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Leaking Underground Storage Tank Trust Fund
Corrective Action Cooperative Agreement Guidelines

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Underground Storage Tanks
Washington, D.C.

November 2023

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Contents

Introduction	1

Purpose And Scope	1

Background	2

Statutory Authority, Regulatory Requirements, And Guidance	3

Uses Of The LUST Trust Fund For Corrective Action	5

Categories Of Cost (Accounting Activities)	5

Program Administration of the LUST Cleanup Program	6

Site Corrective Action	7

Enforcement	7

Criteria And Requirements For Using The LTF At Sites	9

Solid Waste Disposal Act, Subtitle I Requirements	9

Build America Buy America Act Requirements	10

Davis Bacon Act Requirements	11

Eligible and Allowable LTF Corrective Action Uses	12

Considerations When Using The LTF	14

Prompt Action	14

Identifying A Viable Owner Or Operator	14

Suspected Releases With Limited Site Information	15

Operation And Maintenance (O&M)	15

LTF-Eligible Sites Mixed With Other Types Or Sources Of Contamination	16

Temporary And Permanent Alternative Water Supplies	16

Relocation Of Residents Temporarily Or Permanently	16

LTF Uses That Are Limited	17

Federal, State, And Local Government Facilities	17

LTF Uses That Are Not Allowed	18

LTF Cooperative Agreement Requirements	19

Application And Workplan	19

Authority And Capability	19

Conformity With Federal Corrective Action Regulations	20

States Priority System For Addressing UST Releases	20

Enforcement Capabilities, Policies, And Procedures	21

Public Participation Policies	21

Data Quality Assurance	22


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Cost Recovery Authority And Policy	22

Site-Specific Activities	22

Planned Purchases Of Equipment	22

2005 Energy Policy Act Certification	22

Subawards	22

Performance and Financial Reporting Requirements	23

Ten Percent Cost Share (Matching Funds)	24

UST State Financial Assurance Funds For Cost Share	25

Accounting And Documentation	25

Site-Specific Accounting	26

Indirect Costs And Cost Rate	27

Direct Costs	28

Disposition Of Recovered Money	30

Records Retention	31

Non-Eligibility For Performance Partnership Grants	32

Incurring Pre-Award Costs	32

Time Limit For Project Period And Using Funds	32

EPA's Role	33

Allocation And Awards To States	33

Federal-Led Underground Storage Tank Corrective Actions	35

Obtaining Approval For Federal Response	35

Merit Review	35

Appendix: Merit Review Checklist for New Awards and Supplemental Amendments - LUST
Corrective Action Grants (Federal Assistance Listing # 66.805)	36

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Introduction

Purpose And Scope

This document and its companion document, Cost Recovery Policy For Leaking Underground Storage
Tank Trust Fund Corrective Action Cooperative Agreements (LTF Cost Recovery Policy) provide states1
and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) with guidelines and requirements for
managing Leaking Underground Storage Tank Trust Fund corrective action cooperative agreements2.
LTF corrective action cooperative agreements are Continuing Environmental Program Grants3,
administered by EPA, to provide money to states to address petroleum4 releases from underground
storage tanks. These grants are exempt from competition5. EPA awards LTF corrective action
cooperative agreements to states and Tribes under SWDA 9003(h)(7) as supplemented by Public Law
105-276. In addition to other grants application requirements, states must comply with the
requirements in these guidelines and EPA's LTF Cost Recovery Policy as a condition of receiving LTF
corrective action cooperative agreement funding.

This document:

•	Replaces the

o 2016 LUST Trust Leaking Underground Storage Tank Trust Fund Corrective Action

Cooperative Agreement Guidelines.
o 1994 LUST Trust Fund Cooperative Agreement Guidelines Directive 9650.10A.
o 1989 LUST Trust Fund State Financial Management Handbook.

•	Incorporates provisions of the 2005 Energy Policy Act.

•	Clarifies allowable uses of funding.

•	Provides reporting requirements.

This document does not address:

•	LTF assistance agreements for preventing underground storage tank (UST) releases.

o Visit EPA's UST website for more information about LTF prevention assistance agreements.
LTF corrective action cooperative agreements awarded to Tribes. EPA has direct implementation
responsibility in Indian country. EPA may award LTF cleanup cooperative agreements to Tribes
pursuant to the Solid Waste Disposal Act, Section 9003(h) and the 1999 Appropriations Act,
Public Law 105-276. The fundamental requirements for these cooperative agreements are
substantially the same as for state recipients. Consequently, although this document does not
explicitly address Tribes, EPA staff may refer to it as necessary for guidance in resolving
questions regarding Tribal LTF cooperative agreements.

•	Grants to address relatively low-risk petroleum contaminated sites.

1	This document uses the term states to refer to both states and territories.

2	A cooperative agreement is an assistance agreement in which the EPA is substantially involved
programmatically.

3	EPA uses the term grants for all federal financial assistance, including cooperative agreements.

4	See definition of regulated substances describing petroleum in 40 CFR 280.12.

5	See www.epa.gov/ogd/competition/5700 5Al.pdf, EPA Order 5700.5A1, 6.c.l - Exempt from Competition
Policy.

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o Visit EPA's Brownfields website for more information about grants for petroleum
brownfields. The Brownfields Program provides a variety of competitive and
noncompetitive grants to assess and cleanup lower priority petroleum contaminated sites
that meet the site eligibility requirements in section 101(39) of the Comprehensive
Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) as well as to plan for
their redevelopment.

For information about the cooperative agreement application process, please contact your EPA
regional UST program and visit www.grants.gov.

Background

In 1986, Congress created the LTF to address actual or suspected releases from federally regulated
USTs by amending Subtitle I of the Solid Waste Disposal Act. The LTF is financed by a one tenth of one
cent per gallon tax on gasoline, diesel, and aviation fuels. All taxes are collected directly by the US
Treasury Department and placed in an account from which Congress can draw appropriations6. The tax
is not permanent and must be reauthorized periodically.

Each year, Congress has appropriated LTF money to EPA for both the prevention and cleanup7 of
releases from petroleum USTs. EPA provides most of its LTF Congressional appropriation to states
through cooperative agreements. Although LTF prevention and cleanup money are both appropriated
from the LUST Trust Fund, the appropriated funds are not interchangeable. EPA awards LTF prevention
and cleanup money to states under separate assistance agreements with distinct purposes, eligible
uses, and statutory authorities. While states have their own programs and funding to clean up leaking
underground storage tank sites, states must comply with the federal requirements when using LTF
corrective action money under their EPA cooperative agreements.

EPA's LTF corrective action cooperative agreements provide states with money to:

•	Oversee and enforce corrective action by owners or operators.

•	Investigate suspected petroleum releases.

•	Clean up releases when UST owners or operators are unknown, unwilling, or unable to perform
the corrective action.

•	Take prompt action to protect human health and the environment.

•	Administer the LTF corrective action program.

•	Pursue cost recovery of LTFs.

6	Section 9508 of the Internal Revenue Code, 26 U.S.C. 9508, authorizes the LUST Trust Fund and specifies the
sources and uses of tax revenue for the Fund.

7	This document uses the terms cleanup and corrective action interchangeably to refer to all activities related to
the investigation, characterization, and cleanup, remediation, monitoring, and closure of an UST release.

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Statutory Authority, Regulatory Requirements, And Guidance

EPA's authority for awarding LTF corrective action money to states is the Solid Waste Disposal Act of
1976 (also known as the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act), as amended,

§ 9003(h) [42 (JSC § 6991b(h)], which specifies that EPA must award LTF corrective action money using
only cooperative agreements.8 Therefore, EPA may not award LTF corrective action money as a grant.

States must use LTF money in accordance with the federal statutory requirements and applicable
grants regulations:

•	Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1976, as amended:

o § 9003 [42 (JSC § 6991b](h)(l) through (8)] the EPA response program for petroleum
releases.

•	Grant regulations9

o 2 CFR Parts 200, 1500 and 180 as well as the 40 CFR Part 33 Disadvantaged Business

Enterprise Rule,
o 40 CFR Parts 7, 25.11, and 29.

EPA's Delegation of Authorities 1-14-A and 8-38 authorizes EPA's Regional Administrators to take all
necessary actions to approve, award, and administer cooperative agreements with states using LTF
money under SWDA § 9003(h).

EPA provides additional programmatic and assistance agreement information each fiscal year:

•	EPA's National Program Manager's Guidance.

•	The System for Award Management Federal Assistance Listing (previously known as the
Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance).

In 2014, the Office of Management and Budget streamlined eight federal grant regulations into the
OMB's Uniform Grants Guidance. The following table provides updated references in the UGG for
former grant regulations references in 40 Code of Federal Regulations Parts 31 and OMB Circular A-87.
The UGG also applies to cooperative agreements.

8	With cooperative agreements, EPA staff are substantially involved in the assisted activity as provided in 31
U.S.C. 6305 and the terms and conditions of LUST cooperative agreements.

9	LTF corrective action cooperative agreements are not subject to 40 CFR Part 35, "State and Local Assistance,"
which is a supplement to 2 CFR Parts 200 and 1500 for several environmental programs but does not include the
LUST corrective action program.

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Grant Regulations

Former Citations

Current Citations

Uniform Administrative Requirements, Cost
Principles, And Audit Requirements For Federal
Awards

OMB Circular A-87

2 CFR Parts 200 and 1500

Grants And Cooperative Agreements With State
And Local Governments

OMB Circular A-102

2 CFR Parts 200 and 1500

Nondiscrimination In Programs Or Activities
Receiving Federal Assistance From The
Environmental Protection Agency

40 CFR Part 7

No change

Public Participation

40 CFR § 25.11

No change

Intergovernmental Review Of Environmental
Protection Agency Programs And Activities

40 CFR Part 29

No change

Cost Principles, And Audit Requirements For
Federal Awards

40 CFR Part 31

2 CFR Parts 200 and 1500

Payment

40 CFR §31.21

2 CFR §§ 200.3, 200.305

Cost Sharing Or Matching

40 CFR §31.24

2 CFR §200.306

Program Income

40 CFR §31.25

2CFR§ 1500.8 and 2CFR§
200.307

Disposition of Equipment And Supplies

40 CFR §31.32 and
31.33

2 CFR § 200.313 and
200.314

Procurement

40 CFR § 31.36(a)

2 CFR §§ 200.317-200.326
and

2 CFR §§ 1500.10-1500.11

Financial Reporting

40 CFR §31.40

2 CFR § 200.328

Monitoring And Reporting Program Performance

40 CFR §31.41

2 CFR § 200.329

Subrecipient And Contractor Determinations And
Requirements For Pass-Through Entities

40 CFR 31.37

2 CFR 200.331 and 2 CFR
200.332 and 2 CFR 200.333

Records Retention

40 CFR §31.42

2 CFR §200.334 through
200.337 and 2 CFR § 1500.6

40 CFR § 31.42(b)

2 CFR §200.334 through
200.338 and 2 CFR §1500.7

Remedies For Noncompliance And Termination

40 CFR §31.43 and
§31.44

2 CFR §§ 200.208, 200.339
and 200.340

Quality Assurance

40 CFR §31.45

2 CFR § 1500.12

Government-Wide Debarment And Suspension
(Non-procurement)

40 CFR Part 32

2 CFR Part 180

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Uses Of The LUST Trust Fund For Corrective Action

Categories Of Cost (Accounting Activities)

All expenditures of LTF corrective action money under the cooperative agreement must have a direct,
primary, and demonstrable benefit to the LTF corrective action program. States should consider the
cost effectiveness of LTF activities and expenditures. EPA provides money only for the work identified
in the cooperative agreement workplan and does not commit to fully fund oversight or corrective
action at sites. Further, EPA cannot commit money beyond the budget period specified in the terms of
the cooperative agreement. Cooperative agreement funding is subject to annual appropriations.

States cannot use LTF corrective action cooperative agreement money to support activities that are not
authorized (for example, LTF prevention activities).

Costs must be eligible, allowable, necessary, and reasonable.

•	A cost is eligible if it is permitted by statute, program guidance, or regulations. The costs must
also conform to any federal limitations.

•	Allowable costs must be necessary and reasonable for the performance of the award, and
authorized by the appropriate OMB Cost Principles.

o A specific cost is necessary for the operation of the organization or performance of the

award if it is required for the success of the project,
o A cost is reasonable if it does not exceed that which would be incurred by a prudent

person under the circumstances prevailing at the time the decision was made to incur the
cost.

States may use LTF corrective action cooperative agreement money to pay for the following direct
costs as well associated indirect costs. Under the terms of the EPA's cooperative agreement, states
must account for all LTF expenditures using three accounting activity codes, including expenditures for
sites that trigger site-specific accounting:

•	Program administration of the LUST cleanup program (accounting activity code 7) including
general program support and management.

•	Site corrective action (accounting activity code E) to protect human health and the
environment when prompt action is necessary or when the owner or operator of an UST
system is unknown, unwilling, or unable to take corrective actions themselves (as required by
SWDA§ 9003(h)(2)).

•	Enforcement (accounting activity code 4) including oversight of corrective action undertaken
by owners or operators.

States must use these accounting activity codes in reports to EPA. For more information about
accounting for costs, see page 24.

For funding purposes, states may not include LTF corrective action funding in Performance Partnership
Grants.

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Program Administration of the LUST Cleanup Program

Consistent with 2 CFR Part 200, Subpart E Cost Principles, states may use cooperative agreement
money to support LUST cleanup program administration costs that directly benefit the overall LTF
corrective action program, as set forth in SWDA § 9003(h). States should charge these expenditures
only to program administration (code 7). Please see the Uniform Administrative Requirements, Cost
Principles, And Audit Requirements For Federal Awards (2 CFR Parts 200 and 1500) for additional
allowable costs such as memberships, subscriptions, and professional activity costs. EPA also provides
additional guidance on cost allowability in the following resources.

•	EPA Office of Grants and Debarment Guidance on Selected Items of Cost for Recipients.
https://www.epa.gov/grants/rain-2018-g01-r.

•	EPA Guidance on Participant Support Costs, https://www.epa.gov/grants/rain-2018-g05-rl.

•	Interim General Budget Development Guidance for Applicants and Recipients of EPA Financial
Assistance, https://www.epa.gov/grants/rain-2019-g02.

Allowable LUST cleanup program administration costs, also referred to as general support and
management costs, include all reasonable and necessary administrative and planning expenses directly
related to site-specific corrective action and for overall LUST cleanup program management including:

•	Intramural costs, such as:

o Support and management costs (for example, salary, rent, utilities),
o Travel.

o Training for state staff.

o Purchases of equipment10, supplies, and office materials,
o Administrative support.

o Other costs that benefit the overall LTF program's administration, management, and
internal state agency operations.

•	Extramural costs, such as:

o Procuring contractors to support general management, such as for
o Program guidance development and implementation,
o General community relations support,
o Report and proposal writing,
o Contingency planning,
o Research.

o Subawards of financial assistance to eligible subrecipients such as local governments.

10 Equipment means tangible personal property (including information technology systems) having a useful life of
more than one year and a per-unit acquisition cost which equals or exceeds the lesser of the capitalization level
established by the non-Federal entity for financial statement purposes, or $5,000 (2 CFR § 200.33). Purchases of
personal property under $5000 are not considered equipment; they are considered supplies (2 CFR § 200.94).
The title of these purchases (supplies) vests in the non-federal entity upon acquisition (2 CFR § 200.314). Items of
equipment with a current per unit fair market value of $5,000 or less may be retained, sold, or otherwise
disposed of with no further obligation to the federal awarding agency (2 CFR § 200.313(e)(1)).

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Where certain basic program items do not exist, states may use LTF cooperative agreement money for
core program development such as:

•	Developing a system for prioritizing sites.

•	Establishing enforcement policies and procedures.

•	Securing contractor services to perform corrective action.

•	Establishing cost recovery policies and procedures.

•	Establishing a site-by-site tracking system for activities, decisions, and site-specific costs.

•	Developing public participation procedures.

•	Developing quality assurance practices.

LTF corrective action money used for program administration is not subject to the corrective action
priority system requirements of Subtitle I as set forth in SWDA § 9003(h)(3) (see State Priority Systems
For Addressing UST Releases, page 19) because it supports overall program activities rather than LTF
site-specific work. Thus, using LTFs for program administration is consistent with EPA's objective of
ensuring that corrective actions proceed at all sites with suspected and confirmed UST releases,
regardless of whether UST owners or operators cleaned them up or the LTF was used to pay for
cleanup.

Site Corrective Action

States may use the LTF to clean up sites when they cannot identify owners or operators who will
undertake corrective action properly and promptly or when prompt action is necessary to protect
human health and the environment (SWDA § 9003(h)(2)). States may use the LTF for a range of
activities for site-specific corrective action (see Allowable Uses page 11-12).

In addition, states "shall" give priority to releases that pose the greatest threat to human health and
the environment (SWDA § 9003(h)(3)). Because states often need to focus their limited technical
resources on complex or high-risk sites, EPA encourages states to use risk-based priority systems to
help inform site priority setting.

SWDA § 9003(h)(3) Priority of corrective actions

| The Administrator (or a State pursuant to paragraph (7)) shall give priority in undertaking
| corrective actions under this subsection, and in issuing orders requiring owners or operators to
| undertake such actions, to releases of petroleum from underground storage tanks, which pose
| the greatest threat to human health and the environment.

Enforcement

EPA expects financially viable owners or operators to undertake and pay for corrective action,
voluntarily or in response to corrective action orders. When states are notified of a release, unless
prompt action is necessary to protect human health and the environment, states should attempt to
identify the owner or operator and direct them to perform corrective action at their own expense.
States must document efforts to identify an owner or operator.

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Site-specific enforcement costs include costs associated with all activities necessary to identify an
owner or operator and oversee corrective action such as:

•	Owner or operator searches.

•	Title searches.

•	Financial assessments.

•	Letters requesting information.

•	Notices and orders to potential owners or operators.

•	Hydrogeologic investigations and forensic analyses.

•	Salaries for responding to and overseeing responsible party cleanups.

•	Activities associated with the development and support of cost recovery cases.

As noted above, states may only use the LTF for state corrective action in certain situations described
in SWDA § 9003(h)(2)). Otherwise, in all other situations, when time and circumstances permit, states
should pursue corrective action by owners or operators through enforcement mechanisms. When
states use the LTF for corrective action, owners or operators are liable for costs incurred, and states
should pursue cost recovery actions against them. The level of financial responsibility that owners or
operators are required to maintain does not limit their liability. States may settle cost recovery
litigation as part of their enforcement discretion conveyed by SWDA § 9003(h) (see EPA's LTF Cost
Recovery Policy).

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Criteria And Requirements For Using The LTF At Sites

Solid Waste Disposal Act, Subtitle I Requirements

States may use LTF money for site-specific corrective action when:

•	The owner or operator is unknown, unwilling, or unable to perform corrective action properly
(SWDA § 9003(h)(2)) and for releases that pose the greatest threat to human health and the
environment (SWDA § 9003(h)(3)), or

•	Prompt action is necessary to protect human health and the environment SWDA § 9003(h)(2).

States must document the criteria authorizing the use of LTFs for site-specific work.

| SWDA § 9003(h)(2).. .the Administrator (or the State) may undertake corrective action with
I respect to any release of petroleum into the environment from an underground storage tank only
I if such action is necessary, in the judgment of the Administrator (or the State), to protect human
health and the environment and one or more of the following situations exists:

| (A) No person can be found, within 90 days or such shorter period as may be necessary to protect
human health and the environment, who is—

(i)	an owner or operator of the tank concerned,

(ii)	subject to such corrective action regulations, and
(Hi) capable of carrying out such corrective action properly.

j (B) A situation exists which requires prompt action by the Administrator (or the State) under this
paragraph to protect human health and the environment.

(C) Corrective action costs at a facility exceed the amount of coverage required by the

Administrator pursuant to the provisions of subsections (c) and (d)(5) of this section and,
considering the class or category of underground storage tank from which the release
occurred, expenditures from the Trust Fund are necessary to assure an effective corrective
action.

j (D) The owner or operator of the tank has failed or refused to comply with an order of the

Administrator under this subsection or section 6991e of this title or with the order of a State
under this subsection to comply with the corrective action regulations.

Please note that supplemental LUST Trust Fund appropriations may have additional or different
requirements.


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In determining whether states should use LTF, states should ensure the:

•	Release is from a federally regulated UST (see definition in SWDA § 9001(10)n).

•	Material released is a petroleum substance (see definition in SWDA § 9001(6)).

•	Corrective action at the site is necessary to protect human health and the environment, and

•	Site is a relatively high priority.

In determining whether a site is a high priority, states may consider factors such as whether there is
physical evidence or the potential to affect:

•	Groundwater.

•	Surface water.

•	Drinking water.

•	Unique exposure pathways.

States may also consider environmental justice and cumulative impacts to communities when
determining site priority.

Documenting Use of LUST Trust Funds

States must document:

•	The criteria authorizing the use ofLTFsfor site-specific work (see Criteria For §

Using The LTF At Sites, page 9).

•	What they have done to find owners or operators to pay for corrective action

(see Enforcement, page 7).	f

•	LUST Trust Fund expenditures (see Accounting And Documentation, page 24). J

•	Cost recovery efforts and resolution (see EPA's LTF Cost Recovery Policy).	|

For more information, see States Priority System For Addressing UST Releases, page 19.

Build America Buy America Act Requirements

The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act of 2021 includes permanent Build America Buy America Act
provisions in section 70914. These provisions require that

None of the funds made available for a Federal financial assistance program for
infrastructure...may be obligated for a project unless all of the iron, steel, manufactured
products, and construction materials used in the project are produced in the United States.

11 LTF eligibility may include USTs that EPA has excluded or partially excluded from regulation in accordance with
40 CFR 280 since the allowable use of the LTF is based on the statutory definition of an UST in SWDA 9001 (which
is not modified by EPA's regulations).

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Applicability: BABA applies to all LTF corrective action cooperative agreements awarded to states that
fund infrastructure. EPA has added a required BABA cooperative agreement term and condition for
awards. For example, BABA is likely applicable to:

•	The installation of piping to connect households or businesses to public water systems or
replacing public water system supply infrastructure; or

•	Cleanup activities that require the use of construction materials (activities associated with site
restoration, such as paving, and any rebar associated with concrete replacement). For the
purposes of BABA, the term construction materials does not include cement and cementitious
materials, aggregates such as stone, sand, or gravel, or aggregate binding agents or additives.

While regional project officers are reviewing workplans, they should consider whether there is the
potential for BABA to apply. Coordination with the cooperative agreement recipient and OUST is
necessary if it appears that there is potential for BABA. The FAQs also discuss available waivers (see
https://www.epa.gOv/cwsrf/build-america-buv-america-baba#olemfaq).

Davis Bacon Act Requirements

SWDA §7009 requires "construction" grants issued under SWDA to ensure fair labor wages are paid to
laborers and mechanics. "Construction," as defined in SWDA §1004(2) focuses on "the erection or
building of new structures and . . . replacement, expansion, remodeling, alteration, modernization, or
extension of existing structures, and (B) the acquisition and installation of initial equipment of, or
required in connection with, new or newly acquired structures or the expanded, remodeled, altered,
modernized or extended part of existing structures" LUST money is rarely if ever used to construct
new, permanent buildings (remediation systems are temporary) or other activities that fall under the
definition of construction in SWDA 1004(2).12 However, if for some unforeseen reason EPA does fund
actual construction of a permanent structure as part of a LUST corrective action in the future such as a
building to house a pump and treat system that will operate in perpetuity compliance with Davis Bacon
prevailing wage requirements is required for such a construction project.

12 LUST-funded activities that the Department of Labor determined to be subject to Davis Bacon under the
American Recovery and Investment Act such as replacement of concrete pads after assessment/cleanup work
and installation of drinking water supply wells and associated piping were covered by a Davis Bacon provision in
ARRA that is much broader than SDWA 7009.

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Eligible and Allowable LTF Corrective Action Uses

Allowable costs under the cooperative agreement are limited to corrective action for an existing or
suspected release of petroleum from an UST.

SWDA § 9003(h) allows EPA and states to use the LTF for corrective action for the following activities:

•	Site response.

•	Site investigation.13

•	Confirming a release.

•	Evaluating the source and extent of petroleum contamination.

o Inspecting, investigating, and identifying the source of releases up to the time that a leak is

determined to come from an unregulated source,
o Testing systems (tanks or piping) for leaks when a leak is suspected.

•	Exposure assessment14 to determine:
o Potential effects from releases.

o How many individuals may have been exposed to petroleum contaminants,
o Seriousness of exposure,
o Resulting health risks.

•	Corrective action and remediation of UST petroleum releases,
o Planning and designing corrective action.

o Establishing corrective action priorities (for example, using risk-based priority setting),
o Developing a corrective action plan, including permit fees.

o Installing remediation systems (for example, groundwater recovery wells, vapor intrusion

mitigation),
o Conducting remediation.

o Evaluating and mitigating the environmental footprint of site-specific corrective action

(sometimes known as greener cleanups15),
o Considering potential climate, natural disaster implications as part of effective corrective
action.

o Any activity, including tank removal and demolition, if it is necessary for corrective action

until the state determines the release may not be from a federally regulated UST.
o Operation and maintenance (O&M) of corrective action (other than permanent water

supplies),
o Monitoring.

o Appropriate restoration of damage to properties that was necessary in order to perform
corrective action16 (for example, repairing public sidewalk, filling trenches, replacing
vegetation).

o Long term stewardship (for example, monitoring or institutional controls17).

13	The term site investigation is often used interchangeably with the terms site assessment, site evaluation,
and site characterization as they mean assembling and collecting information and data about a site.

14	Definition in SWDA 9003(h)(10).

15	Visit the EPA's website for more information about greener cleanups.

16	This does not include restoration of damage that is result of petroleum contamination.

17	Institutional controls are non-engineered instruments, such as administrative and legal controls, that help
minimize the potential for human exposure to contamination and protect the integrity of the remedy.

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Enforcement

o Identifying an owner or operator (for example, responsible party searches, title searches,
and financial assessments such as ability to pay analyses).

o Compelling corrective action (for example, issuance of letters, notices, and orders to UST
owners or operators requiring them to provide information, test tanks, take corrective
action).

o Overseeing corrective action conducted by owners or operators.

o Pursuing cost recovery from owners and operators for LTF-financed corrective action.

Environmental Justice

o Considering cumulative environmental impacts on disproportionately affected
communities.

Temporary and permanent alternative water supplies to residents impacted by UST petroleum

releases until corrective action measures take effect.

Relocation of residents temporarily or permanently.

Public participation activities, including developing public participation policies and plans.

Purchase or lease of equipment if necessary for corrective action or enforcement.

States may elect to have EPA utilize cooperative agreement funding on their behalf to provide

in-kind assistance through an EPA contractor or an interagency agreement (e.g., with the U.S.

Army Corps of Engineers) to support the LUST corrective action program.

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Considerations When Using The LTF

Prompt Action

In addition to emergency responses, states may conclude that a situation requires prompt action
pursuant to SWDA § 9003(h)(2)(B) when considering factors such as how long the UST has remained
without an assessment or remediation and the proximity to environmental and human receptors.

Identifying A Viable Owner Or Operator

States should determine whether there is a viable UST owner or operator, as defined in SWDA §
9001(B) and codified in 40 CFR § 280.12. States may rely on the LTF for cleanups when they cannot
identify an owner or operator who will undertake corrective action properly or promptly and if such
sites are among the state's priorities. EPA's Responsible Party Search Guide For The Underground
Storage Tank Program provides guidance on how to search for an UST owner or operator. Note an UST
owner or operator is not necessarily limited to the owner or operator at the time of the release.

In addition, states may use the LTF if an owner or operator is not solvent, willing, or capable of
performing corrective action properly. For example, an owner or operator may claim he or she cannot
afford the cost of cleanup or refuse to comply with a request or order to take corrective action. For
claims of inability to pay, states should conduct a preliminary ability to pay analysis and a more
detailed analysis later as part of the cost recovery process.

EPA has five penalty and financial models to analyze the financial aspects of enforcement actions:

1.	ABEL - Evaluates a corporation or partnership's ability to afford compliance costs, corrective
action costs, or civil penalties

2.	BEN - Calculates a violator's economic savings from delaying or avoiding pollution control
expenditures

3.	INDIPAY - Evaluates an individual's ability to afford compliance costs, corrective action costs, or
civil penalties

4.	MUNIPAY - Evaluates a municipality's or regional utility's ability to afford compliance costs,
corrective action costs or civil penalties

5.	PROJECT - Calculates the real cost to a defendant of a proposed supplemental environmental
project.

Three of these models (ABEL, INDIPAY, and MUNIPAY) may help states analyze whether the owner or
operator has an ability to pay for corrective action.

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Suspected Releases With Umited Site Information

•	States may suspect an UST has a release using limited information (for example, when the UST
is abandoned). It is not necessary to have physical evidence to conclude there is a suspected
release. States may rely on experience or information on the likelihood of a release based on
the type, age, or condition of the tank. When states determine that there is a suspected
release, they may use the LTF to undertake corrective action activities, including emptying the
UST and conducting a limited site assessment to:

o Confirm the age and condition of the UST and possible dates of release, and
o Determine further whether the site is LTF eligible.

•	States must stop using LTF money if there is sufficient information to determine that the site is
not LTF eligible. For example, if:

o They conclude that there is no release, or the release is not from an UST as defined by
SWDA § 9001, or

o There is an owner or operator willing and able to perform the corrective action.

At that point, states may only use the LTF to remove equipment, finish the site assessment
report, and pursue cost recovery.

States do not necessarily need physical evidence to determine if there is a	J

suspected release from an UST (for example, an abandoned UST or unknown	J

source of contamination). They may rely on information about the tank and	j

the likelihood of a release. If states reasonably suspect a release, they may use	|

the LTF to empty the tank and conduct a limited site assessment. The site	J

assessment will help determine:	§

•	Age and condition of tank	J

•	The presence and magnitude of a release	§

•	Possible date of release	J

•	LUST Trust Fund eligibility.	§

The ability to use the LUST Trust Fund as discussed above does not change existing policy with regard
to removing tanks. Tank removal is an eligible LUST Trust Fund expense only when it is related to
corrective action - i.e., when it is necessary to successfully undertake or complete corrective action.

Operation And Maintenance (O&M) Of The Remediation System

•	O&M costs for corrective action, other than permanent water supplies, are allowable LTF
costs.

•	States may use discretion in deciding whether to fund O&M costs through the LTF or other
means such as owner or operator contributions or state or local funds.

•	States are responsible for setting priorities between initiating corrective actions at new sites
and continuing O&M at existing sites.

•	EPA's commitment is limited to providing money only for work identified in the cooperative
agreement, and not:

o Where states may choose to conduct O&M beyond the term of the cooperative agreement
o To fully fund sites.

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LTF-Eligible Sites Mixed With Other Types Or Sources Of Contamination

•	If there is an LTF-eligible petroleum release at a site with other types or sources of
contamination, states may pay for part of the corrective action costs, including oversight costs,
with LTF corrective action money.

•	States should make a reasonable estimate of costs associated with the UST release versus the
other type or sources of contamination and pro-rate the costs. However, if no additional work
is needed for the non-UST release, states may fully fund the corrective action costs at the site
with the LTF.

Temporary And Permanent Alternative Water Supplies

•	Temporary or permanent provision of water to protect human health while waiting for
corrective action measures to take effect is an allowable cost.

•	In some cases, providing a permanent alternative water supply will be necessary, and more
cost-effective than corrective action, relocation, or even extended temporary provision of
bottled or trucked-in water. Allowable costs for permanent water supplies are limited to the
initial capital costs, and do not include operation and maintenance costs of the system.

•	States should evaluate the cost-effectiveness of providing a permanent water supply in
comparison to other corrective action alternatives. When considering the cost of providing
permanent water supplies, states should consider both the total cost per site and the cost per
affected household. Relatively high total costs may be reasonable if large numbers of
households are affected.

Relocation Of Residents Temporarily Or Permanently

•	Temporary relocation of residents is allowed when:
o Necessary to protect human health, and

o Corrective action activities cannot be undertaken safely while residents remain in their
homes.

States should evaluate the cost effectiveness of this measure compared to other measures, such as a
temporary water supply or in-house air filtration or venting units.

•	Permanent relocation is allowed when it is the:

o Only available option for protecting human health, or
o Most cost-effective option.

If permanent relocation is undertaken, states and EPA must comply with the Uniform Relocation Act
(42 U.S.C. 4610 et. seq.) regarding property acquisition and relocation of residents. Note that although
the Uniform Relocation Act does not apply to temporary displacement of residents, the cost for
temporary relocation of residents may be an allowable LUST corrective action cooperative agreement
cost under "necessary and reasonable for the performance of the federal award . . ." provision of 2 CFR
200.403(a). EPA Project Officers and State RPMs should work together to determine if temporary
relocation is necessary.

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LTF Uses That Are Limited

Federal, State, And Local Government Facilities18

States should not ordinarily use the LTF to address petroleum UST releases from government facilities.
EPA expects these entities to meet their obligations of addressing environmental hazards at their
facilities. They should have the requisite financial strength to cover the costs of taking corrective
action. If these entities fail to undertake and pay for the cost of corrective action, states should take
enforcement action, as appropriate.

However, some exceptions apply. States may use the LTF:

•	For oversight of corrective action and enforcement at federal, state, and local government
facilities.

•	At local government facilities, if the state determines the local entity is incapable of carrying
out corrective action properly and the site is a high priority compared to other eligible sites.

•	At federal, state, or local government UST facilities (subject to Subtitle I jurisdiction) for:
o Preliminary site investigations.

o Emergencies, including the mitigation of imminent hazards to human health or the
environment.

States should pursue recovery for these expenditures from the responsible government entity
consistent with these guidelines and EPA's LTF Cost Recovery Policy.

18 These guidelines do not convey additional authorities to states regarding access to governmental facilities nor
does it intend to alter state policies with regard to intergovernmental relations.

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LTF Uses That Are Not Allowed

States cannot use LTF corrective action money for the following:

•	Any LUST prevention activities, for example

o Compliance, inspections, tank tightness testing to comply with regulations when a
release is not suspected.

•	Supplies for operation and maintenance or cost of compliance for business operations (e.g.,
spill kits).

•	Expenditures:

o Not related to UST corrective action (i.e., under the jurisdiction of SWDA of 1976, as

amended by § 9003(h)).
o For releases from USTs not covered by SWDA § 9001.19

•	Releases from hazardous substance tanks.

•	Third party liability costs.

•	Staff or activities that enhance the general technical or legal capabilities of states and do not
relate directly to leaking petroleum USTs (as noted in the Conference Report to the 1986
Subtitle I Amendments).

•	Replacement and repair of leaking tanks.

•	Tank removal and other construction activities unless they are a necessary part of:

o Corrective action process (for example, to undertake or complete assessment or corrective

action activities), or
o Site restoration.

•	Activities intended to meet tank closure requirements (40 CFR parts 280.71 and 280.72 or
state equivalent). However, site investigation/assessment activities are allowable uses as
described in the section on Allowable LTF Corrective Action Uses, page 12.

•	Redevelopment activities (for example, construction of a new facility, marketing, or purchase
of property).

•	General education or job training activities.

•	Lobbying efforts, including those associated with passing LTF legislation, lobbying state,
legislatures, obtaining grants, cooperative agreements, contracts, or loans.

•	Costs that are unallowable under OMB Circular A-87 (2 CFR Part 225).

•	Funds used to cost share (match) federal funds, including cost recovered matching funds
unless a federal statute authorizes the practice.

•	Reimbursement for eligible LTF corrective action costs if there was no LTF cooperative
agreement with EPA at the time corrective action funds were spent.

•	Payment of fines or penalties.

19 Examples of USTs that are not covered by SWDA 9001 include farm or residential tanks of 1,100 gallons or less
capacity used for storing motor fuel for noncommercial purposes; tanks used for storing heating oil for
consumptive use on the premises where stored; septic tanks; pipeline facilities, a 100% biofuels release. States
often have state funds to cover releases from such USTs.

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LTF Cooperative Agreement Requirements

Application And Workplan

States must submit an application for an LTF corrective action cooperative agreement. The application
must include a budget and a workplan. The budget should include a breakdown of associated costs of
each planned activity and output. The workplan should include a proposed schedule for each activity,
specifying target dates and milestones for timely project completion. The terms of the cooperative
agreement are determined by EPA's regional grants office at the time of the award.

States should also provide descriptions, as appropriate and applicable, of the following:

•	Authority and capability similar to SWDA 9003(h).

•	Conformity with federal corrective action regulations.

•	Site priority system, including environmental justice considerations, if applicable.

•	Enforcement capabilities, policies, and procedures.

•	Public participation policy.

•	Assuring data quality.

•	Cost recovery authority and policy.

•	Site-specific activities.

•	Planned purchases of equipment.

•	2005 Energy Policy Act certification.

•	Reporting Requirements: program performance and financial reporting.

Authority And Capability

EPA determines a state's capability to implement the terms of the cooperative agreement based on
the state's work plans, milestones, and certifications. States must have adequate legal authority and
the programmatic infrastructure (for example, policies, procedures, and enforcement capability) to
carry out activities committed to in the cooperative agreement.

States must promptly notify EPA of any reduction in its authorities (for example, to perform corrective
action, enforcement, and cost recovery) or a successful challenge to state statutory authority that may
inhibit their ability to carry out the activities committed to in the cooperative agreement. An
amendment to the cooperative agreement or recertification may be necessary in such circumstances.

If necessary, states can recertify their legal authority to carry out the cooperative agreement or
workplan activities in three ways:

•	Certify that they have specific authorities similar to SWDA § 9003(h).

•	Certify that they have general state law authority sufficient to carry out the workplan activities
(for example, authority to protect public health, to protect the environment, or to protect any
state interest), or

•	Certify that they will use the authorities in SWDA § 9003(h) to perform and require corrective
action and SWDA § 9003(h)(6)(A) to perform cost recovery.

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In these instances, states' attorneys general, or someone designated by the state attorney general,
must either sign or concur on the recertification.

Conformity With Federal Corrective Action Regulations

The cooperative agreement application must include an assertion that states conform to federal UST
corrective action regulations. States without State Program Approval must ensure that corrective
actions taken by either owners or operators or states comply with the substantive requirements of
federal UST regulations (40 CFR § 280.60-280.67). EPA approved state programs have already been
determined to be no less stringent than federal regulations.

States Priority System For Addressing UST Releases

States are required to ensure that a priority system for addressing UST petroleum release sites that
incorporates the two priorities set forth in SWDA § 9003(h) is established and maintained. These
priorities are:

•	Releases which pose the greatest threat to human health and the environment, and

•	Sites where states cannot identify a financially solvent owner or operator who will undertake
action properly.

States are responsible for setting priorities between initiating corrective action at new sites and
continuing corrective action operation and maintenance at existing sites. States should have methods
to determine capability and solvency of owner or operators. States must include a description of their
priority system in their cooperative agreements.

The priority system does not have to be extensive, complex, or numerical in nature. It can use readily
available information to establish broad, general classes of priority. States may use criteria contained
in state law or regulation to determine the degree of risk a site poses to human health and the
environment or to develop specific policies and procedures to meet this requirement. This
requirement does not necessarily presume the need to rank all UST releases in the state. Rather, states
should use a priority system as a screening device to ensure that:

•	Sites using LTF money are relatively higher priority.

•	Necessary corrective actions proceed at all sites.

States may address the threat to human health and environment criteria by considering site
characteristics and factors such as:

•	Release volume.

•	Total population exposed.

•	Proportion of the population affected in a community.

•	Proximity or impact to groundwater aquifers.

•	Number of drinking water wells contaminated.

•	Sensitive or unique environmental areas, such as source water areas.

•	Environmental Justice indicators such as impact on or proximity to sensitive populations,
including disproportionately impacted minority, low-income, or indigenous communities.

•	Unique exposure pathways and scenarios.

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Many states have adopted Risk-Based Corrective Action20 policies and processes to help set priorities
for corrective action.

The priority system requirement (SWDA § 9003(h)(3)) does not apply to a wide variety of allowable
activities that EPA or states carry out using the LTF such as:

•	General support and management, training, program guidance, and contingency planning.

•	Enforcement related activities such as letters, notices, and field citations.

•	Regulatory oversight of corrective actions conducted by owners or operators.

•	Cost recovery.

Enforcement Capabilities, Policies, And Procedures

States should have a set of clearly defined enforcement policies and procedures for addressing
releases from petroleum USTs. The policies and procedures should reflect the underlying philosophy of
the LTF to seek corrective action by the responsible party, unless there is an imminent and substantial
endangerment of human health and the environment. EPA will consider items such as proper
identification of releases and responsible parties, proper documentation of enforcement actions, and
timely and appropriate enforcement activity, in evaluating the states enforcement policies and
procedures. States should provide a description of their technical and legal capabilities for pursuing
enforcement activities.

Public Participation Policies

SWDA § 7004(b)(1) requires that states provide for, and encourage public participation. In accordance
with this requirement, states are responsible for public notices, public meetings, and other public
participation activities related to state actions funded by the LTF. Public participation activities must
comply with the federal UST regulations, 40 CFR § 280.67, or a state equivalent.

In accordance with 40 CFR § 25.11, states must have or must develop a public participation policy for
their LTF corrective action program. The cooperative agreement must include a statement of this
policy.

States' public participation activities should be commensurate to the circumstances of a release and
should consider populations or areas disproportionately impacted by environmental conditions. For
guidance on the appropriate level of community engagement at leaking underground storage tank

20RBCA decision-making is a process UST implementing agencies can use to make determinations about the
extent and urgency of corrective action and about the scope and intensity of their oversight of corrective action
by UST owners and operators. Use Of Risk-Based Decision-Making In UST Corrective Action Programs OSWER
Directive 9610.17 March 1.1995.

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sites, please see EPA's Guidelines for Tailoring Community Engagement Activities to Circumstances at
Leaking Underground Storage Tank Sites.

Data Quality Assurance

Organizations performing activities involving the use or generation of environmental data under
covered assistance agreements must provide documentation that demonstrates conformance to U.S.
EPA quality program and competency requirements as provided in 2 CFR 1500.12. States should
contact EPA's regional offices for more information.

Cost Recovery Authority And Policy

States must have the authority to recover LTF expenditures made under their cooperative agreements
and written cost recovery policies or procedures that are consistent with those outlined in EPA's LTF
Cost Recovery Policy.

Site-Specific Activities

The cooperative agreement workplan should include a description and budget for those activities
states plan to undertake at sites. It may include an estimate of the number of sites at which the state
intends to undertake the various specific activities, or identification of individual sites at which states
contemplate specific work.

Planned Purchases Of Equipment

Planned purchases of equipment should be included in states' proposed workplans, negotiated, agreed
to, and itemized in the Equipment approved budget line item on the Federal Financial Report (Form SF-
424a). EPA does not approve individual equipment purchases that are not in the approved workplan.
States must obtain EPA's approval through an amendment to the cooperative agreement for any
equipment purchases that represent a substantial change from the approved budget or workplan.
However, as provided in 2 CFR 200.313(b) states must .. use, manage and dispose of equipment
acquired under a Federal award by the state in accordance with state laws and procedures."

2005 Energy Policy Act Certification

Under the 2005 Energy Policy Act, and in accordance with EPA's Energy Policy Act grant guidelines,
states must submit a certification indicating they meet the applicable Energy Policy Act provisions or
submit documentation describing their efforts to meet the ongoing requirements.

Subawards

EPA's Subaward Policy for EPA Assistance Agreement Recipients, Grants Policy Issuance 16-01, provides
guidance on transfers of EPA funds between state agencies, see EPA's website

https://www.epa.gov/grants. The state LTF cooperative agreement recipient may determine whether
additional agencies within its state receive a portion of the cooperative agreement award and
document in their cooperative agreement application how the funds will be transferred to the other
state agency. Refer to Section B, Interagency transfers by non-Federal units of government, of EPA's
Subaward Frequent Questions for options on how state agencies can structure transfers of EPA funds
between agencies https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2023-
04/epa subaward policy frequent questions.pdf.

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Performance and Financial Reporting Requirements

States must provide performance and financial reports, as authorized by 2 CFR §§ 200.328 and
200.329. EPA provides information about program goals and measures in its annual National Program
Manager (NPM) Guidances. EPA conducts program performance monitoring to determine states
progress towards meeting overall program goals.

Performance Reporting

•	States must incorporate performance measures into their cooperative agreement workplans.
As a condition of the LTF corrective action cooperative agreements, states must report
program performance results to EPA semi-annually and submit progress reports as part of the
yearly review.

•	The LTF corrective action performance measures are the number of:
o Confirmed Releases.

o Cleanups Initiated.

o Cleanups Completed, including locational information.

•	States must enter their semi-annual data into EPA's Web based database, LUST4. First time
EPA regional and state users are required to request permission from EPA's Office of
Underground Storage Tanks to access LUST4.

•	States should work with EPA regions to develop a schedule for reporting performance results,
as contained in EPA's National Program Manager's (NPM) Guidance.

Visit EPA's UST website for more information about Performance Measures and their definitions.

Financial Reporting And Transactions

•	In accordance with 2 CFR § 200.328, states are responsible for providing EPA with Federal
Financial Reports (Standard Form (SF) 425). States must submit all financial reports to EPA's
Research Triangle Park Finance Center.

•	To support adequate monitoring of financial transactions, as a term and condition of the
cooperative agreement, states agree to:

o Complete the SF 425 as a final report to financially close out the cooperative agreement,
and file within 90 days after the close of the budget period or termination of the
cooperative agreement. EPA may request Federal Financial Reports more frequently,
o Apply for payments using the three EPA reporting codes: Program Administration - Code 7,
Site corrective action - Code E and Enforcement- Code 4. States may also report
expenditures by activity code on their SF 425.

•	States may draw down LTF money through the Automated Standard Application for Payments
(ASAP) or by submitting a payment request form (EPA Form 190-F-04-001). States must use
the correct EPA LTF activity code when requesting money for LTF corrective action
cooperative agreements.

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Ten Percent Cost Share (Matching Funds)

As required by SWDA § 9003(h)(7)(B), states must pay ten percent of total program expenditures
covered by their LTF cooperative agreement. This is known as a cost share or matching funds.

States should negotiate how they intend to provide their cost share in advance and specify it in their
cooperative agreement. EPA presumes that states will share all expenditures under the cooperative
agreement on the same percentage basis as the overall ratio of federal to state money under the
cooperative agreement although compliance with the cost share requirement is determined at the end
of the performance period for the cooperative agreement. Cooperative agreement workplans should
reflect a minimum ten percent cost share of the total program budget, not ten percent of the federal
award. States do not have to match federal costs on a site-by-site basis.

Any costs incurred by states to satisfy its cost share requirement must be eligible and allowable under
the LTF cooperative agreement and 2 CFR § 200.306 and should be consistent with work approved in
the cooperative agreement workplan. States may not meet their cost share requirement by using
recovered LTF corrective action money (including recovered state match money under the cooperative
agreement) or costs charged to other federal financial assistance agreements unless a Federal statute
authorizes that practice.21 In addition, states must use recovered state cost share funds for LTF eligible
expenses and allowable costs under the cooperative agreement (see EPA's LTF Cost Recovery Policy).

The ten percent payment may be satisfied with any of the following:

•	Direct, non-federal funds expended or obligated by states for cost-allowable activities.

•	In-kind contributions (for example, non-LTF funded state program staff or legal services in a
cost recovery case, equipment).

•	Allowable costs incurred by the state or its contractor.

•	Third party in-kind contributions, including contributions from local governments and
volunteer time from private citizens.

Regardless of the source of funds states use to satisfy their cost share requirement, state contributions
(for example, direct and in-kind) must be verifiable from state records, in accordance with 2 CFR
200.306. EPA may use these records to verify that states satisfy their cost share requirement. These
records must show how states derived the value placed on in-kind contributions.

Documentation must include the following:

•	Support for all direct, non-federal expenses.

•	Specific amounts claimed as in-kind contributions, and

•	Records showing how states derived the value of its in-kind contribution.

21 The Solid Waste Disposal Act does not provide the authorization. One example of such a statute is HUD's
Community Development Block Grant authority.

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UST State Financial Assurance Funds For Cost Share

Many states have UST financial assurance funds (state funds) that provide coverage to UST owners and
operators to pay for cleanup or third-party liability compensation. States may use state fund money
toward the LTF cooperative agreement match only if the expenditure is an allowable cost under the
LTF. State funds costs have not typically qualified as allowable LTF costs. For example, reimbursement
of costs at sites owned by solvent tank owners or third-party liability costs would not be allowable
costs under the LTF. Examples of compatible state fund costs that are compatible for the LTF match
include:

•	Oversight of owner or operator led corrective actions, regardless of the owner or operator
solvency.

•	State-led corrective action that meet LTF criteria, such as
o Emergencies.

o Abandoned tanks (no identifiable owner or operator),
o Recalcitrant owner or operator.

•	Investigation of a release to determine its source.

States that want to use their state funds toward satisfying the LTF state match requirement should
make it clear in the LTF cooperative agreement.

Accounting And Documentation

This section presents accounting and documentation requirements as well as suggestions to meet
specific LTF requirements and manage LTF corrective action dollars effectively.

In addition to complying with state laws and procedures as required by 2 CFR 200.302(a) and 2 CFR
200.305(a) states must account for LTF money in accordance with:

•	The requirements of SWDA Subtitle I.

•	These cooperative agreement guidelines, and

•	EPA's LTF Cost Recovery Policy.

Fiscal control and accounting procedures must comply with EPA's Uniform Grants Guidance (UGG) 2
CFR Part 200 and 2 CFR Part 1500.

States must maintain accounting and recordkeeping systems that:

•	Document all LTF expenditures.

•	Ensure that LTF money is used for its intended purpose, in compliance with SWDA Subtitle I
requirements.

•	Produce detailed, accurate, and complete reports that identify LTF costs by activity and
provide activity information with each accounting entry.

•	Support cost recovery with site-specific records.

•	Are in place even if states decide not to pursue cost recovery.

•	Demonstrate the state has retained and used recovered funds for additional eligible and
allowable activities under their cooperative agreements (see UGG 2 CFR § 1500.8 and 2 CFR §
200.307(e)(2)).

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•	Are easily accessible for litigation purposes.

•	Aid financial audits.

•	Generate financial and performance progress reports, as required under the cooperative,
agreement.

Cost documentation to support financial audits and administrative or judicial action includes:

•	Proof that states authorized the work or purchases.

•	Proof that the work was completed, states were billed, and bills were paid.

•	Documentation to respond to arguments from owners or operators that the costs claimed are
unreasonable or unnecessary.

•	Documentation to negotiate and settle claims.

States must make cost documentation records available to EPA upon request.

Site-Specific Accounting

To ensure that states can effectively recover their costs from responsible owners or operators, states
must have a cost accounting system that tracks the cost of corrective action and enforcement on a site
and activity-specific basis.

States may incur the following types of expenditures for work at a site:

•	Payroll.

•	Travel.

•	Supplies and Equipment.

•	Contractor Support.

•	Program Administration.

•	Authorized Indirect Costs.

States must ensure that site-specific expenses are adequately justified. For each category of expense,
legally defensible cost documentation should demonstrate the:

•	Work was authorized.

•	Work was reasonable and necessary.

•	Work or purchase was completed.

•	Contractor billed the state.

•	States paid for the work or purchase.

States are required to document costs of cleanup and enforcement activities on a site-specific basis
when they, or their contractors, undertake any one of the following action thresholds:

•	Initiate an LTF-financed emergency response.

•	Begin an LTF-financed detailed site investigation or initiate other corrective action activities.

•	Determine that an owner or operator is likely to be recalcitrant (i.e., a solvent owner or
operator who refuses to comply with corrective action order) and that LTF money will be used
for enforcement or corrective action at the site.

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In these cases, states must document all LTF site-specific direct costs, including staff salary, equipment,
travel, and contractor costs. An initial site visit may not trigger site-specific accounting because not all
sites will be candidates for significant LTF expenditures and cost recovery. Generally, contractor
activity at a site would trigger site-specific accounting. If an owner or operator is likely to be
recalcitrant, states should begin site-specific accounting as soon as they incur costs. In addition, when
site-specific accounting is required, all costs that can be identified to a particular site should be
charged accordingly and state contractors must bill costs on a site-specific basis for corrective action
and enforcement work. While states have the discretion to pursue some or all of these costs on a case-
by-cases basis, they must document all LTF expenditures for sites that meet these action thresholds
even when they decide in advance not to pursue cost recovery. This requirement assures that states
use LTF money for intended purposes and is beneficial for financial auditing purposes. Further, owner
or operator finances could improve while conducting the cleanup or states may identify additional
assets, states would then have adequate data to support a cost recovery action.

States are not required to, but may choose to, document site-specific costs for LTF sites that do not
meet any of the action thresholds (for example, sites where an owner or operator has the lead for site
investigation and cleanup, and the LTF pays state staff to oversee the work and the state does not
intend to pursue recovering oversight costs).

Site-specific information where the LTF is used includes:

•	Site location and description.

•	Results of site investigations (including identifying owners or operators).

•	Enforcement actions taken.

•	Documentation of responses taken and time frames.

•	Documentation of all costs (identifying LTF monies expended, including contractor invoices).

States may also wish to maintain copies of other documents in site files, including audit reports, site
visit reports, and financial transactions. States are encouraged to reconcile site files periodically with
accounting system summary reports. This will allow the state to identify records that were not included
in site files.

Indirect Costs And Cost Rate

Indirect costs represent states' overhead costs, such as rent, supplies, and utilities for office space or
payroll and benefits for state staff that may support multiple programs. Unlike administrative costs,
which states charge directly to the LTF appropriation, states initially charge indirect costs to a non-LTF
appropriation account, which may be comprised of costs from multiple programs. States then
distribute these indirect costs among benefiting state programs using an indirect cost rate.

An indirect cost rate is a percentage of an organization's costs allowed for overhead and administrative
expenses, determined to be fair within the boundaries of sound administrative principles. Each state
negotiates an indirect cost rate annually with its cognizant federal agency, under the terms of the
Office of Management and Budget Cost Principles in 2 CFR Part 200.414 and Appendix V. Each indirect
cost rate agreement identifies the basis of the indirect cost rate and specifies the cost base to which
the state will apply the rate. The indirect cost rate is applied to the cost base of the cooperative
agreement to determine the amount of indirect costs assignable to the cooperative agreement.

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If states do not automatically calculate indirect charges, site files should contain worksheets that
outline indirect cost allocations. States should have available a copy of the federal indirect cost
agreement and the annual indirect cost rate proposal document.

Direct Costs

Direct costs include administrative costs such as payroll and related fringe benefits, travel, supplies,
equipment, and contractor costs, which directly support and benefit a states' LTF program. States must
charge these expenditures directly to the LTF program in their accounting system. EPA's three LTF
activity codes (Program Administration = code 7, Site Corrective Action = code E, and Enforcement=
code 4) must be used in cost reports submitted.

As provided in 2 CFR 200.412 states must treat costs " . . consistently in like circumstances either as a
direct or an indirect. . . cost in order to avoid possible double charging of Federal awards."

Payroll

State staff who charge time to the LTF for administrative activities or to sites for which they have not
established a site-specific identifier, must indicate the amount of time charged by activity code in their
timekeeping and accounting systems. Once states have established a site-specific identifier, employees
must reference both the site and activity code. Staff may charge time directly both site-specifically and
non-site-specifically depending on the nature of their work during a given time period. For example, a
staff member may charge 30 hours to administrative and the rest of his or her time to specific sites.

State employee records should show the time its employees spent working on the site. To recover costs
successfully, it is essential that all employee timesheets and travel vouchers agree. If an employee
submits a voucher for travel charges related to an LTF site, and the employee's timesheet does not
show any time charged to the site for that day, the charges would not be accepted in cost recovery
litigation. In addition, both the salary and the travel charges could be disallowed in an audit. States
should also retain travel authorization forms or records that delineate the purpose of trips.

States should retain individual time and attendance records and adjustments to the timesheets. Staff
titles and salaries should be readily available for those who charged to a particular site. If the state's
accounting system does not automatically calculate fringe benefit charges, states should document and
make accessible an explanation of how fringe benefits are calculated. If states do not specify an
allowable fringe benefit rate in their negotiated indirect cost rate agreement, they should also
document the calculation of indirect costs.

Travel

States must record all transportation, meal, and lodging expenses for both employees and contractors
charged to the LTF cooperative agreement on an activity-specific basis. Once a state establishes a site-
specific identifier, they must charge costs site-specifically. How states charge for site-specific costs may
depend on the circumstances.

o For travel to multiple sites, states should divide expenses among the sites in a logical way so
that they charge expenditures directly to each site. In most cases, apportioning the total travel
cost among sites based on the relative amount of time spent at each site is acceptable. State
travel vouchers should provide space for charges to multiple sites.

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o Travel that does not directly benefit any one site and cannot be divided in a logical way among
multiple sites should be charged by activity only.

Site files should contain travel authorizations, travel vouchers, receipts, and trip reports and invoices
from contractors covering travel. These documents will provide proof that employees traveled to
specific destinations for specific purposes and that costs were paid. This documentation can also be
helpful in verifying contractors' requests for payments, auditing contractors' services, and recovering
costs.

Equipment And Supplies

States may use LTF money to purchase necessary equipment (items with a unit acquisition price over
$5,000, unless the state has a lower threshold) and supplies for corrective action, enforcement,
oversight, or program administration activities. When states purchase equipment and supplies for
corrective action at a single site, states should charge costs only to that site. However, states may use
equipment at multiple sites. Where this occurs, states should allocate the costs of equipment over
$10,000 among the sites where the equipment is used for corrective action. An exception may be
made for equipment used at a large number of sites (such as response vehicles or field test equipment)
where it would be impractical to allocate costs to individual sites. In these cases, states should charge
the equipment and supplies by activity only. States should charge equipment and supplies that they
use at multiple sites and that cost less than $10,000 to the site that predominantly benefits from the
use of the equipment and supplies.

When states share purchased equipment for more than one site, they should develop a usage rate
to facilitate allocating these costs to sites. They should base the rate on the estimated life of the
equipment. For example, if a piece of equipment is expected to last 1,000 hours and its cost (purchase
price, plus estimated maintenance, less salvage value) equals $10,000, then the usage rate would be
$10.00 per hour. States should set up a system to record by site the hourly usage of each piece of
equipment and then apply the equipment usage rates to calculate direct equipment charges.

States should consult EPA's grant regulations 2 CFR § 200.313 for guidance in final disposition of
equipment and supplies purchased with LTF money. As provided in 2 CFR 200.313(b), states .. must
use, manage and dispose of equipment acquired under a Federal award by the state in accordance
with state laws and procedures."

States must establish and operate "... financial management systems, including records documenting
compliance with Federal statutes, regulations, and the terms and conditions of the Federal award . . . " .
Examples of appropriate records include:

•	Documentation on the types of materials or supplies purchased for site uses.

•	Equipment purchases invoices (unit acquisition cost of $5,000 or more unless the state has a
lower threshold).

•	Contractor invoices, and

•	Equipment lease bills.

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Contractor

States must account for contractor costs on an activity-specific basis and by site, when appropriate.
Contractor invoices should be organized in such a way that state staff reviewing the invoices for
payment can quickly identify which charges apply to which sites and, if the contractor has not already
done so, mark the invoices with designated site codes for input into the state accounting system.
Examples of records that Site files may contain include:

•	Contractor invoices.

•	Records for invoice approval.

•	Proof of payment.

•	Contractors' proposals and cost data.

•	Contracts, statements of work, work or change orders.

•	Technical progress reports.

Allocating Non-Site-Specific Direct Costs

States may elect to allocate administrative costs to sites for cost recovery purposes. States may
allocate to specific sites any LTF expenditures that they have not directly charged to sites including
administrative costs and non-site-specific corrective action and enforcement costs. For example, states
may add a non-site-specific corrective action "E" and enforcement "4" category to the administrative
"1" costs allocated to specific sites. States should consider the amount of the administrative "1" costs
as well as the non-site-specific corrective action "E" and enforcement "4" costs when deciding which
costs to allocate. States may develop their own methodology for allocating these costs and should
provide it to the EPA upon request.

Whenever states allocate such costs, the files should include any worksheets that detail the calculations
used for distributing costs. States should retain a copy of the cost allocation methodology used.

Disposition Of Recovered Money

Program income is, in effect, reimbursement for LTF corrective action, enforcement, oversight, and
program administration costs. When states cost recover LTFs (e.g., if states settle a cost recovery case),
they:

•	May retain any LTF money they recover for use on additional LTF eligible corrective action and
allowable costs.

•	Must inform EPA and maintain appropriate accounting of recovered funds and must document
their appropriate use in accordance with 2 CFR § 200.305(b)(5) and 2 CFR § 1500.8 and 2 CFR §
200.307 and applicable requirements of the cooperative agreements.

•	Must report to EPA (as required by 2 CFR § 200.328 and the terms and conditions of its cooperative
agreement) the agreed upon amount and the amount of payment received from the liable owner
or operator.

•	Per 2 CFR 200.344(d), regions may authorize states to retain unexpended accrued program income
when their cooperative agreement ends. If states cost recover after a LTF cooperative agreement is
closed, the cost-recovered funds are considered program income. The state must use these
recovered funds for activities authorized in their new, active LTF cleanup program cooperative
agreement.

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•	States should provide EPA an estimate of anticipated cost-recovered funds when applying for the
LTF corrective action cooperative agreement. Funds recovered by the state are considered
program income even if that amount exceeds the estimate. States may deduct incidental costs
from gross income to determine program income, as long as the costs have not been charged to
any Federal award. For additional information about program income please see 2 CFR 200.307
and 2 CFR 1500.8(b).

The EPA's Cost Recovery Policy for Leaking Underground Storage Tank Trust Fund Corrective Action

Cooperative Agreements provides additional information about LUST Trust Fund cost recovery under

EPA cooperative agreements.

Records Retention

States must:

•	Comply with the federal retention and access requirements for records (2 CFR §200.334);

•	Maintain documentation22 and records that support cost recovery actions (for example, original
cost documentation) for at least six years after submission of the final Federal Financial Report
(Standard Form 425) or for the length of time required by states for cost recovery purposes under
state law, whichever is longer. Under 2 CFR 1500.7, EPA has determined that, as a minimum, states
have cost recovery authority in RCRA 9003(h)(6) and need to retain records for a period of time
necessary to take cost recovery action consistent with an associated statute of limitations of six
years; and

•	Retain records:

o If they initiate any litigation, audit, or other action prior to the expiration of the three-year

period (2 CFR §200.334), and
o Until an action is complete and all issues that arise from the action are resolved.

States should consider the relevance of any cost documentation to future cost recovery efforts before

disposing of the documentation.

22 Electronic, open, machine-readable information is preferable to paper, as long as there are appropriate and
reasonable internal controls in place to safeguard against any inappropriate alteration of records.

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Non-Eligibility For Performance Partnership Grants

With some EPA funding, states and certain interstate agencies can combine two or more
environmental program grants into a single Performance Partnership Grant. Recipients of PPGs may
direct EPA grant funds to priority environmental problems or program needs and try multi-media
approaches. However, states may not include LTF corrective action cooperative agreements in PPGs.

Incurring Pre-Award Costs

Pre-award costs are costs:

•	Incurred prior to the effective date of the award directly pursuant to the negotiation and in
anticipation of the award.

•	Necessary to comply with the proposed delivery schedule or period of performance.

•	In conformance with the appropriate statute and cost principles.

Recipients may incur pre-award costs 90 calendar days prior to award provided:

•	They include such costs in their application.

•	The costs meet the definition of pre-award costs.

•	They are approved by the EPA's project officer and award official.

The approval of pre-award costs should be reflected in the budget period on the cooperative
agreement and if applicable, under a term and condition of the assistance agreement.

Pre-award costs incurred more than 90 calendar days prior to award require the approval of EPA's
award official. Recipients incur pre-award costs at their own risk. EPA is under no obligation to
reimburse such costs if for any reason the recipient does not receive an award or if the award is less
than anticipated and inadequate to cover such costs.

Time Limit For Project Period And Using Funds

EPA has established a five-year time limit on periods of performance, including no-cost extensions or
supplemental amendments, for assistance agreements funded with LUST appropriations.23 Waivers of
the five-year limit on periods of performance LTF assistance agreements can be obtained from the
Office of Grants and Debarment as provided in section 15 of GPI 11-01 for up to an additional two
years beyond the five year limit.

23 EPA Amended Grants Policy Issuance 11-01 - Managing Unliquidated Obligations and Ensuring Progress under
EPA Assistance Agreements.

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EPA s Role

EPA oversees state programs, both formally and informally, in order to:

•	Ensure adequate environmental protection through sound administration and the appropriate
use of the LTF corrective action money.

•	Enhance state capabilities through effective communication, evaluation, and support, and

•	Describe and analyze the progress of programs on a regional and national scale.

EPA's regional staff are primarily responsible for oversight of state programs. Regions and states should
maintain a dialogue so that states can communicate problems encountered in meeting their
commitments and regions can be responsive to states' needs. State reporting is both informative and
important to the dialogue between EPA and states regarding the status and progress of LTF program
implementation.

In accordance with the Federal Grant and Cooperative Agreement Act of 1977, the use of cooperative
agreements entails substantial federal involvement with recipients during performance of workplan
activities. Pursuant to EPA Order 5700.1, Policy for Distinguishing Between Assistance and Acquisition,
March 22, 1994, EPA's substantial involvement may include considerable monitoring of states'
program implementation as well as joint operational involvement, participation, or collaboration
between EPA and states. For example, EPA may monitor states' enforcement, corrective action, and
cost recovery policies and procedures for responding to releases from federally regulated USTs.
Furthermore, EPA may use the information provided in the workplan to monitor progress of states'
activities. EPA may also collaborate with states to determine the most effective uses of the LTF.

As part of its oversight responsibility, EPA will formally review state programs at least once a year.
These annual reviews may consist of evaluating required reports and state records and visiting states
to identify the successes and problems encountered in state programs. These formal program reviews
should focus on states' overall performance (including any financial, staffing, and regulatory issues)
rather than on individual actions. To the greatest extent possible, EPA should base its state program
reviews on objective measures, standards, and expectations that EPA and states agree to in advance
and are part of the cooperative agreement.

Effective oversight entails the joint analysis of identified problems to determine their nature, causes,
and appropriate solutions. Thus, regions should identify and facilitate the transfer of successful
approaches to other states and regions. EPA should include the information and insights gathered from
oversight activities in subsequent cooperative agreements. EPA regions should maintain appropriate
records and documentation on state implementation issues.

Allocation And Awards To States

SWDA § 9004(f)(1)(A) (42 U.S.C. sec 6991c) requires EPA to distribute at least 80 percent of its annual
Congressional LTF corrective action appropriation to states in the form of non-competitive cooperative
agreements. [Note: the 80 percent requirement only applies to the LUST cleanup activities, not the
LUST prevention activities.] To distribute LTF corrective action cooperative agreement money among
the states, EPA uses a formula that allocates funding to each region. EPA regional program managers,
in consultation with EPA's Office of Underground Storage Tanks, determine the state cooperative

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agreement awards. EPA uses its remaining appropriated funds to provide oversight and technical
assistance to state programs and to implement the LTF program in Indian country.

Since EPA cannot commit money that has not yet been appropriated, cooperative agreement funding
is subject to annual appropriations.

SWDA § 9004(f)(1)(A):

"(f) Trust Fund distribution
(1) In general

(A) Amount and permitted uses of distribution

The Administrator shall distribute to States not less than 80 percent of the funds from the
Trust Fund that are made available to the Administrator under section 6991m (2)(A) of this
title for each fiscal year for use in paying the reasonable costs, incurred under a cooperative
agreement with any State for—

(i)	corrective actions taken by the State under section 6991b (h)(7)(A) of this title;

(ii)	necessary administrative expenses, as determined by the Administrator, that are directly
related to State fund or State assurance programs under subsection (c)(1) of this section; or
(Hi) enforcement, by a State or a local government, of State or local regulations pertaining to
underground storage tanks regulated under this subchapter. "

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Federal-Led Underground Storage Tank Corrective Actions

EPA's policy regarding LTF-financed cooperative agreements with states is that, except in rare
circumstances, states will oversee and conduct LTF-financed corrective action at sites with petroleum
underground storage tank releases. EPA anticipates conducting federal-led corrective action only
when:

•	A major public health or environmental emergency exists.

•	States are unable or unwilling to respond, and

•	Owners or operators are unable or unwilling to provide an adequate and timely response.

In the instances cited above, federal-led corrective action will be limited to stabilization of the
immediate situation, with the expectation that states will conduct further corrective action.

In addition to the criteria presented above, federal-led response should also depend on the existence
of one or more of the following conditions indicative of a major public health or environmental
emergency.

•	An immediate and substantial threat to direct human, animal, or food chain exposure from
petroleum.

•	Threat of fire or explosion.

•	Substantial threat to public drinking water supplies.

•	Threat to a significant population or substantial amounts of property.

•	Substantial threats to natural resources.

Obtaining Approval For Federal Response

With limited exceptions, regions must seek approval from the Office of Underground Storage Tanks to
use LTFs for federal-led corrective action at individual sites. For additional guidance, regions should
refer to the Guidance for Conducting Federal-Led Underground Storage Tank Corrective Actions
(OSWER Directive 9360.0-16A).

Merit Review

In August 2020, the Office of Management and Budget announced changes to the Uniform Grant
Guidance at 2 CFR Part 200. The most substantiative change to the grant rules was the requirement for
all Agency non-competitive assistance agreements to establish a formal merit review process.

This requirement necessitates the regional project officer to certify that the assistance agreement
meets program objectives, and that the assistance agreement recipient (recipient) can meet
requirements of the workplan, given their past performance. It requires that the merit review process
and checklist be reviewed periodically, which OUST will conduct at least every five years.

The checklist in Appendix 1 is effective as of November 13, 2020 and applies to all new assistance
agreements awarded after that date. It does not apply to supplemental assistance agreements where
work has not changed and there are no performance issues with the recipient, nor to any incremental
funding amendments. This checklist should be added to Section M of the FR in NGGS.

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Appendix: Merit Review Checklist for New Awards and Supplemental
Amendments - LUST Corrective Action Grants (Federal Assistance
Listing # 66.805)

Review of Grant #	

Review conducted by	(Name and title i.e., project officer)

Review conducted on	(Date)

This checklist was developed to comply with the new merit review requirements for non-competitive
grant applications under 2 CFR 200/Uniform Grant Guidance. It was developed for use by Regional
project officers to complete before submitting their funding request to the Regional grant office.
Effective as of November 12, 2020, this checklist will be necessary for all new awards, as well as for
supplemental amendments where the work is significantly different from the underlying grant and
depending on how the grantee has been performing under the grant. It is not required for incremental
or unfunded amendments to the grant.

This checklist and the LUST Corrective Action grant merit review process will be reviewed by the UST
program manager on a five year cycle, in compliance with the periodic review requirements under 2
CFR 200.205.

Section #1 describes the determination on whether a merit review is needed for an application for a
supplemental amendment. If the answer to both questions is no, you do not need to do a merit review
for the application. If the answer to either question is yes, then a merit review based on this checklist is
required for the application.

Section # 2-4 establishes the process for conducting merit review and is needed for all new awards,
and supplemental amendments based on the Section 1 analysis.

Section #1 - Supplemental Funding Applications Merit Review Determination

1. Are the activities to be performed under the supplemental funding
application significantly different from the activities in the underlying
grant?

YES NO

2. Have there been any significant issues with the grantee's performance
and reporting so far under the grant so that there are concerns whether
the grantee can successfully achieve the program objectives? This
includes LUST sites not moving through the cleanup process and not
reaching cleanup completed status in a timely manner, as well as lack of
progress at reducing their caseload or backlog of LUST sites.

YES NO

If you have answered no to both questions, sign and date the form and your review is
complete. If you answered yes to either of these questions, please continue to Section #2.

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Section #2 - New regional merit review process

1. The

grantee's application meets the following criteria:





a.

The proposed workplan complies with the workplan requirements
outlined on page 19 of this document, the Leaking Underground
Storage Tank Trust Fund Corrective Action Cooperative Agreement

a) YES

NO



Guidelines;

b) YES

NO

b.

The proposed workplan is feasible given the state's past
performance, experience, and programmatic infrastructure; and





c.

The proposed workplan complies with the allowable corrective
actions authorized by SWDA § 9003(h) and outlined on page 11
of the above Trust Fund guidance.

C) YES

NO

Section #3 - Factors in considering the grant amount

2. As required by SWDA § 9003(h)(7)(B), states must pay ten percent of total
program expenditures covered by their LUST Trust Fund cooperative
agreement. Has the state demonstrated that they have sufficient
resources to meet this cost share requirement?

*Note. There is no cost share requirement for Tribal grants; if this is a
Tribal grant, please circle N/A.

YES NO
N/A

5. Notwithstanding that the applicant's annual allotment is determined by
OUST's corrective action formula, does the proposed workplan justify this
year's funding amount as originally requested?

YES NO

6. If the originally requested amount is not justified, have you worked with the
grant applicant to resolve these issues and requested modifications to their
workplan to ensure a successful grant?

YES NO
N/A

Section #4 -Grant compliance with USTprogram objectives

7. The objectives of the LUST Corrective Action program, as listed in

Assistance Listing 66.805, are to support state and Tribal corrective action
programs, to make progress in cleaning up petroleum leaks by initiating
and completing cleanups, and to reduce the backlog of contaminated sites
that have not yet been cleaned up, including overseeing cleanups by UST
owners and operators. Does the proposed workplan help achieve these
program objectives?

YES NO

8. If yes to the above question, please provide a brief description of how the grantee is

likely to be successful in achieving program objectives. For example, it may be to provide
resources to strengthen state program capacity, provide resources for corrective action,
etc.

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United States	Office of Land and	EPA 510-B-23-01

Environmental	Emergency Management	November 2023

Protection Agency	5401R	www.epa.gov/ust/

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