Appendices to the 2007 Beach Sanitary Survey Great Lakes Pilot Project


aS*0

' j	United States

^ I)	Environmental Protection

C /	Agency

PRO' V		

Region 5

Chicago, IL 60604

EPA 905-R-08-002
May 2008

2007 Beach Sanitary Survey
Great Lakes Pilot Project

APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A:

Potential Sources of Pollution Reported

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APPENDIX A: Potential Sources of Pollution Reported
Potential Sources of Pollution	Potential Cause of Exceedance

Comments

1 Lakewalk,

water runoff from the steep terrain of downtown Duluth and Sanitary
Sewer Overflows (SSOs) are the primary sources of bacteria for the beach.
A holding tank is scheduled to be installed to contain rainwater until
Wastewater Treatment Plant (VWVTP) can handle extra rainwater. The
beach had 5 days under an advisory w/ 3 of the 5 days associated with a
significant rain event, one of which had overflow from the sanitary system
which popped manhole covers after a 2.4" rain event in the watershed.
Without rain or very large waves, the beach generally has very low bacteria
counts.

Suspect primary source is waterfowl population that are typically in the
harbor from ice out in spring through early fall. There are many nesting
pairs of geese and ducks that reproduce prolifically. The harbor is also a
resting and refueling stop for the migrating geese; thus, increasing the
population in fall. Study found that E. coli counts in all samples increased
during summer and early fall. Advisories may cover multiple days-
sometimes months. Correlation analysis is performed with data collected
during the survey. There is no correlation between weather-related factors
and bacteria sample results. Bacteria counts do not increase w/rain
events, wave events or turbidity levels. There is no correlation between
wildlife counts and bacteria sample results, which was evident even though
DNA finger-printing suggests otherwise. What is perplexing is that there
are 4 beaches along harbor side of Park Point, all of which have large
waterfowl populations, but only 3 are under advisory for most of the late
summer and early fall. If waterfowl is main contributing factor, why isn't the

No sanitary facilities at beach. Moderate presence of gulls and geese.
Algae is present in nearshore water a low percentage of beach season (1-
20%). It's hard to pinpoint exact sources of contamination, but with
information gathered for surveys, we can start to eliminate what we
previously thought were potential sources of contamination at each beach.
Bacteria concentrations appear to correlate with rainfall, although 2007 was
a year of extreme drought in this area and rain data was limited.

2 New Duluth, NN, LS

3 Barker's Island, Wl, LS

A-1
5/28/2008

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Beach, State, Great Lake

4 Brule River #1, W1, LS

APPENDIX A: Potential Sources of Pollution Reported
Potential Sources of Pollution	Potential Cause of Exceedance

Comments

No sanitary facilities at beach. Low presence of geese, gulls, and dogs.
Septic systems are possibly contributing to E. coli in beach water and Brule
River. Nearby agricultural activities can contribute to E, coli in Brule River,
which drains directly to beach area. Brule River moves sand and causes
significant erosion and movement of beach material. Bacteria
concentrations appear to correlate with rainfall, but there are too few data
points due to drought conditions in 2007.

Same as above.

Same as above. In addition, hundreds of dead crickets on beach poses a
moderate level of concern as source of pollution.

No sanitary facilities at beach. Beach sand is a significant source of E,
coli. Found debris and litter on beach very frequently and did not see
beach being cleaned all summer. Rain events and beach closures on
8/21/07 and 8/27/07; elevated E. coli levels corresponded with elevated E,
coli levels coming from stormwater pipe. Algae cited as being present in
the nearshore water in low percent of beach season (1-20%), and on the
beach in moderate percent of season (21-50%).

Bacteria concentrations appear to correlate w/rainfall, air and water
temperature, cloud cover, wind speed and direction. There were also
correlations between bather density and E. col i levels. Pet waste found on
and near beach. On 8/21/07, there were extremely high levels of E, coli;
beach was closed after a rainfall and the outfall pipe near the beach
exceeded 2419 E. coli MPN/100 mL. Algae cited as being present on
beach in low percent of beach season (1-20%).

Beach sand was a moderate source of pollution. Elevated bacteria levels
roughly correlated with rainfall, however, the relatively small amount of
rainfall in 2007 made these relationships suspect. Algae present on beach
in low percentage of beach season (1-20%).

Elevated E, coli levels and total Phosphorous impacting beachwater
correlated with rain-generated stormwater from Valley Creek and Sauk
Creek watersheds. Specific sources for E. coli and P primarily from urban
Valley Creek watershed and secondarily from agricultural Sauk Creek
watershed. Little or no correlation between E. coli levels and bather density
or number of gulls. Little algae noted. Turbidity correlates with E, coli
concentration.

5 Brule River #2, Wl, LS

6 Brule River #3, Wl, LS

7 Thompson, Wl, LS

Kreher, Wl, LS

9 Maslowski, Wl, LS

10 Upper Lake Pk, Wl, LM

A-2
5/28/2008

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APPENDIX A: Potential Sources of Pollution Reported

Potential Sources of Pollution

Potential Cause of Exceedance

Beach, State, Great Lake

11 North Beach, Wl, LM

Little or no correlation between E, col i levels and bather density or number
of gulls. Litlle or no algae noted. E. coli positively correlated to rainfall,
tubidity and wave height. There are 7 permitted discharge points to Lake
Michigan and 4 to Root River in Racine. There have been only 5 discharge
events since 4/99.

12 Zoo Beach, Wl, LM

Near shore currents varied from north the south which means beach could
be influenced by stormwater outfalls north and south of beach. Saw
evidence of south outfall at English Street influencing water quality w/ south
winds. The period of heavy rain in August was responsible for the majority
of advisories. Low to moderate amounts of Cladophora noted in 2007.
The last major algal bloom was in 2002.

13 Bender, Wl LM

Possible sources include subsurface outfalls, seven bridges creek, Oak
Creek, beach sands, runoff sites north of beach, WWTP bypasses to Lake
Michigan, bathhouses, and shower facilities. Man-made rock boundary
creates north-facing cup shaped beach and nearly enclosed south-facing
boat launch and marina area. Bounding structure may have a negative
effect on water quality. Beach is primarily comprised of coarse to fine sand
which is relatively well-sorted. Previous research at other beaches has
demonstrated that finer sands tend to be more correlated w/elevated E,
coli levels, especially in areas which are continually wetted. Excessive
detached Cladophora was sporadic throughout the season.

A-3
5/28/2008

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APPENDIX A: Potential Sources of Pollution Reported

Potential Sources of Pollution

Potential Cause of Exceedance

Beach, State, Great Lake

14 Grant Park,Wl,LM

15 Neshotah, Wl, LM

There are several stormwater outfalls near and around the beach. Some
have high E. coli counts, but further investigation is needed. There was a
large population of gulls that were consistently on the beach. Regarding
seeps, there are 2 areas where trickles of water are discharging out of a
steep, bluff face with no apparent source which makes them appear to be
groundwater seepage (although further investigation may reveal old
inrastructure whose terminal ends have been sheered off due to erosion
and are undetectable). This water of unknown origin and occasional very
elevated fecal indicator bacteria counts often drain into Lake Michigan.
Aging bath house facilities in Grant Park may be a concern, but further
investigation is needed. Several drains and pipes have been identified
around the beach. Crushed pipes on bluff are main concern. Oak Creek
and 7 bridges may contribute to beach pollution depending on lake
currents. Grant Park Beach would be an excellent candidate for a non-
point source pollution study, as these sources appear to represent a
greater relative contribution than either of the tributaries. Cladophora
algae blooms were present throughout the beach season. Major
blooms consistently present north of beach.

High gull counts. Low to moderate coverage of Cladophora all summer.
Turbidity correlates with E. coli concentration.

16 Two Rivers/Point Beach,
Wl, LM

Low presence of geese; moderate presence of gulls. Low to moderate
coverage of Cladophora all summer. Wind direction, turbidity, and wave
height correlate with E. coli. Higher E. coli concentrations obtained from
Molash Creek and Silver Creek than beach water.

17 Whitefish Dunes, Wl, LM

Large populations of gulls at this beach. No sanitary facilities. Large
stranding of Cladophora ; although algae cited as being present in near
shore water and beach in low percentage of beach season (1-20%).

18 Sunset Park, Wl, LM

No sanitary facilities. Due to the number of beach closings, Sunset Park
has been added to the 303d list. Recent research has been conducted
here for a couple of years to determine source of E. coli in swimming
waters. Several pollution sources found including beach sand, runoff from
park area, bird populations, and an adjacent drainage pond. Wnd speed
and direction and air temperature correlate with E. coli. Algae cited as
being present in near shore water and beach in low percentage of beach
season (1-20%).

19 Deland Park, Wl, LM

Water from outfall often had elevated E. coli concentrations (higher than
beach). Longshore current moving north was correlated with E. coli
concentration. Low to moderate amounts of Cladophora observed all
summer.

A-4
5/28/2008

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APPENDIX A: Potential Sources of Pollution Reported

Potential Sources of Pollution

Potential Cause of Exceedance

Beach, State, Great Lake

20 General King, Wl, LM

Sources unknown at this point. Low bird numbers. Outfall E. coli has
been low, although beach E. coli was rarely elevated over course of beach
season. Low to moderate amounts of Cladophora observed all summer.

21 Kohler North, Wl, LM

Low to moderate amounts of Cladophora observed all summer.

22 Rosewood, IL, LM

A total of 173 pipe structures were mapped, 44 of which were from sanitary
sewer sources; the remainder were stormwater or drainage sources. At
time of survey, there was little to no flow in the tributaries (only one pipe
had measurable flow).

23 Jackson Pk (63rd), IL, LM

Results of survey suggest that elevated E, coli concentrations at 63rd
Street Beach are caused by non-point source rainwater runoff. The 63rd
Street pocket is influenced by a potentially significant bacterial load
because of the large land area of rainwater runoff sources. The pocket has
a relatively shallow water depth, and a shallow beach and bottom slope,
and it has a configuration that may trap water and inhibit entry and mixing
of cleaner lake water. Presence of gulls and other birds may contribute to
the bacterial load, especially after rainfall and potentially after high wave
events.

24 Tunnel Park, Ml, LM

Four factors were identified which appear to correlate strongly with
impaired water quality. Later time of season, precipitation, cloudy weather,
and northerly currents seem to indicate a greater probability of higher
counts of E. coli. E. coli levels were elevated August 7 and 8, when beach
sanitary survey tool was used. The only likely factor associated with this
event was the presence of a large bloom of algae. The Ottawa County
Health Department (OCHD) theorizes that this algae bloom created an
artificial support environment for the proliferation of bacteria. This theory is
supported by research which has shown that algae can provide a useful
structure for bacterial growth and some level of protection from the
bactericidal qualities of ultraviolet light. The decrease in the E, coli count
on August 9 coincided with shifting currents which carried the algae away.

25 Grand Haven City, Ml, LM

Four factors were identified which appear to correlate strongly with
impaired water quality. Later time of season, precipitation, cloudy weather,
and northerly currents seem to indicate a greater probability of higher
counts of E, coli.

26 Grand Haven State Park,
Ml, LM

Four factors were identified which appear to correlate strongly with
impaired water quality. Later time of season, precipitation, cloudy weather,
and northerly currents seem to indicate a greater probability of higher
counts of E. coli. Grand Haven City Beach and Grand Haven State Park
are adjacent to each other and their water quality data are similar.

A-5
5/28/2008

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Beach, State, Great Lake

27 Rosy Mound Recreation
Area, Ml, LM

Further research is needed to identify what, if any, impact weather has on
the water quality of this beach.

There are several suspected sources of low concern (waterfowl, bather
load and septic systems) that require more investigation to determine how
Magoon Creek and the Manistee River may impact Sundling and Magoon
Creek beaches. The Manistee WWTP is located near the mouth of the
Manistee River and has a Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) system that
discharges treated or partially-treated sewage to surface waters when
carrying capacity is exceeded. To further assess how the CSOs impact
local beaches, more intensive dry and wet weather sampling is required.
An industrial discharge pipe located near the beaches was recently
extended and had improvements made to minimize the discoloration due to
the tannins.

Same as above.

E, coli levels at Mitchell Creek were below water quality standards but
were high. A large population of ducks is known to congregate on the
Creek near its outlet to the Bay.

One large storm drain empties into Grand Traverse (GT) Bay at this park
and another drains parking area. Another storm drain at south end of park
drains the immediate parking area. Beach is extremely shallow for long
way out into East GT Bay. The water is warm with ducks, geese and gulls
congregating in the area. Survey noted there was no wind or waves, yet
water was turbid. Increased turbidity of water was caused by stormwater
flow off a drain.

Stormwater outfalls are of high concern at this park. Two large storm drains
empty into GT Bay at park - one directly into swimming area. During heavy
rains, this storm drain has exceeded its capacity resulting in water flooding
out of dislodged covers.

28 Onekama, Ml, LM

29 Sundling Park, Ml, LM

30 Magoon Creek, Ml, LM

31 Traverse City State Park
Beach

32 East Bay Park Beach

33 Bryant Park Beach

APPENDIX A: Potential Sources of Pollution Reported
Potential Sources of Pollution	Potential Cause of Exceedance

Comments

. ww. factors were identified which appear to correlate strongly with
impaired water quality. Later time of season, precipitation, cloudy weather,
and northerly currents seem to indicate a greater probability of higher
counts of E, coli.

A-6
5/28/2008

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Beach, State, Great Lake

34 Norwood Park, Ml, LM

APPENDIX A: Potential Sources of Pollution Reported
Potential Sources of Pollution	Potential Cause of Exceedance

Comments

E, coli levels in previous years may have been associated with
rain events and strong on-shore winds. Weather conditions throughout the
bathing beach season appear to have a significant influence on the
occurrence, frequency and quantity of bacteria in the surface water
environment. However, the 2007 data does not demonstrate a direct
correlation between temporal weather conditions and occurrence of
elevated levels of bacteria, but there were fewer rain events during the
summer of 2007 in comparison to previous years. No obvious sources of
pollution were identified due in part to the relatively dry summer conditions.
Evaluation of land use patterns show that the watershed is 23% forested,
19% wetland, 24% agricultural, 31% residential, 3% industrial, and 21%
commercial.

35 Cross Village, Ml, LM

36 Wilderness St. Pk.MI, LM

37 Mackinaw City, Ml, LM

38 Henes Park, Ml, LM

39 Sugar Island, Ml, St.
Mary's River

Same as above, except that evaluation of land use patterns show that the
watershed is 32% forested, 20% wetland, 37% agricultural, 14%
residential, 1% industrial, and 22% commercial.

Same as above.

Presence of waterfowl has been identified as a source of contamination.
Additional efforts can be used to emphasize the importance of not feeding
the birds and monitoring the population of birds. Numerous storm drain
outfalls have been identified and are thought to impact this beach during
rain events.

A seasonal bird population was identified as a source of contamination.
This is the most probable cause of the high E. coli levels in the beach
water. A park employee reported that the geese come to the park each
year during molting season. The Michigan DNR traps and tag the geese
because there is such a high population during this time of year. Looking
back at past years, Henes Park has always had closures around last week
of July/early Aug which correlates to the reported molting season. Land
use does not appear to correlate with bacteria sample results. The Utopia
and Turtle Creek Inlet was investigated as another source. Sampling
showed that upstream properties served by on-site sewage
treatment/disposal systems were not a contributing source of
contamination.

Sault Ste Marie Ontario East End Sewage Treatment Plant previously
operated as a primary treatment facility, releasing partially treated sewage
into the St. Mary's River. Significant improvements have been
implemented and water quality has improved.

A-7
5/28/2008

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APPENDIX A: Potential Sources of Pollution Reported

Potential Sources of Pollution

Potential Cause of Exceedance

Beach, State, Great Lake

40 Starlite, Ml, LH

Comments

It has been observed that heavy rainfall within 24 hours of sampling will
often result in higher bacteria counts. However, this is not always the case
and more investigative work needs to be done. Identified sources include
a storm drain at the south end of the beach and on-shore winds that tend to
limit water circulation.

41 Dyer Rd., Ml, LH

Postings appeared to follow rain events in previous years but the summer
of 2007 was relatively dry. No sources were identified, but future
investigations would include the impact that rainfall and run-off have on this
beach because it is located at the end of a road.

42 Singing Bridge, Ml, LH

East Branch of Au Gres River was created and named "Whitney Drain" to
drain agricultural areas. The Whitney Drain has agricultural, man-made,
and other inputs. Drain ultimately flows to Lake Huron via this beach.

43 Twining Rd., Ml, LH

Postings appeared to follow rain events in previous years but the summer
of 2007 was relatively dry. No sources were identified, but future
investigations would include the impact that rainfall and run-off have on this
beach because it is located at the end of a road.

44 Whites Beach, Ml, LH

Postings appeared to follow rain events in previous years but the summer
of 2007 was relatively dry. This beach is located at the end of a road in a
small, residential neighborhood. No sources were identified, but future
investigations would include the impact that rainfall and run-off have on this
beach because it is located at the end of a road. Future investigations
would also include septic system inspections.

45 South Linwood, Ml, LH

River and storm water influences need to be investigated further. Data
from 2007 indicate that CSOs are not sources of contamination.
Determinations were difficult due to weather conditions in summer of 2007
which were relatively dry in comparison to previous summers.

46 Brissette Beach, Ml, LH

Same as above.

47 Bay City, Ml, LH

Same as above. Source tracking data from MichiganState University
showed that contamination was from human and bovine sources.

48 Wenona Beach, Ml, LH

River and storm water influences need to be investigated further. Data
from 2007 indicate that CSOs are not sources of contamination.
Determinations were difficult due to weather conditions in summer of 2007
were relatively dry in comparison to previous summers.

49 Pier Pk, Ml, Lake St. Clair

Geography of the beach is part of a small bay that under certain conditions,
can have minimal water circulation. Data from 2007 indicate that CSOs are
not sources of contamination. There are possible stormwater influences at
this beach that need further investigation.

A-8
5/28/2008

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APPENDIX A: Potential Sources of Pollution Reported

Potential Sources of Pollution

Potential Cause of Exceedance

Beach, State, Great Lake

50 Presque Isle Beach 2, PA,
LE

Have not identified precise sources. We know tributaries west of Presque
Isle are transporting contamination which likely moves to beaches by rapid,
lateral transport of water in surf zone. There's evidence contamination is
sequestered in pockets of stagnant water rich in Cladophora behind the
breakwaters adjacent to Beach 2. This beach has a more shore-normal
circulation pattern so material brought into the cell may have longer
residence time than it would without breakwaters and groins. Cladophora
accumulates in thick mats. Material has to wait until it can be re-exported
offshore between breakwaters likely due to pronounced wave refraction
and diffraction caused by breakwater-groin combination which forces
debris to accumulate in the beach's central bay. During advisories, water
turbid w/ disbursed Cladophora has appearance of dilute "lettuce soup."
The percent contribution of Bacteriodes content in the beach water
provides strong support that human dependent pollution is greater on this
beach, most likely being transported from tributaries to the west of the
park.

51 Presque Isle Beach 10
(Budny) PA, LE

Beach 10 always has more birds on breakwaters than Beach 2. Very
effective at flushing itself with both sides of cell showing the same current
direction. Material or bacteria-rich water gets flushed down the coast
relatively fast.

52 Evans Town, NY, LE

Sampling showed high E, coli levels (2,700 - >10,000 CFU /100 ml.) in rain
event-generated flows from adjacent streams and several nearby storm
sewer outlets on shoreline. On one stream, the sanitary survey identified a
network of beaver dams that were unexpected. It is assumed that the
beaver dams catch and concentrate fecal matter from both the beavers
and other sources upstream of the dams and discharge the concentrated
bacterial contamination during rain events. The beaver dams provide
treatment and reduce the level of contamination by allowing the
contamination to settle out in the large impoundments behind the dam.
The water flowing over the beaver dam spillway is not the flow that just
entered. The flow out entered previously which allowed time for a
significant amount of contamination to settle out. Problem is that the
contributions from the beaver and other sources cannot be differentiated
with the E, coli testing used for this project. No septic system problems
have been identified as direct contributors of bacterial contamination to the
beaches or streams. This does not rule them out as possible sources of bact
storm sewers.

A-9
5/28/2008

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Beach, State, Great Lake

53 Lake Erie, NY, LE

54 Fair Haven, NY, LO

55 Selkirk Shores, NY, LO

56 Sandy Island, NY, LO

57 Bayfield Main Beach, CN,
LH

58 Bayfield South Beach, CN,
LH

59 Goderich Main Beach, CN,
LH

60 Goderich St. Christopher's
Beach, CN, LH

61 Goderich Cove Beach, CN,
LH

Primary concern: SPDES sites and waterfowl. Moderate concern:
unsewered residential areas, agricultural runoff, stormwater outfalls and
Zapala Onion Farm (complaints re: decomposing onions floating down
Sterling Creek). Citizens' watchdog group to conduct weekly water quality
monitoring of Sterling Creek in 2008.

Primary pollution sources: algae, birds and Grindstone Creek (agriculture &
wildlife).

Excellent water quality at this beach. It is anticipated that the large
quantities of wetlands in the watershed are acting as filters keeping any
pollution from agricultural areas from reaching the beach.

APPENDIX A: Potential Sources of Pollution Reported

Potential Sources of Pollution

Potential Cause of Exceedance

Comments

Same as above.

A-10

5/28/2008

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APPENDIX B:

Recommended Remediation Measures

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Beach, State, Great Lake

1 Lakewalk, MN, LS

APPENDIX B: Recommended Remediation Measures
Recommended Remediation Measures / Beach Improvement Actions / Costs

Costs

Plans to implement remediation measures?

Impact remediation measures
would have on beaches

We will continue to work with City of Duluth
and the Western Lake Superior Sanitary
District (WLSSD) to lessen the effects of
large rain events on this beach. Beach
affected by Sanitary Sewer Overflows
(SSOs) but scheduled to have holding
tanks installed by 2013 to contain
stormwater until Wastewater Treatment
Plant (WWTP) can handle extra volume.

The public pushed to have faster
remediation of the SSO issue
within Duluth. Under the Plan of
Action for the Administrative Order
(AO), 3 holding tanks will be
installed. These actions will
reduce the number of SSOs in the
Duluth area and amount of
untreated sewage reaching Lake
Superior.

Since implementation of the beach
program, SSOs have became a big
concern of the public, which pushed to
have faster remediation. Duluth and
WLSSD have a 12 year Plan of Action
per the 2004 EPA AO to eliminate SSOs.
Additional infiltration and inflow (l/l)
source reduction through implementation
of the service lateral repair program will
begin in 2014 and continue through
2015. We have had discussions with
Duluth Public Works (DPW) to test and
survey the storm sewer lines that
discharge directly to this beach. Beach
program staff will work with the DPW
staff to continue source tracking of
bacteria in the stormwater system.

Comments

B-1

5/28/2008

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APPENDIX B: Recommended Remediation Measures
Recommended Remediation Measures / Beach Improvement Actions / Costs

Beach. State. Great Lake

2 New Duluth, MN, LS

3 Barker's Island, Wl, LS

Not at that point yet.

Feasibility has to be discussed in areas
where surveys were performed once study
and analysis is complete.

Impact remediation measures
would have on beaches

Would decrease E, coli levels and
decrease advisories/closures.

Comments

The New Duluth Boat Club (NDBC)
beach advisories are a concern to the
instructors and students that use the site
for aquatic recreation classes.
Stormwater and sanitary sewers have
already been investigated at the NDBC
facility. We will continue discussions
with City of Duluth and WLSSD about
possibility that treated effluent may be
source of some of the advisories.
Because it's not a heavily used beach,
not likely typical waterfowl removal
methods will be used. Beach is included
in the 2006 MN 303(d) Total Maximum
Daily Load (TMDL) list affecting aquatic
recreation for the lower harbor. Listing
scheduled to begin in 2012 and
completed by 2021. The MN beach
program staff will continue to work with
ongoing research projects in the area
related to bacteria in the sediments, on
the periphyton, and rapid test methods.
Program staff will also be involved in the
TMDL development and implementation.

Some counties, such as Door, have used
municipal funds and coastal zone
management grants to improve water
quality at their beaches.

4 Brule River #1,WI,LS

Not yet.

Same as above.

5 Brule River #2, W, LS

Not yet, but season ended less than 1
month ago.

Same as above.

6 Brule River #3, Wl, LS

Same as above.

Same as above.

7 Thompson, Wl, LS

Same as above.

Same as above.

Kreher, Wl, LS

Same as above.

Same as above.

9 Maslowski, Wl, LS

Same as above.

Same as above.

B-2
5/28/2008

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Beach, State, Great Lake

10 Upper Lake Pk, Wl, LM

APPENDIX B: Recommended Remediation Measures
Recommended Remediation Measures / Beach Improvement Actions / Costs

Costs

Plans to implement remediation measures?

Impact remediation measures
would have on beaches

Comments

Education and outreach activities
are necessary first steps in a
jurisdiction without a stormwater
management program. Follow up
sanitary surveys establish pre
conditions that lead to actual
infrastructure construction. In the
long run, the overall impact on the
beach will be positive.

A complete sanitary survey of the Valley
Creek watershed is recommended to
identify possible sources of
contamination. Once specific sources
are identified, appropriate remediation
measures can be reviewed and
evaluated.

$30,000 estimate for
complete survey of
Valley Creek
watershed.

If financial assistance is made available
and partners agree.

11 North Beach, Wl, LM

Underground
primary treatment
system: $750,000;
native wetland
plants: $500
(planting time
donated); $1500 per
sign; beach
grooming: $0
(method of
grooming was
revised).

Already implemented several measures.
Recreational water quality advisories
reached a record high in 2000 (66% of
season) but have improved due to
improved beach management,
remediation, and public education. 2007
was the first year to post consecutive years
with less than 5 advisories. No single
measure significantly reduced advisories,
but in combination have worked well. The
Mayor of Racine recently banned the sale
of phosphorus fertilizers.

Estimate that additional measures
would reduce water quality
advisory days by one or two days
per year. Note that remediation
measures previously implemented
resulted in a reduction of postings
from 2/3 of the season to less than
five.

Beach grooming/grading done to
improve drainage and promote drying of
sands after rain events. When snow
fencing is removed each spring, sand is
leveled to create a slope towards water's
edge. Swales are removed which could
retain water on the shore, and a sufficient
berm crest is maintained to prevent
extensive on-shore encroachment of
waves. A primary underground
treatment system and wetland area
(infiltration/evaporation basins with native
wetland plants) has been installed to
treat stormwater and these stormwater
management practices remain beneficial.
Bank stabilization improvements and
buffers have been installed along the
bike path. It is important to remain
vigilant even at beaches which are well-
managed because conditions can
change from year to year. It is also
valuable at this beach to continually
assess water stormwater quality as a
means to monitor stormwater
infrastructure.

B-3
5/28/2008

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Beach, State, Great Lake

12 Zoo Beach, Wl, LM

APPENDIX B: Recommended Remediation Measures
Recommended Remediation Measures / Beach Improvement Actions / Costs

Costs

Plans to implement remediation measures?

Impact remediation measures
would have on beaches

Comments

Same as above.

Already implemented several measures.
Recreational water quality advisories
reached a record high in 2000 (42% of
season) but have improved due to better
beach management, public education and
remediation. Combination of tactics
worked to address both wet and dry
weather concerns.

Same as above.

Beach grooming practices have been
altered to reduce E. coli content in beach
sands making less available for transport
to Lake Michigan. Bluff has been
stabilized, removing hard-packed earth,
scrub trees, and invasive species
replaced with native plants. Bike path
has slight incline towards bluff (versus
beach) to reduce run-off. Beach sands
are leveled after winter and all swales
removed. Stormwater from outfall
closest to beach now passes through
wetland area before entering lake.

Will recommend remediation options to the
Oak Creek Health Department at
conclusion of study.

Could significantly decrease the
number of water quality
advisories/beach closures.

For algae removal, could explore use of
a barrier approach in conjunction with
chemical treatment. Will explore
possibility of reversing orientation of
beach (i.e., marina to beach side and
beach to marina side).

We will recommend options to the South
Milwaukee Health Department at
conclusion of study.

Same as above.

Algae could potentially be linked to high
phosphorus levels.

Not yet, but season ended less than 1
month ago.

Would decrease E. coli levels and
decrease advisories/closures.

Need to determine source of E. coli from
outfalls (DNA fingerprinting is underway).

No steps to remediate sources have been
taken as no specific sources have been
identified.

Same as above.

Same as above.

Same as above.

Would decrease detectable E.
levels and number of
advisories/closures.

coli

13 Bender, Wl LM

14 Grant Park,Wl,LM

15 Neshotah, Wl, LM

16 Point Beach, Wl, LM

17 Whitefish Dunes, Wl, LM

B-4

5/28/2008

-------
Beach, State, Great Lake

18 Sunset Park, Wl, LM

APPENDIX B: Recommended Remediation Measures
Recommended Remediation Measures / Beach Improvement Actions / Costs

Costs

Plans to implement remediation measures?

Impact remediation measures
would have on beaches

Comments

Redesigned beach would not only
provide for cleaner, healthier
water, but a better, more natural,
and aesthetically pleasing beach
area for all beach users.

Conceptual redesign plans include a
natural and sustainable approach to the
beach to improve water quality: beach
nourishment, native plantings to
discourage waterfowl, planting trees to
discourage geese congregation,
changing angle of the beach to maximize
interaction with long shore currents,
planting of dune grass in small dunes in
upper beach, and increasing natural
runoff and stormwater infiltration prior to
it reaching the beach area, and
addressing subsurface movement of E.
coli contaminated water from the
drainage pond to the beach.

community groups in
the activity.

Redesign is modular
in nature and could
be done in phases
at a cost of
approximately
$98,000 - $250,000.
Much depends on
the options selected
and involvement of

Conceptual designs have been prepared
for the redesign of this beach and final
engineered drawings are being prepared.
Meetings have been held with Wisconsin
regulatory agencies and permitting for the
project does not appear to be a problem.

Same as above.

Same as above.

Beach contamination sources unknown
at this point. Low bird numbers. Outfall
E. coli has been low, although beach E,
coli was rarely elevated over course of
beach season.

No beach contamination sources
identified at this time. Conducted sand
sampling and spatial sampling of beach
water (depth and length of beach).

19 Deland Park, Wl, LM

20 General King, Wl, LM

21 Kohler Andrae State Park
North Beach, Wl, LM

B-5

5/28/2008

-------
APPENDIX B: Recommended Remediation Measures
Recommended Remediation Measures / Beach Improvement Actions / Costs

Beach. State. Great Lake

22 Rosewood, IL, LM

mplement remediation measures?

Impact remediation measures
would have on beaches

Comments
All of our high E. coli numbers were from
the stream near exposed pipes. There
are a number of old sanitary lines that
were repaired. We are planning to
collect additional samples this summer to
pinpoint any contamination sources in
these areas. The initial sanitary survey
can help identify priorities (e.g., old
sanitary lines), but additional sampling is
needed to justify recommending the next
steps for remediation.

23 Jackson Pk (63rd), IL, LM

No remediation recommended at this time
without further testing to confirm.

Chicago Park District did contract
with a dog service to chase gulls
and geese from beach. Rainwater
may cause gull and geese fecal
material to wash into the lake
water and are in evidence at or
near the beach in great numbers
when the dogs are not chasing
them. The efficacy of this
remediation measure was not
studied as part of our sanitary
survey.

Sand is groomed at the beginning of
each season when snow fence is
removed.

24 Tunnel Park, Ml, LM

Unknown

Continue monitoring and possibly sanitary
survey work as funding allows for a few
consecutive years to gain better
understanding of changes in water quality.

25 Grand Haven City, Ml, LM

Unknown

Same as above.

26 Grand Haven State Park,
Ml, LM

Unknown

Same as above.

27 Rosy Mound, Ml, LM

Unknown

Same as above.

28 Onekama, Ml, LM

Unknown

Same as above.

Further research is needed to identify
what, if any, impact weather has on the
water quality of this beach.

B-6

5/28/2008

-------
Beach, State, Great Lake

29 Sundling Park, Ml, LM

Further studies are required to determine
how water from Magoon Creek impacts
Sundling and Magoon Creek beaches.
Suspected sources of low concern
(waterfowl, bather load and septic
systems) require more intense
investigation to determine what possible
impact they may have on the beach
water quality. The Manistee WWTP has
a CSO system that discharges untreated
or partially-treated sewage to surface
waters when carrying capacity is
exceeded. To further assess how the
CSOs impact local beaches, more
intensive dry and wet weather sampling
is required.

APPENDIX B: Recommended Remediation Measures
Recommended Remediation Measures / Beach Improvement Actions / Costs

Costs

Plans to implement remediation measures?

Approximately $2
million spent on
design improve-
ments and an
extension of a
discharge pipe to
minimize

discoloration due to
tannins. An
unknown amount is
needed to eliminate
overflow events from
the Manistee
WWTP.

The Long-Term Control Plan (LTCP)

(sewer separation project) being
implemented is included in the permit
which requires elimination of overflows
from River St./Jones St. outfall (#014) by
12/31/2011, and elimination of overflows
from the remaining 3 outfalls by
12/31/2016. Sundling is near Magoon and
both are near an effluent discharge.
Recently, the effluent discharge pipe was
extended from 1,000 ft in 40 feet of water to
2 miles in 80 feet of water. Residents
complained about dark colored discharge
at the beach and tourists would leave when
told it was from an industrial discharge.

Impact remediation measures
would have on beaches

Comments

30 Magoon Creek, Ml, LM

Same as above.

Same as above.

Same as above.

31 Traverse City State Park
Beach

Public Education:
$70,000-$100,000;
Sanitary Survey:
$65,000-$85,000;
Stormwater
Improvements: $5
million to $8 million.
Recent demon-
stration projects by
Traverse City
ranged from
$50,000 to $80,000
each. With
approximately 100
stormwater outfalls
in Traverse City, an
estimated
investment of $5
million to $8 million
is needed to
implement water
quality improve-
ment nrnients

Yes. But first need to know cause of
contamination.

Yes, on sources that we can
address. But where source is from
strong onshore winds kicking up
E. coli in sediment, remediation
measures would not have much
impact on beaches.

E, coli has become a "hot button" Issue
in this area and has received a great deal
of attention. Citizens are calling upon
community leaders to take action.
Tourism income is a key source of
economy and we realize that without
clean water and clean beaches, tourists
might go elsewhere.

B-7

5/28/2008

-------
APPENDIX B: Recommended Remediation Measures
Recommended Remediation Measures / Beach Improvement Actions / Costs

Beach. State. Great Lake

32 East Bay Park Beach

Plans to implement remediation measures?

Same as above. Same as above.

Impact remediation measures
would have on beaches
Same as above.

Comments
A key question is: Does the E. coli that
lives in the beach sediments and occurs
in high numbers during strong onshore
winds, indicate the presence of other
pathogens harmful to humans, or is it just
non-harmful E. coli? The answer to this
question would allow agencies to better
determine the efficiency of issuing
advisories for beaches that exhibit high
E. coli levels during strong onshore
winds.

33 Bryant Park Beach

Same as above.

Same as above.

Same as above.

For example, there is a storm drain
outfall at Bryant Park that discharges
high amounts of E. coli into the water
during rain events; however, we don't
know where the E. coli is coming from.
It could be waterfowl or dog feces in
residential neighborhoods washing into
the storm drain, it could be illicit sewer
connections, or a dead animal
decomposing in the drain - or a mixture
of all these sources.

34 Norwood Park, Ml, LM

Unknown

Continue monitoring and possibly sanitary
survey work as funding allows for a few
consecutive years to gain better
understanding of changes in water quality.

35 Cross Village, Ml, LM

Unknown

Same as above.

No steps to remediation were identified
during 2007 beach season, but
measures listed have been shown to be
effective methods of reducing E, coli at
several area beaches.

36 Wilderness St. Pk.MI, LM

i-12,000

Other methods have been proposed to
discourage waterfowl congregation on
beaches.

B-8

5/28/2008

-------
Beach, State, Great Lake

37 Mackinaw City, Ml, LM

Further study needed to address
stormwater outfalls, waterfowl presence,
weather impacts, and physical
characteristics (porous rock, fractured
limestone). Future plans should include
wet weather monitoring, heavy wave
action monitoring, and implementation of
anti-waterfowl feeding policy.

APPENDIX B: Recommended Remediation Measures
Recommended Remediation Measures / Beach Improvement Actions / Costs

Costs

Plans to implement remediation measures?

X Unknown

Continue monitoring and possibly sanitary
survey work as funding allows for a few
consecutive years to gain better
understanding of changes in water quality.

Impact remediation measures
would have on beaches

Comments

38 Henes Park, Ml, LM

Unknown

Recommendations can be made to the City
of Menominee about how to control the bird
populations. The city is currently
attempting to control bird populations at
local parks through the use of dog shaped
cutouts. If it works, same principle could
be applied to Henes Park Beach.

Minimal. The depth of water in the
swimming area is no deeper than
18". The beach area is protected
from the predominant wind
directions which limits the natural
water turnover at the beach.

Reducing the beach water contamination
at Henes Park may prove to be very
difficult. The beach is on the North side
of a peninsula which protects it from the
southerly winds. Therefore, the water is
not turned over as frequently as other
area Great Lakes beaches. Controlling
bird populations would be one way to
possibly reduce the contamination. It
may be difficult due to the natural nesting
areas for gulls and geese.

39 Sugar Island, Ml, St. Mary's
River

Several thousand
($76 Million
Canadian has been
spent on plant
upgrades)

Yes

Moderate

Municipal sewage treatment plant
upgraded 8/06 to secondary treatment.

Continue monitoring and possibly sanitary
survey work as funding allows for a few
consecutive years to gain better
understanding of changes in water quality.

40 Starlite, Ml, LH

Unknown

* The number of waterfowl on the beach
has decreased from previous years as a
result of a city ordinance prohibiting the
feeding of waterfowl.

B-9

5/28/2008

-------
Beach, State, Great Lake

41 Dyer Rd., Ml, LH

APPENDIX B: Recommended Remediation Measures
Recommended Remediation Measures / Beach Improvement Actions / Costs

Costs	Plans to implement remediation measures?

Continue monitoring and possibly sanitary
survey work as funding allows for a few
consecutive years to gain better
understanding of changes in water quality.

An intensive study would need to be
undertaken with multiple samples and
surveys taken per day. More accurate
survey tools need to be used in order to
fully capture the physical parameters of
the beach. Adjacent campground is
another concern. Health dept. officials
indicated that campground had
previously conducted a sanitary survey
but no further elaborations were detailed.

Impact remediation measures
would have on beaches

Comments

To better understand influences
campground may have on Dyer Road
Beach, a complete and updated survey
should occur.

42 Singing Bridge, Ml, LH

$17,000

Same as above.

Remediation measures may include
planting trees along the ravine, reseeding
the banks of the creek, and a grade
stabilization structure. Relocating cattle
away from ravine could be costly.
Additional measures could include
installing a fence, constructing a
retaining wall, and installing eve troughs
on farm buildings.

43 Twining Rd., Ml, LH

Unknown

Same as above.

No remediation steps have been taken at
this time, but data will be compiled with
previous and future data to make
comparison and eventually develop a
predictive model. An intensive study
would need to be undertaken with
multiple samples and surveys taken per
day. More accurate survey tools need to
be used in order to fully capture the
physical parameters of the beach.

B-10
5/28/2008

-------
APPENDIX B: Recommended Remediation Measures

Recommended Remediation Measures / Beach Improvement Actions / Costs

44 Whites Beach, Ml, LH	X	X Unknown	Same as above.	No remediation steps have been taken at

this time but the data will be compiled
with previous and future data to make
comparisons and eventually develop a
predictive model. Should offer money for
loans for septic tank upgrades or sewer
installation. Small community so
measures could be cost prohibitive.

45 South Linwood, Ml, LH	X Unknown	Same as above.	No steps for remediation initiated, but

amount of interest in muck issues on
Saginaw Bay shorelines and bacterial
contamination of local rivers have
allowed local county government to
initiate several projects with remediation
in mind such as Kawkawlin River
restoration project. While not entirely in
Kawkawlin watershed, Brissette shares
many of the same geographic areas
within the watershed that remediation
efforts that take place may have a
positive effect on water quality.

46	Brissette Beach, Ml, LH	X Unknown	Same as above.	Same as above.

47	Bay City, Ml, LH	XXX Unknown	Same as above.	Bay Co. plans to initiate several projects

with remediation in mind (e.g., the
Kawkawlin River restoration project.
While beach not in watershed, it's less
than one mile to mouth of river).

B-11
5/28/2008

-------
Beach. State. Great Lake

48 Wenona Beach, Ml, LH

APPENDIX B: Recommended Remediation Measures
Recommended Remediation Measures / Beach Improvement Actions / Costs

X X

Unknown

Plans to implement remediation measures?
Same as above.

Impact remediation measures
would have on beaches

Comments

The amount of interest due to muck
issues on Saginaw Bay shorelines and
bacterial contamination of local rivers
have allowed the local county
government to initiate several projects
with remediation in mind such as the
Kawkawlin River restoration project.

Also, the Bay County Board of
Commissioners recently passed a ban on
Phosphorus-based fertilizers to assist in
combating the amount and prevalence of
algae in surface water areas.

49 Pier Pk, Ml, Lake St. Clair

Unknown

Same as above.

Future investigations will include the
impact of rainfall and stormwater.

B-12
5/28/2008

-------
APPENDIX B: Recommended Remediation Measures
Recommended Remediation Measures / Beach Improvement Actions / Costs

Beach. State. Great Lake

50 Beach 2, PA, LE

51 Beach 10 (Budny) Pennsylvania, LE

J	L

A rough estimate
using sulfur dioxide
gas as the
dechlorination agent
would cost roughly
$25,000-$50,000.
The cost of adding
any type of
treatment would be
dependent on
variables such as
equipment, the
ability to use existing
buildings, size of the
treatment system
and the design flow
of the system.
Depending on which
technology and how
easily it can be
added to the existing
system the cost for
treatment would
fluctuate more or
less than this
estimate.

Same as above.

Plans to implement remediation measures?
Recommendations will be made to the E.
coli Task Force, a consortium of state and
local government agencies and university
researchers developing strategies to further
investigate and remediate bacterial
contamination in Pennsylvania's Lake Erie
watershed. A priority is the identification of
sources of bacterial contamination and a
recommendation for more in-depth studies
of existing and new discharges will be
made. Grant funding has been awarded
from Pennsylvania's Department of
Conservation and Natural Resources and
the Coastal Zone Program to continue
evaluating beach water and testing beach
grooming techniques. Improvements to
existing infrastructure and connecting
septic system users to treatment facilities
would require a large amount of funding.
Discussions should be initiated with the
municipalities regarding potential upgrades.

Same as above.

Impact remediation measures
would have on beaches
Remedial measures to keep the
bacterial contamination from
entering the tributaries by either
source removal or treatment would
have a significant impact on the
number of bacteria in the beach
waters. It is difficult to quantify the
percentage reduction in the
number of bacteria before specific
loadings to the tributaries are
determined. Further reductions
should also be seen with the
removal of Cladophora from the
water and beaches as it is
hypothesized that the Cladophora
acts as a sink and source of
bacteria to the water and sand.
Grooming the sand to prevent
bacterial growth should also
reduce the amount of bacteria
entering the water from the beach.

Same as above.

Comments

The general sources (e.g., western
tributaries) but not the specific sources
(e.g., discharge pipe) of E. coli are
known. Next step is to evaluate
permitted discharges in the tributaries
and look for non-permitted discharges
that could be contributing to the E. coli
loadings. This could include an
assessment of existing permit limits
under NPDES and identification of failing
septic systems and illegal dicharges.
Remedial measures may include
connecting septic system users to
existing treatment systems, correcting
failing systems, and removal of illegal
discharges. Also, consider a focused
initiative to reduce the bacterial
discharge limits for new and exsting
permits. Existing WWTP located with
Trout Run, Walnut Creek and Elk Creek
watersheds should be encouraged to add
super chlorination and then
dechlorination prior to discharge to
treatment system to further reduce
bacterial loadings. Remedial measures
could also be adopted to address beach
sand and Cladophora, both of which are
believed to serve as a reservoir for
bacteria. Grooming techniques could pre\
bacteria in the sand. Work is also
needed to determine methods for
Cladophora removal from both the
sand and the water.

Same as above.

B-13
5/28/2008

-------
Beach, State, Great Lake

52 Evans Town, NY, LE

APPENDIX B: Recommended Remediation Measures
Recommended Remediation Measures / Beach Improvement Actions / Costs

Costs

Plans to implement remediation measures?

Impact remediation measures
would have on beaches

Comments

Storm sewers w/high E, coli levels will be
identified. The Erie County Health
Department will request that investigation
be done on voluntary basis by the
municipality responsible for the storm
sewer.

Significant. Any reduction in
bacterial contamination from
streams and storm sewers should
be significant in improving water
quality at beaches and reduce the
number of water quality
exceedances.

There was very little rain this summer
which severely limited sampling
opportunities to identify bacterial
contamination point sources. Follow-up
investigations are necessary to identify
the sources of bacterial contamination to
the storm sewers. A lack of heavy rains
makes it doubtful that sampling
requirements for enforcement of New
York State Department of Environmental
Conservation (NYSDEC) Surface Water
Discharge regulations. Many storm
sewers that have been identified as
potential problems are yet to be sampled.

53 Lake Erie, NY, LE

Same as above.

Same as above.

Same as above.

54 Fair Haven, NY, LO

Gull harrassment:
$2500-$10,000
(please see
comments).

Canada geese control measures may be
used in 2008. An inspection of State
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
(SPDES) will be initiated before swimming
season and deficiencies will be corrected.

If geese kept are off beaches, it
could have a very large impact on
improving water quality results,
especially at the East Swim area,
which had large numbers of
exceedances in 2007 and the most
activity by geese.

Budget: $5,000 to buy a trained Border
Collie or $2500 to lease one for a
summer season. Plus the cost of food
and care for the dog, a kayak for chasing
the geese in the water, and travel. Egg
addling/oiling would involve travel
expenses for the team for 2 weeks
($1,000-$5,000). Any SPDES
discharge sites within the park that test
positive for bacteria must be brought into
compliance.

55 Selkirk Shores, NY, LO

Algae control:
$30,000 per beach
for Gunderboom
installation. Gull
harrassment
minimal cost.

Plan to experiment w/Gunderboom at 1-3
Great Lakes beaches depending upon
funding. Park staff will clean gull droppings
from beach and jetties. Harassment
techniques will be considered if water
quality standards are consistently exceeded
and gull droppings are thought to be a
primary source.

Gunderboom system could
improve swimming conditions and
water quality at this site and could
dramatically reduce algae in
swimming area.

Wire or fishing lines over an area have
been shown to work well to deter gulls;
however, the jetty is heavily used for
fishing and wires may get in the way.
Other gull harassment techniques may
be explored such as use of lasers at
night.

B-14
5/28/2008

-------
APPENDIX B: Recommended Remediation Measures
Recommended Remediation Measures / Beach Improvement Actions / Costs

Beach. State. Great Lake

56 Sandy Island, NY, LO

Plans to implement remediation measures?
No remediation efforts have been identified
as the beach has excellent water quality.

Impact remediation measures
would have on beaches

Comments

57 Bayfield Main Beach, CN,
LH

Need to meet with municipal and
conservation authority partners to explore
further.

58 Bayfield South Beach, CN,
LH

Same as above.

59 Goderich Main Beach, CN,
LH

Same as above.

60 Goderich St. Christopher's
Beach, CN, LH

Same as above.

61 Goderich Cove Beach, CN,
LH

Same as above.

B-15
5/28/2008

-------
APPENDIX C:

Use of Forecast Predictive Models,
Source Tracking Methods, and qPCR

-------
APPENDIX C: Use of Forecast Predictive Models, Source Tracking Methods, and Real-time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR)

Beach, State, Great Lake

Use
model?

a. <2^

foV

Intend to continue use of model?

Microbial Source Tracking
(MST)?

qPCR?
asterisk = would

be willing if
funding available

Note change in beach conditions
that may have affected # of postings?

Comments

1 Lakewalk, MN, LS

Spring and summer of 2007 was marked by a significant
drought which intensified in July and August. Drought
conditions brought record low water levels in Lake Superior.
Then, Aug 18-20, 2007, a series of thunderstorms dropped
extremely heavy rain on much of southern Minnesota.
September and October were very wet.

No models developed because of small amount of data available. At
this point, not sure that 3.5 months worth of data during a drought will
be enough data to develop forecasting models for either beach. May
develop a model for Lakewalk. Turbidity and precipitation appear to be
the best factors to be used in developing a predictive model for this
beach once more data is gathered.

2 New Duluth, MN, LS

Modified rep-PCR (HFERP)
DNA fingerprinting work
completed during 2004 and
2005 by University of
Minnesota-Duluth.

ongoing

The Duluth area has been in a drought for the 2006 and 2007
monitoring seasons w/only 3 significant rain events during
2007 monitoring season. Drought conditions brought record
low water levels in Lake Superior. The low water levels were
very noticeable in the Duluth-Superior Harbor and the harbor
side beaches. Then during Aug 18-20, 2007, a series of
storms dropped extremely heavy rain on much of southern
Minnesota. September and October were very wet. 2007
was the best year for the beach as far as number of days
under advisory.

No models developed. There are 5 years of E. coli, water and air
temperature, wind speed and direction, wave height and observational
data available, but only 1 season of turbidity and conductivity data to
use. With the addition of more data in coming years, a model may be
developed. Preliminary look at the data does not point to any good
correlations with any of the data gathered. Regarding qPCR, current
ongoing research is to examine short-term changes in the abundance
of fecal bacteria from waterfowl and humans at these beaches using
hybridization and qPCR methods.

3 Barker's Island, Wl, LS

If this program continues the model will be utilized
in 2008.

Severe drought and limited rainfall events in 2007.

Would be willing to do qPCR analyes if funding was available.

4 Brule River #1, Wl, LS

Same as above.

Severe drought conditions along Lake Superior. Water
quality data not collected in previous years.

Same as above.

5 Brule River #2, Wl, LS

Same as above.

Severe drought and limited rainfall events in 2007.

Same as above.

6 Brule River #3, Wl, LS

Same as above.

7 Thompson, Wi, LS

Same as above.

Similar to the past several years of data. Less rainfall.

Same as above.

8 Kreher, Wl, LS

Same as above.

Similar.

Same as above.

9 Maslowski, Wl, LS

Same as above.

Genetic analysis of E. coli
isolates from the beach and
comparisons to known
libraries of E. coli isolates.

Similar.

For lower Lake Michigan, it was a dry summer up until August when an
unusual amount of rain for about a week affected this region of the
state.

10 Upper Lake Pk, Wl, LM

Yes. A model is in development that utilizes 24
hour rainfall, 48 hr. rainfall, beachwater turbidity,
and creek flow rate based on data collected
during the 2007 beach season. Validation will
occur during 2008 and subsequent beach
seasons.

This year there were relatively light concentrations of algae
on the beach and in the water. During 2007 all the advisories
were rain-related. In comparison, 2006 was a low rainfall
year and a majority of the advisories were algae-related. A
major rain event in August 2007 closed the beach for six
days and drove up the number of advisories.

Continued funding is needed for model development. Additional
funding is needed to do source tracking to determine the sources of E.
coli, especially when coming from a creek or pipe in order to stop its
influx into the system.

11 North Beach, Wl, LM

A single year of data will not yield a strong model
so the 3 previous years' data was also input into
the model. Because few water quality advisories
in past 3 or 4 years, the model may not predict E.
coli elevations accurately. To test this
hypothesis, Racine Health Department intends to
look at historic data (1998-2001) to determine if
model has a better predictive rate at beaches
w/frequent advisories.

E. coli isolates were
processed for MST. Water
samples collected and
processed for human-specific
Bacteriodes testing.

There was an unusual amount of rain (9.1") for a 2 week
period in August, 2007.

Beaches with limited advisories are not conducive to predictive
modeling. Regarding qPCR, some testing has been completed but
testing will continue through October, 2007, and then again in the
spring of 2008.

C-1
5/28/2008

-------
APPENDIX C: Use of Forecast Predictive Models, Source Tracking Methods, and Real-time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR)

Beach, State, Great Lake

Use
model?

/A*

0 £
z8

jS>

Intend to continue use of model?

Microbial Source Tracking
(MST)?

qPCR?
asterisk = would

be willing if
funding available

Note change in beach conditions
that may have affected # of postings?

Comments

12 Zoo Beach, Wl, LM

Same as above.

August 2007 was second wettest month on record (since
1896) and had largest single 24-hour rainfall amount ever
recorded (4.1").

Same as above.

13 Bender, Wl LM

Oak Creek/South Milwaukee municipalities
currently use a precipitation model, closing the
beach if precipitation is equal to or exceeds one
inch within a 24-hour period. This season, the £
coli levels correlate negatively w/rainfall at
traditional monitoring station (-0.09). It is our
intent to construct a database using Virtual Beach
to see if they can get improved accuracy.

£ coli isolates were collected
for MST. Water samples
were collected for
Bacterioides (human
specific) source tracking and
submitted to University of
Wisconsin-Milwaukee Great
Lakes Water Institute.

Beach monitoring was increased from two days per week to
five in 2007. This may explain some of the additional
advisory events. It is unknown how ambient conditions may
have affected water quality in previous years as data is
limited. Note that there was significant dredging on the
opposing harbor side during late May until about mid-June,
2007.

Additional funding is necessary to increase confidence in identifying
contamination sources and also to make the data set sufficient for
predictive modeling to be valid. A single year of funding is a good start
and will benefit the community in preliminary identification of pollution
sources, but additional data is necessary to appropriately target
remediation efforts. A beach with a previously thin data set may require
multiple years of investigation via sanitary surveys to identify trends and
develop the most effective beach management plan.

14 Grant Park, Wl, LM

Same as above. In addition, a rainfall model is
currently used. We have constructed a
database/model using Virtual Beach but need
additional data for significant relationships to
occur.

Same as above.

Same as above (except that no dredging occurred at Grant
Park.)

Same as above. In addition, the beach is closed if rainfall within 24
hours exceeds 1 inch. The rainfall method for predicting poor water
quality was correct for 3 water quality advisories in 2007. There were
two type 1 errors and 14 type 2 errors in the 2007 beach season when
using this rainfall model. From the comparisons done using Virtual
Beach, a water quality correlation was determined for algae levels and
clarity. Increased levels of algae and poor clarity correlated with
elevated levels of £ coli. £ coli counts also correlate to gulls about
20-30% of the time at 2 of the sampling sites and wave height 32% of
the time at 2 sites. There is no correlation to bather load or rainfall.

15 Neshotah, Wl, LM

If this program continues, the model would be
tested in 2008.

MST

Decrease in rainfall during summer 2007. In addition,
resampling of beaches occurred immediately after advisory
was posted. Beach could be opened in a more timely fashion
than previous summers.

Need to determine source of £. coli from outfalls. DNA fingerprinting is
underway.

16 Point Beach, Wl, LM

Same as above.

MST

Same as above.

* Would be willing to do qPCR analyses if funding was available.

17 Whitefish Dunes, Wl, LM

Same as above.

Decrease in rainfall during summer 2007.

Same as above. In addition, predictive modeling software correlates
wind speed, log water temperature and square root (wind speed/ long
shore current speed) with £ coli.

18 Sunset Park, Wl, LM

Same as above.

Genetic source tracking,
antibiotic sensitivity testing,
and molecular study.

Same as above. Fewer advisories and closures than last
year.

Recent research has been conducted here to determine source of £
col i. These data sets/projects include spatial sampling for £ coli
surrounding the beach area, £ coli in beach sand determinations,
genetic source tracking of beach £ coli, antibiotic sensitivity testing of
£ coli found at the beach, a study on the impacts of rain on beach
water quality, and a molecular study of the migration of £ coli from the
nearby drainage basin to the beach.

19 Deland Park, Wl, LM

Same as above.

MST

Same as above. Fewer closures than in recent years.

Same as above.

20 General King, Wl, LM

Same as above.

21 Kohler North, Wl, LM

Same as above.

22 Rosewood, IL, LM

Yes.

Over the season, 24 of the 141 samples (17%) exceeded water quality
standards. Ten of the 24 (42%) were collected in the afternoon, which
shows the need to be able to predict £ coli concentration on an hourly
basis as £ coli levels change thoughout the day.

C-2
5/28/2008

-------
APPENDIX C: Use of Forecast Predictive Models, Source Tracking Methods, and Real-time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR)

Beach, State, Great Lake

Use
model?

1000 cfu/100 ml) events (swim bans) were
preceded by measurable rain in the previous 72 hours. Fifty-two
percent (52%) (16 of 31) of elevated concentration (E. coli 235-999
cfu/100 ml) events (swim advisories) were preceded by measurable
rain in the previous 72 hours. Overall, 48-hr precipitation showed the
strongest quantitative correlation with elevated bacterial concentration.
Conversely, every precipitation event with accumulation >1 inch was
followed by a swim ban or advisory within 72 hours or less. Higher
water temperature at the time of sampling was quantitatively correlated
with elevated bacteria concentration.

24Tunnel Park, Ml, LM

In 2005/2006, worked with
National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA) to look at how
contaminants moved from
Grand river to Lake Michigan.

The 2007 swim season was relatively dry this year (less than
3" of rain recorded during July and August), but saw no effect
on the beach.

Beginning to develop a model looking at rainfall and onshore winds.

25 Grand Haven City, Ml, LM

Same as above.

26 Grand Haven State Park,
Ml, LM

Same as above.

27 Rosy Mound, Ml, LM

Same as above.

28 Onekama, Ml, LM

Same as above.

Forecast modeling is in its infancy for the entire state. It appears that
when wind and rain occur on the day before or during sampling, the E.
coli counts rise.

29 Sundling Park, Ml, LM

Same as above.

30 Magoon Creek, Ml, LM

Same as above.

31 Traverse City State Park
Beach

Very dry summer with few rain events and few opportunities
to sample beaches during adverse conditions. Rain events
that occurred were on weekends when lab was closed.

Strong onshore winds tend to lead to increased turbidity
measurements, which also correlate to high E. coli levels, particularly
at Traverse City State Park Beach. We have known about the
correlation between strong onshore winds and elevated E. coli
readings; our obstacle is how to educate the public about this
correlation.

32 East Bay Park Beach

Same as above.

If we have a dry period followed by a heavy rain, we know that our
beaches with storm water outfalls located at them (Bryant and East
Bay) may have high E. coli levels.

33 Bryant Park Beach

Same as above.

More money is needed for entities to do source tracking to determine
the sources of E. coli, especially when coming from a stream or pipe in
order to stop its influx into the system.

C-3
5/28/2008

-------
APPENDIX C: Use of Forecast Predictive Models, Source Tracking Methods, and Real-time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR)

Beach, State, Great Lake

34 Norwood Park, Ml. LM

35 Cross Village, Ml, LM

36 Wilderness St. Pk, Ml, LM

37 Mackinaw City, Ml, LM

38 Henes Park, Ml, LM

39 Sugar Island, Ml, St. Mary's
River

40 Starlite, Ml, LH

41 DyerRd., Ml, LH

42 Singing Bridge, Ml, LH

43 Twining Rd., Ml, LH

44 Whites Beach, Ml, LH

45 South Linwood, Ml, LH

46 Brissette Beach, Ml, LH

Use
model? > <3^

° £
z8

sP ' /

Intend to continue use of model?

Microbial Source Tracking
(MST)?

qPCR?
asterisk = would

be willing if
funding available

Note change in beach conditions
that may have affected # of postings?

Comments

2007 experienced an extended period of temperatures that
were warmer than usual and a severe lack of precipitation.
The Palmer Drought Severity Index utilized by the National
Weather Service identified the region as a severe drought
area throughout the summer. The lack of precipitation likely
limited the transport mechansims necessary to mobilize
bacteria from sources remote from the beach areas.

Same as above.

The 2007 swim season was relatively dry this year (less than
3" of rain recorded during July and August), but saw no effect
on the beach. We issued no advisories or closings for this
beach as none were warranted.

There were no significant rainfall events during this season that allowed
these outfalls to be directly sampled.

Additional information on weather in relation to
bacteria sample results would be helpful to further
evaluate the weather as a factor.

The closure of Henes Park this year lasted longer than during
past years. Water level was very low in the beach area, and
with predominantly southern winds, the water rarely turned
over.

The forecast model will be used in addition to
regular monitoring.

Decrease in rain events, hotter air and water temperatures,
lower £. coli levels, fewer advisories, new municipal sewage
treatment facility on line with secondary treatment.

Results showed minimal success due to lack of rain events.

Very dry summer with few rain events or opportunities to
sample beaches during adverse conditions. Rain events
that occurred were on weekends when lab was closed. Due
to the lack of rainfall during the 2007 swim season, runoff to
the beach was difficult to monitor.

Certain logistical challenges need to be corrected before a predictive
model can be developed. An intensive study will need to be
undertaken with multiple samples and surveys taken per day. Data will
be compiled with previous and future data to make comparisons and
eventually develop a predictive model.

Same as above.

This beach is affected by the Whitney Drain. More investigation is
needed on effects of the drain on this beach.

Same as above.

Additional sanitary survey work is recommended in the immediate
vicinity of this beach.

Having an accurate predictive model would be
both useful and valuable.

This beach has had extensive history with algae and muck
issues, primarily in 2006. However, in 2007, this beach did
not suffer the extent of accumulation of Cladophora as did
the Bay City State Recreation Area.

It is hoped that data collected would be used to develop models in the
future based upon weather and associated conditions.

Same as above.

Sampling taken directly after substantial rain events did indicate that
there was a positive correlation between rainfall and elevated levels of
£. coli. It is hoped that data collected would be used to develop
models in the future based upon weather and associated conditions.

C-4
5/28/2008

-------
APPENDIX C: Use of Forecast Predictive Models, Source Tracking Methods, and Real-time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR)

Beach, State, Great Lake

47 Bay City, Ml, LH

48 Wenona Beach, Ml, LH

49 Pier Pk, Ml, Lake St. Clair

50 Beach 2, PA, LE

51 Beach 10 (Budny) PA, LE

Intend to continue use of model?

Same as above.

We are in the validation stage of developing a
forecasting model, but we do use some
explanatory parameters like wind, direction, wave
height, and previous night rainfall amount to make
preemptive closures at the western-most
beaches. Survey information, real time
identification of bacteria sources, characterization
of transport and better understanding of the
hydrodynamics will be used to develop model.

Same as above.

Microbial Source Tracking
(MST)?

DNA and genetic marking.
Data showed human and
bovine sources.

Real time qPCR has been
very useful in the
identification of Bacteriodes
and thus in the realization that
there is a significant amount
of contamination of human
origin. There have been
difficulties in correlating the
real time qPCR data with
standard plate counts. qPCR
analysis included E. coli,
Shigatoxin, and Bacteriodes.

Same as above.

qPCR?
asterisk = would

be willing if
funding available

Note change in beach conditions
that may have affected # of postings?

The 2007 swim season was relatively dry this year (less than
3" of rain recorded during July and August), but saw no effect
on the beach.

There was some variability with rain events, algae and
temperatures when comparing last season with this season.
Without doing a complete analysis of the entire 2007 data
set, it is impossible to determine whether these events had
any effect statistically on the number of beach
advisories/closures. Prior to 2007, an advisory was issued
when E. coli levels reached 235 cfu/100 ml. In 2007,
beaches were posted with an advisory if E. coli counts
exceeded 235 cfu/100 ml and swimming restricted when the
levels exceeded 1000 cfu/100 ml. In 2006, beaches closed
17 times. In 2007, there were only 2 beaches with restricted
swimming, but the difference in the number of postings was
due to weather and the new beach advisory/closure system.

Same as above.

Comments

It is hoped that data collected would be used to develop models in the
future based upon weather and associated conditions.

Same as above.

Sampling taken directly after substantial rain events did indicate that
there was a positive correlation between rainfall and elevated levels of
E. coli. Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) data indicates that overflows
did not contribute to E. coli levels at the beach. It is hoped that data
collected would be used to develop models in the future based upon
weather and associated conditions.

A composite of information from 3 studies describe the movement of
contamination from the tributaries west of Presque Isle to the beaches.
The first study sampled water from 18 to 21 sites in the lake and near
the mouth of 3 major tributaries on 3 occasions. During dry weather,
there were no instances of water contamination, however, during wet
weather, the sites near the mouths of the tributaries showed significant
contamination. The second study looked at nearshore transport of
water. Because of the rate of movement of water in the nearshore, the
likely source of contamination is constrained to have been located
anywhere within 19 miles of the park (i.e., the western tributaries). The
third study identified the types of contamination (E. coli and
Bacteriodes) using real time qPCR and standard plating techniques in
Presque Isle beach samples of water and sand (and Cladophora).
Results indicate a high percentage of bacterial pollution from human
sources is present on days where overall levels of bacterial pollution
are high, compared to days when overall levels of bacterial pollution are
problem with bacterial pollution of Presque Isle beaches is due to increa
appears that bacterial contamination originates along the course of at le

C-5
5/28/2008

-------
APPENDIX C: Use of Forecast Predictive Models, Source Tracking Methods, and Real-time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR)

Beach, State, Great Lake

Use
model?

yy
y«6

Intend to continue use of model?

Microbial Source Tracking
(MST)?

qPCR?
asterisk = would

be willing if
funding available

Note change in beach conditions
that may have affected # of postings?

Comments

52 Evans Town, NY, LE

Since 1998, Erie County Health Department has had a pre-emptive
beach closing policy triggered by any rain event of 1/2" or more during
a 24 hour period at a regulated beach or in watershed of a stream
impacting the public beach. There were 4 rain events in 2007 at both
beaches and exceedances associated with rain events were predicted
correctly by the pre-emptive beach closing policy.

53 Lake Erie, NY, LE

Same as above.

54 Fair Haven, NY, LO

Working with USGS on an improved forecast
model. Preemptive closure protocol has been
used to close this beach based on 1.2 inches of
rain, but doesn't appear that there is a simple
correlation between rain and exceedances. The
closure protocol is very conservative and results
in closures on days with good water quality.

Sediment & water samples
sent to USGS for analysis in
winter. Water samples from
East Swim area submitted to
New York State Department
of Health Wadsworth Lab.
Using qPCR, we detected E.
coli and bacterial DNA
belonging to the genus
Bacteriodes; but did not
detect human-specific
Bacteriodes DNA.

The summer of 2007 was very dry, especially in comparison
to 2006 which was a very rainy season. This dry summer
resulted in fewer exceedances and closures of beaches and
sections of beaches this year as compared to 2006. We may
need to repeat more intensive monitoring during a wetter
summer.

USGS installed monitoring equipment to measure weather, current, and
wave height conditions at the beach which they plan to correlate with
our bacterial data. We hope to have a forecast model in place to use in
2008. Regarding the use of qPCR, findings suggest that fecal
contamination is coming from some other organisms.

55 Selkirk Shores, NY, LO

No, but source tracking
studies may be useful in the
future to determine if gulls are
a major pollution source at
this beach.

Same as above.

Forecast model not needed since exceedances are associated with
algae mats and postings can be based on pre-emptive decisions linked
to the presence of algae mats.

56 Sandy Island, NY, LO

Same as above.

The summer of 2007 was very dry, especially in comparison
to 2006 which was a very rainy season. However, the lack of
rain did not affect this beach because it is not influenced by
rainfall. It did not have any exceedances or closures from
2005-2007.

Forecast model not needed since beach has excellent water quality.

57 Bayfield Main Beach, CN,
LH

Yes. It's a "visual" model - if water samplers can
see their feet the forecast is that it is safe to swim.

Yes, a decrease in rain events, increase in algae (earlier and
later in season), and hotter temperatures. However, we did
not get the severe thunderstorms that usually bring heavy
rainfall events that flush the land and cause the beaches to
be posted as unsafe for up to 2 days.

The beach water quality was excellent this year, so it was not a good
year to analyze where the "off the land" discharges were coming from.
The area has been under a "Level 2" low water advisory most of the
summer. Stream flows range anywhere from 15 to 45 percent of the
lowest average summer monthly flow in watercourses in the watershed,
with many of the headwater streams completely dry. August
precipitation amounts were close to normal; however, stream flow
remained low in August until mid-September due to abnormally dry
conditions in June & July. Most of the water that fell in August was
consumed by the very dry soils and vegetation resulting in almost no
runoff into local watercourses, the watershed only received 47% of the
normal 3 month precipitation period ending in August.

58 Bayfield South Beach, CN,
LH

Same as above.

59 Goderich Main Beach, CN,
LH

Same as above.

60 Goderich Cove Beach, CN,
LO

Same as above.

C-6
5/28/2008

-------
APPENDIX C: Use of Forecast Predictive Models, Source Tracking Methods, and Real-time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR)

Beach, State, Great Lake

Use
model?



'/


O

$

Intend to continue use of model?

Microbial Source Tracking
(MST)?

qPCR?
asterisk = would

be willing if
funding available

Note change in beach conditions
that may have affected # of postings?

Comments

61 Goderich Cove Beach, CN,
LH

Y



X



Same as above.

N

N



Same as above.

C-7
5/28/2008

-------
APPENDIX D:

Suggested Improvements to Sanitary
Survey

-------
APPENDIX D: Suggested Improvements to Sanitary Survey

Beach, State, Great Lake

Recommend to other
beach mgrs?

Suggested Improvements to Sanitary Survey Tool and Database

Comments

1 Lakewalk, MN, LS

We used our own field sheets for gathering info while sampling which are more of a spreadsheet format
because we have staff sampling 11-18 sites in one day and find it easier to collect the information all on one
sheet. Water current was too difficult and time-consuming to collect routinely.

We recommend that the beach monitoring staff collect sanitary survey data when out collecting bacteria samples. Since
the beginning of the beach program, we have found that the other data collected is helpful in determining what is
affecting the bacteria counts at a beach, especially when there is not an obvious source.

2 New Duluth, MN, LS

Same as above.

Routine sanitary survey data collected while monitoring beaches for bacteria is very enlightening when looking for
bacteria sources at problem beaches and for unexpected high bacteria counts at clean beaches. Minnesota has been
using a modified version of the sanitary survey since we began monitoring in 2003. We felt it was necessary to gather as
much information as possible to provide insight into the sources of bacteria at the beaches because each beach is so
different. Beach monitoring staff should be encouraged to gather as much information as possible each and every time
they make a trip to the beach.

3 Barker's Island, Wl, LS

Include easy to use Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for evaluations of E. coli (e.g., sand, spatial,
runoff). Give the health departments tools to do these additional tests using not just traditional E. coli
testing, but collection techniques from 'suspected sources' that may not be traditional surface water.

4 Brule River #1, Wl, LS

Same as above.

5 Brule River #2, Wl, LS

Same as above.

6 Brule River #3, Wl, LS

Same as above.

7 Thompson, Wl, LS

Same as above.

8 Kreher, Wl, LS

Same as above.

9 Maslowski, Wl, LS

Same as above.

10 Upper Lake Pk, Wl, LM

We recommend developing training DVDs for both field and lab staff. We also recommend drafting site
specific data sheets as not all sampling sites are beaches. We re-wrote the daily data sheets to mirror our
project and field needs. We took measurements in commonly used units so as to communicate with the
general public. Trash considerations should be separated into human generated and natural trash types.
Recommend evaluation of longshore current (direction only). Appears much lake data can only be
accurately monitored via buoy or sonde which was not available in our area. Sanitary Survey funding does
not cover this cost.

We envision sanitary surveys as being both one time exploratory tools as well as a measure of continuing performance
progress.

11 North Beach, Wl, LM

Provide more explanation to surveyors why some of the data is important to collect (e.g., high water mark).
We may know that beaches with negligible slope may suffer poor water quality due to wave encroachment
over fecal-contaminated beach sands, but individuals completing the survey may not understand the
connection. The SOPs should include sections on where one might find certain data (e.g., impervious
surface area) and stress the need for cooperation with other municipal departments such as city planning,
public works, parks, WWTP, etc. Completing the annual survey could be overwhelming without "where to
go" guidance. This could also include external references such as Google Earth. It may be beneficial to
suggest that surveyors include photographs which may prove beneficial for future investigations (i.e., aerial
pluming from creeks and streams, run-off, mysterious pipes, etc.) A narrative section should be added to the
sanitary surveys so beach managers can include additional information.

12 Zoo Beach, Wl, LM

Same as above.

13 Bender, Wl LM

Same as above.

14 Grant Park, Wl, LM

Same as above.

Further investigation is needed.

15 Neshotah, Wl, LM

Same as above.

16 Point Beach, Wl, LM

Same as above.

17 Whitefish Dunes, Wl, LM

Include easy to use SOPs for evaluations of E. coli (e.g., sand, spatial, runoff). Give the health departments
tools to do these additional tests using not just traditional E. coli testing, but collection techniques from
'suspected sources' that may not be traditional surface water.

18 Sunset Park, Wl, LM

Same as above.

19 Deland Park, Wl, LM

Same as above.

20 General King, Wl, LM

Same as above.

21 Kohler North, Wl, LM

Same as above.

22 Rosewood, IL, LM

Additional bacteria and WQ sampling should be conducted in the tributaries, particularly during or
immediately after a rain event.

D-1

5/28/2008

-------
APPENDIX D: Suggested Improvements to Sanitary Survey

Beach, State, Great Lake

Recommend to other
beach mgrs?

Suggested Improvements to Sanitary Survey Tool and Database

Comments

23 Jackson Pk(63rd), IL, LM

The questions are almost all useful in evaluating factors that influence the water quality. However, the forma
of the actual surveys could be revised to make them more user-friendly. It should be noted that they may be
carried into the field to be filled out by hand and later completed in electronically. The tables would be easier
to use if there were mostly just rows instead of rows and columns. There is a bit of redundancy in the
questions that could be reduced (bounding structures are requested twice, for example). Some questions
have categories that are ambiguous (Section 8, question about presence of wildlife and domestic animals
asks for degree of presence low, med, high -what does that mean? Section 11 asks for level of concern H,
M, L, or NA also unclear). Multiple questions ask for measurements, some requesting answers in British
units, some in metric units. This should be more consistent.

24 Tunnel Park, Ml, LM

The Beach Sanitary Survey Tool (BSST) needs a greater degree of standardized data collection. Without
scientific instruments to measure some of the variables, it becomes possible to introduce a greater degree of
error into the tool. Three Ottawa County Health Department employees used the BSST over the course of
the 2007 summer and it seems possible that they could have used slightly different techniques to collect their
data. Secondly, the BSST should also provide a standardized method of data analysis. It may become
difficult to compare findings with other agencies since different analytical techniques were used. The final
recommendation is to encourage beach managers and public health officials to use the BSST over several
swim seasons to improve the statistical significance of the results.

25 Grand Haven City, Ml, LM

Same as above.

26 Grnd Hav State Pk, Ml, LM

27 Rosy Mound, Ml, LM

Same as above.

28 Onekama, Ml, LM

29 Sundling Park, Ml, LM

30 Magoon Creek, Ml, LM

31 Traverse City State Park
Beach

More funding and longer time frame needed to do more testing.

We now have a good handle on what sources of contamination are affecting our beaches. What is now needed is to
determine exactly what combination of factors produce high E. coli levels (e.g., why did one rain event or strong onshore
winds affect one beach but not the other?) It is probably a suite of factors that affect our beaches and conducting the
sanitary survey was the first step to effectively document all types of conditions at our beaches and their corresponding
E. coli values.

32 East Bay Park Beach

Same as above.

33 Bryant Park Beach

Same as above.

34 Norwood Park, Ml, LM

35 Cross Village, Ml, LM

The tools used in the survey project will be used in future sampling programs and applied to some of our
other beaches.

Data gathered in this project will be included in a larger dataset consisting of historical data and future data to look at
trends and associations between a variety of environmental factors and surface water quality.

36 Wilderness St. Pk, Ml, LM

37 Mackinaw City, Ml, LM

38 Henes Park, Ml, LM

Should have a section for information on people interviewed and results of interviews. Entering data into
database was not as simple as it could have been. Computer database does not mirror the paper format
provided and asks for additional information not recorded on paper version.

Having opportunity to spend more time evaluating possible sources of contamination allowed us to get more information
of what is actually occurring at the beach. We were able to interview lifeguards, park employees and DNR staff.

39 Sugar Island, Ml, St. Mary's
River

More training.

40 Starlite, Ml, LH

41 DyerRd., Ml, LH

An intensive study needs to be undertaken with multiple samples and surveys taken per day. More accurate
survey tools need to be used in order to fully capture the physical parameters of the beach.

42 Singing Bridge, Ml, LH

Same as above.

43 Twining Rd., Ml, LH

Same as above.

44 Whites Beach, Ml, LH

Same as above.

D-2
5/28/2008

-------
APPENDIX D: Suggested Improvements to Sanitary Survey

Beach, State, Great Lake

Recommend to other
beach mgrs?

Suggested Improvements to Sanitary Survey Tool and Database

Comments

45 South Linwood, Ml, LH

Trying to obtain info on turbidity using a Secchi Disc in chest-deep water with waves is cumbersome,
potentially dangerous and difficult to obtain accurate information. It was frequently difficult to collect the
survey information and water samples, review the information collected the previous day, calculate single-
event and 30 day geometric mean averages, update the MDEQ web page and keep the staff informed.
Following data elements not useful in addressing impacts from pollution sources: bather load, beach
cleaning, description of sanitary facilities, and description of other facilities. Guidance materials were useful.
It is beneficial to review what others are doing, review common trends, and read about new developments.
A training session would be useful along with information regarding what others are doing, as well as the
discussions of rapid testing and predictive modeling. The most important information to improve water
quality is the identification and elimination of sources of pollution.

The data collected during the survey is representative of observable data collected during dry weather conditions. This
information will serve as a useful baseline for comparison with data collected in future surveys under different weather
conditions. Having funds for water quality monitoring and data collection 4 days/wk allowed Bay County Health
Department to obtain accurate information on water quality during dry weather conditions, and being at each sampling
station 3 days per week improved public awareness of monitoring program.

46 Brissette Beach, Ml, LH

Same as above.

47 Bay City, Ml, LH

Same as above.

Same as above. In addition, sampling conducted during the sanitary survey provided no conclusive correlation that any
of these hypothetical sources contribute to bacterial contamination of the beach. More analysis of the data is needed
and further analysis of the data may show that rain and associated conditions (e.g., wave height, wind) may also
contribute to elevated levels of bacteria.

48 Wenona Beach, Ml, LH

Same as above.

49 Pier Pk, Ml, Lake St. Clair

50 Beach 2, PA, LE

The surveys are a useful tool, but we suggest that the database provided by EPA for keeping track of the
routine, annual, and 5-year surveys have more reporting capabilities. Currently, the only reporting option
that the database has is the number of entries in the database.

51 Beach 10(Budny) PA, LE

Same as above.

52 Evans Town, NY, LE

Y (with reservations)

This is a complex issue. The questions relate to several factors: responsible organizations for different surveys, level
and sophistication of seasonal staff, availability of measuring equipment, availability of secondary data, commitment of
resources, size of beach, and authority to require cooperation by conducting surveys. For these reasons, our
suggestions will require futher analysis and consideration on our part.

53 Lake Erie, NY, LE

Same as above.

54 Fair Haven, NY, LO

The sanitary survey forms need to exactly match the online database. It would have been more efficient and
would have improved the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the data. Some of the data collected by the
sampling staff was not applicable to any of the data fields in the online database so data was put into
"Comments" field. The data entry into the online database was generally easy to use; however, if there was
an error in data entry, the error message did not specify which field was in fault, so staff did not know which
field to correct. After the error message was displayed, the whole online form was cleared, leaving staff no
choice but to re-enter the data without knowing what the original mistake was. Many of the data fields were
very appropriate on the survey; however, it is important to keep in mind that each beach is unique. It is
impossible to create one form that is applicable to all beaches. Our Agency has one generic field report
form; however, we tailor this form to specific beaches so that we can collect the best data possible. It is
important to have the flexibility to add data fields based on known potential pollution
sources for a beach (e.g., if a beach is affected by algae, form should include several algae-specific
questions). Also, we sample at multiple stations at some beaches, and have designed distinct
forms for those facilities so that staff do not have to rewrite certain data fields (e.g., weather), but
have space to write information on factors that differ among the stations. Beach managers must be
allowed to modify EPA's final form to make it more user-friendly to individual beaches. Finally, it is
important to be as specific as possible on these forms. Park staff responsible for beach monitoring
may change, and some may not have an environmental background. Thus, it is important for
questions on the field sheet to be very specific; if they are not, we've found that we do not collect
quality data (or the data that we initially intended to collect).

55 Selkirk Shores, NY, LO

Same as above.

56 Sandy Island, NY, LO

Same as above.

57 Bayfield Main Beach, CN,
LH

58 Bayfield South Beach, CN,
LH

59 Goderich Main Beach, CN,
LH

60 Goderich St. Christopher's
Beach, CN, LH

D-3
5/28/2008

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APPENDIX D: Suggested Improvements to Sanitary Survey

Beach, State, Great Lake

Recommend to other
beach mgrs?

Suggested Improvements to Sanitary Survey Tool and Database

Comments

61 Goderich Cove Beach, CN,
LH

Y





D-4

5/28/2008

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