United States Environmental Protection Agency Air Pollution Training Institute (APTI) Mail Drop E14301 Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 September 2004 /a ¦ Preparation of Fine f | 1 Particulate Emission Inventories Student Workbook APTI Course 419B ------- How to Use this Workbook This workbook is to be used during classroom instruction, and telecourse sessions. This workbook contains the slides used by the presenter as well as space for taking notes. The goal of the presentation is to go over many of the topics presented in the Student Manual. At times during the presentation, content has been condensed and at other times expanded with further explanation. This workbook will match the slide show exactly. The Student Manual will contain the instructional objectives and detailed materials for each of the seven chapters. It would be useful to have the Student Manual with you during the presentation as references may me made to it. In addition, some graphics might be hard to read during the presentation, but all graphics used in the presentation can be found in the Student Manual. ------- Notice This is not an official policy and standards document. The opinions and selections are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Environmental Protection Agency. Every attempt has been made to represent the present state of the art as well as subject areas still under evaluation. Any mention of products or organizations does not constitute endorsement or recommendation by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. This project has been funded wholly or in part by the United States Environmental Protection Agency under Contract No. 68D99022 to ICES, Ltd. Availability This document is issued by the Air Pollution Training Institute, Education and Outreach Group, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, USEPA. This workbook was developed for use in training courses presented by the U.S. EPA Air Pollution Training Institute and others receiving contractual or grant support from the Institute. Other organizations are welcome to use the document. This publication is available, free of charge, to schools or governmental air pollution control agencies intending to conduct a training course on the subject matter. Submit a written request to the Air Pollution Training Institute, USEPA, Mail Drop E14301, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711. Sets of slides designed for use in the training course of which this publication is a part may be borrowed from the Air Pollution Training Institute upon written request. The slides may be freely copied. Some films may be copied; others must be purchased from the commercial distributor. This consent does not extend to copying or transmission by any means - graphic or electronic - for any other purpose, such as for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating a new collective work, for resale, or for information storage and retrieval systems. State and local air pollution control agencies, U.S. EPA offices, and federal offices designated by U.S. EPA are authorized to make copies of this document in connection with telecourses. Printed on recycled paper in the United States of America. ------- Course Description APTI 419B: Preparation of Fine Particulate Emission Inventories is a two- day, resident instructional course designed to present an advanced view of all major, practical aspects of developing an emission inventory for fine particulate matter. The course is intended primarily for employees that have a working knowledge of emission inventory terminology and techniques. The course focuses on the principal stationary nonpoint area and nonroad mobile source categories emitting PM fine particles. For select categories, the course provides a brief summary of how emissions are estimated for EPA's National Emissions Inventory (NEI), and how state/local/tribal agencies can improve upon those estimates. Case studies are used to provide real-world examples of how state or lo9cal agencies collected their own data to prepare inventories that are improvement to the NEI methods. The lessons include information on an overview of fine PM, an overview of the NEI, onroad mobile inventory development, onroad mobile inventory development, point source inventory development, area sources, fugitive dust area sources, combustion area sources, and other related topics. The course is taught at an instructional level equivalent to that of an advanced, undergraduate university course. The Air Pollution Training Institute curriculum recommends APTI 419B: Preparation of Fine Particulate Emission Inventories as an advanced course for all areas of study. The student should have minimally completed a college-level education and APTI Course S1:419A - Introduction to Emission Inventories or have a minimum of six months of applicable work experience. DISCLAIMER This document is for education and training only and does not constitute U.S. Environmental Protection Agency policy. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. iv ------- TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents v Chapter 1: PM2.5 Overview 1-1 Chapter 2: The National Emissions Inventory and Emissions Inventory Tools 2-1 Chapter 3: Onroad Mobile Inventory Development 3-1 Chapter 4: Nonroad Mobile Inventory Development 4-1 Chapter 5: Point Source Inventory Development 5-1 Chapter 6: Area Sources 6-1 Chapter 7: Fugitive Dust Area Sources 7-1 Chapter 8: Ammonia Emissions from Animal Husbandry 8-1 Chapter 9: Combustion Area Sources 9-1 v ------- THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK vi ------- Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 1 - PM 2 5 Overview PM2 5 In Ambient Air - A Complex Mixture Primary Particles Secondary Particles (Directly Emitted) | (From Precursor Gases) Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Urban PM Sites Eastern U.S. data is very homogenous Comprised mostly of carbon Ammonium and sulfate components combined are comparable to carbon Crustal component is very small Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 1 - PM 2 5 Overview ------- MSA to Non MSA Comparison of PM Emissions Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Comparison of Urban and Rural Data More sulfate than carbon in non-urban sites Sulfate concentration slightly higher in urban areas Carbon concentrations substantially higher in urban areas Conclusions ¦ Sulfate is a regional problem ¦ Carbon has a regional component with urban excess Urban Excess definition Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Example of "Urban Excess" Atlanta, GA / Ring of 5 Rural Locations 1 H - Sulfate Est. Ammonium Nitrate TCM Crustal Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 1 - PM 2 5 Overview 1 -2 ------- Comparison of Urban-Rural Ratios 5 2 "5 . I I ¦ Emissions Density ~Ambient Levels Note: Sulfate particles are more stable and thus have longer lifetime in the atmosphere than Nitrate. Sulfate is therefore more subject to transport Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories National NOx Emissions Highway Vehicles Electric Utilities Off road Mobile Ind & Comm Fuel Comb. Other 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories S02 National Emissions Electric Utiilities Other Fuel Comb. I I Industrial Processes Mobile Sources ~ Other ~ 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 1-9 Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 1 - PM 2 5 Overview 1 -3 ------- NH3 National Emissions Animal Husbandly Fertilizer Application I Highway Vehicles ¦ Industrial Processes ] Waste Disposal ] Other ~ 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 1-10 Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Crustal Material Main Sources: ¦ Unpaved roads ¦ Agricultural tilling ¦ Construction ¦ Wind-blown dust ¦ Fly ash (less significant) Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Crustal Material (cont.) Huge Disparity Between El & Ambient Data ¦ Ambient Data < 1 ug/m3 in most of US Exception: > 1 ug/m3 in much of Southwest Emissions: 2.5M TPY (comparable to Carbon Emissions) Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 1 - PM 2 5 Overview ------- Crustal Material (cont.) Fugitive Dust has low "Transportable Fraction Crustal materials are a relatively small part of PM2.5 in the ambient air Fugitive dust is released near the ground and surface features often capture the dust near its source As much as 50-90% may be captured locally Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Carbon Particles: Composition & Terminology (Primary f Secondary A Particles J V Particles if Elemental V /primary Organic^ f Secondary f > Carbon / ^ Aerosol J ^Organic Aerosol^/ V J ^ Organic Carbon ^ Primary Particles ¦ Elemental (Black) Carbon ¦ Primary Organic Aerosol (POA) ¦ Primary Carbon = EC (BC) + Primary Organic Aerosol (POA) Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Primary Carbon in PM2.5 Wildland Fire Mobile Sources Ind. & Comm. Combustion Res. Heating & Open Burning Ind. & Comm. Processes Agricultural Burning Transportable Fugitive Dust — 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% % of PM2.5 Primary Carbon Emissions (National Emissions ~ 2M TPY) 1-15 Preparati on of Fin e Particul ate Emissi on s I nventori es Chapter 1 - PM 2 5 Overview 1 -5 ------- POA & EC Characteristics of Primary Carbon Emissions Ratio of organic carbon mass* to elemental Potential carbon mass range of Category (average) ratios Forest Fires 9.9 6-28 Managed Burning 12 6-28 Agricultural Burning 12 2.5-12 Open Burning - Debris 9.9 Non-road Diesel Engines & Vehicles 0.4 0.4-3 O n- ro a d D ie sei V ehicies 0.4 0.4-3 Trains, Ships, Planes 0.4 0.4 -25 Non-road Gas Engines & Vehicles 14 0.25-14 On-road Gas Vehicles 4.2 0.25-14 Fugitive Dust - Roads 22 3-65 Woodstoves 7.4 3-50 Fireplaces 7.4 3-50 Residential Heating - Other 26 Commercial Cooking 111 13-111 Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Primary Organic Aerosols (POA) Certain organic carbon excluded Organic carbon matter = primary organic aerosol (POA). The OC to POA multiplier for "fresh" POA in the emissions is usually estimated Particles "age" through oxidation. A different "multiplier" is applied to the POA by the chemical transport models to account for the "aging" Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Primary Organic Aerosols (cont.) Models only apply the additional multiplier to the POA, not the EC or SOA Multiplier is not related to the model's estimate of secondary organic aerosol formed in the atmosphere from precursor gases Only accounts for further oxidation of primary particle emissions as the aerosol "ages" Transport models contain a separate module to simulate the amount of secondary organic carbon formed in the atmosphere from precursor Chapter 1 - PM 2 5 Overview ------- Primary Organic Aerosols (cont.) The derivation of a multiplier for ambient OC is much more complicated Use of a single multiplier introduces error A multiplier of 1.4 to 2.4 is often used for ambient data No agreed upon standard adjustment Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Primary Carbon Emissions Emission Density Ratios •S 5 1 5 Primary Carbon Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Carbon Particles: Composition & Terminology (Primary Secondary Particles J V Particles ( Elemental \ /primaly OrganicN f Secondary f \ ' Carbon / ^ Aerosol J ^Organic Aerosol^/ ) ^^ f Organic Carbon Primary Particles ¦ Elemental (Black) Carbon ¦ Primary Organic Aerosol (POA) ¦ Primary Carbon = EC (BC) + Primary Organic Aerosol (POA) Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 1 - PM 2 5 Overview ------- Carbon Particles: Composition & Terminology (cont.) (Primary Secondary Particles Particles ( Elemental /primarv OrganicN f Secondary \ f \ V Carbon J ^ Aerosol J ^Organic Aerosol J V ) \ " V 1- Organic Carbon Secondary Particles ¦ Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) Organic Carbon = POA & Secondary Organic Aerosols Comparison of Emission Density Ratios >n Density Ratios an : Rural) ~ Emissions Density ¦ Ambient Levels 'K ¦£ v 3 E ~ ui Prim ary Carbon Aromatics Ter penes 80% POA 70% Mobile Biogenic 20% EC | Emissions: 2.2Mtpy(Ann) 3.7Mtpy(Ann) .35 M tpy (July) | * Eastern US s Preparation of Fine Particulate I Summary of Important PM2.5 Source Categories DIRECT EMISSIONS PRECURSOR EMISSIONS Combustion a.b ¦ Open Burning (all types) ¦ Non-Road & On-Road Mobile ¦ Residential Wood Burning ¦Wildfires ¦ Power Gen ¦ Boilers (Oil, Gas, Coal) ¦ Boilers (Wood) SQ2 ¦ Power Gen (CoalJ ¦ Boilers (Coal) ¦ Power Gen (Oil) ¦Boilers (Oil) ¦ Industrial Processes ¦On-Road Mobile ¦ Animal Husbandry ¦ Fertilizer Application ¦ Wastewater T reatment ¦ Boilers VPCd ¦On-RoadMobile (Gas, Diesel) ¦ Power Gen (Coal) ¦ Non-Road Mobile (Diesel) ¦ Boilers (Gas, Coal) ¦Residential (Gas, Oil) Storage and Tran sport d idustry ;:,;ss;s; T of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 1 - PM 2 5 Overview 1 -8 ------- PM2.5 Primary Emissions Sources - Summary Directly Emitted (Primary) PM2.5 Emisson Sources of Carbonaceous & Crustal Materials Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories PM2 5 In Ambient Air - A Complex Mixture A Review of Precursor Interrelationships Oxm* <*>* •• Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 1 - PM 2.5 Overview 1 -9 ------- Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 2 - The National Emissions Inventory and Emission Inventory Tools Information Included in the NEI National tabulation of emissions of PM2.5, S02, NOx, Ammonia, and VOC ¦ Point sources by lat-long: 52,000 facilities, each containing multiple emission points ° Over 4,500 types of processes represented ¦ Area & Mobile by County 400 categories of Highway & Non-Road Mobile ¦ Over 300 categories of Area sources Annual emissions, start/end dates, stack parameters Also, in the NEI ¦ HAP emissions for over 6,000 types of processes Evolution of EPA's National Emission Inventory NAPAP - National Acidic Precipitation Assessment Program NPI National Particulate Inventory NET National Emission Trends Inventory NEI Merger of NET and Nat'l Toxics El Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 2 - The National Emissions Inventory and Emission Inventory Tools ------- Wildfires in the National Emission Inventory Will be included as point sources Data on location, and start and stop dates Currently handled as areas sources ¦ Allocated by county and season Impossible to determine impact under the current approach Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories NEI Development ~ Cooperative, Iterative Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Inventory Preparation Tools Emission Factors & Activity Data ¦ www.epa.gov/ttn/chief ¦ (~ 20,000 factors in FIRE) ¦ Processes vary over time ~ Factor representiveness issue Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 2 - The National Emissions Inventory and Emission Inventory Tools ------- Inventory Preparation Tools (cont.) Emissions Models ¦ TANKS ¦ NONROAD ¦ Others Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Inventory Preparation Tools (cont.) Spatial Characterization & Locator Aids ¦ GIS ¦ GPS ¦ Satellites Emissions Processing, including Speciation Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Overview of Emissions Processing Processors include: ¦ SMOKE, EPM Processor output ¦ Gridded, hourly emissions file ¦ Speciation of Primary Emissions (EC, Organics, S04, Nitrates) ¦ Model-ready Processor inputs ¦ Annual, county-level area source El ¦ Annual point source data (except for CEM data) Chapter 2 - The National Emissions Inventory and Emission Inventory Tools ------- Overview of Emissions Processing (cont.) Processor contains default factors & profiles, including: ¦ County-to-Grid Allocation Factors ¦ Temporal Allocation Profiles (hourly & seasonal) ¦ Speciation Profiles Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Speciation of EC & POA Speciation Profiles ~ estimate of the EC & POA portion of each PM2.5 source's emissions ¦ All PM2.5 sources "assigned" to 1 of 73 "profiles" EC, POA ¦ Derived within the Emissions Processor from PM2.5 using speciation profiles ¦ NOT part of the NEI Current Issues ¦EC - POA Split, carbon analysis methods ¦ OC - POA compound adjustment Process-based Emissions Models Space- & time- sensitive emissions reflective of real time conditions ¦ wind, temperature ¦ RH, vegetation types ¦ soil type & moisture Linkage: ¦ MM5 ¦ GIS coverages ¦ Emission algorithms Currently ~ BEIS3, MOBILE6 ¦ No other categories linked to real time conditions Chapter 2 - The National Emissions Inventory and Emission Inventory Tools ------- Process-based Emissions Models (cont.) Process-based emission model needs ¦ Ammonia (fertilizer application, animal husbandry, removal) ¦ Fugitive Dust (wind, unpaved roads, construction, tilling, removal) ¦ Wildland Fires (fuels, fuel consumption, plume rise) ¦ Residential Wood Burning ¦ Evaporative Loss ¦ Others ? Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Status of Process-based Emissions Models (Integrated w/ Emissions Processor) Biogenics (always integrated w/ EP) On-Road (optional integration w/ EP) Ammonia (development just began) Fugitive Dust (underdevelopment) Wildland Fire (underdevelopment) Wildland Fire Emissions Module (under development) Modular input to Emission Models (e.g., SMOKE, OpEM) to interface with the CMAQ modeling system. User Inputs: Fire locations, duration, size Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 2 - The National Emissions Inventory and Emission Inventory Tools ------- Wildland Fire Emissions Module (under development) (cont.) Model Components ¦ Fuel loading default: NFDRS / FCC map ¦ Fuel Moisture: Calculates using MM5 met data ¦ Fuel Consumption: CONSUME2.1 / FOFEM ¦ Emissions, Heat Release & Plume Rise: EPM & Briggs (modified) Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Wildland Fire Emissions Module (under development) (cont.) Outputs: Gridded hourly emissions, plume characteristics Integrate, Test & Release Module (late 2004 earliest - w/ funding) Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Fugitive Dust Emissions Module (under development) Modular input to Emission Models (e.g., SMOKE, OpEM) to interface with the CMAQ modeling system. It will: ¦ establish consistent database of resource info (soil map, land use, vegetation cover, moisture, precipitation, wind speed) for making emission estimates for use with grid models. ¦ demonstrate proof-of-concept of emission models for wind erosion, unpaved roads, construction, other dust sources. Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 2 - The National Emissions Inventory and Emission Inventory Tools ------- Receptor Models Inventory refinement, bounding uncertainties ¦ Fossil vs Contemporary Carbon ¦ Gas vs diesel ¦ Cold starts, smokers Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Specific PM2.5 Categories Needing Input from Federal / State / Local / Tribes Wildland Burning ¦ Forests, Rangeland & especially private & State / tribal burners ¦ (acreages burned, fuel loadings for largest fires, timing) Residential Open Burning ¦ Household Waste, Yard waste (volumes & burning practices) ¦ Regulations & their effectiveness, local surveys of burn activities) Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Specific PM2.5 Categories Needing Input from Federal / State / Local / Tribes (cont.) Construction Debris & Logging Slash ¦ Regulations & their effectiveness, local surveys of burn activities Agricultural Field Burning ¦ Acreages, fuel loadings, timing Residential Wood Combustion ¦ Fireplaces, Wood Stoves ¦ local surveys of fuel burned, fireplace vs wood stoves, local regulations Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 2 - The National Emissions Inventory and Emission Inventory Tools ------- Specific PM2.5 Categories Needing Input from Federal / State / Local / Tribes (cont.) Area-specific industrial process sources Fugitive Dust as indicated by local conditions Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 2 - The National Emissions Inventory and Emission Inventory Tools ------- Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 3 - Onroad Mobile Sources MOBILE 6 Overview Use MOBILE 6 model for emission factors ¦ PM25, S02, NOx, NH3, PM.0, VOC, and CO ¦ PM25 and PM10 emission factors are for primary emissions (PM2.5-PRI and PM10-PRI) Use vehicle miles traveled (VMT) data for activity Map VMT data to corresponding MOBILE 6 emission factors Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories MOBILE 6 Overview (cont.) Data and algorithms previously in PARTS (with updates where applicable) have been integrated into the MOBILE 6 model Fugitive dust emission factors included in PART5 (i.e., re-entrained road dust) removed from MOBILE 6 MOBILE 6 also includes emission estimates for Gaseous S02 and Ammonia (NH3) Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 3 - Onroad Mobile Sources 3-1 ------- MOBILE 6 Modeling Inputs Use same inputs for MOBILE 6 model as used for previous MOBILE 6 model for same time period ¦ Registration distribution ¦ Ambient conditions ¦ Speeds/speed distribution ¦ Fuel parameters ¦ Control programs ¦ VMT mix Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories MOBILE 6 Modeling Inputs (cont.) Additional data required for MOBILE 6 ¦ Diesel sulfur content (in parts per million [ppm]) Additional commands needed for MOBILE 6 ¦ Described in MOBILE User's Guide PM25 and PM10 emission factors cannot be calculated in same scenario—particle size must be specified in each scenario Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories National Mobile Inventory Model (NMIM) Creates national or sub-national emission inventories Consolidated emissions modeling system Combines a graphical user interface, MOBILE, NONROAD, and a data base Data base contains most recent information used in the NEI Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 3 - Onroad Mobile Sources 3-2 ------- National Mobile Inventory Model (NMIM) (cont.) Calculates criteria pollutants and HAP emissions All estimates based on same input parameters Used to generate preliminary 2002 NEI for nonroad engines Optional for states Available for general use in 2004 Produces same results as MOBILE and NONROAD Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Sources of VMT Data State Department of Transportation Metropolitan Planning Organization 1999 NEI VMT Data based on: ¦ State-provided VMT (8 States) ¦ FHWA HPMS data summaries ¦ By roadway type and State ¦ By roadway type and Urban Area ¦ Nationally by Vehicle Type Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories VMT Approach Distributions of VMT by roadway type, vehicle type, by hour of day can be applied directly to VMT or included within MOBILE 6 input files Also need to have speeds matched to roadway types either as average speeds or as speed distributions by speed ranges Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 3 - Onroad Mobile Sources ------- Level of Detail of VMT Data By county By roadway type (or link level) By vehicle type Appropriate time period Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Calculating Onroad Emissions ¦ Match VMT to corresponding MOBILE 6 emission factor ¦ Map according to speed, roadway type (RT), vehicle TYPE (VT), time period Emis= VMT * EF * K ¦ Emis = emissions in tons by RT, VT ¦ VMT = vehicle miles traveled on RT by VT in miles ¦ EF = emission factor in grams/mile by RT, VT ¦ K = conversion factor Additional Resources User's Guide to MOBILE6.1 and MOBILE6.2: Mobile Source Emission Factor Model, EPA420-R-02-028, October 2002 http://www.epa.gov/otaq/m6.htm MOBILE6.1 Particulate Emission Factor Model Technical Description, Draft, EPA420-R-02-012, March 2002 http://www.epa.gov/OMS/models/mobile6/r02012.pdf Links to MOBILE6 Training Materials http://www.epa.g0v/0taq/m6.htm#m6train Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 3 - Onroad Mobile Sources 3 - 4 ------- Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 4 - Nonroad Mobile Sources What Sources are Included? SCCs (4-digit SCC denotes engine type) 2260xxxxxx 2-Stroke Gasoline 2265xxxxxx 4-Stroke Gasoline 2267xxxxxx Liquefied Petroleum Gasoline (LPG) 2268xxxxxx Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) 2270xxxxxx Diesel Two exceptions 2282xxxxxx Recreational Marine 2285xxxxxx Railroad Maintenance 4-2 Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories What Sources are Included? (cont.) Equipment Category (7-digit SCC denotes equipment) • Airport ground support • Logging • Agricultural ~ Recreational marine • Construction vessels • Industrial • Recreational equipment • Commercial • Oilfield ~ Residential/commercial • Underground mining Lawn and garden • Railway maintenance 10-digit SCC generally denotes specific application within equipment category 4-3 Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 4 - Nonroad Mobile Sources ------- What Sources are Included? (cont.) Pollutants ¦ PM10-PRI, PM2.5-PRI, CO, NOx, VOC, S02, and C02 ¦ PM10 and PM2 5 emission factors represent Primary PM ¦ NH3 not a direct output of NONROAD, can be estimated based on fuel consumption and EPA emission factors derived from light-duty on road vehicle emission measurements ¦ Model estimates exhaust and evaporative VOC components Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories NONROAD Model Emission Equation lexh=Eexh*A*L*P*N where: /exh = Exhaust emissions, (ton/year) ^exh ~~ Exhaust emission factor, (ton/hp-hr) A Equipment activity, (hours/year) L Load factor, (proportion of rated power used on average basis) P Average rated power for modeled engines, (hp) N Equipment population 4-5 Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories NONROAD Model Emission Equation (cont.) Emission Factors ¦ Dependent on engine type and engine size (horsepower) Future year emission controls or standards reflected in emission factor value ¦ S02, C02, and evaporative VOC emissions based on fuel consumption ¦ PM10 assumed to be equivalent to total PM For gasoline and diesel-fueled engines, PM2 5 = 0.92 * PM10 For LPG and CNG-fueled engines, PM25 = PM10 Chapter 4 - Nonroad Mobile Sources 4-2 ------- Geographic Allocation County-level allocation of equipment population ¦ National or state-level equipment populations from PSR or alternate sources, reported by equipment type (SCC) and horsepower range ¦ Allocates populations to counties using surrogate indicators that correlate with nonroad activity for specific equipment types Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Temporal Allocation NONROAD accounts for temporal variations in activity ¦ Monthly activity profiles by equipment category according to 10 geographic regions ¦ Typical weekday and weekend day activity profiles by equipment category; do not vary by region Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Improving Inputs Specify local fuel characteristics and ambient temperatures Replace NONROAD model default activity inputs with State or local inputs ¦ Perform local survey Obtain local information to improve geographic allocation indicators and temporal profiles Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 4 - Nonroad Mobile Sources 4-3 ------- Improving Inputs (cont.) Significant PM Fine Equipment Categories include: ¦ Diesel construction ¦ Diesel farm ¦ Diesel industrial ¦ Gasoline lawn and garden ¦ Gasoline recreational marine Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Resources http://www.epa.gov/otaq/nonrdmdl.htm From this web site, there are links to: ¦ Downloadable version of NONROAD2002a model ¦ Documentation User's Guide Technical Reports to describe the sources and development of all model default input values Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories AIRCRAFT - Overview SCCs ¦ 2275020000 - Commercial Aircraft ¦ 2275050000 - General Aviation ¦ 2275060000 - Air Taxis ¦ 2275001000 - Military Aircraft Activity Data - landing and take-off operations (LTOs) Emission Factors - aircraft/engine-specific or fleet average Chapter 4 - Nonroad Mobile Sources 4-4 ------- AIRCRAFT - Overview (cont.) Definitions of Aircraft Categories: ¦ Commercial - Aircraft used for scheduled service to transport passengers, freight, or both ¦ Air taxis - Smaller aircraft operating on a more limited basis to transport passengers and freight ¦ General aviation - aircraft used on an unscheduled basis for recreational flying, personal transportation, and other activities, including business travel ¦ Military aircraft - aircraft used to support military operations AIRCRAFT - Overview (cont.) Aircraft operations are defined by landing and take-off operation (LTO) cycles, consisting of five specific modes: ¦ Approach ¦ Taxi/idle-in ¦ Taxi/idle-out ¦ Take-off ¦ Climb-out The operation time in each of these modes (TIM) is dependent on the aircraft category, local meteorological conditions, and airport operational considerations COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT NEI Method Activity/Emissions Developed at National Level ¦ Commercial Aircraft Emissions ¦ Calculated using national-level FAA LTO data by aircraft type and emission rates from Emissions and Dispersion Modeling System (EDMS) Version 4.0. ¦ Used default engines for each aircraft type and default time-in-mode values. Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 4 - Nonroad Mobile Sources 4-5 ------- General Aviation, Air Taxi and Military Aircraft - NEI Method ¦ National Emissions for General Aviation, Air Taxi, and Military Aircraft calculated using equation: National Emissionscp = National LTOsc * EFcp where: LTOs = landing and take-off operations; EF emission factor; c = aircraft category; and P criteria pollutant. 4-16 Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories General Aviation, Air Taxi and Military Aircraft - NEI Method (cont.) LTO-based PM Emission Factors ¦ General Aviation ¦ PM10-PRI: 0.2367 Ibs/LTO ¦ Air Taxi and Military Aircraft ¦ PM10-PRI: 0.60333 Ibs/LTO ¦ PM2.5-PRI Emissions ¦ Estimated by applying particle size multiplier developed for related engines to PM10 emissions estimate ¦ PM2.5-PRI = 0.92 * PM10-PRI AIRCRAFT - NEI Method National Emissions Allocation for Each Aircraft Category Airport Emissions,. = National Emissionsc * AF ™c,p,x where: AF = allocation factor; and x = airport (e.g. La Guardia) c = aircraft category; and p = criteria pollutant. AFCX = LTOsc/National LTOsc 4-18 Preparati on of Fin e Particul ate Emissi on s I nventori es Chapter 4 - Nonroad Mobile Sources 4-6 ------- AIRCRAFT - NEI Method (cont.) Documentation on the procedures used to develop criteria pollutant (as well as HAP) aircraft emission estimates is available at: ftp://ftp.epa.gov/Emislnventory/finalnei99ver3/ criteria/documentation/nonroad/ 99nonroad_voli_oct2003.pdf Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories AIRCRAFT - General Approach Determine the mixing height to be used to define the LTO cycle Define the fleet make-up for each airport Determine airport activity in terms of the number of LTOs by aircraft/engine type Select emission factors for each engine model associated with the aircraft fleet Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories AIRCRAFT - General Approach (cont.) Estimate the time-in-mode (TIM) for the aircraft fleet at each airport Calculate emissions based on aircraft LTOs, emission factors for each aircraft engine model, and estimated aircraft TIM Aggregate the emissions across aircraft Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 4 - Nonroad Mobile Sources ------- COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT Improvements to NEI Determine engine types associated with local aircraft types, to replace default aircraft/engine assignments in EDMS Obtain information on climb-out, takeoff, approach times, as well as taxi/idle times Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT Improvements to NEI (cont.) For PM10 and PM25, match few emission factors from EPA's 1992 Volume IV, Mobile Sources Procedures document, to the aircraft engines in their fleet as best as possible EPA OTAQ working with FAAto develop updated aircraft PM emission factors Regional inventories have used PM-10/NOX emission factor ratios for air taxi applied to commercial aircraft NOx emissions Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories GA, A T and Military Aircraft Improvements to NEI Obtain local estimates of LTOs for these categories (to obtain LTOs not covered by FAA data) Obtain information on the aircraft/engine types that comprise the aircraft fleet for these categories. Apply EPA engine-specific emission factors or EDMS, if available Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 4 - Nonroad Mobile Sources 4-8 ------- COMMERCIAL MARINE VESSELS Overview Commercial Marine Vessel SCCs ¦ 2280002100- Diesel, In Port ¦ 2280002200 - Diesel, Underway ¦ 2280003100- Residual, In Port ¦ 2280003200 - Residual, Underway Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories COMMERCIAL MARINE VESSELS NEI Method National Diesel and Residual Emissions split into port and underway components Port and underway activity allocated separately, assigned to counties Port emissions assigned to a single county in port area Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories COMMERCIAL MARINE VESSELS NEI Method (cont.) Documentation on the procedures used to develop criteria pollutant (as well as HAP) commercial marine emission estimates is available at: ftp://ftp.epa.gov/Emislnventory/finalnei99ver3/ criteria/documentation/nonroad/99nonroadvoli _oct2003.pdf Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 4 - Nonroad Mobile Sources 4-9 ------- COMMERCIAL MARINE VESSELS Improvements to NEI Review 1999 NEI emission estimates for representativeness Allocate port emissions to ports other than 150 largest Allocate port emissions to appropriate counties, since port emissions assigned to a single county in port area Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories COMMERCIAL MARINE VESSELS Improvements to NEI (cont.) Obtain activity estimates at the local or State- level from Department of Transportation, Port Authority ¦ Fuel consumption ¦ Categories of vessels ¦ Number and size (hp) of vessels in each category ¦ Number of hours at each time-in-mode ¦ Cruising ¦ Reduced speed zone ¦ Maneuvering ¦ Hotelling Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories COMMERCIAL MARINE VESSELS Emission Calculation Emissions = Pop * HP * LF * ACT * EF where: Pop = Vessel Population or Ship Calls HP = Average Power (hp) LF = Load Factor (fraction of available power) ACT = Activity (hrs) EF = Emission Factor (g/hp-hr) 4-30 Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 4 - Nonroad Mobile Sources ------- COMMERCIAL MARINE VESSELS Activity 1999 EPA studies: ¦ Commercial Marine Activity for Deep Sea Ports in the United States • Commercial Marine Activity for Great Lake and Inland River Ports in the United States Studies provide activity profiles for select ports, and present method for an inventory preparer to allocate detailed time-in-mode activity data from a typical port to another similar port Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories COMMERCIAL MARINE VESSELS Activity (cont.) Activity profiles for typical port include: ¦ Number of vessels in each category ¦ Vessel Characterization, including propulsion size (horsepower), capacity tonnage, and engine age ¦ Number of hours at each time-in-mode associated with cruising, reduced speed zone, maneuvering, and hotelling Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories COMMERCIAL MARINE VESSELS Activity (cont.) Data on the number of trips and the tons of cargo handled by vessel type are provided for the top 95 Deep Sea Ports and top 60 Great Lake and Inland River Ports More detailed activity for these ports can then be estimated based on the data calculated for a typical port Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 4 - Nonroad Mobile Sources ------- COMMERCIAL MARINE VESSELS Emission Factors Depending on activity data obtained: ¦ Horsepower-based emission factors ¦ Fuel-based emission factors EPA performing studies to develop updated emission rates ¦ Category 3 Engine Final Rulemaking, January 2003 Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories COMMERCIAL MARINE VESSELS Emission Factors (cont.) PM10-PRI EFs for Category 1 and Category 2 Engines: Engine Category PM10 [g/kW-hr] Category 1: 37-75 kW 0.90 Category 1: 75-225 kW 0.40 Category 1: 225+kW 0.30 Category 2 (5-30 l/cylinder) 0.32 Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories COMMERCIAL MARINE VESSELS Emission Factors (cont.) PM10-PRI EFs for Category 3 Engines (> 30 l/cylinder): Mode: Engine PM10 [g/kW-hr] Cruise and Reduced Speed Zone: 2-stroke 1.73 Cruise and Reduced Speed Zone: 4-stroke 1.76 Maneuvering: 2-stroke 2.91 Maneuvering: 4-stroke 2.98 Hotelling: 2-stroke 0.32 Hotelling: 4-stroke 0.32 All Modes: Steam Generators 2.49 Chapter 4 - Nonroad Mobile Sources ------- COMMERCIAL MARINE VESSELS Emission Factors (cont.) Emission factors in grams per gallon fuel consumed also available from Procedures for Emission Inventory Preparation, Volume IV: Mobile Sources, EPA-450/4-81-026d (Revised), U.S. EPA, OAQPS, July 1989 PM2.5-PRI = 0.92 * PM10-PRI emissions Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories LOCOMOTIVES Overview SCCs: ¦ 2285002006- Diesel Class I Line Haul ¦ 2285002007- Diesel Class ll/lll Line Haul ¦ 2285002008- Diesel Passenger (Amtrak) ¦ 2285002009- Diesel Commuter ¦ 2285002010- Diesel Switchyard Locomotives 4-38 Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories LOCOMOTIVES NEI Methods PM Emission Factors (represent Primary PM) ¦ Line-Haul ¦ PM10: 6.7 g/gallon ' P^2.5: 6.03 g/gallon ¦ Yard ¦ PM10: 9.2 g/gallon ' P^2.5: 8-28 g/gallon Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 4 - Nonroad Mobile Sources 4-13 ------- LOCOMOTIVES NEI Methods (cont.) Activity Data (Gallons of distillate fuel oil consumed) National Activity ¦ 1999 year U.S. distillate consumption by railroads ¦ Class I ¦ Class I l/l 11 ¦ Passenger ¦ Commuter Class I Line-Haul versus Yard (Switch) Operation Activity ¦ Multiplied National Class I consumption by estimated line-haul percentage of total fuel consumption '0 Preparati on of Fin e Particul ate Emissi on s I nventori es LOCOMOTIVES NEI Methods (cont.) County-level emissions allocation ¦ National emissions allocated to counties based on ratio of county to national rail activity ¦ Rail activity measured as product of density (gross ton miles per mile) on each rail line and mileage for the associated rail line in county determined through GIS analysis Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories LOCOMOTIVES NEI Methods (cont.) Detailed documentation on the procedures used to develop criteria pollutant locomotive emission estimates for the 1999 NEI are available at: ftp://ftp.epa.gov/Emislnventory/finalnei99ver3/ criteria/documentation/nonroad/ 99nonroad_voli_oct2003.pdf Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 4 - Nonroad Mobile Sources 4-14 ------- LOCOMOTIVES Improving the NEI Review NEI emission estimates for representativeness Obtain more representative fuel consumption estimates at the local or State-level Determine relative contribution of line-haul versus yard activity at local or State-level Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories LOCOMOTIVES Case Study - Overview Case Study: County-level Locomotive Inventory for Sedgwick County, KS ¦ See Case Study Number 4-1 Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories LOCOMOTIVES Case Study - Solution Case Study: County-level Locomotive Inventory for Sedgwick County, KS ¦ See Handout 4-1 Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 4 - Nonroad Mobile Sources ------- Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 5 - Point Source Inventory Development How Do I Define a Point Source of PM Fine or NH3 Emissions? Point sources are stationary sources included in a point source inventory Total plant (facility) emissions for a given pollutant is usually the criterion for deciding what sources to include in a point source inventory Criteria for including a stationary source in a point source inventory are determined by: ¦ State, Local, or Tribal regulations or policy, and/or ¦ Consolidated Emissions Reporting Rule (CERR) Filterable vs. Condensable Filterable PM are directly emitted ¦ Solid or liquid ¦ Captured on filter ¦ PM„. or PM25 Condensable PM is in vapor phase at stack conditions ¦ Reacts upon cooling and dilution ¦ Forms solid or liquid particle ¦ Always PM25 or less Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 5 - Point Source Inventory Development ------- Sources of Filterable versus Condensible Emissions Combustion sources typically emit both filterable and condensible PM emissions ¦ Boilers ¦ Furnaces/kilns ¦ Internal combustion engines (reciprocating & turbines) Fugitive dust sources emit filterable emissions only ¦ Storage piles ¦ Unpaved roads at industrial sites Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Primary vs. Secondary PM Primary PM is directly emitted and the sum of filterable and condensable Secondary PM is formed through chemical reactions and formed downwind of the source ¦ Precursors include S02, NOx, and VOC ¦ Should not be reported in the inventory Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Sources of NH3 Emissions Industrial NH3 emissions can be placed into 3 broad categories related to the nature of the emissions source: ¦ Emissions from industrial processes ¦ Use of NH3 as a reagent in NOx control ¦ Refrigeration losses Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 5 - Point Source Inventory Development ------- Sources of NH3 Emissions (cont.) Examples of industrial processes that emit NH3 include: ¦ Combustion sources ¦ Ammonium nitrate & ammonium phosphate production ¦ Petroleum refining ¦ Pulp and paper production ¦ Beet Sugar Production These industrial processes represent the more significant emitters of NH3 in 2000 Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) Resources for Identifying Point Sources of PM Fine and NH3 El IP Point Source Guidance (Volume II) ¦ List documents applicable to PM fine categories AP-42 Existing Inventories ¦ National Emissions Inventory ¦ Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) for NH3 Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories What to Report to EPA PM2.5-PRI (or PM2.5- FIL & PM-CON individually) ¦ Note that all PM-CON is assumed to be PM25 size fraction PM10-PRI (or PM10-FIL & PM-CON individually) Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 5 - Point Source Inventory Development ------- Implications Use the NIF 3.0 PM pollutant code extensions that identify the forms of PM (i.e., -PRI, -FIL, or-CON) Verify the form of the PM: ¦ Emission factors you use to calculate emissions; and ¦ PM emissions facilities report to you. Update your database management system to record these pollutant codes in NIF 3.0 How Do I Identify the PM Form? Test Methods upon which emission factors or emissions are based determine the form of PM: ¦ PM-FIL: ¦ EPA Reference Method 5 series, Method 17, Method 201/201A ¦ PM10-FIL/PM2.5-FI L: ¦ Particles-size analysis of PM-FIL (e.g., AP-42 EFs) ¦ Preliminary Method 4 being developed by EPA to measure both ¦ PM-CON: ¦ EPA Reference Method 202 AP-42 Particle Size Data Provides particle size distribution data and particle-size-specific emission factors ¦ Use AP-42 if source-specific data are not available ¦ Use data in chapters for specific source categories first ¦ Use Appendix B-1 data next ¦ Use Appendix B-2 data last Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 5 - Point Source Inventory Development ------- AP-42 Particle Size Data (cont.) ¦ AP-42 chapters not always clear on what source test methods were used to develop particle size data See background documents for AP-42 chapters for details ¦ AP-42 available on EPA/OQAPS CHIEF web site http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories AP-42 Particle Size Data (cont.) Appendix B-1 (Particle Size Distribution Data and Sized Emission Factors for Selected Sources) ¦ Based on documented emission data available for specific processes Appendix B-2 (Generalized Particle Size Distributions) ¦ Based on data for similar processes generating emissions from similar materials ¦ Generic distributions are approximations ¦ Use only in absence of source-specific distributions Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System Latest version available was last updated October 2000 (Version 6.23) Currently being updated to: ¦ Incorporate revisions to 10 AP-42 chapters ¦ Add more PM10-FIL, PM25-FIL, and PM-CON emission factors Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 5 - Point Source Inventory Development ------- PM Calculator EPA tool for calculating uncontrolled/controlled filterable PM25 and PM10 emissions using AP-42 particle size distributions For point sources only Contains 2,359 SCCs with PM10 emissions in 1996 NEI Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories PM Calculator (cont.) Limitations ¦ AP-42 particle size data not available for many sources; generic AP-42 profiles are used for many source categories Available on EPA/OQAPS CHIEF web site ¦ http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/software/index.html Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Point & Area Source Emissions Inventory (El) Overlap Issues ¦ For categories included in Point and Area Els: ¦ Subtract total point activity from total state activity to obtain total area activity Total Area Activity = Total Activity - S Total Point Activity Example for Fuel Combustion Sources: ¦ Point activity: fuel throughput from point source El survey ¦ Total activity: fuel throughput from State/local gov. agencies or U.S. DOE/EIA State Energy Data reports Chapter 5 - Point Source Inventory Development ------- Point & Area Source El Overlap Issues (cont.) Basis of Point Source Subtraction ¦ Activity-based calculation is preferred ¦ Emissions-based calculation is acceptable when activity is not available: ¦ Total source category activity and point activity need to be on same control level (usually uncontrolled) ¦ Back-calculation of uncontrolled emissions for controlled processes may overstate uncontrolled emissions Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Point & Area Source El Overlap Issues (cont.) Geographic level of calculation may affect results: ¦ Issue when using surrogate activity data (e.g., employment, housing, population) to allocate total State activity to counties ¦ Subtracting county totals may produce negative results due to inaccuracy of allocation method ¦ Subtracting State totals less likely to produce negative results at county level ¦ Point source adjustments to surrogate allocation data (e.g., employment) should be done if available from point El survey Point & Area Source El Overlap Issues (cont.) QA/QC Results ¦ Review county-level area source estimates for reasonableness ¦ Make adjustments based on experience of your agency's personnel: ¦ If allocation method places area source activity in a county for which you know there is no activity, exclude the county from your allocation ¦ If all of a county's activity is covered by the point El, set the activity for the county to zero Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories 5 - Point Source Inventory ------- Point & Area Source El Overlap Issues (cont.) Reporting of small point sources in area CERR submittal: ¦ If your point El includes sources with emissions below the CERR point El reporting thresholds, you may include the emissions for these small sources in the area El ¦ To avoid double counting in the area El, subtract total point source activity or emissions from total State-level activity or emissions before rolling up emissions for small point sources to be included in your area El Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Reading List Stationary Source Control Techniques Document for Fine Particulate Matter, EPA/OAQPS, Oct. 1998 (http://www.epa.gov/ttn/oarpg/t1/meta/m32050.html) Emission Inventory Guidance for Implementation of Ozone and Particulate Matter National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) AND Regional Haze Regulations, EPA/OAQPS (http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/eidocs/publications.html) Introduction to Stationary Point Source Emission Inventory Development, El IP Vol. 2, Chapter I, May 2001 How to Incorporate Effects of Air Pollution Control Device Efficiencies and Malfunctions into Emission Inventory Estimates, El IP Vol. 2, Chapter 12, July 2000 Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 5 - Point Source Inventory Development ------- Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 6 - Nonpoint Sources * w How Do I Identify and Estimate Nonpoint Sources of PM Fine or NH3 Emissions? The nonpoint source inventory includes any stationary source that is not included in the point source inventory Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories How Do I Identify and Estimate Nonpoint Sources of PM Fine or NH3 Emissions? (cont.) El IP Area Source Guidance (Volume III) ¦ Lists PM fine categories for which El IP guidance is available AP-42 Existing inventories ¦ National Emission Inventory (NEI) ¦ Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 6 - Nonpoint Sources ------- How Do I Identify and Estimate Nonpoint Sources ofPM Fine or NH3 Emissions? (cont.) El IP Area Source Guidance (Volume III) for Sources of PM Emissions ¦ Chapter 2: Residential Wood Combustion, Revised Final, Jan. 2001 ¦ Chapter 16: Open Burning, Revised Final, Jan. 2001 ¦ Chapter 18: Structure Fires, Revised Final, Jan. 2001 ¦ Chapter 24: Conducting Surveys for Area Source Categories, Dec. 2000 Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories How Do I Identify and Estimate Nonpoint Sources ofPM Fine or NH3 Emissions? (cont.) Area Source Category Method Abstracts for Sources of PM Emissions ¦ Charbroiling, Dec. 2000 ¦ Vehicle Fires, May 2000 ¦ Residential and Commercial/Institutional Coal Combustion, April 1999 ¦ Fuel Oil and Kerosene Combustion, April 1999 ¦ Natural Gas and Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Combustion, July 1999 Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories PM 1-Pagers: Nonpoint Sources PM 1-Pagers: Overview ¦ Location: PM Resource Center ¦ Web site: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/eiip/pm25inventory/areasour ce.html ¦ Purpose: ¦ Summarize nonpoint source NEI methods for specific categories of PM10, PM2 5, and NH3 Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories 6 - Nonpoint Sources ------- PM 1-Pagers: Nonpoint Sources (cont.) ¦ Contents: ¦ Source Category Name, SCC ¦ Pollutants of Most Concern ¦ Current NEI Methodology ¦ How can States, Locals, and Tribes improve upon methodology? ¦ Uncertainties/Shortcomings of Current Methods ¦ Activity Variables Used to Calculate Emissions: ¦ Current Variables/Assumptions Used ¦ Suggestions for Improved Variables ¦ Where can I find Additional Information and Guidance? ¦ References PM 1-Pagers: Nonpoint Sources (cont.) Open Burning ¦ Residential Yard Waste (Leaves) and Household Waste ¦ Residential, Nonresidential, and Road Construction Land Clearing Waste ¦ Structure Fires ¦ Wldfires & Prescribed Burning ¦ Managed Burning - Slash Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories PM 1-Pagers: Nonpoint Sources (cont.) Fugitive Dust ¦ Paved and Unpaved Roads ¦ Residential Construction ¦ Mining and Quarrying Residential Combustion - Fireplaces and Woodstoves Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories 6 - Nonpoint Sources ------- Typical Source Categories of Filterable PM Emissions Fugitive Dust Sources (Crustal PM Fine) ¦ Construction ¦ Mining and quarrying ¦ Paved/unpaved roads ¦ Agricultural tilling ¦ Beef cattle feedlots Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Typical Categories of Filterable and Condensible PM Emissions Open Burning Sources (Carbonaceous PM Fine) ¦ Open burning Residential municipal solid waste burning Yard waste burning Land clearing debris burning ¦ Structure fires ¦ Prescribed fires ¦ Wildfires ¦ Agricultural field burning Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Typical Categories of Filterable and Condensable PM Emissions (cont.) External/Internal Fuel Combustion (Carbonaceous PM Fine): ¦ Residential wood combustion ¦ Other residential fuel combustion ¦ Industrial fuel combustion ¦ Commercial/institutional fuel combustion Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories 6 - Nonpoint Sources ------- Typical Source Categories of NH3 Emissions Typical source categories of NH3 emissions include: ¦ Animal husbandry ¦ Agricultural fertilizer application ¦ Agricultural fertilizer manufacturing ¦ Wastewater treatment Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories How Do I Estimate Emissions? Emissions data prepared and reported by Source Classification Code (SCC) ¦ 10-digit SCC defines an nonpoint emission source ¦ EPA SCCs located at: http://www.epa.g0v/ttn/chief/codes/index.html#scc Report actual emissions; not allowable or potential emissions Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories How Do I Estimate Emissions? (cont.) Calculate emissions using: ¦ Activity data ¦ Emission factors ¦ Control efficiency data ¦ Rule effectiveness/rule penetration Follow EIIP methods when available ¦ Provides preferred and alternative methods for collecting activity data and use of emission factors ¦ Improve on existing inventory methods Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories 6 - Nonpoint Sources ------- How Do I Estimate Emissions? (cont.) Emission estimation equation: CAEa= (EFa)(Q) [(1- (CE)(RP)(RE)] CAEa = Controlled nonpoint source emissions of pollutant A EFa = Uncontrolled emission factor for pollutant A Q = Category activity CE = % Control efficiency/100 RE = % Rule effectiveness/100 RP =% Rule penetration/100 How Do I Estimate Emissions? (cont.) Obtain activity data from: ¦ Published sources of data ¦ National, regional, or state-level activity data often require allocation to counties using county-level surrogate indicator data ¦ Survey performed to obtain local estimate of activity Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories How Do I Estimate Emissions? (cont.) Sources of PM and NH3 emission factors ¦ Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) System http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/software/fire/index.html ¦ AP-42 http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/index.html ¦ Emission factor ratios PM2 5 emissions calculated from PM10 emissions using ratio of PM25-to-PM10 emission factors ¦ State or local emission factors are preferred Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories 6 - Nonpoint Sources ------- How Do I Estimate Emissions? (cont.) Control efficiency (CE) ¦ Percentage value representing the amount of a source category's emissions that are controlled by a control device, process change, reformulation, or management practice ¦ Typically represented as the weighted average control for an nonpoint source category Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories How Do I Estimate Emissions? (cont.) Rule effectiveness (RE) ¦ Adjustment to CE to account for failures and uncertainties that affect the actual performance of the control Rule penetration (RP) ¦ Percentage of the nonpoint source category that is covered by the applicable regulation or is expected to be complying with the regulation Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Spatial and Temporal Allocation Available national, regional, or state-level activity data often require allocation to counties or subcounties using surrogate indicators S/L/T agencies should review estimates developed in this manner (e.g., NEI) for representativeness Available temporal profiles to estimate seasonal, monthly, or daily emissions for specific categories may be limited States are encouraged to reflect local patterns of activity in their emission inventories 6 - Nonpoint Sources ------- El Development Approaches Approaches Available to State, Local, and Tribal (S/L/T) Agencies: ¦S/L/T Agency develops its own inventory following EIIP procedures ¦Compare S/L/T activity data and assumptions to NEI Defaults - Use S/L/T data to replace NEI defaults if data will improve estimates ¦Use NEI default estimates Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Triage Approach to Improving the El ¦ Consider each NEI Category - Is it important ? ¦ What's its potential impact on AQ, considering emissions, receptor modeling & other available info ¦ May give some weight to emission reductions potential If yes, focus improvement efforts on the important categories Review the available guidance (Course materials, one pagers, EIIP guidance) Decide what is feasible in the near and long term Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Crustal Materials (Mainly Fugitive Dust) Main Sources: ¦ Un paved roads ¦ Agricultural tilling ¦ Construction ¦ Windblown dust, Fly ash Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 6 - Nonpoint Sources ------- Crustal Materials (Mainly Fugitive Dust) (cont.) Huge Disparity Between El & Ambient Data ¦ Ambient Data < 1 ug/m3 in most of US Exception: > 1 ug/m3 in much of Southwest, California ¦ Emissions: 2.5M TPY (comparable to Carbon Emissions) Fugitive Dust has low "Transportable Fraction" Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Fugitive Dust Emissions in VISTAS States s Inventories TN SC NC MS GA FL AL Primary PM2.5 from Fugitive Dust 0 1 w, | —141.6 S.6 ' 1 Xh * M? A 1 —'— 8.7 124.2 0 10.0 20.0 30.0 % of PM2.5 Primary Emissions from 0 5C ugitive Dust .0 6C 6-26 Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissio Urban (EPA STN) Annual Averages Sep 2001-Aug 2002 £ ^ • - -v.. W? TCM = Total Carbonaceous Matter Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 6 - Nonpoint Sources ------- Role of Surface Cover (Vegetation & Structures) in Fugitive Dust Removal Early work by AQ Modelers ¦ Stilling Zone - Lower 3/4 of canopy Windbreaks - wind erosion "staple" ¦ Traditionally to slow wind on leeward side ¦ Research by Raupach ¦ Entrapment effects ¦ Dust transmittance through a windbreak is close to the optical transmittance Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Role of Surface Cover (Vegetation & Structures) in Fugitive Dust Removal (cont.) Capture Fraction (CF) ¦ Portion of Fugitive Dust Emissions (FD) removed by nearby surface cover Transport Fraction (TF) ¦ Portion that is transported from the source area Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Capture Fraction ~ Conceptual Model and Field Measurement Results Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 6 - Nonpoint Sources 6-10 ------- Estimates of CF for Specific Surface Conditions Surface Cover Type CF (Estimated) Smooth, Barren or Water 0.03-0.1 Agricultural 0.1 - 0.2 Grasses 0.2 - 0.3 Scrub and Sparsely Wooded 0.3 - 0.5 Urban o <£> O Forested 0.9-1.0 Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Example CF's for Counties in NV & GA CF (County) = £ CF (Land Use Types) * County Fractional Land Use ¦Types ¦TF = 1 - CF bind Uso Type Barren & Wat er Agri- culture Grass Urban Scrub & Sparse Vegetation Forest CF TF CF .03 .15 .2 G .3 .95 Fractional Land Uat in Churchill Co NV .33 .03 .2 0 ,36 .05 0.23 0.77 Fractional Land Uf« in ©oltthorp* Co GA 0 .1 .14 0 0 .76 0.7S 0.24 Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Fugitive Dust Modeling Issues Gaussian Models ¦ Have many CF removal mechanisms built-in ¦ rarely utilized ¦ Application requires empirical coefficients ~ ¦ limited data & guidance Grid Models ¦ Remix particles w/in lowest layer at each time step (underestimates removal by gravitational settling) ¦ Ignore removal processes in initial grid ¦ Very significant omission (unless grid is VERY small) Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 6 - Nonpoint Sources 6-11 ------- Cautions on Use of the TF in Emissions Inventory & Modeling Applications Do NOT use to reduce the emissions inventory Do NOT use with Gaussian Models ¦ Instead, use features of model properly Use with Grid Models (with proper caveats) ¦ There ARE other issues with the inventory - the TF concept should NOT be expected to fully account for overestimation of crustal fraction of ambient measurements TF concept is evolving ¦ Grid Model modifications could (over time) eliminate need for TF concept Crustal Materials ~ Conclusions Crustal materials are a relatively small part of PM2.5 in the ambient air Fugitive dust is released near the ground and surface features often capture the dust near its source The Capture / Transport Fraction concept does provide a useful way to account for near source removal when used with Grid Models ¦ This area of research offers many opportunities to improve model performance ¦ There is much work to do to refine the concept Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 6 - Nonpoint Sources 6-12 ------- Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 7 - Fugitive Dust Area Sources AGRICULTURAL TILLING Overview see ¦ 2801000003 Pollutants ¦ Filterable PM10, PM25 Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories AGRICULTURAL TILLING NEI Method Activity Data (no. of acres of land tilled) ¦ 1998 County-Level Activity Data Acres of crops tilled in each county by crop type and by tilling method obtained from CTIC Five tilling methods include: ¦ no till ¦ mulch till ¦ ridge till ¦ 0 to 15 percent residue ¦ 15 to 30 percent residue Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 7 - Fugitive Dust Area Sources ------- AGRICULTURAL TILLING NEI Method (cont.) Emission Factor (mass of TSP per acre tilled) ¦ Emission factor comprises: ¦ Constant of 4.8 lbs/acre pass ¦ Silt content of the surface soil ¦ Number of tillings per year (conservation and conventional use) ¦ Particle size multiplier for PM10 and PM2 5 Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories AGRICULTURAL TILLING NEI Method (cont.) Emission Factor (cont.) ¦ Silt content Soil Tvoe Silt Content (%) Silt Loam 52 Sandy Loam 33 Sand 12 Loamy Sand 12 Clay 29 Clay Loam 29 Organic Material 10-82 Loam 40 ¦ Soil types assigned to counties by comparing USDA surface soil and county maps AGRICULTURAL TILLING NEI Method (cont.) Emission Factor (cont.) ¦ Number of Tillings Crop C onse rvat ion Use Conventional Use Corn Spring Wheat Rice Fall-Seeded Small Grain Soybeans Cotton S orghum F orage P ermanent P as ture Other Crops F allow 2 1 1 1 1 1 6 5 5 6 8 6 3 3 Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories 7 - Fugitive Dust Area Sources ------- AGRICULTURAL TILLING NEI Method (cont.) ¦ Emission Calculation E = c * k * s0-6 * p * a where: E c k s P a PM emissions, lbs per year constant 4.8 Ibs/acre-pass dimensionless particle size multiplier (PM10= 0.21; PM25= 0.042) silt content of surface soil, defined as the mass fraction of particles smaller than 75 |jm diameter found in soil to a depth of 10 cm (%) number of passes or tillings in a year acres of land tilled 7-7 Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories AGRICULTURAL TILLING NEI Method (cont.) Emission equation used for years prior to 1999 For 1999/2002, number of acres tilled for each of the five tillage types was estimated based on linear interpolation of national-level data available for 1998 and 1999/2002 Developed national growth factors by tillage type for 1999/2002, using 1998 as basis Growth factors applied to county level emissions for 1998 to estimate county level emissions for 1999/2002 Assumed no controls Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories AGRICULTURAL TILLING Improving the NEI Use crop-specific acreage and tilling practice data from state/local agencies Use state/local emission factors Perform field study to determine local silt content percentage of surface soil Crop Calendars: Develop using state/local data to determine time and frequency of activities (e.g., land prep., planting, and tilling) Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 7 - Fugitive Dust Area Sources ------- California Air Resources Board (CARB) Study Reference ¦ Computing Agricultural PM10 Fugitive Dust Emissions Using Process Specific Emission Rates and GIS, Patrick Gaffney and Hong Yu, CARB ¦ Presented at 12th International Emission Inventory Conference, San Diego, CA, April 29 May 1, 2003 ¦ Paper and slides available in PDF files: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/conference/ei12/index.html Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories CARB Study (cont.) Statewide PM10 El for: ¦ Land preparation activities ¦ Harvest activities Goals: ¦ Obtain current, crop-specific acreage data ¦ Develop crop-specific temporal profiles (crop calendars) ¦ Develop emission factors for all crops Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories CARB Study (cont.) Crop-specific Acreage Data ¦ County-level data from CA Dept. of Food and Agriculture ¦ Data generated annually by crop and by county ¦ Includes over 200 crops and 30 million acres Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories 7 - Fugitive Dust Area Sources ------- CARB Study (cont.) Crop Calendars ¦ Developed for 20 most important crop types Importance based on acreage and potential emissions ¦ Define temporal periods of farming operation activities by crop type Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Example Crop Calendar for Corn Crop Passes Fraction of Farminq Operations Cycles Per Crop Acreage Passes Durinq Month Per Year Cycle Per Cvcle Jan I Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Auq Sen Oct Nov Dec Stubble Disc 1 1 1D Finish Disc 1 1 1.0 1 1 i i is \ ¦ Plantinq I 1 I 1 I 1 n I I Harvestinq I 1 I 1 I 1.0 I (Reference: Computing Agricultural PMI0 Eu&tive Dust Emissions Using Process fyecific Emission Bates and GIS, prepared by Patrick Gaffney and Hong Yu from California Air Resources Board for U.S. EPA 2003 Annual Emission Inventory Conference.) 7-14 Preparati on of Fin e Particul ate Emissi on s I nventori es CARB Study (cont.) Emission Factors (EFs) ¦ Previous Els: ¦ Land Preparation: AP-42 Tilling factor (4.0 (lbs PM10/acre-pass) applied to all operations ¦ Harvesting: Estimated for only 3 crop types for which EFs were available ¦ Improvements: ¦ Conducted field testing to develop EFs for more operations ¦ Crop & operation specific (for crop calendars) Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories 7 - Fugitive Dust Area Sources ------- CARB Study (cont.) Land Preparation Emission Factors fibs PM^n/acre-pass) Root Cutting 0.3 Discing, Tilling, Chiseling 1.2 Ripping, Subsoiling 4.6 Land Planning & Floating 12.5 Weeding 0.8 EFs used as surrogates for other land prep, operations Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories CARB Study (cont.) Harvest Emission Factors (lbs PM^/acre-pass) Cotton Harvest 3.4 Almond Harvest 40.8 Wheat Harvest 5 Assigned to over 200 crop types and adjusted using a "division factor" based on consultation with agricultural industry Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories PAVED ROADS Overview SCC: 2294000000 Pollutants ¦ PM10, PMZ5 Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 7 - Fugitive Dust Area Sources ------- PAVED ROADS NEI Method Activity Data [vehicle miles traveled (VMT) on paved roads] ¦ State-Level Activity Data State/road type level VMT from paved roads = Total State/road type-level VMT - State/road type-level unpaved road VMT ¦ Because of differences in methodology between the calculation of total and unpaved VMT, there may be cases where unpaved VMT is higher than total VMT ¦ In these cases, unpaved VMT is reduced to total VMT, and paved road VMT is assigned a value of zero Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories PAVED ROADS NEI Method (cont.) Activity Data [vehicle miles traveled (VMT) on paved roads] (cont.) ¦ Paved road VMT temporally allocated by month using NAPAP temporal allocation factors for total VMT. Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories PAVED ROADS NEI Method (cont.) Emission Factor ¦ Empirical emission factor equation from AP-42 PAVED = PSDPVD * (PVSILT/2)0-65 * (WEIGHT/3)1-5 - C where: PAVED PSDPVD PVSILT WEIGHT paved road dust emission factor for all vehicle classes combined (grams per mile) constant for particles of less than 10 microns in diameter (7.3 g/mi for PM10) road surface silt loading (g/m2) average weight of all vehicle types combined (tons) emission factor for 1980's vehicle fleet exhaust, brake wear, and tire wear Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories 7 - Fugitive Dust Area Sources ------- PAVED ROADS NEI Method (cont.) Emission Factor (cont.) ¦ Paved road silt loadings assigned to each of the twelve functional roadway classifications ¦ Road types with average daily traffic volume (ADTV) < 5,000 vehicles per day = 0.20 g/m2 ¦ Freeways = 0.015 g/m2 ¦ See AP-42, Section 13.2.1 for more information ¦ AP-42 emission factors for paved roads only apply to reentrained dust ¦ Use MOBILE model for estimating PM from tailpipe exhaust, brake wear, and tire wear. Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories PAVED ROADS NEI Method (cont.) ¦ Emission Factor (cont.) ¦ Adjustments for precipitation Emission factor multiplied by a rain correction factor, calculated as follows: (365 -p* 12*0.5) / 365 where: p = the number of days in a given month with greater than 0.01 inches of precipitation ¦ Precipitation data used in the paved road emission factor calculations were taken from stations representative of urban areas in each state ¦ Final emission factors developed by month at the State and road type level for the average vehicle fleet 7"23 Preparati on of Fin e Particul ate Emissi on s I nventori es PAVED ROADS NEI Method (cont.) ¦ Emission Calculation EMsrm =VMTsrm*EFsrm where: EM = PM10 emissions, tons per month VMT = VMT, miles per month EF = tons per mile M = month S = State R = road type class 7-24 i'ivi2 c — i'ivi-]q emissions x u.«^o ; 7 - Fugitive Dust Area Sources ------- PAVED ROADS NEI Method (cont.) ¦ Allocation of State Emissions to County Level ¦ Paved road emissions are allocated to the county level according to the fraction of total State VMT in each county for the specific road type PVDEMISx y = PVDEMISST Y * VMT^yA/MTsty where: PVDEMISXY = paved road PM emissions (tons) for county x and road type y PVDEMISst Y= paved road PM emissions (tons) for the entire State for road type y VMTxy = total VMT (million miles) in county x and road type y VMTsty = total VMT (million miles) in entire State for road type y Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories PAVED ROADS NEI Method (cont.) Controls ¦ Control efficiency of 79 percent applied to: ¦ Urban and rural roads in serious PM NAAs; and ¦ Urban roads in moderate PM NAAs ¦ Corresponds to vacuum sweeping on paved roads twice per month ¦ Rule penetration varies by road type and NAA classification (serious or moderate) Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories PAVED ROADS Improvements to NEI Method VMT on paved roads for local area (Source: State Dept. of Transportation, Mobile Source Section of Environmental Dept) Local registration data representing the average weight of vehicles (since fnis variable is weighted most heavily) (Source: State Dept. of Motor Vehicles, Mobile Source Section of Environmental Dept) Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories 7 - Fugitive Dust Area Sources ------- PAVED ROADS Improvements to NEI Method (cont.) Perform sampling to refine value used for silt content ¦ Only consider if you can collect enough samples to give a good representation of roads in your area Obtain and use local precipitation values (Source: National Weather Bureau) Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories UN PAVED ROADS Overview SCC 2296000000 PM10-PRI/FIL and PM2.5-PRI/FIL No condensible material, so: PM-PRI = PM-FIL Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories UN PAVED ROADS NEI Method Activity ¦ State level VMT from U.S. DOT, Federal Highway Administration allocated to counties by population ¦ Activity Data (VMT on unpaved roads) ¦ State-level activity for urban and rural local functional classes Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 7 - Fugitive Dust Area Sources 7-10 ------- UN PAVED ROADS NEI Method (cont.) Unpaved VMTRoadtype = MileageRoadtype * ADTV * DPY Where: Unpaved VMT = road type specific unpaved VMT (miles/year) Mileage = total number of miles of unpaved roads by functional class (miles) ADTV = Average daily traffic volume (vehicle/day) DPY = number of days per year 7-31 Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories UN PAVED ROADS NEI Method (cont.) Non-local functional classes including: ¦ Rural minor collector, rural major collector, rural minor arterial, rural other principal arterial, urban collector, urban minor arterial, and urban other principal arterial ¦ ADTV not available for non-local roads, estimated from local urban and rural VMT and mileage Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories UNPAVED ROADS NEI Method (cont.) ADTV = VMT/Mileage Where: ADTV = average daily traffic volume for State and federally maintained roadways VMT = urban/rural VMT on county-maintained roadways (miles/year) MILEAGE = urban/rural state-level roadway mileage of county-maintained roadways (miles) 7-33 Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 7 - Fugitive Dust Area Sources 7-11 ------- UN PAVED ROADS NEI Method (cont.) Add Non-local functional class VMT to local functional class VMT to determine State total unpaved VMT by road type Unpaved road VMT temporally allocated by month using NAPAP temporal allocation factors for total VMT Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories UNPAVED ROADS NEI Method (cont.) Emission Factor ¦ AP-42 emission factor equation EF = [k*(s/12)*(S/30) 0 5]/[(M/0.5)0 2] - C Where: EF = size specific emission factor (pounds per VMT) k = empirical constant (1.8 Ib/VMT for PM10-PRI, 0.27 for PM2.5-PRI) s = surface material silt content (%) M = surface material moisture content (%) S = mean vehicle speed (mph) C = emission factor for 1980's vehicle fleet exhaust, brake wear, and tire wear ^"35 Preparati on of Fin e Particul ate Emissi on s I nventori es UNPAVED ROADS NEI Method (cont.) NEI Default Emission Factor Input Values ¦ Surface material silt content(s) ¦ Average state-level values developed available at ftp://ftp.epa.aov/Emislnventorv/finalnei99ver2/criteria/do cumentation/xtra sources/ ¦ Mean vehicle weight (W) ¦ National average value of 2.2 tons (based on typical vehicle mix) ¦ Surface material moisture content (Mdry) ¦ 1 percent Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 7 - Fugitive Dust Area Sources 7-12 ------- UN PAVED ROADS NEI Method (cont.) NEI Default Emission Factor Input Values (cont.) ¦ Number of days exceeding 0.01 inches of precipitation (p) ¦ Precipitation data from one meteorological station in state used to represent all rural areas of the state ¦ Local climatological data available from National Climatic Data Center at http://www. ncdc. noaa.aov/oa/ncdc. html Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories UN PAVED ROADS Improvements to NEI Summary ¦ Review NEI defaults for representativeness ¦ Use local data when possible for activity and emission factor inputs ¦ If resources are limited, focus on collecting data for: Local precipitation data Local VMT estimates Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories UN PAVED ROADS Case Study - Overview Case Study: County level emissions inventory for unpaved roads ¦ See Case Study Number 7-1 Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 7 - Fugitive Dust Area Sources 7-13 ------- UN PAVED ROADS Case Study - Solution Case Study: County level emissions inventory for unpaved roads ¦ See Handout 7-1 Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories CONSTRUCTION Overview ¦ SCCs: ¦ Residential-2311010000 ¦ Commercial - 2311020000 ¦ Road-2311030000 ¦ PM10-PRI/FIL and PM2.5-PRI/FIL ¦ No condensibles, so PM-PRI = PM-FiL ¦ 1999 PM2.5-PRI NEI ¦ Res - 5% ¦ Comm - 40% ¦ Road - 55% Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION NEI Method Activity Data: Number of acres disturbed per year Estimated using housing start data ¦ Total no. of regional monthly housing unit starts (HS) ¦ National monthly housing unit starts available for: ¦ 1-unit housing ¦ 2-unit housing ¦ 3-4 unit housing ¦ 5+ unit housing Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 7 - Fugitive Dust Area Sources ------- RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION NEI Method (cont.) ¦ Regional housing unit starts by housing category estimated as follows: Reg. HS by Category = Total Reg. HS x National HS bv Category Total National HS (Reference: Housing Starts Report, 1999, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Manufacturing and Construction Division, Residential Construction Branch.) Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION NEI Method (cont.) ¦ Monthly regional housing starts by housing category summed to obtain an annual total County Activity ¦ Annual no. of building permits in each county for: ¦ Housing structures with 1 -unit ¦ Housing structures with 2-units ¦ Housing structures with 3-4 housing units ¦ Housing structures with 5+ units (Reference: Building Permits Survey, 1999, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Manufacturing and Construction Division, Residential Construction Branch.) RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION NEI Method (cont.) Regional no. of residential structure starts based on the reported no. of housing unit starts: ¦ No. of 1 -unit housing units = no. of 1 -unit housing structures ¦ No. of 2 unit housing units divided by 2 units per structure ¦ No. of 3-4 unit housing units divided by 3.5 units per structure ¦ No. of 5+ unit housing units divided by region- specific units per structure as calculated from building permits data Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 7 - Fugitive Dust Area Sources 7-15 ------- RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION NEI Method (cont.) Estimate county no. of residential structure starts by housing category as follows: County Structure Starts = Regional Structure Starts x County Bldg Permits Regional Bldg Permits Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION NEI Method (cont.) Estimated acres disturbed from county no. of structures: ¦ 1-unit structures: 1/4 acre per building ¦ 2-unit structures: 1/3 acre per building ¦ Apartments: 1/2 acre per building Estimated duration of construction: ¦ 1-unit structures: 6 months ¦ 2-unit structures: 6 months ¦Apartments: 12 months RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION NEI Method (cont.) Estimate no. of apartment structures by adding the no. of 3-4 unit buildings and of 5+ unit buildings Estimate no. of 1 -unit houses with and without basements ¦ Multiply regional no. of 1 -unit structures by regional percentage of one-family houses with basements and subtract product from total no. of 1 -unit houses to estimate 1 -unit houses w/out basements (Reference: Characteristics of New Houses - Table 9. Type of Foundation by Category of House and Location, 1998, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.) Chapter 7 - Fugitive Dust Area Sources 7-16 ------- RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION NEI Method (cont.) For 1 -Unit Housing with Basements ¦ Estimate cubic yards of dirt moved per house ¦ Multiply assumed 2,000 square feet per structure by assumed average basement depth of 8 feet ¦ Add-in 10 percent of above cubic yard estimate to account for footings and other backfilled areas adjacent to basement Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION NEI Method (cont.) 1-Unit Housing with Basements ¦ PM10-PRI: 0.011 tons/acre/month plus 0.059 tons/1000 cubic yards of on-site cut/fill 1-Unit Housing without Basements and all 2- Unit Housing ¦ PM10-PRI: 0.032 tons/acre/month Apartments ¦ PM10-PRI: 0.11 tons/acre/month PM2.5-PRI = 0.2 * PM10-PRI Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION NEI Method (cont.) 1-Unit Structures with Basements Emissions = (0.011 tons PM1(/acre/month) x B x f x m) + 0.059 tons PM10/1000 yards3 of cut/fill) where: 6 = no. of housing starts with basements; f = buildings-to-acres conversion factor (1/4 acre per building); m = duration of construction activity in months. Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 7 - Fugitive Dust Area Sources 7-17 ------- RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION NEI Method (cont.) 1-Unit Structures without Basements, All 2 Structures, and Apartments Emissions = (0.032 tons PM1(/acre/month) x B x fx m) where: B = no. of housing starts without basements; f = buildings-to-acres conversion factor; and m = duration of construction activity in months Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION NEI Method (cont.) Apply a control efficiency of 50 percent for both PM10-PRI and PM25-PRI emissions for PM-10 NAAs; all other areas 0 percent Control efficiency represents Best Available Control Method (BACM) controls on fugitive dust construction activities in these counties Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION NEI Correction Parameters Applied to final emissions for all 3 construction categories Soil Moisture Level Moisture Level Corrected Emissions = Base Emissions x (24/PE) where: PE = Precipitation-Evaporation value for county ¦ Compiled statewide average Precipitation-Evaporation (PE) values according to Thornthwaite's PE Index Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 7 - Fugitive Dust Area Sources ------- RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION NEI Correction Parameters Silt Content Silt Content Corrected Emissions = Base Emissions x (s/9%) where: s = % dry silt content in soil for area being inventoried ¦ County-specific dry silt values are applied to PM10-PRI emissions for each county Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION Improvements to NEI Obtain local data for new construction housing starts, permits for additions/modifications to existing homes Source: State Housing Agency or Real Estate Association Develop a building to acres conversion factor for acres disturbed per construction unit Obtain information on seasonality of residential construction practices Obtain local information on soil moisture content, silt content, and control efficiency RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION Case Study - Overview Case Study: County level emissions inventory for residential construction ¦ See Case Study Number 7-2 Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 7 - Fugitive Dust Area Sources ------- RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION Case Study - Solution Case Study: County level emissions inventory for residential construction ¦ See Handout 7-2 Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories COMMERCIAL CONSTRUCTION NEI Method Activity data: No. of acres disturbed per year National-Level Activity ¦ Dollar Value of Construction Put in Place, 1999 ¦ National data allocated to Counties (Reference: Table 1. Annual Value of Construction Put in Place in the United States for Nonresidential buildings: 1996 - 2000, Millions of constant dollars, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.) Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories COMMERCIAL CONSTRUCTION NEI Method (cont.) Allocation of National Data to Counties ¦ National level activity allocated to counties using 2 data sources: ¦ Annual Average Employment for SIC 154, Data Series ES202, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1999 ¦ Annual Average Employment for SIC 154, Marketplace 3.0, Dun & Bradstreet, 1999 ¦ Applied Dun & Bradstreet county proportion of the State total to the BLS State total to estimate employment for counties where data were withheld Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 7 - Fugitive Dust Area Sources 7-20 ------- COMMERCIAL CONSTRUCTION NEI Method (cont.) Activity Data Conversion ¦ Converted dollar value to acres disturbed using a conversion factor of 1.6 acres/106 dollars applied to the estimated county-level construction valuation data Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories COMMERCIAL CONSTRUCTION NEI Emission Calculations PM10-PRI Emission Factor = 0.19 tons/acre/month PM2.5-PRI = 0.2 * PM10-PRI Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories COMMERCIAL CONSTRUCTION NEI Emission Calculations (cont.) Emission formula for calculating the emissions is: Emissions = (0.19 tons/acre/month) x $ x fx m where: $ = dollars spent on nonresidential construction in millions f = dollars-to-acres conversion factor m = duration of construction activity in months (assumed 11 months) Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 7 - Fugitive Dust Area Sources 7-21 ------- COMMERCIAL CONSTRUCTION Improvements to NEI Obtain local information on number of acres disturbed per construction event or per construction dollars spent Source: Construction I ndustry Association Obtain information on location, average duration, and seasonality of commercial construction practices Obtain local information on soil moisture content, silt content, and control efficiency Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories ROAD CONSTRUCTION NEI Method Activity data: Number of acres disturbed State-Level Activity ¦ Obtained State expenditure data for capital outlay for six classifications ¦ Interstate, urban ¦ Interstate, rural ¦ Other arterial, urban ¦ Other arterial, rural ¦ Collectors, urban ¦ Collectors, rural (Reference: Highway Statistics, Section IV - Finance, Table SF-12A, "State Highway Agency Capital Outlay - 1999." Federal Highway Administration.) Preparati on of Fin e Particul ate Emissi on s I nventori es ROAD CONSTRUCTION NEI Method (cont.) State-Level Activity (Continued) ¦ Expenditures include all improvement types except for: ¦ Minor widening ¦ Resurfacing ¦ Bridge rehabilitation ¦ Safety ¦ Traffic operation and control ¦ Environmental enhancement and other Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 7 - Fugitive Dust Area Sources 7-22 ------- ROAD CONSTRUCTION NEI Method (cont.) Estimate miles of new road constructed ¦ $4 million/mile for interstate roads ¦ $1.9 million/mile for other arterial and collector roads (Reference: Personal Communication with North Carolina Department of Transportation) Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories ROAD CONSTRUCTION NEI Method (cont.) Estimate acres for each road type using estimates of acres disturbed per mile: ¦ Interstate, urban and rural; Other arterial, urban - 15.2 acres/mile ¦ Other arterial, rural -12.7 acres/mile ¦ Collectors, urban - 9.8 acres/mile ¦ Collectors, rural - 7.9 acres/mile (Reference: Estimating Particulate Matter Emissions from Construction Operations, prepared by Midwest Research Institute for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1999.) Preparati on of Fin e Particul ate Emissi on s I nventori es ROAD CONSTRUCTION NEI Method (cont.) Sum across road types to yield state total of acres disturbed Activity Data Allocation to Counties ¦ Distributed state-level estimates of acres disturbed to counties according to housing starts ¦ see residential construction for description of development of county-level housing start data Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 7 - Fugitive Dust Area Sources 7-23 ------- ROAD CONSTRUCTION NEI Emission Calculations PM10-PRI Emission Factor = 0.42 tons/acre/month PM2.5-PRI = 0.2 * PM10-PRI Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories ROAD CONSTRUCTION NEI Emission Calculations (cont.) The formula for calculating emissions is: Emissions = (0.42 tons PM10/acre/month) x $x f1 xf2 xd where: $ = State expenditures for capital outlay on road construction f1 = $-to-miles conversion factor f2 = miles-to-acres conversion factor d = duration of roadway construction activity in months (assumed 12 months) Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories ROAD CONSTRUCTION Improvements to NEI Obtain information on location and timing of road construction practices in area (Source: State Department of Transportation) Obtain local data on the number of miles constructed and the number of acres disturbed per project or per mile of road constructed Obtain local estimate for duration of projects Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 7 - Fugitive Dust Area Sources 7-24 ------- ROAD CONSTRUCTION Improvements to NEI (cont.) Obtain information on private road construction activity (Source: Construction Industry Association) Obtain local information on soil moisture content, silt content, and control efficiency Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories ROAD CONSTRUCTION Case Study - Overview Case Study: County level emissions inventory for road construction activities ¦ See Case Study Number 7-3 Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories ROAD CONSTRUCTION Case Study -Solution Case Study: County level emissions inventory for road construction activities ¦ See Handout 7-3 Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 7 - Fugitive Dust Area Sources ------- Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 8 - Ammonia Emissions from Animal Husbandry NH3 - Precursor to Ammonium Sulfate & Nitrate (National Emissions - 4.8 M TPY) Animal Husbandry Fertilizer Application Highway Vehicles Industrial Processes Waste Disposal Other Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Update to Ammonia from Animal Husbandry is Timely Inverse modeling suggests overestimation of ammonia. Shortcomings of old NEI ¦ Probable errors in emission factor selections, especially for beef. ¦ Does not use information on variability of emissions due to different manure handling practices within a given animal industry. ¦ Does not make total use of information of available National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) data on different animal populations, by average live weight. Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 8 - Ammonia Emissions from Animal Husbandry ------- Update to Ammonia from Animal Husbandry is Timely (Cont'd) Effluent Guidelines project provided information on production & waste handling practices (new). National Academy of Science (NAS) committee recommended a long data gathering effort. ¦ Old NEI estimates are not the best we can do in the interim (while this data gathering is undertaken). Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Improved Basis for Interim NEI Update Provides improved data on populations, practices, and emissions. Allows a switchover to a process-based framework that is common, transparent and that allows partial updating as more data becomes available. Motivates and provide structure for relevant data collection. Opportunity to educate users about data limitations, proper use. Goal: Higher animal production States will begin to adopt / offer improvements to new method. Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Overview of New Estimation Methodology Step 1: Estimate average annual animal populations by animal group, state, and county. Step 2: Identify Manure Management Trains (MMT) used by each animal group and then estimate the distribution of the animal population using each MMT. Step 3: Estimate the amount of nitrogen excreted from the animals using each type of MMT, using general manure characteristics. Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 8 - Ammonia Emissions from Animal Husbandry ------- Overview of New Estimation Methodology (Cont'd) Step 4: Identify or develop emission factors for each component of each MMT. Step 5: Estimate ammonia emissions from each animal group by MMT and county for 2002. Step 6: Estimate future ammonia emissions for years 2010, 2015, 2020, and 2030. Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Step 1: Population Estimates Animals: Dairy, beef, swine, and poultry. ¦ Keep weight groups & animal types distinct. State-level population: 2002 NASS. County apportionment: using 1997 Census of Agriculture. ¦ Privacy Issue - Where state and/or county is not disclosed, divide equally. Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Step 2: Manure Management Trains 15 MMT's plus permutations (similar to "model farms" used in past approaches). ¦ e.g., Housing, waste storage, land application type. ¦ Non-feedlot outdoor confinement (e.g. pasture) is one of the trains for swine, dairy, and beef. ¦ MMT's represent different pathways for escape of ammonia to the air. ¦ MMT "mix" varies by state, not within a State. Another "opportunity" for improvement Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 8 - Ammonia Emissions from Animal Husbandry ------- Step 2: Manure Management Trains (Cont'd) Animal population, etc. is allocated among the applicable trains. Note: Final stage in each train is land application. Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Advanced Example of Manure Management Train Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Step 3: Nitrogen Excreted Typical animal weights (within a type and weight range) Nitrogen per 1000 kg of live weight from NRCS Agricultural Waste Management Field Handbook Local agriculture experts could help improve this ¦ Land Grant University Researchers / Extension Agents Chapter 8 - Ammonia Emissions from Animal Husbandry ------- Step 4: Emission Factors Select the emission factor for each stage of each manure management train. ¦ Some are lb/animal, some are percent air release of input ammonia. ¦ Both kinds also determine ammonia transferred to next stage. Air emissions can never be higher than original manure content. Using stage-specific emission factors sets the stage for applying temporal profiles and process-related variability later. Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Step 5: Apply for 2002 Track ammonia release through each manure management train for each animal type, calculating air releases and transfers to next stage. Assumes no air emission controls at this time. ¦ But can add control assumptions later, and see downstream consequences. Emissions are summed up to animal type and county Database is preserved with full detail for transparency and later revisions. Step 6: Future Years Projections 2010, 2013, 2020, and 2030. USDA and Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute. Accounts for past observed cyclical populations. State-by-state population pattern. ¦ Changes with time for dairy. ¦ Fixed for others. Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 8 - Ammonia Emissions from Animal Husbandry ------- Comparison of 1999 and 2002 Ammonia NEIs Animal GroupO 1999 NEI 2002 NEI Population Emission Factor lb/head /yr Emissions Tons/year Population Emission Factor lb/head /yr Emissions Tons/year Cattle and Calves Composite 100,126,106 50.5 2,476,333 100,939,728 23.90 1,205,493 Hogs and Pigs Composite 63,095,955 20.3 640,100 59,978,850 14.32 429,468 Poultry and Chickens Composite 1,754,482,225 0.394 345,325 2,201,945,253 0.60 664,238 Total 1,917,704,286 N/A 3,461,758 2,362,863,831 N/A 2,299,199 Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Ongoing Additional Improvements Plan to incorporate emission estimates for sheep, ducks, goats, and horses. Looking at more recent manure production and excretion rates by animal types and weight (may provide lower overall estimates than currently indicated in draft report). Looking into ways to better address spatial, seasonal, and regional differences in emissions. Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories CMU Model and the NEI Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) has prepared a model for estimating ammonia emissions from agricultural activities, humans, wastewater treatment, wildfires, domestic and wild animals, transportation sources, industrial activities, and soils. Includes an improved methodology for fertilizer application when compared to the methodology used in previous versions of the NEI. EPA is evaluating the methodologies used for other source categories in the CMU model. Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 8 - Ammonia Emissions from Animal Husbandry ------- Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 9 - Combustion Area Sources MANE-VU 2002 RWC Emission Inventory Objective ¦ Prepare 2002 El based on survey of household equipment usage and wood consumption patterns Survey Method - stratified, random-sampling Data Collected for Each Household ¦ Wood consumption at equipment level (both real wood and artificial logs) ¦ Wood type for real wood ¦ Temporal activity to calculate monthly, weekly, and daily emissions Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Sample Frame Construction Sampling designed to address major sources of variability in activity (i.e., wood consumption) Sources of variability include: ¦ Location and type of housing ¦ Heating demand (expressed as heating degree days (HDDs)) ¦ Availability of wood Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories 9 - Combustion Area Sources ------- Sample Frame Construction (cont.) Sample Stratification ¦ Housing Data - 2000 Census tract data used to stratify sample by: ¦ Urban, suburban, and rural single-family and "other" homes (other homes = multi-family units such as apartments, condos, mobile homes) ¦ Rural category stratified by forested and non-forested areas using USGS GIS data (i.e., Forest Fragmentation Index Map of North America) ¦ Heating Demand - Total annual HDDs used to stratify sample into 3 zones Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Sample Frame Rural-Forested Rural- Non-Forested Suburban Urban Geographic Zone Single- Family Other Single- Family Other Single- Family Other Single- Family Other High HDD Cell 1 61 (173) Cell 2 61 (64) Cell 3 61 (87) Cell 4 61 (66) Cell 5 61 (61) Cell 6 61 (72) Cell 7 61 (69) CellS 61 (69) Low HDD Cell 9 61 (150) Cell 10 61 (62) Cell 11 61 (118) Cell 12 61 (69) Cell 13 61 (76) Cell 14 61 (67) Cell 15 61 (75) Cell 16 61 (62) Med HDD Cell 17 61 (87) Cell 18 61 (60) Cell 19 61 (91) Cell 20 61 (64) Cell 21 61 (71) Cell 22 61 (03) Cell 23 61 (63) Cell 24 61 (68) Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Survey Instrument Questionnaire developed to gather activity data for: ¦ Indoor equipment (fireplaces, woodstoves, pellet stoves, furnaces, and boilers) ¦ Outdoor equipment (fire pits, barbeques, fireplaces, and chimineas) Pilot survey performed to test the instrument Survey conducted using computer-assisted telephone interviewing ¦ Completed 1,904 surveys across all 24 cells Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories 9 - Combustion Area Sources ------- Survey Data Reduction/Analysis ¦ QA reviewed each survey Calculated/summarized for each cell: ¦ User fraction (fraction of total household population that burns wood in indoor and outdoor equipment) ¦ Annual activity (cords of wood by equipment and wood types) ¦ Temporal data Conducted statistical analyses to identify significant differences between cells for: ¦ User fraction ¦ Annual Activity indoor Wood-Burning Equipment Preliminary Survey Results (% Burners) Geographic Zone Sngle- Family Glher Single- Family Other Single- Other Single- Other High HDD Cell 1 FP=34 FVB= 21 PS= 4 Cell 2 F>B=0 PS=0 Cell 3 F/B=7 PS=0 cell 4 FP=33 F/B=0 PS=0 Cell 5 f;b= « PS=0 cells f;b=o ps=o Cell 7 FP=80 WS=30 f;b=o ps=o cells FP= 100 ws=o f;b= 50 PS=0 Loin HDD cell 9 FP=60 F/B=5 PS=2 Cell 10 F>B=0 PS=0 Cell 11 FIB=4 PS=4 cell 12 FP=50 F/B=0 PS=0 Cell 13 f;b=o PS=5 cell 14 F/B=0 PS=33 Cell 15 FP=90 f;b=o ps=o Cell 16 FP= 100 ws=o f;b=o PS=2fl Med HDD cell 17 FP=55 WS=66 F/B=7 PS=7 Cell 1$ WS=60 F>B=0 PS=0 Cell 19 WS=45 F/B=0 PS=9 cell 20 FP= 100 ws=o F/B=0 PS=?S Cell 21 WS=27 FIB=S PS=4 cell 22 WS=50 f;b=o ps=o Cell 23 FP= 100 ws=o f;b=o ps=o cell 24 FP=0 ws=o f;b=o ps=o FP = fireplace; WS = woodstove; F/B = furnace/boiler; PS = pellet stove; Totals do not always add to 100 since some respondents use more than one type of equipment. Values in bold italics are derived from responses that were identified as wood consumption outliers (equipment could be miss-categorized by the respondent). Preparati on of Fin e Particul ate Emissi on s 1 nventori es Preliminary Results/Observations Indoor Equipment ¦ Geographic distribution of equipment ¦ Rural Areas: ¦ Higher diversity of equipment types than in urban areas ¦ Higher percentage of stoves and furnaces than in urban areas ¦ Urban/Suburban Areas: ¦ Lower diversity of equipment types than in rural areas ¦ Higher percentage of fireplaces than in rural areas ¦ Heating Demand ¦ High HDD Zone: ¦ Rural Areas - higher percentage of stoves and furnaces ¦ Low HDD Zone: ¦ Rural Areas - higher percentage of fireplaces 9 - Combustion Area Sources ------- Preliminary Results/Observations (cont.) ¦ Indoor Equipment ¦ For urban areas, it was difficult to find households that burned wood for the sample size taken ¦ The urban sample size was not increased because of budget constraints and priorities for obtaining a representative sample for three instead of two HDD zones ¦ The equipment- and fuel-based survey results were used to estimate emissions (e.g., lb PM2 5/household-yr) for each household surveyed ¦ A household-based statistical model is being developed to estimate emissions for each cell Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Preliminary Results/Observations (cont.) Outdoor Equipment ¦ Equipment-based emissions will be estimated using survey results Annual Emissions = Fraction of outdoor equipment users per cell x annual activity x emission factor Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Emission Inventory Development Emissions were: ¦ Estimated for all criteria pollutants/precursors and several dozen toxic air pollutants ¦ Estimated at the census tract level (summed to county, State, region) ¦ Temporally allocated to support modeling using profiles developed from the survey Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories 9 - Combustion Area Sources ------- Lessons Learned Survey Instrument: for regional surveys, tailor it to suit the usage patterns in rural, suburban, urban areas Difficult to find wood burners in urban areas - minimum sample sizes need to reflect this Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Lessons Learned (cont.) For indoor equipment, to keep resources manageable: ¦ Consider the use of a statistically-derived emissions-based model (household level) instead of an equipment-specific method ¦ Concern: Approach aggregates emissions for different types of wood burning equipment needed to support control measure analysis Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Documentation for MANE-VU El Technical memoranda and Work Plan for a Survey to Determine Residential Wood Combustion and Open Burning Activity (July 31, 2001) (MANE-VU Web Site: http://www.manevu.org/pubs/index.asp) Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories 9 - Combustion Area Sources ------- How are RWC Emissions Estimated in the '02 NEI? SCCs ¦ FIREPLACES ¦ 2104008001 Without Inserts ¦ 2104008002 With Inserts; Non-EPA Certified ¦ 2104008003 With Inserts; Non-Catalytic, EPA Certified ¦ 2104008004With Inserts; Catalytic, EPA Certified ¦ WOODSTOVES ¦ 2104008010 Non-EPA Certified ¦ 2104008030 Catalytic, EPA Certified ¦ 2104008050 Non-Catalytic, EPA Certified Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories How are RWC Emissions Estimated in the '02 NEI? (cont.) Pollutants ¦ PM10-PRI, PM25-PRI, NOx, CO, VOC, SOx ¦ HAPs (number of pollutants) Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Emission Factors for Fireplaces Without Inserts (lbs pollutant/ton of dry wood) NOx, SOx, VOC, & HAPs ¦ AP-42, Chapter 1.9, Table 1.9-1 PM10-PRI, PM25-PRI, &CO ¦ Houck, J.E., et al, "Review of Wood Heater and Fireplace Emission Factors," NEI Conference, May 1-3, 2001 ¦ Based on test data more current than AP-42 9-18 Preparation qf Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories p D ft/ITS PPI nrriimnrl tn hn mmn nr 9 - Combustion Area Sources ------- Emission Factors for Woodstoves & Fireplaces With Inserts (lbs pollutant/ton of dry wood) 1 Criteria Pollutants: AP-42, Chapter 1.10, Table 1.10-1 ¦ PM10-PRI, PM25-PRI, & CO EFs are average for all woodstoves ¦ PM25-PRI assumed to be same as PM10-PRI HAPs: AP-42, Chapter 1.10, Tables 1.10- 2, -3, & -4 ¦ AP-42 EFs for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) reduced by 62% based on recent test data (Houck, et al, 2001) Conversion Factor: One cord of wood equals 1.163 tons Activity Data Develop separate national wood consumption estimates for fireplaces with inserts, fireplaces without inserts, & woodstoves to account for: ¦ Different emission factors ¦ Different usage patterns (climate zones; urban vs. rural) National wood consumption estimated using: ¦ Number of combustion units ¦ Average wood consumption rates Spatial allocation of wood consumption to county level performed to reflect usage patterns Estimating Emissions from Fireplaces Without Inserts Step 1: Determine national number homes with usable fireplaces (with and without inserts) ¦ Reference: Table 2-25 of 2001 American Housing Survey (AHS) for the United States (U.S. Census Bureau) Step 2: Adjust to account for homes with more than one fireplace (multiply Step 1 by 1.17) ¦ Reference: 1989 U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission report Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 9 - Combustion Area Sources ------- Estimating Emissions from Fireplaces Without Inserts (cont.) Step 3: Adjust for fireplaces that burn wood (74% wood, 26% gas) ¦ References: Industry trade associations/experts, market surveys (Houck, et al, 2001) Step 4: Subtract out fireplaces not being used (42% not used) ¦ References: Local surveys, industry market surveys, government publications (Houck, et al, 2001) Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Estimating Emissions from Fireplaces Without Inserts (cont.) ¦ Step 5: Determine number of homes with usable fireplaces with inserts used for heating ¦ Used to determine the number of homes with usable fireplaces without inserts ¦ Reference: Table 2-4 of 2001 AHS Step 6: Adjust to account for homes with more than one fireplace (multiply Step 5 by 1.10) ¦ Reference: 1989 U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission report Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Estimating Emissions from Fireplaces Without Inserts (cont.) ¦ Step 7: Determine number of fireplaces without inserts used for heating and aesthetic purposes The amount of wood burned in each device is determined by assuming wood consumption rates ¦ 0.656 cords burned /unit/year for fireplaces used for heating ¦ 0.069 cords/unit/year for fireplaces used for aesthetics Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 9 - Combustion Area Sources ------- Estimating Emissions from Fireplaces Without Inserts (cont.) ¦ In 1997, EPA estimated that 2.94 million cords of wood were burned in the former and 0.483 million cords of wood were burned in the latter Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Spatial Allocation of National Residential Wood Consumption to Counties National activity is allocated to counties using: ¦ Climate zone (i.e., temperature) ¦ Demographics/population (i.e., number of single- family homes) ¦ Usage patterns for each device (i.e., urban versus rural) Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Spatial Allocation of National Residential Wood Consumption to Counties (cont.) Climate Zone Percent of Wood ConsumecT 1 (>7000 HDD) 36 2 (5500-7000 HDD) 19 3 (4000-5499 HDD) 21 4 (<4000 HDD and <2000 CDD) 15 5 (<4000 HDD and >2000 CDD) 9 Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories 9 - Combustion Area Sources ------- Spatial Allocation of National Residential Wood Consumption to Counties (cont.) Urban/Rural Apportionment ¦ Designate each county as either urban or rural, sum activity for climate zone, and adjust county activity so climate zone total matches the following proportions : Rural Urban Woodstoves 65% 35% Fireplaces with inserts 43% 57% Fireplaces without inserts 27% 73% Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Estimating Emissions from Fireplaces With Inserts and Woodstoves Determine the number of woodstoves and fireplaces with inserts ¦ Data obtained from the Department of Census Adjust for homes with more than one stove Obtain total cords of wood consumed by residential section ¦ Energy Information Administration (EIA) Adjust for use - heating or aesthetics Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Estimating Emissions from Fireplaces With Inserts and Woodstoves (cont.) Allocate to climate zones Allocate to individual counties Sum wood consumption and compare to urban/rural split Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 9 - Combustion Area Sources 9-10 ------- Estimating Emissions from Fireplaces With Inserts and Woodstoves (cont.) ¦ Wood consumption for woodstoves and fireplaces with inserts were apportioned as follows: Percent of Total Tvoe of Device Wood Consumption Non-certified 92 Certified non-catalytic 5.7 Certified catalytic 2.3 9-31 Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Temporal Allocation of Residential Wood Consumption Emissions Default temporal allocation profiles by climate zone ¦ S/L/T agencies should adjust allocations to better fit seasonal usage patterns Seasonal throughput percentages assigned to each climate zone are: Climate Zone Winter Spring Summer Fall 5 100 0 0 0 4 70 15 0 15 3 50 25 0 25 2 40 30 0 30 1 33.33 33.33 0 33.33 How Can You Improve the NEI for Your Area? Preferred Method: Residential Wood Survey ¦ Obtain locally representative information on the amount of wood fuel use specifically for woodstoves & fireplaces (with and without inserts) ¦ This will require a local survey, or activity data generated by State & local governments ¦ Reduces uncertainties in estimates associated with allocating national activity to counties Alternative Method: Census Bureau and EIA Data Method ¦ Use if resources are limited or emphasis is on preparing summer season inventory 9-33 Preparati on of Fin e Particul ate Emissi on s I nventori es Chapter 9 - Combustion Area Sources 9-11 ------- How Can You Improve the NEI for Your Area? (cont.) Rule Effectiveness/Rule Penetration ¦ Incorporate effects of S/L/T rules and level of compliance ¦ NEI methodology does not account for S/L/T rules Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Comparison of MANE-VU Approach to NEI Method MANU-VU El is a bottom-up methodology NEI is a top-down methodology MANE-VU El provides for: ¦ Better estimates by geographic area (rural, suburban, urban) and census tract (sub-county) level ¦ Accounts for differences in housing type (single- and multi-family homes) ¦ Better estimates of usage patterns based on HDDs ¦ Includes outdoor equipment not included in NEI estimates ¦ Provides temporal data Residential Wood Combustion Case Study - Overview Case Study: County level emissions inventory for residential wood combustion ¦ See Case Study Number 9-1 Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 9 - Combustion Area Sources 9-12 ------- Residential Wood Combustion Case Study - Solution Case Study: County level emissions inventory for residential wood combustion ¦ See Handout 9-1 Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Residential Open Burning What Sources are Included? SCCs: 2610030000 - Residential Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Burning Pollutants: PM10, PM2.5, CO, NOx, VOC, S02, 32 HAPs 2610000100 - Residential Leaf Burning 2610000400 - Residential Brush Burning Pollutants: PM10, PM 2.5, CO, VOC, 6 HAPs Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Residential Open Burning NEI Methods for Residential MSW Activity Data (tons of waste burned) Step 1 - Estimate 2002 rural population by county ¦ County-level rural population estimated by applying rural/urban percentages from 2000 Census data to 2002 population Step 2 - Multiply per capita waste factor by rural population ¦ Used national average per capita waste generation factor of 3.37 Ibs/person/day (noncombustibles and yard waste subtracted out). Chapter 9 - Combustion Area Sources 9-13 ------- Residential Open Burning NEI Methods for Residential MSW (cont.) Step 3- Estimate amount of waste burned ¦ Assume 28% of total waste generated is burned Step 4 - Account for burning bans ¦ For counties where urban population exceeds 80 percent of the total population, the amount of waste burned was assumed to be zero, therefore zero open burning assigned to these counties Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Residential Open Burning NEI Methods for Residential Yard Waste Activity Data (tons of waste burned) Step 1 - Estimate 2002 rural population by county ¦ County-level rural population estimated by applying rural/urban percentages from 2000 Census data to 2002 population Step 2 - Multiply per capita waste factor by rural population ¦ Used national average per capita yard waste generation factor of 0.54 Ibs/person/day. Residential Open Burning NEI Methods for Residential Yard Waste (cont.) Step 3 - Estimate amount of leaf, brush and grass yard waste ¦ Multiply total yard waste mass by 25% to estimate leaf waste, 25% for brush waste, and 50% for grass waste Step 4 - Estimate amount of waste burned ¦ Assume 28% of total leaf and brush waste generated is burned; assume 0% of grass is burned Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 9 - Combustion Area Sources 9-14 ------- Residential Open Burning NEi Methods for Residential Yard Waste (cont.) Step 5 - Adjust for variations in vegetation ¦ Used the following ranges to make adjustments to the amount of yard waste generated per county: Percent forested acres per county Adjustment for yard waste generated <10% Zero out >= 10%, and <50% Multiply by 50% >=50% Assume 100% Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Residential Open Burning NEI Methods for Residential Yard Waste (cont.) Step 6 - Account for burning bans ¦ For counties where urban population exceeds 80 percent of the total population, the amount of waste burned was assumed to be zero, therefore zero open burning assigned to these counties. Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Residential Open Burning NEI Methods for Residential MSW and Yard Waste E = A * EF * (1 - CE * RP * RE) where: E = Controlled Emissions, lbs pollutant per year A = Activity, tons of MSW or leaves/brush burned per year EF = Emission Factor, lbs per ton burned CE = % Control Efficiency/100 RP = % Rule Penetration/100 RE = % Rule Effectiveness/100 ¦ 100% CE assumed for counties where urban population exceeds 80% of the total population ¦ Assumed 100% RE and RP ¦ All other counties, assumed 0% CE, RE, and RP Chapter 9 - Combustion Area Sources 9-15 ------- Residential Open Burning EIIP Alternative for Yard Waste Identify records of burning permits or violations, coupled with data (or assumptions) on typical volumes and material composition Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Residential Open Burning Improvements to NEI Methods ¦ Review EIIP Volume III, Ch. 16 Open Burning Obtain State/local estimates of per-capita waste generation Use State/local estimates for amount or percentage of waste burned Obtain State/local estimates of months when yard wastes are burned Residential Open Burning Improvements to NEI Methods (cont.) ¦ Sources ¦ Solid Waste Agency ¦ Air Agency ¦ Health Department ¦ Solid Waste Management Organization ¦ Local Survey Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 9 - Combustion Area Sources ------- Residential Open Burning Improvements to NEI Methods (cont.) Identify rules prohibiting or limiting open burning, and the organization that enforces those rules For areas that have burning prohibitions, consider performing rule effectiveness (RE) surveys Level of enforcement/compliance can be a significant variable in calculating controlled emissions Rule penetration (RP) to reflect duration of seasonal bans relative to annual activity profile, exempt activities Residential Open Burning MANE-VU Example Development of 2002 residential open burning inventory for MANE-VU States Multi-state RPO developed inventory following El IP procedures Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Residential Open Burning MANE-VU Example (cont.) Developed survey instrument to collect: ¦ Number/percentage of households that burn waste ¦ Burn frequency ¦ Amount per burn ¦ Seasonal Activity 3 separate surveys for: ¦ Residential MSW ¦ Brush ¦ Leaf Chapter 9 - Combustion Area Sources ------- Residential Open Burning MANE-VU Example (cont.) Survey results were used to estimate emissions for each survey jurisdiction For non-surveyed areas, default activity data derived from survey responses were applied Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Residential Open Burning MANE-VU Example (cont.) To estimate the mass of waste burned for residential MSW and yard waste, the following equation was used: Wt = HH * Bt * M where: Wt = Mass of waste burned per time period HH = Number of households that burn Bt = Number of burns per time period M = Mass of waste per burn Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Residential Open Burning MANE-VU Example (cont.) Developed control database to establish area- specific control efficiency (CE), rule effectiveness (RE), and rule penetration (RP) Performed rule effectiveness (RE) survey to determine level of compliance with state or local open burning prohibitions To estimate default RE values, the survey data was statistically analyzed resulting in one value for all non-surveyed areas Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 9 - Combustion Area Sources ------- Residential Open Burning MANE-VU Example (cont.) Emissions estimated for all criteria pollutants/precursors and several toxic air pollutants Emissions estimated at the census tract level (summed to county, State, region) Emissions temporally allocated to support modeling using profiles developed from the survey Lessons Learned If leaf burning is significant, perform separate surveys in targeted areas for leaf waste and brush waste burning Perform MSW surveys separate from yard waste surveys, instead of combined to reduce survey length A larger sample may have allowed for greater geographic distinction Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Lessons Learned (cont.) Sub-county emissions estimates serve as the basis for a more spatially refined inventory Regional survey provides greater consistency Better accounting of controls results in decreased emissions relative to NEI Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 9 - Combustion Area Sources ------- Land Clearing Debris Burning What Sources are Included? SCCs: 2610000500 - Land Clearing Debris Burning Pollutants: PM10, PM 2.5, CO, VOC, 6 HAPs Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Land Clearing Debris Burning NEI Method Activity Data Estimate the county-level total number of acres disturbed by residential, non-residential and roadway construction ¦ Used number of acres disturbed from fugitive dust construction emissions activity calculations Apply loading factor to number of acres to estimate the amount of material or fuel subject to burning Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Land Clearing Debris Burning NEI Method (cont.) Weighted, county-specific loading factors developed based on acres of hardwoods, softwoods, and grasses (BELD2 data base in BEIS) Multiplied average loading factors by percent contribution of each type of vegetation class to the total county land area Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 9 - Combustion Area Sources ------- Land Clearing Debris Burning NEI Method (cont.) Average loading factors for hardwood and softwood further adjusted by 1.5 to account for mass of tree below the surface Fuel Type Fuel Loading (tons/acre) Hardwood 99 Softwood 57 Grass 4.5 Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Land Clearing Debris Burning NEI Method (cont.) Fuel Loading Factor Equation u = Fh*Lh + FS*LS + Fg*Lg where: Lw = County-specific weighted loading factor Fh = Fraction of county acres classified as hardwoods Lh = Average loading factor for hardwoods Fs = Fraction of county acres classified as softwoods Ls = Average loading factor for softwoods Fg = Fraction of county acres classified as grasses Lg = Average loading factor for grasses Preparati on of Fin e Particul ate Emissi on s I nventori es Land Clearing Debris Burning NEI Method (cont.) Emission Calculation E = A * LF * EF where: E = Emissions, lbs pollutant per year A = No. of acres of land cleared per county (residential + commercial + road construction) LF = County-specific loading factor, tons per acre EF = Emission factor, lbs pollutant per ton ¦ Represents an upper-bound emissions estimate ¦ Assume all fuel loading on land cleared is burned; no controls or bans Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 9 - Combustion Area Sources 9-21 ------- Land Clearing Debris Burning Improvements to NEI Method Review El IP section on Open Burning ¦ EIIP Volume III, Ch. 16 ¦ Preferred methods rely on direct measure of mass of waste or debris burned ¦ Mass amounts may be available from permits issued Improve estimates of the acres cleared Develop improved estimate of the "average loading factor" Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Land Clearing Debris Burning Improvements to NEI Method (cont.) Identify specific counties with burning bans, and specification of counties where wastes are burned State or local estimates of the percentage or amount of waste burned per construction event Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Land Clearing Debris Burning Northern Virginia Example Performed RE survey to determine the level of compliance with rules for: ¦ Land clearing debris burning ¦ Residential waste burning Developed RE to apply to ozone season open burning emission estimates for the Virginia portion of the Washington DC-MD-VA Ozone Nonattainment Area Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 9 - Combustion Area Sources ------- Land Clearing Debris Burning Northern Virginia Example (cont.) Reviewed conditions of existing open burning rules ¦ Time period of ban ¦ Exemptions and special provisions Surveyed local open burning officials responsible for tracking and enforcing open burning rules Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Land Clearing Debris Burning Northern Virginia Example (cont.) Started with EPA questionnaire from RE guidance, modified for open burning Responses to questions are assigned specific point values that add up to a maximum of 100 points, considered equivalent to a RE percentage value Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Land Clearing Debris Burning Northern Virginia Example (cont.) RE values analyzed by county and for 5- county region ¦ Estimated regional RE of 93 percent If area comprised of counties and jurisdictions with significantly different population densities, analyze responses by urban and rural areas Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 9 - Combustion Area Sources ------- Lessons Learned Local officials may defer to higher officials (e.g., county or state-level) for enforcing open burning rules RE may be high for time period that ban is in effect, but need to account for duration of ban (RP) if less than annual or seasonal It is important to account for when the ban is taking place Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Agricultural Burning - Overview SCC 2801500000 PM10-PRI and PM2.5-PRI Both condensibles and filterables Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Agricultural Burning - General Method Activity ¦ Acres of crop burned Loading Factor (tons of biomass or vegetation per acre burned) Emission Factor ¦ Pounds PM 25 per ton of vegetation burned (crop- specific) Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 9 - Combustion Area Sources ------- Wheat Stubble Burning Example Method - Develop inventory using county- specific data when available ¦ Activity ¦ Acres of wheat burned by month obtained from burn permits issued by county fire department ¦ Fuel loading for wheat stubble from county agricultural extension office Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Wheat Stubble Burning Example (cont.) Emission Factors ¦ PM10: 8.82 pounds per ton of wheat stubble burned ¦ PM2.5: 8.34 pounds per ton of wheat stubble burned Resolution ¦ Spatial - county ¦ Temporal - monthly Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Wheat Stubble Burning Example (cont.) Sample Calculation ¦ PM2.5-PRI Emissions = Acres Burned per month * Loading Factor * Emission Factor Annual PM2.5-PRI Emissions = 2. Monthly Emissions Chapter 9 - Combustion Area Sources 9-25 ------- Agricultural Burning - Improvements Preferable to inventory larger fires (> 100 acres) as events with a start and stop date and time; lump smaller fires into monthly acreages Requires coordination with burners and permit authorities Start building a system and relationships with the burners/ permitting authorities to enable such an inventory in the future Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Agricultural Burning - Improvements (cont.) Obtain local acres of crops burned data from: ¦ Burn permits ¦ Survey of county agricultural extension offices Verify that burns actually occurred Obtain fuel loading data ¦ Local data preferred from county agricultural extension offices, local Natural Resources Conservation Service Center ¦ National defaults available from Chapter 2.5 in AP-42 Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Agricultural Burning Case Study - Overview Case Study: County level emissions inventory for burning of wheat stubble ¦ See Case Study Number 9-2 Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 9 - Combustion Area Sources ------- Agricultural Burning Case Study - Solution Case Study: County level emissions inventory for burning of wheat stubble ¦ See Handout 9-2 Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Overview of Wildland Fire Inventory Wildland Burning ¦ Types: Wildfires, Managed (Prescribed) Burns ¦ Burners: NPS, USFS, BLM, USFWS, State & Tribal Forests, Private burners Prescribed Burning ¦ Habitat improvement ¦ Managing undergrowth and understoring of the forest ¦ Reducing risk of wildfires How were Wildfire Emissions Estimated in the '99 - '02V1 NEI? Pollutants ¦ PM10, PM2 5, NOx, CO, VOC, S02, 30 HAPS Emission Factors (AP-42) State-specific fuel consumed per acre burned Annual Activity Data ~ State (or regional) level ¦ USFS, BIA, BLM, NPS, FWS ¦ Some States provide private / State burn data ¦ Spatial allocation to counties using forested area Emissions Processor - Allocates Diurnal & Monthly Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 9 - Combustion Area Sources 9-27 ------- What are the RPO's Doing? The Regional Planning Organizations (RPOs) are working on: ¦ Treating most fires as point sources ¦ Using fire-specific fuel consumption ¦ Providing a much improved emission estimate Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories What are Future Plans for Improving the Approach to Estimating Fire Emissions? Future plans include the following: ¦ Incorporate satellite observations ¦ Improve locational data ¦ Improve fuel characterization ¦ Use actual fire weather conditions that effect emissions Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories What Needs to Happen Nationally / Regionally to Improve Wildland Fire Emissions? Improve Regional / National Databases & Models ¦ Fire Event: area burned, when, where ¦ Develop, refine national & regional models & databases to estimate pre-burn fuel loading ¦ Refine, expand use of fuel consumption models ¦ Provide guidance on estimating impact of mitigation measures on emissions Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 9 - Combustion Area Sources 9-28 ------- What Needs to Happen Nationally / Regionally to Improve Wildland Fire Emissions? (cont.) Fire Events Database Development Federal MOU ¦ Includes: EPA, DOI, USDA ¦ Broad Scope: Fire Management Activities ¦ Status: In Progress Investigation of the role of national databases ¦ USDA/DOI efforts ¦ NEISGEI http://capita.wustl.edu/NEISGEI/ ¦ B-RAINS (Pacific NW Database) ¦ Much more work is needed to move toward real time data collection, QA & sharing Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories What Needs to Happen Nationally / Regionally to Improve Wildland Fire Emissions? (cont.) Investigating the Potential Use of Satellites ¦ EPA ¦ El IP-funded Overview of Using Satellites in AQ ¦ http://vwwv.epa.gov/ttn/chief/eiip/pm25inventory/ remsens.pdf ¦ Collaboration w/ NASA ¦ Interagency ¦ NIFC ¦ Work at Missoula Fire Research Center & Salt Lake City ¦ Collaboration w/ NASA ¦ Others ¦ CAMFER Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories What Needs to Happen Nationally / Regionally to Improve Wildland Fire Emissions? (cont.) Emission Estimation Tools & Inventories ¦ EPA ¦ Recent Report: Fire Emission Estimation Methods ¦ USFS ¦ Work at the Fire Sciences Lab (Missoula) ¦ Work at Pacific NW Research Station (Corvallis) ¦ Collaboration ¦ WRAP - Fire Emissions Joint Forum ¦ RPO-led 2002 Wildland Fire El development ¦ Nat'l Fire Emissions Workshop ¦ Nat'l FCC coverage @ 1 km2 resolution ¦ Emissions model to interface with grid models Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 9 - Combustion Area Sources 9-29 ------- Wildland Fire Emissions Module (under development) Modular input to Emission Models (e.g., SMOKE, OpEM) to interface with the CMAQ modeling system User Inputs: Fire locations, duration, size Model Components (Modules from the BlueSky system) ¦ Fuel loading default: NFDRS / FCC map ¦ Fuel Moisture: Calculates using MM5 met data ¦ Fuel Consumption: CONSUME / FOFEM ¦ Emissions, Heat Release & Plume Rise: EPM & Briggs (modified) Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Wildland Fire Emissions Module (under development) (cont.) Outputs: Gridded hourly emissions, plume characteristics Integrate, Test & Release Module (late 2004) Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories Chapter 9 - Combustion Area Sources ------- |