Clean Air Act Summary of Content for Applicability for Tas for Titles I Iii and V March 2015 Draft


U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

CLEAN AIR ACT:
SUMMARY OF CONTENT FOR
APPLICABILITY FOR TAS
FOR TITLES I, JftyAND V

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CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION	1

TREATMENT IN THE SAME MANNER AS A STATE (TAS)	2

A.	TAS ELIGIBILITY ALLOWS YOU TO SEEK APPROVAL OF CAA PROGRAMS FOR
MANY PURPOSES	2

B.	CRITERIA FOR TAS ELIGIBILITY	3

C.	TAS REVIEW PROCESS FOR CAA REGULATORY PROGRAMS	4

D.	TAS CONSIDERATION	6

I I Ii; CLEAN AIR ACT: OUTLINE 01 CONTENT	6

TABLE 1. TITLE I - AIR POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL	7

I ABI.i: 2. TITLE III - GENERAL PROVISIONS	24

TABLE 3. TITLE V - PERMITS	29

in

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INTRODUCTION

The Clean Air Act (CAA or the Act) is a United States law aimed at improving and protecting
the nation's air quality.1 The last major update to the legislation was made with the Clean Air
Act Amendments of 1990.2 At that time, Congress added a provision authorizing the United
States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to treat eligible Indian tribes in the same manner
as states under the Act and directed the EPA to promulgate regulations specifying those
provisions of the statute for which such treatment is appropriate.3 The Act was codified in United
States law as Title 42, Chapter 85.4

The EPA's Tribal Authority Rule (TAR)5 provides federally recognized tribes the opportunity to
pursue tribal implementation of certain portions of the CAA6. The TAR also defines eligibility
requirements for a tribe to manage its own air quality program. The tribes may opt to pursue
implementation of specific CAA activities that protect the human health and welfare of their
communities and citizens. The TAR establishes the mandate that tribes be treated in a similar
manner as a state (TAS) by the EPA. Also outlined in the TAR, is the process the EPA will
follow in reviewing tribal TAS eligibility applications. The TAS eligibility criteria directs that
tribes be federally-recognized, have a tribal governing body that exercises functions pertaining to
the management and protection of air resources within reservation boundaries or other areas
under the tribe's jurisdiction, and have the capability to implement the CAA program(s) for
which they are seeking approval.7 Throughout this document, "You" means a federally-
recognized Indian tribe; "We" or "Us" means the EPA.

For an understanding of the statutory and regulatory requirements for TAS eligibility under the
CAA, see the EPA document at: http://www.epa.gov/tp/pdf/tas-strategy-attach-g.pdf. The
procedural steps that the EPA uses for reviewing a federally-recognized tribe's application for
TAS eligibility can be found at: http://www.epa.gov/tp/pdf/tas-strategy-attach-f.pdf.

The purpose of this document is two-fold: 1) provide a synopsis of the content of the CAA Titles
I, III and V, key programs in the Act where tribes frequently express interest; and, 2) highlight
individual sections of the Act commonly used for tribal management seeking TAS status. This
document is based on federally recognized tribes' Clean Air Act TAS applications. The
information contained here is for illustrative purposes only, and the applicability of certain
provisions is dependent on the needs of a particular tribe.

1 See Clean Air Act, Title I, Section 101 - Congressional findings and declaration of purpose. The full text is available at
http: //epa. go v/ air/ caa.

2 US EPA; http://epa.gov/oar/caa/caaa_overview.html

3 See 42 U.S.C. § 7601(d). http://epa.gov/oar/caa/title3.htnil

4 See Title 42, Chapter 85. http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/42C85.txt

5 US EPA Tribal Authority Rule - Fact Sheet: http://www.epa.gov/oar/tribal/tas_indian_tribes.html. Federal
Register: http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-AIR/1998/February/Day-12/a3451.pdf

6 See "Indian Tribes: Air Quality Planning and Management" 63 Fed. Reg. 7254 (February 12, 1998), available
at: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-1998-02-12/litnil/98-3451.htm.

7 See 40 CFR § 49.6. http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-

idx?c=ecfr&sid=906fd655ca240d27e67b568ae4aalbb7&rgn=div5&view=text&node=40:1.0.1.2.37&idno=40

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This document does not substitute for requirements in the CAA or the EPA's implementing
regulations, nor is it a requirement itself. It does not impose any legally binding requirements on
the EPA and does not confer any legal rights or impose any legal obligations upon tribes or any
member of the public. It is not intended to create any right or trust responsibility enforceable in
any cause of action by any party against the United States, its agencies, or offices, or any person.
This document is a living document and may be revised periodically without public notice. We
welcome your comments on this document at any time and will consider these comments in any
future revision.

TREATMENT IN THE SAME MANNER AS A STATE (TAS)

The TAR authorizes us to treat an eligible federally-recognized Indian tribe in the same manner
as a state for implementing and managing CAA programs. TAS, or program eligibility, is
granted to a tribe when it can demonstrate that it meets the eligibility criteria at CAA section
301(d) and 40 CFR § 49.6.

A. TAS ELIGIBILITY ALLOWS YOU TO:

• Develop solutions under the CAA for pollution problems that require special
understanding of local industries, geography, housing, and travel patterns, as well as
other factors.

• Develop Tribal Implementation Plans (TIPs) that outline how you will control air
pollution under the CAA.

• Involve the public and industries through hearings and opportunities to comment on
the development of each plan under the CAA.

• Enforce tribal law that is approved by the EPA under the CAA.

• Develop air quality management programs for approval by the EPA under the CAA.

• Write air quality management rules to reduce air pollution and submit to the EPA for
review according to the CAA.

• Implement and enforce your rules as approved by the EPA under the CAA in Indian
country.

• Develop and implement only those parts of the CAA that are appropriate for your
lands.

• Monitor air quality, inspect facilities under your jurisdictions, and enforce tribal law
that is the same or higher standard as CAA regulations and approved by the EPA
under the Act.

• Qualify for an EPA air program grant (called a section 105 grant) that has a reduced
"matching" requirement. For states, the match requirement is 40 percent. However,
the TAR provides tribes a 5 percent match in the first two years; the match may
increase to 10 percent in subsequent years. In rare instances, the EPA may waive the
match requirement based on demonstrated financial hardship.

• Qualify to administer a CAA program that applies throughout the reservation, even to
lands that are owned by non-Indians, as well as other areas under your jurisdiction. A
tribal regulatory program approved by the EPA under the CAA program would also

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be enforceable (against pollution sources) by the EPA and citizens, as well as by the
tribe.

• Qualify to be treated as an "affected state "under the operating permits program (i.e.,
receive notice and an opportunity to comment when neighboring states issue permits
to facilities having the potential to impact your lands). You can learn more about
requesting "affected state" status in the Fact Sheet, "Requesting Treatment as an
"Affected State" Under Title V of the CAA "8

B. CRITERIA FOR TAS ELIGIBILITY

To be eligible to be treated in the same manner as a state for CAA provisions, including

financial assistance, you must meet certain criteria. The four requirements for TAS

eligibility are as follows:

• The tribe must be a federally recognized tribe. You must demonstrate that you are
a federally recognized tribe, which is generally established by reference to the list of
such tribes maintained by the Department of the Interior and published periodically in
the Federal Register. See 40 CFR §§ 49.6(a), 49.7(a)(1).

• The tribe must have a governing body carrying out substantial duties and
powers. You must demonstrate that you have a governing body currently performing
substantial duties and functions, such as functions to promote the public health,
safety, and welfare of your population, or other relevant functions, within a defined
area. Such examples should be included in a narrative statement, which describes the
form of government, types of functions currently performed, and the source of
governmental authority for performing those functions (e.g., tribal constitutions or
codes). See 40 CFR §§ 49.6(b), 49.7(a)(2).

• For TAS applications covering a tribe's reservation, the tribe's jurisdictional
showing must identify, with clarity and precision, the exterior boundaries of the
reservation. Your submission will need to contain information adequate to
demonstrate to us the reservation's exterior boundaries, which should usually include
a map and legal description of the area. Note that tribes may also apply for TAS over
non-reservation areas over which they have jurisdiction. For such areas, tribes must
demonstrate their authority, which is generally accomplished with a statement of legal
counsel or equivalent official describing the basis for such authority. See 40 CFR §§
49.6(c), 49.7(a)(3).

• The tribe must be reasonably capable of carrying out the necessary functions in
a manner consistent with the terms and purposes of the CAA and all applicable
regulations. In evaluating a tribe's capability, we consider your tribe's:

o Previous air quality management experience;

o Existing environmental or public health programs administered by the tribe;
o The mechanisms in place for carrying out the executive, legislative, and

judicial functions of the tribal government;
o The tribal agency that will administer the CAA function, including its
relationship to its regulated entities; and

8 http://www.epa.gov/air/tribal/tas_treatment.html

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o The technical and administrative capabilities of the staff to administer and
manage the program.

See 40 CFR §§ 49.6(d), 49.7(a)(4).

The EPA has made efforts to streamline the TAS process. For instance, you can submit
documentation from prior TAS approvals, including from another media, to meet some of
the CAA TAS requirements. See 40 CFR § 49.7(a)(8). The EPA has also issued a TAS
Strategy to help streamline the TAS process.9

Not having technical capabilities to administer an air quality program is not necessarily a
disqualifying factor in TAS eligibility. Instead, you may submit with your TAS
application, a plan demonstrating how you will gain the technical expertise necessary to
administer the relevant functions.

C. TAS REVIEW PROCESS FOR CAA REGULATORY PROGRAMS10

The EPA has issued a TAS Strategy to help streamline the TAS process for regulatory
programs under various EPA statutes including the CAA. The following steps are
described in the TAS Strategy.

• Tribes submit a TAS application11 to the EPA Region (there may be pre-submittal
discussions with the Region as well) for each section of the CAA you wish to
administer. The EPA Regional Administrator shall promptly notify the tribe of receipt
of the application. See 40 CFR 49.9(a)12

• After the EPA Region determines the application is complete, we offer "appropriate
governmental entities", including the surrounding states, an opportunity to comment
on the reservation boundaries and the tribe's jurisdictional assertion for any non-
reservation areas at issue; and the EPA Region publishes a newspaper notice notifying
the public of the comment opportunity. Appropriate governmental entities and the
public have 30 days to comment. See 40 CFR 49.9(b)13;

• The EPA Region reviews comments, with Headquarter review by the EPA TAS Team;

• The applicant tribe is provided an opportunity to respond to any comments; and

• Final decision is made by the Regional Administrator.

9 See EPA's TAS Strategy, 1/23/08, Attachment F http://www.epa.gov/tp/pdf/tas-strategy-attach-f.pdf

10 This document sets out the procedures the EPA intends to follow in processing TAS applications under the CAA.
The EPA retains the discretion to deviate from this process when appropriate. This document imposes no binding legal
requirements.

11 See § 49.7 Request by an Indian tribe for eligibility determination and Clean Air Act program approval.

12 See § 49.7(a)

13 See § 49.9(b). http://www.gpo.gOv/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2003-title40-voll/xml/CFR-2003-title40-voll-sec49-9.xml

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Step 1 - Tribe Submits Application

14

Step

Description

Responsibility

1A

Pre-application discussions and technical assistance if appropriate

Joint Tribe - EPA

IB

EPA review of pre-application materials (if requested)

1C

Tribe submits application to EPA

ID

EPA notifies the tribe of receipt of the application and, as needed,
requests additional information from the tribe, within 30 days of
receipt of the application

EPA (Region)

IE

Tribe submits additional information (if applicable)

Tribe

Step 2 - EPA Review

Step

Description

Responsibility

2A

EPA reviews application and determines if the application is complete

EPA (Region)

2B

EPA notifies all appropriate governmental entities of the application
and how it identifies the reservation's boundaries, and of any
assertions regarding tribal authority over non-reservation areas, within
30 days of receipt of initial, complete application

EPA (Region)

2C

EPA notifies the tribe, in writing, that the application is complete no
later than when EPA provides the notification in Step 2B

EPA (Region)

Step 3 - Comment Period (if needed)

Step

Description

Responsibility

3A

Appropriate governmental entities and the public have the opportunity
to comment regarding the reservation's boundaries or tribal authority
over non-reservation areas; comments are generally due within 30
days

Commenters

3B

EPA provides the comments to the tribe within 30 days of the close of
the comment period

EPA (Region)

3C

The tribe reviews the comments and may respond

Tribe

Step 4 - Final TAS Eligibility Decision15

Step

Description

Responsibility

4A

EPA prepares decision document and response to comments

EPA (Team)

4B

EPA regional official signs decision document

EPA (Region)

4C

EPA notifies tribe of decision within 30 days of signature

EPA (Region)

14	Special provisions of law may apply to tribes in the State of Oklahoma. Tribes in Oklahoma should contact the EPA
for more information on TAS eligibility for EPA regulatory programs.

15	If the EPA Regional Administrator determines that a tribe meets the requirement of 40 CFR 49.6 for purposes of a
CAA provisions, the tribe is eligible to be treated in the same manner as a state with respect to that provision. The
eligibility will extend to all areas within the exterior boundaries of the tribe's reservation, as determined by the
EPA Regional Administrator, and any other areas the EPA Regional Administrator lias determined to be within

the tribe's jurisdiction. See 40 CFR 49.9(g).

5

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D. TAS CONSIDERATION

As part of processing a tribe's TAS application, the EPA will offer the state and any other
appropriate governmental entities - i.e., state, tribal, and federal entities located
contiguous to the applicant tribe - an opportunity to comment on the assertion of
authority contained in a tribe's application. See 40 CFR § 49.9. EPA also publishes
newspaper notices of the comment opportunity, which allows the public to comment on
the tribe's assertion of authority as well. Where an application covers reservation areas,
this opportunity to comment focuses on the reservation boundaries. Ultimately, the EPA
determines the jurisdictional scope of the TAS application, including making a
determination of reservation boundaries for applications covering the tribe's reservation.

The TAR is written so that tribes may implement none, one, or several sections of the
C AA. Depending on their priorities, population, geographic size, and resources, tribes
may choose how many sections of the Act they wish to apply to implement, and which
sections would be most effective for their areas. Smaller tribes may choose to focus on
sections that would have the most immediate impact - such as controlling smoke due to
waste burning, agricultural burning, or wildfires. Larger tribes may choose to implement
a variety of sections of the Act that cover a range of activities, pollutants, and sources -
such as boilers, fuels, moving vehicles, and construction. These are just some examples
of the flexibility of the TAR and the CAA. It is the hope of the EPA that tribes will
choose to develop and manage CAA programs.16

THE CLEAN AIR ACT: OUTLINE OF CONTENT

The CAA contains six major sections or Titles. The Titles that tribes have generally expressed
interest in are I, III and V shown in bold text below:

Title I - Air Pollution Prevention and Control

Title II - Emission Standards for Moving Sources

Title III - General

Title IV - Acid Deposition Control

Title V - Permits

Title VI - Stratospheric Ozone Protection.

Tables 1-3 of this document include the summary of content of CAA Titles I, III and V, and
corresponding applications for tribes with TAS.

16 "Explanation of Tribal Authority to Develop Tribal Implementation Plans (TIPs)," accessible fromNorthern Arizona

University, Institute for Tribal Environmental Professionals,
http://itep68.itep.nau.edU/itep_downloads/TIP_Resources/TIPSummary.doc.%20%20%20%20%20http:/itep68.itep.nau.edu/itep
downloads/HP_Resources/TIPSummary.doc.

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TABLE 1. TITLE I - AIR POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL

Synopsis of Content

Section headings that are highlighted in blue indicate CAA sections which may be of special interest to you and for which tribes

frequently apply for TAS.

Part A - Air Quality and Emission Limitations

Section

Title

10117

Congressional Findings and Declaration of Purpose

Contents:

• Congress finds that air pollution is a growing hazard to health and public welfare.

• The purpose of Title I is to protect and enhance air quality, and to assist in the implementation of
pollution prevention and controls, both through research and financial assistance.

TAS Applications:

• We have no experience with TAS for this section.

102 Cooperative Activities

Contents:

• Cooperative activities (including laws, agreements, and compacts) by states and local governments for
the prevention and control of air pollution are encouraged.

• The EPA will cooperate with and encourage cooperative activities of all federal departments and
agencies related to air pollution.

TAS Applications:

• Contains general language that may allow eligible tribes to enter into compacts with states and other
TAS-eligibe tribes.

103

Research, Investigation, Training, and Other Activities

Contents:

• A national research and development program is established as well as technical advisory committees.

• The EPA is authorized to make grants to air pollution control agencies to carry out the purposes of this
section and to train individuals.

• Research and development programs are authorized such as monitoring, modeling, and inventories;
health effects research; and ecosystem research.

• Development of nonregulatory strategies and technologies for air pollution prevention are authorized.

• The NIEHS Director has authority to conduct human health research.

• The EPA will conduct research in conjunction with other research efforts.

• The national acid precipitation program is continued.

• Air pollution conferences related to significant air pollution releases are authorized.

TAS Applications:

• CAA section 103(b)(3) authorizes EPA to "make grants to air pollution control agencies, to other public
or nonprofit private agencies, institutions, and organizations, and to individuals for [these] purposes."
This broad authority is used by many tribes to begin air quality related activities.

• Tribes may apply for funding to develop an understanding of air pollution issues and control.

• CAA section 103 grants are project grants, and this funding is generally not used for program
implementation. (See Section 105 below for grants related to implementing air quality programs.)

• CAA section 103 grants typically have a one year project period.

17 The Clean Air Act is known as Chapter 85 in the U.S. Code. For example, Section 101 of Title I in the Clean Air Act is also known as Section 7401 of
Subchapter I, Chapter 85 in the U.S. Code. The full text of the Clean Air Act may be found on the EPA website at http://www.epa.gov/air/caa/.

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Part A - Air Quality and Emission Limitations

Section

Title

Tribes do not need TAS status to obtain these grants.

104 Research Relating to Fuels and Vehicles

Contents:

• This section directs the EPA to give special emphasis to the research and development of new
methods for the control of air pollution from the combustion of fuels, including research into clean
alternative fuels.

• The EPA will provide grants for research and development into pollution mitigation, the cost of
purchasing vehicles for research and testing purposes, and carrying out other provisions of this section.

TAS Applications:

• Tribes may apply for funding for research grants, TAS is not required.

105 Grants for Support of Air Pollution Planning and Control Programs

Contents:

• This section makes grants available to air pollution control agencies to implement activities related to
developing and maintaining air pollution programs.

• This section also describes the criteria for the grant program, including amounts, limitations, terms,
conditions, maintenance of effort, reduction of payments, and opportunity for hearing.

• Also see 40 CFR Parts 35.570-35.578 which governs air pollution control grants to tribes (as defined in
section 302(r) of the CAA) authorized under sections 105 and 301(d) of the Act.

• Air pollution control grants are awarded to develop and administer programs that prevent and control air
pollution on the reservation or other areas within the tribe's jurisdiction.

• The CFR contains definitions of expenditures and describes eligibility and financial assistance.

TAS Applications:

• Since the CAA Amendments of 1990, Section 105 provides grants to tribes to continue implementing
programs for the control of air pollution or implementation of air quality standards, subject to certain
limitations.

• The CAA defines implementation as "any activity related to the planning, developing, establishing,
carrying-out, improving, or maintaining of such programs."

• Tribes must have a TAS eligibility determination to receive a 95% match for a CAA 105 grant.

• If the tribe does not have TAS, they are still eligible for a CAA 105 grant but must provide a 50% match
for the first 2 years moving to a 40% tribal match; waivers are available for hardship.

• An intertribal consortium consisting of tribes that have demonstrated eligibility is also eligible for
financial assistance.

106 Interstate Air Quality Agencies; Program Cost Limitations

Contents:

• The EPA will pay air quality program costs for two years for interstate air and ozone pollution.

• After the two-year period, the EPA can make grants covering up to 60% of air quality program costs.
TAS Applications:

• We have no experience with TAS for this section.

107 Air Quality Control Regions

Contents:

• Each state is responsible for achieving and maintaining air quality standards within the state.

• Each state will submit an implementation plan that delineates how air quality standards will be achieved
and maintained.

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Part A - Air Quality and Emission Limitations

Section

Title

• States wil divide up the geographic area into air quality control regions.

• Whenever the EPA establishes a new or revised national ambient air quality standard (NAAQS), the
EPA designates areas in a state as attainment, nonattainment, or unclassifiable (not able to be
classified on the basis of available information as meeting or not meeting the air quality standard).

• States submit recommendations to the EPA on designation and boundary for each area.

• Areas can be redesignated as air quality conditions change.

• States will submit plans to meet regional haze requirements.

TAS Applications:

• Although CAA section 107(d) does not explicitly reference Indian tribes or Indian country, tribes are
able to participate in the designation process.

• Tribes do not need TAS to participate in the designation process.

• Tribes may submit designation recommendations and requests for redesignation.

• Tribes may submit a plan that delineates how air quality standards will be achieved and maintained.

• Tribes may divide up their geographic area into air quality regions.

108 Air Quality Criteria and Control Techniques

Contents:

• The EPA will publish air quality criteria, air pollution control techniques, and transportation planning
guidelines.

TAS Applications:

• Tribes may use these guidelines to develop air quality plans.

109 National Primary and Secondary Ambient Air Quality Standards

Contents:

• The EPA will set national air quality standards.
TAS Applications:

• We have no experience with TAS for this section.

110

State Implementation Plans for National Primary and Secondary Ambient Air Quality
Standards

Contents:

• (a) Adoption of plan by state; submission to Administrator; content of plan; revision; new sources;
indirect source review program; supplemental or intermittent control systems -

o States are required to submit plans within three years of the EPA setting or revising air quality
standards.

o Each plan will include: enforceable emission limitations and control measures; establishment of
air monitoring; program to prevent significant deterioration of the air quality of other states;
adequate state funding, personnel, and authority to carry out plan; air quality modeling; plan
revisions; and require major stationary sources to pay for permits.

• (b) Extension of period for submission of plans

o The EPA may grant an extension of 18 months for submission of a plan.

• (c) Preparation and publication by Administrator of proposed regulations setting forth implementation
plan; transportation regulations study and report; parking surcharge; suspension authority; plan
implementation

o The EPA will create a federal plan for states that fail to submit an approved plan.
o The EPA cannot require a parking surcharge or certain bridge tolls as part of a state's plan.

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Part A - Air Qualit

y and Emission Limitations

Section

Title

•	(d), (e) Repealed. Pub. L. 101-549, title 1,101(d)(4), (5), Nov. 15,1990,104 Stat. 2409

•	(f) National or regional energy emergencies, determination by President

o The President may suspend any part of an implementation plan to respond to national or
regional energy emergencies. States may petition for this.

•	(g) Governor's authority to issue temporary emergency suspensions

o State governors have the authority to issue temporary emergency suspensions of plans.

•	(h) Publication of comprehensive document for each state setting forth requirements of applicable
implementation plan

o The EPA will publish implementation plan requirements

•	(i) Modification of requirements prohibited

o Implementation plan requirements for stationary sources may not be changed unless
exceptional or emergency situations exist.

•	(j) Technological systems of continuous emission reduction on new or modified stationary sources;
compliance with performance standards

o Owners or operators of stationary sources must use continuous emission reductions
techniques and demonstrate compliance with the Clean Air Act.

•	(k) Environmental Protection Agency action on plan submissions

o (1)-(6) Covers Implementation plan completeness criteria, completeness finding, finding of
incompleteness, timeline for the EPA action on a plan submission, approval, disapproval, and
conditional approval, plan revisions, and corrections.

•	(I) Plan revisions

o Plan revisions must be adopted by the state after reasonable notice and public hearing.

•	(m) Sanctions

o The EPA may apply sanctions or prohibit construction of major stationary sources to ensure
plan requirements are met.

•	(n) Savings clauses

o (1 )-(3) Covers existing plan provisions, attainment dates, and retention of construction
moratorium which were in place prior to November 15,1990.

•	(o) Indian tribes

o If a tribe submits an implementation plan, it shall be reviewed the same way state plans are.

o If a tribe's plan is approved, the plan will apply to all areas located within the exterior
boundaries of the reservation, including rights-of-way running through the reservation.

•	(p) Reports

o States must submit reports, such as relating to emission reduction, vehicle miles traveled,
congestion levels, etc., that the EPA deems necessary to access implementation plan
effectiveness.

TAS Applications:

•	CAA Section 110 lays out the basic requirements for tribal implementation plans (TIP).

•	CAA section 110(a)(2)(D) requires that state implementation plans contain provisions to "prevent
significant deterioration of the air quality of other states" by complying with CAA section 126, which
covers interstate transport of pollution. This is potentially important to tribes whose air quality is

	impacted by pollution transported from a source(s) in a neighboring state(s).	

10

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Part A - Air Quality and Emission Limitations

Section

Title

• Tribal implementation plans are optional and may include only those elements that address the tribe's
specific air quality needs.

• Tribal implementation plans have flexible submission schedules.

• Where tribes elect not to develop a plan, the EPA will adopt such federal implementation plan
provisions as are necessary or appropriate to protect air quality in Indian country.

111 Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources

Contents:

• The EPA will create a list of categories of stationary sources and set standards for their performance
and emissions.

• Each state may submit their plan for standards of emissions and enforcement for new stationary
sources.

• Governors can ask for regulation of stationary sources that aren't already on federal lists of regulated
sources.

TAS Applications:

• Tribes with an EPA approved plan can take delegation to administer the program, or develop tribal
standards that replace federal standards. TAS is needed for the latter, but may be obtained for
delegation.

112

Hazardous Air Pollutants

Contents:

• The EPA will regulate the emission of hazardous chemicals that represent public health risks.

• Each state can submit their own plan of regulation and enforcement of hazardous chemical emissions
if the standards are at least as stringent as the federal standard.

• The EPA will monitor atmospheric depositions of major lakes and waterways.

TAS Applications:

• Tribes may submit plans for regulation and enforcement of hazardous chemical emissions if the
standards are at least as stringent as the federal standard.

• Tribes may take administrative delegation for implementing hazardous chemical regulation and
enforcement plans.

113 Federal Enforcement

Contents:

• The EPA may enforce state implementation plans and emissions limits through administrative orders,
civil action, and in select cases, criminal penalties.

TAS Applications:

• Tribes can enter into memoranda of agreement with EPA regarding enforcement of TIPs and other
approved tribal programs.

• Tribal plans must be fully enforceable by the EPA and where appropriate by the tribe.

114

Recordkeeping, Inspections, Monitoring, and Entry

Contents:

• The EPA may require owners/operators of emissions sources to keep records, reports, and samples of
emissions and controls.

• The EPA may inspect emissions sites, control equipment, or records.

TAS Applications:

• Tribes with an EPA approved plan can take over the administration of the program.

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Part A - Air Quality and Emission Limitations

Section

Title

115

International Air Pollution

Contents:

• If the EPA has reason to believe that any air pollutant emitted in the United States would endanger the
public health or welfare of a foreign country, it will notify the state where the pollution originates.

• Such notifications would require a state plan revision.

TAS Applications:

• This section may affect tribal areas located near international borders.

• We have no experience with TAS for this section.

116 Retention of State Authority

Contents:

• States are allowed to adopt or enforce standards that are more stringent than federal standards.
TAS Applications:

• Tribes may adopt more stringent standards for areas under their EPA-approved programs.

117 Advisory Committees

Contents:

• The EPA may convene advisory committees to assist with development of standards and techniques,
and to encourage technology improvements and emissions abatement.

TAS Applications:

• Tribes may participate.

118 Control of Pollution from Federal Facilities

Contents:

• Federal facilities are subject to emissions standards and requirements and are required to comply with
federal, state, or local authorities.

• The President may exempt federal sources from compliance if it is in the paramount interest of the

United States to do so.

TAS Applications:

• We have no experience with TAS for this section.

119 Primary Nonferrous Smelter Orders

Contents:

• This section outlines the regulations regarding primary nonferrous smelter orders.
TAS Applications:

We have no experience with TAS for this section.

120 Noncompliance Penalty

Contents:

• The EPA shall assess noncompliance penalties to owner/operators or sources not meeting emissions
standards.

• The EPA may delegate this responsibility to states if the states submit a plan for carrying out this
responsibility.

TAS Applications:

• Tribes with an EPA approved plan may carry out this responsibility.

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Part A - Air Quality and Emission Limitations

Section

Title

121

Consultation

Contents:

•	The state shall consult with local governments and any affected federal land managers in
implementing state plans.

TAS Applications:

•	Tribes should include state and local governments in implementation planning. TAS may encourage
	state consultation with tribes on SIP development.	

122

Listing of Certain Unregulated Pollutants

Contents:

• The EPA shall review relevant information on certain unregulated pollutants to determine if they

endanger public health.

TAS Applications:

• We have no experience with TAS for this section

123 Stack Heights

Contents:

•	This section outlines the regulations regarding stack heights.
TAS Applications:

•	We have no experience with TAS for this section	

124 Assurance of Adequacy of State Plans

Contents:

•	Each state shall review the provisions of its plan to determine the extent to which the state's major
fuel-burning sources are dependent on various fuel types.

•	The EPA shall review state plans to ensure they are sufficient to ensure compliance with emissions
limits.

TAS Applications:

•	Tribes should work with the EPA to ensure that their implementation plans are adequate.	

125 Measures to Prevent Economic Disruption or Unemployment

Contents:

•	This section outlines conditions in which locally derived coal shall be used as a fuel source.
TAS Applications:

•	We have no experience with TAS for this section.	

126

Interstate Pollution Abatement

Contents:

•	(a) Written notice to all nearby states

o States must provide notice to neighboring states of new major emissions sources that may
negatively affect the air quality of neighboring states.

•	(b) Petition for finding that major sources emit or would emit prohibited air pollutants

o Any state or political subdivision may petition EPA for a finding that a major source or group of
stationary sources emits or would emit any air pollutant in violation of CAA section
110(a)(2)(D)(l).

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Part A - Air Quality and Emission Limitations

Section

Title

• (c) Violations; allowable continued operation

o Major new or modified sources, notwithstanding any permit, is in violation with this section and
the state implementation plan if a finding is made (see 126(b) above). Major existing sources
may not operate more than three months after a finding has been made with respect to it. The
source may continue operation if it complies with emissions limits and schedules provided by
the EPA to meet the section 110(a)(2)(D)(l) requirements.

TAS Applications:

•	In many cases pollution within Indian country is caused by transport from upwind state-located sources.
TAS for this CAA section allows tribes to be treated as a neighboring state and to submit a petition
(commonly known as a "section 126 petition") to the EPA to review the upwind state implementation
plans, as specified under section 110 of the CAA.

•	A section 126 petition that is submitted by a tribe and approved by the EPA may result in a federal
rulemaking which places specific emission limits on the sources(s) addressed in the petition.

•	Tribes should provide notice to the state in which they are located and any neighboring states of new
	major emissions sources in their jurisdiction that may negatively affect the state's air quality.	

127

Public Notification

Contents:

•	States shall notify the public of times when air quality standards are not met, of health hazards
associated with such pollution, and enhance public awareness of measures that the public may take to
improve air quality.

•	The EPA may provide grants to assist in carrying out these requirements.

TAS Applications:

•	Notify the public of the health hazards related to pollution when air quality standards are not met.
Enhance awareness of the measures tribal members can take to improve air quality.

•	Tribes may apply for funding to carry out public notification regarding air quality.	

128 State Boards

Contents:

• Any state boards or bodies that approve permits or enforcement orders shall include a majority of
member that represent the public interest and do not derive income from persons subject to permits or
enforcement orders.

TAS Applications:

• Tribes may establish boards.	

129 Solid Waste Combustion

Contents:

•	The EPA will set standards for solid waste incinerators.

•	The states will implement and enforce the federal standards.

TAS Applications:

• Tribes may take delegation of the federal standards (do not have to have TAS) or develop approved
tribal requirements, that are at least as stringent as the federal regulation, to implement and enforce the
	federal standards (must have TAS).	

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Part A - Air Quality and Emission Limitations

Section

Title

130

Emission Factors

Contents:

• The EPA will publish, review, and revise emission factors for air pollutants.
TAS Applications:

• We have no experience with TAS for this section.

131

Land Use Authority

Contents:

• Nothing in the code constitutes an infringement on the existing authority of localities to plan or control
land use.

TAS Applications:

• Tribes retain authority to plan and control land use for their areas.

Part B ¦ Ozone Protection

The 1990 Amendments of the Clean Air Act repealed Part B and replaced it with Title VI - Stratospheric Ozone

Protection.

Part C - Prevention of Significant Deterioration of Air Quality

Section

Title

Subpart 1 - Clean Air

160

Purposes

Contents:

• Declares the purpose of this part: to protect public health and air quality.
TAS Applications:

• We have no experience with TAS for this section.

161 Plan Requirements

Contents:

• Each state implementation plan will contain emissions limits to protect air quality.
TAS Applications:

• Tribal plans should contain emission limits to protect air quality.

162

Initial Classifications - This section establishes the mandatory designations for Class I and
Class II areas.

Contents:

• This section establishes Class I and Class II designations.

• Class I federal lands include areas such as national parks, national wilderness areas, and national
monuments. These areas are granted special air quality protections.

• Class II areas are attainment or unclassifiable not already established as Class I.
TAS Applications:

• Tribes may apply to the EPA for a Class I designation for their lands. (See Section 164 below.)

163 Increments and Ceilings

Contents:

• Sulfur oxide and particulate matter cannot exceed the maximum allowable increases or concentrations
listed in this section.

• Exceptions can be made for certain types of sources.

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TAS Applications:

• For tribes with a Class I designation, the amount that pollution levels can increase is small. This
ensures that good air quality stays good.

164

Area Redesignation

Contents:

• States may redesignate areas as Class I or II.

• Lands within the boundaries of Indian reservations may only be redesignated by the appropriate Indian
governing body.

• If there are designation disagreements between states and Indian tribes, the parties may appeal to the
EPA to resolve the dispute.

TAS Applications:

• Tribes may redesignate their lands as Class I areas.

• Designation as a Class I area may provide increased protection for air quality in and around tribal
lands because of the smaller increments (PSD increments) of allowable increases in pollution
concentrations.

• With a Class I designation, a tribe is notified when a permit application is submitted for review by the
state. The permit will provide valuable information to determine any potential impacts from the
permittee.

• Comments from a tribe with a Class I designation may carry greater authority than comments from a
tribe without a Class I designation.

• Outlines rules regarding area redesignation disputes between Indian tribes and states.

165 Preconstruction Requirements

Contents:

• This section outlines requirements for constructing major emitting facilities (PSD, Nonattainment
NSR). (TAS is not required, but tribes may get TAS)

TAS Applications:

• Tribes may take delegation (TAS not required) or develop a TIP to implement these requirements.
(TAS is required for a TIP). Tribes cannot take delegation of PSD prior to finalizing rule.

166 Other Pollutants

Contents:

• The EPA will create regulations governing the emissions of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide,
petrochemical oxidants, and nitrogen oxides.

• States will not be required to create a specific area classification plan for other pollutants other than
sulfur oxides or particulate matter if the EPA finds the plan already adopted by the state is sufficient.

TAS Applications:

• We have no experience with TAS for this section.

167

Enforcement

Contents:

• The EPA and states can enforce requirements of construction or modification of major emitting
facilities.

TAS Applications:

• Tribes with enforcement provisions in their plan can address civil enforcement requirements of major
emitting facilities (TAS required).

• To address criminal enforcement, tribes will need a memorandum of agreement with the EPA.

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168 Period Before Plan Approval

Contents:

• Previous to adoption of implementation plans, regulations in this section apply to prevent significant air
quality deterioration.

TAS Applications:

• We have no experience with TAS for this section.

169

Definitions

Contents:

• The section provides definitions of terms used in this part.
TAS Applications:

• We have no experience with TAS for this section.

Subpart 2 - Visibility Protection

169A Visibility Protection for Federal Class I Areas

Contents:

• This section states the goal of protecting visibility in Class I areas.

• State implementation plans must address this goal.
TAS Applications:

• Tribes may choose to develop plans to address regional haze.

169B

Visibility

Contents:

• The EPA will conduct an assessment of visibility in Class I areas every five years.

• The EPA will establish visibility transport regions made up of states who contribute visibility pollution to
Class I areas.

• The visibility transport commissions shall prepare reports concerning visibility challenges and
remedies in their region.

• The Grand Canyon visibility transport commission is established.

TAS Applications:

• Tribes may choose to be involved in their regional visibility transport commissions (TAS not required)
and develop TIPs (TAS required).

Part D - Plan Requirements for Nonattainment Areas

Section

Title

Subpart 1 - Nonattainment Areas in General

171

Definitions

Contents:

• This section defines the terms to be used in this part.
TAS Applications:

• We have no experience with TAS for this section.

172

Nonattainment Plan Provisions

Contents:

• Nonattainment areas have five years to become attainment. The EPA can extend that up to ten years.

• The EPA can provide up to two one-year extensions if the state is meeting all the requirements of its
implementation plan.

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Part D - Plan Requirements for Nonattainment Areas

Section

Title

• Nonattainment plans shall include implementation of control measures, emissions inventory, and
issuing of permits.

TAS Applications:

• TIPs are not required, but if the tribe develops a TIP, then TAS is required.

• Tribal nonattainment plans are not required to meet the same attainment dates as states.

• Tribes can establish their own schedules.

• The EPA will expect tribes to diligently implement their plans.

173 Permit Requirements (Nonattainment NSR)

Contents:

• This section lists requirements of permit programs.

TAS Applications:

• Tribes may take delegation of the federal implementation plan (no TAS required) or develop TIPs
(TAS required) to implement permit requirements.

174

Planning Procedures

Contents:

• Nonattainment plans will be prepared by joint cooperation of state and local governments.
TAS Applications:

• Tribes may work with the state in which they are located and/or adjoining local governments in
developing nonattainment plans. TAS may raise tribe's status in participating in the SIP development.

175 Environmental Protection Agency Grants

Contents:

• The EPA will provide grants to local authorities charged with transportation or air quality maintenance
responsibilities to develop plan revisions under this part.

• The EPA will pay 100% of plan revision costs for the first two years, and afterwards will supplement
any available funds for transportation or air quality maintenance planning.

TAS Applications:

• Tribes may request transportation and air quality funding for the first two years of plan revisions for
nonattainment areas, and supplemental funding thereafter.

175A

Maintenance Plans

Contents:

• Once nonattainment areas achieve attainment, state implementation plans will be updated to maintain
air quality in those areas for at least ten years.

TAS Applications:

• Tribes may develop maintenance TIPs (TAS is required).

176 Limitation on Certain Federal Assistance

Contents:

• No federal or local authority will approve or support activities that do not conform to the nonattainment
implementation plan. This includes transportation projects.

• Transportation control measures specified in an implementation plan may be replaced with substitute
measure if they will achieve an equivalent or greater emissions reduction and are agreed upon by
affected jurisdictions.

TAS Applications:

• Tribes should ensure that their activities conform to their EPA approved plans.

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Part D - Plan Requirements for Nonattainment Areas

Section

Title

176A

Interstate Transport Commissions

Contents:

• The EPA may form interstate transport regions and commissions to address the interstate transport or
air pollutants.

• The commission will assess the pollution level and make recommendations for mitigation.

• The commission can request that the EPA issue a finding that the implementation plan of any states in
the transport region is inadequate to address the problem.

TAS Applications:

• Tribes may choose to participate in interstate transport commissions.

177

New Motor Vehicle Emission Standards in Nonattainment Areas

Contents:

• States may adopt and enforce emissions control standards for new motor vehicles.
TAS Applications:

• Tribes may adopt and enforce emissions control standards for new motor vehicles.

178 Guidance Documents

Contents:

• EPA will issue guidance documents to aid states in implementing requirements of this part (Part D).
TAS Applications:

• Tribes can use the guidance in implementing requirements of this part (Part D).

179 Sanctions and Consequences of Failure to Attain

Contents:

• EPA may issue sanctions to states who fail to submit an acceptable plan for nonattainment areas.

• Sanctions may include a prohibition on some highway transportation projects.

• The EPA will publish notice of those areas that fail to attain the air quality standards.

• States who fail to attain will submit a revised implementation plan.

TAS Applications:

• Tribes are not subject to sanctions for failing to submit a plan; the EPA may develop a FIP to address
air quality as necessary or appropriate.

179B International Border Areas

Contents:

• If a state can demonstrate that its implementation plan is adequate to attain and maintain an air quality
standard but for emissions coming from outside the US borders, the state will not be subjected to
penalties for failure to attain.

TAS Applications:

~ TIPs may point to this provision.

Subpart 2 - Additional Provisions for Ozone Nonattainment Areas

181 Classifications and Attainment Dates

Contents:

• Each ozone nonattainment area will be designated as marginal, moderate, serious, severe, or extreme
with respective deadlines for attainment.

• Severe areas that fail to attain the standard in the allotted amount of time will be subject to sanctions.

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Part D - Plan Requirements for Nonattainment Areas

Section

Title

TAS Applications: TAS is not required but may support tribes

• Tribes may submit designation recommendations.

• Tribes are not required to meet the same attainment deadlines as states and are not subject to
sanctions.

182 Plan Submissions and Requirements

Contents:

• This section delineates ozone nonattainment plan requirements.

• Marginal area plans require:

o An inventory;

o Use of reasonably available control technology;
o A vehicle inspection and maintenance plan;
o A permit program.

• Moderate area plans require:

o The Marginal requirements listed above anc
o Annual reduction of volatile organic compounds;
o Gasoline vapor recovery.

• Serious area plans require:

o The Moderate requirements listed above and;

o Enhanced monitoring of ozone, nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic compounds;
o A demonstration of attainment if plan is followed;
o A demonstration of reduction of volatile organic compound emission or NOx control;
o State vehicle programs;
o Clean-fuel vehicle programs;
o Transportation control.

• Severe area plans require:

o The Serious requirements listed above and;
o Transportation control strategies based on vehicle miles traveled.

• Extreme area plans require:

o The Severe requirements listed above and;
o Use of clean fuels or advanced control technology;
o Traffic control measures during heavy traffic hours;
o Use of new technologies.

• Milestones for nonattainment areas are reductions in emissions and compliance demonstration.

• Nonattainment areas not adjacent to urban centers can be treated as rural transport areas and subject
only to marginal area requirements if they do not significantly contribute to ozone levels in the area or
other areas.

• States should coordinate plans for multi-state ozone nonattainment areas.

TAS Applications:

• Tribes may choose to submit nonattainment plans for one or more of the items listed above, but are
not required to do so. Tribes can take a modular approach to developing TIPs.

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Part D - Plan Requirements for Nonattainment Areas

Section

Title

183

Federal Ozone Measures

Contents:

•	The EPA will issue control techniques guidelines for volatile organic compounds.

•	The EPA will list categories of consumer and commercial products that account for the majority of
volatile organic compound emissions.

•	The EPA will issue emissions standards for maritime tank vessels.

•	Foreign motor vehicles cannot enter ozone nonattainment areas more than twice a month if the state
requires inspection and maintenance of vehicles under penalty of a fine.

TAS Applications:

• Tribes can apply the information provided by EPA to control and reduce volatile organic compound
	emissions from stationary sources and maritime tank vessels.	

184

Control of Interstate Ozone Air Pollution

Contents:

•	Multi-state ozone transport region is established from Virginia to Maine.

•	Ozone transport region subject to additional region-wide VOC and NOx control requirements.
TAS Applications:

•	Tribes located within an ozone transport region may choose to participate.	

185 Enforcement for Severe and Extreme Ozone Nonattainment Areas for Failure to Attain

Contents:

•	Each state implementation plan (relating to the attainment plan for severe and extreme ozone
nonattainment areas) must require that each major stationary source in areas that fail to meet
attainment standards in the allotted time will be subject to a fine.

TAS Applications:

•	Tribal implementation plans for severe and extreme ozone nonattainment areas may contain similar
	provisions as appropriate.	

Subpart 3 - Additional Provisions for Carbon Monoxide Nonattainment Areas

186 Classification and Attainment Dates

Contents:

•	Carbon monoxide nonattainment areas will be designated as moderate or serious and will be required
to attain air quality standards according to a given timeline.

TAS Applications:

•	Tribes may submit designation recommendations.

•	Tribes are not required to meet the same attainment deadlines as states.	

187 Plan Submissions and Requirements

Contents:

•	This section delineates carbon monoxide nonattainment plan requirements.

•	Moderate area plans require:

o An inventory;

o A forecast of vehicle miles traveled;

o A vehicle inspection and maintenance plan;

o Attainment demonstration and specific annual emission reductions.

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Part D - Plan Requirements for Nonattainment Areas

Section

Title

• Serious area plans require:

o The Moderate requirements listed above and;
o Transportation control strategies based on vehicle miles traveled,
o Use of oxygenated gasoline.

• States will meet milestones for carbon monoxide emissions or submit a plan revision to implement
economic incentives and transportation control programs.

• States should coordinate plans for multi-state carbon monoxide nonattainment areas.
TAS Applications:

• Tribes may choose to submit nonattainment plans, but are not required to do so. (TAS is required to
submit a TIP)

Subpart 4-Additional Provisions for Particulate Matter Nonattainment

188 Classification and Attainment Dates

Contents:

• Particulate matter (PM-10) nonattainment areas will be designated as moderate or serious.
TAS Applications:

• Tribes may submit designation recommendations.

189 Plan Provisions and Schedules for Plan Submissions

Contents:

• This section delineates PM-10 nonattainment plan requirements and schedules.

• Moderate area plans require:

o A permit program;

o A demonstration of attainment;

o Use of reasonably available control measures.

• Serious area plans require:

o A demonstration of attainment or demonstration that attainment by the date set forth is
impracticable and instead provide for attainment by the most expeditious alternative date
practicable.

o Use of reasonably available control measures within four years.

• Plan revision will contain quantitative milestones every three years.

• For Serious PM-10 nonattainment areas that do not attain within the attainment date, plan revisions
will be submitted within 12 months of the applicable attainment date.

TAS Applications:

• Tribes may choose to submit nonattainment plans, but are not required to do so. (TAS is required to
submit a TIP)

• Tribes are not required to meet the same nonattainment plan requirements as states.

190 Issuance of RACM and BACM Guidance

Contents:

• The EPA will issue technical guidance of both reasonably available and best available control
measures for PM-10.

TAS Applications:

• The EPA guidance may be used by tribes to develop nonattainment plans.

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Part D - Plan Requirements for Nonattainment Areas

Section

Title

Subpart 5 - Additional Provisions for Designated Nonattainment for Sulfur Oxides, Nitrogen Dioxide, or
Lead

191	Plan Submission Deadlines

Contents:

•	States containing areas that are nonattainment with respect to sulfur oxides, nitrogen dioxide, or lead
will submit implementation plans.

TAS Applications:

•	Tribes may choose to submit nonattainment plans, but are not required to do so. (TAS is required to
	submit a TIP)	

192

Attainment Dates

Contents:

•	Plans should provide for attainment within five years.
TAS Applications:

•	Tribes are not required to meet the same attainment dates as states.

Subpart 6 - Savings Provisions

193 General Savings Clause

Contents:

•	Provisions in effect before 1990 will remain in effect unless otherwise noted in this chapter.

•	No control requirement in nonattainment areas can be modified after 1990 unless the modification
ensures equal or greater emission reduction.

TAS Applications:

•	We have no experience with TAS for this section.

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TABLE 2. TITLE III - GENERAL PROVISIONS

Synopsis of Content

Section headings that are highlighted in blue indicate CM sections which may be of special interest to you and for which

tribes frequently apply for TAS.

Section

Title

301

Administration

Contents:

•	Delineates the responsibilities of the EPA to create general procedures and regulations for the
Clean Air Act.

•	301 (d) authorizes the EPA to treat Indian tribes in the same manner as states. (TAS)
TAS Applications:

•	The EPA is authorized to treat Indian tribes in the same manner as states and may provide grant
and contract assistance to carry out functions of this chapter.

•	Federally recognized Indian tribes may be treated in the same manner as states if:

o They have a governing body that carries out substantial governmental duties;
o The functions carried out by the Indian tribe pertain to managing air quality within the

exterior boundaries of its reservation or other areas under its jurisdiction;
o The Indian tribe is able to carry out the functions consistent with CAA and regulatory
requirements.

•	In cases where treatment of Indian tribes identically to states is inappropriate or administratively
infeasible, the EPA may provide by regulation other means to achieve the appropriate purpose.

302 Definitions

Contents:

•	This section defines terms used in this chapter, including the definition of "Indian tribe."

TAS Applications:

•	The term "Indian tribe" refers to any Indian tribe, band, nation, or other organized group or
community, including any Alaska Native Village, which is federally recognized as eligible for
special programs and services provided by the United States to Indians because of their status
as Indians.

303 Emergency Powers

Contents:

•	In case of pollution sources that are presenting an imminent and substantial endangerment to
public health or welfare, the EPA may bring suit on behalf of the United States or take action to
restrain the cause of the pollution.

•	The EPA will first consult with appropriate state and local authorities before taking any such
action.

•	Any orders issued by the EPA will remain in effect for 60 days unless EPA brings a suit.

TAS Applications:

•	We have no experience with TAS for this section.

304 Citizen Suits

Contents:

• Any person may bring suit against the United States or any agency including the EPA if it fails to
perform any duty under this chapter; or against any person who proposes construction of an
	emitting facility without obtaining proper permits.	

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Section Title

• Courts have authority to enforce emission standards and to compel the EPA to action.

• This section summarizes the conditions for taking civil action in court regarding the Clean Air
Act.

TAS Applications:

• The citizen suit provisions of CAA section 304 are among those CAA provisions for which tribes
are not treated in the same manner as states for purposes of the EPA's TAS rulemaking under
section 301 (d). The EPA has clarified that its section 301 (d) TAS rulemaking neither enhanced
nor limited the immunity from suit traditionally enjoyed by Indian tribes.

305 Representation in Litigation

Contents:

• The EPA may request to be represented by the US Attorney General or other attorneys.
TAS Applications:

• We have no experience with TAS for this section.

306 Federal Procurement

Contents:

• Federal agencies may not enter into any contracts with persons or facilities who are convicted of
criminal violation of the provisions of the Clean Air Act.

• Federal agencies are authorized to carry out the provisions of the Clean Air Act.
TAS Applications:

• We have no experience with TAS for this section.

307 Administrative Proceedings and Judicial Review

Contents:

• The EPA may issue subpoenas for documents or relevant testimony to meet monitoring or
reporting requirements of the Act.

• Except for emissions data, the EPA will keep such information confidential if requested by the
owner.

• This section also outlines the standards for judicial review of the Act and rulemaking by the EPA.
TAS Applications:

• Tribes may petition for review of the EPA action.

308 Mandatory Licensing

Contents:

• The EPA and U.S. Attorney General may require certain patents to be publicly or commercially
licensed if they are necessary for anyone to comply with requirements of the Act.

TAS Applications:

• We have no experience with TAS for this section.

309 Policy Review

Contents:

• The EPA will review environmental impact of new federal legislation or agency action;
unsatisfactory reviews will be referred to the Council on Environmental Quality.

TAS Applications:

• We have no experience with TAS for this section.

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Section

310

Title

Other Authority

Contents:

• This Title (Title III) does not supersede or limit the responsibilities of the EPA or any other
federal office.

TAS Applications:

• We have no experience with TAS for this section.

311

Records and Audit

Contents:

• Recipients of federal financial assistance under Title III will keep full records of expenditures and
make them available for audit.

TAS Applications:

• Tribes that receive federal funding under this Chapter will need to keep full records of

expenditures and make them available for audit, if requested.

312

Economic Impact Analyses

Contents:

• The EPA will carry out a comprehensive analysis of the costs and benefits of the Clean Air Act
standards, including impact on public health, the environment, employment, productivity, and
other economic indicators.

TAS Applications:

• We have no experience with TAS for this section.

313

[Repealed] Additional Reports to Congress

Contents:

• [Repealed]

314

Labor Standards

Contents:

• The EPA will ensure that laborers employed to enact the Clean Air Act are paid a fair wage.
TAS Applications:

• We have no experience with TAS for this section.

315

Separability

Contents:

• If any provisions are held to be invalid to one person or circumstance, it does not mean they are

invalid for other persons or circumstances.
TAS Applications:

• We have no experience with TAS for this section.

316

Sewage Treatment Grants

Contents:

• The EPA grants for sewage treatment plants may be withheld if the treatment plants do not
comply with the Clean Air Act, if the state does not have an implementation plan which allows for
sewage treatment plants, or if the emissions from the plant would be too high.

TAS Applications:

• We have no experience with TAS for this section.

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Section

317

Title

Economic Impact Assessment

Contents:

• The EPA will prepare an economic impact assessment for any proposed rules or regulations.
TAS Applications:

• We have no experience with TAS for this section.

318 [Repealed] Financial Disclosure; Conflicts of Interest

Contents:

• [Repealed]

319 Air Quality Monitoring

Contents:

• The EPA will establish a national air quality monitoring system for collecting air quality data
throughout the United States.

• Defines "exception events" and exclusions."

• The air quality monitoring database is made available to the public.

TAS Applications:

• Tribes may establish air quality monitoring systems on their lands.

• Tribes can access the monitoring data collected by the EPA.

• TAS is not required.

320 Standardized Air Quality Modeling

Contents:

• The EPA will hold an air quality modeling conference at least every three years for attendees
from every level of government, from local to national.

TAS Applications:

• Tribal representatives may participate in the air quality modeling conference.
321 Employment Effects

Contents:

• The EPA will monitor effects on employment of any provisions of the Act.

• Employees who claim to lose their employment because of any provision of the Act may appeal
to the EPA for a hearing.

TAS Applications:

• We have no experience with TAS for this section.

322 Employee Protection

Contents:

• No employer may fire or discriminate against an employee because the employee is carrying out
any requirement of the Act.

• Any such employees may appeal to the Secretary of Labor and the US Courts, if necessary.
TAS Applications:

• We have no experience with TAS for this section.

323 Cost of Vapor Recovery Equipment

Contents:

• Retail outlets where fuel is sold must pay for the cost of vapor recovery equipment.
TAS Applications:

• Retail outlets in Indian country where fuel is sold must pay for the cost of vapor recovery
equipment.

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Section

324

Title

Vapor recovery for small business marketers of petroleum products [No longer
required]

Contents:

• The EPA has determined that Onboard Refueling Vapor Recovery has supplanted State II and it
is no longer required for ozone nonattainment areas. [No longer required]

325 Exemptions for Certain Territories

Contents:

• Certain territories including Guam, American Samoa, the Virgin Islands, and the Northern
Mariana Islands may be exempt from most requirements of the Act if the EPA finds that it is not
feasible.

TAS Applications:

• We have no experience with TAS for this section.

326 Statutory Construction

Contents:

• This section explains that certain words used in the Act are for convenience and have no legal
effect.

TAS Applications:

• We have no experience with TAS for this section.

327 Authorization of Appropriations

Contents:

• This section appropriates the money necessary to carry out the Act and provide state grants.
TAS Applications:

• Tribes are eligible for grants to carry out all or certain provision of the Act under sections 103
and 105 of the CAA.

328 Air Pollution from Outer Continental Shelf Activities

Contents:

• The EPA will establish requirements to control air pollution along the seashore, including oil
drilling.

• States adjacent to the seashore may propose regulations for controlling pollution along the
shore.

TAS Applications:

• Tribes adjacent to the seashore may establish regulations to control air pollution from Outer
Continental Shelf sources located offshore.

329 Demonstration Grant Program for Local Governments

Contents:

• The EPA will provide competitive grants to local governments to cover 40% of the cost of
improving local government buildings, through fiscal year 2012.

TAS Applications:

• Tribes may be eligible for grants through fiscal year 2012.

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TABLE 3. TITLE V-PERMITS

Synopsis of Content

Section headings that are highlighted in blue indicate CM sections which may be of special interest to you and for which

tribes frequently apply for TAS.

Section

Title

501

Definitions

Contents:

• This section defines the terms that are used in Title V.

TAS Applications:

• We have no experience with TAS for this section.

502

Permit Programs

Contents:

• (a) Violations

Explains the parameters of the permit program and what constitutes a violation by a

source.

• (b) Regulations

Establishes the minimum elements of a permit program, including permit applications,

monitoring and reporting, program fees to be paid by the source owner or operator,

program personnel, authority to administer a permit program, permit review, public

comment on and availability of permit documents, and permit revisions.

• (c) Single permit

Single permits may be issued for a facility with multiple sources.

• (d) Submission and approval

Establishes timing for states to develop permit programs under state or local law and for

the EPA Administrator to approve/disapprove the program. States may face sanctions

for not submitting approvable permit programs.

• (e) Suspension

Approved state permit programs will replace federal permit programs; however, the EPA

Administrator retains the ability to enforce permits issued by a state.

• (f) Prohibition

Establishes the requirements of a partial permit program.

• (g) Interim approval

Interim permit program approval may be granted under certain conditions.

• (h) Effective date

The effective date of the permit programs is the date of approval by the EPA

Administrator.

• (i) Administration and enforcement

If a permitting authority is not adequately administering and enforcing a program EPA

will provide notice and enforce sanctions. If a state does not correct program

deficiencies, the EPA will promulgate, administer and enforce a permit program.

TAS Applications:

• Tribes can administer their own EPA-approved permit programs. Tribes can decide how much of

the permitting program they are willing and/or able to implement. The EPA's federal

implementation plan (FIP) will administer the permit program in Indian country until tribes take

on all or portions of the program.

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Section

Title

•

Tribes are not subject to the same timeline as states for developing an approvable permit

program. Tribes are not subject to sanctions for not developing an approvable permit program.

Tribes can also take delegation of the EPA's federal permitting program. With delegation, the

EPA remains responsible for enforcement.

503

Permit Applications

Contents:

•

(a) Applicable date

Specifies the date that sources must have a permit in place.

•

(b) Compliance plan

The source's permit application must be submitted with a plan that specifies how the

source will comply with all the requirements. The source must also certify, at least

annually, that the facility is in compliance with the permit requirements and promptly

report any deviations from the requirements.

•

Establishes deadlines for the permitting authority to approve/disapprove a completed

permit application.

•

(d) Timely and complete applications

If the permitting authority does not take timely final action on a permit application, the

source's failure to have a permit is not a violation.

•

(e) Copies; availability

Copies of each permit application and accompanying information must be available to

the public.

TAS Applications:

•

The tribal permitting authority should issue or deny a permit within 18 months after the receipt of

a completed permit application.

•

The tribal permitting authority may establish a phased schedule for acting on permit applications

within the first full year of their permit program.

•

The tribal permitting authority must make copies of the permit application and all accompanying

information available to the public.

504

Permit Requirements and Conditions

Contents:

•

(a) Conditions

Establishes requirements that each permit issued include: enforceable emission limits

and standards, schedule of compliance, a requirement that the permittee submit, at

least every 6 months, monitoring results and other conditions to assure compliance.

•

(b) Monitoring and analysis

The EPA Administrator may establish procedures for determining compliance and for

the monitoring and analysis of pollutants.

•

Each permit issued must include requirements for inspection, entry, monitoring,

compliance certification, and reporting to ensure compliance with the permit.

•

(d) General permits

The permitting authority may issue a general permit covering numerous similar sources.

The general permit must comply with all requirements and the source must still file an

application.

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Section Title

• (e) Temporary sources

o The permitting authority can issue a single permit authorizing emissions from similar
operations at multiple temporary locations. The permit must include conditions that will
assure compliance with all requirements at all authorized locations. The owner/operator
must notify the permitting authority of each change in location. The permitting authority
may require a separate permit fee for operations at each location.

• (f) Permit shield

o Deems when an issued permit is in compliance with the applicable provisions of Title V.
o Can protect a source from enforcement of an applicable requirement under two
circumstances: 1) where that applicable requirement has been included in the permit
(and is therefore enforced through the permit); or 2) where it has been determined that
the requirement does not apply to the source,
o Under no circumstances should a permit shield be used to exempt a source from a
requirement to which it is subject.

TAS Applications:

• The tribal permitting authority should ensure that each permit they issue includes the
enforceable emission limits, schedule of compliance, monitoring results, and any other
requirements of CM 504(a) as needed.

• The tribal permitting authority must ensure that each permit includes the inspection, entry,
monitoring certification, and reporting requirements of CM 504(c) as needed.

• The tribal permitting authority may issue general permits that cover numerous similar sources.

• The tribal permitting authority may issue a single permit authorizing emissions from similar
operations at multiple temporary locations.

505 Notification to Administrator and Contiguous States

Contents:

• (a) Transmission and notice - The permitting authority must submit to the EPA a copy of the
permit application with the compliance plan and a copy of each proposed and final permit. The
permitting authority must also notify states, whose air quality may be affected by the source and
which are contiguous to the state in which the emissions originate or within 50 miles of the
source, of each permit application. The permitting authority must also provide an opportunity for
the affected states to submit written recommendations on the permit issuance and notify the
state why it is not accepting the recommendations.

• (b) Objection by the EPA - EPA can object to any permit that is determined as not in compliance
with the requirements. Also provides the parameters that allow anyone to petition EPA to object
to the issuance of a permit.

• (c) Issuance or denial - The permitting authority must submit for the EPA review a revised
permit within 90 after the date of an objection.

• (d) Waiver of notification requirements - the EPA may waive the requirements of (a) and (b) of
this section for any category of sources other than major sources. EPA may also establish
categories of sources (except for major sources) to which the requirements of (a) and (b) of this
section do not apply. In addition, the EPA may waive the state notification requirements of (a) of
this section.

• (e) Refusal of permitting authority to terminate, modify, or revoke and reissue - the EPA will
notify the permitting authority if the EPA finds cause to terminate, modify or revoke and reissue a

permit. If the permitting authority fails to take action within the prescribed timeframe, the EPA

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Section	Title

may, after notice and in accordance with fair and reasonable procedures, terminate, modify, or
revoke and reissue the permit.

TAS Applications:

•	The tribal permitting authority must submit a copy of the proposed and final permit to the EPA for
review. The tribal permitting authority must also notify states/tribes whose air quality may be
affected by the source of each permit application and proposed permit and allow the state/tribe
the opportunity to submit recommendations on the permit. If the recommendations are not
accepted by the tribal permitting authority, the authority must explain why in writing.

•	The EPA may object to any permit that is determined as not in compliance with the
requirements. Any person can petition the EPA to object to a permit—the petition must identify
all the reasons for the objection.

•	If the EPA finds that a permit is not in compliance with the requirements, the tribal permitting
authority must submit a revised permit to the EPA.

•	With appropriate cause, the EPA may terminate, modify, or revoke and reissue a permit. The
EPA will notify the tribal permitting authority and provide the authority the opportunity to take
action.

•	Tribes have the opportunity (even without their own permitting program) to get TAS for
505(a)(2). This means, that state and local permitting authorities need to treat the tribe as an
affected state and follow the notice requirements in 505(a) 'The permitting authority shall notify
all States - whose air quality may be affected and that are contiguous to the State in which the

	emission originates, or (b) that are within 50 miles of the source."	

506 Other Authorities

Contents:

•	(a) In general - Nothing prevents a state or interstate permitting authority from establishing
additional permitting requirements that are consistent with CAA Title V.

•	(b) Permits implementing acid rain provisions - The provisions of CAA Title V apply to permits
implementing the requirements of subchapter IV-A, except as modified by that subchapter.

TAS Applications:

•	Tribes may establish additional permitting requirements consistent with CAA Title V.

•	The requirements of CAA Title V apply to tribes that issue permits to implement acid rain
	provisions (CAA subchapter IV-A).	

507

Small Business Stationary Source Technical and Environmental Compliance Assistance
Program	

Contents:

•	(a) Plan revisions - This section outline the requirements for establishing a small business
stationary source technical and environmental compliance assistance program, which each state
must adopt in their state implementation plan.

•	(b) Program - the EPA will establish a small business stationary source technical and
environmental compliance assistance program that will assist the states with development of
their small business assistance programs, issue guidance to states on implementing their
programs, and implement a program if a state fails to do so.

•	(c) Eligibility - Defines the meaning of a "small business stationary source": employs 100 or
fewer individuals, is a small business as defined in the Small Business Act, is not a major
stationary source, does not emit 50 tons or more per year of any regulated pollutant, and emits

	less than 75 tons per year of all regulated pollutants. Outlines possible categories or	

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Section

Title

subcategories of sources that may be excluded (by EPA or the state) from the small business
stationary source definition, which are determined to have sufficient technical and financial
capabilities to meet the requirements of CAA Title V without the application of the small business
assistance program.

• (d) Monitoring - The Small Business Ombudsman will monitor the small business stationary
source technical and environmental compliance assistance program for effectiveness.

• (e) Compliance Advisory Panel - A state level Compliance Advisory Panel will be formed to
monitor the small business stationary source technical and environmental compliance
assistance program.

• (f) Fees - In consideration of financial resources, fees for small business stationary sources may
be reduced by the EPA or the state.

• (g) Continuous emission monitors - the EPA will consider the necessity and appropriateness of
continuous emission monitoring requirements to small business stationary sources.

• (h) The EPA will consider the size, type, and technical capabilities of small business stationary
sources in developing CTGs.

TAS Applications:

• The tribe must include a small business stationary source technical and environmental
compliance assistance program in their tribal implementation plan (TIP) and implement the
program. The EPA will implement the program if a tribe chooses not to.

• The tribe may form a Compliance Advisory Panel to monitor the small business stationary
source technical and environmental compliance assistance program.

• The tribe may reduce the permitting fees for small business stationary sources.

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