A FPA Protection ^\xSmartWay
M lkAgency U.S. Environmental Protection agency"'
2024 SmartWay
Online Truck Tool:
All Carriers
Technical Documentation
U.S. Version 1.0
(Data Year 2023)
EPA-420-B-24-004 I January 20241 SmartWay Transport Partnership I epa.gov/smartway
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^CPA EnvlronmemaI Protection ^^\XSmartWay
* mAgency U.S. Environmental Protection Agency^
2024 SmartWay
Online Truck Tool:
All Carriers
Technical Documentation
U.S. Version 1.0
(Data Year 2023)
Transportation and Climate Division
Office of Transportation and Air Quality
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
EPA-420-B-24-004
January 2024
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Table of Contents
1.0 OVERVIEW 6
2.0 DATA INPUTS AND SOURCES 7
2.1 C02 Factors 7
2.2 NOx, PM and BC Factors 10
2.3 Alternative Fuels 18
2.4 PM Control Effectiveness 20
3.0 EMISSION AND ACTIVITY ESTIMATION 21
3.1 C02 Emissions 21
3.2 NOx, PM and BC Emissions 22
3.3 Activity Calculations 26
3.4 Data Validation 31
4.0 PERFORMANCE METRICS 64
Appendices
Appendix A: MOVES3.1 N0X, PM & BC Emission Factors (g/mi) 2023 Calendar Year A-i
Appendix B: NOx, PM & BC Idle Factors - g/hr B-i
Appendix C: Derivation of National Average g/kW-hr Emission Factors C-i
Appendix D: PERE Efficiency Modeling Methodology D-i
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List of Tables
Table l. C02 Factors by Fuel Type* 8
Table 2. Weighted Average Reefer Fuel Factors (g/gallon) 11
Table 3. MOVES Source Types Associated with Class 2b - 8b Vehicles 12
Table 4. Default Speed Category Distributions by Vehicle Class for Urban Operation (MOVES20ioa basis) ..23
Table 5. Average, Min and Max Payloads (short tons) by Truck Class/SmartWay Category 26
Table 6. Basic Range and Logical Checks 31
Table 7. Reefer Fuel Consumption Validation Ranges 34
Table 8. Truck Fleet Groupings Used for Distributional Analysis 35
Table 9. Outlier Definition 36
Table 10. Values Flagged as Outliers 36
Table 11. "Red" and "Yellow" Flag Criteria 42
Table 12. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination Annual Miles per Vehicle 47
Table 13. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination Miles per Gallon 48
Table 14. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination % Revenue Miles 49
Table 15. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination % Empty Miles 50
Table 16. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination Idle Hours and Days of Use per Year 51
Table 17. Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination Annual Miles per Vehicle 52
Table 18. Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination Miles per Gallon 53
Table 19. Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination % Revenue Miles 54
Table 20. Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination % Empty Miles 55
Table 21. Maximum and Minimum Observed Miles per Gallon 56
Table 22. Maximum Diesel Miles per Gallon Estimates (PERE Model Basis) 57
Table 23. Maximum Miles per Gallon Estimates - Non-Diesel Vehicles 58
Table 24. Electric Truck Average mi/kWhrand Validation Ranges 61
Table A-i. Diesel Truck Emission Factors A-i
Table A-2. Gasoline Truck Emission Factors A-11
Table B-i. Short Duration Idle Emission Factors (< 60 minutes per idle event) (g/hr) B-i
Table B-2. Extended Idle Emission Factors - Class 8b Diesels Only (g/hr) B-10
Table C-i. Electric Generation Mix C-i
Table C-2. Power Plant Emissions at Gate C-i
Table C-3. Power Plant Emissions at Wall Outlet C-2
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List of Figures
Figure l. Example Emissions and Activity Fractions by Operating Mode 13
Figure 2. Default NOx Contribution by Speed Bin 16
Figure 3. Default PM25 Contribution by Speed Bin 17
Figure 4. Number of Observations vs Fraction of Fuel Used by Reefers 34
Figure 5. Annual Miles per Vehicle Distribution, Class 8b TL/Dry Van Diesel Fleets 41
Figure 6. Miles per Gallon Distribution, Class 8b TL/Dry Van Diesel Fleets 41
SmartWay Technical Documentation | List of Figures 5
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Overview
This document provides detailed background information on the data sources, calculation methods, and
assumptions used within the SmartWay Online Truck Tool for all carriers (OTT) for Data Year 2023, version 1.0.
The Tool utilizes up-to-date emission factors, in combination with detailed vehicle activity data, to estimate
emissions and associated performance metrics. The primary purpose of the Tool is to help fleets calculate
actual pollutant emissions for specific truck types and applications and track their emissions performance
over time. Shippers can, in turn, use the data that truck carriers report using these Tools to develop more
advanced emissions inventories associated with their freight activity and to track their emissions
performance over time.
The Tool allows the user to evaluate fleet performance in terms of different mass-based performance
metrics for carbon dioxide (C02), nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PMi0 and PM25), and black carbon
(BC) including:1
• Grams per mile
• Grams per average payload ton-mile
The Tool can also generate estimates of emissions associated with the total miles, loaded miles, and
revenue miles traveled by a fleet. Fleet performance can then be assessed at the truck-class and/or fuel-
type level, or on an aggregated basis across all classes and fuels.
The Tool also collects extensive information on fleet operations and truck body types, allowing detailed
segmentation of Partner fleets for more appropriate, equitable comparisons. For example, fleets that cube-
out with low payloads (e.g., those hauling potato chips) will be able to compare themselves to similar fleets
on a simple gram per mile basis, rather than a mix of fleets that includes fleets that routinely weigh-out.
Similarly, fleets that operate in primarily urban environments at relatively low average speeds will have
fundamentally different emission rates and constraints than fleets operating at highway speeds. By
collecting detailed information on fleet operations (TL vs. LTL, urban vs. highway, etc.), as well as truck class
(2b through 8b) and SmartWay Category (e.g., Dry Van, Reefer, Flatbed, etc.), individual fleets can compare
their performance to other, similar fleets, which can help them to better manage their emissions
performance.
1 At this time, the OTT does not calculate performance metrics for specialty fleets that track their activity in terms of hours of use rather than miles traveled
or freight hauled (e.g., refuse haulers and utility fleets). Future modifications may be made to the current Tool to accommodate such fleets.
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M Data Inputs and Sources
The OTT user provides most vehicle characteristic, operational, and activity data needed for emissions
performance estimation (see Section 3 for more information). The Tool calculates emissions by multiplying
fleet activity data with EPA-approved emission rate factors that are stored in look-up tables within the Tool.
The Tool contains different types of emission rate factors for different pollutants. C02 factors are expressed
in grams of CO 2 per gallon of fuel23 NOx, PM, and BC factors are expressed in grams of pollutant per mile
traveled for operating emissions, and in grams per hour for idle emissions. In general, C02 factors are
independent of the truck types, classes, and operational practices in a fleet. NOx, PM and BC factors,
however, vary depending upon a number of parameters, including:
• Truck class
• Engine model year/emission certification standard
• Vehicle speed
• Vehicle driving pattern (referred to as "drive cycle")
In addition, PM and BC emissions will also vary with the application of PM control retrofits, including diesel
oxidation catalysts (DOC), closed crankcase ventilation (CCV), and diesel particulate filters ("PM traps" or flow-
through filters). In the Tool, PM control retrofits are assumed to have the same impact on operating and idle
emission factors, and control effectiveness for PM is assumed to equal the effectiveness for BC.4
2.1 C02 FACTORS
EPA populated the OTT with C02 factors that are based on fuel consumption. These factors and their sources
and are summarized below in Table 1.
2 At this time other greenhouse gases such as methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N20) are not included in the current Tool.
3 The Tool also estimates Scope 2 emissions associated with battery-electric trucks. In this case pollutant emissions (C02, NOx, PM can BC) are determined
based on the kWhrs used for charging. Scope 2 emissions are only reported in the Public Disclosure Report.
4 Future versions of the Tool may account for differences in retrofit effectiveness for running versus idle emissions, and differences between PM and BC
control effectiveness.
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Table l. C02 Factors by Fuel Type*
Fuel
g/physical
gallon
Source5
Gasoline
8,887
(i)
Diesel
10,180
(ii)
BiofuelA (100%)
9,460
(iii)
Ethanol. (100%)
5,764
(iv)
CNG
7,030
(v)
LNG
4,394
(vi)
LPG
5,790
(vii)
* 100% combustion (oxidation) assumed
A Biofuel includes biodiesel and renewable diesel
Note that the Tool calculates tailpipe emissions from biofuel blends (gasoline/ethanol, diesel/biofuel) by
applying separate emission factors to the user-specified volume of each blend component. The Tool then
adds the emissions from each blend component together to determine total C02 emissions. Therefore,
emission factors for specific blend ratios are not needed for C02.6
Within the Tool, users may provide their CNG fuel use estimates in terms of gasoline-gallon equivalent (GGE)
(on a Btu basis), diesel-gallon equivalent (DGE), or in standard cubic feet (scf). If CNG consumption is
expressed in DGE or scf, the Tool uses the following factors to convert the CNG fuel estimates to GGE.
For CNG:
• Diesel-Gallon Equivalent (DGE) to Gasoline-Gallon Equivalent (GGE)
¦ l DGE = 1.112 GGE
5 i) Final Rule on Light-Duty Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Emissions Standards and Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards {75 FR 25324, May 7, 2010). The
gasoline factor used in this rule was sourced from the California Air Resources Board and is based on measurement of carbon from a gasoline test fuel
(indolene).
ii) Fuel economy calculations in 40 C.F.R 600.113 available at https://www.aovinfo.aov/content/pka/CFR-2004-title40-vol28/pdf/CFR-2004-title40-
vol28-sec6oo-ii3-Q3.pdf. Accessed 12-8-23.
iii) Tables IV.A.3-2 and 3-3 in A Comprehensive Analysis of Biodiesel Impacts on Exhaust Emissions, available at
https://nepis.epa.aov/Exe/ZvPDF.cai/PiooiZAo.PDF?Dockev=PiooiZAo.PDF. Accessed 12-8-23.
iv) Final Rule on Mandatory Reporting of Greenhouse Gases {70 FR 56260, September 15, 2009). Full source documentation is available on pp. 31-32 in the
Technical Support Document, Petroleum Products and Natural Gas Liquids: Definitions, Emission Factors, Methods and Assumptions, available at
https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/fi les/2Qi':;-07/documents/subpartmmproductdefinitions.pdf. Accessed 12-8-23.
v) Calculations of Lifecycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions for the 2005 Gasoline and Diesel Baselines in the Notice of Availability of Expert Peer Review Record
supporting the proposed revisions to the Renewable Fuel Standard Program {74 FR 41359) available in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2005-0161-0925.1
(Spreadsheet "Emission Factors").
vi) Assuming 74,720 Btu/gal Lower heating value (https://afdc.enerav.aov/fuels/properties. Accessed 12-8-23), and 0.059 g/Btu (from CNG calculation,
source v).
vii) Table C-i in the Final Rule on Mandatory Reporting of Greenhouse Gases {70 FR 56260, October 30, 2009). Full source documentation is available in
Table A-39 and pg. A-60 of the Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1QQ0 - 2007 available at
https://www,epa,aov/ahaemissions/inventorv-us-areenhouse-aas-emissions-and-sinks-iQQ0-2007. Accessed 12-8-23.
6 The Tool also estimates the barrels of petroleum required to make the reported gallons of diesel and gasoline based on national averages: 19 gallons of
gasoline and 10 gallons of diesel assumed per barrel of petroleum.
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¦ Note: l GGE = 125,000 BTU and l DGE = 139,000 BTU, so l DGE = 1.112 GGE (139,000/125,000).
• Cubic Feet (cuft) to GasoLine-GaLLon Equivalent (GGE)
¦ 123.57 cuft = 1 GGE7
For LNG, users may provide their fuel use estimates in terms of physical gallons, gasoline-gallon equivalent
(GGE) (on a Btu basis), diesel-gallon equivalent (DGE), or in pounds (lbs). If LNG consumption is expressed in
GGE, DGE, or pounds, the Tool uses the following factors to convert the LNG fuel estimates to physical
gallons.
For LNG:
• Diesel-Gallon Equivalent (DGE) to Physical Gallon
¦ l DGE = 1.67 Gallons LNG8
• Gasoline-Gallon Equivalent (GGE) to Physical Gallon
¦ l GGE = 1.50 Gallons LNG9
• Pounds (lbs) to Physical Gallon
¦ 349 lbs LNG = 1 LNG Gallons10
When reporting fuel consumption and fuel efficiency across multiple fuel types, the OTT generally uses DGE
for comparison. The following summarizes the DGE equivalent to one physical gallon of the fuel types
included in the OTT.
¦ 1 gallon gasoline = 0.899 DGE
¦ 1 gallon LNG = 0.558 DGE
¦ 1 gallon CNG = 0.729 DGE
¦ 1 gallon E85 = 0.660 DGE
¦ 1 gallon B100 = 0.959 DGE
¦ 1 gallon LPG = 0.661 DGE
¦ 1 kWh electricity = 0.027 DGE*
"NOTE: the DGE conversion factor for electricity does not account for the very large efficiency improvement
electric trucks obtain by eliminating the transmission, use of regenerative braking and other factors. The
7 Alternative Fuels Data Center. Gasoline and Diesel Gallon Equivalency Methodology, https://afdc.enerav.aov/fuels/eauivalencv methodolociv.html.
Accessed 12-8-23.
fJ Midwest Energy Solutions. Energy Volume & Weight.
3 Ibid.
10 Ibid.
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California Air Resources Board (CARB) estimates the overall efficiency improvement of moving from
conventional diesel trucks to electric power is a factor of 2.7, for an effective conversion factor of 0.0753
gallons of diesel per kWhr.11 This factor is applied to electric truck energy consumption estimates in the tool
to provide reasonable diesel-equivalent truck efficiency estimates.
CO2 equivalent (C02e) emissions are provided in the tool's Public Disclosure report, and are calculated by
multiplying C02 values by a scaling factor which varies by Scope:
Scope 1 emissions: C02e = CO2 x 1.02271
Scope 2 emissions: C02e = CO2 x 1.02038
The Scope 1 scaling factor was based on data from Table 2-13 in the most recent EPA Emissions and Sinks
Report. The factor was derived by dividing the medium and heavy-duty truck emissions for each greenhouse
gas excluding C02 (CH4, N20, and HFCs) by the total emissions including C02, and then summing the ratios to
obtain the total adjustment factor. The Scope 2 scaling factor was developed following the same method
using emissions data for electricity-related transportation from Table 2-11 of the Emissions and Sinks Report.
2.2 NOx, PM AND BC FACTORS
The OTT contains NOXl PMi0. PM25 and BC12 emission factor outputs for on-road operation from EPA's
MOVES3.1 model for diesel and E1013 for all heavy truck classes (2b - 8b) under national default temperature
and fuel conditions, for model years 1993 and later, for the 2023 calendar year (see Appendix A for a full list
of factors).14 The emission factors are broken out by general drive cycle type (urban or highway), and average
speed range, as discussed below.
Short-duration (less than 60 minutes) idle emission factors for NOx, PM and BC were developed separately
by model year, truck class, and fuel type (diesel and gasoline). MOVES3.1 provides short duration idle in
terms of grams and hours of off-network idle.
MOVES3.1 also provides emission factors for long-duration idle for long-haul combination diesel trucks.
These factors are applied separately to the long-duration idle hour estimates provided for Class 8b trucks
within the Tool.15 Short-duration factors are applied to each of the truck class types.16
11 See https://ww2,arb,ca.gov/resources/documents/batterv-eLectric-truck-and-bus-enerav-efficiencv-compared-conventionaL-diesel. Accessed 12-8-23.
12 Black carbon factors are assumed to equal the elemental carbon gram per mile factors output by the MOVES model.
13 All gasoline consumption in the United States and Canada is now assumed to consist of E10. Pure gasoline (Eo) emission factors are no longer used in the
Tool. References to "gasoline" in the Tool and the associated documentation refer to E10.
14 Emission factors for model years prior to 1993 are assumed to equal the 1993 values, since 30 year old engines are assumed to be fully deteriorated by
the MOVES model.
15 NOx factors for long-term extended idling are higher than short-duration factors (at least for late model engines) since engine operation temperatures and
loads at idle are generally not high enough to activate late-model emission controls such as selective catalytic reduction and exhaust gas recirculation.
16 MOVES3 is the first version of MOVES to include a class of trucks known as "gliders" that are trucks built by pairing a new chassis with an old diesel engine
and powertrain. The OTT assumes no gliders are used by SmartWay partners, and emission factors do not reflect any gliders in the fleet.
COze:
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Note that hybrid electric trucks are assumed to have no short-duration idle emissions (due to assumed
engine auto-shut off), although long-duration idle (and regular exhaust17) emissions are assumed unchanged
relative to their conventional vehicle counterparts. Finally, battery-electric trucks are assumed to have no
idle emissions of either kind.
The resulting idle factors are presented in Appendix B.
Tool also calculates the NOx, PM and BC emissions associated with transportation refrigeration (reefer) units.
The MOVES emissions model was used to develop emission rates for these units for the 2023 calendar year,
following these steps:
• A national average model run was performed for the Industrial sector, including gasoline and diesel
fueled equipment;
• The A/C refrigeration (reefer) unit standard classification codes (SCCs) were extracted from the
output files - 2265003060 (gasoline) and 2270003060 (diesel);
• Grams per day outputs for weekdays and weekends for each of the 12 months were converted to
grams per year by aggregating emissions over day types to arrive at an average day value,
multiplying by the number of days in each month, and summing over month. This resulted in annual
grams of emissions (of NOx and PM25) and grams of fuel consumed (in terms of brake specific fuel
consumption or BSFC), for each fuel type;
• BSFC was converted from grams to gallons fuel using the MOVES energy density values of 2,819
g/gal and 3,167 g/gal for gasoline and diesel, respectively.
• Grams/gallon emission factors were then calculated for each pollutant by dividing the annual grams
of emissions of NO and PM25 by the annual gallons of fuel consumed for gasoline and diesel.
Black carbon emissions associated with reefer activity were scaled from PM25 reefer emissions, applying
conversion factors for nonroad equipment from the Commission for Environmental Cooperation (0.349 for
diesel engines and 0.122 for gasoline engines).18 Table 2 provides the fuel factors used in the latest Tool.
Table 2. Weighted Average Reefer Fuel Factors (g/gallon)
Fuel
X
O
z
pm25
BC
Diesel
45.992
0.596
0.208
Gasoline
17.541
0.919
0.112
17 While there is evidence that NOx emissions may be decreased through the use of hybrid electric technology, EPA has not performed emission testing to
assess this effect. Therefore, hybrid NOx and PM/BC exhaust emission rates are assumed to equal conventional vehicle equivalents in the current Tool.
18 Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC), 2015. North American Black Carbon Emissions Estimation Guidelines: Methods for Estimating Black
Carbon Emissions. Prepared for the CEC by Eastern Research Group, Inc. Final Report, May 2015.
http://www.cec.org/files/documents/publications/ii62Q-north-american-black-carbon-emissions-recommended-methods-estimatina-black-en.pdf.
Accessed 12-8-23.
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The next section describes the process followed to select the on-road emission factors from MOVES3.1 for
use in the Tool. Emission factors in grams per mile were developed for E10 and diesel fuel types for all
MOVES source types that correspond to the regulatory heavy-duty vehicle classes, 2b-8b inclusive. The
MOVES source types modeled are shown in the table below. Of these, school buses, refuse trucks and motor
homes represent only a small fraction of total activity.
Table 3. MOVES Source Types Associated with Class 2b - 8b Vehicles
Source Type ID
Source Type Name
31
Passenger Truck
32
Light Commercial Truck
43
School Bus
51
Refuse T ruck
52
Single Unit Short-haul Truck
53
Single Unit Long-haul Truck
54
Motor Home
61
Combination Short-haul Truck
62
Combination Long-haul Truck
Separate factors were developed for "Urban" and "Highway/Rural" roadway types. These factors were
apportioned according to MOVES operating mode groups, which correspond to speed ranges of 0-25 mph,
25-50 mph, and 50+ mph.
Emission factors calculated by the model, output by MOVES source type, were then converted to a vehicle
class basis. In this way, the Tool can select appropriate emission factors for use by:
• weight class
• model year
• road type (urban vs. highway/rural)
• speed distribution
The following describes the methodology for the emission factor calculation.
Calculation of MOVES emission factors by operating mode
In calculating emission factors, the primary goal is to disaggregate factors by the percentage of time a given
type of vehicle spends operating at certain speeds. The ranges of speeds analyzed include 0-25 mph, 25-50
mph, and greater than 50 mph. These speed ranges correspond to MOVES operating modes #11-16, 21-29,
and 30-40 inclusive, where each operating mode is defined by both the speed of the vehicle and its vehicle
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specific power (VSP). First, for a given source type and model year, the fraction of emissions attributable to
each range of speed was determined. Emissions for a vehicle can be expressed in Equation 1:
Equation l
E = A1E1 + A2E2 + A3E3 + A1E1 + AbEb
Where:
E'
A1-3
E1-3
uncorrected19 mass emissions calculated based on operating mode and emissions
contribution by speed bin
the sum of activity fractions (in seconds) over speed range n. (Ai and AB represent
the activity associated with the individual operating modes for idling and braking,
respectively.)
the weighted average emissions over a given speed range n. (Ei and EB represent
the emissions associated with the individual operating modes for idling and braking,
respectively.)
The following figure shows a range of emissions and activity fractions for an example source type and model
year. The operating mode (or VSP bin) are shown on the x-axis. The dashed red line presents the fraction of
vehicle activity associated with a given operating mode, while the black circles present average HC
emissions for each operating mode.
Figure 1. Example Emissions and Activity Fractions by Operating Mode
0.0028
0.0027 -
0.0026
0.0025
0.0024
0.0023
u
0.0022
<
0.0007
0.0006-
1
0.0005
0.0004
0.0003
0.0002
0.0001
0-0000
:D O
< 25 mph
\ °
\ o
O
o
25 - 50 mph
/\
/
/
/ 1
/ \
/ *
/ \
c
o
o
o
\
o-
>50
/ \
I \
I \
i \
I 1
I I
i \
I \
I \
/
/ \
/ \
\
\
o \
\
\
tu
Q_
o
300 y
0 1 11 12 13 14 15 16 21 22 23 24 25 27 28
VSP Bin
PLOTS hc_n
plot o o o hemean
30 33 35 37 38
CU
>
m
9 Subsequent adjustment factors are presented in Equation 3 below.
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For our purposes, An from Equation l is obtained by retaining the "opmodefraction2" table from the
"MOVESExecution" database, which is created by the Operating Mode Distribution Generator (OMDG) during
a MOVES run. This table contains operating mode fractions by source type, roadway type, average speed
bin, and pollutant/process. The fractions from this table are normalized using average speed distributions
from the "avgspeeddist" table, and the sum of the normalized operating mode fractions in each speed bin
constitutes An.
En' is derived from data obtained from the default MOVES "emissionratebyage" table. This table contains
emission rates by pollutant process, operating mode, and age group for a wide variety of sourcebinlDs. For
this analysis, a MySQL query was used to select sourcebinlDs corresponding to the source type, fuel type,
and calendar year of interest, and limited our rate selection to the 4-5 year age group. The emissions
obtained here were then converted to a source type basis (from their current sourcebinID basis); this was
done by retaining the "sourcebindistribution" table from the MOVESExecution database, which is created by
the Source Bin Distribution Generator (SBDG) during each MOVES run and weighting the activity fractions for
each source type and model year combination in this table with the data from the "emissionratebyage" table
described above. Having finished this mapping, an emission rate is generated, by source type and model
year, for each operating mode (corresponding to the circles in the figure above). Since En' for each speed
range represents the average emissions of the range weighted by the activity in that range, the weighted
average emissions can be calculated from the 0-25 mph speed bin, Ei", as follows in Equation 2:
Rn = The activity fraction for operating mode n, obtained from the "opmodedist2" table
Tn = The emissions for operating mode n.
Other speed bins will use different operating modes in their calculations; the equation above is merely an
example illustrating the calculation method for the first speed bin. Having calculated an appropriate En' for
each speed range for a given source type and model year, Equation 1 can be used, along with the
appropriate activity fraction, to arrive at a total uncorrected emissions value. In and of itself, this emission
factor has little value in estimating emissions. However, it can be used along with the modeled emission
factor for a particular source type and model year to arrive at an overall adjustment factor, as shown in
Equation 3:
Equation 2
Where:
Equation 3
E
Where:
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E = The modeled emission, obtained from MOVES outputs, for an individual source type and
model year
E' = The uncorrected emissions for an individual source type and model year, calculated using
operating mode distributions and emission factors from the "emissionratebyage" table
This overall adjustment factor, in turn, can be applied to each individual emissions component, En', as shown
in Equation 4:
Equation 4
En = ZEn
The adjusted emissions, En, are subsequently used to calculate a total, corrected emission factor for a given
source type and model year combination, as described by Equation 5:
Equation 5
E = A1E1 + A2E2 + A3E3 + A1E1 + AbEb
In this way, a representative emission factor is calculated by operating mode/speed group. This will allow
the Tool to adjust the default operating mode percentages (An) to more accurately represent a user-provided
speed profile for the vehicles they are evaluating. Default operating mode percentages may also be used, as
calculated above.
Conversion of Emission Factors from Source Type to Weight Class Basis
Ultimately, emission factor lookup tables are required for use in the Tool by weight class, fuel type, and
model year. However, modeled output from MOVES is aggregated by source type. Therefore, a post-
processing Tool was developed to convert vehicle emission factors from source types to weight class based
on internal MOVES tables. The conversion methodology used in this Tool is described below.
First, the adjusted emissions and activity output from MOVES are combined, by pollutantID, by joining the
"movesoutput" and "movesactivityoutput" tables by calendar year, source type, fuel type and model year.
The sourcetype and model year for each record are combined in a new field, sourcetypemodelyearlD.
Next, the emissions and activity output from the first step are combined with the MOVES "sizeweightfraction"
table by joining on the sourcetypemodelyearlD. The "sizeweightfraction" table contains, for a given
combination of source type and model year, the fraction of vehicles apportioned across weightcLasslD. Given
the weightcLasslD, the portion of emissions and activity attributable to a given range of vehicle weights is
determined, and subsequently, those weights (along with fuel type) are mapped back to MOBILE6 vehicle
classes, which are based on GVWR. (This is achieved with a separate lookup table, "M6VehType", which is
derived from Appendix B, Table 3 of the EPA's MOBILE6.2 User's Guide.) For each calendar year,
sourcetypemodelyearlD and pollutantID, the sizeweightfraction is multiplied by the emissions (in grams) and
activity (in miles) to obtain EmissionFrac and ActivityFrac, respectively.
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Finally, the EmissionFrac and ActivityFrac calculated above are summed by yearlD, pollutantID, fueltypelD,
and vehicle class (e.g., HDDV8b). This provides total emissions and activity independent of the MOVES
source type or vehicle model year. Finally, the aggregated emissions are divided by the activity to arrive at
g/mi emission factors presented in Appendix A.
Modeling Gasoline Emission Rates
In a MOVES run that uses nationwide defaults for fuel supply, the model includes dozens of fuel formulations
on a by-fuel region basis in its calculations. In addition to diesel fuels, many counties in the model defaults
are characterized by varying market shares of and Eio and E15.20
Sensitivity Analysis Results
The relative emissions impact of different speed regimes was evaluated for four road types - urban arterial,
urban freeway, rural arterial, and rural freeway. To simplify the sensitivity analysis, MOVES outputs were
generated for diesel long-haul combination trucks, model year 2012, run for the 2014 calendar year, using
national average defaults (e.g., fuel specifications, temperatures, etc.). The results of the analysis are shown
for NOx and PM25 below.
Figure 2. Default NOx Contribution by Speed Bin
Urban Art
Urban Frwy Rural Art
Road type
Rural Frwy
¦ IDLE
~ BRAK
~ 5070
~ 2550
~ 0025
20 Only 2001+ model year Light-duty vehicles may use E15 fuel. See https://afdc.enerav.aov/fueLs/ethanoL eiR.html. Accessed 12-8-23.
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As shown in the above charts, the emissions for urban freeways, rural arterials, and rural freeways are all
heavily dominated by high speed (50 - 70 mph) operation.21 In addition, actual emission levels are relatively
insensitive to road type across these three types. However, speed distribution appears to have a significant
bearing on emissions for urban arterial operation. Accordingly, the recommendation for Tool application was
to develop fully disaggregated emission factor look up tables (retaining all four road types), and then weight
urban freeway, rural arterial, and rural freeway road type operations to aggregate emission lookup tables
within the Tool to reflect "urban" (i.e., urban arterial) and "other" road types. In addition, under this approach
users can choose default speed distributions for these selections or specify the percent of operation by
major speed range (0 - 25, 25 - 50, 50 - 70). Given the relative insensitivity to speed for the "other" category,
specifying speed distributions would only be permitted for urban arterial operation.
Under this approach, the user is given the follow input options:
• Specify % Urban operation fraction
• Specify % distribution by speed bin for Urban operation, or select "default speed distribution"
Data entry is handled through the addition of a popup screen for non-default selections (see the OTT User
Guide for details).
21 This finding is consistent with the 2008 SmartWay Partner data submissions, wherein 87% of Partners selected the 50+ mph category as the most
representative of their non-urban operations.
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2.3 ALTERNATIVE FUELS
Heavy truck emission factors are not available from MOVES3.1 for certain alternative fuels, including E85 and
LPG. Accordingly, EPA used adjustment factors from a number of sources described below to estimate NOx
and PM/BC factors for these other fuels.
NOx and PM emission factors for biofuel are based on the findings from an EPA study, A Comprehensive
Analysis of Biodiesel Impacts on Exhaust Emissions (EPA420-P-02-001, October 2002). This study developed
regression equations to predict the percentage change in NOx and PM emission rates relative to conventional
diesel fuel, as a function of biofuel blend percentage, expressed in the following form:
a = 0.0009794 for NOx, and
a = -0.006384 for PM and BC22
Using Equation 6, adjustment factors were developed for biofuel blends based on the percentage of the
biofuel component,23 and then these adjustment factors were applied to the appropriate conventional diesel
emission factors in Appendix A. (See Section 2.2 for the sources of conventional diesel emission factors). Note
that the fleet-average blend value is assumed to be the same for all truck classes, since the biofuel
consumption data is not collected at the truck class level. (This assumption holds for ethanol consumption
data inputs as well.)
MOVES3.1 now incorporates specific modeling assumptions for biofuel, including options for modeling 5 and
20 percent biofuel (5% and 20%). While the pre-2007 vehicle estimates are consistent with EPA's 2002 study
findings, MOVES does not estimate an emissions effect on 2007+ model year diesel trucks because the
literature does not show consistent or significant biofuel effects on theses engines.24'25 Accordingly, the Tool
only applies adjustment factors for diesel engine model years prior to 2007.
For gasoline-ethanol blends, the Tool only accepts fuel consumption estimates for E10 and E85 since
ethanol is generally blended with gasoline at two discrete levels: 10% (E10) and 85% (E85). As discussed in
Section 2.2 above, NOx and PM factors for E10 were output directly from MOVES3.1. Given the lack of heavy-
duty E85 test data, adjustment factors for E85 were based on emissions estimates for light-duty vehicles
22 BC emission rates as a function of biofuel blend have not been identified at this time and are currently assumed identical to the PM relationship.
23 Biofuel blend percentage is calculated by dividing 100%-equivalent gallons by total fuel gallons at the fleet level - see the OTT User Guide for details
regarding biofuel use inputs.
24 McCormick, R. and A. Williams, 2011. Impact ofBiodieset on Modern Diesel Engine Emissions. Project ID: FT011. National Renewable Energy Laboratory,
Golden, CO, May 9, 2011. https://www.enerav.aov/sites/prod/files/20M/0Vfi0/ft0ii Williams 2011 p.pdf. Accessed 12-8-23.
25 CARB 2011. Final Report for the CE-CERT Engine Testing Portion for the CARB Assessment of the Emissions from the Use of Biodiesel as a Motor Vehicle
Fuel in California "Biodiesel Characterization and NOx Mitigation Study". Final Report Prepared for CARB. October 2011.
https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=repi&tvpe=pdf&doi=Qbefb6icR27cdb2a4f6eefdbM8^cbbc6iR4c70^. Accessed 12-8-23.
Equation 6
% change in emissions = (exp[a x (vol% biofuel)] -1} x 100%
Where:
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cited by the US DOE Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicles Data Center.26 These estimates come from a
technical paper published in the Journal of Air & Waste Management.27 Relative to conventional gas vehicles,
the authors of this paper estimate that vehicles running on E85 provide an average NOx reduction of 54%
(based on 73 vehicle tests), and an average PM reduction of 34% (based on 3 vehicle tests). These adjustment
factors are applied to the appropriate gasoline engine emission factors in Appendix A to develop emission
factors for E85.
Emission adjustment factors were used for gaseous fuels (LPG, CNG and LNG), developed by the National
Renewable Energy Lab and University of West Virginia based on field studies on natural gas vehicles. For this
assessment, it was assumed that CNG and LNG emissions were identical. In addition, it was also assumed
LPG vehicle emissions would be equal to natural gas vehicle emissions28 To be conservative, the smallest
emission reduction estimates were selected from the natural gas vehicle field test data (86% for PM and 17%
for NOx) relative to comparable diesel vehicles. These adjustment factors are applied to the diesel emission
factors in Appendix A and B to develop emission factors for these fuels.
Note, however, that the emissions associated with alternative fuels may be different for older trucks (with
minimal emission controls) and newer trucks (with extensive control systems in place) due to recent vehicle
emission standards. Newer studies suggest there are differences by model year in the emission rates of
gaseous fuel vehicles. A 2014 study performed by West Virginia University29 using Class 8 trucks found that a
model year 2011 dual-fuel (5% diesel, 95% LNG) high-pressure direct injection (HDPI) truck emitted 63% and
48% less NOx and PM, respectively compared to a MY 2011 diesel truck equipped with an SCR and DPF. Both
vehicles operated on the urban dynamometer driving schedule (UDDS). The same WVU study found that a
MY 2011 natural gas engine equipped with a three-way catalyst (TWC) emitted 79% and 56% less NOx and PM
compared to the MY 2011 diesel truck, also on the UDDS.
Based on this new information, the Tool uses a simple average across the two engines tested in the WVU
study, resulting in a 71% reduction for NOx and a 52% reduction for PM, and applies these new reduction
values to comparable diesel emission factors for 2010 and later model year gaseous fuel trucks. For model
years prior to 2010, the adjustment factors of 17% for NOx and 86% for PM are retained.
Emission estimates for battery-electric trucks are based on national average electric generation mix profiles
from USDOE's GREET model, as described in Appendix C.
Black carbon (BC) emissions associated with gaseous fuels are determined by multiplying the ratio of
elemental carbon (EC) and PM25 emission factors from MOVES20i4a for CNG transit buses, for calendar year
2018. The ratio EC to PM25 varies by model year group (0.0925 for pre-2002 model years, and 0.1112 for 2002+
26 See https://afdc.enerav.aov/vehicLes/fLexibLe fuel emissions.htmL Accessed 12-8-23.
27 See https://afdc.enerav.aov/fiLes/pdfs/technicaL paper febOQ.pdf. Accessed 12-8-23.
28 The PM and NOx estimates cited by this source for LPG vehicLes were sLightLy Lower than for naturaL gas vehicLes -
https://afdc.enerav.gov/vehicLes/propane_emissions.htmLAccessed 12-8-23. However, based on engineering judgment it was assumed that LPG PM and
NOx emissions wouLd be simiLar to comparabLe CNG vehicLes.
29 Carder, D.K., M. Gautam, A. Thiruvengadam, M. Besch. In-Use Emissions Testing and Demonstration of Retrofit Technology for Control of On-Road Heavy-Duty
Engines. Prepared for the South Coast Air QuaLity Management District. September 2013. https://Lazerinitiative.org/resources/in-use-emissions-testina-
and-demonstration-of-retrofit-technoLoav-for-controL-of-on-road-heavv-dutv-enaines-2/. Accessed 12-8-23.
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model years), so these different factors are applied for the different engine age groups as appropriate in
order to determine BC levels for these fuel types.
2.4 PM CONTROL EFFECTIVENESS
The OTT applies adjustment factors to the PM emission factors in Appendix A and B for any pre-2007 diesel
truck for which Partners have installed a specific retrofit control device. The following adjustment factors
were obtained from EPA OTAQ (presented as a % reduction in emissions; see Section 3.2 below for details):
• Diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) - 25%
• Closed crankcase ventilation (CCV) - 5%
• Diesel particulate filter (DPF) - 90%
References from EPA's Clean Diesel Program are generally consistent with the DOC and DPF effectiveness
estimates above (20 - 40% for DOCs, and 85% or more for DPFs).30 31 Note that an independent estimate of
CCV effectiveness was not identified, as EPA and CARB only verify CCVs when packaged with DOCs.
The Tool applies the above adjustment factors to pre-2007 PM operating and idle emission estimates. The
Tool also allows for situations where CCVs are applied in combination with either DOCs or DPFs. In such a
case, the reduction effectiveness is calculated additively. For example, if pre-control operating emissions
were 1.0 g/mile for a diesel truck, and a CCV and DOC were applied, the resulting emission rate would be:
However, the Tool assumes that DOC and DPF application are mutually exclusive.
At this time the relative effectiveness of the controls addressed above are assumed to be equal for PM and
Equation 7
1.0 x [1 - (0.25 + 0.05)] = 0.07 g/mile, post-control
BC.
30 EPA 2010a, National Clean Diesel Campaign Technical Bulletin: Diesel Oxidation Catalyst General Information. See
https://www.epa.aov/sites/production/files/20i6-0 Vdocuments/420fioo:3i.pdf. Accessed 12-8-23.
31 EPA 2010b, National Clean Diesel Campaign Technical Bulletin: Diesel Particulate Filter General Information. See
https://www.epa.aov/sites/production/files/20i6-0Vdocuments/420fi002Q.pdf. Accessed 12-8-23.
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Emission and Activity Estimation
The emission rates and adjustment factors discussed above are combined with appropriate activity data
(provided by the Partners) to calculate mass emissions at the fleet and/or partner level for C02, NOXl PM, and
BC as described below.
31 C02 EMISSIONS
C02 is calculated within the Tool utilizing emission factors expressed in grams per gallon of fuel, (with the
exception of battery-electric trucks), as discussed in Section 2.1 above. The general equation for calculating
C02 emissions using reported fuel consumption values is
Equation 8
Eco2 = ((F - B) xEFf) + (B x EFb))
Where:
Eco2 = grams C02 per year
F = Total Fuel (Gallons per year)
B = Biofuel (Gallons per year)
EFf = Fossil Fuel Emissions Factor (g/gal based on fuel type)
EFb = Biofuel Emissions Factor (g/gal based on biofuel type)
Emissions for all pollutants for battery electric trucks are calculated by multiplying the reported kWhrs used
for charging by the associated g/kWhr factor (see Appendix C).
In most instances, reefer fuel is aggregated with vehicle fuel inputs in the Tool, with the reefer fuel type
assumed to be the same as the vehicle fuel type. However, reefer units associated with gaseous fuels (LPG,
CNG, and LNG) and electric trucks are assumed to use diesel fuel (by far the most common type of reefer
engine). Accordingly, any reefer fuel use reported for gaseous fuels and electric trucks is included in the total
C02 calculation using the diesel fuel factors in Equation 8.
Fuel Allocation
The Tool asks users to enter Gallons of Fuel Used for Engine Power (including biofuel) by truck class to
estimate C02 emissions. This information may be entered directly if available. However, if the user does not
have this information but does know total fuel use and MPG by truck class, the Tool can be used to apportion
fuel use across truck classes.
In the Fuel Used for Engine Power screen, the user can enter total fuel consumption and truck class MPG
estimates. The tool then calculates the fuel used for each class based on the total fuel and class MPG. If the
total fuel calculated matches the total fuel entered to within 2%, the allocator indicates a "Match".
I
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3.2 NOx, PM AND BC EMISSIONS
Unlike C02 emissions which only vary with fuel type, NOXl PM and BC emission rates also vary substantially
depending upon engine model year and/or emission certification level, vehicle class, drive cycle, speed, and
operation mode (running or idle). For this reason, EPA developed lookup tables in the Tool with emission
factors that correspond to user-supplied inputs regarding their fleet activity. The NOx, PM and BC emission
rates expressed in grams per mite were combined with the appropriate mileage metric (i.e., total miles) to
estimate mass emissions. The general equation for calculating NOx emissions is as follows:
Equation g
Enox = I [(Mcx ((GPMh x HDC)+ (GPMui * UDCa) + (GPMU2 x UDC2) + (GPMU3 x UDC3) + (GPMU4 x UDC4)) x TCY/ Tct)
+ (GPHsdi xH SDI x Tcy) + (GPHldi xH LDI x Tcy)1
Where:
Enox = grams NOx per year for a given truck class
X = summation across model years
Mc = Miles driven for Truck Class C per year
GPMh = Grams/mi (by truck class & engine yr) for Highway/Rural Driving
HDC = Highway drive cycle %(% of miles under highway/rural driving)
GPM ui/2/3/4 ~ Grams/mi (by truck class & engine yr) for Urban Driving by mode (1 - 0 — 25 mph: 2 -
25 - 50 mph; 3 = 50+ mph; 4 = deceleration)
UDC1/2/3/4 = Urban drive cycle % (% of miles under urban driving conditions, by mode (1, 2, 3, 4))
Tcy = Number of trucks for a given Class/Year combination
Tct = Number of trucks total for a given Class
GPHsdi = Grams per hour (by truck class & engine year) for short-duration Idling32
Hsdi = Hours of short duration Idling per year (average per truck per year by class)
GPH ldi - Grams per hour (by truck class & engine year) for long-duration Idling
Hldi = Hours of long duration Idling per year (average per truck per year by class)
PM emissions for non-diesel vehicles are calculated using an equation identical to that for NOx, utilizing PM
emission factors. PM emission for diesel vehicles may be adjusted for PM control effectiveness, as shown
below. (BC emissions are calculated in identical fashion.)
Equation 10
Epm = I [((Mcx ((GPMh x HDC) + (GPMui x UDCa) + (GPMU2 x UDC2) + (GPMU3 x UDC3) + (GPMU4 x UDC4)) x TCY/ Tct)
+ (GPHsdi xHsdi x Tcy) + (GPHldi xHldi x Tcy)) x (l - ((0.25 x Tdoc / Tcy) + (0.05 x Tccv / Tcy) + (0.9 x Tdpf / Tcy)))1
32 The idle caLcuLation for Class 8a and Lighter trucks does not distinguish between short and Long duration idLing, and aLL idLe hours are muLtipLied by the
short duration idLe factor for these trucks. Hybrid eLectric trucks are assumed to have no short-duration idLing emissions, whiLe battery-eLectric trucks have
no idLing emissions of any kind.
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Where:
Epm
= grams PM per year for a given truck class
Tdoc
Number of trucks using Diesel Oxidation Catalysts by class
Tccv
Number of trucks using Closed Crankcase Ventilation by class
Tqpf
Number of trucks using Diesel Particulate Filters by class
0.25
Effectiveness of DOCs (25%) at reducing particulate matter
0.05
Effectiveness of CCVs (5%) at reducing particulate matter
0.9
Effectiveness of DPFs (90%) at reducing particulate matter
Note the above calculation methodology assumes that the same highway/urban drive cycle fractions apply
across all model years of a given truck class. Similarly, the method assumes that estimated idle hours apply
equally to all model years of a given truck class.
The above methodology also utilizes estimates for the fraction of miles traveled associated with different
road types and speed categories, as shown in the equations above. The Tool user must provide an estimate
of the percent of total miles associated with urban driving for each truck class. The user may also provide
percentages for the miles spent driving in urban conditions (e.g., unrestricted access, surface roads in well-
traveled urban areas), for different speed categories (o - 25 / 25 - 50 / 50+ mph). This information may be
obtained from analysis of truck ECM or possibly GPS data. If urban speed distribution data is not available,
the user may select to use default distributions, obtained from the MOVES model. The default speed
distributions for urban operation (as defined in Section 2.2 above) varies with vehicle class and model year.
However, the variation over model years is very slight (typically with a range of 1 to 2 percent for the largest
speed category), the percentages were averaged over all model years for a given speed category/vehicle
type combination for use within the Tool.
Table 4 presents the resulting default urban speed distributions by speed category for each truck class, for
both diesel and gasoline vehicles. Note that the Tool utilizes the diesel default speed distributions for LPG,
LNG, and CNG.
Table 4. Default Speed Category Distributions by Vehicle Class for Urban
Operation (MOVES20ioa basis)33
w . ¦ , ~ ~ Percent by Vehicle - , - Percent by
Vehicle Class Speed Group Class* Class Speed Group Class*
Diesels
HDDV2b
0-25
35%
25-50
38%
50+
13%
Deceleration
15%
HDDV3
0-25
41%
25-50
36%
50+
12%
Gasoline
HDGV2b
0-25
43%
25-50
31%
50+
10%
Deceleration
15%
HDGV3
0-25
45%
25-50
34%
50+
11%
33 These values represent the urban component of driving only. If the user specifies a non-zero percentage for Highway/Rural driving, the values in the
above table are automatically renormalized to make the sum across urban and highway operation modes equal to 100%.
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Vehicle Class
Percent by
Class*
Deceleration
11%
HDDV4
0-25
42%
25-50
35%
50+
12%
Deceleration
11%
HDDV5
0-25
42%
25-50
35%
50+
12%
Deceleration
11%
HDDV6
0-25
42%
25-50
35%
50+
12%
Deceleration
10%
HDDV7
0-25
42%
25-50
35%
50+
12%
Deceleration
10%
HDDV8a
0-25
44%
25-50
35%
50+
12%
Deceleration
9%
HDDV8b
0-25
45%
25-50
34%
50+
12%
Deceleration
8%
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Vehicle
Class
Speed Group
Percent by
Class*
Deceleration
11%
0-25
45%
HDGV4
25-50
34%
50+
11%
Deceleration
10%
0-25
46%
HDGV5
25-50
33%
50+
10%
Deceleration
11%
0-25
46%
HDGV6
25-50
33%
50+
10%
Deceleration
11%
0-25
45%
HDGV7
25-50
32%
50+
10%
Deceleration
14%
0-25
45%
HDGV8a
25-50
34%
50+
11%
Deceleration
10%
0-25
43%
HDGV8b
25-50
31%
50+
10%
Deceleration
15%
* Class totals may not sum to 100% due to rounding error.
As seen in the above table, the MOVES model assumes that some fraction of vehicle operation is associated
with "deceleration" events, evaluated independently from other operation due to their unique emission rate
patterns.34 However, it is assumed that most Tool users will not know their fleet's deceleration fraction. As
such, the Tool will adjust any values input by the user to include a deceleration fraction based on MOVES
model percentages. If the user selects the default urban speed distributions, the Tool will adjust the urban
values from Table 4 to account for the percentage of miles for Highway/Rural operation as well. The
following provides an illustrative example for calculating PM emissions for diesels given a specific set of road
type/speed category distributions. NOx and BC emission calculations follow the same procedure.
34 MOVES also assigns some fraction of emissions to idle operation. However, operating fractions and emission factors associated with idle in MOVES
outputs are expressed in grams per mile rather than grams per hour. Thus, to utilize the grams per hour emission factors developed for use in the Tool,
MOVES outputs associated with idle operation were removed and the operating mode fractions for the four remaining categories were renormalized to
equal 100%.
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User specifies l Class 8b diesel, model year 2011, traveling 100,000 mi/yr.
User specifies the following Road type/speed category distributions:
60% urban, of which
50.0% is 0-25 mph
33.3% is 25-50 mph
16.7% is 50+ mph
For highway/rural operation, the lookup value from MOVES is 0.0187 g/mi for PM25
For urban operation, the lookup values are as follows (2016 calendar year basis):
0-25: 0.0272 g/mi
25-50: 0.0463 g/mi
50+: 0.0233 g/mi
deceleration: 0.0015 g/mi
Now the urban speed distribution percentage inputs must account for deceleration, as follows:
0-25: 60% x 50% x sum of default percentages for the three speed bins (but excluding default
deceleration fraction) = 30% x (45% + 34% +12%) = 27.3%
25-50: 60% x 33.3% x sum of default percentages (45% + 34% +12%) = 18.2%
50+: 60% x 16.7% x sum of default percentages (45% + 34% +12%) = 9.1%
deceleration: remaining percentage, which equals 100% - 40% (highway) - 27.3% -18.2% - 9.1% = 5.4%
Now apply these percentage weights to the total mileage, and then multiply by the corresponding
emission factors to obtain mass, as follows:
Highway/rural component: 0.40 x 100,000 x 0.0187 = 748 grams
0-25 urban component: 0.273 x 100,000 x 0.0272 = 743 grams
25 - 50 urban component: 0.182 x 100,000 x 0.0463 = 843 grams
50+ urban component: 0.091 x 100,000 x 0.0233 = 212 grams
Deceleration urban component: 0.54 x 100,000 x 0.0015 = 81 grams
Therefore total = 2,627 grams of PM25 (This value will then be summed with any other model year/vehicle
class combinations and converted to short tons.)
As discussed in Section 2.3, the Tool assumes that 100%-equivalent biofuel volumes are distributed
proportionately across all diesel vehicle classes. For example, if a fleet uses 100 B-100 equivalent gallons of
biofuel, and 1,000 gallons of fuel total, the Tool assumes that Bio (100 / 1,000 = 10%) is the blend used by
each truck class. Accordingly, emission rate adjustment factors are calculated for Bio using Equation 6 and
applied to the diesel emission factors for each vehicle class.
Finally, note that the PM factors output by the MOVES model for use in the Tool are expressed in terms of
PM2.5. The MOVES model assumes a fixed ratio of PMj0 / PM25 for a given fuel type, as summarized below:
• Gasoline -1.1304
• Diesel -1.087
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• CNG - I.1304
These factors are applied directly to the PM25 emission factors to obtain mass emission and performance
metrics for PMi0 within the Tool. In addition, it was assumed that LNG and LPG have PM ratios equivalent to
the CNG value. The ratio for biofuel was assumed to equal that for diesel.
3 3 ACTIVITY CALCULATIONS
The Tool requires users to provide specific activity information on fuel consumption, miles traveled, payload,
road type/speed, and idle hours at the vehicle class level for the emissions performance assessment (see
Section 4.0 below). While the user may provide direct data inputs for any or all of these activity parameters,
the Tool also allows the user to select default values for payload determination, in the absence of fleet-
specific information. (Direct inputs for payload are highly preferred over the use of defaults.) The data
sources and assumptions used to develop these default values are discussed below.
Default Payload Distributions
Average payloads can vary widely among fleets, even within a given vehicle class, depending upon
commodity type and body/trailer type. With the exception of LTL and Package carriers (whose data are
based on 2015 submissions), exact data entries were used from the 2011Truck Tool submissions to obtain
payload distributions for the current Tool.35 This data was categorized by fuel type, truck class, and
SmartWay Category. SmartWay Category is based on the Fleet Description inputs (e.g., Truckload Dry Van,
Dray, Mixed, etc.). 1,850 unique records were identified using this categorization of the 2011 Partner data. This
data was then reviewed, and four outliers were identified and removed from the data set.36 Next, the payload
data were aggregated across all SmartWay Category/truck class combinations.
Based on this data, Table 5 presents the payload averages and minimum/maximum values by truck class
and SmartWay Category37 Note that the values presented below are not weighted by fleet size.
Table 5. Average, Min and Max Payloads (short tons) by Truck Class/SmartWay
Category
SmartWay
Category by Class
Avg Payload
(tons)
Min
Max
Auto Carrier
2b
0.64
0.001
5.70
3
1.26
0.001
9.00
4
2.04
0.001
12.00
5
3.05
0.001
15.90
6
4.49
0.001
20.70
35 An evaluation of carrier payload data in 2016 found the vast majority of fleets selected from the tool's default ranges rather than providing exact values.
Accordingly, the available 2016 data was not robust enough to use as the basis for an update to the existing ranges provided in the tool.
36 Three Class 2bs were removed due to high payloads {16,13, and 5 tons). A Class 8b truck was removed due to incongruous text explanation ("none used").
37 Given the lack of data on non-diesel heavy-duty vehicles, payload ranges are assumed to apply to all fuel types.
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SmartWay
Category by Class
Avg Payload
(tons)
Min
Max
7
5.90
0.001
60.00
8a
18.20
0.001
111.00
8b
18.20
0.001
111.00
Dray
2b
0.77
0.001
5.70
3
1.50
0.001
9.00
4
2.27
0.001
12.00
5
3.39
0.001
15.90
6
4.14
0.001
20.70
7
5.53
0.001
60.00
8a
10.69
0.001
60.00
8b
18.46
0.001
150.00
Expedited
2b
0.64
0.001
5.70
3
1.26
0.001
9.00
4
2.04
0.001
12.00
5
3.05
0.001
15.90
6
4.49
0.001
20.70
7
6.04
0.001
60.00
8a
10.92
0.001
111.00
8b
23.66
0.001
150.00
Flatbed
2b
1.19
0.001
5.70
3
1.26
0.001
9.00
4
2.68
0.001
12.00
5
3.05
0.001
15.90
6
4.67
0.001
20.70
7
7.05
0.001
24.00
8a
13.51
0.001
72.00
8b
22.50
0.001
99.90
Heavy/Bulk
2b
1.19
0.001
5.70
3
1.50
0.001
9.00
4
2.79
0.001
12.00
5
3.39
0.001
15.90
6
4.84
0.001
20.70
7
7.45
0.001
60.00
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SmartWay
Category by Class
Avg Payload
(tons)
Min
Max
8a
18.20
0.001
111.00
8b
29.20
0.001
150.00
LTL/Package
2b
0.73
0.001
5.70
3
1.23
0.001
9.00
4
1.90
0.001
12.00
5
2.63
0.001
15.90
6
3.31
0.001
20.70
7
4.89
0.001
60.00
8a
8.15
0.001
60.00
8b
15.29
0.001
150.00
Mixed
2b
0.64
0.001
5.70
3
1.26
0.001
9.00
4
2.04
0.001
12.00
5
3.05
0.001
15.90
6
4.49
0.001
20.70
7
6.04
0.001
60.00
8a
10.92
0.001
111.00
8b
23.66
0.001
150.00
Moving
2b
0.58
0.001
5.70
3
1.08
0.001
9.00
4
1.41
0.001
12.00
5
2.91
0.001
15.90
6
4.17
0.001
20.70
7
5.38
0.001
60.00
8a
12.71
0.001
111.00
8b
14.13
0.001
111.00
Refrigerated
2b
0.77
0.001
5.70
3
1.50
0.001
9.00
4
2.27
0.001
12.00
5
3.39
0.001
15.90
6
4.84
0.001
20.70
7
6.03
0.001
60.00
8a
9.76
0.001
82.50
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SmartWay
Category by Class
Avg Payload
(tons)
Min
Max
8b
20.10
0.001
82.50
Specialized
2b
0.58
0.001
5.70
3
1.08
0.001
9.00
4
1.41
0.001
12.00
5
2.91
0.001
15.90
6
4.17
0.001
20.70
7
5.38
0.001
60.00
8a
12.71
0.001
111.00
8b
14.13
0.001
111.00
Tanker
2b
0.64
0.001
5.70
3
1.26
0.001
9.00
4
2.04
0.001
12.00
5
3.05
0.001
15.90
6
4.49
0.001
20.70
7
7.45
0.001
60.00
8a
12.12
0.001
72.00
8b
24.90
0.001
103.80
TL/Dry Van
2b
0.77
0.001
5.70
3
1.50
0.001
9.00
4
2.27
0.001
12.00
5
3.39
0.001
15.90
6
4.14
0.001
20.70
7
5.53
0.001
60.00
8a
10.69
0.001
60.00
8b
18.46
0.001
150.00
The values above serve as the basis for the default payload ranges provided in the Tool payload drop-down
menu. For most vehicle class/SmartWay Category combinations,38 five default ranges are offered for Partner
selection:
• Range 1: from o.oi tons to (Average payload - 2 x standard deviation);
38 In a few instances, the calculated Lower bound value for Range 2 was less than zero. In these cases, the lower bound value for Range 2 was set to o.ooi
and the Payload screen displays Range l as "N/A".
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• Range 2: from (Average payload - 2 x standard deviation) to (Average payload - 1 x standard
deviation);
• Range 3: from (Average payload - 1 x standard deviation) to (Average payload +1 x standard
deviation);
• Range 4: from (Average payload +1 x standard deviation) to (Average payload + 2 x standard
deviation); and,
• Range 5: from (Average payload + 2 x standard deviation) to (Average payload + 3 x standard
deviation).
Once a particular range is selected, the midpoint of the range is used to estimate class/SmartWay Category-
level average payload, which in turn is used directly in determining grams per ton-mile performance metrics
for the fleet.
Payload data based on bills of lading and entered directly into the payload screen are validated using the
same data described above (see Section 3.4).
Brokered Freight
If a fleet brokers out more than 20% of its annual freight, this activity must be reported using the OTT or the
online Logistics Tool. If you select the Logistics Tool to report your brokered activity you will need to provide
miles or ton-miles for each company you broker your loads to. Otherwise, you can complete the OTT
including your brokerage information, and the tool will apply default gram per ton-mile factors to estimate
the emissions associated with this activity. You can specify your annual brokerage activity data in terms of:
• Ton-miles
• Miles
• Number of loads
• Amount spent
Ton-miles is the preferred metric for reporting brokered activity. Activity reported using other options is
converted to ton-mile-equivalents using the following defaults.
1. If the user provides total miles, the OTT multiplies this value by the average payload value for the
carrier as a whole to obtain ton-miles.
2. If the user provides the number of loads brokered out, the OTT multiplies this value by 527
miles/load to convert to total miles, then converts to ton-miles.
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X-
3. If the user provides total amount spent on brokered freight, the OTT divides this value by
$3.oo/mile39 to obtain total miles, then converts to ton-miles.
After conversion, total ton-miles are multiplied by default gram per ton-mile emission factors for Non-
SmartWay General Truck fleets for the current Data Year40 to obtain total mass emissions for brokered
activity, summarized in the OTT Emission Report. This report also presents emission factors for the non-
brokered fleet as well as composite factors for brokered plus non-brokered activity. The equations used to
calculate composite gram per mile and gram per ton-mile emission factors (EFs) are as follows.
G/Mile metrics
(;partner fleet EF x Miles) + (nonSmartWay EF x Miles)
Composite EF = - -
Total Miles
G/Ton-mile metrics
(;partner fleet EF x TonMiles) + (nonSmartWay EF x TonMiles)
Composite EF = - -
Total TonMiles
Composite emission factors will be used to rank your fleet against others in the same SmartWay Category.
3.4 DATA VALIDATION
The OTT has a number of standard logical, range and value checks that must be passed before Partners can
submit their data to EPA. Many of these checks simply confirm the presence of required data (e.g., total miles
for each truck class selected), or the accuracy of logical relationships (e.g., revenue miles less than or equal
to total miles). The list of these basic checks is provided below. Partners will not be able to finalize their fleet
files until all associated errors have been resolved. Also note that there is an implicit validation check on all
numeric fields because the system will not accept non-numeric characters (including minus signs).
Table 6. Basic Range and Logical Checks
Contact Information
User must enter at least two distinct contacts.
Fleet Description
User must include a Partner Name.
Fleet Description
If entered, SCACs must be between 2 and 4 characters in length, and at least one
character must be a letter. Multiple SCACs must be separated by commas.
Fleet Description
If entered, MCNs must be between 6 and 7 digits.
Fleet Description
If entered, DOT numbers must be 7 digits or less.
Fleet Description
User must select a Fleet Type.
Fleet Description
The Operation Category totals must add up to 100%.
Fleet Description
The Body Type totals must add up to 100%.
39 Approximate U.S. national weighted average for dry van, flatbed, and reefer fleets. See https://www.dat.com/industrv-trends/trendlines. Accessed 12-8-
23.
40 See the SmartWay Shipper Tool Technical Documentation for details regarding non-SmartWay fleet performance metrics.
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Fleet Description
If a value for the Special Hauler body type is entered, a description must be provided.
Fuel Type
User must select at least one fuel type.
Fuel Type
If Reefer Body Type has been specified for a fleet, user must select at least one truck
fuel type utilizing reefers.
Model Year & Class
At least one truck class must be selected.
Model Year & Class
Total truck counts for each selected truck class cannot be zero.
Activity Information
For all numeric fields except Empty Miles, Biofuel gallons, and Idle Hours, the value
must be greater than zero. (An explanation must be provided for zero Empty Miles and
idle hours).
Activity Information
For mileage and gallons fields, enter exact rather than rounded values, (warning)
Activity Information
For Revenue Miles, the amount cannot exceed the number of Total Miles Driven.
Activity Information
Revenue Miles that are significantly outside the expected range for percent of total
miles for the given truck class (based on a lookup table) must be explained.
Activity Information
For Empty Miles, the amount must be less than the number of Total Miles.
Activity Information
Empty Miles that are significantly outside the expected range for the given truck class
(based on a lookup table) must be explained.
Activity Information
Distance per truck that is significantly outside the expected range for the given truck
class (based on a lookup table) must be explained.
Activity Information
On the Biofuel Blend Calculator, the total gallons of biofuel cannot exceed the amount
entered for Total Fuel.
Activity Information
For Idle Hours, the value cannot exceed 8,760 per year per truck.
Activity Information
Short duration idle hours + long duration idle hours cannot exceed 24 hours per truck.
Activity Information
For Idle Hours, values significantly outside the expected range for daily short duration
idle hours, daily long duration idle hours, and average number of days on the road
must be explained.
Activity Information
MPG must be greater than zero.
Activity Information
MPG that is significantly outside the expected range for the given truck class (based on
a lookup table) must be explained.
Activity Information
Reefer fuel inputs for each fuel type must be less than 50% of the total fuel volume
used for reefer truck engine power.
Activity Information
Reefer fuel as a percent of fuel used for reefer truck engine power that is significantly
outside the expected range (based on lookup table) must be explained.
Payload Information
Zero is not a valid value for any payload (absolute minimum payload = 0.001 tons).
Payload Information
Values that are significantly outside the expected range for the truck class must be
explained.
Data Sources
Data sources for Total Miles Driven, Gallons of Fuel Used, Average Payload, and Other
Data must be specified.
Additional, rigorous validation checks of key data inputs are also needed to ensure the overall quality of the
performance metrics calculated by the Tool. Validation checks serve three purposes to this end. First,
unusually high or low values can be identified and flagged for the user's attention before finalizing inputs. For
example, a user may misplace a decimal, inadvertently add an extra zero, or utilize the wrong units (e.g.,
reporting pounds instead of tons for payload) upon data entry. By comparing these data entries to reliable
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industry averages and distributions, these values can be flagged allowing users to quickly correct such
errors.
Second, under certain circumstances Partners may operate their fleets under atypical conditions, resulting in
extreme (outlier) data values. For example, permitted heavy-haul operations may routinely exceed industry-
average payload values by 10 or more tons. By flagging such data entries Partners have the opportunity to
provide additional information regarding their unique operating conditions through use of the Tool comment
fields.
Finally, independent criteria can be established to ensure that data inputs are never allowed to exceed
certain physically-constrained absolute limits. For example, a truck cannot exceed roughly 500,000 miles per
year, even with dual drivers and minimal maintenance time, simply due to the available hours per year and
highway speed limits. Data values above these absolute maximum levels are not allowed by the Tool, and
users are required to modify the associated inputs before proceeding.
The following presents the Tool validation ranges for all parameters but payload, which is discussed above.
Validation flags are of three types:
• "Yellow" values indicating that the input or derived performance value is notably lower/higher than
the expected value. Partners may enter an explanation backing up such entries, but this is not
• "Red" values indicating that the input or derived performance value differs greatly from the expected
value. In this case the partner must enter text explaining why this value is accurate. Once entered, the
value will change from "Red" to "Yellow" on the data entry screen.
• "Absolute errors" exceed values deemed physically possible and must be changed in order to be
accepted by the tool.
Reefer Fuel Validation
1,008 diesel fleets designated as "Reefer" for the 2019 calendar year were evaluated to determine the
distribution of the fraction of reefer fuel consumption to total fuel consumption. Four of these observations
were dropped from the analysis data set, having greater than 50% of their total fuel consumption attributed
to reefer fuel.41 As shown in Figure 4 below, the distribution for the remaining reefer fleets was highly skewed
toward low fractions (reefer consumption / total consumption). For this reason, the Tool does not generate
Range 1 or Range 2 warnings at the low end of the distribution. Range 4 and Range 5 warnings were set to
flag upper end reefer fuel consumption percentages as shown in Table 7.
41 EPA suspects these reefer trucks are primarily used for storage rather than transportation. An additional validation rule has been adopted to flag such
entries as errors.
mandatory.
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Figure 4. Number of Observations vs Fraction of Fuel Used by Reefers
Table 7. Reefer Fuel Consumption Validation Ranges
Range Min Max %ofObs
Range l
N/A
N/A
N/A
Range 2
N/A
N/A
N/A
Range 3
>0
19%
92.7%
Range 4
19%
26%
5.6%
Range 5
26%
50%
1.7%
The mean of the distribution shown in Figure 4 (11%) can be used as the default percentage reefer fuel
consumption if the partner Lacks data for this parameter.
The percentages discussed above are multiplied by the total fuel value entered on the Activity screen
(engine fuel plus reefer fuel) to determine the Reefer fuel validation ranges and default values for a given
fleet. If the percentage designated as "Reefer" in the Body Types section of the Tool is less than 100%, then
the validation ranges and default value are scaled downward by the reported percentage.
Data Processing
Except as noted, the validation range recommendations are based upon a distributional analysis performed
on the 2015 Truck Partner input and performance data.42 Fleet level data was grouped by truck class and bin
category. If a particular combination had less than 20 fleets, it was aggregated to the next "higher" level until
42 Miles per gallon distributions were updated based on 2019 partner data to reflect recent changes in fleet fuel efficiency.
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at Least 20 fleets were included. This process resulted in 29 groupings, as shown in Table 8. Note these
groupings are mutually exclusive - e.g., "Class 6_Mixed" (Group 6) includes all Class 6 vehicles with the
exception of TL/Dry Van, LTL/Dry Van, and Package (Groups 8,10, and 11).
Table 8. Truck Fleet Groupings Used for Distributional Analysis
Group #
Name
# Fleets
1
2B_Expedited
35
2
2B_Mixed
96
3
2B_Package
34
4
2B_TL/Dry Van
42
5
3_Mixed
85
6
4_ Mixed
71
7
5_Mixed
59
8
6_LTL/Dry Van
55
9
6_Mixed
124
10
6_Package
25
11
6_TL/Dry Van
51
12
7_LTL/Dry Van
61
13
7_ Mixed
144
14
7_TL/Dry Van
44
15
8A_LTL/Dry Van
54
16
8 A_ Mixed
106
17
8A_ Refrigerated
21
18
8A_TL/Dry Van
61
19
8B_AutoCarrier
36
20
8B_Dray
109
21
8B_Expedited
26
22
8B_Flatbed
159
23
8B_Heavy/Bulk
22
24
8B_LTL/Dry Van
106
25
8B_Mixed
470
26
8B_Refrigerated
574
27
8B_Specialized
60
28
8B_TL/Dry Van
912
29
8B_Tanker
84
A distributional assessment was then performed for each of the above groupings for the following
parameters.
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• Miles per vehicle
• Miles per gallon
• Revenue Miles (as a percent of total miles)
• Empty Miles (as a percent of total miles)
The following parameters were not updated based on 2015 data due to one of two reasons: (1) the data set
for 2015 was too thin, or (2) the majority of the data relied on default values.
• Percent Biofuel
• Percent Miles Traveled, Urban
• Percent Miles Traveled, Highway
• Average Idle Hours per Year
ERG then identified suspected outliers and erroneous data entry values for each parameter/group
combination, based on the criteria presented in Table 9.
Table g. Outlier Definition
Metric
Unreasonably Low
Unreasonably High
Miles per Vehicle
Mean - 3*Std dev
Mean + 3*std dev
MPG
0
Mean + 3*std dev
Percent Revenue Miles
<40
100
Percent Empty Miles
0
>60
Percent Biofuel
0
>20
Percent Urban Operation
0
100
Percent Highway Operation
0
100
Average Idle Hours
0
Mean + 3*std dev
Using these criteria ERG identified 132 values, which were subsequently dropped from the data set in order
to develop "yellow" and "red" validation ranges for generalized distributions. The dropped values are shown
below in Table 10.
Table 10. Values Flagged as Outliers
Parameter
Class/Category
Value
Mean
gallons per year
2B_Expedited
412,514
53,503
gallons per year
2B_Mixed
1,118,423
97,172
gallons per year
2B_Mixed
2,575,025
97,172
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Parameter
Class/Category
Value
Mean
gallons per year
2B_Mixed
1,155,575
97,172
gallons per year
2B_Package
16,598,790
1,573,156
gallons per year
2B_Package
18,812,438
1,573,156
gallons per year
2B_TL/Dry Van
9,561,432
297,320
gallons per year
3_Mixed
7,488,083
566,721
gallons per year
3_Mixed
6,000,532
566,721
gallons per year
3_Mixed
10,025,500
566,721
gallons per year
3_Mixed
6,895,410
566,721
gallons per year
4_ Mixed
32,131,244
1,287,415
gallons per year
4_ Mixed
23,340,749
1,287,415
gallons per year
5_Mixed
5,886,948
526,173
gallons per year
5_Mixed
8,195,008
526,173
gallons per year
5_Mixed
5,391,967
526,173
gallons per year
6_LTL/Dry Van
3,981,088
229,194
gallons per year
6_LTL/Dry Van
2,229,735
229,194
gallons per year
6_Mixed
971,878
64,977
gallons per year
6_Mixed
434,514
64,977
gallons per year
6_Mixed
655,144
64,977
gallons per year
6_Package
42,086,822
5,063,945
gallons per year
6_TL/Dry Van
4,063,283
202,354
gallons per year
7_LTL/Dry Van
2,027,074
251,393
gallons per year
7_LTL/Dry Van
2,991,399
251,393
gallons per year
7_LTL/Dry Van
2,241,644
251,393
gallons per year
7_Mixed
6,172,258
273,971
gallons per year
7_Mixed
3,374,633
273,971
gallons per year
7_Mixed
5,989,442
273,971
gallons per year
7_Mixed
3,559,828
273,971
gallons per year
7_TL/Dry Van
4,950,320
262,592
gallons per year
8A_LTL/Dry Van
36,116,464
3,648,512
gallons per year
8A_LTL/Dry Van
53,625,048
3,648,512
gallons per year
8 A_ Mixed
57,351,694
986,765
gallons per year
8A_ Refrigerated
5,643,067
443,374
gallons per year
8A_TL/Dry Van
70,846,629
2,760,796
gallons per year
8B_AutoCarrier
25,533,283
3,748,093
gallons per year
8B_Dray
14,150,069
1,604,817
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Parameter
Class/Category
Value
Mean
gallons per year
8B_Dray
34,766,125
1,604,817
gallons per year
8B_Dray
13,354,331
1,604,817
gallons per year
8B_Expedited
1,424,076
218,990
gallons per year
8B_Flatbed
36,752,966
2,361,101
gallons per year
8B_Flatbed
34,640,701
2,361,101
gallons per year
8B_Flatbed
17,704,415
2,361,101
gallons per year
8B_Flatbed
17,023,256
2,361,101
gallons per year
8B_Heavy/Bulk
9,404,277
1,037,619
gallons per year
8B_LTL/Dry Van
92,200,872
7,616,076
gallons per year
8B_LTL/Dry Van
124,000,000
7,616,076
gallons per year
8B_LTL/Dry Van
89,849,912
7,616,076
gallons per year
8B_Mixed
66,558,332
2,535,432
gallons per year
8B_Mixed
37,456,768
2,535,432
gallons per year
8B_Mixed
59,418,064
2,535,432
gallons per year
8B_Mixed
48,225,936
2,535,432
gallons per year
8B_Mixed
180,000,000
2,535,432
gallons per year
8B_Mixed
119,000,000
2,535,432
gallons per year
8B_Refrigerated
33,225,674
1,941,435
gallons per year
8B_Refrigerated
42,919,799
1,941,435
gallons per year
8B_Refrigerated
28,773,217
1,941,435
gallons per year
8B_Refrigerated
37,152,519
1,941,435
gallons per year
8B_Refrigerated
20,502,480
1,941,435
gallons per year
8B_Refrigerated
53,869,408
1,941,435
gallons per year
8B_Refrigerated
18,295,369
1,941,435
gallons per year
8B_Refrigerated
18,899,380
1,941,435
gallons per year
8B_Refrigerated
31,452,760
1,941,435
gallons per year
8B_Refrigerated
67,708,438
1,941,435
gallons per year
8B_Specialized
109,000,000
3,815,822
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
39,566,042
3,015,269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
86,776,622
3,015,269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
41,147,713
3,015,269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
40,502,655
3,015,269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
102,000,000
3,015,269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
47,825,507
3,015,269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
131,000,000
3,015,269
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Parameter
Class/Category
Value
Mean
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
55,482,608
3,015,269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
72,226,731
3,015,269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
182,000,000
3,015,269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
61,329,730
3,015,269
gallons per year
8B_TL/Dry Van
99,023,569
3,015,269
gallons per year
8B_Tanker
63,833,642
2,691,859
annual miles/vehicle
2B_Mixed
116,299
28,854
annual miles/vehicle
3_Mixed
85,788
22,873
annual miles/vehicle
3_Mixed
81,697
22,873
annual miles/vehicle
4_ Mixed
87,149
23,285
annual miles/vehicle
5_Mixed
93,600
18,865
annual miles/vehicle
5_Mixed
77,5io
18,865
annual miles/vehicle
6_Mixed
343,740
34,199
annual miles/vehicle
6_Package
103,854
24,362
annual miles/vehicle
6_TL/Dry Van
116,000
36,656
annual miles/vehicle
7_Mixed
135,356
35,442
annual miles/vehicle
7_Mixed
117,865
35,442
annual miles/vehicle
7_TL/Dry Van
166,021
37,351
annual miles/vehicle
8B_Flatbed
5,000
78,258
annual miles/vehicle
8B_Flatbed
7,500
78,258
annual miles/vehicle
8B_LTL/Dry Van
271,366
69,987
annual miles/vehicle
8B_Mixed
203,275
74,314
annual miles/vehicle
8B_Mixed
175,555
74,314
annual miles/vehicle
8B_Refrigerated
215,350
101,711
annual miles/vehicle
8B_Refrigerated
211,217
101,711
annual miles/vehicle
8B_Refrigerated
248,360
101,711
annual miles/vehicle
8B_Refrigerated
221,995
101,711
annual miles/vehicle
8B_Refrigerated
225,974
101,711
annual miles/vehicle
8B_Refrigerated
262,511
101,711
annual miles/vehicle
8B_Refrigerated
208,809
101,711
annual miles/vehicle
8B_Specialized
189,507
73,838
annual miles/vehicle
8B_TL/Dry Van
195,768
90,012
annual miles/vehicle
8B_TL/Dry Van
193,195
90,012
annual miles/vehicle
8B_TL/Dry Van
189,257
90,012
annual miles/vehicle
8B_TL/Dry Van
250,391
90,012
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0 39
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^\NSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
Parameter
Class/Category
Value
Mean
annual miles/vehicle
8B_TL/Dry Van
194,704
90,012
annual miles/vehicle
8B_TL/Dry Van
191,012
90,012
annual miles/vehicle
8B_TL/Dry Van
215,143
90,012
annual miles/vehicle
8B_Tanker
148,721
79,629
% Empty Miles
3_Mixed
90.19
1339
% Empty Miles
8B_Specialized
9938
30.34
% Empty Miles
2B_Mixed
0.02
82.54
% Empty Miles
8B_TL/Dry Van
35.17
8737
Once values were defined as outliers and excluded from the data set, the mean and standard deviation of
the distribution for each truck fleet grouping were then re-calculated for each metric. Each fleet was treated
equally in the distributional assessment, independent of the number of vehicles in the fleet. Histograms
presenting the distributions for each truck fleet grouping/metric combination are available electronically
from SmartWay.
For groupings with large numbers of fleets (e.g., Class 8b diesel TL/Dry Van, Refrigerated, and Mixed), the
data for miles per vehicle and miles per gallon appear normally distributed. Examples for Class 8b TL/Dry
Van Diesel fleets are shown in Figures 5 and 6.
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0 40
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SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency »
Figure 5. Annual Miles per Vehicle Distribution, Class 8b TL/Dry Van Diesel Fleets
Miles Per Vehicle
Any Outlyers Have Been Removed
Group ID Number=28 TruckClass_BinCategory=8B_TL/DryVan Number in Group=912
. Illlll III
. I I
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 90000 100000 110000 120000 130000 140000 150000 160000 170000 180000
Bin Value
/projl /EPA_T rucKToolVal/Upclate2016/val3.sas 14DEC16 12:41
Figure 6. Miles per Gallon Distribution, Class 8b TL/Dry Van Diesel Fleets
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
N= 929
Avg = 6.36
slclev ¦ 0,79
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V V V V *¦>' to* (o* V V V V V V fls* V
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"*\NSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency +
Other fleet group/metric combinations displayed sharp drop offs at certain discrete levels. For example, %
Revenue Miles were seldom less than 50% of total miles, and conversely, % Empty Miles were seldom
greater than 50% of total miles. % Biofuel also displayed a discrete maximum value with no fleets using
blends higher than 20% biofuel.43
Based on this assessment, red and yellow flag areas were defined for each fleet group/metric combination
as shown in Table 11.
Table 11. "Red" and "Yellow" Flag Criteria
Class Category
Count
Variable
Low Red
Low Yellow
High Yellow
High Red
2B_Expedited
35
Miles Per Vehicle
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
2B_Mixed
96
Miles Per Vehicle
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
2B_Package
34
Miles Per Vehicle
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
2B_TL/Dry Van
42
Miles Per Vehicle
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
3_Mixed
85
Miles Per Vehicle
NONE
5,000
Mean+i.sStD
Mean+2StD
4_Mixed
71
Miles Per Vehicle
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
5_Mixed
59
Miles Per Vehicle
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
6_LTL/Dry Van
55
Miles Per Vehicle
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
6_Mixed
124
Miles Per Vehicle
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
6_Package
25
Miles Per Vehicle
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
6_TL/Dry Van
51
Miles Per Vehicle
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
7_LTL/Dry Van
61
Miles Per Vehicle
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
7_Mixed
144
Miles Per Vehicle
NONE
5,000
Mean+i.sStD
Mean+2StD
7_TL/Dry Van
44
Miles Per Vehicle
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8A_LTL/Dry Van
54
Miles Per Vehicle
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8A_Mixed
106
Miles Per Vehicle
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8A_Refrigerated
21
Miles Per Vehicle
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8A_TL/Dry Van
61
Miles Per Vehicle
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8B_AutoCarrier
36
Miles Per Vehicle
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.sStD
Mean+i.sStD
Mean+2StD
8B_Dray
109
Miles Per Vehicle
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.sStD
Mean+i.sStD
Mean+2StD
8B_Expedited
26
Miles Per Vehicle
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8B_Flatbed
159
Miles Per Vehicle
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.sStD
Mean+i.sStD
Mean+2StD
8B_Heavy/Bulk
22
Miles Per Vehicle
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8B_LTL/Dry Van
106
Miles Per Vehicle
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.sStD
Mean+i.sStD
Mean+2StD
8B_Mixed
470
Miles Per Vehicle
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.sStD
Mean+i.sStD
Mean+2StD
8B_Refrigerated
574
Miles Per Vehicle
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.sStD
Mean+i.sStD
Mean+2StD
8B_Specialized
60
Miles Per Vehicle
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
43 As such, a yellow warning is issued for any biofuel blend > 20%, with no red warning.
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0 42
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^\NSmartWay
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Class Category
Count
Variable
Low Red
Low Yellow
High Yellow
High Red
8B_TL/Dry Van
912
Miles Per Vehicle
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Tanker
84
Miles Per Vehicle
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
2B
72
Miles Per Gallon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
3
45
Miles Per Gallon
5-0%
10.0%
90.0%
95-0%
4
38
Miles Per Gallon
5-0%
10.0%
90.0%
95-0%
5
38
Miles Per Gallon
5-0%
10.0%
90.0%
95-0%
6
214
Miles Per Gallon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
7
234
Miles Per Gallon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
8A
234
Miles Per Gallon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_AutoCarrier
40
Miles Per Gallon
5-0%
10.0%
90.0%
95-0%
8B_Dray
107
Miles Per Gallon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Expedited
18
Miles Per Gallon
5-0%
10.0%
90.0%
95-0%
8B_Flatbed
166
Miles Per Gallon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Heavy/Bulk
37
Miles Per Gallon
5-0%
10.0%
90.0%
95-0%
8B_LTL/Dry Van
76
Miles Per Gallon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Mixed/Moving
452
Miles Per Gallon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Refrigerated
492
Miles Per Gallon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Specialized
41
Miles Per Gallon
5-0%
10.0%
90.0%
95-0%
8B_TL/Dry Van
929
Miles Per Gallon
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Tanker
80
Miles Per Gallon
5-0%
10.0%
90.0%
95-0%
2B_Expedited
35
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
2B_Mixed
96
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
2B_Package
34
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
2B_TL/Dry Van
42
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
3_Mixed
85
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
4_Mixed
71
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
5_Mixed
59
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
6_LTL/Dry Van
55
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
6_Mixed
124
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
6_Package
25
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
6_TL/Dry Van
51
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
7_LTL/Dry Van
61
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
7_Mixed
144
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
7_TL/Dry Van
44
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
8A_LTL/Dry Van
54
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
8A_Mixed
106
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0 43
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Class Category
Count
Variable
Low Red
Low Yellow
High Yellow
High Red
8A_Refrigerated
21
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
8A_TL/Dry Van
61
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
8B_AutoCarrier
36
Percent Revenue Miles
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
NONE
NONE
8 ELD ray
109
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
8B_Expedited
26
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
8B_Flatbed
159
Percent Revenue Miles
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
NONE
NONE
8B_Heavy/Bulk
22
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
8B_LTL/Dry Van
106
Percent Revenue Miles
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
NONE
NONE
8B_Mixed
470
Percent Revenue Miles
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
NONE
NONE
8B_Refrigerated
574
Percent Revenue Miles
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
NONE
NONE
8B_Specialized
60
Percent Revenue Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
NONE
8B_TL/Dry Van
912
Percent Revenue Miles
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
NONE
NONE
8B_Tanker
84
Percent Revenue Miles
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
2B_Expedited
35
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
85.0%
95-0%
2B_Mixed
96
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
2B_Package
34
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
2B_TL/Dry Van
42
Percent Empty Miles
5-0%
15.0%
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
3_Mixed
85
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
85.0%
95-0%
4_Mixed
71
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
85.0%
95-0%
5_Mixed
59
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
85.0%
95-0%
6_LTL/Dry Van
55
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
6_Mixed
124
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
6_Package
25
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
85.0%
95-0%
6_TL/Dry Van
51
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
85.0%
95-0%
7_LTL/Dry Van
61
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
85.0%
95-0%
7_Mixed
144
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
85.0%
95-0%
7_TL/Dry Van
44
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
8A_LTL/Dry Van
54
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
8A_Mixed
106
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
85.0%
95-0%
8A_Refrigerated
21
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
8A_TL/Dry Van
61
Percent Empty Miles
Mean - 2StD
Mean-i.5StD
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_AutoCarrier
36
Percent Empty Miles
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8B_Dray
109
Percent Empty Miles
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8B_Expedited
26
Percent Empty Miles
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8B_Flatbed
159
Percent Empty Miles
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8B_Heavy/Bulk
22
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0 44
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Class Category
Count
Variable
Low Red
Low Yellow
High Yellow
High Red
8B_LTL/Dry Van
106
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Mixed
470
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Refrigerated
574
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Specialized
60
Percent Empty Miles
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8B_TL/Dry Van
912
Percent Empty Miles
NONE
NONE
Mean+i.5StD
Mean+2StD
8B_Tanker
84
Percent Empty Miles
5-0%
15.0%
NONE
50.0%
2B_Expedited
35
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
2B_Mixed
96
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
2B_Package
34
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
2B_TL/Dry Van
42
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
3_Mixed
85
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
4_Mixed
71
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
5_Mixed
59
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
6_LTL/Dry Van
55
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
6_Mixed
124
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
6_Package
25
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
6_TL/Dry Van
51
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
7_LTL/Dry Van
61
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
7_Mixed
144
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
7_TL/Dry Van
44
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8A_LTL/Dry Van
54
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8A_Mixed
106
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8A_Refrigerated
21
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8A_TL/Dry Van
61
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8B_AutoCarrier
36
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8B_Dray
109
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8B_Expedited
26
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8B_Flatbed
159
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8B_Heavy/Bulk
22
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8B_LTL/Dry Van
106
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8B_Mixed
470
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8B_Refrigerated
574
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8B_Specialized
60
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8B_TL/Dry Van
912
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
8B_Tanker
84
Percent Biofuel
5-0%
15.0%
85.0%
95-0%
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0 45
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MENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY"'
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
For distributions that appeared to have a relatively normal distribution on the low and/or high end, yellow
flag criteria were set at ± 1.5 times the standard deviation (StD), and the red flag criteria at ± 2.0 times the
standard deviation of the distribution for each truck fleet grouping. In most cases these criteria result in
roughly 10-20% of the values for these metrics being flagged as either red or yellow for partner attention. For
several variables with a clearly skewed distribution yellow cutoffs were set to include approximately 15% of
observations, and red cutoffs were selected to include approximately 5% of observations. Selecting cutoffs at
these levels of stringency is intended to identify likely input errors without unduly burdening the large
majority of Tool users with unnecessary data checks and text explanations.
Finally, certain distributions showed common values up to and including the absolute min/max values. For
example, a substantial number of truck carriers reported revenue miles equal to 100% of total miles. In these
instances no yellow/red flags are assigned for that variable.
Tables 12-16 present the actual yellow and red flag values for each fleet group/metric combination, given
the decision criteria presented in Table 11. Tables 17-20 present the number of observations that would be
flagged with yellow and red warnings for these combinations. The complete set of histograms associated
with the distributional analysis of the 2016 data is available upon request from SmartWay.
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0 46
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^\NSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
Table 12. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
Annual Miles per Vehicle
Class Category
Absolute
Min
Low Red
Low
Yellow
High
Yellow
High Red
Absolute
Max
2B-Expedited
>0
9,698
16,183
63,029
90,800
500,000
2B-Mixed
>0
2,046
7,741
53,432
71,391
500,000
2B-PD
>0
5,247
11,565
47,936
65,500
500,000
2B-TL/Dry van
>0
6,799
18,007
52,984
58,368
500,000
3-Mixed
>0
0
5,000
45,712
53,814
500,000
4-Mixed
>0
1,402
6,556
40,071
51,362
500,000
5-Mixed
>0
306
3,470
40,000
49,485
500,000
6-LTL/Dry van
>0
9,631
11,696
49,o8o
60,950
500,000
6-Mixed
>0
2,036
10,931
51,916
67,014
500,000
6-Moving
>0
3,000
8,000
68,107
79,506
500,000
6-PD
>0
5,921
9,073
65,000
72,065
500,000
6-TL/Dry van
>0
8,632
14,133
56,713
68,836
500,000
7-LTL/Dry van
>0
12,488
15,654
54,122
72,666
500,000
7-Mixed
>0
0
5,000
67,560
78,694
500,000
7-TL/Dry van
>0
2,326
10,312
57,249
79,650
500,000
8A-LTL/.Dry van
>0
10,558
15,625
68,215
88,352
500,000
8 A-Mixed
>0
6,271
13,039
85,890
102,000
500,000
8 A-Reefer
>0
15,505
26,162
70,000
79,308
500,000
8A-TL/Dry van
>0
10,069
13,877
97,567
128,406
500,000
8B-Auto
>0
43,112
51,769
103,710
112,367
500,000
8B-Dray
>0
6,985
18,413
86,984
98,413
500,000
8B-Expedited
>0
23,226
27,112
92,857
140,232
500,000
8B-FLatbed
>0
36,935
47,495
110,856
121,416
500,000
8B-Heavy
>0
44,171
48,663
101,118
108,168
500,000
8B-LTL/Dry van
>0
13,983
27,504
108,634
122,156
500,000
8B-Mixed
>0
12,029
27,477
120,168
135,616
500,000
8B-Reefer
>0
36,939
52,743
147,566
163,370
500,000
8B-Special
>0
20,765
39,854
105,338
117,433
500,000
8B-TL/Dry van
>0
29,853
44,672
133,586
148,405
500,000
8B-Tanker
>0
36,503
47,076
110,517
121,090
500,000
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0 47
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^\NSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
Table 13. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
Miles per Gallon44
Class Category
Absolute
Min
Low
Red
Low
Yellow
High
Yellow
High
Red
Absolute
Max
2B
>0
538
758
20.75
22.95
37.5
3
>0
352
6.41
1352
14.37
28.5
4
>0
6.45
7.10
12.22
13.20
244
5
>0
442
569
12.40
1510
21.4
6
>0
541
6.21
10.98
11.77
16.8
7
>0
474
557
10.58
11.41
158
8A
>0
394
4.66
8.97
9.69
12.2
8B-Auto
>0
4.27
4.61
551
6.20
93
8B-Dray
>0
4.88
5.14
6.70
6.96
10.5
8B-Expedited
>0
576
582
7.14
7.20
10.2
8B-Flatbed
>0
4.38
475
6.97
7.34
10.8
8B-Heavy
>0
2.95
377
591
595
99
8B-LTL/Dry van
>0
552
579
741
7.68
11.8
8B-Mixed/Moving
>0
478
518
755
7.94
11.8
8B-Reefer
>0
509
557
8.42
8.89
11.9
8B-Specialized
>0
304
375
6.21
6.66
10.1
8B-TL/Dry van
>0
502
539
7.61
798
12.4
8B-Tanker
>0
374
4.34
6.75
7.10
10.8
44 Equivalent MPG cutoffs can be found by dividing these values by 1.26 for gasoline and CNG vehicles; dividing by 1.35 for LPG vehicles; and dividing by 1.52
for LNG vehicles - see "Non-Diesel MPG" section below for details.
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0 48
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^\NSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
Table 14. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
% Revenue Miles
Class Category
Absolute Min
Low Red
Low Yellow
High
Yellow
High Red
Absolute Max
2B-Expedited
N/A
52
59
N/A
N/A
N/A
2B-Mixed
N/A
53
61
N/A
N/A
N/A
2B-PD
N/A
66
72
N/A
N/A
N/A
2B-TL/Dry van
N/A
69
74
N/A
N/A
N/A
3-Mixed
N/A
65
71
N/A
N/A
N/A
4-Mixed
N/A
65
71
N/A
N/A
N/A
5-Mixed
N/A
59
67
N/A
N/A
N/A
6-LTL/Dry van
N/A
61
68
N/A
N/A
N/A
6-Mixed
N/A
55
63
N/A
N/A
N/A
6-Moving
N/A
55
65
N/A
N/A
N/A
6-PD
N/A
75
80
N/A
N/A
N/A
6-TL/Dry van
N/A
56
64
N/A
N/A
N/A
7-LTL/Dry van
N/A
64
71
N/A
N/A
N/A
7-Mixed
N/A
57
64
N/A
N/A
N/A
7-TL/Dry van
N/A
64
70
N/A
N/A
N/A
8A-LTL/.Dry van
N/A
67
73
N/A
N/A
N/A
8 A-Mixed
N/A
52
59
N/A
N/A
N/A
8 A-Reefer
N/A
59
65
N/A
N/A
N/A
8A-TL/Dry van
N/A
69
74
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-Auto
N/A
43
50
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-Dray
N/A
46
54
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-Expedited
N/A
57
63
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-FLatbed
N/A
62
67
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-Heavy
N/A
34
43
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-LTL/Dry van
N/A
68
73
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-Mixed
N/A
62
68
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-Reefer
N/A
72
76
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-SpeciaL
N/A
40
49
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-TL/Dry van
N/A
68
73
N/A
N/A
N/A
8B-Tanker
N/A
48
50
N/A
N/A
N/A
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0 49
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^\NSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
Table 15. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
% Empty Miles
Class Category
Absolute Min
Low Red
Low Yellow
High Yellow
High Red
Absolute Max
2B-Expedited
N/A
1
5
38
44
N/A
2B-Mixed
N/A
1
5
41
48
N/A
2B-PD
N/A
1
5
31
37
N/A
2B-TL/Dry van
N/A
1
5
28
33
N/A
3-Mixed
N/A
1
5
28
34
N/A
4-Mixed
N/A
1
5
30
35
N/A
5-Mixed
N/A
1
5
33
40
N/A
6-LTL/Dry van
N/A
1
5
36
44
N/A
6-Mixed
N/A
1
5
38
45
N/A
6-Moving
N/A
1
5
40
50
N/A
6-PD
N/A
1
5
15
31
N/A
6-TL/Dry van
N/A
1
5
35
47
N/A
7-LTL/Dry van
N/A
1
5
32
35
N/A
7-Mixed
N/A
1
5
33
44
N/A
7-TL/Dry van
N/A
1
5
33
39
N/A
8A-LTL/.Dry van
N/A
1
5
30
36
N/A
8 A-Mixed
N/A
1
5
36
47
N/A
8 A-Reefer
N/A
1
5
35
41
N/A
8A-TL/Dry van
N/A
1
5
31
36
N/A
8B-Auto
N/A
5
15
40
49
N/A
8B-Dray
N/A
5
7
40
50
N/A
8B-Expedited
N/A
5
6
33
37
N/A
8B-FLatbed
N/A
5
7
27
37
N/A
8B-Heavy
N/A
l
5
56
64
N/A
8B-LTL/Dry van
N/A
l
5
29
34
N/A
8B-Mixed
N/A
l
5
34
40
N/A
8B-Reefer
N/A
l
5
25
29
N/A
8B-SpeciaL
N/A
l
5
49
50
N/A
8B-TL/Dry van
N/A
l
5
28
32
N/A
8B-Tanker
N/A
20
36
50
50
N/A
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0 50
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^\NSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
Table 16. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
Idle Hours and Days of Use per Year
Class Category
Low Red
Low Yellow
High Yellow
High Red
Average Service Days/Year
Non-Class 8b (Less Package/Specialty)
96
171
320
--
Non-Class 8b (Package/Specialty)
142
200
315
--
Class 8b (less LTL/Package)
157
213
325
--
Class 8b (LTL/Package)
135
193
309
--
Average Hours Long Duration Idle/Day
Non-Class 8b (less Package/Specialty)
--
1.00
1.73
2.81
Non-Class 8b (Package/Specialty)
--
1.00
24.00
--
Class 8b (less LTL/Package)
--
1.00
4.11
6.10
Class 8b (LTL/Package)
--
1.00
2.53
4.18
Average Hours Short Duration Idle/Day
Non-Class 8b (less Package/Specialty)
--
0
1.87
2.81
Non-Class 8b (Package/Specialty)
--
0
1.42
1.99
Class 8b (less LTL/Package)
--
0
2.36
3.60
Class 8b (LTL/Package)
—
0
2.63
4.15
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0 51
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^\NSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
Table 17. Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
Annual Miles per Vehicle
Class/Category
N
Minimum
Value
Low
Red
Flags
Low
Yellow
Flags
Mean
Value
High
Yellow
Flags
High
Red
Flags
Maximum
Value
2B_Expedited
35
6,001
1
3
40,870
3
1
95,938
2B_Mixed
96
720
4
9
27,933
9
4
76,590
2B_Package
34
4,144
1
3
30,012
3
1
70,685
2B_TL/Dry Van
42
505
2
3
31,821
3
2
59,203
3_Mixed
85
581
0
6
21,406
6
4
76,320
4_ Mixed
71
117
3
6
22,373
6
3
53,172
5_Mixed
59
83
2
5
16,525
5
2
54,486
6_LTL/Dry Van
55
1,429
2
5
29,919
5
2
70,391
6_Mixed
124
53
6
11
31,682
11
6
79,858
6_Package
25
814
1
l
21,050
l
1
90,196
6_TL/Dry Van
51
3,179
2
4
35,069
4
2
93,498
7_LTL/Dry Van
61
5,701
3
5
34,379
5
3
87,534
7_Mixed
144
100
0
10
34,158
7
6
106,615
7_TL/Dry Van
44
1,693
2
3
34,359
3
2
109,287
8A_LTL/Dry Van
54
3,458
2
5
45,351
5
2
108,183
8 A_ Mixed
106
155
5
9
47,086
9
5
124,901
8A_ Refrigerated
21
1,738
1
l
45,741
l
1
79,469
8A_TL/Dry Van
61
7,460
3
5
59,438
5
3
155,136
8B_AutoCarrier
36
47,525
0
2
77,740
l
l
120,671
8B_Dray
109
3,165
1
9
52,699
4
4
102,164
8B_Expedited
26
22,697
1
l
63,362
1
1
150,415
8B_FLatbed
159
15,680
3
5
79,175
8
2
130,597
8B_Heavy/BuLk
22
40,305
1
l
73,132
l
1
116,004
8B_LTL/Dry Van
106
14,096
0
5
68,069
3
3
146,016
8B_Mixed
470
3,658
7
20
73,822
22
11
151,353
8B_Refrigerated
574
9,171
20
20
100,155
22
10
203,947
8B_SpeciaLized
60
4,568
2
5
71,877
5
2
178,303
8B_TL/Dry Van
912
2,072
27
33
89,129
39
19
176,478
8B_Tanker
84
28,055
4
3
78,796
0
3
136,449
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0 52
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^\NSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
Table 18. Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
Miles per Gallon
Class/Category
N
Minimum
Value
m
Low
Yellow
Flags
Mean
Value
High
Yellow
Flags
High Red
Flags
Maximum
Value
2B_Expedited
35
10.00
1
3
1447
3
1
25.OO
2B_Mixed
96
2.00
4
9
12.93
9
4
22.91
2B_Package
34
351
1
3
11.68
3
1
20.74
2B_TL/Dry Van
42
2.50
2
3
10.68
3
2
1950
3_Mixed
85
1.07
2
3
9.82
6
1
18.99
4_ Mixed
71
1.34
3
6
8.98
6
3
16.27
5_Mixed
59
O.96
3
l
777
2
l
14.25
6_LTL/Dry Van
55
0.68
2
5
8.01
5
2
11.17
6_Mixed
124
4.02
1
6
7.93
2
2
12.06
6_Package
25
0.91
1
l
7.39
1
1
11.37
6_TL/Dry Van
51
0.76
1
0
7.86
0
0
10.00
7_LTL/Dry Van
61
548
0
2
7.82
2
2
10.50
7_Mixed
144
369
4
4
755
3
4
11.25
7_TL/Dry Van
44
4.60
2
3
776
3
2
9.76
8A_LTL/Dry Van
54
4.25
1
0
6.31
l
1
8.13
8 A_ Mixed
106
338
3
3
6.57
5
3
8.97
8A_ Refrigerated
21
5.19
1
2
6.38
2
1
8.34
8A_TL/Dry Van
61
1.84
1
1
6.43
0
1
8.69
8B_AutoCarrier
36
4.29
1
3
4.96
3
1
6.22
8B_Dray
109
335
5
2
583
3
0
7.00
8B_Expedited
26
479
1
1
6.04
l
1
6.80
8B_Flatbed
159
310
5
4
580
6
2
7.20
8B_Heavy/BuLk
22
4.11
1
1
532
l
1
6.63
8B_LTL/Dry Van
106
4.08
5
3
6.27
l
1
787
8B_Mixed
470
318
17
11
594
17
6
7.88
8B_Refrigerated
574
1.11
12
15
596
19
15
7.96
8B_SpeciaLized
60
0.50
3
6
507
6
3
6.72
8B_TL/Dry Van
912
2.30
26
21
6.18
36
16
8.26
8B_Tanker
84
2.66
2
4
595
4
0
7.21
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0 53
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^\NSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
Table 19. Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
% Revenue Miles
Class/Category
N
Minimum
Value
a
Low
Yellow
Flags
Mean
Value
High
Yellow
Flags
High Red
Flags
Maximum
Value
2B_Expedited
35
54.2
0
3
80.9
0
0
100
2B_Mixed
96
50.0
3
9
834
0
0
100
2B_Package
34
60.1
3
l
88.6
0
0
100
2B_TL/Dry Van
42
633
1
2
89.7
0
0
100
3_Mixed
85
570
3
7
89.7
0
0
100
4_ Mixed
71
65.0
3
9
90.4
0
0
100
5_Mixed
59
50.0
2
5
88.5
0
0
100
6_LTL/Dry Van
55
50.0
3
4
88.4
0
0
100
6_Mixed
124
47.0
8
2
844
0
0
100
6_Package
25
64.0
2
0
94.2
0
0
100
6_TL/Dry Van
51
452
3
1
873
0
0
100
7_LTL/Dry Van
61
65.0
0
10
89.2
0
0
100
7_Mixed
144
50.0
6
2
844
0
0
100
7_TL/Dry Van
44
41.1
2
2
895
0
0
100
8A_LTL/Dry Van
54
550
5
2
90.5
0
0
100
8 A_ Mixed
106
46.1
5
4
82.3
0
0
100
8A_ Refrigerated
21
60.0
0
2
85.0
0
0
100
8A_TL/Dry Van
61
49.1
3
3
91.3
0
0
100
8B_AutoCarrier
36
50.0
0
0
71.8
0
0
100
8B_Dray
109
495
0
7
792
0
0
100
8B_Expedited
26
56.2
1
2
82.8
0
0
100
8B_Flatbed
159
50.0
6
5
82.8
0
0
100
8B_Heavy/BuLk
22
46.0
0
0
70.9
0
0
100
8B_LTL/Dry Van
106
550
4
5
89.0
0
0
100
8B_Mixed
470
50.0
18
30
854
0
0
100
8B_Refrigerated
574
50.0
25
25
88.4
0
0
100
8B_SpeciaLized
60
494
0
0
74.6
0
0
100
8B_TL/Dry Van
912
50.0
49
34
874
0
0
100
8B_Tanker
84
44.9
4
2
61.9
1
1
100
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3.0 54
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^\NSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
Table 20. Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination
% Empty Miles
Class/Category
N
Minimum
Value
¦
Low
Yellow
Flags
Mean
Value
High
Yellow
Flags
High Red
Flags
Maximum
Value
2B_Expedited
35
2.96
0
0
20.65
3
1
4575
2B_Mixed
96
0.00
0
0
18.10
8
3
50.00
2B_Package
34
0.00
0
0
12.26
1
4
3991
2B_TL/Dry Van
42
0.00
0
3
14.00
0
2
39.60
3_Mixed
85
0.00
0
0
12.47
7
4
42.23
4_ Mixed
71
0.00
0
0
12.55
6
3
40.00
5_Mixed
59
0.00
0
0
16.01
5
2
50.00
6_LTL/Dry Van
55
0.00
0
0
14.99
3
2
50.00
6_Mixed
124
0.00
0
0
16.57
2
9
52.99
6_Package
25
0.00
0
0
6.27
1
1
3598
6_TL/Dry Van
51
0.00
0
0
17.42
4
2
5476
7_LTL/Dry Van
61
0.00
0
0
13.09
5
3
40.00
7_Mixed
144
0.00
0
0
17.54
13
7
50.00
7_TL/Dry Van
44
0.00
0
0
15.42
4
l
45.00
8A_LTL/Dry Van
54
0.00
0
0
11.35
5
2
45.00
8 A_ Mixed
106
0.00
0
0
19.51
9
5
5391
8A_ Refrigerated
21
0.00
0
0
14.93
2
0
40.00
8A_TL/Dry Van
61
0.00
0
0
13.44
3
2
50.94
8B_AutoCarrier
36
0.00
0
3
29.68
3
1
50.00
8B_Dray
109
0.00
3
10
25.36
10
5
50.45
8B_Expedited
26
5.00
1
1
18.12
1
1
4383
8B_Flatbed
159
0.00
3
15
18.12
15
7
50.00
8B_Heavy/BuLk
22
0.00
0
0
31.51
0
0
50.81
8B_LTL/Dry Van
106
0.00
0
0
12.65
4
6
50.00
8B_Mixed
470
0.00
0
0
16.49
28
22
50.00
8B_Refrigerated
574
0.00
0
0
12.91
20
25
50.00
8B_SpeciaLized
60
0.00
0
4
29.17
4
2
50.61
8B_TL/Dry Van
912
0.00
0
0
13.71
39
51
50.00
8B_Tanker
84
3.00
4
7
43.51
0
9
55.12
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Absolute errors were also developed for each fleet category/metric combination. Cutoffs for absolute errors
are intended to prevent users from inadvertently entering data with incorrect units and typos. For this reason,
SmartWay defined absolute errors to ensure an adequate "safety" interval between the highest values
observed in the cleaned (no outlier) dataset. The recommended values for absolute errors and their
associatedjustifications are discussed below for each metric.
Annual Miles per Vehicle
The maximum number of miles a vehicle can accumulate in a year are constrained by truck highway speed
limits (typically 65 mph or less) and the number of hours in a year.45 Excluding engine down-time associated
with maintenance and repairs, the absolute maximum annual mileage possible for a truck is estimated to be
-500,000 miles per year. This estimate is more than twice the highest observed value of 228,151 miles per
year (for Class 8b TL/Dry Van diesels). Therefore 500,000 miles per year value is set as the absolute
maximum for all vehicle classes. Values greater than 0 and less than 500,000 are permissible.
Miles per Gallon
The maximum and minimum miles per gallon from the diesel dataset are presented in Table 21.
Table 21. Maximum and Minimum Observed Miles per Gallon
Class/Category
N
Minimum Value
Maximum Value
2B
72
2.37
24.48
3
45
0.68
16.90
4
38
575
1560
5
38
1.83
16.93
6
214
2.35
14.59
7
234
2.45
12.23
8A
234
0.84
10.98
8B_AutoCarrier
48
4.27
6.38
8B_Dray
107
395
7.33
8B_Expedited
18
576
7.30
8B_Flatbed
166
3.15
7.99
8B_Heavy/Bulk
37
2.95
6.15
8B_LTL/Dry Van
75
510
7.69
8B_Mixed/Moving
452
1.42
8.40
8B_Refrigerated
492
485
10.46
8B_Specialized
41
300
7.17
8B_TL/Dry Van
929
2.10
8.76
8B_Tanker
80
1.49
7.36
45 While DOT regulations Limit drivers' daily hours, some companies utilize driver teams to maximize on-road time.
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[Note: Unlike the other parameters discussed above, miles per gallon values are derived from other inputs
(total miles and gallons). Therefore, any changes to address absolute limits on MPG (as well as red and
yellow warnings) must be handled through updates to one or both of these primary inputs.]
As seen from the above table, fuel efficiency estimates can be very low (
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Part 600. This method uses a weighted harmonic average of the two values, with the FTP weighted at 55%
and the Highway weighted at 45%.
The difference in the calculated combined fuel economies for the gas- and diesel-powered model results
showed that the diesel had a 25.9% greater fuel economy than gasoline. These results are a direct volumetric
comparison rather than in terms of gasoline-equivalent gallons. As such, the diesel mpg values shown in
Table 27 above can be divided by 1.259 to obtain comparable mpg ranges for gasoline vehicles. Since CNG
vehicle fuel consumption is reported in terms of gasoline-equivalent gallons, the mpg validation ranges for
CNG vehicles can be set equal to those for comparable gasoline vehicles.
Validation ranges for LPG and LNG vehicles can be developed from the gasoline ranges, dividing the
gasoline values by the appropriate gasoline gallon-equivalent factor for these fuels (1.35 for LPG and 1.52 for
LNG),47 thereby adjusting mpg values for volumetric energy density. Table 23 presents the corresponding
upper bound MPG values for non-diesel vehicles by truck class.
Table 23. Maximum Miles per Gallon Estimates - Non-Diesel Vehicles
Class
Gasoline/CNG
LPG
LNG
2b
19.9
18.5
16.4
3
18.5
17.3
15.3
4
16.0
15.0
13.3
5
14.9
13.9
12.3
6
14.3
13.3
11.8
7
11.5
10.7
9.5
8a
8.9
8.3
74
8b
8.9
8.3
74
Hybrid MPG
EPA's Physical Emission Rate Estimator (PERE) model was used to establish estimates of the fuel economy
benefit of hybridization of medium- and heavy-duty trucks. The details of the modeling are presented in
Appendix D.
However, the in-use fuel economy of hybrid vehicles is highly dependent upon drive cycle. Specifically, the
expected hybrid truck fuel economy will vary depending upon the relative fraction of highway versus urban
driving. Therefore, the MPG ranges used for validation of hybrid fuel economy are calculated using the
following steps.
47 See https://afdc.enerav.aov/fueLs/equivaLencv methodology.html. Accessed 12-8-23.
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Step l - Weight the following GALLON PER MILE (Not MPG) values based on the Highway/Urban split
Gallons/Mile - Urban
Group #
Name
Low Red
Low Yellow
Mean
High Yellow
High Red
1
2B_Mixed
0.2641
0.1813
0.0942
0.0636
0.0576
2
3_Mixed
0.2340
0.1857
0.1147
0.0830
0.0760
3
4_ Mixed
0.2090
0.1763
0.1213
0.0925
0.0861
4
5_Mixed
0.2599
0.2127
0.1392
0.1026
0.0943
5
6_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.1951
0.1765
0.1390
0.1147
0.1080
6
6_Mixed
0.2200
0.1972
0.1467
0.1179
0.1111
7
6_Moving
0.1906
0.1783
0.1514
0.1301
0.1242
8
6_Package_ Diesel
0.1788
0.1628
0.1254
0.1029
0.0965
9
6_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.2350
0.2056
0.1495
0.1175
0.1097
10
7_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.1968
0.1806
0.1450
0.1211
0.1148
11
7_Mixed
0.2506
0.2169
0.1545
0.1200
0.1117
12
7_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.2131
0.1915
0.1467
0.1202
0.1130
13
8A_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.2184
0.2104
0.1837
0.1653
0.1607
14
8 A_ Mixed
0.2747
0.2519
0.1950
0.1591
0.1492
15
8A_Refrigerated_ Diesel
0.2502
0.2402
0.2036
0.1793
0.1716
16
8A_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.2477
0.2337
0.1966
0.1697
0.1630
17
8B_AutoCarrier_Diesel
0.2980
0.2781
0.2407
0.2158
0.2052
18
8B_Dray_Diesel
0.2434
0.2338
0.2056
0.1835
0.1780
19
8B_Flatbed_Diesel
0.2912
0.2727
0.2248
0.1942
0.1857
20
8B_Heavy/Bulk_Diesel
0.3768
0.3371
0.2562
0.2033
0.1912
21
8B_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.2383
0.2250
0.2025
0.1814
0.1761
22
8B_Mixed
0.2597
0.2493
0.2149
0.1889
0.1807
23
8B_Refrigerated_Diesel
0.2656
0.2500
0.2236
0.1992
0.1931
24
8B_Specialized_Diesel
0.3389
0.2995
0.2342
0.1894
0.1789
25
8B_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.2534
0.2436
0.2147
0.1891
0.1836
26
8B_Tanker_Diesel
0.2596
0.2492
0.2149
0.1888
0.1806
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Gallons/Mile - Highway
Group #
Name
Low Red
Low Yellow
Mean
High Yellow
High Red
1
2B_Mixed
0.1759
0.1208
0.0627
0.0424
0.0383
2
3_Mixed
0.1594
0.1265
0.0781
0.0565
0.0518
3
4_ Mixed
0.1482
0.1250
0.0860
0.0656
0.0611
4
5_Mixed
0.1805
0.1477
0.0967
0.0713
0.0655
5
6_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.1470
0.1330
0.1047
0.0864
0.0813
6
6_Mixed
0.1657
0.1486
0.1105
0.0889
0.0837
7
6_Moving
0.1436
0.1343
0.1141
0.0980
0.0936
8
6_Package_Diesel
0.1347
0.1226
0.0944
0.0775
0.0727
9
6_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.1770
0.1549
0.1127
0.0885
0.0826
10
7_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.1513
0.1389
0.1115
0.0931
0.0883
11
7_Mixed
0.1928
0.1668
0.1188
0.0923
0.0859
12
7_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.1640
0.1473
0.1128
0.0924
0.0869
13
8A_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.1558
0.1501
0.1310
0.1179
0.1147
14
8 A_ Mixed
0.1960
0.1796
0.1391
0.1135
0.1065
15
8A_Refrigerated_ Diesel
0.1785
0.1714
0.1452
0.1279
0.1224
16
8A_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.1767
0.1667
0.1402
0.1210
0.1163
17
8B_AutoCarrier_Diesel
0.2126
0.1984
0.1717
0.1539
0.1464
18
8B_Dray_Diesel
0.1736
0.1668
0.1467
0.1309
0.1270
19
8B_Flatbed_Diesel
0.2078
0.1945
0.1604
0.1385
0.1325
20
8B_Heavy/Bulk_Diesel
0.2688
0.2405
0.1828
0.1450
0.1364
21
8B_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.1700
0.1605
0.1445
0.1294
0.1256
22
8B_Mixed
0.1853
0.1779
0.1533
0.1347
0.1289
23
8B_Refrigerated_Diesel
0.1894
0.1783
0.1595
0.1421
0.1378
24
8B_Specialized_Diesel
0.2418
0.2137
0.1670
0.1351
0.1276
25
8B_TL/Dry Van_Diesel
0.1807
0.1738
0.1532
0.1349
0.1310
26
8B_Tanker_Diesel
0.1852
0.1778
0.1533
0.1347
0.1288
Example:
Truck Class 2b has 40% urban, 60% highway.
The Low Red Gallon/Mile value is therefore 0.2641 x 0.40 + 0.1759 x 0.60 = 0.2112
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X-
Step 2: Convert the weighted gallon per mile values back to MPG
Example:
0.2112 gal/mi = 474 MPG
Step 3: Use these final, weighted, converted MPG values for validation
Electric Truck Efficiency
Mi/kWhr estimates for battery electric trucks were developed based on available data sources and
engineering judgment. Estimates for Class 8b trucks were developed using 10 submissions from SmartWay
partners for the 2021 Data Year. These submissions included 52 electric trucks. The average and standard
deviation of the mi/kWhr values were weighted by miles travelled. The "yellow" warning cutoffs were set to
equal the average value +/-1.5 times the standard deviation, and the "red" cutoffs to the average +/- 2 times
the standard deviation. At this level 10 percent of the 2021 Data Year submittals are flagged with yellow
warnings, and another 10 percent receive red flags.
Few battery electric trucks were reported for the other truck classes in the 2021 Data Year submittals,
requiring an alternative approach The average mi/kWhr value for Class 2b and Class 6 trucks was assumed
to equal the estimates for the light commercial and single unit long-haul truck categories respectively in the
2020 AFLEET model.48 Red and yellow validation ranges were established for these trucks based on simple
multiplicative factors applied to the averages - Low red from 0 to 0.5 x average; low yellow from 0.5 x
average to 0.75 x average; high yellow from 1.25 x average to 1.5 x average; and high red from 1.5 x average to
10 x average (absolute max). Estimates for Class 3-5, 7 and 8a trucks were estimated from these values,
scaling by the relative values used in the prior version of the Truck Tool. The prior averages and updated
mi/kWhr estimates are presented by truck class in Table 24.
Table 24. Electric Truck Average mi/kWhr and Validation Ranges
Truck Class
Prior Avg
Updated Avg
Low Red
Low Yellow
High Yellow
High Red
Max
2a
1.14
1.19
0.60
0.89
1.49
1.79
11.90
3
0.94
0.95
0.48
O.71
1.19
1.43
9.50
4
0.73
0.75
0.38
0.56
0.94
1.13
7.50
5
0.68
O.71
0.36
0.53
0.89
1.07
7.10
6
0.62
0.62
O.31
0.47
0.78
0.93
6.20
7
0.48
O.52
0.26
0.39
0.66
0.79
5.24
8a
0.34
0.43
0.21
O.32
0.54
0.64
4.29
8b
0.29
0.39
0.22
0.26
0.53
0.57
3.95
48 Argonne National Laboratory, Welcome to AFLEET. https://afleet-web.es.anl.gov/home/. Accessed 12-8-23.
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Percent Revenue Miles
Revenue miles were frequently equal to total miles in the dataset. Accordingly, no absolute upper (or lower)
bound was set for this field, beyond requiring all values to be > o and < 100.
Percent Empty Miles
Empty miles were occasionally equal to o in the dataset. Accordingly, no absolute lower (or upper) bound
was set for this field, beyond requiring all values to be > o and < 100.
Percent Biofuel
While the maximum observed blend level for biofuel was 20 percent, 100% use is possible. Therefore, no
absolute upper (or lower) bound was set for this field, beyond requiring all values to be > 0 and < 100.
Average Payload
The maximum and minimum payloads from the 2011 dataset are presented in Table 5 above.
Based on a review of previous out of range values, unit conversion problems are the most common source of
data entry errors for payload. One type of error results from data being entered in pounds instead of short
tons, resulting in overestimates by a factor of 2,000. Such errors should be easy to prevent using a
reasonable upper bound ton level. Another possible source of error could be reporting metric or long tons
instead of short tons, although detecting these errors will be extremely difficult, due to the small difference
in units (roughly 10 percent difference). Finally, standard payload limitations can be waived by obtaining
permits for heavy loads, or by avoiding over-the-road operation. Accordingly, the absolute upper bound
payload levels were set equal to 3 times the maximum observed values shown in Table 5.
The absolute lower-bound payload value was set at 0.001 tons, to allow for light package and specialty
deliveries.
Percent Urban/Highway Miles
There is no clear distributional pattern associated with these data fields, with values frequently ranging from
0 to 100. Therefore, no lower or upper bound values are set.
Idle Hours per Day and Days of Use per Year
Absolute limits are placed on the number of hours per day (short plus long duration idle hours less than or
equal to 24) and days of use per year (less than or equal to 365). In addition, since extended idling is defined
as sustained idling events an hour or more in duration, warnings are issued for extended idle hour per day
entries less than an hour.
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Brokerage Activity Inputs
ALL brokerage activity inputs must be greater than o. Maximum vaLues cannot exceed the foLLowing.
• Ton-miles must be <= 209,207,446,000
• Miles must be < = 209,207,446,000 / 17.5 (avg payload) = 11,954,711,200
• Number of loads must be < = 11,954,711,200 / 527 (avg miles/load) = 22,684,461
• Amount spent must be < = 11,954,711,200 x 3.00 (avg $/mile) = $35,864,133,600
FinaLLy, users wiLL receive an error if the totaL reported (or back-caLcuLated) vaLue for brokered ton-miLes is
Less than 20% of the fleet's totaL.
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^^9 Performance Metrics
The OTT allows the user to calculate their emissions performance using different metrics and different levels
of aggregation. Available performance metrics include:
• Grams per mile
• Grams per Payload Ton-Mile
The Emissions Report within the Tool presents the results of the following two calculations for each of the
five pollutants (C02, NOx, PMi0, PM25 and BC) and for each of three different mileage types (total, loaded, and
revenue). Note that all capitalized fields represent fields in the user interface:
where
E = Emissions,
M = Miles Driven,
AP = Average Payload
For each of the two calculations:
Emissions = grams of pollutant (as specified above)
Miles Driven = Total Miles, Revenue Miles, or Loaded Miles (Total Miles minus Empty Miles)
As shown in the equations above, summations are performed for the different metrics. Each of the metrics is
automatically aggregated across model years for each pollutant for all reporting purposes. Additional
aggregation may be reported across truck classes, fuel types, fleets, and at the company level, as specified
by the user.
g/mile: Ł E / M
where
E = Emissions,
M = Miles Driven
g/avg payload ton-mile: Ł E / (M x AP)
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Appendix A: MOVES3.1 NOx, PM & BC Emission Factors (g/mi) 2023
Calendar Year
Table A-i. Diesel Truck Emission Factors
Highway
Urban
Deceleration
0 25 mph
25 50 mph
>50 mph
^ Vehicle
ModelYr class NOx
BC PM
NOx BC PM
z
O
X
CD
O
PM NOx BC PM
NOx BC PM
1993
2a
6.15500
0.30727
0.39213
1.4860
0.07100
0.09167
9.69069
0.94049
1.21181
11.8206
0.71764
0.92575
8.52739
0.42941
0.5538
1993
3
7.50758
0.36634
0.46498
1.6127
0.07495
0.09668
12.1890
1.07136
1.37690
13.8929
0.79218
1.01999
8.91861
0.47345
0.6094
1993
4
11.4651
0.49912
0.62901
1.8367
0.07121
0.09070
19.5194
1.34605
1.71458
21.9649
0.94763
1.20708
9.97528
0.55927
0.7124
1993
5
12.7280
0.52453
0.66089
1.8067
0.06820
0.08683
21.3056
1.43783
1.83027
25.2996
1.01673
1.29424
12.2255
0.60244
0.7668
1993
6
12.5852
0.51737
0.65191
1.8103
0.06888
0.08771
20.7454
1.39599
1.77736
24.3752
1.00007
1.27319
11.7841
0.58819
0.7488
1993
7
14.3249
0.52337
0.65939
1.7871
0.06791
0.08647
20.6801
1.33089
1.69446
24.7593
1.02210
1.30081
12.8756
0.58288
0.7419
1993
8a
23.0796
0.57895
0.72893
1.5520
0.05425
0.06900
23.6945
1.08152
1.37463
33.8646
1.30564
1.65732
24.5712
0.63235
0.8030
1993
8b
27.0828
0.60537
0.76196
1.3126
0.04007
0.05084
26.5245
0.88977
1.12832
42.1321
1.56064
1.97771
34.8940
0.68134
0.8635
1993
2a
6.15500
0.30727
0.39213
1.4860
0.07100
0.09167
9.69069
0.94049
1.21181
11.8206
0.71764
0.92575
8.52739
0.42941
0.5538
1993
3
7.50758
0.36634
0.46498
1.6127
0.07495
0.09668
12.1890
1.07136
1.37690
13.8929
0.79218
1.01999
8.91861
0.47345
0.6094
1993
4
11.4651
0.49912
0.62901
1.8367
0.07121
0.09070
19.5194
1.34605
1.71458
21.9649
0.94763
1.20708
9.97528
0.55927
0.7124
1993
5
12.7280
0.52453
0.66089
1.8067
0.06820
0.08683
21.3056
1.43783
1.83027
25.2996
1.01673
1.29424
12.2255
0.60244
0.7668
1993
6
12.5852
0.51737
0.65191
1.8103
0.06888
0.08771
20.7454
1.39599
1.77736
24.3752
1.00007
1.27319
11.7841
0.58819
0.7488
1993
7
14.3249
0.52337
0.65939
1.7871
0.06791
0.08647
20.6801
1.33089
1.69446
24.7593
1.02210
1.30081
12.8756
0.58288
0.7419
1993
8a
23.0796
0.57895
0.72893
1.5520
0.05425
0.06900
23.6945
1.08152
1.37463
33.8646
1.30564
1.65732
24.5712
0.63235
0.8030
1993
8b
27.0828
0.60537
0.76196
1.3126
0.04007
0.05084
26.5245
0.88977
1.12832
42.1321
1.56064
1.97771
34.8940
0.68134
0.8635
1994
2a
6.15500
0.30727
0.39213
1.4860
0.07100
0.09167
9.69069
0.94049
1.21181
11.8206
0.71764
0.92575
8.52739
0.42941
0.5538
1994
3
7.50758
0.36634
0.46498
1.6127
0.07495
0.09668
12.1890
1.07136
1.37690
13.8929
0.79218
1.01999
8.91861
0.47345
0.6094
1994
4
11.4651
0.49912
0.62901
1.8367
0.07121
0.09070
19.5194
1.34605
1.71458
21.9649
0.94763
1.20708
9.97528
0.55927
0.7124
1994
5
12.7280
0.52453
0.66089
1.8067
0.06820
0.08683
21.3056
1.43783
1.83027
25.2996
1.01673
1.29424
12.2255
0.60244
0.7668
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-l
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
"x-
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
Highway
BC
Urban
PM
NOx
Deceleration
BC
PM
NOx
o 25 mph
BC
PM
NOx
25 50 mph
BC
PM
NOx
>50 mph
BC
PM
1994
6
12.5852
0.51737
0.65191
1.8103
0.06888
0.08771
20.7454
1.39599
1.77736
24.3752
1.00007
1.27319
11.7841
0.58819
0.7488
1994
7
14.3249
0.52337
0.65939
1.7871
0.06791
0.08647
20.6801
1.33089
1.69446
24.7593
1.02210
1.30081
12.8756
0.58288
0.7419
1994
8a
23.0796
0.57895
0.72893
1.5520
0.05425
0.06900
23.6945
1.08152
1.37463
33.8646
1.30564
1.65732
24.5712
0.63235
0.8030
1994
8b
27.0828
0.60537
0.76196
1.3126
0.04007
0.05084
26.5245
0.88977
1.12832
42.1321
1.56064
1.97771
34.8940
0.68134
0.8635
1995
2a
5.85319
0.28561
0.36438
1.4318
0.06832
0.08825
9.06513
0.88786
1.14497
11.4371
0.68715
0.88689
8.51690
0.40965
0.5286
1995
3
10.5983
0.44887
0.56677
1.6687
0.06949
0.08896
18.0129
1.26088
1.60918
20.5190
0.91052
1.16328
10.7012
0.53159
0.6790
1995
4
12.6659
0.49845
0.62828
1.7691
0.07012
0.08947
20.5023
1.33876
1.70567
24.2679
1.01231
1.29003
12.3429
0.57689
0.7351
1995
5
14.7624
0.54573
0.68746
1.7685
0.06462
0.08222
23.5342
1.48085
1.88379
29.6613
1.11587
1.41933
15.4891
0.64351
0.8185
1995
6
15.6608
0.53747
0.67706
1.7389
0.06466
0.08229
22.7281
1.35117
1.71912
28.9843
1.12505
1.43081
16.2028
0.61877
0.7870
1995
7
17.9569
0.55286
0.69633
1.6863
0.06149
0.07823
23.3674
1.29813
1.65106
30.9909
1.18613
1.50763
18.8266
0.63075
0.8019
1995
8a
26.1588
0.60093
0.75646
1.3597
0.04297
0.05455
26.1931
0.94670
1.20121
41.0066
1.51713
1.92368
32.9392
0.67800
0.8598
1995
8b
27.6141
0.60991
0.76768
1.2458
0.03621
0.04589
27.2282
0.85554
1.08418
44.1210
1.61247
2.04287
37.2124
0.69319
0.8782
1996
2a
5.95684
0.27771
0.35347
1.2975
0.06107
0.07903
9.33374
0.84337
1.08786
11.0950
0.63995
0.82670
7.92150
0.38074
0.4917
1996
3
12.1444
0.49479
0.62362
1.8171
0.07147
0.09114
20.9417
1.34771
1.71678
24.2856
1.01303
1.29082
11.6409
0.57863
0.7372
1996
4
13.9037
0.51703
0.65140
1.8259
0.06980
0.08884
22.0838
1.34252
1.70878
26.6036
1.07380
1.36636
13.5354
0.59798
0.7609
1996
5
14.5951
0.54889
0.69147
1.7642
0.06565
0.08357
23.2193
1.48776
1.89286
28.8353
1.10818
1.40994
15.2582
0.64487
0.8204
1996
6
17.1697
0.54913
0.69164
1.7595
0.06531
0.08311
23.1608
1.34890
1.71602
29.4855
1.15090
1.46344
16.7462
0.62848
0.7993
1996
7
17.9905
0.55635
0.70072
1.7091
0.06234
0.07931
23.6470
1.31107
1.66742
31.1393
1.19562
1.51976
18.9106
0.63825
0.8114
1996
8a
26.1219
0.60127
0.75687
1.3904
0.04414
0.05605
26.2506
0.95659
1.21390
40.6677
1.51049
1.91555
32.5937
0.67778
0.8596
1996
8b
27.7100
0.61241
0.77081
1.2519
0.03622
0.04591
27.3711
0.85817
1.08745
44.0593
1.61635
2.04773
37.4309
0.69561
0.8813
1997
2a
4.86990
0.23057
0.29689
1.1833
0.05655
0.07337
7.01324
0.72199
0.93548
9.17373
0.56119
0.72771
7.30064
0.33562
0.4351
1997
3
9.44808
0.39365
0.49870
1.4579
0.06291
0.08091
14.8138
1.09087
1.39614
16.4167
0.78600
1.00762
9.69053
0.46376
0.5943
1997
4
11.8402
0.50936
0.64179
1.8679
0.07308
0.09307
20.4710
1.40154
1.78494
23.2670
0.99822
1.27126
10.7294
0.58395
0.7436
1997
5
13.4823
0.55620
0.70064
1.8080
0.06977
0.08879
22.0017
1.52481
1.94028
26.4141
1.07300
1.36531
13.3344
0.64108
0.8157
1997
6
13.7094
0.52972
0.66735
1.8161
0.07005
0.08919
21.3426
1.39250
1.77265
25.5163
1.05918
1.34796
13.2227
0.60559
0.7707
1997
7
15.4944
0.54048
0.68081
1.7811
0.06792
0.08646
21.8038
1.35620
1.72611
26.9843
1.10358
1.40394
15.0448
0.61397
0.7812
1997
8a
25.3206
0.59286
0.74631
1.4500
0.04791
0.06088
25.4958
0.98913
1.25601
38.5429
1.46111
1.85345
30.2185
0.66478
0.8435
1997
8b
27.4562
0.60628
0.76310
1.2824
0.03799
0.04817
27.1361
0.85720
1.08660
43.3047
1.60542
2.03416
36.4972
0.68855
0.8725
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-2
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
"x-
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
Highway
BC
Urban
PM
NOx
Deceleration
BC
PM
NOx
o 25 mph
BC
PM
NOx
25 50 mph
BC
PM
NOx
>50 mph
BC
PM
1998
2a
5.12376
0.19699
0.25021
1.4671
0.09204
0.12224
8.45797
0.30952
0.40942
10.2991
0.33828
0.44808
7.72896
0.37185
0.4931
1998
3
11.2153
0.27363
0.34557
1.8701
0.07447
0.09662
18.3756
0.50006
0.64554
21.6622
0.55179
0.71283
12.8074
0.41580
0.5376
1998
4
11.9438
0.28278
0.35695
1.9570
0.07064
0.09103
19.5673
0.52294
0.67388
23.5740
0.58772
0.75735
13.5861
0.42250
0.5444
1998
5
12.7680
0.27252
0.34407
1.9354
0.06956
0.08992
19.7418
0.47593
0.61518
24.1178
0.50737
0.65575
14.7340
0.43422
0.5613
1998
6
12.3423
0.27848
0.35155
1.9467
0.07009
0.09045
19.6484
0.50200
0.64773
23.8607
0.55317
0.71369
14.1620
0.42808
0.5524
1998
7
13.2776
0.28190
0.35584
1.9249
0.06866
0.08868
19.8648
0.48978
0.63220
24.5299
0.54123
0.69833
15.3597
0.43428
0.5607
1998
8a
23.1779
0.39241
0.49440
1.6554
0.04819
0.06178
22.4837
0.57558
0.73500
33.3878
0.86756
1.10688
29.8084
0.47948
0.6123
1998
8b
25.8216
0.41907
0.52780
1.4763
0.03522
0.04485
23.9484
0.60450
0.76871
37.9415
1.00111
1.27280
37.4944
0.50512
0.6423
1999
2a
4.74242
0.19781
0.25112
1.4546
0.09385
0.12458
7.94618
0.30926
0.40929
9.67161
0.33613
0.44545
7.34911
0.37414
0.4961
1999
3
7.74300
0.25957
0.32797
1.4377
0.08230
0.10727
13.2102
0.46450
0.60196
13.3273
0.47360
0.61457
8.30514
0.38554
0.5009
1999
4
8.37581
0.27258
0.34416
1.4308
0.07784
0.10058
14.3272
0.49744
0.64281
14.4145
0.51450
0.66485
8.56371
0.38860
0.5021
1999
5
8.40902
0.27305
0.34475
1.4294
0.07771
0.10042
14.3371
0.49771
0.64315
14.4707
0.51695
0.66799
8.63495
0.38923
0.5029
1999
6
8.47041
0.27289
0.34455
1.3377
0.07353
0.09508
13.9578
0.48112
0.62201
14.4553
0.50377
0.65121
9.40271
0.41119
0.5316
1999
7
8.99018
0.28037
0.35393
1.3445
0.07313
0.09453
14.2530
0.48941
0.63221
14.9916
0.52830
0.68214
9.94223
0.41031
0.5300
1999
8a
17.2763
0.39483
0.49745
1.1066
0.04936
0.06338
18.1478
0.57252
0.73137
23.5898
0.87094
1.11148
21.6323
0.47491
0.6067
1999
8b
19.3374
0.42291
0.53262
0.9508
0.03524
0.04488
20.0124
0.60851
0.77370
27.3844
1.01323
1.28799
27.1645
0.50713
0.6448
2000
2a
4.88563
0.20112
0.25524
1.4512
0.09336
0.12387
8.20067
0.31676
0.41858
9.81909
0.34140
0.45192
7.41819
0.37601
0.4981
2000
3
7.76635
0.26129
0.33009
1.3888
0.07900
0.10279
13.2600
0.46505
0.60234
13.4928
0.47656
0.61785
8.54546
0.39370
0.5108
2000
4
8.24478
0.27091
0.34207
1.3700
0.07500
0.09694
14.0291
0.48756
0.63023
14.3364
0.50813
0.65679
8.86545
0.39793
0.5143
2000
5
8.31114
0.27182
0.34321
1.3673
0.07475
0.09662
14.0472
0.48807
0.63086
14.4469
0.51287
0.66288
9.00536
0.39910
0.5158
2000
6
8.38579
0.27297
0.34464
1.2926
0.07048
0.09108
13.9773
0.48250
0.62347
14.6966
0.51741
0.66852
9.80781
0.42109
0.5441
2000
7
9.80337
0.29231
0.36889
1.2997
0.06999
0.09042
14.4179
0.49321
0.63650
15.4911
0.55039
0.70980
10.7203
0.41865
0.5402
2000
8a
16.0490
0.37767
0.47594
1.1296
0.05330
0.06857
17.1977
0.55117
0.70551
21.7613
0.79609
1.01771
19.2869
0.46148
0.5908
2000
8b
19.2457
0.42202
0.53150
0.9607
0.03640
0.04641
19.8310
0.60467
0.76909
27.0113
0.99869
1.26981
26.6693
0.50467
0.6419
2001
2a
4.60483
0.19533
0.24802
1.4562
0.09432
0.12524
7.70578
0.30236
0.40073
9.53713
0.33093
0.43900
7.30048
0.37419
0.4965
2001
3
7.63596
0.25811
0.32611
1.4127
0.08140
0.10602
12.9319
0.45563
0.59086
12.9818
0.45368
0.58897
8.01069
0.38195
0.4962
2001
4
8.05419
0.26692
0.33706
1.4018
0.07801
0.10095
13.6901
0.47788
0.61844
13.6558
0.47741
0.61784
8.09488
0.38297
0.4956
2001
5
8.08734
0.26738
0.33764
1.4003
0.07787
0.10078
13.7001
0.47816
0.61879
13.7126
0.47986
0.62098
8.16630
0.38360
0.4964
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-3
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
"x-
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
Highway
BC
Urban
PM
NOx
Deceleration
BC
PM
NOx
o 25 mph
BC
PM
NOx
25 50 mph
BC
PM
NOx
>50 mph
BC
PM
2001
6
8.84217
0.27837
0.35140
1.3395
0.07362
0.09521
13.9551
0.48207
0.62314
14.4482
0.50694
0.65504
9.38295
0.40522
0.5237
2001
7
8.65194
0.27547
0.34779
1.3472
0.07408
0.09582
13.9437
0.48211
0.62323
14.4590
0.50769
0.65604
9.34665
0.40111
0.5184
2001
8a
16.9278
0.38966
0.49096
1.1152
0.05153
0.06627
17.6297
0.55958
0.71556
22.6456
0.83025
1.06027
20.5457
0.46632
0.5964
2001
8b
19.1174
0.42006
0.52904
0.9653
0.03712
0.04736
19.6696
0.60089
0.76449
26.7425
0.98733
1.25564
26.3253
0.50131
0.6378
2002
2a
4.68119
0.19695
0.25003
1.4570
0.09422
0.12508
7.83761
0.30629
0.40563
9.60020
0.33315
0.44173
7.30759
0.37428
0.4965
2002
3
7.46995
0.25447
0.32158
1.4288
0.08328
0.10868
12.6526
0.44759
0.58098
12.6731
0.44223
0.57487
7.83674
0.37857
0.4926
2002
4
8.06315
0.26678
0.33688
1.4178
0.07896
0.10220
13.7000
0.47833
0.61911
13.5958
0.47484
0.61460
7.95924
0.37952
0.4912
2002
5
8.06315
0.26678
0.33688
1.4178
0.07896
0.10220
13.7000
0.47833
0.61911
13.5958
0.47484
0.61460
7.95924
0.37952
0.4912
2002
6
8.28833
0.27068
0.34176
1.3433
0.07403
0.09575
13.8413
0.47952
0.62011
14.2300
0.49787
0.64377
9.09862
0.40565
0.5245
2002
7
8.99633
0.28018
0.35368
1.3573
0.07463
0.09654
14.0023
0.48340
0.62485
14.4363
0.50638
0.65423
9.29904
0.40011
0.5171
2002
8a
14.7254
0.35904
0.45257
1.2224
0.06133
0.07912
16.2103
0.53093
0.68172
19.7341
0.71797
0.92030
16.4223
0.43964
0.5645
2002
8b
18.8835
0.41678
0.52494
0.9905
0.03947
0.05044
19.3939
0.59524
0.75779
26.1397
0.96381
1.22627
25.4808
0.49560
0.6309
2003
2a
3.34367
0.16653
0.21147
0.4408
0.07953
0.10560
4.26028
0.25916
0.34326
7.33457
0.28152
0.37333
5.69472
0.31592
0.4191
2003
3
4.93002
0.22083
0.27907
0.8523
0.07227
0.09430
7.53943
0.39006
0.50623
8.65534
0.38462
0.49991
6.69709
0.32562
0.4237
2003
4
5.27585
0.23267
0.29380
1.0180
0.06940
0.08981
8.26495
0.41905
0.54232
9.06000
0.41608
0.53847
6.97437
0.32822
0.4247
2003
5
5.27585
0.23267
0.29380
1.0180
0.06940
0.08981
8.26495
0.41905
0.54232
9.06000
0.41608
0.53847
6.97437
0.32822
0.4247
2003
6
5.58409
0.23938
0.30224
1.1840
0.06555
0.08476
9.11480
0.42629
0.55110
9.79300
0.44512
0.57534
7.53825
0.35629
0.4605
2003
7
5.82282
0.25095
0.31673
1.1281
0.06559
0.08482
8.96416
0.42952
0.55491
9.74043
0.45583
0.58853
7.55263
0.35142
0.4539
2003
8a
7.84188
0.33238
0.41888
1.1165
0.05191
0.06690
10.1177
0.48240
0.61846
11.8585
0.67539
0.86446
9.72662
0.39767
0.5098
2003
8b
9.00376
0.37950
0.47795
1.1607
0.03394
0.04332
11.6949
0.54223
0.68990
13.9239
0.88983
1.13165
11.8887
0.45134
0.5742
2004
2a
3.32462
0.16540
0.21002
0.4398
0.07885
0.10469
4.24933
0.25727
0.34073
7.28885
0.27958
0.37072
5.66030
0.31403
0.4166
2004
3
4.95805
0.22072
0.27893
0.8852
0.07104
0.09270
7.70542
0.38854
0.50423
8.75281
0.38540
0.50089
6.77738
0.33097
0.4305
2004
4
5.31624
0.23286
0.29405
1.0652
0.06796
0.08794
8.47351
0.41775
0.54061
9.20756
0.41805
0.54099
7.09129
0.33578
0.4345
2004
5
5.31624
0.23286
0.29405
1.0652
0.06796
0.08794
8.47351
0.41775
0.54061
9.20756
0.41805
0.54099
7.09129
0.33578
0.4345
2004
6
5.61704
0.24095
0.30420
1.2243
0.06470
0.08364
9.29177
0.43002
0.55570
9.92363
0.45443
0.58713
7.61455
0.36255
0.4684
2004
7
5.84452
0.25156
0.31750
1.1693
0.06463
0.08356
9.13731
0.43123
0.55700
9.86322
0.46160
0.59586
7.63056
0.35767
0.4619
2004
8a
7.81870
0.33133
0.41756
1.1370
0.05185
0.06682
10.1651
0.48029
0.61584
11.8124
0.66664
0.85332
9.67362
0.39885
0.5114
2004
8b
9.00626
0.37988
0.47843
1.1660
0.03393
0.04331
11.7092
0.54272
0.69052
13.9288
0.89093
1.13302
11.8900
0.45234
0.5755
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-4
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
"x-
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
Highway
BC
Urban
PM
NOx
Deceleration
BC
PM
NOx
o 25 mph
BC
PM
NOx
25 50 mph
BC
PM
NOx
>50 mph
BC
PM
2005
2a
3.23925
0.16155
0.20518
0.4264
0.07765
0.10314
4.10708
0.25037
0.33186
7.14744
0.27319
0.36248
5.55029
0.30846
0.4094
2005
3
4.85590
0.21714
0.27445
0.8377
0.07141
0.09333
7.45619
0.38005
0.49363
8.57990
0.37497
0.48787
6.65527
0.32676
0.4256
2005
4
5.30253
0.23248
0.29357
1.0489
0.06822
0.08830
8.39414
0.41636
0.53890
9.14294
0.41481
0.53689
7.04840
0.33324
0.4313
2005
5
5.30253
0.23248
0.29357
1.0489
0.06822
0.08830
8.39414
0.41636
0.53890
9.14294
0.41481
0.53689
7.04840
0.33324
0.4313
2005
6
5.55450
0.24007
0.30310
1.1780
0.06568
0.08493
9.06249
0.42887
0.55433
9.73529
0.44905
0.58028
7.47078
0.35505
0.4588
2005
7
5.91867
0.25554
0.32249
1.1329
0.06490
0.08392
9.00797
0.43187
0.55775
9.78983
0.46425
0.59907
7.59829
0.35354
0.4565
2005
8a
8.04520
0.34031
0.42882
1.1286
0.04965
0.06395
10.3484
0.48827
0.62529
12.0591
0.69475
0.88822
9.95354
0.40437
0.5179
2005
8b
9.04799
0.38125
0.48015
1.1659
0.03291
0.04197
11.7793
0.54498
0.69317
14.0341
0.90062
1.14509
12.0055
0.45461
0.5782
2006
2a
3.28423
0.16411
0.20840
0.4315
0.07907
0.10503
4.15564
0.25434
0.33715
7.25314
0.27738
0.36806
5.63091
0.31335
0.4159
2006
3
4.83093
0.21657
0.27374
0.8062
0.07283
0.09522
7.29342
0.37874
0.49216
8.49396
0.36920
0.48062
6.60521
0.32303
0.4210
2006
4
5.25548
0.23092
0.29161
0.9979
0.06957
0.09009
8.16910
0.41340
0.53531
8.97523
0.40481
0.52419
6.94750
0.32618
0.4223
2006
5
5.25548
0.23092
0.29161
0.9979
0.06957
0.09009
8.16910
0.41340
0.53531
8.97523
0.40481
0.52419
6.94750
0.32618
0.4223
2006
6
5.45240
0.23730
0.29962
1.0999
0.06754
0.08739
8.69443
0.42429
0.54876
9.44229
0.43406
0.56124
7.27300
0.34328
0.4439
2006
7
5.82606
0.25273
0.31897
1.0658
0.06662
0.08619
8.69254
0.42763
0.55260
9.53549
0.45011
0.58114
7.42612
0.34346
0.4437
2006
8a
7.96574
0.33761
0.42543
1.0990
0.05118
0.06596
10.1628
0.48463
0.62095
11.8786
0.68164
0.87177
9.79910
0.39873
0.5109
2006
8b
9.03696
0.38107
0.47992
1.1607
0.03334
0.04254
11.7427
0.54455
0.69270
13.9934
0.89831
1.14220
11.9671
0.45366
0.5770
2007
2a
1.72349
0.00109
0.00933
0.9942
0.00075
0.00639
2.98993
0.00167
0.01430
3.96651
0.00183
0.01559
2.72873
0.00202
0.0172
2007
3
2.85172
0.00146
0.01252
0.8458
0.00060
0.00513
5.25149
0.00262
0.02246
5.28397
0.00270
0.02313
3.53201
0.00220
0.0188
2007
4
3.06711
0.00153
0.01312
0.7929
0.00055
0.00468
5.69286
0.00281
0.02405
5.63765
0.00294
0.02515
3.72592
0.00224
0.0191
2007
5
3.06711
0.00153
0.01312
0.7929
0.00055
0.00468
5.69286
0.00281
0.02405
5.63765
0.00294
0.02515
3.72592
0.00224
0.0191
2007
6
3.19926
0.00157
0.01346
0.7717
0.00052
0.00444
5.88246
0.00286
0.02452
5.88637
0.00310
0.02650
4.01696
0.00233
0.0199
2007
7
3.67218
0.00174
0.01491
0.7437
0.00051
0.00435
6.06168
0.00292
0.02504
6.16062
0.00330
0.02829
4.24747
0.00237
0.0202
2007
8a
5.53078
0.00239
0.02049
0.4746
0.00035
0.00303
7.61007
0.00342
0.02931
8.68068
0.00512
0.04385
6.54706
0.00284
0.0242
2007
8b
6.21805
0.00264
0.02258
0.2548
0.00023
0.00194
8.73891
0.00379
0.03246
10.3141
0.00633
0.05417
8.06977
0.00316
0.0270
2008
2a
1.66459
0.00107
0.00915
0.9938
0.00075
0.00640
2.87339
0.00163
0.01390
3.87563
0.00177
0.01514
2.64077
0.00200
0.0170
2008
3
2.57261
0.00137
0.01174
0.9343
0.00068
0.00580
4.66540
0.00240
0.02057
4.66163
0.00224
0.01916
2.81848
0.00201
0.0171
2008
4
2.78797
0.00144
0.01235
0.9069
0.00065
0.00553
5.09882
0.00259
0.02218
4.92467
0.00239
0.02050
2.86926
0.00201
0.0171
2008
5
2.78797
0.00144
0.01235
0.9069
0.00065
0.00553
5.09882
0.00259
0.02218
4.92467
0.00239
0.02050
2.86926
0.00201
0.0171
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-5
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
"x-
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
Highway
BC
Urban
PM
NOx
Deceleration
BC
PM
NOx
o 25 mph
BC
PM
NOx
25 50 mph
BC
PM
NOx
>50 mph
BC
PM
2008
6
2.89951
0.00148
0.01263
0.8806
0.00061
0.00525
5.28707
0.00265
0.02266
5.16336
0.00255
0.02184
3.16357
0.00210
0.0179
2008
7
3.06032
0.00153
0.01313
0.8764
0.00062
0.00528
5.31525
0.00266
0.02276
5.21343
0.00260
0.02222
3.18609
0.00209
0.0179
2008
8a
4.57722
0.00206
0.01764
0.7063
0.00051
0.00440
6.35759
0.00300
0.02570
6.85374
0.00379
0.03241
4.72750
0.00242
0.0206
2008
8b
6.00771
0.00256
0.02193
0.3471
0.00029
0.00246
8.31146
0.00365
0.03123
9.67118
0.00586
0.05014
7.44062
0.00302
0.0258
2009
2a
1.65450
0.00107
0.00897
0.9104
0.00070
0.00587
2.87989
0.00163
0.01377
3.72070
0.00179
0.01510
2.56496
0.00194
0.0163
2009
3
2.94712
0.00150
0.01279
0.8036
0.00058
0.00492
5.45399
0.00272
0.02323
5.44579
0.00286
0.02442
3.65994
0.00222
0.0189
2009
4
3.14667
0.00156
0.01338
0.7718
0.00054
0.00464
5.86107
0.00289
0.02473
5.81775
0.00309
0.02644
3.87306
0.00227
0.0194
2009
5
3.14667
0.00156
0.01338
0.7718
0.00054
0.00464
5.86107
0.00289
0.02473
5.81775
0.00309
0.02644
3.87306
0.00227
0.0194
2009
6
3.21834
0.00159
0.01357
0.7621
0.00053
0.00455
5.93850
0.00291
0.02493
5.93017
0.00316
0.02707
3.99459
0.00230
0.0197
2009
7
3.74751
0.00177
0.01516
0.7269
0.00051
0.00438
6.17527
0.00299
0.02556
6.28434
0.00342
0.02928
4.31949
0.00237
0.0202
2009
8a
5.54875
0.00240
0.02051
0.4594
0.00035
0.00298
7.69261
0.00346
0.02959
8.77479
0.00520
0.04449
6.63234
0.00285
0.0243
2009
8b
6.19005
0.00262
0.02246
0.2522
0.00022
0.00192
8.73109
0.00379
0.03242
10.3051
0.00632
0.05410
8.06586
0.00316
0.0270
2010
2a
0.64716
0.00072
0.00592
0.1066
0.00012
0.00102
1.53119
0.00114
0.00952
1.86532
0.00142
0.01166
1.08151
0.00132
0.0108
2010
3
1.41592
0.00143
0.01219
0.2040
0.00023
0.00192
4.02180
0.00380
0.03244
3.13276
0.00174
0.01477
1.71793
0.00185
0.0157
2010
4
1.55103
0.00156
0.01331
0.2353
0.00026
0.00221
4.46776
0.00428
0.03658
3.44536
0.00182
0.01554
1.86082
0.00196
0.0168
2010
5
1.55103
0.00156
0.01331
0.2353
0.00026
0.00221
4.46776
0.00428
0.03658
3.44536
0.00182
0.01554
1.86082
0.00196
0.0168
2010
6
1.61971
0.00162
0.01383
0.2417
0.00027
0.00229
4.63272
0.00457
0.03913
3.56873
0.00186
0.01592
1.93806
0.00205
0.0175
2010
7
1.98937
0.00143
0.01222
0.2433
0.00026
0.00220
4.97498
0.00421
0.03599
3.84105
0.00177
0.01511
2.04623
0.00191
0.0163
2010
8a
3.31474
0.00089
0.00765
0.2754
0.00021
0.00183
7.38446
0.00280
0.02394
5.87465
0.00134
0.01148
2.92362
0.00134
0.0114
2010
8b
3.79655
0.00067
0.00574
0.2986
0.00017
0.00149
9.03976
0.00168
0.01440
7.21105
0.00097
0.00826
3.50315
0.00084
0.0072
2011
2a
0.72266
0.00072
0.00592
0.1137
0.00013
0.00104
1.59527
0.00108
0.00895
2.09451
0.00145
0.01195
1.26449
0.00134
0.0110
2011
3
1.23594
0.00129
0.01100
0.1655
0.00020
0.00171
3.33695
0.00302
0.02578
2.70229
0.00166
0.01408
1.46139
0.00166
0.0141
2011
4
1.32622
0.00139
0.01191
0.1821
0.00022
0.00192
3.64958
0.00337
0.02882
2.85029
0.00171
0.01461
1.50423
0.00173
0.0148
2011
5
1.32622
0.00139
0.01191
0.1821
0.00022
0.00192
3.64958
0.00337
0.02882
2.85029
0.00171
0.01461
1.50423
0.00173
0.0148
2011
6
1.37835
0.00142
0.01218
0.1875
0.00023
0.00197
3.82910
0.00355
0.03036
2.96664
0.00173
0.01478
1.55244
0.00178
0.0151
2011
7
1.56442
0.00133
0.01136
0.1863
0.00023
0.00193
4.01254
0.00337
0.02887
3.09776
0.00168
0.01436
1.58574
0.00171
0.0146
2011
8a
2.58703
0.00093
0.00797
0.1963
0.00020
0.00175
6.02445
0.00264
0.02261
4.59197
0.00139
0.01188
2.03387
0.00136
0.0116
2011
8b
3.15549
0.00068
0.00579
0.2072
0.00017
0.00149
8.17074
0.00168
0.01441
6.13910
0.00098
0.00841
2.48868
0.00086
0.0073
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-6
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
"x-
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
Highway
BC
Urban
PM
NOx
Deceleration
BC
PM
NOx
o 25 mph
BC
PM
NOx
25 50 mph
BC
PM
NOx
>50 mph
BC
PM
2012
2a
0.68145
0.00075
0.00604
0.1082
0.00013
0.00103
1.57368
0.00117
0.00961
1.94137
0.00145
0.01173
1.14130
0.00135
0.0109
2012
3
1.22856
0.00134
0.01144
0.1699
0.00021
0.00179
3.42769
0.00325
0.02775
2.70852
0.00169
0.01433
1.43125
0.00171
0.0145
2012
4
1.30411
0.00143
0.01220
0.1852
0.00023
0.00198
3.68909
0.00355
0.03034
2.85458
0.00173
0.01482
1.48129
0.00178
0.0152
2012
5
1.30411
0.00143
0.01220
0.1852
0.00023
0.00198
3.68909
0.00355
0.03034
2.85458
0.00173
0.01482
1.48129
0.00178
0.0152
2012
6
1.34031
0.00143
0.01223
0.1871
0.00023
0.00199
3.78300
0.00359
0.03073
2.91884
0.00173
0.01483
1.50443
0.00179
0.0152
2012
7
1.59744
0.00131
0.01123
0.1872
0.00023
0.00195
4.09577
0.00343
0.02930
3.13785
0.00167
0.01433
1.56343
0.00171
0.0146
2012
8a
2.63408
0.00088
0.00755
0.1960
0.00020
0.00172
6.36149
0.00253
0.02166
4.80940
0.00131
0.01122
2.03483
0.00127
0.0108
2012
8b
3.06163
0.00067
0.00575
0.2015
0.00017
0.00148
8.10647
0.00166
0.01423
6.07701
0.00097
0.00826
2.38310
0.00084
0.0071
2013
2a
0.82543
0.00076
0.00594
0.1172
0.00013
0.00101
1.74110
0.00120
0.00972
2.30478
0.00146
0.01153
1.45405
0.00136
0.0107
2013
3
1.30501
0.00134
0.01142
0.1674
0.00021
0.00180
3.53271
0.00351
0.03000
2.91371
0.00163
0.01382
1.55853
0.00173
0.0146
2013
4
1.37384
0.00143
0.01221
0.1803
0.00023
0.00201
3.79553
0.00386
0.03301
3.03295
0.00167
0.01428
1.57553
0.00179
0.0153
2013
5
1.37384
0.00143
0.01221
0.1803
0.00023
0.00201
3.79553
0.00386
0.03301
3.03295
0.00167
0.01428
1.57553
0.00179
0.0153
2013
6
1.40315
0.00143
0.01227
0.1818
0.00024
0.00203
3.89557
0.00394
0.03369
3.09752
0.00167
0.01430
1.58762
0.00181
0.0154
2013
7
1.59818
0.00127
0.01087
0.1796
0.00023
0.00196
4.15903
0.00366
0.03135
3.27092
0.00159
0.01360
1.60552
0.00170
0.0145
2013
8a
2.23169
0.00079
0.00673
0.1701
0.00019
0.00159
5.78843
0.00240
0.02057
4.40842
0.00116
0.00996
1.74191
0.00115
0.0098
2013
8b
2.44762
0.00060
0.00513
0.1626
0.00015
0.00131
6.79535
0.00151
0.01295
5.08885
0.00086
0.00733
1.81732
0.00075
0.0064
2014
2a
0.38424
0.00042
0.00203
0.0449
0.00003
0.00017
1.04273
0.00044
0.00245
1.02613
0.00079
0.00369
0.54286
0.00068
0.0032
2014
3
0.82977
0.00040
0.00329
0.1016
0.00005
0.00044
3.04371
0.00085
0.00713
2.00781
0.00067
0.00535
0.74775
0.00066
0.0053
2014
4
0.88095
0.00040
0.00343
0.1131
0.00006
0.00050
3.27539
0.00090
0.00767
2.16293
0.00066
0.00562
0.77700
0.00066
0.0056
2014
5
0.88095
0.00040
0.00343
0.1131
0.00006
0.00050
3.27539
0.00090
0.00767
2.16293
0.00066
0.00562
0.77700
0.00066
0.0056
2014
6
0.90535
0.00041
0.00349
0.1143
0.00006
0.00050
3.35298
0.00091
0.00782
2.21047
0.00067
0.00570
0.78593
0.00066
0.0056
2014
7
1.08262
0.00041
0.00347
0.1138
0.00006
0.00049
3.56931
0.00090
0.00770
2.35225
0.00066
0.00567
0.82323
0.00065
0.0055
2014
8a
1.79935
0.00041
0.00354
0.1146
0.00005
0.00043
5.16456
0.00086
0.00738
3.43803
0.00068
0.00578
1.09904
0.00056
0.0047
2014
8b
2.10513
0.00040
0.00343
0.1152
0.00004
0.00036
6.45688
0.00081
0.00689
4.31543
0.00066
0.00561
1.32281
0.00047
0.0040
2015
2a
0.29718
0.00042
0.00188
0.0353
0.00003
0.00016
0.86818
0.00041
0.00217
0.82793
0.00079
0.00345
0.40351
0.00068
0.0030
2015
3
0.73508
0.00040
0.00324
0.0864
0.00005
0.00043
2.89156
0.00084
0.00698
1.82933
0.00068
0.00526
0.59457
0.00066
0.0052
2015
4
0.79713
0.00040
0.00343
0.0994
0.00006
0.00049
3.18020
0.00090
0.00767
2.02653
0.00066
0.00562
0.62853
0.00066
0.0056
2015
5
0.79713
0.00040
0.00343
0.0994
0.00006
0.00049
3.18020
0.00090
0.00767
2.02653
0.00066
0.00562
0.62853
0.00066
0.0056
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-7
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
"x-
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
Highway
BC
Urban
PM
NOx
Deceleration
BC
PM
NOx
o 25 mph
BC
PM
NOx
25 50 mph
BC
PM
NOx
>50 mph
BC
PM
2015
6
0.82331
0.00041
0.00348
0.1006
0.00006
0.00050
3.25760
0.00091
0.00780
2.07516
0.00067
0.00570
0.63921
0.00066
0.0056
2015
7
1.01894
0.00041
0.00347
0.1009
0.00006
0.00049
3.49007
0.00090
0.00769
2.23188
0.00066
0.00567
0.68834
0.00065
0.0055
2015
8a
1.79433
0.00041
0.00355
0.1072
0.00005
0.00042
5.16417
0.00086
0.00739
3.40218
0.00068
0.00579
1.04177
0.00056
0.0047
2015
8b
2.11929
0.00040
0.00344
0.1133
0.00004
0.00036
6.49013
0.00081
0.00691
4.32962
0.00066
0.00563
1.32392
0.00047
0.0040
2016
2a
0.28454
0.00044
0.00187
0.0345
0.00004
0.00016
0.81545
0.00042
0.00207
0.80786
0.00084
0.00345
0.39653
0.00072
0.0030
2016
3
0.69897
0.00041
0.00321
0.0831
0.00005
0.00042
2.76929
0.00083
0.00688
1.75698
0.00069
0.00521
0.55347
0.00067
0.0051
2016
4
0.76639
0.00040
0.00343
0.0974
0.00006
0.00049
3.08911
0.00090
0.00767
1.97264
0.00066
0.00561
0.58554
0.00066
0.0056
2016
5
0.76639
0.00040
0.00343
0.0974
0.00006
0.00049
3.08911
0.00090
0.00767
1.97264
0.00066
0.00561
0.58554
0.00066
0.0056
2016
6
0.78816
0.00041
0.00348
0.0984
0.00006
0.00050
3.15507
0.00091
0.00779
2.01393
0.00066
0.00569
0.59389
0.00066
0.0056
2016
7
0.94299
0.00041
0.00347
0.0987
0.00006
0.00049
3.33785
0.00090
0.00770
2.13678
0.00066
0.00566
0.63241
0.00065
0.0055
2016
8a
1.67162
0.00042
0.00356
0.1051
0.00005
0.00043
4.84186
0.00087
0.00745
3.18169
0.00068
0.00579
0.94497
0.00057
0.0048
2016
8b
2.04067
0.00040
0.00346
0.1127
0.00004
0.00036
6.27917
0.00081
0.00696
4.18424
0.00066
0.00566
1.24737
0.00048
0.0041
2017
2a
0.26852
0.00043
0.00176
0.0337
0.00004
0.00015
0.77999
0.00041
0.00195
0.78286
0.00082
0.00324
0.38162
0.00070
0.0028
2017
3
0.66479
0.00040
0.00319
0.0819
0.00005
0.00041
2.64604
0.00082
0.00683
1.69286
0.00069
0.00515
0.51991
0.00067
0.0051
2017
4
0.73257
0.00040
0.00343
0.0968
0.00006
0.00049
2.96704
0.00090
0.00767
1.91053
0.00066
0.00561
0.54959
0.00066
0.0056
2017
5
0.73257
0.00040
0.00343
0.0968
0.00006
0.00049
2.96704
0.00090
0.00767
1.91053
0.00066
0.00561
0.54959
0.00066
0.0056
2017
6
0.74964
0.00041
0.00347
0.0977
0.00006
0.00050
3.02000
0.00091
0.00777
1.94389
0.00066
0.00568
0.55525
0.00066
0.0056
2017
7
0.86998
0.00041
0.00347
0.0981
0.00006
0.00049
3.16856
0.00090
0.00769
2.04279
0.00066
0.00566
0.58159
0.00065
0.0055
2017
8a
1.47293
0.00042
0.00357
0.1048
0.00005
0.00044
4.44469
0.00087
0.00748
2.92249
0.00068
0.00580
0.80517
0.00058
0.0049
2017
8b
1.79985
0.00041
0.00347
0.1132
0.00004
0.00036
5.75378
0.00082
0.00700
3.82860
0.00066
0.00568
1.03648
0.00048
0.0041
2018
2a
0.20399
0.00045
0.00175
0.0247
0.00004
0.00015
0.62863
0.00042
0.00194
0.58004
0.00087
0.00323
0.27299
0.00074
0.0028
2018
3
0.62317
0.00041
0.00319
0.0753
0.00005
0.00041
2.54465
0.00083
0.00683
1.59118
0.00069
0.00515
0.46403
0.00067
0.0051
2018
4
0.69388
0.00040
0.00343
0.0907
0.00006
0.00049
2.87006
0.00090
0.00767
1.82997
0.00066
0.00561
0.50476
0.00066
0.0056
2018
5
0.69388
0.00040
0.00343
0.0907
0.00006
0.00049
2.87006
0.00090
0.00767
1.82997
0.00066
0.00561
0.50476
0.00066
0.0056
2018
6
0.73210
0.00041
0.00353
0.0940
0.00006
0.00051
3.01717
0.00093
0.00799
1.92118
0.00068
0.00579
0.52004
0.00067
0.0056
2018
7
0.83982
0.00041
0.00349
0.0935
0.00006
0.00050
3.12850
0.00091
0.00781
1.99786
0.00067
0.00572
0.54427
0.00065
0.0055
2018
8a
1.43065
0.00042
0.00357
0.1015
0.00005
0.00043
4.40931
0.00088
0.00751
2.90396
0.00068
0.00585
0.78720
0.00057
0.0049
2018
8b
1.74241
0.00040
0.00345
0.1109
0.00004
0.00036
5.66092
0.00082
0.00701
3.76447
0.00067
0.00570
1.01721
0.00048
0.0041
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-8
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
"x-
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
Highway
BC
Urban
PM
NOx
Deceleration
BC
PM
NOx
o 25 mph
BC
PM
NOx
25 50 mph
BC
PM
NOx
>50 mph
BC
PM
2019
2a
0.16355
0.00042
0.00164
0.0194
0.00004
0.00014
0.51681
0.00039
0.00179
0.45849
0.00080
0.00303
0.21281
0.00069
0.0026
2019
3
0.58033
0.00039
0.00306
0.0696
0.00005
0.00039
2.40037
0.00079
0.00649
1.48391
0.00066
0.00490
0.42576
0.00064
0.0048
2019
4
0.65656
0.00039
0.00332
0.0862
0.00006
0.00047
2.74712
0.00086
0.00736
1.74733
0.00063
0.00539
0.47526
0.00063
0.0054
2019
5
0.65656
0.00039
0.00332
0.0862
0.00006
0.00047
2.74712
0.00086
0.00736
1.74733
0.00063
0.00539
0.47526
0.00063
0.0054
2019
6
0.69397
0.00040
0.00340
0.0893
0.00006
0.00049
2.88696
0.00089
0.00764
1.83451
0.00065
0.00554
0.49068
0.00064
0.0054
2019
7
0.80733
0.00040
0.00338
0.0892
0.00006
0.00048
3.01000
0.00088
0.00749
1.91852
0.00064
0.00549
0.51676
0.00063
0.0053
2019
8a
1.41824
0.00041
0.00351
0.0989
0.00005
0.00042
4.34785
0.00085
0.00730
2.86111
0.00067
0.00569
0.77216
0.00056
0.0047
2019
8b
1.73855
0.00040
0.00341
0.1103
0.00004
0.00036
5.64094
0.00081
0.00692
3.75079
0.00066
0.00562
1.01287
0.00048
0.0040
2020
2a
0.13892
0.00038
0.00154
0.0162
0.00003
0.00013
0.44428
0.00036
0.00168
0.38495
0.00072
0.00285
0.17717
0.00062
0.0024
2020
3
0.55726
0.00039
0.00302
0.0660
0.00005
0.00038
2.32434
0.00077
0.00640
1.42193
0.00065
0.00482
0.40222
0.00063
0.0048
2020
4
0.64186
0.00039
0.00332
0.0843
0.00006
0.00047
2.70685
0.00086
0.00736
1.71739
0.00063
0.00538
0.46027
0.00063
0.0054
2020
5
0.64186
0.00039
0.00332
0.0843
0.00006
0.00047
2.70685
0.00086
0.00736
1.71739
0.00063
0.00538
0.46027
0.00063
0.0054
2020
6
0.67788
0.00040
0.00339
0.0873
0.00006
0.00049
2.84008
0.00089
0.00762
1.80075
0.00065
0.00553
0.47552
0.00064
0.0054
2020
7
0.78700
0.00039
0.00338
0.0872
0.00006
0.00048
2.95863
0.00087
0.00748
1.88160
0.00064
0.00549
0.50074
0.00063
0.0053
2020
8a
1.39882
0.00041
0.00350
0.0975
0.00005
0.00042
4.28266
0.00085
0.00730
2.81485
0.00066
0.00569
0.75624
0.00056
0.0047
2020
8b
1.73498
0.00040
0.00342
0.1099
0.00004
0.00036
5.62139
0.00081
0.00692
3.73664
0.00066
0.00562
1.00844
0.00048
0.0040
2021
2a
0.09450
0.00021
0.00090
0.0110
0.00002
0.00007
0.30640
0.00021
0.00103
0.26271
0.00040
0.00165
0.12026
0.00034
0.0014
2021
3
0.38874
0.00024
0.00193
0.0461
0.00003
0.00025
1.63840
0.00051
0.00420
0.99859
0.00041
0.00312
0.27849
0.00040
0.0031
2021
4
0.44861
0.00025
0.00214
0.0591
0.00004
0.00031
1.91106
0.00057
0.00485
1.20958
0.00041
0.00355
0.31955
0.00042
0.0035
2021
5
0.44861
0.00025
0.00214
0.0591
0.00004
0.00031
1.91106
0.00057
0.00485
1.20958
0.00041
0.00355
0.31955
0.00042
0.0035
2021
6
0.47268
0.00026
0.00219
0.0612
0.00004
0.00032
2.00144
0.00059
0.00502
1.26633
0.00043
0.00365
0.33021
0.00042
0.0035
2021
7
0.54387
0.00026
0.00219
0.0611
0.00004
0.00032
2.08255
0.00058
0.00494
1.32162
0.00042
0.00362
0.34756
0.00041
0.0035
2021
8a
0.95909
0.00027
0.00230
0.0686
0.00003
0.00028
3.01105
0.00057
0.00488
1.97721
0.00044
0.00380
0.52875
0.00037
0.0032
2021
8b
1.19523
0.00027
0.00227
0.0779
0.00003
0.00024
3.98613
0.00055
0.00468
2.64894
0.00044
0.00380
0.71445
0.00032
0.0027
2022
2a
0.08426
0.00021
0.00090
0.0095
0.00002
0.00007
0.28086
0.00021
0.00102
0.22945
0.00040
0.00164
0.10285
0.00034
0.0014
2022
3
0.38079
0.00024
0.00193
0.0449
0.00003
0.00025
1.61808
0.00051
0.00420
0.97920
0.00041
0.00312
0.26757
0.00040
0.0031
2022
4
0.44106
0.00025
0.00214
0.0580
0.00004
0.00031
1.89151
0.00057
0.00485
1.19399
0.00041
0.00355
0.31031
0.00042
0.0035
2022
5
0.44106
0.00025
0.00214
0.0580
0.00004
0.00031
1.89151
0.00057
0.00485
1.19399
0.00041
0.00355
0.31031
0.00042
0.0035
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-g
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
"x-
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
Highway
BC
Urban
PM
NOx
Deceleration
BC
PM
NOx
o 25 mph
BC
PM
NOx
25 50 mph
BC
PM
NOx
>50 mph
BC
PM
2022
6
0.46549
0.00026
0.00219
0.0601
0.00004
0.00032
1.98204
0.00059
0.00501
1.25102
0.00043
0.00364
0.32136
0.00042
0.0035
2022
7
0.53966
0.00026
0.00219
0.0601
0.00004
0.00032
2.06773
0.00058
0.00494
1.30941
0.00042
0.00362
0.33969
0.00041
0.0035
2022
8a
0.96186
0.00027
0.00230
0.0681
0.00003
0.00028
3.01764
0.00057
0.00487
1.98015
0.00044
0.00380
0.52706
0.00037
0.0031
2022
8b
1.19601
0.00027
0.00227
0.0779
0.00003
0.00024
3.99069
0.00055
0.00468
2.65195
0.00044
0.00380
0.71481
0.00032
0.0027
2023
2a
0.08228
0.00021
0.00089
0.0094
0.00002
0.00007
0.27543
0.00020
0.00101
0.22588
0.00040
0.00163
0.10082
0.00034
0.0014
2023
3
0.37884
0.00024
0.00192
0.0446
0.00003
0.00025
1.60984
0.00050
0.00418
0.97288
0.00041
0.00311
0.26603
0.00040
0.0031
2023
4
0.44106
0.00025
0.00214
0.0580
0.00004
0.00031
1.89151
0.00057
0.00485
1.19400
0.00041
0.00355
0.31031
0.00042
0.0035
2023
5
0.44106
0.00025
0.00214
0.0580
0.00004
0.00031
1.89151
0.00057
0.00485
1.19400
0.00041
0.00355
0.31031
0.00042
0.0035
2023
6
0.46494
0.00026
0.00219
0.0601
0.00004
0.00032
1.98035
0.00059
0.00501
1.24995
0.00043
0.00364
0.32113
0.00042
0.0035
2023
7
0.53685
0.00026
0.00219
0.0601
0.00004
0.00032
2.06282
0.00058
0.00493
1.30615
0.00042
0.00362
0.33882
0.00041
0.0035
2023
8a
0.95594
0.00027
0.00230
0.0680
0.00003
0.00028
2.99856
0.00057
0.00487
1.96711
0.00044
0.00379
0.52343
0.00037
0.0032
2023
8b
1.19492
0.00027
0.00227
0.0778
0.00003
0.00024
3.98449
0.00055
0.00468
2.64752
0.00044
0.00380
0.71358
0.00032
0.0027
2024
2a
0.08061
0.00021
0.00089
0.0093
0.00002
0.00007
0.27140
0.00020
0.00100
0.22290
0.00040
0.00163
0.09894
0.00034
0.0014
2024
3
0.37723
0.00024
0.00192
0.0443
0.00003
0.00024
1.60335
0.00050
0.00416
0.96790
0.00041
0.00310
0.26474
0.00040
0.0031
2024
4
0.44092
0.00025
0.00214
0.0580
0.00004
0.00031
1.89106
0.00057
0.00484
1.19372
0.00041
0.00355
0.31024
0.00042
0.0035
2024
5
0.44092
0.00025
0.00214
0.0580
0.00004
0.00031
1.89106
0.00057
0.00484
1.19372
0.00041
0.00355
0.31024
0.00042
0.0035
2024
6
0.46385
0.00026
0.00219
0.0600
0.00004
0.00032
1.97731
0.00058
0.00500
1.24804
0.00043
0.00364
0.32071
0.00042
0.0035
2024
7
0.52831
0.00025
0.00218
0.0600
0.00004
0.00031
2.05338
0.00058
0.00493
1.29998
0.00042
0.00361
0.33718
0.00041
0.0035
2024
8a
0.91909
0.00026
0.00226
0.0674
0.00003
0.00028
2.95044
0.00057
0.00484
1.93512
0.00044
0.00376
0.51466
0.00037
0.0031
2024
8b
1.14663
0.00026
0.00220
0.0768
0.00003
0.00024
3.92597
0.00054
0.00462
2.60826
0.00044
0.00375
0.70294
0.00032
0.0027
2025
2a
0.08061
0.00021
0.00089
0.0093
0.00002
0.00007
0.27140
0.00020
0.00100
0.22290
0.00040
0.00163
0.09894
0.00034
0.0014
2025
3
0.37723
0.00024
0.00192
0.0443
0.00003
0.00024
1.60335
0.00050
0.00416
0.96790
0.00041
0.00310
0.26474
0.00040
0.0031
2025
4
0.44092
0.00025
0.00214
0.0580
0.00004
0.00031
1.89106
0.00057
0.00484
1.19372
0.00041
0.00355
0.31024
0.00042
0.0035
2025
5
0.44092
0.00025
0.00214
0.0580
0.00004
0.00031
1.89106
0.00057
0.00484
1.19372
0.00041
0.00355
0.31024
0.00042
0.0035
2025
6
0.46385
0.00026
0.00219
0.0600
0.00004
0.00032
1.97731
0.00058
0.00500
1.24804
0.00043
0.00364
0.32071
0.00042
0.0035
2025
7
0.52831
0.00025
0.00218
0.0600
0.00004
0.00031
2.05338
0.00058
0.00493
1.29998
0.00042
0.00361
0.33718
0.00041
0.0035
2025
8a
0.91909
0.00026
0.00226
0.0674
0.00003
0.00028
2.95044
0.00057
0.00484
1.93512
0.00044
0.00376
0.51466
0.00037
0.0031
2025
8b
1.14663
0.00026
0.00220
0.0768
0.00003
0.00024
3.92597
0.00054
0.00462
2.60826
0.00044
0.00375
0.70294
0.00032
0.0027
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-10
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
"x-
Table A-2. Gasoline Truck Emission Factors
Highway
Urban
Deceleration
o 25 mph
25 50 mph
>50 mph
.. . ,Vehicle
ModelYr Class
NOx
BC PM
NOx BC PM
z
O
X
CD
O
PM
NOx BC PM
NOx BC PM
Pre 1993
2a
3.69448
0.00472
0.03222
0.1793
0.00026
0.00178
3.44885
0.00131
0.00893
6.71733
0.00398
0.02718
6.21730
0.01314
0.0896
Pre 1993
3
4.97230
0.00772
0.05266
0.5741
0.00043
0.00296
5.37019
0.00191
0.01306
7.42477
0.00669
0.04564
7.84321
0.03302
0.2252
Pre 1993
4
5.10752
0.00772
0.05265
0.6111
0.00045
0.00306
5.49482
0.00195
0.01332
7.62497
0.00688
0.04692
8.15957
0.03415
0.2330
Pre 1993
5
5.11522
0.00771
0.05263
0.6143
0.00045
0.00307
5.50121
0.00195
0.01332
7.63235
0.00688
0.04695
8.18077
0.03422
0.2335
Pre 1993
6
4.54163
0.00773
0.05275
0.4543
0.00039
0.00263
4.97467
0.00179
0.01224
6.79454
0.00610
0.04163
6.83010
0.02940
0.2005
Pre 1993
7
4.54163
0.00773
0.05275
0.4543
0.00039
0.00263
4.97467
0.00179
0.01224
6.79454
0.00610
0.04163
6.83010
0.02940
0.2005
Pre 1993
8a
6.63065
0.00977
0.06666
0.3450
0.00044
0.00299
7.74775
0.00375
0.02559
12.2139
0.01224
0.08352
9.76954
0.04029
0.2748
Pre 1993
8b
6.63065
0.00977
0.06666
0.3450
0.00044
0.00299
7.74775
0.00375
0.02559
12.2139
0.01224
0.08352
9.76954
0.04029
0.2748
1993
2a
3.69448
0.00472
0.03222
0.1793
0.00026
0.00178
3.44885
0.00131
0.00893
6.71733
0.00398
0.02718
6.21730
0.01314
0.0896
1993
3
4.97230
0.00772
0.05266
0.5741
0.00043
0.00296
5.37019
0.00191
0.01306
7.42477
0.00669
0.04564
7.84321
0.03302
0.2252
1993
4
5.10752
0.00772
0.05265
0.6111
0.00045
0.00306
5.49482
0.00195
0.01332
7.62497
0.00688
0.04692
8.15957
0.03415
0.2330
1993
5
5.11522
0.00771
0.05263
0.6143
0.00045
0.00307
5.50121
0.00195
0.01332
7.63235
0.00688
0.04695
8.18077
0.03422
0.2335
1993
6
4.54163
0.00773
0.05275
0.4543
0.00039
0.00263
4.97467
0.00179
0.01224
6.79454
0.00610
0.04163
6.83010
0.02940
0.2005
1993
7
4.54163
0.00773
0.05275
0.4543
0.00039
0.00263
4.97467
0.00179
0.01224
6.79454
0.00610
0.04163
6.83010
0.02940
0.2005
1993
8a
6.63065
0.00977
0.06666
0.3450
0.00044
0.00299
7.74775
0.00375
0.02559
12.2139
0.01224
0.08352
9.76954
0.04029
0.2748
1993
8b
6.63065
0.00977
0.06666
0.3450
0.00044
0.00299
7.74775
0.00375
0.02559
12.2139
0.01224
0.08352
9.76954
0.04029
0.2748
1994
2a
3.69448
0.00472
0.03222
0.1793
0.00026
0.00178
3.44885
0.00131
0.00893
6.71733
0.00398
0.02718
6.21730
0.01314
0.0896
1994
3
4.97230
0.00772
0.05266
0.5741
0.00043
0.00296
5.37019
0.00191
0.01306
7.42477
0.00669
0.04564
7.84321
0.03302
0.2252
1994
4
5.10752
0.00772
0.05265
0.6111
0.00045
0.00306
5.49482
0.00195
0.01332
7.62497
0.00688
0.04692
8.15957
0.03415
0.2330
1994
5
5.11522
0.00771
0.05263
0.6143
0.00045
0.00307
5.50121
0.00195
0.01332
7.63235
0.00688
0.04695
8.18077
0.03422
0.2335
1994
6
4.54163
0.00773
0.05275
0.4543
0.00039
0.00263
4.97467
0.00179
0.01224
6.79454
0.00610
0.04163
6.83010
0.02940
0.2005
1994
7
4.54163
0.00773
0.05275
0.4543
0.00039
0.00263
4.97467
0.00179
0.01224
6.79454
0.00610
0.04163
6.83010
0.02940
0.2005
1994
8a
6.63065
0.00977
0.06666
0.3450
0.00044
0.00299
7.74775
0.00375
0.02559
12.2139
0.01224
0.08352
9.76954
0.04029
0.2748
1994
8b
6.63065
0.00977
0.06666
0.3450
0.00044
0.00299
7.74775
0.00375
0.02559
12.2139
0.01224
0.08352
9.76954
0.04029
0.2748
1995
2a
3.79716
0.00642
0.04384
0.2038
0.00070
0.00475
3.68643
0.00628
0.04286
6.69335
0.00751
0.05125
6.21295
0.01187
0.0809
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-ll
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
"x-
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
Highway
BC
Urban
PM
NOx
Deceleration
BC
PM
NOx
o 25 mph
BC
PM
NOx
25 50 mph
BC
PM
NOx
>50 mph
BC
PM
1995
3
5.07820
0.01899
0.12955
0.5956
0.00351
0.02395
5.47141
0.02617
0.17857
7.58071
0.01782
0.12158
8.06603
0.04547
0.3102
1995
4
5.15493
0.01961
0.13377
0.6219
0.00371
0.02532
5.53930
0.02752
0.18775
7.69458
0.01875
0.12794
8.26204
0.04812
0.3282
1995
5
5.13736
0.01947
0.13284
0.6166
0.00367
0.02505
5.52344
0.02724
0.18586
7.66549
0.01851
0.12627
8.22028
0.04756
0.3245
1995
6
4.55406
0.01473
0.10047
0.4117
0.00211
0.01436
5.01170
0.01681
0.11470
6.82623
0.01169
0.07973
6.71206
0.02715
0.1852
1995
7
4.55406
0.01473
0.10047
0.4117
0.00211
0.01436
5.01170
0.01681
0.11470
6.82623
0.01169
0.07973
6.71206
0.02715
0.1852
1995
8a
6.54848
0.02620
0.17877
0.4848
0.00313
0.02135
7.34017
0.02802
0.19114
11.9132
0.05787
0.39485
9.49583
0.05608
0.3826
1995
8b
6.54848
0.02620
0.17877
0.4848
0.00313
0.02135
7.34017
0.02802
0.19114
11.9132
0.05787
0.39485
9.49583
0.05608
0.3826
1996
2a
3.08363
0.00367
0.02507
0.1673
0.00088
0.00599
2.89184
0.00537
0.03661
4.96249
0.01049
0.07160
4.98207
0.00618
0.0421
1996
3
5.12787
0.01159
0.07907
0.6126
0.00509
0.03473
5.52314
0.02550
0.17396
7.66479
0.02869
0.19572
8.19666
0.02750
0.1876
1996
4
5.16803
0.01183
0.08071
0.6262
0.00524
0.03573
5.55393
0.02619
0.17866
7.71841
0.02946
0.20101
8.29656
0.02830
0.1930
1996
5
5.16637
0.01182
0.08068
0.6268
0.00524
0.03576
5.55194
0.02621
0.17880
7.71172
0.02939
0.20052
8.29655
0.02831
0.1931
1996
6
4.59747
0.00838
0.05715
0.4222
0.00305
0.02081
5.12095
0.01594
0.10877
6.99219
0.01876
0.12801
6.83563
0.01647
0.1123
1996
7
4.59747
0.00838
0.05715
0.4222
0.00305
0.02081
5.12095
0.01594
0.10877
6.99219
0.01876
0.12801
6.83563
0.01647
0.1123
1996
8a
6.54850
0.01711
0.11674
0.4848
0.00395
0.02697
7.34013
0.02242
0.15296
11.9131
0.07701
0.52541
9.49576
0.03005
0.2050
1996
8b
6.54850
0.01711
0.11674
0.4848
0.00395
0.02697
7.34013
0.02242
0.15296
11.9131
0.07701
0.52541
9.49576
0.03005
0.2050
1997
2a
2.98079
0.00335
0.02286
0.1116
0.00020
0.00136
2.01986
0.00170
0.01162
4.51060
0.00488
0.03331
5.02397
0.00776
0.0529
1997
3
5.06800
0.00981
0.06697
0.5962
0.00120
0.00821
5.47027
0.00815
0.05558
7.57961
0.01032
0.07045
8.05889
0.04284
0.2922
1997
4
5.17214
0.01015
0.06928
0.6290
0.00128
0.00872
5.55544
0.00860
0.05865
7.71871
0.01079
0.07363
8.31163
0.04551
0.3105
1997
5
5.14978
0.01009
0.06881
0.6225
0.00126
0.00862
5.53696
0.00851
0.05804
7.68789
0.01069
0.07296
8.25928
0.04499
0.3069
1997
6
4.57916
0.00822
0.05610
0.4425
0.00085
0.00581
5.06979
0.00603
0.04117
6.92532
0.00813
0.05549
6.87123
0.03026
0.2064
1997
7
4.57916
0.00822
0.05610
0.4425
0.00085
0.00581
5.06979
0.00603
0.04117
6.92532
0.00813
0.05549
6.87123
0.03026
0.2064
1997
8a
7.76798
0.01021
0.06966
0.1009
0.00007
0.00049
8.71544
0.00195
0.01333
13.1180
0.01683
0.11481
10.5529
0.01070
0.0730
1997
8b
7.76798
0.01021
0.06966
0.1009
0.00007
0.00049
8.71544
0.00195
0.01333
13.1180
0.01683
0.11481
10.5529
0.01070
0.0730
1998
2a
2.68513
0.00294
0.02005
0.1206
0.00029
0.00197
1.59733
0.00206
0.01408
4.10279
0.00532
0.03628
4.67617
0.00529
0.0361
1998
3
3.31917
0.01133
0.07728
0.4048
0.00215
0.01466
2.63652
0.01170
0.07983
5.62894
0.01882
0.12844
5.88118
0.03036
0.2071
1998
4
3.35209
0.01214
0.08282
0.4143
0.00244
0.01664
2.61632
0.01305
0.08901
5.71572
0.02111
0.14402
5.94905
0.03384
0.2308
1998
5
3.31184
0.01121
0.07649
0.4055
0.00216
0.01473
2.62975
0.01166
0.07952
5.61261
0.01801
0.12285
5.86312
0.03025
0.2064
1998
6
3.22146
0.00894
0.06100
0.3777
0.00132
0.00898
2.69237
0.00781
0.05327
5.37133
0.01190
0.08122
5.67793
0.02023
0.1380
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-12
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
"x-
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
Highway
BC
Urban
PM
NOx
Deceleration
BC
PM
NOx
o 25 mph
BC
PM
NOx
25 50 mph
BC
PM
NOx
>50 mph
BC
PM
1998
7
3.22146
0.00894
0.06100
0.3777
0.00132
0.00898
2.69237
0.00781
0.05327
5.37133
0.01190
0.08122
5.67793
0.02023
0.1380
1998
8a
3.67583
0.01747
0.11917
0.3928
0.00220
0.01500
2.93945
0.01672
0.11407
6.42913
0.05558
0.37923
6.73321
0.04029
0.2748
1998
8b
3.67583
0.01747
0.11917
0.3928
0.00220
0.01500
2.93945
0.01672
0.11407
6.42913
0.05558
0.37923
6.73321
0.04029
0.2748
1999
2a
2.05297
0.00326
0.02224
0.1238
0.00024
0.00165
1.29859
0.00338
0.02304
3.15925
0.00829
0.05654
3.54423
0.00570
0.0389
1999
3
3.30427
0.01053
0.07188
0.3822
0.00160
0.01093
2.78159
0.01681
0.11470
5.53210
0.02067
0.14105
5.86652
0.02557
0.1744
1999
4
3.43200
0.01052
0.07178
0.3684
0.00149
0.01013
3.04928
0.01736
0.11847
5.71052
0.02040
0.13918
6.13559
0.02933
0.2001
1999
5
3.45687
0.01039
0.07088
0.3653
0.00146
0.00996
3.10732
0.01747
0.11919
5.74126
0.01926
0.13143
6.18702
0.03000
0.2047
1999
6
3.45851
0.01039
0.07087
0.3651
0.00146
0.00995
3.11077
0.01748
0.11924
5.74352
0.01926
0.13137
6.19047
0.03005
0.2050
1999
7
3.18313
0.01052
0.07177
0.3951
0.00171
0.01169
2.52910
0.01629
0.11114
5.36160
0.02069
0.14116
5.61059
0.02197
0.1499
1999
8a
3.20286
0.01103
0.07528
0.3950
0.00170
0.01163
2.54257
0.01637
0.11169
5.40529
0.02497
0.17034
5.65590
0.02280
0.1555
1999
8b
3.20286
0.01103
0.07528
0.3950
0.00170
0.01163
2.54257
0.01637
0.11169
5.40529
0.02497
0.17034
5.65590
0.02280
0.1555
2000
2a
1.82493
0.00324
0.02212
0.1116
0.00017
0.00113
1.15471
0.00161
0.01099
2.82417
0.00629
0.04294
3.16800
0.00610
0.0416
2000
3
3.34731
0.01042
0.07109
0.3684
0.00126
0.00858
2.96027
0.00776
0.05293
5.57367
0.01458
0.09949
5.97037
0.02702
0.1843
2000
4
3.50385
0.00912
0.06224
0.3487
0.00099
0.00675
3.31552
0.00706
0.04820
5.78433
0.01242
0.08476
6.31024
0.02581
0.1761
2000
5
3.54208
0.00881
0.06008
0.3439
0.00092
0.00630
3.40207
0.00690
0.04705
5.83565
0.01190
0.08117
6.39305
0.02552
0.1741
2000
6
3.54445
0.00879
0.05995
0.3436
0.00092
0.00628
3.40744
0.00689
0.04698
5.83883
0.01186
0.08095
6.39818
0.02550
0.1739
2000
7
3.22855
0.01140
0.07780
0.3833
0.00146
0.00998
2.68986
0.00828
0.05652
5.41331
0.01622
0.11070
5.71166
0.02794
0.1906
2000
8a
3.22855
0.01140
0.07780
0.3833
0.00146
0.00998
2.68986
0.00828
0.05652
5.41331
0.01622
0.11070
5.71166
0.02794
0.1906
2000
8b
3.22855
0.01140
0.07780
0.3833
0.00146
0.00998
2.68986
0.00828
0.05652
5.41331
0.01622
0.11070
5.71166
0.02794
0.1906
2001
2a
0.59753
0.00184
0.01256
0.0516
0.00006
0.00039
0.42243
0.00114
0.00775
0.99445
0.00580
0.03956
1.03379
0.00575
0.0392
2001
3
1.37944
0.00575
0.03924
0.1629
0.00034
0.00230
1.14547
0.00257
0.01753
2.30951
0.00929
0.06335
2.44101
0.04037
0.2753
2001
4
1.43625
0.00572
0.03904
0.1556
0.00030
0.00201
1.27786
0.00254
0.01736
2.38669
0.00843
0.05747
2.56497
0.04024
0.2744
2001
5
1.45613
0.00571
0.03898
0.1530
0.00028
0.00191
1.32408
0.00254
0.01730
2.41364
0.00812
0.05542
2.60825
0.04019
0.2741
2001
6
1.45748
0.00571
0.03897
0.1528
0.00028
0.00191
1.32721
0.00254
0.01730
2.41546
0.00810
0.05528
2.61118
0.04019
0.2741
2001
7
1.35187
0.00577
0.03933
0.1664
0.00036
0.00244
1.08108
0.00258
0.01761
2.27198
0.00971
0.06621
2.38073
0.04044
0.2758
2001
8a
1.35187
0.00577
0.03933
0.1664
0.00036
0.00244
1.08108
0.00258
0.01761
2.27198
0.00971
0.06621
2.38073
0.04044
0.2758
2001
8b
1.35187
0.00577
0.03933
0.1664
0.00036
0.00244
1.08108
0.00258
0.01761
2.27198
0.00971
0.06621
2.38073
0.04044
0.2758
2002
2a
0.57326
0.00202
0.01379
0.0471
0.00020
0.00136
0.40295
0.00197
0.01345
0.95276
0.00394
0.02690
0.99034
0.00315
0.0215
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-13
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
"x-
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
Highway
BC
Urban
PM
NOx
Deceleration
BC
PM
NOx
o 25 mph
BC
PM
NOx
25 50 mph
BC
PM
NOx
>50 mph
BC
PM
2002
3
1.40350
0.00638
0.04353
0.1594
0.00095
0.00651
1.20678
0.00718
0.04898
2.34238
0.00993
0.06775
2.49482
0.01067
0.0728
2002
4
1.47569
0.00568
0.03876
0.1499
0.00076
0.00519
1.37733
0.00670
0.04569
2.43976
0.00856
0.05839
2.65324
0.01042
0.0710
2002
5
1.49568
0.00549
0.03745
0.1473
0.00071
0.00483
1.42442
0.00656
0.04478
2.46665
0.00818
0.05580
2.69698
0.01034
0.0705
2002
6
1.49695
0.00548
0.03736
0.1471
0.00071
0.00481
1.42742
0.00656
0.04472
2.46836
0.00816
0.05564
2.69977
0.01034
0.0705
2002
7
1.35725
0.00683
0.04658
0.1656
0.00108
0.00735
1.09711
0.00749
0.05110
2.27977
0.01082
0.07378
2.39295
0.01084
0.0739
2002
8a
1.35725
0.00683
0.04658
0.1656
0.00108
0.00735
1.09711
0.00749
0.05110
2.27977
0.01082
0.07378
2.39295
0.01084
0.0739
2002
8b
1.35725
0.00683
0.04658
0.1656
0.00108
0.00735
1.09711
0.00749
0.05110
2.27977
0.01082
0.07378
2.39295
0.01084
0.0739
2003
2a
0.49498
0.00182
0.01244
0.0475
0.00013
0.00087
0.35520
0.00162
0.01106
0.82878
0.00485
0.03307
0.86182
0.00396
0.0270
2003
3
1.38768
0.00568
0.03871
0.1632
0.00089
0.00606
1.15676
0.00782
0.05337
2.32544
0.00848
0.05784
2.46048
0.02150
0.1466
2003
4
1.45070
0.00548
0.03740
0.1550
0.00075
0.00509
1.30246
0.00759
0.05178
2.40976
0.00779
0.05314
2.59597
0.02178
0.1485
2003
5
1.46892
0.00543
0.03702
0.1526
0.00071
0.00482
1.34453
0.00752
0.05133
2.43407
0.00759
0.05177
2.63512
0.02186
0.1491
2003
6
1.47010
0.00542
0.03700
0.1524
0.00070
0.00480
1.34724
0.00752
0.05130
2.43563
0.00758
0.05169
2.63764
0.02187
0.1491
2003
7
1.34955
0.00579
0.03951
0.1682
0.00097
0.00665
1.06833
0.00797
0.05433
2.27425
0.00890
0.06070
2.37824
0.02133
0.1455
2003
8a
1.34965
0.00579
0.03950
0.1682
0.00097
0.00665
1.06846
0.00796
0.05432
2.27445
0.00890
0.06070
2.37832
0.02133
0.1454
2003
8b
1.34965
0.00579
0.03950
0.1682
0.00097
0.00665
1.06846
0.00796
0.05432
2.27445
0.00890
0.06070
2.37832
0.02133
0.1454
2004
2a
0.39930
0.00123
0.00854
0.0411
0.00016
0.00111
0.29299
0.00123
0.00848
0.66163
0.00232
0.01618
0.69127
0.00244
0.0169
2004
3
1.39979
0.00520
0.03547
0.1598
0.00087
0.00592
1.19831
0.00610
0.04158
2.33802
0.00633
0.04315
2.48932
0.01228
0.0837
2004
4
1.48361
0.00505
0.03442
0.1484
0.00067
0.00459
1.40168
0.00557
0.03801
2.45082
0.00544
0.03712
2.67440
0.01213
0.0827
2004
5
1.50655
0.00500
0.03413
0.1453
0.00062
0.00423
1.45718
0.00543
0.03704
2.48161
0.00520
0.03548
2.72490
0.01209
0.0824
2004
6
1.50801
0.00500
0.03411
0.1451
0.00062
0.00421
1.46070
0.00542
0.03697
2.48356
0.00519
0.03537
2.72811
0.01209
0.0824
2004
7
1.34527
0.00530
0.03616
0.1673
0.00100
0.00679
1.06554
0.00644
0.04392
2.26438
0.00690
0.04708
2.36849
0.01237
0.0843
2004
8a
1.34527
0.00530
0.03616
0.1673
0.00100
0.00679
1.06554
0.00644
0.04392
2.26438
0.00690
0.04708
2.36849
0.01237
0.0843
2004
8b
1.34527
0.00530
0.03616
0.1673
0.00100
0.00679
1.06554
0.00644
0.04392
2.26438
0.00690
0.04708
2.36849
0.01237
0.0843
2005
2a
0.32851
0.00079
0.00545
0.0355
0.00010
0.00071
0.24336
0.00074
0.00512
0.55872
0.00159
0.01112
0.58088
0.00156
0.0108
2005
3
1.38409
0.00388
0.02644
0.1584
0.00062
0.00426
1.18393
0.00451
0.03076
2.30641
0.00465
0.03171
2.44973
0.00908
0.0619
2005
4
1.43346
0.00380
0.02593
0.1524
0.00055
0.00374
1.30023
0.00426
0.02906
2.37560
0.00427
0.02913
2.56090
0.00891
0.0608
2005
5
1.45451
0.00377
0.02572
0.1498
0.00052
0.00352
1.34984
0.00415
0.02833
2.40498
0.00411
0.02803
2.60836
0.00884
0.0603
2005
6
1.45603
0.00377
0.02570
0.1496
0.00051
0.00350
1.35341
0.00415
0.02828
2.40710
0.00410
0.02795
2.61177
0.00884
0.0602
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-14
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
"x-
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
Highway
BC
Urban
PM
NOx
Deceleration
BC
PM
NOx
o 25 mph
BC
PM
NOx
25 50 mph
BC
PM
NOx
>50 mph
BC
PM
2005
7
1.36464
0.00390
0.02663
0.1608
0.00065
0.00447
1.13805
0.00461
0.03144
2.27911
0.00480
0.03273
2.40588
0.00915
0.0624
2005
8a
1.36480
0.00390
0.02663
0.1607
0.00065
0.00446
1.13823
0.00461
0.03143
2.27941
0.00480
0.03273
2.40599
0.00915
0.0624
2005
8b
1.36480
0.00390
0.02663
0.1607
0.00065
0.00446
1.13823
0.00461
0.03143
2.27941
0.00480
0.03273
2.40599
0.00915
0.0624
2006
2a
0.36052
0.00088
0.00613
0.0424
0.00012
0.00083
0.27027
0.00087
0.00605
0.61950
0.00181
0.01267
0.64347
0.00180
0.0125
2006
3
1.38780
0.00399
0.02723
0.1616
0.00070
0.00480
1.17374
0.00491
0.03349
2.32436
0.00512
0.03489
2.46400
0.00980
0.0668
2006
4
1.44977
0.00389
0.02655
0.1531
0.00059
0.00400
1.32301
0.00454
0.03096
2.40717
0.00455
0.03101
2.60067
0.00955
0.0651
2006
5
1.47235
0.00386
0.02630
0.1500
0.00054
0.00371
1.37737
0.00440
0.03004
2.43721
0.00434
0.02959
2.65049
0.00947
0.0645
2006
6
1.47390
0.00385
0.02628
0.1498
0.00054
0.00369
1.38110
0.00439
0.02998
2.43927
0.00432
0.02949
2.65390
0.00946
0.0645
2006
7
1.35912
0.00404
0.02754
0.1655
0.00076
0.00517
1.10451
0.00508
0.03467
2.28594
0.00538
0.03669
2.40061
0.00991
0.0676
2006
8a
1.35932
0.00404
0.02754
0.1655
0.00076
0.00517
1.10474
0.00508
0.03466
2.28631
0.00538
0.03670
2.40074
0.00991
0.0675
2006
8b
1.35932
0.00404
0.02754
0.1655
0.00076
0.00517
1.10474
0.00508
0.03466
2.28631
0.00538
0.03670
2.40074
0.00991
0.0675
2007
2a
0.30974
0.00078
0.00545
0.0354
0.00010
0.00072
0.23149
0.00075
0.00521
0.53299
0.00163
0.01135
0.55333
0.00158
0.0110
2007
3
1.39133
0.00397
0.02710
0.1606
0.00069
0.00468
1.18925
0.00489
0.03332
2.32954
0.00506
0.03451
2.47246
0.00980
0.0668
2007
4
1.44556
0.00387
0.02642
0.1532
0.00058
0.00399
1.31904
0.00452
0.03085
2.40237
0.00454
0.03099
2.59223
0.00947
0.0646
2007
5
1.46674
0.00383
0.02614
0.1503
0.00054
0.00371
1.37033
0.00438
0.02988
2.43020
0.00433
0.02954
2.63968
0.00935
0.0637
2007
6
1.46826
0.00383
0.02612
0.1501
0.00054
0.00369
1.37398
0.00437
0.02981
2.43223
0.00432
0.02944
2.64305
0.00934
0.0636
2007
7
1.36849
0.00401
0.02738
0.1637
0.00073
0.00497
1.13452
0.00504
0.03436
2.29874
0.00528
0.03599
2.42197
0.00994
0.0677
2007
8a
1.36957
0.00402
0.02739
0.1636
0.00073
0.00496
1.13588
0.00503
0.03434
2.30108
0.00528
0.03604
2.42309
0.00993
0.0677
2007
8b
1.36957
0.00402
0.02739
0.1636
0.00073
0.00496
1.13588
0.00503
0.03434
2.30108
0.00528
0.03604
2.42309
0.00993
0.0677
2008
2a
0.23824
0.00087
0.00591
0.0238
0.00012
0.00079
0.17277
0.00084
0.00572
0.39882
0.00178
0.01214
0.41827
0.00175
0.0119
2008
3
0.96212
0.00396
0.02700
0.1060
0.00069
0.00472
0.74106
0.00477
0.03252
1.52012
0.00500
0.03409
1.57420
0.00941
0.0642
2008
4
0.91532
0.00391
0.02666
0.0989
0.00064
0.00438
0.72233
0.00460
0.03136
1.44730
0.00475
0.03240
1.50798
0.00927
0.0632
2008
5
0.89132
0.00388
0.02648
0.0952
0.00062
0.00421
0.71273
0.00451
0.03077
1.40997
0.00462
0.03152
1.47413
0.00920
0.0627
2008
6
0.88947
0.00388
0.02646
0.0949
0.00062
0.00420
0.71200
0.00450
0.03073
1.40710
0.00461
0.03145
1.47152
0.00920
0.0627
2008
7
0.97765
0.00398
0.02712
0.1083
0.00071
0.00483
0.74728
0.00482
0.03291
1.54431
0.00508
0.03466
1.59620
0.00946
0.0645
2008
8a
0.97749
0.00398
0.02712
0.1083
0.00071
0.00483
0.74722
0.00482
0.03290
1.54409
0.00508
0.03466
1.59590
0.00946
0.0645
2008
8b
0.97749
0.00398
0.02712
0.1083
0.00071
0.00483
0.74722
0.00482
0.03290
1.54409
0.00508
0.03466
1.59590
0.00946
0.0645
2009
2a
0.16203
0.00098
0.00629
0.0057
0.00013
0.00084
0.11331
0.00093
0.00614
0.25165
0.00198
0.01285
0.27134
0.00195
0.0127
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-15
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
"x-
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
Highway
BC
Urban
PM
NOx
Deceleration
BC
PM
NOx
o 25 mph
BC
PM
NOx
25 50 mph
BC
PM
NOx
>50 mph
BC
PM
2009
3
0.68531
0.00397
0.02709
0.0349
0.00071
0.00483
0.55547
0.00476
0.03245
0.93435
0.00503
0.03432
0.85858
0.00930
0.0634
2009
4
0.67718
0.00396
0.02701
0.0353
0.00068
0.00465
0.55678
0.00470
0.03207
0.92924
0.00493
0.03361
0.86643
0.00932
0.0635
2009
5
0.67280
0.00395
0.02695
0.0355
0.00067
0.00456
0.55749
0.00467
0.03189
0.92628
0.00487
0.03319
0.87087
0.00934
0.0637
2009
6
0.67245
0.00395
0.02695
0.0355
0.00067
0.00456
0.55754
0.00467
0.03187
0.92605
0.00486
0.03316
0.87122
0.00934
0.0637
2009
7
0.68784
0.00398
0.02712
0.0348
0.00072
0.00488
0.55506
0.00478
0.03257
0.93592
0.00506
0.03453
0.85615
0.00929
0.0633
2009
8a
0.68764
0.00398
0.02713
0.0347
0.00071
0.00487
0.55509
0.00477
0.03255
0.93603
0.00507
0.03456
0.85612
0.00928
0.0633
2009
8b
0.68764
0.00398
0.02713
0.0347
0.00071
0.00487
0.55509
0.00477
0.03255
0.93603
0.00507
0.03456
0.85612
0.00928
0.0633
2010
2a
0.05974
0.00050
0.00281
0.0030
0.00006
0.00036
0.04560
0.00045
0.00260
0.10071
0.00096
0.00540
0.10176
0.00082
0.0045
2010
3
0.09311
0.00153
0.01043
0.0108
0.00026
0.00177
0.11110
0.00209
0.01425
0.16374
0.00246
0.01682
0.12277
0.00180
0.0122
2010
4
0.09314
0.00153
0.01044
0.0108
0.00026
0.00177
0.11111
0.00209
0.01425
0.16376
0.00246
0.01682
0.12279
0.00180
0.0122
2010
5
0.09316
0.00153
0.01044
0.0108
0.00026
0.00177
0.11112
0.00209
0.01425
0.16378
0.00246
0.01682
0.12280
0.00180
0.0122
2010
6
0.09316
0.00153
0.01044
0.0108
0.00026
0.00177
0.11112
0.00209
0.01425
0.16378
0.00246
0.01682
0.12280
0.00180
0.0122
2010
7
0.09311
0.00153
0.01043
0.0108
0.00026
0.00177
0.11109
0.00209
0.01425
0.16373
0.00246
0.01681
0.12277
0.00180
0.0122
2010
8a
0.09311
0.00153
0.01043
0.0108
0.00026
0.00177
0.11109
0.00209
0.01425
0.16373
0.00246
0.01681
0.12277
0.00180
0.0122
2010
8b
0.09311
0.00153
0.01043
0.0108
0.00026
0.00177
0.11109
0.00209
0.01425
0.16373
0.00246
0.01681
0.12277
0.00180
0.0122
2011
2a
0.06115
0.00061
0.00321
0.0034
0.00008
0.00043
0.05058
0.00058
0.00320
0.10435
0.00117
0.00614
0.10433
0.00100
0.0052
2011
3
0.10153
0.00149
0.01017
0.0113
0.00026
0.00181
0.11898
0.00208
0.01419
0.17396
0.00242
0.01654
0.13169
0.00176
0.0119
2011
4
0.11732
0.00142
0.00970
0.0123
0.00027
0.00187
0.13230
0.00206
0.01404
0.19152
0.00234
0.01595
0.14730
0.00167
0.0114
2011
5
0.12496
0.00139
0.00948
0.0127
0.00028
0.00190
0.13872
0.00205
0.01396
0.20000
0.00230
0.01567
0.15484
0.00163
0.0111
2011
6
0.12553
0.00139
0.00946
0.0127
0.00028
0.00190
0.13921
0.00204
0.01396
0.20063
0.00229
0.01565
0.15540
0.00163
0.0111
2011
7
0.09599
0.00152
0.01033
0.0110
0.00026
0.00178
0.11431
0.00209
0.01425
0.16779
0.00245
0.01674
0.12621
0.00179
0.0122
2011
8a
0.09599
0.00152
0.01033
0.0110
0.00026
0.00178
0.11431
0.00209
0.01425
0.16779
0.00245
0.01674
0.12621
0.00179
0.0122
2011
8b
0.09599
0.00152
0.01033
0.0110
0.00026
0.00178
0.11431
0.00209
0.01425
0.16779
0.00245
0.01674
0.12621
0.00179
0.0122
2012
2a
0.06247
0.00067
0.00347
0.0037
0.00009
0.00047
0.05434
0.00066
0.00362
0.10672
0.00127
0.00656
0.10570
0.00108
0.0055
2012
3
0.10230
0.00147
0.01003
0.0114
0.00026
0.00180
0.12081
0.00207
0.01410
0.17583
0.00240
0.01639
0.13319
0.00174
0.0118
2012
4
0.10864
0.00145
0.00986
0.0118
0.00027
0.00183
0.12605
0.00206
0.01405
0.18279
0.00237
0.01617
0.13938
0.00171
0.0116
2012
5
0.11222
0.00143
0.00976
0.0120
0.00027
0.00184
0.12900
0.00205
0.01402
0.18673
0.00235
0.01604
0.14288
0.00169
0.0115
2012
6
0.11251
0.00143
0.00975
0.0120
0.00027
0.00184
0.12924
0.00205
0.01401
0.18705
0.00235
0.01603
0.14316
0.00169
0.0115
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-16
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
"x-
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
Highway
BC
Urban
PM
NOx
Deceleration
BC
PM
NOx
o 25 mph
BC
PM
NOx
25 50 mph
BC
PM
NOx
>50 mph
BC
PM
2012
7
0.10036
0.00148
0.01009
0.0113
0.00026
0.00179
0.11921
0.00207
0.01412
0.17370
0.00241
0.01645
0.13129
0.00175
0.0119
2012
8a
0.10036
0.00148
0.01009
0.0113
0.00026
0.00179
0.11921
0.00207
0.01412
0.17370
0.00241
0.01645
0.13129
0.00175
0.0119
2012
8b
0.10036
0.00148
0.01009
0.0113
0.00026
0.00179
0.11921
0.00207
0.01412
0.17370
0.00241
0.01645
0.13129
0.00175
0.0119
2013
2a
0.06059
0.00067
0.00297
0.0032
0.00009
0.00038
0.04831
0.00060
0.00281
0.10197
0.00131
0.00568
0.10217
0.00111
0.0048
2013
3
0.10862
0.00134
0.00917
0.0118
0.00024
0.00166
0.12729
0.00191
0.01305
0.18396
0.00220
0.01501
0.14006
0.00159
0.0108
2013
4
0.11975
0.00130
0.00889
0.0125
0.00025
0.00170
0.13600
0.00189
0.01293
0.19584
0.00214
0.01464
0.15061
0.00154
0.0104
2013
5
0.12506
0.00128
0.00875
0.0128
0.00025
0.00172
0.14025
0.00188
0.01286
0.20162
0.00212
0.01446
0.15569
0.00151
0.0103
2013
6
0.12549
0.00128
0.00874
0.0128
0.00025
0.00172
0.14059
0.00188
0.01286
0.20207
0.00211
0.01445
0.15609
0.00151
0.0103
2013
7
0.10486
0.00136
0.00926
0.0116
0.00024
0.00165
0.12435
0.00192
0.01310
0.17996
0.00221
0.01513
0.13650
0.00160
0.0109
2013
8a
0.10530
0.00136
0.00926
0.0116
0.00024
0.00165
0.12458
0.00192
0.01310
0.18029
0.00221
0.01513
0.13686
0.00160
0.0109
2013
8b
0.10530
0.00136
0.00926
0.0116
0.00024
0.00165
0.12458
0.00192
0.01310
0.18029
0.00221
0.01513
0.13686
0.00160
0.0109
2014
2a
0.06275
0.00086
0.00313
0.0031
0.00010
0.00038
0.04853
0.00073
0.00296
0.10296
0.00165
0.00571
0.10260
0.00138
0.0047
2014
3
0.10827
0.00130
0.00885
0.0118
0.00024
0.00163
0.12821
0.00186
0.01270
0.18398
0.00213
0.01453
0.14042
0.00153
0.0104
2014
4
0.11256
0.00129
0.00877
0.0120
0.00024
0.00165
0.13148
0.00186
0.01268
0.18856
0.00211
0.01442
0.14445
0.00152
0.0103
2014
5
0.11503
0.00128
0.00872
0.0122
0.00024
0.00166
0.13337
0.00185
0.01267
0.19120
0.00210
0.01436
0.14676
0.00151
0.0103
2014
6
0.11523
0.00128
0.00872
0.0122
0.00024
0.00166
0.13352
0.00185
0.01266
0.19141
0.00210
0.01436
0.14695
0.00151
0.0102
2014
7
0.10698
0.00130
0.00888
0.0117
0.00024
0.00163
0.12722
0.00186
0.01271
0.18260
0.00213
0.01456
0.13921
0.00154
0.0105
2014
8a
0.10698
0.00130
0.00888
0.0117
0.00024
0.00163
0.12722
0.00186
0.01271
0.18260
0.00213
0.01456
0.13921
0.00154
0.0105
2014
8b
0.10698
0.00130
0.00888
0.0117
0.00024
0.00163
0.12722
0.00186
0.01271
0.18260
0.00213
0.01456
0.13921
0.00154
0.0105
2015
2a
0.05327
0.00084
0.00279
0.0027
0.00010
0.00034
0.04212
0.00071
0.00268
0.08729
0.00162
0.00508
0.08678
0.00136
0.0042
2015
3
0.10811
0.00130
0.00886
0.0118
0.00024
0.00163
0.12806
0.00186
0.01270
0.18378
0.00213
0.01453
0.14026
0.00153
0.0104
2015
4
0.11201
0.00129
0.00878
0.0120
0.00024
0.00165
0.13104
0.00186
0.01268
0.18795
0.00211
0.01444
0.14392
0.00152
0.0103
2015
5
0.11428
0.00128
0.00874
0.0121
0.00024
0.00166
0.13277
0.00185
0.01267
0.19037
0.00210
0.01438
0.14605
0.00151
0.0103
2015
6
0.11446
0.00128
0.00873
0.0121
0.00024
0.00166
0.13291
0.00185
0.01267
0.19056
0.00210
0.01438
0.14622
0.00151
0.0103
2015
7
0.10694
0.00130
0.00888
0.0117
0.00024
0.00163
0.12717
0.00186
0.01271
0.18253
0.00213
0.01456
0.13917
0.00154
0.0104
2015
8a
0.10694
0.00130
0.00888
0.0117
0.00024
0.00163
0.12717
0.00186
0.01271
0.18253
0.00213
0.01456
0.13917
0.00154
0.0104
2015
8b
0.10694
0.00130
0.00888
0.0117
0.00024
0.00163
0.12717
0.00186
0.01271
0.18253
0.00213
0.01456
0.13917
0.00154
0.0104
2016
2a
0.05283
0.00090
0.00277
0.0027
0.00011
0.00033
0.04146
0.00074
0.00261
0.08676
0.00174
0.00509
0.08646
0.00146
0.0042
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-17
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
"x-
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
Highway
BC
Urban
PM
NOx
Deceleration
BC
PM
NOx
o 25 mph
BC
PM
NOx
25 50 mph
BC
PM
NOx
>50 mph
BC
PM
2016
3
0.10798
0.00130
0.00886
0.0118
0.00024
0.00163
0.12795
0.00186
0.01270
0.18363
0.00213
0.01454
0.14014
0.00153
0.0104
2016
4
0.11148
0.00129
0.00879
0.0120
0.00024
0.00164
0.13063
0.00186
0.01268
0.18738
0.00211
0.01445
0.14343
0.00152
0.0103
2016
5
0.11354
0.00128
0.00875
0.0121
0.00024
0.00165
0.13220
0.00185
0.01267
0.18957
0.00211
0.01440
0.14536
0.00151
0.0103
2016
6
0.11370
0.00128
0.00875
0.0121
0.00024
0.00165
0.13232
0.00185
0.01267
0.18975
0.00211
0.01439
0.14552
0.00151
0.0103
2016
7
0.10694
0.00130
0.00888
0.0117
0.00024
0.00163
0.12715
0.00186
0.01271
0.18252
0.00213
0.01456
0.13916
0.00154
0.0104
2016
8a
0.10694
0.00130
0.00888
0.0117
0.00024
0.00163
0.12715
0.00186
0.01271
0.18252
0.00213
0.01456
0.13916
0.00154
0.0104
2016
8b
0.10694
0.00130
0.00888
0.0117
0.00024
0.00163
0.12715
0.00186
0.01271
0.18252
0.00213
0.01456
0.13916
0.00154
0.0104
2017
2a
0.04047
0.00087
0.00249
0.0021
0.00011
0.00030
0.03345
0.00073
0.00242
0.06564
0.00169
0.00451
0.06479
0.00142
0.0037
2017
3
0.10778
0.00130
0.00886
0.0117
0.00024
0.00163
0.12777
0.00186
0.01270
0.18338
0.00213
0.01454
0.13994
0.00153
0.0104
2017
4
0.11080
0.00129
0.00880
0.0119
0.00024
0.00164
0.13008
0.00186
0.01269
0.18661
0.00212
0.01446
0.14277
0.00152
0.0104
2017
5
0.11258
0.00129
0.00877
0.0120
0.00024
0.00165
0.13144
0.00185
0.01267
0.18852
0.00211
0.01442
0.14445
0.00152
0.0103
2017
6
0.11273
0.00128
0.00876
0.0120
0.00024
0.00165
0.13155
0.00185
0.01267
0.18867
0.00211
0.01441
0.14459
0.00151
0.0103
2017
7
0.10688
0.00130
0.00888
0.0117
0.00024
0.00163
0.12709
0.00186
0.01271
0.18243
0.00213
0.01456
0.13910
0.00154
0.0104
2017
8a
0.10688
0.00130
0.00888
0.0117
0.00024
0.00163
0.12709
0.00186
0.01271
0.18243
0.00213
0.01456
0.13910
0.00154
0.0104
2017
8b
0.10688
0.00130
0.00888
0.0117
0.00024
0.00163
0.12709
0.00186
0.01271
0.18243
0.00213
0.01456
0.13910
0.00154
0.0104
2018
2a
0.03914
0.00093
0.00258
0.0021
0.00011
0.00031
0.03274
0.00079
0.00259
0.06360
0.00181
0.00458
0.06263
0.00151
0.0038
2018
3
0.09469
0.00129
0.00882
0.0101
0.00024
0.00164
0.11109
0.00186
0.01269
0.15842
0.00212
0.01448
0.12172
0.00152
0.0104
2018
4
0.10585
0.00127
0.00863
0.0108
0.00025
0.00167
0.12043
0.00185
0.01264
0.17168
0.00209
0.01425
0.13291
0.00149
0.0101
2018
5
0.11159
0.00125
0.00854
0.0112
0.00025
0.00169
0.12523
0.00185
0.01261
0.17850
0.00207
0.01413
0.13867
0.00147
0.0100
2018
6
0.11203
0.00125
0.00853
0.0113
0.00025
0.00169
0.12560
0.00185
0.01261
0.17903
0.00207
0.01412
0.13912
0.00147
0.0100
2018
7
0.09098
0.00130
0.00888
0.0098
0.00024
0.00163
0.10799
0.00186
0.01271
0.15402
0.00213
0.01456
0.11800
0.00154
0.0104
2018
8a
0.09098
0.00130
0.00888
0.0098
0.00024
0.00163
0.10799
0.00186
0.01271
0.15402
0.00213
0.01456
0.11800
0.00154
0.0104
2018
8b
0.09098
0.00130
0.00888
0.0098
0.00024
0.00163
0.10799
0.00186
0.01271
0.15402
0.00213
0.01456
0.11800
0.00154
0.0104
2019
2a
0.02891
0.00086
0.00241
0.0015
0.00011
0.00029
0.02498
0.00074
0.00251
0.04669
0.00165
0.00418
0.04564
0.00138
0.0034
2019
3
0.07620
0.00129
0.00879
0.0083
0.00024
0.00163
0.09192
0.00185
0.01263
0.13077
0.00211
0.01442
0.10053
0.00152
0.0103
2019
4
0.08537
0.00126
0.00861
0.0089
0.00024
0.00166
0.10000
0.00184
0.01255
0.14229
0.00207
0.01417
0.11020
0.00148
0.0101
2019
5
0.09017
0.00125
0.00851
0.0093
0.00024
0.00167
0.10422
0.00183
0.01251
0.14831
0.00206
0.01405
0.11524
0.00147
0.0100
2019
6
0.09054
0.00125
0.00851
0.0093
0.00025
0.00167
0.10455
0.00183
0.01251
0.14877
0.00205
0.01404
0.11563
0.00146
0.0100
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-18
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
"x-
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
Highway
BC
Urban
PM
NOx
Deceleration
BC
PM
NOx
o 25 mph
BC
PM
NOx
25 50 mph
BC
PM
NOx
>50 mph
BC
PM
2019
7
0.07319
0.00130
0.00885
0.0080
0.00024
0.00162
0.08926
0.00185
0.01266
0.12699
0.00212
0.01450
0.09737
0.00153
0.0104
2019
8a
0.07319
0.00130
0.00885
0.0080
0.00024
0.00162
0.08926
0.00185
0.01266
0.12699
0.00212
0.01450
0.09737
0.00153
0.0104
2019
8b
0.07319
0.00130
0.00885
0.0080
0.00024
0.00162
0.08926
0.00185
0.01266
0.12699
0.00212
0.01450
0.09737
0.00153
0.0104
2020
2a
0.02545
0.00077
0.00222
0.0013
0.00009
0.00026
0.02224
0.00068
0.00239
0.04057
0.00145
0.00376
0.03949
0.00121
0.0031
2020
3
0.07253
0.00129
0.00880
0.0078
0.00024
0.00163
0.08753
0.00185
0.01263
0.12418
0.00211
0.01442
0.09558
0.00152
0.0103
2020
4
0.08155
0.00126
0.00862
0.0085
0.00024
0.00166
0.09560
0.00184
0.01256
0.13573
0.00208
0.01419
0.10520
0.00149
0.0101
2020
5
0.08632
0.00125
0.00853
0.0089
0.00024
0.00167
0.09986
0.00183
0.01252
0.14182
0.00206
0.01407
0.11028
0.00147
0.0100
2020
6
0.08669
0.00125
0.00853
0.0089
0.00024
0.00167
0.10019
0.00183
0.01252
0.14229
0.00206
0.01406
0.11067
0.00147
0.0100
2020
7
0.06960
0.00130
0.00885
0.0076
0.00024
0.00162
0.08491
0.00185
0.01265
0.12044
0.00212
0.01450
0.09246
0.00153
0.0104
2020
8a
0.06960
0.00130
0.00885
0.0076
0.00024
0.00162
0.08491
0.00185
0.01265
0.12044
0.00212
0.01450
0.09246
0.00153
0.0104
2020
8b
0.06960
0.00130
0.00885
0.0076
0.00024
0.00162
0.08491
0.00185
0.01265
0.12044
0.00212
0.01450
0.09246
0.00153
0.0104
2021
2a
0.01816
0.00041
0.00124
0.0010
0.00005
0.00015
0.01690
0.00038
0.00139
0.02810
0.00078
0.00207
0.02691
0.00065
0.0017
2021
3
0.06798
0.00077
0.00528
0.0074
0.00014
0.00098
0.08263
0.00112
0.00763
0.11705
0.00128
0.00872
0.09024
0.00092
0.0062
2021
4
0.07604
0.00076
0.00518
0.0080
0.00015
0.00100
0.09016
0.00112
0.00760
0.12784
0.00126
0.00859
0.09919
0.00091
0.0061
2021
5
0.08034
0.00075
0.00513
0.0084
0.00015
0.00101
0.09417
0.00112
0.00758
0.13358
0.00126
0.00853
0.10397
0.00090
0.0060
2021
6
0.08067
0.00075
0.00513
0.0084
0.00015
0.00101
0.09449
0.00112
0.00758
0.13403
0.00125
0.00852
0.10434
0.00090
0.0060
2021
7
0.06539
0.00078
0.00531
0.0072
0.00014
0.00098
0.08020
0.00112
0.00764
0.11358
0.00129
0.00875
0.08735
0.00093
0.0063
2021
8a
0.06539
0.00078
0.00531
0.0072
0.00014
0.00098
0.08020
0.00112
0.00764
0.11358
0.00129
0.00875
0.08735
0.00093
0.0063
2021
8b
0.06539
0.00078
0.00531
0.0072
0.00014
0.00098
0.08020
0.00112
0.00764
0.11358
0.00129
0.00875
0.08735
0.00093
0.0063
2022
2a
0.01556
0.00042
0.00125
0.0008
0.00005
0.00015
0.01476
0.00038
0.00141
0.02342
0.00078
0.00207
0.02223
0.00065
0.0017
2022
3
0.06447
0.00077
0.00528
0.0069
0.00014
0.00098
0.07837
0.00112
0.00763
0.11059
0.00128
0.00872
0.08544
0.00092
0.0062
2022
4
0.07275
0.00076
0.00519
0.0076
0.00015
0.00100
0.08622
0.00112
0.00760
0.12185
0.00127
0.00860
0.09474
0.00091
0.0061
2022
5
0.07718
0.00075
0.00513
0.0079
0.00015
0.00101
0.09040
0.00112
0.00758
0.12787
0.00126
0.00853
0.09970
0.00090
0.0060
2022
6
0.07752
0.00075
0.00513
0.0080
0.00015
0.00101
0.09073
0.00112
0.00758
0.12834
0.00125
0.00853
0.10009
0.00090
0.0060
2022
7
0.06181
0.00078
0.00531
0.0067
0.00014
0.00098
0.07585
0.00112
0.00764
0.10697
0.00129
0.00875
0.08245
0.00093
0.0063
2022
8a
0.06181
0.00078
0.00531
0.0067
0.00014
0.00098
0.07585
0.00112
0.00764
0.10697
0.00129
0.00875
0.08245
0.00093
0.0063
2022
8b
0.06181
0.00078
0.00531
0.0067
0.00014
0.00098
0.07585
0.00112
0.00764
0.10697
0.00129
0.00875
0.08245
0.00093
0.0063
2023
2a
0.01343
0.00042
0.00124
0.0007
0.00005
0.00015
0.01334
0.00038
0.00139
0.01976
0.00078
0.00205
0.01852
0.00065
0.0016
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-19
-------
•SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
"x-
Model Yr
Vehicle
Class
NOx
Highway
BC
Urban
PM
NOx
Deceleration
BC
PM
NOx
o 25 mph
BC
PM
NOx
25 50 mph
BC
PM
NOx
>50 mph
BC
PM
2023
3
0.06443
0.00077
0.00528
0.0069
0.00014
0.00098
0.07834
0.00112
0.00763
0.11054
0.00128
0.00872
0.08540
0.00092
0.0062
2023
4
0.07261
0.00076
0.00519
0.0076
0.00015
0.00100
0.08608
0.00112
0.00760
0.12166
0.00127
0.00860
0.09458
0.00091
0.0061
2023
5
0.07699
0.00075
0.00514
0.0079
0.00015
0.00101
0.09022
0.00112
0.00758
0.12761
0.00126
0.00853
0.09949
0.00090
0.0060
2023
6
0.07733
0.00075
0.00513
0.0080
0.00015
0.00101
0.09054
0.00112
0.00758
0.12807
0.00126
0.00853
0.09987
0.00090
0.0060
2023
7
0.06181
0.00078
0.00531
0.0067
0.00014
0.00098
0.07586
0.00112
0.00764
0.10698
0.00129
0.00875
0.08246
0.00093
0.0063
2023
8a
0.06181
0.00078
0.00531
0.0067
0.00014
0.00098
0.07586
0.00112
0.00764
0.10698
0.00129
0.00875
0.08246
0.00093
0.0063
2023
8b
0.06181
0.00078
0.00531
0.0067
0.00014
0.00098
0.07586
0.00112
0.00764
0.10698
0.00129
0.00875
0.08246
0.00093
0.0063
2024
2a
0.01125
0.00042
0.00123
0.0006
0.00005
0.00015
0.01187
0.00038
0.00138
0.01604
0.00078
0.00203
0.01474
0.00065
0.0016
2024
3
0.06434
0.00077
0.00528
0.0069
0.00014
0.00098
0.07824
0.00112
0.00763
0.11040
0.00128
0.00872
0.08529
0.00092
0.0062
2024
4
0.07235
0.00076
0.00519
0.0076
0.00015
0.00100
0.08583
0.00112
0.00760
0.12130
0.00127
0.00860
0.09428
0.00091
0.0061
2024
5
0.07666
0.00075
0.00514
0.0079
0.00015
0.00101
0.08991
0.00112
0.00758
0.12716
0.00126
0.00854
0.09912
0.00090
0.0061
2024
6
0.07700
0.00075
0.00513
0.0079
0.00015
0.00101
0.09023
0.00112
0.00758
0.12761
0.00126
0.00853
0.09949
0.00090
0.0060
2024
7
0.06178
0.00078
0.00531
0.0067
0.00014
0.00098
0.07582
0.00112
0.00764
0.10692
0.00129
0.00875
0.08241
0.00093
0.0063
2024
8a
0.06178
0.00078
0.00531
0.0067
0.00014
0.00098
0.07582
0.00112
0.00764
0.10692
0.00129
0.00875
0.08241
0.00093
0.0063
2024
8b
0.06178
0.00078
0.00531
0.0067
0.00014
0.00098
0.07582
0.00112
0.00764
0.10692
0.00129
0.00875
0.08241
0.00093
0.0063
2025
2a
0.01125
0.00042
0.00123
0.0006
0.00005
0.00015
0.01187
0.00038
0.00138
0.01604
0.00078
0.00203
0.01474
0.00065
0.0016
2025
3
0.06434
0.00077
0.00528
0.0069
0.00014
0.00098
0.07824
0.00112
0.00763
0.11040
0.00128
0.00872
0.08529
0.00092
0.0062
2025
4
0.07235
0.00076
0.00519
0.0076
0.00015
0.00100
0.08583
0.00112
0.00760
0.12130
0.00127
0.00860
0.09428
0.00091
0.0061
2025
5
0.07666
0.00075
0.00514
0.0079
0.00015
0.00101
0.08991
0.00112
0.00758
0.12716
0.00126
0.00854
0.09912
0.00090
0.0061
2025
6
0.07700
0.00075
0.00513
0.0079
0.00015
0.00101
0.09023
0.00112
0.00758
0.12761
0.00126
0.00853
0.09949
0.00090
0.0060
2025
7
0.06178
0.00078
0.00531
0.0067
0.00014
0.00098
0.07582
0.00112
0.00764
0.10692
0.00129
0.00875
0.08241
0.00093
0.0063
2025
8a
0.06178
0.00078
0.00531
0.0067
0.00014
0.00098
0.07582
0.00112
0.00764
0.10692
0.00129
0.00875
0.08241
0.00093
0.0063
2025
8b
0.06178
0.00078
0.00531
0.0067
0.00014
0.00098
0.07582
0.00112
0.00764
0.10692
0.00129
0.00875
0.08241
0.00093
0.0063
Note - MOVES does not provide consistent outputs for Class 8b gasoline vehicles; therefore gasoline 8bs are set equal to 8as.
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-20
-------
^KxSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency »
Appendix B: NOx, PM & BC Idle Factors - g/hr
(MOVES3.1, 2023 Calendar Year, ULSD)
Table B-i. Short Duration Idle Emission Factors (< 60 minutes per idle event) (g/hr)
Pollutant
Fuel
Model Year
Class 2b 3
Classes 4 5
Classes 6 7
Classes 8a/b
NOx
Gasoline
Pre-1993
6.848
7.086
7.086
7.086
NOx
Gasoline
1993
6.848
7.086
7.086
7.086
NOx
Gasoline
1994
6.848
7.086
7.086
7.086
NOx
Gasoline
1995
6.852
7.086
7.086
7.086
NOx
Gasoline
1996
6.708
7.086
7.086
7.086
NOx
Gasoline
1997
6.704
7.086
7.086
7.086
NOx
Gasoline
1998
13.901
14683
14683
14683
NOx
Gasoline
1999
13924
14683
14683
14683
NOx
Gasoline
2000
13825
14683
14683
14683
NOx
Gasoline
2001
6.658
5478
5478
5478
NOx
Gasoline
2002
6.675
5478
5478
5478
NOx
Gasoline
2003
6.710
5478
5478
5478
NOx
Gasoline
2004
6.644
5478
5478
5478
NOx
Gasoline
2005
6.573
5478
5478
5478
NOx
Gasoline
2006
6.583
5478
5478
5478
NOx
Gasoline
2007
6.604
5478
5478
5478
NOx
Gasoline
2008
3.287
2.785
1.643
1.643
NOx
Gasoline
2009
0.107
0.091
1.643
1.643
NOx
Gasoline
2010
0.258
0.227
0.227
0.227
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix B B-l
-------
^KxSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency »
Pollutant
Fuel
Model Year
Class 2b 3
Classes 4 5
Classes 6 7
Classes 8a/b
NOx
Gasoline
2011
0.252
0.227
0.227
0.227
NOx
Gasoline
2012
0.251
0.227
0.227
0.227
NOx
Gasoline
2013
0.245
0.227
0.227
0.227
NOx
Gasoline
2014
0.251
0.227
0.227
0.227
NOx
Gasoline
2015
0.248
0.227
0.227
0.227
NOx
Gasoline
2016
0.250
0.227
0.227
0.227
NOx
Gasoline
2017
0.250
0.227
0.227
0.227
NOx
Gasoline
2018
0.229
0.227
0.227
0.227
NOx
Gasoline
2019
0.097
0.124
0.124
0.124
NOx
Gasoline
2020
0.070
0.124
0.124
0.124
NOx
Gasoline
2021
0.052
0.124
0.124
0.124
NOx
Gasoline
2022
0.033
0.124
0.124
0.124
NOx
Gasoline
2023
0.033
0.124
0.124
0.124
NOx
Gasoline
2024
0.033
0.124
0.124
0.124
NOx
Gasoline
2025
0.033
0.124
0.124
0.124
NOx
Diesel
Pre-1993
121.100
121.100
140.253
140.253
NOx
Diesel
1993
121.100
121.100
140.253
140.253
NOx
Diesel
1994
121.100
121.100
140.253
140.253
NOx
Diesel
1995
121.100
121.100
140.253
140.253
NOx
Diesel
1996
121.100
121.100
140.253
140.254
NOx
Diesel
1997
121.100
121.100
140.253
140.253
NOx
Diesel
1998
96.880
96.880
117769
117769
NOx
Diesel
1999
96.880
96.880
96.880
155358
NOx
Diesel
2000
96.880
96.880
96.880
155358
NOx
Diesel
2001
96.783
96.880
96.880
155358
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix B B-2
-------
^KxSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency »
Pollutant
Fuel
Model Year
Class 2b 3
Classes 4 5
Classes 6 7
Classes 8a/b
NOx
Diesel
2002
96783
96.880
96.880
155358
NOx
Diesel
2003
22.000
22.022
45975
57.149
NOx
Diesel
2004
22.000
22.022
45975
57.148
NOx
Diesel
2005
22.000
22.022
45975
57.149
NOx
Diesel
2006
22.000
22.022
45975
57.148
NOx
Diesel
2007
20.381
20.381
22.935
53518
NOx
Diesel
2008
20.381
20.381
22.935
53518
NOx
Diesel
2009
20.381
20.381
22.935
53518
NOx
Diesel
2010
17283
19.720
35913
47.276
NOx
Diesel
2011
22.762
25.971
34.851
41910
NOx
Diesel
2012
19.936
22.747
34.929
41362
NOx
Diesel
2013
31209
31209
21.065
35652
NOx
Diesel
2014
14205
14205
29.132
49226
NOx
Diesel
2015
10.042
10.042
27988
49007
NOx
Diesel
2016
10.042
10.042
27.999
49748
NOx
Diesel
2017
10.042
10.042
27881
52.602
NOx
Diesel
2018
7.016
10.042
27755
52.601
NOx
Diesel
2019
5646
10.042
26.054
52.601
NOx
Diesel
2020
4.854
10.042
26.054
52.601
NOx
Diesel
2021
3.062
6.797
18.412
38.119
NOx
Diesel
2022
2.528
6.797
18.412
38.119
NOx
Diesel
2023
2.528
6.797
18.412
38.119
NOx
Diesel
2024
2.528
6.797
18.412
38.119
NOx
Diesel
2025
2.528
6.797
18.412
38.119
LO
CL
Gasoline
Pre-1993
0.04372
0.04372
0.04372
0.04372
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix B B-3
-------
^KxSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency »
Pollutant
Fuel
Model Year
Class 2b 3
Classes 4 5
Classes 6 7
Classes 8a/b
UO
CL
Gasoline
1993
0.04372
0.04372
0.04372
0.04372
UO
CL
Gasoline
1994
0.04372
0.04372
0.04372
0.04372
UO
CL
Gasoline
1995
0.05211
0.05211
0.05211
0.05211
UO
CL
Gasoline
1996
0.12125
0.12125
0.12125
0.12125
UO
CL
Gasoline
1997
0.12755
0.12755
0.12755
0.12755
UO
CL
Gasoline
1998
0.07616
0.07616
0.07616
0.07616
UO
CL
Gasoline
1999
0.03694
0.03694
0.03694
0.03694
UO
CL
Gasoline
2000
0.01641
0.01641
0.01641
0.01641
UO
CL
Gasoline
2001
0.01496
0.01496
0.01496
0.01496
UO
CL
Gasoline
2002
0.06339
0.06339
0.06339
0.06339
UO
CL
Gasoline
2003
0.03743
0.03743
0.03743
0.03743
UO
CL
Gasoline
2004
0.09009
0.08739
0.08739
0.08739
UO
CL
Gasoline
2005
0.06812
0.06618
0.06618
0.06618
UO
CL
Gasoline
2006
0.06813
0.06618
0.06618
0.06618
UO
CL
Gasoline
2007
0.06817
0.06618
0.06618
0.06618
UO
CL
Gasoline
2008
0.06795
0.06618
0.06618
0.06618
UO
CL
Gasoline
2009
0.06793
0.06618
0.06618
0.06618
UO
CL
Gasoline
2010
0.05302
0.05948
0.01983
0.01983
UO
CL
Gasoline
2011
0.05286
0.05948
0.01983
0.01983
UO
CL
Gasoline
2012
0.05284
0.05948
0.01983
0.01983
UO
CL
Gasoline
2013
0.05265
0.05194
0.01795
0.01795
UO
CL
Gasoline
2014
0.05282
0.05194
0.01795
0.01795
UO
CL
Gasoline
2015
0.05275
0.05194
0.01795
0.01795
UO
CL
Gasoline
2016
0.05281
0.05194
0.01795
0.01795
UO
CL
Gasoline
2017
0.05281
0.05194
0.01795
0.01795
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix B B-4
-------
^KxSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency »
Pollutant
Fuel
Model Year
Class 2b 3
Classes 4 5
Classes 6 7
Classes 8a/b
UO
CL
Gasoline
2018
0.05293
0.05194
0.01795
0.01795
UO
CL
Gasoline
2019
0.05290
0.05194
0.01603
0.01603
UO
CL
Gasoline
2020
0.05271
0.05194
0.01603
0.01603
UO
CL
Gasoline
2021
0.03161
0.03117
0.01134
0.01134
UO
CL
Gasoline
2022
0.03161
0.03117
0.01134
0.01134
UO
CL
Gasoline
2023
0.03162
0.03117
0.01134
0.01134
UO
CL
Gasoline
2024
0.03163
0.03117
0.01134
0.01134
UO
CL
Gasoline
2025
0.03163
0.03117
0.01134
0.01134
UO
CL
Diesel
Pre-1993
11.12997
11.12994
10.40181
9.19828
UO
CL
Diesel
1993
11.12997
11.12994
10.40181
9.19828
UO
CL
Diesel
1994
11.12997
11.12994
10.40181
9.19828
UO
CL
Diesel
1995
11.12992
11.12993
10.40182
9.19829
UO
CL
Diesel
1996
11.12992
11.12992
10.40181
9.19829
UO
CL
Diesel
1997
11.12989
11.12994
10.40183
9.19828
UO
CL
Diesel
1998
10.46815
10.46812
9.87561
8.79678
UO
CL
Diesel
1999
10.46816
10.46816
9.87561
8.79677
UO
CL
Diesel
2000
10.46815
10.46815
9.87562
8.79678
UO
CL
Diesel
2001
6.99717
10.46819
987563
8.79676
UO
CL
Diesel
2002
6.99718
10.46818
9.87561
8.79678
UO
CL
Diesel
2003
595161
8.90395
8.90392
7.94996
UO
CL
Diesel
2004
595162
8.90396
8.90396
7.94995
UO
CL
Diesel
2005
595161
8.90392
8.90395
7.94996
UO
CL
Diesel
2006
595162
8.90397
8.90394
7.94994
UO
CL
Diesel
2007
0.38894
0.38894
0.26990
0.26722
UO
CL
Diesel
2008
0.38894
0.38894
0.26990
0.26722
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix B B-5
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^KxSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency »
Pollutant
Fuel
Model Year
Class 2b 3
Classes 4 5
Classes 6 7
Classes 8a/b
UO
CL
Diesel
2009
0.38894
0.38894
0.26990
0.26722
UO
CL
Diesel
2010
0.04629
0.05242
0.53740
0.01797
UO
CL
Diesel
2011
0.04629
0.05242
0.53740
0.01797
UO
CL
Diesel
2012
0.04629
0.05242
0.53740
0.01797
UO
CL
Diesel
2013
0.04629
0.04629
0.47484
0.01588
UO
CL
Diesel
2014
0.00573
0.00573
0.06262
0.02371
UO
CL
Diesel
2015
0.00573
0.00573
0.06262
0.02371
UO
CL
Diesel
2016
0.00573
0.00573
0.06262
0.02371
UO
CL
Diesel
2017
0.00573
0.00573
0.06262
0.02371
UO
CL
Diesel
2018
0.00573
0.00573
0.06262
0.02371
UO
CL
Diesel
2019
0.00505
0.00573
0.05843
0.02371
UO
CL
Diesel
2020
0.00499
0.00573
0.05843
0.02371
UO
CL
Diesel
2021
0.00358
0.00372
0.03958
0.01658
UO
CL
Diesel
2022
0.00358
0.00372
0.03958
0.01658
UO
CL
Diesel
2023
0.00358
0.00372
0.03958
0.01658
UO
CL
Diesel
2024
0.00358
0.00372
0.03958
0.01658
UO
CL
Diesel
2025
0.00358
0.00372
0.03958
0.01658
Black Carbon
Gasoline
Pre-1993
0.006412
0.006412
0.006412
0.006412
Black Carbon
Gasoline
1993
0.006412
0.006412
0.006412
0.006412
Black Carbon
Gasoline
1994
0.006412
0.006412
0.006412
0.006412
Black Carbon
Gasoline
1995
0.007642
0.007642
0.007642
0.007642
Black Carbon
Gasoline
1996
0.017782
0.017782
0.017782
0.017782
Black Carbon
Gasoline
1997
0.018705
0.018705
0.018705
0.018705
Black Carbon
Gasoline
1998
0.011169
0.011169
0.011169
0.011169
Black Carbon
Gasoline
1999
0.005418
0.005418
0.005418
0.005418
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix B B-6
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^KxSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency »
Pollutant
Fuel
Model Year
Class 2b 3
Classes 4 5
Classes 6 7
Classes 8a/b
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2000
0.002406
0.002406
0.002406
0.002406
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2001
0.002193
0.002193
0.002193
0.002193
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2002
0.009291
0.009291
0.009291
0.009291
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2003
0.005486
0.005486
0.005486
0.005486
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2004
0.012810
0.012810
0.012810
0.012810
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2005
0.009701
0.009701
0.009701
0.009701
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2006
0.009701
0.009701
0.009701
0.009701
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2007
0.009701
0.009701
0.009701
0.009701
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2008
0.009701
0.009701
0.009701
0.009701
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2009
0.009701
0.009701
0.009701
0.009701
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2010
0.007907
0.008895
0.002965
0.002965
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2011
0.007907
0.008896
0.002965
0.002965
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2012
0.007907
0.008895
0.002965
0.002965
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2013
0.007907
0.007907
0.002965
0.002965
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2014
0.007907
0.007907
0.002965
0.002965
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2015
0.007907
0.007907
0.002965
0.002965
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2016
0.007907
0.007907
0.002965
0.002965
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2017
0.007907
0.007907
0.002965
0.002965
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2018
0.007907
0.007907
0.002965
0.002965
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2019
0.007907
0.007907
0.001977
0.001977
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2020
0.007907
0.007907
0.001977
0.001977
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2021
0.004942
0.004942
0.001977
0.001977
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2022
0.004942
0.004942
0.001977
0.001977
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2023
0.004942
0.004942
0.001977
0.001977
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2024
0.004942
0.004942
0.001977
0.001977
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix B B-7
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^KxSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency »
Pollutant
Fuel
Model Year
Class 2b 3
Classes 4 5
Classes 6 7
Classes 8a/b
Black Carbon
Gasoline
2025
0.004942
0.004942
0.001977
0.001977
Black Carbon
Diesel
Pre-1993
3531599
3531591
3.300558
2.918671
Black Carbon
Diesel
1993
3531599
3531591
3.300558
2.918671
Black Carbon
Diesel
1994
3531599
3531591
3.300558
2.918671
Black Carbon
Diesel
1995
3531594
3531590
3300555
2.918677
Black Carbon
Diesel
1996
3531591
3531595
3300555
2.918678
Black Carbon
Diesel
1997
3531585
3531597
3.300558
2.918673
Black Carbon
Diesel
1998
3.321605
3.321596
3.133592
2.791269
Black Carbon
Diesel
1999
3.321608
3.321609
3.133594
2.791265
Black Carbon
Diesel
2000
3.321610
3.321609
3.133595
2.791267
Black Carbon
Diesel
2001
3.308434
3.321617
3.133602
2.791266
Black Carbon
Diesel
2002
3.308443
3321613
3.133589
2.791268
Black Carbon
Diesel
2003
2.814085
2.825278
2.825274
2.522573
Black Carbon
Diesel
2004
2.814080
2.825280
2.825282
2.522572
Black Carbon
Diesel
2005
2.814077
2.825271
2.825276
2.522570
Black Carbon
Diesel
2006
2.814075
2.825282
2.825279
2.522566
Black Carbon
Diesel
2007
0.045436
0.045436
0.031529
0.031217
Black Carbon
Diesel
2008
0.045436
0.045436
0.031529
0.031217
Black Carbon
Diesel
2009
0.045436
0.045436
0.031529
0.031217
Black Carbon
Diesel
2010
0.005411
0.006127
0.062815
0.002100
Black Carbon
Diesel
2011
0.005411
0.006127
0.062815
0.002100
Black Carbon
Diesel
2012
0.005411
0.006127
0.062815
0.002100
Black Carbon
Diesel
2013
0.005411
0.005411
0.055503
0.001856
Black Carbon
Diesel
2014
0.000670
0.000670
0.007320
0.002772
Black Carbon
Diesel
2015
0.000670
0.000670
0.007320
0.002772
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix B B-8
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^KxSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency »
Pollutant
Fuel
Model Year
Class 2b 3
Classes 4 5
Classes 6 7
Classes 8a/b
Black Carbon
Diesel
2016
0.000670
0.000670
0.007320
0.002772
Black Carbon
Diesel
2017
0.000670
0.000670
0.007320
0.002772
Black Carbon
Diesel
2018
0.000670
0.000670
0.007320
0.002772
Black Carbon
Diesel
2019
0.000590
0.000670
0.006829
0.002772
Black Carbon
Diesel
2020
0.000583
0.000670
0.006829
0.002772
Black Carbon
Diesel
2021
0.000419
0.000435
0.004627
0.001938
Black Carbon
Diesel
2022
0.000418
0.000435
0.004627
0.001938
Black Carbon
Diesel
2023
0.000418
0.000435
0.004627
0.001938
Black Carbon
Diesel
2024
0.000418
0.000435
0.004627
0.001938
Black Carbon
Diesel
2025
0.000418
0.000435
0.004627
0.001938
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix B B-g
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SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency »
Table B-2. Extended Idle Emission Factors - Class 8b Diesels Only (g/hr)
Model Year
Black Carbon
Pre-1993
14445471
2.77407
1.12709
1993
14445471
2.77407
1.12709
1994
14445471
2.77407
1.12709
1995
14445525
2.77407
1.12709
1996
14445492
2.77408
1.12709
1997
14445480
2.77409
1.12709
1998
14445474
2.77408
1.12709
1999
14445490
2.77408
1.12710
2000
14445511
2.77408
1.12709
2001
14445476
2.77407
1.12710
2002
14445520
2.77409
1.12709
2003
14445524
2.77408
1.12709
2004
14445478
2.77408
1.12709
2005
14445553
2.77408
1.12709
2006
14445503
2.77407
1.12709
2007
106.66577
0.09682
O.OI488
2008
106.66606
0.09682
O.OI488
2009
IO6.66589
0.09682
O.OI488
2010
4550105
0.05172
0.01100
2011
4550095
0.05172
0.01100
2012
4550094
0.05172
0.01100
2013
4550100
0.03173
0.00733
2014
4550431
0.04045
0.00934
2015
4550600
0.04052
0.00935
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix B B-10
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Model Year
X
O
z
pm25
Black Carbon
2016
45.50657
0.04055
0.00936
2017
45.50825
0.04062
0.00938
2018
45.50441
0.04045
0.00934
2019
45.50740
0.04059
0.00937
2020
45.50749
0.04059
0.00937
2021
45.50760
0.04060
0.00937
2022
45.50773
0.04060
0.00937
2023
45.50783
0.04061
0.00937
2024
45.50815
0.04061
0.00938
2025
45.87603373
0.04061
0.00938
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix B B-ll
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Appendix C: Derivation of National Average
g/kW-hr Emission Factors
FROM ARGONNE GREET MODEL Version 2021. https://greet.anl.gov/
l. Electric Generation Mix (eGRID U.S. Average 2021 Data (https://www.epa.aov/earid/summarv-data)
Table C-i. Electric Generation Mix
Generation Resource
U.S. Mix
Residual oil
0.6%
Natural gas
38.4%
Coal
21.9%
Nuclear power
18.9%
Biomass
1.3%
Hydro
6.0%
Wind
9.2%
Solar
2.8%
Geothermal
0.4%
Other
0.1%
2. Electric Transmission and Distribution Loss = 4.5%
3. Power Plant Emissions: in Grams per kWh of Electricity Available at Power Plant Gate
Table C-2. Power Plant Emissions at Gate
Pollutant
TOTAL based on US MixA
N0X
0.238
PM10*
0.048
LO
CL
0.023
BC*
0.0022
C02
387
* From 2020 eGRID estimates. 2021 values not available.
A Assumes no emissions from nuclear power plants, hydro, wind, solar, geothermal, and "Other"
4. Power Plant Emissions: Grams per kWh of Electricity Available at User Sites (wall outlets)
Total power plant gate emissions/(i-electric transmission and distribution loss)
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix C C-l
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SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
Table C-3. Power Plant Emissions at Wall Outlet
Pollutant
Total delivered based on US electric generation mix
NOx
0.249
PM10
0.051
pm25
0.024
BC
0.0023
C02
405
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix C C-
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"*\NSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency +
Appendix D: PERE Efficiency Modeling
Methodology
The PERE model is not specifically designed for modeling heavy duty hybrid trucks, but as it is a physical
model that is primarily dependent upon input values, its use was considered appropriate for the estimation of
the fuel economy effects of truck hybridization. The model calculates second-by-second fuel consumption
for user-defined drive cycles based on a physical model. The model takes a number of user-specified
parameters, along with some of its own defaults, to perform these calculations for a variety of vehicle and
powertrain types. The assumptions and data sources for the model inputs that were used are presented
below. The defaults for some parameters, such as hybrid regeneration efficiency and hybrid battery
efficiency, were assumed to remain unchanged when scaling from light-duty to heavy-duty vehicles.
Many vehicle parameters, such as road load and transmission data, were used from work already done with
the PERE model for the SmartWay program. Many of the parameters for that previous work were taken from
findings of internet searches for specifications of various trucks in new "as-delivered" condition, prior to the
addition of various vocational or cargo equipment installations that would increase drag and vehicle weight.
To establish the test weights for each truck class in this modeling effort, the original estimate of minimum
weight was averaged with the maximum possible weight for each truck class. This was done with the intent
of modeling an average or medium payload for each truck class. An important source of information was an
EPA draft document discussing the use of the PERE model by Nam and Gianelli49. This document contained
equations that could be used for estimates of some of the input parameters, along with information
describing the use of the model.
The two foremost inputs to the model include the vehicle weight and engine size. Vehicle empty weights
and engine sizes were taken from manufacturer supplied truck specifications where possible. For example,
Ford published a .pdf file titled F-250/F-350/F-450/F-550 Specifications50 that contains base curb weights
and engine sizes for some of their offerings in the light and medium duty market. Another useful source of
manufacturer data was in the Kenworth T170/T270/T370 Body Builders Manual51. The T170-T370 range
consists of medium duty trucks that can be delivered with a cab-only chassis. The manual describes all of
the dimensions relevant to the builder of a body or cargo area on the rear of the chassis. As such, it includes
curb weights, length and width dimensions, and gross vehicle weight ratings that were instrumental in
creating many of the inputs for the Class 5, 6, and 7 fuel economy models. Where specifications of multiple
trucks in a class were found, values were taken that would result in maximum fuel economy unless they
seemed noticeably atypical of in-use vehicles. Variations in weight and engine size over the ranges found in
literature did not have as large an effect on fuel economy as some of the other inputs to the PERE model. For
hybrid modeling, the engine size reduction due to hybridization ranged from 1 liter for the Class 2b and 3
trucks, up to 4 liters for the Class 8 trucks. This range was chosen based on the nature of hybrid trucks
49 Nam, Edward and Gianelli, Robert, Fuel Consumption Modeling of Conventional and Advanced Technology Vehicles in the Physical Emission Rate
Estimator (PERE). US EPA Publication EPA420-P-05-001, February 2005.
50 FordFi50.net. F-250/F-350/F-450/F-550 Specifications. Retrieved from https://www.fordfiRO.net/specs/ORsd specs.pdf Accessed 12-8-23.
51 Kenworth. Kenworth T170/T270/T370 and Hybrid 2011 Body Builders Manual. Retrieved from https://www.kenworth.com/media/aa2hk33t/kenworth-
tr70-t270-t370-and-hvbrid-bodv-builder-manual-20ii.pdf. Accessed 12-8-23.
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix D D-i
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\
SmartWay
MENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY"'
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
currently available on the market. Class 2 hybrid trucks on the market typically have very little engine
downsizing from hybridization, however larger trucks were found to have more engine downsizing.
The number of transmission gears in each truck class was also based on specifications found on
manufacturers' web sites, but there is a wide range of the number of gears in the different available
transmissions. While it is very likely that the most efficient setup for Class 2b through 4 would be a 6-speed
manual transmission, there are a variety of options for Classes 5 through 8. It is also typical for a modern
Class 8 truck to have 10 gears, so the model input for Class 6 was taken to be 8 as a representation of typical
trucks in that class, and all trucks were modeled with manual transmissions. The PERE model also requires
shift speeds as an input to the model, and examples of these were not found in literature or internet
searches. ERG has previously logged on-road data from Class 8 trucks with 10-speed manual transmissions,
and this data was analyzed briefly to create an estimate of typical upshift speeds for this type of truck. Using
this speed/gear curve, two other curves were created by scaling for the 6 and 8 speed trucks modeled in
the study. Unfortunately, the shift speed chart has a very strong effect on the model's predicted fuel
economy but using carefully scaled shift point curves hopefully mitigated this source of error. The hybrid
trucks were modeled with the same transmissions as the conventional trucks. The model did not readily
include a provision for changing the transmission characteristics when changing from conventional to hybrid
powertrains. All transmission parameters were kept the same when making this change with the intent of
ensuring the resulting fuel economy effects were only due to hybridization, not due to transmission effects.
There were three other values regarding the driveline that were input for this study. The engine efficiency
was taken to be 40% over the cycle. The maximum engine speeds and highway cruise speeds were adjusted
together as well, to account for the larger displacement heavy duty engines turning more slowly than typical
Class 2b truck engines. The effects of the engine speed parameters on fuel economy were fairly small.
The road load estimation required assumptions and calculations as road load curves are not generally a part
of manufacturers' literature. The method of road load calculation used for this PERE modeling was based on
the coefficient of rolling resistance (CR), the aerodynamic drag coefficient (Cd), and the vehicle frontal area
(Af) in a physical equation of the truck's road load, given in Equation 1 from Nam and Gianelli (2005).
Coefficients of drag were based on values in literature, such as manufacturers' specifications for Class 2b and
in a report publication by Argonne National Laboratory52. Values for Cd ranged from .45 for the Class 2b and
the smaller medium duty trucks, to .5 for the class 8 long-haul trucks. The heavier medium duty trucks were
assumed to have a Cd of .55 as they were assumed to be vocational trucks with less streamlined
aerodynamics. Frontal area was taken from manufacturer specifications where available. As given in Nam
and Gianelli, the product of truck height and width was multiplied by a factor of 0.93 to get an estimate of
effective AF. Engineering judgment was applied to the dimensions found in literature to ensure a
representative increase in frontal area from the smaller to larger trucks. The rolling resistance values were
estimated using the trends observed by both Nam and Gianelli (2005) along with Delorme Karbowski, and
Sharer (2009), ranging from 0.01 for the light and medium duty trucks, down to 0.008 for the class 8 trucks.
52 Delorme, A., Karbowski, D., and Sharer, P. Evaluation of Fuel Consumption Potential of Medium and Heavy-Duty Vehicles through Modeling and
Simulation. Argonne National Laboratory, DEPS-BEES-ooi, October 2009.
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix D D-2
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"*\NSmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency +
The final input to the PERE model was the driving cycle. To get a representative range of fuel economy
benefit, two drive cycles were modeled. The first was the Heavy-Duty Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule
(HDUDDS), and the second was the EPA Highway Fuel Economy Test (HwFET). The HDUDDS can be thought
of as a city-type cycle with frequent stops and starts. The HwFET simulates rural driving with varying speeds
but no stops. Even though the HwFET is designed only for light duty vehicles, it was still used as it was the
best representation available for in-use highway driving.
The key values used as the inputs for the PERE model fuel economy calculations are given by truck class in
Table D-i.
Table D-i. PERE Model Inputs for Fuel Economy Estimation
Class
Modeled Test
Weight, lbs
Conventional
Engine Disp., L
Hybrid Engine
Disp., L
Number of
Gears
Effective Gear
Ratio, RPM/mph
2b
7,875
6.0
5
6
35
3
10,000
6.0
5
6
35
4
12,250
6.4
54
6
33
5
14,500
6.7
57
6
33
6
19,500
6.7
57
8
33
7
24,000
8.3
6.3
10
31
8
52,500
13
9
10
30
For modeling hybrid vehicles in the PERE model, the user must adjust the hybrid threshold for each different
vehicle and drive cycle combination. This variable represents the amount of power demand during
acceleration that is required to cause the engine to start up to assist the electric motor. The user must adjust
this value such that the amount of energy taken from the battery is approximately equal to the amount of
energy charged back into the battery during regenerative braking. If this is not done, the fuel economy will
be misrepresented due to the battery ending up with a different state of charge at the end of the cycle
compared to the beginning of the cycle.
For the HwFET cycle in the lower truck classes, there were not enough deceleration events charge the
battery back to its initial charge level, even with the hybrid threshold variable at its minimum value. This
meant that the battery was ending at a lower level of charge at the end of the cycle than the beginning,
which has the effect of overestimating the trucks actual fuel economy. For this reason, ERG added an extra
calculation to the model to account for the net change in battery power. This calculation used the various
efficiencies of the hybrid system to estimate the fuel required to make up the change in battery charge over
the cycle and add that number to the modeled fuel consumption. This calculation was needed for the trucks
in Classes 2b through 5.
SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix D D-3
-------
SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency»
oEPA
SmartWay
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency*
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Transportation and Air Quality
1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW
Washington, DC 20460
(734)214-4333
https://www.epa.gov/
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory
2565 Plymouth Rd.
Ann Arbor, Ml 48105 (734) 214-4200
https://www.epa.gov/transportation-air-pollution-
and-climate-chanae
EPA-420-B-24-004 | January 2024 | SmartWay Transport Partnership | epa.gov/smartway
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