United States
Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Chemical Safety and
Pollution Prevention
Final Risk Evaluation for
Asbestos
Part 1: Chrysotile Asbestos
Systematic Review Supplemental File:
Data Quality Extraction of Environmental Fate and
Transport Studies
December 2020
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Table of Contents
Table 1. Other Fate Endpoints Study Summary for Chrysotile Asbestos
Table 2. Hydrolysis Study Summary for Chrysotile Asbestos
Table 3. Aquatic Bioconcentration Study Summary for Chrysotile Asbestos
References
Page 2 of 9
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Table 1. Other Fate Endpoints Study Summary for Chrysotile Asbestos
S\s(cm
Siudj 1 \pe ijcsir)
Results
( oin men Is
AITiliiilcd
Reference
Diilii Qu;ilil>
r.\iilu;ilion
Results ol l ull
S(ikI\ Report
Non guideline,
experimental
study; the effect
of lichen
colonization on
chrysotile
structure is
investigated by
analyzing the
composition of
both colonized
and uncolonized
field samples. The
effect of oxalic
acid exposure on
chrysotile
structure is also
investigated at
various
concentrations.
Chrysotile fibers were
incubated in oxalic acid
solutions for 35 days to
observe its effect on
MgO content.
Chrysotile (both
uncolonized or
colonized by lichens)
from 3 serpentinite
outcrops and one
asbestos cement roof
were collected.
In the three asbestos
outcrops and
asbestos-cement roof,
MgO content (wt %)
was lower by 15-20%
in lichen colonized
chrysotile than in
uncolonized
chrysotile. Incubation
in 50 mM oxalic acid
transformed
chrysotile fibers into
"an amorphous
powdery material,
consisting mainly of
pure silica", and
without fibrous
nature.
The reviewer
agreed with
this study's
overall quality
level.
(Favero-
Lonao et
aL 2005.
3520647)
High
Non guideline,
experimental
study; oxalic acid
and citric acid
leaching of
asbestos rich
sediment
Chrysotile asbestos rich
sediment and a
serpentine bedrock
sample underwent
leaching in 0.025 M
oxalic acid and 0.017 M
citric acid. Total
elemental analysis was
performed using
inductively coupled
plasma spectrometry
(ICPS), individual fiber
analysis was done using
energy dispersive x-ray
analysis (EDX) and a
scanning and
transmission electron
microscope (STEM).
ICPS results showed
citric acid was
slightly more
effective at removing
most metals from the
sediment samples
than oxalic acid;
however, EDX
analysis of individual
fibers showed Mg/Si
ratios were reduced
from 0.68-0.69 to
0.07 by oxalic acid
and only to 0.38 by
citric acid.
The reviewer
agreed with
this study's
overall quality
level.
(Sclireier et
n
1917037)
High
Page 3 of 9
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S\s(em
Siuclj 1 \pe (jcsir)
Results
( 0111 men(s
AITiliiilcd
Reference'
Diilii Qn;ili(\
l-'.\iiliiiiliou
Results of l ull
Siuclj Report
Non-guideline,
experimental
study;
decomposition
study of asbestos
in 25% acid or
caustic solutions
Chrysotile, crocidolite,
amosite, anthophyllite,
actinolite, and tremolite
asbestos fibers were
dissolved in 25% acid or
NaOH solution
Degradation in 25%
HC1, acetic acid,
H3PO4, H2SO4 and
NaOH, respectively
was reported for
Chrysotile (55.69,
23.42, 55.18, 55.75
and 0.99%),
Crocidolite (4.38,
0.91, 4.37, 3.69 and
I.35%), Amosite
(12.84,2.63, 11.67,
II.35 and 6.97%),
Anthophyllite (2.66,
0.60, 3.16,2.73 and
1.22%), Actinolite
(20.31, 12.28, 20.19,
20.38 and 9.25%) and
Tremolite (4.77, 1.99,
4.99, 4.58 and
1.80%).
Due to limited
information
assessing the
results were
challenging.
(Soeil and
Leineweber,
1969,
5353620)
Unacceptable
Table 2. Hydrolysis Study Summary for Chrysotile Asbestos
Sludj Tjpe
(jesir)
pll
Tempcr;ilure Diinilinii
1
Results
Diilii
Qn;ili(\
AITiliiileri l.\;ilu;ilinn
( cminieiKs
Relereuce Results ol
l ull Sludj
1 1 Report
Non-guideline,
experimental
study;
dissolution of
chrysotile and
crocidolite
asbestos in
water at various
pH and
temperatures.
7, 7, 7, 9,
and 4 for
experiments
1-5,
respectively
44, 6, 25, 25, and
25°C for
experiments 1-5,
respectively
170 or
1024
hours
170-hour study
results
evaluating Mg
removal from
Chrysotile
(proportion of 1
layer):
Experiments 1-
4: 0.32-0.94.
Experiment 5
(pH 4, 25°C):
8.84 170-hour
study results
evaluating Si
removal from
Chrysotile
(proportion of 1
layer):
Experiments 1-
4: 0.5-0.25.
The
reviewer
agreed with
this study's
overall
quality
level.
(Gronow.
1987,
5353542s)
High
Page 4 of 9
-------
Siudj Tjpe
(M'sir)
n"i
I oinpci'iiliiiv Diinilioii
Results
( oniinoiils
Alii Milled
Rd'cmice
Diilii
Qu;ilil>
l'.\iiliiiilion
Ki-sulls ol'
l ull Slutl>
Ktpoil
Experiment 5:
5.05. 170-hour
study results
evaluating Mg
removal from
Crocidolite
(proportion of 1
layer):
Experiments 1-
5: 0.42-1.80.
170-hour study
results
evaluating Si
removal from
Crocidolite
(proportion of 1
layer): 0.03-
0.56. 1024-hour
results
(proportion of
one layer
removed) for
experiment 3
only:
Chrysolite, Mg:
0.94; Si: 0.36
Crocidolite,
Mg: 1.42; Si:
0.37
Non-guideline;
dissolution
study; sample
size,
temperature and
pH evaluated;
pH change over
time compared
for asbestos
minerals,
amosite and
crocidolite and
chrysotile
5.9-6.1
(initial)
5 to 45 °C
20 min;
1000
hours
Rate of
dissolution is a
function of
surface area
and
temperature.
Mg2+ may be
continuously
liberated from
fibers leaving a
silica skeleton.
The rate-
controlling step
was determined
to be removal
of brucite layer.
Smaller
particles
liberated more
magnesium
The
reviewer
agreed with
this study's
overall
quality
level.
(Choi and
High
Non guideline;
Not reported
Not reported but
3-5 days
Chrysotile in
The
High
Page 5 of 9
-------
Diilii
Qu;ilil>
Siudj Tjpe
pll
1 Ollipci'illlliv
Diinilioii
Results
( oniinoiils
AITiliiilcri
l'.\iiliiiilion
(jcsir)
UiTi'ivikv
Kcsiills ol'
l ull MimI>
Kcpoi'l
e\penmeiil;il
hui held
held amslaiil
Manual walcr
iv\ lewer
study; a particle
constant
acquires a
agreed with
Morgan.
electrophoresis
negative
this study's
1985,
apparatus was
surface charge
overall
3582724)
used to monitor
by rapid
quality
absorption
adsorption of
level.
properties of
natural organic
chrysotile
matter (<1
asbestos aging
day). Positively
in water
charged >Mg-
OH2+ sites are
removed by
dissolution in
the outer
brucite sheet
resulting in
exposure of
underlying
>SiO" sites.
Page 6 of 9
-------
Siuclj Tjpe
(jesir)
Iniliiil ..
, . Species
( oiicciilr;ilion
l)ur;ilion Result
( (tinmollis
Diilii
Qu;ilil\
AITilhik'd l.\;ilu;i(ion
Reference Results of
l ull Stiulj
Report
Non-
guideline;
experimental
study; uptake
monitoring of
chrysotile
asbestos in
Coho and
juvenile
green sunfish
1.5xio6and
3.0 xlO6 fibers/L
Coho salmon
(Oncorhynchus
kisutch) and
juvenile green
sunfish
(Lepomis
cyanellus)
Coho
salmon:
86 and 40
days;
Green
sunfish:
67 and 52
days
Asbestos fibers
were found in
the asbestos-
treated fish by
transmission
electron
microscopy
(TEM);
however total
body burdens
were not
calculated.
Sunfish lost
scales and had
epidermal tissue
erosion.
Asbestos fibers
were not
identified in
control or blank
samples.
The
reviewer
agreed with
this study's
overall
quality
level.
(Belaneer
et al.,
1986c.
3584 )
High
Non-
guideline;
experimental
study; uptake
monitoring of
chrysotile by
Asiatic clams
2.5x10s -8.8xl09
fibers/L
Asiatic clams
(Corbicula sp.)
96-hours
and 30-
days
Chrysotile
asbestos was
detected in
clams at
69.1±17.1
fibers/mg whole
body
homogenate
after 96 hours
of exposure to
10s fibers/L and
food. Chrysotile
asbestos was
detected in
clams after 30
days of
exposure to 10s
fibers/L at
147.3±52.6
fibers/mg dry
weight gill
tissue and
903.7±122.9
fibers/mg dry
weight visceral
The
reviewer
agreed with
this study's
overall
quality
level.
("Belaneer
et al..
1986b.
3093600)
High
Page 7 of 9
-------
tissue.
Chrysotile
asbestos was
not detected in
clams after 96
hours at all
asbestos
exposure
concentrations
tested with no
food.
Non-
guideline;
experimental
study;
measuring
uptake of
chrysotile
asbestos by
Asiatic clams
0, 104, and 10s
fibers/L
Asiatic clams
(Corbicula sp.,
collected in
winter and
summer)
30-days
Fibers were not
detected in
clams from
blank control
groups and after
exposure to 104
fiber/L groups
for 30 days.
Asbestos
concentration in
tissue after
exposure to 10s
fiber/L for 30
days (fibers/mg
dry weight
tissue) in winter
samples: Gills:
132.1±36.4;
Viscera:
1055.1±235.9
and summer
samples: Gill:
147.5±30.9;
Viscera:
1127.4±190.2.
The
reviewer
agreed with
this study's
overall
quality
level.
("Belanger
et aL
1986a,
3093856)
High
Non-
guideline;
experimental
study; BCF
determination
of chrysotile
asbestos in
the Asiatic
clam
0, 104, and 10s
fibers/L
Asiatic clam
(icorbicula sp.)
30 day
and field
exposed
BCF = 0.308 in
gill tissue, 1.89
in viscera
tissue, and 1.91
in whole clam
homogenates
after 30-days
exposure to 10s
fibers/L. Field
exposed BCFs
= 0.16-0.19 in
gills, 64.9-102
in viscera,
1,442-5,222 in
whole clams.
The
reviewer
agreed with
this study's
overall
quality
level.
("Belanger
et aL
1987,
3584230)
High
Non-
guideline;
experimental
study;
chrysotile
5.1±2.8xl06,
7.6±8.1xios
fibers/L
Japanese
Medaka
(Oryzias
latipes)
13 weeks
After 28 days of
exposure to
chrysotile
asbestos at 1010
fibers/L
The
reviewer
agreed with
this study's
overall
("Belanger
et aL,
1990,
3585 )
High
Page 8 of 9
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asbestos
uptake study
in Japanese
Medaka
concentrations,
fish total body
burden was
375.7
fibers/mg. After
3 months of
exposure to
chrysotile
asbestos at 10s
fibers/L
concentrations,
fish total body
burden was
486.4±47.9
fibers/mg.
quality
level.
References
Bales. R€; Morgan. JJ. (1985). Surface-charge and adsorption properties of chrysotile asbestos in natural-
waters. Environ Sci Technol 19: 1213-1219.
Belanger. SE; Cherry. PS; Calms. J. (1990). Functional and pathological impairment of japanese medaka
(oryzias-latipes) by long-term asbestos exposure. Aquat Toxicol 17: 133-154.
Belanger. SE; Cherry. PS; Calms J. J. R (1986a). Seasonal behavioral and growth changes of juvenile
Corbicula-fluminea exposed to chrysotile asbestos. Water Res 20: 1243-1250.
Belanger. SE; Cherry. PS; Calms J. J. R (1986b). Uptake of chrysotile asbestos fibers alters growth and
reproduction of Asiatic clams. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 43: 43-52. http://dx.doi :)/fI6~006
Belanger. SE; Cherry. PS; Calms. J; Mcguire. Ml. (1987). Using Asiatic clams as abiomonitor for
chrysotile asbestos in public water supplies. J Am Waterworks Assoc 79: 69-74.
http://dx.doi.Org/10.1002/i.1551-8833.1987.tb02817.x
Belanger. SE; Schurr. K; Allen. I) J; Gohara. AF. (1986c). Effects of chrysotile asbestos on coho salmon
and green sunfish: evidence of behavioral and pathological stress. Environ Res 39: 74-85.
Choi. I; Smith. RW. (1972). Kinetic study of dissolution of asbestos fibers in water. J Colloid Interface
Sci 40: 253-262. http://dx.doi.on .6/0021-9797(72)90014-8
Favero-Longo. SE; Turci s. Unnatis. M; Castelh 1 < t onfante. P; Hoehella. MP; Piervlttori. R; Fublni.
B, (2005). Chrysotile asbestos is progressively converted into a non-fibrous amorphous material
by the chelating action of lichen metabolites. J Environ Monit 7: 764-766.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b507569f
Gronow. JR. (1987). The dissolution of asbestos fibres in water. Clay Miner 22: 21-35.
http://dx.doi.t i1 10 I I^0/clavmin. 1987.022.1.03
Schreier. H; Qroueti. JA; Lavkulich. LM. (1987). Weathering processes of asbestos-rich serpentinitic
sediments. Soil Sci Soc Am J 51: 993-999.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssail.987.03615995005100040032x
Speil. S; Leineweber. IP. (1969). Asbestos minerals in modern technology. Environ Res 2: 166-208.
http://dx.doi.tH ' (0 101o/OOl3-935.t.(69)90036-x
Page 9 of 9
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