02/24/2009 US EPA

CHLORAMINES-RELATED RESEARCH

19) What is EPA's current focus regarding chloramines research1? What other
ongoing research is EPA aware of?

The current focus of EPA chloramines research is on determining disinfectant
effectiveness, the effects of disinfection, and disinfection byproduct formation.1

•	Evaluating the effectiveness of disinfectants, including monochloramine, is a focus for
EPA's chloramines reseach.2

•	Research is targeted at understanding the various effects that may be caused by
disinfectant use, such as byproduct formation.3

•	EPA supports research on evaluating potential treatment technologies that can reduce
effects sometimes caused by disinfectant use.

Results from past and ongoing research indicate monochloramine use at regulated
levels can be a safe means for disinfecting drinking water.

•	Several large cities such as Denver and Philadelphia have used monochloramine
successfully as part of their water treatment process for decades.

•	Research shows that monochloramine produces fewer potentially harmful regulated
disinfection byproducts than chlorine.4

•	EPA reviews and considers new research results as they become available.5

Many organizations support research on the safety of monochloramine use.

•	Academic institutions and water industry groups conduct research on monochloramine
use.6

•	CDC has investigated community concerns related to monochloramine use.7

•	EPA continues to work with other organizations on research related to the safe use of
monochloramine.

Additional Supporting Information:

1.	More information on the EPA Drinking Water Research Program can be found at
http://vwvw.epa.aov/ord/npd/dwresearch-intro.htm.

2.	Research includes studying the effectiveness of chloramines at controlling potentially harmful organisms under different
source water and treatment options. See question 3 for more information on potentially harmful organisms.

3.	Efforts include improving the understanding of the various effects that may be caused by the use of disinfectant(s) or
mixed disinfectants on water properties, such as the formation of disinfection byproducts, the release of contaminants,
including lead into water, and biofilm activity, including nitrification. See question 27 for additional information on
contaminant release, biofilms, and nitrification.

4.	Compared to chlorine, water treated with monochloramine may contain different unregulated disinfection byproducts than
chlorinated water. There are few studies on health effects of unregulated disinfection byproducts. For example, TTHMs and
HAAs (see question 6 for more information) typically occur at higher levels than other known and known but unidentified
disinfection byproducts. The presence of TTHMs and HAA5 is representative of the occurrence of many other chlorinated
disinfection byproducts; thus, a reduction in TTHMs and HAA5 generally indicates a reduction of other types of disinfectant
byproducts. Information on one unregulated byproduct associated with chloramination, NDMA, can be found at
http://www.epa.qov/tio/download/contaminantfocus/epa542f07006.pdf. Also, see question 9 and 23.

5.	See the Contaminant Candidate List online at http://www.epa.qov/OGWDW/ccl/ccl3.html for contaminants EPA proposes
to review. EPA scientists review regulations of disinfection byproducts every six years.

(http://epa.gov/safewater/review.html). EPA is currently monitoring for several unregulated disinfectant byproducts (NDEA,
NDMA, NDPA, NPYR). More information can be found at http://www.epa.aov/safewater/ucmr/index.html.

6.	The Water Research Foundation (WRF) is an example of a group that conducts water industry research.

7.	A federal partner of EPA is the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The CDC Chloramines Vermont Trip
Report can be found at http://healthvermont.qov/enviro/water/documents/CDC Chloramines report 011608.pdf.


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