
Table 2 continued from previous page
Parameter
Units
Average
SD
Test 1
Test 2
Test 3
Test 4
Test5
Test 71
Test 8
Test 9
Test 10
THC (as C3H8) temperature-corrected total mass
g
1.15
1.02
0.64
0.41
0.64
0.44
0.74
2.33
n.a.3
2.90
n.a.3
mass per effective volume of water boiled
g/liter
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.07
n.a.3
0.07
n.a.3
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
0.68
0.59
0.34
0.24
0.38
0.27
0.44
1.46
n.a.3
1.62
n.a.3
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
0.77
0.68
0.43
0.27
0.42
0.30
0.48
1.62
n.a.3
1.90
n.a.3
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
0.04
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.09
n.a.3
0.11
n.a.3
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
0.08
0.07
0.04
0.03
0.04
0.03
0.05
0.17
n.a.3
0.19
n.a.3
mass per time
g/hour
1.06
0.93
0.61
0.37
0.54
0.44
0.65
2.29
n.a.3
2.51
n.a.3
CH4 temperature-corrected total mass
g
0.26
0.16
0.05
0.18
0.30
0.20
0.28
n.a.4
n.a.4
0.53
n.a.4
mass per effective volume of water boiled
g/liter
0.007
0.004
0.001
0.005
0.008
0.005
0.007
n.a.4
n.a.4
0.014
n.a.4
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
0.15
0.09
0.03
0.11
0.18
0.12
0.17
n.a.4
n.a.4
0.29
n.a.4
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
0.17
0.10
0.03
0.12
0.19
0.14
0.18
n.a.4
n.a.4
0.34
n.a.4
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
n.a.4
n.a.4
0.02
n.a.4
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.02
n.a.4
n.a.4
0.03
n.a.4
mass per time
g/hour
0.23
0.13
0.05
0.17
0.25
0.20
0.25
n.a.4
n.a.4
0.46
n.a.4
NOx temperature-corrected total mass
g
1.15
0.14
0.88
1.10
1.09
1.09
1.17
1.20
1.20
1.30
1.36
mass per effective volume of water boiled
g/liter
0.030
0.004
0.023
0.029
0.028
0.028
0.030
0.035
0.031
0.033
0.035
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
0.68
0.08
0.47
0.66
0.66
0.68
0.70
0.75
0.70
0.72
0.74
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
0.77
0.09
0.59
0.73
0.72
0.75
0.76
0.83
0.80
0.85
0.87
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
0.04
0.01
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.04
0.05
0.05
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
0.08
0.01
0.06
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.08
0.09
0.09
mass per time
g/hour
1.04
0.11
0.84
0.99
0.93
1.09
1.03
1.18
1.02
1.12
1.18
1 Test 6 discontinued after the cold-start phase
2 CO concentration measurement failed acceptance criteria
3 THC analyzer malfunctioned
4 CH4 analyzer malfunctioned
17
-------
Table 3. Low-moisture fuel, low-power (30-min simmer) - WBT and pollutant emission parameters
Parameter
Units
Average
SD
Test 21
Test 3
Test 4
Test5
Test 72
Test 8
Test 93
Fuel moisture (wet basis)
%
7.2
0.7
7.3
6.6
6.4
6.5
7.5
8.1
7.9
Fuel consumed (raw)
g
286
14
288
296
294
266
276
279
306
Equivalent dry fuel consumed
g
338
40
322
328
350
316
292
338
419
Fuel burning rate
g/min
11.3
1.3
10.7
10.9
11.7
10.5
9.7
11.2
14.0
Specific fuel consumption
g/liter
9.2
0.9
8.7
8.7
9.3
8.4
8.9
9.0
11.2
Specific energy use
kJ/liter
162
16
153
153
164
149
161
159
197
Fire power
W
3318
381
3157
3215
3435
3100
2929
3286
4105
Modified combustion efficiency
%
93.7
0.6
94.2
93.7
93.6
94.6
92.8
93.8
93.5
PM2.5 total mass
mg
309
100
252
255
193
311
504
354
295
mass per volume of water remaining
mg/liter
8.5
3.3
6.8
6.8
5.1
8.3
15.4
9.5
7.9
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
1089
384
874
863
658
1169
1828
1269
964
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
939
385
782
778
552
984
1727
1049
704
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
52.7
21.0
44.3
44.1
31.3
55.7
95.6
58.1
39.9
mass per time
mg/hour
618
199
503
510
387
622
1008
703
590
CO total mass
g
20.9
3.2
18.6
20.8
21.4
17.8
19.7
n.a.4
26.8
mass per volume of water remaining
g/liter
0.57
0.09
0.50
0.55
0.57
0.47
0.60
n.a.4
0.72
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
72.4
8.1
64.6
70.5
72.7
67.0
71.6
n.a.4
87.7
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
61.7
4.2
57.7
63.6
61.0
56.4
67.6
n.a.4
64.1
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
3.48
0.21
3.27
3.60
3.46
3.20
3.74
n.a.4
3.63
mass per time
g/hour
41.7
6.4
37.2
41.7
42.8
35.7
39.4
n.a.4
53.7
C02 total mass
g
505
70
478
486
496
489
397
583
607
mass per volume of water remaining
g/liter
13.7
1.5
12.9
12.9
13.2
13.0
12.1
15.6
16.2
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
1763
222
1660
1644
1685
1838
1441
2090
1983
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
1494
118
1484
1481
1415
1547
1361
1726
1448
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
84.1
6.3
84.1
84.0
80.2
87.7
75.3
95.6
82.1
mass per time
g/hour
1009
139
956
972
991
978
794
1157
1213
THC (as C3H8) total mass
g
0.72
0.36
0.58
0.35
0.48
0.62
1.36
1.05
0.57
mass per volume of water remaining
g/liter
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.04
0.03
0.02
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
2.53
1.34
2.00
1.18
1.62
2.34
4.94
3.77
1.88
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
2.19
1.28
1.79
1.07
1.36
1.97
4.66
3.11
1.37
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
0.12
0.07
0.10
0.06
0.08
0.11
0.26
0.17
0.08
mass per time
g/hour
1.43
0.71
1.15
0.70
0.95
1.24
2.72
2.09
1.15
Table 3 continued on next page
18
-------
Table 3 continued from previous page
Parameter
Units
Average
SD
Test 21
Test 3
Test 4
Test5
Test 72
Test 8
Test 93
CH4 total mass
g
0.30
0.08
0.37
0.24
0.36
0.36
n.a.5
n.a.5
0.20
mass per volume of water remaining
g/liter
0.008
0.002
0.010
0.006
0.009
0.009
n.a.5
n.a.5
0.005
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
1.06
0.30
1.28
0.83
1.21
1.34
n.a.5
n.a.5
0.65
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
0.90
0.29
1.14
0.75
1.02
1.13
n.a.5
n.a.5
0.48
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
0.05
0.02
0.06
0.04
0.06
0.06
n.a.5
n.a.5
0.03
mass per time
g/hour
0.61
0.15
0.73
0.49
0.71
0.71
n.a.5
n.a.5
0.40
NOx total mass
g
0.17
0.04
0.14
0.16
0.14
0.16
0.15
0.20
0.24
mass per volume of water remaining
g/liter
0.005
0.001
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.005
0.005
0.006
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
0.59
0.11
0.50
0.53
0.48
0.59
0.55
0.72
0.78
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
0.50
0.07
0.45
0.48
0.40
0.50
0.52
0.59
0.57
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
0.028
0.004
0.025
0.027
0.023
0.028
0.029
0.033
0.032
mass per time
g/hour
0.34
0.07
0.29
0.31
0.28
0.31
0.30
0.40
0.48
1 Test 1 rejected due to carbon balance out of limits
2 Test 6 discontinued after the cold-start phase
3 Test 10 rejected due to carbon balance out of limits
4 CO concentration measurement failed acceptance criteria
5 CH4 analyzer malfunctioned
19
-------
Table 4. Low-moisture fuel - emissions ofOC (organic carbon) and EC (elemental carbon) in PM2.5
Parameter
Units
Average
SD
Test 1
Test 2
Test 3
Test 4
Test5
Test 6
Test 7
Test 8
Test 9
Test 10
High-power cold-start
OC temperature-corrected total mass
mg
539
134
384
604
619
555
622
275
534
760
491
549
mass per effective volume of water boiled
mg/liter
14.1
3.5
9.8
15.6
16.1
14.3
16.1
7.2
15.7
19.7
12.7
14.2
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
309
75
212
346
365
317
353
162
326
418
279
311
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
349
81
268
381
399
348
384
177
361
479
327
367
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
19.6
4.5
14.6
21.6
22.6
19.7
21.8
10.0
20.0
26.5
18.5
20.8
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
mg/MJ
35.7
8.6
25.3
39.7
41.2
37.0
40.8
18.4
37.2
48.7
32.4
36.5
mass per time
mg/hour
463
105
367
501
575
469
518
229
454
577
427
517
EC temperature-corrected total mass
mg
1205
76
1247
1126
1152
1167
1201
1145
1131
1307
1225
1346
mass per effective volume of water boiled
mg/liter
31.5
1.9
31.8
29.1
29.9
30.1
31.1
29.8
33.3
33.9
31.6
34.7
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
691
32
689
646
680
666
682
674
690
719
697
763
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
784
64
870
711
743
732
743
735
765
823
816
899
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
44.0
3.4
47.2
40.3
42.1
41.5
42.1
41.6
42.4
45.6
46.2
50.9
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
mg/MJ
79.9
4.4
82.1
74.0
76.7
77.7
78.8
76.45
78.8
83.8
80.9
89.3
mass per time
mg/hour
1042
109
1190
934
1071
986
1002
954
961
992
1064
1268
High-power hot-start
OC temperature-corrected total mass
mg
582
262
340
206
594
722
684
n.a.1
1110
575
625
387
mass per effective volume of water boiled
mg/liter
15.5
7.8
8.7
5.4
15.3
18.7
17.6
n.a.1
32.5
14.8
16.0
10.1
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
345
170
180
123
358
451
407
n.a.1
695
334
348
211
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
390
184
228
136
392
498
444
n.a.1
772
383
409
249
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
21.9
10.3
12.4
7.7
22.2
28.2
25.2
n.a.1
42.8
21.2
23.2
14.1
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
mg/MJ
39.4
19.0
22.3
13.8
40.0
49.4
45.7
n.a.1
78.9
38.6
41.2
24.5
mass per time
mg/hour
534
264
326
185
509
724
601
n.a.1
1093
489
541
336
EC temperature-corrected total mass
mg
1297
61
1369
1270
1261
1279
1316
n.a.1
1278
1392
1320
1188
mass per effective volume of water boiled
mg/liter
34.0
1.9
35.0
33.1
32.5
33.1
34.0
n.a.1
37.4
35.9
33.9
30.9
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
758
51
725
759
760
798
784
n.a.1
801
810
735
648
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
863
50
918
837
832
883
855
n.a.1
890
928
863
764
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
48.4
2.3
49.8
47.4
47.1
50.0
48.5
n.a.1
49.3
51.4
48.9
43.3
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
mg/MJ
86.8
5.2
89.7
84.9
84.8
87.5
88.0
n.a.1
90.9
93.4
87.0
75.1
mass per time
mg/hour
1176
93
1310
1142
1080
1282
1158
n.a.1
1259
1183
1144
1032
Table 4 continued on next page
20
-------
Table 4 continued from previous page
Parameter
Units
Average
SD
Test 1
Test 2
Test 3
Test 4
Test5
Test 6
Test 7
Test 8
Test 9
Test 10
Low-power (30-minute simmer)
OC total mass
mg
93.5
66.7
n.a.2
84.0
68.2
58.0
60.6
n.a.1
240.4
95.0
48.1
n.a.3
mass per volume of water remaining
mg/liter
2.6
2.1
n.a.2
2.3
1.8
1.5
1.6
n.a.1
7.3
2.5
1.3
n.a.3
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
331
246
n.a.2
292
231
197
228
n.a.1
872
340
157
n.a.3
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
292.2
240.9
n.a.2
260.9
208.1
165.5
191.6
n.a.1
823.5
281.0
115.0
n.a.3
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
16.4
13.3
n.a.2
14.8
11.8
9.4
10.9
n.a.1
45.6
15.6
6.5
n.a.3
mass per time
mg/hour
187
133
n.a.2
168
136
116
121
n.a.1
481
188
96
n.a.3
EC total mass
mg
105
52
n.a.2
66
80
42
179
n.a.1
71
148
149
n.a.3
mass per volume of water remaining
mg/liter
2.8
1.4
n.a.2
1.8
2.1
1.1
4.8
n.a.1
2.2
4.0
4.0
n.a.3
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
370
193
n.a.2
230
269
143
672
n.a.1
258
530
486
n.a.3
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
310
152
n.a.2
206
243
120
565
n.a.1
243
438
355
n.a.3
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
17.4
8.6
n.a.2
11.7
13.7
6.8
32.0
n.a.1
13.5
24.2
20.1
n.a.3
mass per time
mg/hour
209
104
n.a.2
132
159
84
357
n.a.1
142
294
297
n.a.3
1 Test 6 discontinued after the cold-start phase
2 Test 1 rejected due to carbon balance out of limits
3 Test 10 rejected due to carbon balance out of limits
Table 5. Low-moisture fuel - PM2.s mass fractions of organic carbon to total carbon (OC/TC)
and elemental carbon to total carbon (EC/TC)
High-Power Cold-Start
High-Power Hot-Start
Low-Power (Simmer)
Mass fraction of OC/TC
0.309
0.310
0.471
Mass fraction of EC/TC
0.691
0.690
0.529
21
-------
Table 6. Low-moisture fuel - emissions ofBC (black carbon) measured with aethalometer
Parameter
Units
Average
SD
Test 1
Test 2
Test 3
Test 4
Test5
Test 6
Test 7
Test 8
Test 9
Test 10
High-power cold-start
BC temperature-corrected total mass
mg
1138
125
1382
1029
1129
1080
1158
972
1075
1320
1119
1118
mass per effective volume of water boiled
mg/liter
29.8
3.1
35.2
26.6
29.3
27.9
29.9
25.3
31.6
34.3
28.9
28.8
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
652
58
764
590
667
616
658
572
656
726
636
634
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
741
97
964
649
729
678
716
624
727
831
745
746
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
41.6
4.8
52.3
36.8
41.3
38.4
40.6
35.4
40.3
46.0
42.2
42.3
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
mg/MJ
75.4
7.6
90.9
67.6
75.2
72.0
75.9
64.9
74.9
84.6
73.9
74.2
mass per time
mg/hour
985
141
1318
854
1050
913
965
810
914
1001
972
1053
High-power hot-start
BC temperature-corrected total mass
mg
1082
282
1149
532
1172
1237
744
n.a.1
1446
1222
1230
1002
mass per effective volume of water boiled
mg/liter
28.5
8.1
29.4
13.9
30.2
32.0
19.2
n.a.1
42.3
31.5
31.6
26.1
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
633
177
609
318
706
772
444
n.a.1
906
711
686
547
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
722
200
770
351
773
854
484
n.a.1
1007
815
805
645
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
40.5
11.0
41.8
19.9
43.8
48.4
27.4
n.a.1
55.8
45.1
45.6
36.5
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
mg/MJ
72.6
20.1
75.3
35.6
78.8
84.6
49.8
n.a.1
102.9
82.0
81.1
63.4
mass per time
mg/hour
986
287
1100
478
1004
1239
655
n.a.1
1425
1039
1066
870
Low-power (30-minute simmer)
BC total mass
mg
74.5
49.4
n.a.2
28.4
44.2
24.9
62.1
n.a.1
79.7
148.8
133.1
n.a.3
mass per volume of water remaining
mg/liter
2.0
1.3
n.a.2
0.8
1.2
0.7
1.7
n.a.1
2.4
4.0
3.5
n.a.3
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
261
171
n.a.2
99
150
85
233
n.a.1
289
533
435
n.a.3
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
217
134
n.a.2
88
135
71
196
n.a.1
273
440
318
n.a.3
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
12.2
7.4
n.a.2
5.0
7.6
4.0
11.1
n.a.1
15.1
24.4
18.0
n.a.3
mass per time
mg/hour
149
98
n.a.2
57
88
50
124
n.a.1
159
295
266
n.a.3
1 Test 6 discontinued after the cold-start phase
2 Test 1 rejected due to carbon balance out of limits
3 Test 10 rejected due to carbon balance out of limits
22
-------
Table 7. High-moisture fuel, high-power cold-start - WBT, PM2.5, and gaseous pollutant parameters
Parameter
Units
Average
SD
Test 1
Test 2
Test 3
Test 4
Fuel moisture (wet basis)
%
17.1
1.1
16.0
18.1
18.0
16.3
Fuel consumed (raw)
g
2172
19
2173
2182
2190
2145
Equivalent dry fuel consumed
g
1650
20
1678
1647
1636
1637
Time to boil 40 liters of water, 25 to 100°C
min
79.60
9.99
80.45
77.63
92.28
68.02
Thermal efficiency
%
53.9
0.5
53.4
53.9
54.5
53.8
Fuel burning rate
g/min
21.0
2.6
20.9
21.2
17.7
24.1
Temperature-corrected specific fuel consumption
g/liter
42.0
0.3
42.3
42.3
41.9
41.6
Temperature-corrected specific energy use
kJ/l iter
753
7
759
759
749
745
Fire power
W
6264
775
6247
6346
5285
7179
Cooking power
W
3376
403
3335
3422
2882
3865
Modified combustion efficiency
%
98.4
0.0
98.4
98.4
98.4
98.5
PM2.5 temperature-corrected total mass
mg
2384
255
2549
2237
2645
2105
mass per effective volume of water boiled
mg/liter
61.9
6.7
66.1
58.3
68.7
54.4
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
1118
116
1209
1040
1226
998
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
1473
156
1565
1378
1640
1308
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
81.0
7.6
85.4
75.2
89.5
74.1
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
mg/MJ
152
16
163
142
168
136
mass per time
mg/hour
1837
105
1959
1754
1745
1889
CO temperature-corrected total mass
g
30.2
2.1
30.6
30.5
32.3
27.4
mass per effective volume of water boiled
g/liter
0.78
0.06
0.79
0.80
0.84
0.71
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
14.2
0.9
14.5
14.2
15.0
13.0
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
18.7
1.3
18.8
18.8
20.1
17.0
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
1.03
0.05
1.03
1.03
1.09
0.96
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
1.93
0.12
1.96
1.94
2.06
1.76
mass per time
g/hour
23.3
1.4
23.5
24.0
21.3
24.6
C02 temperature-corrected total mass
g
2935
124
2972
2977
3037
2755
mass per effective volume of water boiled
g/liter
76
3
77
78
79
71
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
1377
48
1410
1385
1408
1306
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
1814
73
1825
1834
1884
1712
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
100
2
100
100
103
97
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
188
7
190
189
193
178
mass per time
g/hour
2274
197
2284
2335
2004
2472
THC (as CsHs) temperature-corrected total mass
g
3.14
0.27
3.14
3.39
3.29
2.77
mass per effective volume of water boiled
g/liter
0.08
0.01
0.08
0.09
0.09
0.07
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
1.47
0.11
1.49
1.57
1.52
1.31
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
1.94
0.16
1.93
2.09
2.04
1.72
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
0.11
0.01
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.10
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
0.20
0.02
0.20
0.22
0.21
0.18
mass per time
g/hour
2.43
0.20
2.41
2.65
2.17
2.48
CH4 temperature-corrected total mass
g
0.78
0.03
0.75
0.80
0.76
0.81
mass per effective volume of water boiled
g/liter
0.020
0.001
0.020
0.021
0.020
0.021
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
0.37
0.01
0.36
0.37
0.35
0.38
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
0.48
0.02
0.46
0.50
0.47
0.50
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
0.027
0.001
0.025
0.027
0.026
0.028
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
0.050
0.002
0.048
0.051
0.049
0.052
mass per time
g/hour
0.61
0.09
0.58
0.63
0.50
0.72
NOx temperature-corrected total mass
g
1.35
0.15
1.31
1.40
1.53
1.17
mass per effective volume of water boiled
g/liter
0.035
0.004
0.034
0.037
0.040
0.030
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
0.63
0.06
0.62
0.65
0.71
0.55
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
0.83
0.09
0.80
0.86
0.95
0.73
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
0.046
0.005
0.044
0.047
0.052
0.041
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
0.09
0.01
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.08
mass per time
g/hour
1.04
0.04
1.00
1.10
1.01
1.05
23
-------
Table 8. High-moisture fuel, high-power hot-start - WBT, PM2.5, and gaseous pollutant parameters
Parameter
Units
Average
SD
Test 1
Test 2
Test 3
Test 4
Fuel moisture (wet basis)
%
16.6
1.5
15.7
15.8
18.8
16.0
Fuel consumed (raw)
g
2026
43
1971
2074
2018
2040
Equivalent dry fuel consumed
g
1562
66
1538
1618
1479
1613
Time to boil 5 liters of water, 25 to 100°C
min
72.68
8.59
68.10
84.58
73.02
65.03
Thermal efficiency
%
55.6
2.5
56.6
53.8
58.6
53.3
Fuel burning rate
g/min
21.7
2.5
22.6
19.1
20.3
24.8
Temperature-corrected specific fuel consumption
g/liter
41.1
1.7
40.3
43.0
39.2
41.8
Temperature-corrected specific energy use
kJ/l iter
736
29
724
769
702
748
Fire power
W
6475
758
6757
5700
6043
7400
Cooking power
W
3594
389
3822
3067
3544
3944
Modified combustion efficiency
%
98.4
0.3
98.4
98.7
97.9
98.5
PM2.5 temperature-corrected total mass
mg
2083
585
1920
1644
2943
1824
mass per effective volume of water boiled
mg/liter
54.0
15.3
49.8
42.7
76.6
47.1
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
1015
288
964
775
1431
891
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
1327
429
1235
993
1953
1127
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
73.0
23.1
67.4
54.2
106.5
63.8
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
mg/MJ
132
37
122
103
186
118
mass per time
mg/hour
1716
506
1674
1140
2374
1677
CO temperature-corrected total mass
g
30.7
6.4
30.9
25.6
39.7
26.5
mass per effective volume of water boiled
g/liter
0.80
0.17
0.80
0.66
1.03
0.69
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
15.0
3.2
15.5
12.1
19.3
13.0
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
19.5
4.9
19.9
15.5
26.3
16.4
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
1.07
0.26
1.08
0.84
1.44
0.93
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
1.95
0.40
1.96
1.61
2.51
1.72
mass per time
g/hour
25.3
5.9
26.9
17.7
32.0
24.4
C02 temperature-corrected total mass
g
2896
146
2944
3012
2948
2682
mass per effective volume of water boiled
g/liter
75
4
76
78
77
69
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
1410
71
1478
1419
1433
1309
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
1831
130
1895
1819
1956
1656
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
101
6
103
99
107
94
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
184
7
187
189
186
174
mass per time
g/hour
2374
206
2566
2088
2377
2464
THC (as CsHs) temperature-corrected total mass
g
2.68
0.40
2.53
2.60
3.26
2.34
mass per effective volume of water boiled
g/liter
0.07
0.01
0.07
0.07
0.08
0.06
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
1.31
0.19
1.27
1.22
1.59
1.14
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
1.70
0.32
1.63
1.57
2.17
1.44
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
0.09
0.02
0.09
0.09
0.12
0.08
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
0.17
0.02
0.16
0.16
0.21
0.15
mass per time
g/hour
2.20
0.34
2.20
1.80
2.63
2.15
CH4 temperature-corrected total mass
g
0.69
0.13
0.60
0.57
0.83
0.75
mass per effective volume of water boiled
g/liter
0.018
0.003
0.015
0.015
0.022
0.019
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
0.33
0.06
0.30
0.27
0.41
0.37
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
0.44
0.09
0.38
0.34
0.55
0.47
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
0.04
0.01
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.05
mass per time
g/hour
0.57
0.14
0.52
0.39
0.67
0.69
NOx temperature-corrected total mass
g
1.27
0.07
1.30
1.30
1.31
1.16
mass per effective volume of water boiled
g/liter
0.033
0.002
0.034
0.034
0.034
0.030
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
0.62
0.04
0.65
0.61
0.64
0.56
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
0.80
0.07
0.84
0.79
0.87
0.71
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
0.044
0.003
0.046
0.043
0.047
0.040
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
0.080
0.004
0.082
0.082
0.083
0.075
mass per time
g/hour
1.04
0.10
1.13
0.90
1.06
1.06
24
-------
Table 9. High-moisture fuel, low-power (30-min simmer) - WBT and pollutant emission parameters
Parameter
Units
Average
SD
Test 1
Test 2
Test 3
Test 4
Fuel moisture (wet basis)
%
17.4
3.8
14.2
17.1
22.8
15.4
Fuel consumed (raw)
g
421
29
378
426
442
439
Equivalent dry fuel consumed
g
427
16
416
447
433
412
Fuel burning rate
g/min
14.2
0.6
13.8
14.9
14.4
13.7
Specific fuel consumption
g/liter
11.5
0.5
11.2
12.1
11.8
11.1
Specific energy use
kJ/liter
207
9
200
217
212
199
Fire power
W
4254
170
4127
4454
4335
4100
Modified combustion efficiency
%
95.7
0.8
96.5
94.7
95.5
96.2
PM2.5 total mass
mg
573
92
568
663
615
448
mass per volume of water remaining
mg/liter
15.5
2.5
15.3
17.9
16.7
12.1
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
1367
241
1500
1557
1392
1021
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
1338
174
1363
1482
1419
1087
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
73.6
8.4
74.4
80.9
77.4
61.6
mass per time
mg/hour
1146
185
1132
1326
1230
896
CO total mass
g
19.2
5.3
14.3
25.4
21.7
15.4
mass per volume of water remaining
g/liter
0.52
0.14
0.38
0.69
0.59
0.42
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
45.4
11.3
37.7
59.7
49.2
35.1
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
44.7
10.6
34.3
56.9
50.1
37.4
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
2.46
0.56
1.87
3.10
2.73
2.12
mass per time
g/hour
38.4
10.6
28.5
50.9
43.4
30.8
C02 total mass
g
664
57
614
707
719
616
mass per volume of water remaining
g/liter
18.0
1.6
16.5
19.1
19.5
16.6
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
1579
118
1624
1661
1628
1403
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
1553
85
1475
1581
1659
1494
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
85.5
4.1
80.5
86.3
90.5
84.7
mass per time
g/hour
1327
115
1225
1415
1438
1231
THC (as CsHs) total mass
g
1.30
0.14
1.42
1.37
1.10
1.31
mass per volume of water remaining
g/liter
0.035
0.004
0.038
0.037
0.030
0.035
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
3.11
0.52
3.74
3.22
2.50
2.98
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
3.05
0.36
3.40
3.07
2.54
3.18
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
0.17
0.02
0.19
0.17
0.14
0.18
mass per time
g/hour
2.60
0.27
2.82
2.74
2.21
2.62
CH4 total mass
g
0.35
0.01
0.35
0.34
0.34
0.37
mass per volume of water remaining
g/liter
0.0094
0.0004
0.0095
0.0091
0.0092
0.0099
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
0.83
0.07
0.93
0.79
0.76
0.83
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
0.82
0.06
0.85
0.75
0.78
0.89
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
0.045
0.004
0.046
0.041
0.042
0.050
mass per time
g/hour
0.70
0.03
0.70
0.67
0.67
0.73
NOx total mass
g
0.27
0.03
0.26
0.27
0.31
0.25
mass per volume of water remaining
g/liter
0.007
0.001
0.007
0.007
0.008
0.007
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
0.64
0.06
0.69
0.63
0.69
0.56
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
0.63
0.05
0.63
0.60
0.71
0.60
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
0.035
0.003
0.034
0.033
0.039
0.034
mass per time
g/hour
0.54
0.05
0.52
0.54
0.61
0.49
25
-------
Table 10. High-moisture fuel - emissions ofPM2.s OC (organic carbon) and EC (elemental carbon)
Parameter Units Average SD
Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4
High-power cold-start
OC temperature-corrected total mass
mg
716
167
734
694
921
514
mass per effective volume of water boiled
mg/liter
18.6
4.4
19.1
18.1
23.9
13.3
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
335
76
348
323
427
244
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
442
103
451
427
571
319
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
24.3
5.4
24.6
23.3
31.2
18.1
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
mg/MJ
45.7
10.4
47.0
44.1
58.5
33.1
mass per time
mg/hour
544
61
564
544
608
461
EC temperature-corrected total mass
mg
1163
107
1309
1076
1177
1091
mass per effective volume of water boiled
mg/liter
30.2
2.8
34.0
28.0
30.6
28.2
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
546
53
621
500
546
517
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
719
64
804
663
730
678
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
39.6
3.2
43.8
36.2
39.8
38.4
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
mg/MJ
74.4
6.8
83.8
68.5
74.8
70.3
mass per time
mg/hour
901
109
1006
844
111
979
High-power hot-start
OC temperature-corrected total mass
mg
449
284
314
298
875
310
mass per effective volume of water boiled
mg/liter
11.7
7.4
8.1
7.7
22.8
8.0
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
219
138
158
140
426
151
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
288
195
202
180
581
191
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
15.8
10.6
11.0
9.8
31.7
10.8
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
mg/MJ
28.5
17.9
19.9
18.7
55.3
20.1
mass per time
mg/hour
368
228
274
206
706
285
EC temperature-corrected total mass
mg
1144
149
1154
996
1345
1081
mass per effective volume of water boiled
mg/liter
29.7
3.9
29.9
25.9
35.0
27.9
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
557
78
579
469
654
528
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
726
125
743
601
892
668
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
40.0
6.6
40.5
32.8
48.7
37.8
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
mg/MJ
72.6
9.4
73.1
62.5
85.0
70.0
mass per time
mg/hour
943
174
1006
690
1084
993
Low-power (30-minute simmer)
OC total mass
mg
198
46
260
203
156
173
mass per volume of water remaining
mg/liter
5.35
1.22
7.00
5.50
4.24
4.68
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
478
149
688
477
353
395
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
465
114
625
454
360
420
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
25.6
6.1
34.1
24.8
19.6
23.8
mass per time
mg/hour
396
91
519
407
312
346
EC total mass
mg
175
93
80
227
278
113
mass per volume of water remaining
mg/liter
4.73
2.54
2.16
6.13
7.55
3.06
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
408
204
212
532
630
258
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
404
207
193
507
642
275
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
22.2
11.2
10.5
27.6
35.0
15.6
mass per time
mg/hour
349
187
160
453
556
227
Table 11. High-moisture fuel - PM2.s mass fractions of organic carbon to total carbon (OC/TC)
and elemental carbon to total carbon (EC/TC)
High-Power Cold-Start
High-Power Hot-Start
Low-Power (Simmer)
Mass fraction of OC/TC
0.381
0.282
0.532
Mass fraction of EC/TC
0.619
0.718
0.468
26
-------
Table 12. High-moisture fuel - emissions of BC (black carbon) measured with aethalometer
Parameter
Units
Average
SD
Test 1
Test 2
Test 3
Test 4
High-power cold-start
BC temperature-corrected total mass
mg
1137
100
1203
1088
1235
1020
mass per effective volume of water boiled
mg/liter
29.5
2.6
31.2
28.4
32.1
26.4
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
533
45
570
506
572
484
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
702
61
739
671
766
634
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
38.6
2.8
40.3
36.6
41.8
35.9
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
mg/MJ
72.6
6.1
77.0
69.3
78.5
65.8
mass per time
mg/hour
877
52
924
854
815
916
High-power hot-start
BC temperature-corrected total mass
mg
970
227
916
764
1294
907
mass per effective volume of water boiled
mg/liter
25.2
5.9
23.7
19.8
33.7
23.4
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
473
113
460
360
629
443
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
617
170
589
461
859
560
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
34.0
9.2
32.1
25.2
46.8
31.8
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
mg/MJ
61.6
14.3
58.0
47.9
81.8
58.7
mass per time
mg/hour
801
211
798
529
1043
834
Low-power (30-minute simmer)
BC total mass
mg
146
63
90
137
237
120
mass per volume of water remaining
mg/liter
4.0
1.7
2.4
3.7
6.4
3.3
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
343
133
239
322
536
275
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
341
143
217
306
546
292
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
18.7
7.7
11.8
16.7
29.8
16.6
mass per time
mg/hour
292
127
180
274
474
241
27
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Table 13. Comparison of low- and high-moisture fuel - WBT, PM2.5 and gaseous pollutant parameters
Parameter
Units
High-power
cold-start
High-power
hot-start
Low-power
30-minute simmer
Fuel moisture (wet basis)
%
7.2
17.1
7.3
16.6
7.2
17.4
Fuel consumed (raw)
g
1817
2172
1724
2026
286
421
Equivalent dry fuel consumed
g
1607
1650
1513
1562
338
427
Time to boil 40 liters of water, 25 to 100°C
min
72.71
79.60
66.81
72.68
n.a.1
n.a.1
Thermal efficiency
%
55.0
53.9
56.0
55.6
n.a.1
n.a.1
Fuel burning rate
g/min
22.2
21.0
22.7
21.7
11.3
14.2
Temperature-corrected specific fuel consumption
g/liter
40.3
42.0
39.4
41.1
9.2
11.5
Temperature-corrected specific energy use
kJ/l iter
718
753
700
736
162
207
Fire power
W
6574
6264
6729
6475
3318
4254
Cooking power
W
3640
3376
3765
3594
n.a.1
n.a.1
Modified combustion efficiency
%
97.6
98.4
97.6
98.4
93.7
95.7
PM2.5 temperature-corrected total mass
mg
2295
2384
2359
2083
309
573
mass per effective volume of water
mg/liter
60.1
61.9
62.0
54.0
8.5
15.5
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
1316
1118
1385
1015
1089
1367
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
1491
1473
1573
1327
939
1338
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
83.7
81.0
88.2
73.0
52.7
73.6
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
mg/MJ
152.1
152
158.4
132
n.a.1
n.a.1
mass per time
mg/hour
1982
1837
2148
1716
618
1146
CO temperature-corrected total mass
g
45.0
30.2
40.9
30.7
20.9
19.2
mass per effective volume of water
g/liter
1.18
0.78
1.08
0.80
0.57
0.52
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
25.8
14.2
24.2
15.0
72.4
45.4
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
28.8
18.7
27.2
19.5
61.7
44.7
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
1.62
1.03
1.53
1.07
3.48
2.46
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
2.98
1.93
2.75
1.95
n.a.1
n.a.1
mass per time
g/hour
38.2
23.3
37.3
25.3
41.7
38.4
C02 temperature-corrected total mass
g
2685
2935
2602
2896
505
664
mass per effective volume of water
g/liter
70.4
76
68.1
75
13.7
18.0
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
1541
1377
1520
1410
1763
1579
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
1743
1814
1730
1831
1494
1553
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
97.9
100
97.1
101
84.1
85.5
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
178
188
174
184
n.a.1
n.a.1
mass per time
g/hour
2314
2274
2353
2374
1009
1327
THC (as CsHs) temperature-corrected total mass
g
0.82
3.14
1.15
2.68
0.72
1.30
mass per effective volume of water
g/liter
0.02
0.08
0.03
0.07
0.02
0.04
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
0.47
1.47
0.68
1.31
2.53
3.11
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
0.53
1.94
0.77
1.70
2.19
3.05
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
0.03
0.11
0.04
0.09
0.12
0.17
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
0.05
0.20
0.08
0.17
n.a.1
n.a.1
mass per time
g/hour
0.69
2.43
1.06
2.20
1.43
2.60
CH4 temperature-corrected total mass
g
0.21
0.78
0.26
0.69
0.30
0.35
mass per effective volume of water
g/liter
0.005
0.020
0.007
0.018
0.008
0.009
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
0.12
0.37
0.15
0.33
1.06
0.83
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
0.13
0.48
0.17
0.44
0.90
0.82
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
0.01
0.03
0.01
0.02
0.05
0.05
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
0.01
0.05
0.02
0.04
n.a.1
n.a.1
mass per time
g/hour
0.18
0.61
0.23
0.57
0.61
0.70
NOx temperature-corrected total mass
g
1.26
1.35
1.15
1.27
0.17
0.27
mass per effective volume of water
g/liter
0.033
0.035
0.030
0.033
0.005
0.007
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
0.72
0.63
0.68
0.62
0.59
0.64
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
0.82
0.83
0.77
0.80
0.50
0.63
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
0.08
0.09
0.08
0.08
n.a.1
n.a.1
mass per time
g/hour
1.09
1.04
1.04
1.04
0.34
0.54
1Not applicable to the low-power 30-minute simmer phase
28
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Table 14. Comparison of low- and high-moisture fuel - PM2.5 organic and elemental carbon emissions
Parameter
Units
High-power
cold-start
High-power
hot-start
Low-power
30-minute simmer
Fuel moisture (wet basis)
%
7.2
17.1
7.3
16.6
7.2
17.4
OC temperature-corrected total mass
mg
539
716
582
449
93.5
198
mass per effective volume of water
mg/liter
14.1
18.6
15.5
11.7
2.6
5.35
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
309
335
345
219
331
478
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
349
442
390
288
292.2
465
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
19.6
24.3
21.9
15.8
16.4
25.6
mass per useful energy delivered
mg/MJ
35.7
45.7
39.4
28.5
n.a.
n.a.
mass per time
mg/hour
463
544
534
368
187
396
EC temperature-corrected total mass
mg
1205
1163
1297
1144
105
175
mass per effective volume of water
mg/liter
31.5
30.2
34.0
29.7
2.8
4.73
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
691
546
758
557
370
408
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
784
719
863
726
310
404
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
44.0
39.6
48.4
40.0
17.4
22.2
mass per useful energy delivered
mg/MJ
79.9
74.4
86.8
72.6
n.a.
n.a.
mass per time
mg/hour
1042
901
1176
943
209
349
Mass fraction of OC/TC
-
0.309
0.381
0.310
0.282
0.471
0.532
Mass fraction of EC/TC
-
0.691
0.619
0.690
0.718
0.529
0.468
Table 15. Comparison of low- and high-moisture fuel - emissions of black carbon (aethalometer)
Parameter
Units
High-power
cold-start
High-power
hot-start
Low-power
30-minute simmer
Fuel moisture (wet basis)
%
7.2
17.1
7.3
16.6
7.2
17.4
BC temperature-corrected total mass
mg
1138
1137
1082
970
74.5
146
mass per effective volume of water
mg/liter
29.8
29.5
28.5
25.2
2.0
4.0
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
652
533
633
473
261
343
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
741
702
722
617
217
341
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
41.6
38.6
40.5
34.0
12.2
18.7
mass per useful energy delivered
mg/MJ
75.1
72.6
72.6
61.6
n.a.
n.a.
mass per time
mg/hour
985
877
986
801
149
292
29
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Table 16. Results from indoor (fugitive) emissions tests
Parameter
Units
High-power
cold-start
High-power
hot-start
Low-power
30-min simmer
Fuel moisture (wet basis)
%
8.4
8.4
8.4
Fuel consumed (raw)
g
1797
1679
351
Equivalent dry fuel consumed
g
1554
1446
395
Time to boil 40 liters of water, 25 to 100°C
min
61.84
49.47
n.a.1
Thermal efficiency
%
56.2
56.1
n.a.1
Fuel burning rate
g/min
23.8
29.3
13.2
Temperature-corrected specific fuel consumption
g/liter
37.0
36.5
10.4
Temperature-corrected specific energy use
kJ/liter
669
660
187
Fire power
W
7166
8832
3961
Cooking power
W
4029
4958
n.a.1
PM2.5 temperature-corrected total mass
mg
60
56
7.8
mass per effective volume of water
mg/liter
1.5
1.4
0.21
mass per fuel mass (raw)
mg/kg
35
33
22.3
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
mg/kg
41
38
19.9
mass per fuel energy
mg/MJ
2.3
2.1
1.1
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
mg/MJ
4.0
3.8
n.a.1
mass per time
mg/hour
58.6
67.4
15.7
CO temperature-corrected total mass
g
0.81
0.63
0.26
mass per effective volume of water
g/liter
0.020
0.016
0.007
mass per fuel mass (raw)
g/kg
0.48
0.37
0.74
mass per equivalent dry fuel mass
g/kg
0.55
0.44
0.66
mass per fuel energy
g/MJ
0.030
0.024
0.036
mass per useful energy delivered (to water in pot)
g/MJ
0.054
0.043
n.a.1
mass per time
g/hour
0.79
0.77
0.52
1Not applicable to the low-power 30-minute simmer phase
Table 17. Carbon balance, percent difference based on fuel carbon
Fuel
Moisture
Test phase
Units
Test 1
08/21/2014
Test 2
02/11/2015
Test 3
02/12/2015
Test 4
02/13/2015
Test 5
02/20/2015
Low
High-power cold-start
%
16.0
5.4
7.0
2.9
5.2
High-power hot-start
%
18.0
6.2
5.7
3.1
5.4
Low-power (simmer)
%
rejected1
13.7
13.4
17.2
10.2
Test 6
02/23/2015
Test 7
05/06/2015
Test 8
05/08/2015
Test 9
05/12/2015
Test 10
05/13/2015
Low
High-power cold-start
%
5.7
-3.0
-6.2
-5.1
-3.8
High-power hot-start
%
n.a.2
1.6
-10.7
-3.1
-6.0
Low-power (simmer)
%
n.a.2
19.3
-6.9
15.1
rejected1
Test 1
05/18/2015
Test 2
05/19/2015
Test 3
05/20/2015
Test 4
05/29/2015
High
High-power cold-start
%
-4.0
-4.2
-7.9
6.6
High-power hot-start
%
-8.1
-4.3
-12.2
9.6
Low-power (simmer)
%
13.8
6.6
4.7
15.9
1 Rejected due to carbon balance out of limits
2 Test 6 discontinued after the cold-start phase
30
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Table 18. Measurement quality objectives for critical measurements.
All data included in this report were based on measurements that met or exceeded acceptance criteria.
Measurement
Reference
Indicators
Acceptance
Criteria
Water and Fuel Mass,
Electronic Balance
EPA RTP Met Lab SOP,
MS-0501.0
Accuracy
Precision
±lg
±lg
Water Temperature,
Thermocouple
EPA RTP Met Lab SOP,
TH-0301.0
Accuracy
Precision
± 0.5 °C
± 0.5 °C
Fuel Heat of Combustion
ASTM D5865-13
Accuracy
Precision
± 0.5%
± 0.5%
Fuel Moisture Content Mass,
Electronic Balance
ASTM D4442-07
Accuracy
Precision
±lg
±0.5g
PM2.5 Mass,
Microbalance
EPA Method 5
Accuracy
Precision
± 0.01 mg
± 0.01 mg
PM2.5 Mass,
Sampling Air Flow
EPA RTP Met Lab SOP
FV-0237.1
Accuracy
Precision
± 1 Ipm
± 1 Ipm
PM OC/EC Mass
NIOSH Method 5040
Accuracy
Precision
± 16.7%
± 10%
THC Concentration
CH4 Concentration
EPA Method 25A
Calibration linearity
Zero bias
Span bias
Zero drift
Span drift
± 2% of scale
± 5% of scale
± 5% of scale
± 3% of scale
± 3% of scale
CO Concentration
EPA Method 10
C02 Concentration
EPA Method 3A
NOx Concentration
EPA Method 7E
Duct Gas Velocity
EPA Methods 1 & 2
Accuracy
Precision
± 5% of reading
± 5% of reading
Duct Gas Temperature
Thermocouple
EPA RTP Met Lab SOP,
TH-0301.0
Accuracy
Precision
±1°C
±1°C
Acknowledgments
(Alphabetical Order)
Dale Greenwell, EPA Instrumentation
Jerroll Faircloth, ARCADIS Instrumentation and Stove Operation
Michael Hays, EPA OC/EC Analysis
Amara Holder, EPA Aerosol Instrumentation
Laura Nessley, ARCADIS Quality Assurance
Bakul Patel, EPA OC/EC Analysis
Chris Pressley, EPA Electronics Shop
Guofeng Shen, EPA ORISE (Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education) Postdoctoral Fellow
Michael Tufts, ARCADIS Metrology Laboratory
Richard Valentine, EPA Facilities
Craig Williams, ARCADIS Project Lead
Robert Wright, EPA Quality Assurance
31
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