United States
Environmental Protection
Agency

Air Pollution Training Institute (APTI)
Mail Drop E14301

Research Triangle Park, NC 27711

September 2004

/a ¦ Preparation of Fine

f |	1

Particulate Emission
Inventories

Student Workbook

APTI Course 419B


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How to Use this Workbook

This workbook is to be used during classroom instruction, and telecourse sessions.
This workbook contains the slides used by the presenter as well as space for
taking notes.

The goal of the presentation is to go over many of the topics presented in the
Student Manual. At times during the presentation, content has been condensed
and at other times expanded with further explanation. This workbook will match
the slide show exactly.

The Student Manual will contain the instructional objectives and detailed materials
for each of the seven chapters. It would be useful to have the Student Manual with
you during the presentation as references may me made to it. In addition, some
graphics might be hard to read during the presentation, but all graphics used in the
presentation can be found in the Student Manual.


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Notice

This is not an official policy and standards document. The opinions
and selections are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the
Environmental Protection Agency. Every attempt has been made to
represent the present state of the art as well as subject areas still under
evaluation. Any mention of products or organizations does not constitute
endorsement or recommendation by the United States Environmental
Protection Agency.

This project has been funded wholly or in part by the United States
Environmental Protection Agency under Contract No. 68D99022 to ICES, Ltd.

Availability

This document is issued by the Air Pollution Training Institute, Education
and Outreach Group, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, USEPA.
This workbook was developed for use in training courses presented by the
U.S. EPA Air Pollution Training Institute and others receiving contractual or
grant support from the Institute. Other organizations are welcome to use
the document.

This publication is available, free of charge, to schools or governmental
air pollution control agencies intending to conduct a training course on the
subject matter. Submit a written request to the Air Pollution Training
Institute, USEPA, Mail Drop E14301, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711.

Sets of slides designed for use in the training course of which this
publication is a part may be borrowed from the Air Pollution Training
Institute upon written request. The slides may be freely copied. Some films
may be copied; others must be purchased from the commercial distributor.

This consent does not extend to copying or transmission by any means
- graphic or electronic - for any other purpose, such as for advertising or
promotional purposes, for creating a new collective work, for resale, or for
information storage and retrieval systems.

State and local air pollution control agencies, U.S. EPA offices, and
federal offices designated by U.S. EPA are authorized to make copies of
this document in connection with telecourses.

Printed on recycled paper in the United States of America.


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Course Description

APTI 419B: Preparation of Fine Particulate Emission Inventories is a two-
day, resident instructional course designed to present an advanced view of all
major, practical aspects of developing an emission inventory for fine particulate
matter. The course is intended primarily for employees that have a working
knowledge of emission inventory terminology and techniques. The course
focuses on the principal stationary nonpoint area and nonroad mobile source
categories emitting PM fine particles. For select categories, the course provides
a brief summary of how emissions are estimated for EPA's National Emissions
Inventory (NEI), and how state/local/tribal agencies can improve upon those
estimates. Case studies are used to provide real-world examples of how state or
lo9cal agencies collected their own data to prepare inventories that are
improvement to the NEI methods. The lessons include information on an
overview of fine PM, an overview of the NEI, onroad mobile inventory
development, onroad mobile inventory development, point source inventory
development, area sources, fugitive dust area sources, combustion area
sources, and other related topics.

The course is taught at an instructional level equivalent to that of an
advanced, undergraduate university course. The Air Pollution Training Institute
curriculum recommends APTI 419B: Preparation of Fine Particulate Emission
Inventories as an advanced course for all areas of study. The student should
have minimally completed a college-level education and APTI Course S1:419A -
Introduction to Emission Inventories or have a minimum of six months of
applicable work experience.

DISCLAIMER

This document is for education and training only and does not constitute
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency policy. Mention of trade names or
commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for
use.

iv


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Contents	v

Chapter 1: PM2.5 Overview	1-1

Chapter 2: The National Emissions Inventory and Emissions Inventory Tools	2-1

Chapter 3: Onroad Mobile Inventory Development	3-1

Chapter 4: Nonroad Mobile Inventory Development	4-1

Chapter 5: Point Source Inventory Development	5-1

Chapter 6: Area Sources	6-1

Chapter 7: Fugitive Dust Area Sources	7-1

Chapter 8: Ammonia Emissions from Animal Husbandry	8-1

Chapter 9: Combustion Area Sources	9-1

v


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THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

vi


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Preparation of Fine Particulate
Emissions Inventories

Chapter 1 - PM 2 5 Overview

PM2 5 In Ambient Air - A Complex Mixture

Primary Particles	Secondary Particles

(Directly Emitted)	|	(From Precursor Gases)

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Urban PM Sites

Eastern U.S. data is very homogenous
Comprised mostly of carbon
Ammonium and sulfate components
combined are comparable to carbon
Crustal component is very small

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 1 - PM 2 5 Overview


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MSA to Non MSA Comparison of PM
Emissions

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Comparison of Urban and Rural Data

More sulfate than carbon in non-urban sites
Sulfate concentration slightly higher in urban
areas

Carbon concentrations substantially higher in

urban areas

Conclusions

¦	Sulfate is a regional problem

¦	Carbon has a regional component with urban
excess

Urban Excess definition

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Example of "Urban Excess"

Atlanta, GA / Ring of 5 Rural Locations





1















H -



Sulfate Est. Ammonium Nitrate	TCM Crustal

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 1 - PM 2 5 Overview

1 -2


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Comparison of Urban-Rural Ratios

5 2
"5 .

I I

¦ Emissions Density
~Ambient Levels

Note: Sulfate particles are more stable and thus have longer lifetime in the
atmosphere than Nitrate. Sulfate is therefore more subject to transport

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

National NOx Emissions

Highway Vehicles
Electric Utilities
Off road Mobile
Ind & Comm Fuel Comb.

Other

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

S02 National Emissions

Electric Utiilities
Other Fuel Comb.



I



I

Industrial Processes



Mobile Sources

~

Other

~

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

1-9 Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 1 - PM 2 5 Overview

1

-3


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NH3 National Emissions

Animal Husbandly
Fertilizer Application



I





Highway Vehicles

¦

Industrial Processes

]

Waste Disposal

]

Other

~

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

1-10

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Crustal Material

Main Sources:

¦	Unpaved roads

¦	Agricultural tilling

¦	Construction

¦	Wind-blown dust

¦	Fly ash (less significant)

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Crustal Material (cont.)

Huge Disparity Between El & Ambient Data
¦ Ambient Data

< 1 ug/m3 in most of US

Exception: > 1 ug/m3 in much of Southwest

Emissions: 2.5M TPY (comparable to Carbon Emissions)

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 1 - PM 2 5 Overview


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Crustal Material (cont.)

Fugitive Dust has low "Transportable Fraction

Crustal materials are a relatively small part of

PM2.5 in the ambient air

Fugitive dust is released near the ground and

surface features often capture the dust near its

source

As much as 50-90% may be captured locally

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Carbon Particles:	Composition &
Terminology

(Primary	f Secondary A

Particles J	V Particles

if Elemental V /primary Organic^ f Secondary f
>	Carbon	/ ^ Aerosol J ^Organic Aerosol^/ V 	J

^ Organic Carbon ^

Primary Particles

¦	Elemental (Black) Carbon

¦	Primary Organic Aerosol (POA)

¦	Primary Carbon = EC (BC) + Primary Organic
Aerosol (POA)

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Primary Carbon in PM2.5

Wildland Fire
Mobile Sources
Ind. & Comm. Combustion
Res. Heating & Open Burning
Ind. & Comm. Processes
Agricultural Burning
Transportable Fugitive Dust









—

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%

% of PM2.5 Primary Carbon Emissions
(National Emissions ~ 2M TPY)

1-15 Preparati on of Fin e Particul ate Emissi on s I nventori es

Chapter 1 - PM 2 5 Overview

1 -5


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POA & EC Characteristics of Primary
Carbon Emissions



Ratio of organic





carbon mass* to





elemental

Potential



carbon mass

range of

Category

(average)

ratios

Forest Fires

9.9

6-28

Managed Burning

12

6-28

Agricultural Burning

12

2.5-12

Open Burning - Debris

9.9



Non-road Diesel Engines & Vehicles

0.4

0.4-3

O n- ro a d D ie sei V ehicies

0.4

0.4-3

Trains, Ships, Planes

0.4

0.4 -25

Non-road Gas Engines & Vehicles

14

0.25-14

On-road Gas Vehicles

4.2

0.25-14

Fugitive Dust - Roads

22

3-65

Woodstoves

7.4

3-50

Fireplaces

7.4

3-50

Residential Heating - Other

26



Commercial Cooking	111	13-111

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Primary Organic Aerosols (POA)

Certain organic carbon excluded
Organic carbon matter = primary organic
aerosol (POA).

The OC to POA multiplier for "fresh" POA in
the emissions is usually estimated
Particles "age" through oxidation.

A different "multiplier" is applied to the POA by
the chemical transport models to account for
the "aging"

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Primary Organic Aerosols (cont.)

Models only apply the additional multiplier to

the POA, not the EC or SOA

Multiplier is not related to the model's estimate

of secondary organic aerosol formed in the

atmosphere from precursor gases

Only accounts for further oxidation of primary

particle emissions as the aerosol "ages"

Transport models contain a separate module

to simulate the amount of secondary organic

carbon formed in the atmosphere from

precursor

Chapter 1 - PM 2 5 Overview


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Primary Organic Aerosols (cont.)

The derivation of a multiplier for ambient OC is
much more complicated
Use of a single multiplier introduces error
A multiplier of 1.4 to 2.4 is often used for
ambient data

No agreed upon standard adjustment

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Primary Carbon Emissions Emission
Density Ratios

•S 5 1

5

Primary Carbon

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Carbon Particles: Composition &
Terminology

(Primary	Secondary

Particles J	V Particles

( Elemental \ /primaly OrganicN f Secondary f \
'	Carbon	/ ^ Aerosol J ^Organic Aerosol^/ 	)

^^	f

Organic Carbon

Primary Particles

¦	Elemental (Black) Carbon

¦	Primary Organic Aerosol (POA)

¦	Primary Carbon = EC (BC) + Primary Organic
Aerosol (POA)

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 1 - PM 2 5 Overview


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Carbon Particles: Composition &
Terminology (cont.)

(Primary	Secondary

Particles	Particles

( Elemental /primarv OrganicN f Secondary \ f \
V	Carbon J ^ Aerosol J ^Organic Aerosol J V 	 )

\	" V	1-

Organic Carbon

Secondary Particles
¦ Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA)

Organic Carbon = POA & Secondary Organic
Aerosols

Comparison of Emission Density Ratios



















>n Density Ratios
an : Rural)













~ Emissions Density
¦ Ambient Levels











'K ¦£
v 3
E ~

ui

Prim ary Carbon Aromatics Ter penes

80% POA	70% Mobile	Biogenic

20% EC

| Emissions: 2.2Mtpy(Ann) 3.7Mtpy(Ann) .35 M tpy (July) |

* Eastern US

s	Preparation of Fine Particulate I

Summary of Important PM2.5 Source
Categories

DIRECT EMISSIONS

PRECURSOR EMISSIONS

Combustion a.b

¦	Open Burning (all types)

¦	Non-Road & On-Road Mobile

¦	Residential Wood Burning
¦Wildfires

¦	Power Gen

¦	Boilers (Oil, Gas, Coal)

¦	Boilers (Wood)

SQ2

¦	Power Gen (CoalJ

¦	Boilers (Coal)

¦	Power Gen (Oil)
¦Boilers (Oil)

¦	Industrial Processes

¦On-Road Mobile

¦	Animal Husbandry

¦	Fertilizer Application

¦	Wastewater T reatment

¦	Boilers

VPCd

¦On-RoadMobile (Gas, Diesel)

¦	Power Gen (Coal)

¦	Non-Road Mobile (Diesel)

¦	Boilers (Gas, Coal)

¦Residential (Gas, Oil)

Storage and Tran sport
d

idustry

;:,;ss;s; T

of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 1 - PM 2 5 Overview

1 -8


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PM2.5 Primary Emissions Sources -
Summary

Directly Emitted (Primary) PM2.5

Emisson Sources of Carbonaceous & Crustal Materials

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

PM2 5 In Ambient Air - A Complex Mixture

A Review of Precursor Interrelationships

Oxm*

<*>* ••





Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 1

- PM 2.5 Overview

1

-9


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Preparation of Fine Particulate
Emissions Inventories

Chapter 2 - The National Emissions
Inventory and Emission Inventory Tools

Information Included in the NEI

National tabulation of emissions of PM2.5, S02,
NOx, Ammonia, and VOC

¦	Point sources by lat-long: 52,000 facilities, each
containing multiple emission points

° Over 4,500 types of processes represented

¦	Area & Mobile by County

400 categories of Highway & Non-Road Mobile
¦ Over 300 categories of Area sources

Annual emissions, start/end dates, stack

parameters

Also, in the NEI

¦	HAP emissions for over 6,000 types of processes

Evolution of EPA's National Emission
Inventory	

NAPAP - National Acidic Precipitation Assessment Program
NPI National Particulate Inventory
NET National Emission Trends Inventory
NEI Merger of NET and Nat'l Toxics El

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 2 - The National Emissions
Inventory and Emission Inventory Tools


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Wildfires in the National Emission
Inventory

Will be included as point sources

Data on location, and start and stop dates

Currently handled as areas sources
¦ Allocated by county and season

Impossible to determine impact under the
current approach

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

NEI Development ~ Cooperative,
Iterative

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Inventory Preparation Tools

Emission Factors & Activity Data

¦	www.epa.gov/ttn/chief

¦	(~ 20,000 factors in FIRE)

¦	Processes vary over time ~ Factor
representiveness issue

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 2 - The National Emissions
Inventory and Emission Inventory Tools


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Inventory Preparation Tools (cont.)
Emissions Models

¦	TANKS

¦	NONROAD

¦	Others

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Inventory Preparation Tools (cont.)
Spatial Characterization & Locator Aids

¦	GIS

¦	GPS

¦	Satellites

Emissions Processing, including Speciation

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Overview of Emissions Processing

Processors include:

¦	SMOKE, EPM

Processor output

¦	Gridded, hourly emissions file

¦	Speciation of Primary Emissions (EC, Organics,
S04, Nitrates)

¦	Model-ready

Processor inputs

¦	Annual, county-level area source El

¦	Annual point source data (except for CEM data)

Chapter 2 - The National Emissions
Inventory and Emission Inventory Tools


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Overview of Emissions Processing

(cont.)	

Processor contains default factors & profiles,
including:

¦	County-to-Grid Allocation Factors

¦	Temporal Allocation Profiles (hourly & seasonal)

¦	Speciation Profiles

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Speciation of EC & POA

Speciation Profiles ~ estimate of the EC &
POA portion of each PM2.5 source's
emissions

¦	All PM2.5 sources "assigned" to 1 of 73 "profiles"
EC, POA

¦	Derived within the Emissions Processor from
PM2.5 using speciation profiles

¦	NOT part of the NEI
Current Issues

¦EC - POA Split, carbon analysis methods

¦	OC - POA compound adjustment

Process-based Emissions Models

Space- & time- sensitive emissions reflective of
real time conditions

¦	wind, temperature

¦	RH, vegetation types

¦	soil type & moisture
Linkage:

¦	MM5

¦	GIS coverages

¦	Emission algorithms
Currently ~ BEIS3, MOBILE6

¦	No other categories linked to real time conditions

Chapter 2 - The National Emissions
Inventory and Emission Inventory Tools


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Process-based Emissions Models (cont.)

Process-based emission model needs

¦	Ammonia (fertilizer application, animal husbandry,
removal)

¦	Fugitive Dust (wind, unpaved roads, construction,
tilling, removal)

¦	Wildland Fires (fuels, fuel consumption, plume rise)

¦	Residential Wood Burning

¦	Evaporative Loss

¦	Others ?

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Status of Process-based Emissions Models
(Integrated w/ Emissions Processor)

Biogenics (always integrated w/ EP)

On-Road (optional integration w/ EP)

Ammonia (development just began)

Fugitive Dust (underdevelopment)

Wildland Fire (underdevelopment)

Wildland Fire Emissions Module
(under development)

Modular input to Emission Models (e.g.,
SMOKE, OpEM) to interface with the CMAQ
modeling system.

User Inputs: Fire locations, duration, size

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 2 - The National Emissions
Inventory and Emission Inventory Tools


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Wildland Fire Emissions Module
(under development) (cont.)

Model Components

¦	Fuel loading default: NFDRS / FCC map

¦	Fuel Moisture: Calculates using MM5 met data

¦	Fuel Consumption: CONSUME2.1 / FOFEM

¦	Emissions, Heat Release & Plume Rise: EPM &
Briggs (modified)

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Wildland Fire Emissions Module
(under development) (cont.)

Outputs: Gridded hourly emissions, plume
characteristics

Integrate, Test & Release Module (late 2004
earliest - w/ funding)

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Fugitive Dust Emissions Module
(under development)

Modular input to Emission Models (e.g.,
SMOKE, OpEM) to interface with the CMAQ
modeling system. It will:

¦	establish consistent database of resource info (soil
map, land use, vegetation cover, moisture,
precipitation, wind speed) for making emission
estimates for use with grid models.

¦	demonstrate proof-of-concept of emission models
for wind erosion, unpaved roads, construction,
other dust sources.

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 2 - The National Emissions
Inventory and Emission Inventory Tools


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Receptor Models

Inventory refinement, bounding uncertainties

¦	Fossil vs Contemporary Carbon

¦	Gas vs diesel

¦	Cold starts, smokers

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Specific PM2.5 Categories Needing Input
from Federal / State / Local / Tribes

Wildland Burning

¦	Forests, Rangeland & especially private & State /
tribal burners

¦	(acreages burned, fuel loadings for largest fires,
timing)

Residential Open Burning

¦	Household Waste, Yard waste (volumes &
burning practices)

¦	Regulations & their effectiveness, local surveys of
burn activities)

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Specific PM2.5 Categories Needing Input
from Federal / State / Local / Tribes (cont.)

Construction Debris & Logging Slash

¦	Regulations & their effectiveness, local surveys of
burn activities

Agricultural Field Burning

¦	Acreages, fuel loadings, timing
Residential Wood Combustion

¦	Fireplaces, Wood Stoves

¦	local surveys of fuel burned, fireplace vs wood
stoves, local regulations

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 2 - The National Emissions
Inventory and Emission Inventory Tools


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Specific PM2.5 Categories Needing Input
from Federal / State / Local / Tribes (cont.)

Area-specific industrial process sources
Fugitive Dust as indicated by local conditions

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 2 - The National Emissions
Inventory and Emission Inventory Tools


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Preparation of Fine Particulate
Emissions Inventories

Chapter 3 - Onroad Mobile Sources

MOBILE 6 Overview

Use MOBILE 6 model for emission factors

¦	PM25, S02, NOx, NH3, PM.0, VOC, and CO

¦	PM25 and PM10 emission factors are for primary
emissions (PM2.5-PRI and PM10-PRI)

Use vehicle miles traveled (VMT) data for
activity

Map VMT data to corresponding MOBILE 6
emission factors

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

MOBILE 6 Overview (cont.)

Data and algorithms previously in PARTS
(with updates where applicable) have been
integrated into the MOBILE 6 model

Fugitive dust emission factors included in
PART5 (i.e., re-entrained road dust) removed
from MOBILE 6

MOBILE 6 also includes emission estimates
for Gaseous S02 and Ammonia (NH3)

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 3 - Onroad Mobile Sources

3-1


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MOBILE 6 Modeling Inputs

Use same inputs for MOBILE 6 model as
used for previous MOBILE 6 model for same
time period

¦	Registration distribution

¦	Ambient conditions

¦	Speeds/speed distribution

¦	Fuel parameters

¦	Control programs

¦	VMT mix

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

MOBILE 6 Modeling Inputs (cont.)

Additional data required for MOBILE 6

¦	Diesel sulfur content (in parts per million [ppm])

Additional commands needed for MOBILE 6

¦	Described in MOBILE User's Guide

PM25 and PM10 emission factors cannot be
calculated in same scenario—particle size
must be specified in each scenario

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

National Mobile Inventory Model
(NMIM)	

Creates national or sub-national emission
inventories

Consolidated emissions modeling system
Combines a graphical user interface,
MOBILE, NONROAD, and a data base
Data base contains most recent information
used in the NEI

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 3 - Onroad Mobile Sources

3-2


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National Mobile Inventory Model
(NMIM) (cont.)	

Calculates criteria pollutants and HAP emissions
All estimates based on same input parameters
Used to generate preliminary 2002 NEI for nonroad
engines

Optional for states

Available for general use in 2004

Produces same results as MOBILE and NONROAD

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Sources of VMT Data

State Department of Transportation
Metropolitan Planning Organization
1999 NEI VMT Data based on:

¦	State-provided VMT (8 States)

¦	FHWA HPMS data summaries

¦	By roadway type and State

¦	By roadway type and Urban Area

¦	Nationally by Vehicle Type

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

VMT Approach

Distributions of VMT by roadway type, vehicle
type, by hour of day can be applied directly to
VMT or included within MOBILE 6 input files

Also need to have speeds matched to
roadway types either as average speeds or as
speed distributions by speed ranges

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 3 - Onroad Mobile Sources


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Level of Detail of VMT Data

By county

By roadway type (or link level)
By vehicle type
Appropriate time period

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Calculating Onroad Emissions

¦ Match VMT to corresponding MOBILE 6
emission factor

¦ Map according to speed, roadway type (RT),
vehicle TYPE (VT), time period

Emis= VMT * EF * K

¦	Emis = emissions in tons by RT, VT

¦	VMT = vehicle miles traveled on RT by VT in
miles

¦	EF = emission factor in grams/mile by RT, VT

¦	K = conversion factor

Additional Resources

User's Guide to MOBILE6.1 and MOBILE6.2: Mobile
Source Emission Factor Model, EPA420-R-02-028,
October 2002

http://www.epa.gov/otaq/m6.htm
MOBILE6.1 Particulate Emission Factor Model
Technical Description, Draft, EPA420-R-02-012,
March 2002

http://www.epa.gov/OMS/models/mobile6/r02012.pdf
Links to MOBILE6 Training Materials

http://www.epa.g0v/0taq/m6.htm#m6train

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 3 - Onroad Mobile Sources	3 - 4


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Preparation of Fine Particulate
Emissions Inventories

Chapter 4 - Nonroad Mobile Sources

What Sources are Included?

SCCs (4-digit SCC denotes engine type)

2260xxxxxx

2-Stroke Gasoline

2265xxxxxx

4-Stroke Gasoline

2267xxxxxx

Liquefied Petroleum Gasoline (LPG)

2268xxxxxx

Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)

2270xxxxxx

Diesel

Two exceptions



2282xxxxxx

Recreational Marine

2285xxxxxx

Railroad Maintenance

4-2

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

What Sources are Included? (cont.)

Equipment Category (7-digit SCC denotes equipment)

• Airport ground support

• Logging

• Agricultural

~ Recreational marine

• Construction

vessels

• Industrial

• Recreational equipment

• Commercial

• Oilfield

~ Residential/commercial

• Underground mining

Lawn and garden

• Railway maintenance

10-digit SCC generally denotes specific application within

equipment category



4-3

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 4 - Nonroad Mobile Sources


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What Sources are Included? (cont.)

Pollutants

¦ PM10-PRI, PM2.5-PRI, CO, NOx, VOC, S02, and
C02

¦	PM10 and PM2 5 emission factors represent Primary PM

¦	NH3 not a direct output of NONROAD, can be estimated
based on fuel consumption and EPA emission factors
derived from light-duty on road vehicle emission
measurements

¦	Model estimates exhaust and evaporative VOC
components

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

NONROAD Model Emission Equation



lexh=Eexh*A*L*P*N

where: /exh =

Exhaust emissions, (ton/year)

^exh ~~

Exhaust emission factor, (ton/hp-hr)

A

Equipment activity, (hours/year)

L

Load factor, (proportion of rated power



used on average basis)

P

Average rated power for modeled engines, (hp)

N

Equipment population

4-5

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

NONROAD Model
Emission Equation (cont.)

Emission Factors

¦	Dependent on engine type and engine size
(horsepower)

Future year emission controls or standards reflected in
emission factor value

¦	S02, C02, and evaporative VOC emissions based
on fuel consumption

¦	PM10 assumed to be equivalent to total PM

For gasoline and diesel-fueled engines, PM2 5 = 0.92 *
PM10

For LPG and CNG-fueled engines, PM25 = PM10

Chapter 4 - Nonroad Mobile Sources

4-2


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Geographic Allocation

County-level allocation of equipment
population

¦	National or state-level equipment populations from
PSR or alternate sources, reported by equipment
type (SCC) and horsepower range

¦	Allocates populations to counties using surrogate
indicators that correlate with nonroad activity for
specific equipment types

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Temporal Allocation

NONROAD accounts for temporal variations
in activity

¦	Monthly activity profiles by equipment category
according to 10 geographic regions

¦	Typical weekday and weekend day activity profiles
by equipment category; do not vary by region

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Improving Inputs

Specify local fuel characteristics and ambient
temperatures

Replace NONROAD model default activity
inputs with State or local inputs
¦ Perform local survey

Obtain local information to improve
geographic allocation indicators and temporal
profiles

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 4 - Nonroad Mobile Sources

4-3


-------
Improving Inputs (cont.)

Significant PM Fine Equipment Categories
include:

¦	Diesel construction

¦	Diesel farm

¦	Diesel industrial

¦	Gasoline lawn and garden

¦	Gasoline recreational marine

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Resources

http://www.epa.gov/otaq/nonrdmdl.htm

From this web site, there are links to:

¦	Downloadable version of NONROAD2002a
model

¦	Documentation

User's Guide

Technical Reports to describe the sources and
development of all model default input values

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

AIRCRAFT - Overview

SCCs

¦	2275020000 - Commercial Aircraft

¦	2275050000 - General Aviation

¦	2275060000 - Air Taxis

¦	2275001000 - Military Aircraft
Activity Data - landing and take-off
operations (LTOs)

Emission Factors - aircraft/engine-specific
or fleet average

Chapter 4 - Nonroad Mobile Sources

4-4


-------
AIRCRAFT - Overview (cont.)

Definitions of Aircraft Categories:

¦	Commercial - Aircraft used for scheduled service
to transport passengers, freight, or both

¦	Air taxis - Smaller aircraft operating on a more
limited basis to transport passengers and freight

¦	General aviation - aircraft used on an
unscheduled basis for recreational flying, personal
transportation, and other activities, including
business travel

¦	Military aircraft - aircraft used to support military
operations

AIRCRAFT - Overview (cont.)

Aircraft operations are defined by landing and
take-off operation (LTO) cycles, consisting of
five specific modes:

¦	Approach

¦	Taxi/idle-in

¦	Taxi/idle-out

¦	Take-off

¦	Climb-out

The operation time in each of these modes (TIM)
is dependent on the aircraft category, local
meteorological conditions, and airport
operational considerations	

COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT

NEI Method	

Activity/Emissions Developed at National
Level

¦ Commercial Aircraft Emissions

¦	Calculated using national-level FAA LTO data by aircraft
type and emission rates from Emissions and Dispersion
Modeling System (EDMS) Version 4.0.

¦	Used default engines for each aircraft type and default
time-in-mode values.

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 4 - Nonroad Mobile Sources

4-5


-------
General Aviation, Air Taxi and

Military Aircraft -

NEI Method

¦ National Emissions for General Aviation, Air

Taxi, and Military Aircraft calculated using

equation:



National Emissionscp = National LTOsc * EFcp

where: LTOs =

landing and take-off operations;

EF

emission factor;

c =

aircraft category; and

P

criteria pollutant.

4-16

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

General Aviation, Air Taxi and
Military Aircraft - NEI Method (cont.)

LTO-based PM Emission Factors

¦	General Aviation

¦	PM10-PRI: 0.2367 Ibs/LTO

¦	Air Taxi and Military Aircraft

¦	PM10-PRI: 0.60333 Ibs/LTO

¦	PM2.5-PRI Emissions

¦	Estimated by applying particle size multiplier developed
for related engines to PM10 emissions estimate

¦	PM2.5-PRI = 0.92 * PM10-PRI

AIRCRAFT - NEI Method

National Emissions Allocation for Each
Aircraft Category

Airport Emissions,. = National Emissionsc *

AF

™c,p,x

where: AF = allocation factor; and

x = airport (e.g. La Guardia)
c = aircraft category; and
p = criteria pollutant.

AFCX = LTOsc/National LTOsc

4-18	Preparati on of Fin e Particul ate Emissi on s I nventori es

Chapter 4 - Nonroad Mobile Sources

4-6


-------
AIRCRAFT - NEI Method (cont.)

Documentation on the procedures used to
develop criteria pollutant (as well as HAP)
aircraft emission estimates is available at:

ftp://ftp.epa.gov/Emislnventory/finalnei99ver3/
criteria/documentation/nonroad/
99nonroad_voli_oct2003.pdf

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

AIRCRAFT - General Approach

Determine the mixing height to be used to
define the LTO cycle

Define the fleet make-up for each airport

Determine airport activity in terms of the
number of LTOs by aircraft/engine type

Select emission factors for each engine model
associated with the aircraft fleet

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

AIRCRAFT - General Approach (cont.)

Estimate the time-in-mode (TIM) for the
aircraft fleet at each airport

Calculate emissions based on aircraft LTOs,
emission factors for each aircraft engine
model, and estimated aircraft TIM

Aggregate the emissions across aircraft

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 4 - Nonroad Mobile Sources


-------
COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT
Improvements to NEI

Determine engine types associated with local
aircraft types, to replace default
aircraft/engine assignments in EDMS

Obtain information on climb-out, takeoff,
approach times, as well as taxi/idle times

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT

Improvements to NEI (cont.)

For PM10 and PM25, match few emission
factors from EPA's 1992 Volume IV, Mobile
Sources Procedures document, to the
aircraft engines in their fleet as best as
possible

EPA OTAQ working with FAAto develop
updated aircraft PM emission factors

Regional inventories have used PM-10/NOX
emission factor ratios for air taxi applied to
commercial aircraft NOx emissions

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

GA, A T and Military Aircraft
Improvements to NEI

Obtain local estimates of LTOs for these
categories (to obtain LTOs not covered by
FAA data)

Obtain information on the aircraft/engine types
that comprise the aircraft fleet for these
categories. Apply EPA engine-specific
emission factors or EDMS, if available

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 4 - Nonroad Mobile Sources

4-8


-------
COMMERCIAL MARINE VESSELS
Overview	

Commercial Marine Vessel SCCs

¦	2280002100- Diesel, In Port

¦	2280002200 - Diesel, Underway

¦	2280003100- Residual, In Port

¦	2280003200 - Residual, Underway

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

COMMERCIAL MARINE VESSELS
NEI Method	

National Diesel and Residual Emissions split
into port and underway components

Port and underway activity allocated
separately, assigned to counties

Port emissions assigned to a single county in
port area

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

COMMERCIAL MARINE VESSELS
NEI Method (cont.)	

Documentation on the procedures used to
develop criteria pollutant (as well as HAP)
commercial marine emission estimates is
available at:

ftp://ftp.epa.gov/Emislnventory/finalnei99ver3/
criteria/documentation/nonroad/99nonroadvoli
_oct2003.pdf

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 4 - Nonroad Mobile Sources

4-9


-------
COMMERCIAL MARINE VESSELS
Improvements to NEI	

Review 1999 NEI emission estimates for
representativeness

Allocate port emissions to ports other than
150 largest

Allocate port emissions to appropriate
counties, since port emissions assigned to a
single county in port area

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

COMMERCIAL MARINE VESSELS
Improvements to NEI (cont.)	

Obtain activity estimates at the local or State-
level from Department of Transportation, Port
Authority

¦	Fuel consumption

¦	Categories of vessels

¦	Number and size (hp) of vessels in each category

¦	Number of hours at each time-in-mode

¦	Cruising

¦	Reduced speed zone

¦	Maneuvering

¦	Hotelling

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

COMMERCIAL MARINE VESSELS
Emission Calculation



Emissions = Pop * HP * LF * ACT * EF

where:



Pop

= Vessel Population or Ship Calls

HP

= Average Power (hp)

LF

= Load Factor (fraction of available power)

ACT

= Activity (hrs)

EF

= Emission Factor (g/hp-hr)

4-30

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 4 - Nonroad Mobile Sources


-------
COMMERCIAL MARINE VESSELS
Activity	

1999 EPA studies:

¦ Commercial Marine Activity for Deep Sea Ports in

the United States
• Commercial Marine Activity for Great Lake and
Inland River Ports in the United States

Studies provide activity profiles for select
ports, and present method for an inventory
preparer to allocate detailed time-in-mode
activity data from a typical port to another
similar port

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

COMMERCIAL MARINE VESSELS
Activity (cont.)	

Activity profiles for typical port include:

¦	Number of vessels in each category

¦	Vessel Characterization, including propulsion size
(horsepower), capacity tonnage, and engine age

¦	Number of hours at each time-in-mode associated
with cruising, reduced speed zone, maneuvering,
and hotelling

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

COMMERCIAL MARINE VESSELS
Activity (cont.)

Data on the number of trips and the tons of
cargo handled by vessel type are provided for
the top 95 Deep Sea Ports and top 60 Great
Lake and Inland River Ports

More detailed activity for these ports can then
be estimated based on the data calculated for
a typical port

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 4 - Nonroad Mobile Sources


-------
COMMERCIAL MARINE VESSELS
Emission Factors	

Depending on activity data obtained:

¦	Horsepower-based emission factors

¦	Fuel-based emission factors

EPA performing studies to develop updated
emission rates

¦	Category 3 Engine Final Rulemaking, January
2003

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

COMMERCIAL MARINE VESSELS
Emission Factors (cont.)	

PM10-PRI EFs for Category 1 and Category 2
Engines:

Engine Category

PM10 [g/kW-hr]

Category 1: 37-75 kW

0.90

Category 1: 75-225 kW

0.40

Category 1: 225+kW

0.30

Category 2 (5-30 l/cylinder)

0.32

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

COMMERCIAL MARINE VESSELS
Emission Factors (cont.)	

PM10-PRI EFs for Category 3 Engines (> 30
l/cylinder):

Mode: Engine

PM10 [g/kW-hr]

Cruise and Reduced Speed Zone: 2-stroke

1.73

Cruise and Reduced Speed Zone: 4-stroke

1.76

Maneuvering: 2-stroke

2.91

Maneuvering: 4-stroke

2.98

Hotelling: 2-stroke

0.32

Hotelling: 4-stroke

0.32

All Modes: Steam Generators

2.49

Chapter 4 - Nonroad Mobile Sources


-------
COMMERCIAL MARINE VESSELS
Emission Factors (cont.)	

Emission factors in grams per gallon fuel
consumed also available from Procedures for
Emission Inventory Preparation, Volume IV:
Mobile Sources, EPA-450/4-81-026d
(Revised), U.S. EPA, OAQPS, July 1989

PM2.5-PRI = 0.92 * PM10-PRI emissions

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

LOCOMOTIVES
Overview

SCCs:





¦ 2285002006-

Diesel

Class I Line Haul

¦ 2285002007-

Diesel

Class ll/lll Line Haul

¦ 2285002008-

Diesel

Passenger (Amtrak)

¦ 2285002009-

Diesel

Commuter

¦ 2285002010-

Diesel

Switchyard Locomotives

4-38



Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

LOCOMOTIVES
NEI Methods

PM Emission Factors (represent Primary PM)

¦	Line-Haul

¦	PM10: 6.7 g/gallon

' P^2.5: 6.03 g/gallon

¦	Yard

¦	PM10: 9.2 g/gallon

' P^2.5: 8-28 g/gallon

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 4 - Nonroad Mobile Sources

4-13


-------
LOCOMOTIVES
NEI Methods (cont.)

Activity Data (Gallons of distillate fuel oil

consumed)

National Activity

¦	1999 year U.S. distillate consumption by railroads

¦	Class I

¦	Class I l/l 11

¦	Passenger

¦	Commuter

Class I Line-Haul versus Yard (Switch)
Operation Activity

¦	Multiplied National Class I consumption by
estimated line-haul percentage of total fuel
consumption	

'0	Preparati on of Fin e Particul ate Emissi on s I nventori es

LOCOMOTIVES
NEI Methods (cont.)

County-level emissions allocation

¦	National emissions allocated to counties based on
ratio of county to national rail activity

¦	Rail activity measured as product of density (gross
ton miles per mile) on each rail line and mileage
for the associated rail line in county determined
through GIS analysis

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

LOCOMOTIVES
NEI Methods (cont.)

Detailed documentation on the procedures
used to develop criteria pollutant locomotive
emission estimates for the 1999 NEI are
available at:

ftp://ftp.epa.gov/Emislnventory/finalnei99ver3/
criteria/documentation/nonroad/
99nonroad_voli_oct2003.pdf

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 4 - Nonroad Mobile Sources

4-14


-------
LOCOMOTIVES
Improving the NEI

Review NEI emission estimates for
representativeness

Obtain more representative fuel consumption
estimates at the local or State-level

Determine relative contribution of line-haul
versus yard activity at local or State-level

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

LOCOMOTIVES
Case Study - Overview

Case Study: County-level Locomotive
Inventory for Sedgwick County, KS

¦ See Case Study Number 4-1

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

LOCOMOTIVES
Case Study - Solution

Case Study: County-level Locomotive
Inventory for Sedgwick County, KS

¦ See Handout 4-1

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 4 - Nonroad Mobile Sources


-------
Preparation of Fine Particulate
Emissions Inventories

Chapter 5 - Point Source Inventory
Development



How Do I Define a Point Source of PM

Fine or NH3 Emissions?

Point sources are stationary sources included
in a point source inventory

Total plant (facility) emissions for a given
pollutant is usually the criterion for deciding
what sources to include in a point source
inventory

Criteria for including a stationary source in a
point source inventory are determined by:

¦	State, Local, or Tribal regulations or policy, and/or

¦	Consolidated Emissions Reporting Rule (CERR)

Filterable vs. Condensable

Filterable PM are directly emitted

¦	Solid or liquid

¦	Captured on filter

¦	PM„. or PM25

Condensable PM is in vapor phase at stack
conditions

¦	Reacts upon cooling and dilution

¦	Forms solid or liquid particle

¦	Always PM25 or less

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 5 - Point Source Inventory
Development


-------
Sources of Filterable versus
Condensible Emissions

Combustion sources typically emit both
filterable and condensible PM emissions

¦	Boilers

¦	Furnaces/kilns

¦	Internal combustion engines (reciprocating &
turbines)

Fugitive dust sources emit filterable emissions
only

¦	Storage piles

¦	Unpaved roads at industrial sites

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Primary vs. Secondary PM

Primary PM is directly emitted and the sum of
filterable and condensable
Secondary PM is formed through chemical
reactions and formed downwind of the source

¦	Precursors include S02, NOx, and VOC

¦	Should not be reported in the inventory

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Sources of NH3 Emissions

Industrial NH3 emissions can be placed into 3
broad categories related to the nature of the
emissions source:

¦	Emissions from industrial processes

¦	Use of NH3 as a reagent in NOx control

¦	Refrigeration losses

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 5 - Point Source Inventory
Development


-------
Sources of NH3 Emissions (cont.)

Examples of industrial processes that emit
NH3 include:

¦	Combustion sources

¦	Ammonium nitrate & ammonium phosphate
production

¦	Petroleum refining

¦	Pulp and paper production

¦	Beet Sugar Production

These industrial processes represent the
more significant emitters of NH3 in 2000
Toxics Release Inventory (TRI)

Resources for Identifying Point Sources
of PM Fine and NH3

El IP Point Source Guidance (Volume II)

¦	List documents applicable to PM fine categories
AP-42

Existing Inventories

¦	National Emissions Inventory

¦	Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) for NH3

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

What to Report to EPA

PM2.5-PRI (or PM2.5- FIL & PM-CON
individually)

¦ Note that all PM-CON is assumed to be PM25
size fraction

PM10-PRI (or PM10-FIL & PM-CON
individually)

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 5 - Point Source Inventory
Development


-------
Implications

Use the NIF 3.0 PM pollutant code extensions
that identify the forms of PM (i.e., -PRI, -FIL,
or-CON)

Verify the form of the PM:

¦	Emission factors you use to calculate emissions;
and

¦	PM emissions facilities report to you.

Update your database management system to
record these pollutant codes in NIF 3.0

How Do I Identify the PM Form?

Test Methods upon which emission factors or
emissions are based determine the form of
PM:

¦	PM-FIL:

¦	EPA Reference Method 5 series, Method 17, Method
201/201A

¦	PM10-FIL/PM2.5-FI L:

¦	Particles-size analysis of PM-FIL (e.g., AP-42 EFs)

¦	Preliminary Method 4 being developed by EPA to
measure both

¦	PM-CON:

¦	EPA Reference Method 202	

AP-42 Particle Size Data

Provides particle size distribution data and
particle-size-specific emission factors

¦ Use AP-42 if source-specific data are not
available

¦	Use data in chapters for specific source categories first

¦	Use Appendix B-1 data next

¦	Use Appendix B-2 data last

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 5 - Point Source Inventory
Development


-------
AP-42 Particle Size Data (cont.)

¦	AP-42 chapters not always clear on what source
test methods were used to develop particle size
data

See background documents for AP-42 chapters for
details

¦	AP-42 available on EPA/OQAPS CHIEF web site

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

AP-42 Particle Size Data (cont.)

Appendix B-1 (Particle Size Distribution Data
and Sized Emission Factors for Selected
Sources)

¦	Based on documented emission data available for
specific processes

Appendix B-2 (Generalized Particle Size
Distributions)

¦	Based on data for similar processes generating
emissions from similar materials

¦	Generic distributions are approximations

¦	Use only in absence of source-specific
distributions

Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE)
Data System

Latest version available was last updated
October 2000 (Version 6.23)

Currently being updated to:

¦	Incorporate revisions to 10 AP-42 chapters

¦	Add more PM10-FIL, PM25-FIL, and PM-CON
emission factors

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 5 - Point Source Inventory
Development


-------
PM Calculator

EPA tool for calculating

uncontrolled/controlled filterable PM25 and

PM10 emissions using AP-42 particle size

distributions

For point sources only

Contains 2,359 SCCs with PM10 emissions

in 1996 NEI

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

PM Calculator (cont.)

Limitations

¦	AP-42 particle size data not available for many
sources; generic AP-42 profiles are used for
many source categories

Available on EPA/OQAPS CHIEF web site

¦	http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/software/index.html

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Point & Area Source Emissions
Inventory (El) Overlap Issues
¦ For categories included in Point and Area Els:

¦	Subtract total point activity from total state activity
to obtain total area activity

Total Area Activity = Total Activity - S Total Point
Activity

Example for Fuel Combustion Sources:

¦	Point activity: fuel throughput from point source El
survey

¦	Total activity: fuel throughput from State/local gov.
agencies or U.S. DOE/EIA State Energy Data
reports	

Chapter 5 - Point Source Inventory
Development


-------
Point & Area Source El Overlap Issues
(cont.)

Basis of Point Source Subtraction

¦	Activity-based calculation is preferred

¦	Emissions-based calculation is acceptable when
activity is not available:

¦	Total source category activity and point activity need to
be on same control level (usually uncontrolled)

¦	Back-calculation of uncontrolled emissions for controlled
processes may overstate uncontrolled emissions

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Point & Area Source El Overlap Issues
(cont.)

Geographic level of calculation may affect

results:

¦	Issue when using surrogate activity data (e.g.,
employment, housing, population) to allocate total
State activity to counties

¦	Subtracting county totals may produce negative
results due to inaccuracy of allocation method

¦	Subtracting State totals less likely to produce
negative results at county level

¦	Point source adjustments to surrogate allocation
data (e.g., employment) should be done if
available from point El survey

Point & Area Source El Overlap Issues
(cont.)

QA/QC Results

¦	Review county-level area source estimates for
reasonableness

¦	Make adjustments based on experience of your
agency's personnel:

¦	If allocation method places area source activity in a
county for which you know there is no activity, exclude
the county from your allocation

¦	If all of a county's activity is covered by the point El, set
the activity for the county to zero

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

5 - Point Source Inventory


-------
Point & Area Source El Overlap Issues
(cont.)

Reporting of small point sources in area

CERR submittal:

¦	If your point El includes sources with emissions
below the CERR point El reporting thresholds, you
may include the emissions for these small sources
in the area El

¦	To avoid double counting in the area El, subtract
total point source activity or emissions from total
State-level activity or emissions before rolling up
emissions for small point sources to be included in
your area El

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Reading List

Stationary Source Control Techniques Document for Fine
Particulate Matter, EPA/OAQPS, Oct. 1998

(http://www.epa.gov/ttn/oarpg/t1/meta/m32050.html)
Emission Inventory Guidance for Implementation of Ozone
and Particulate Matter National Ambient Air Quality
Standards (NAAQS) AND Regional Haze Regulations,
EPA/OAQPS

(http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/eidocs/publications.html)
Introduction to Stationary Point Source Emission Inventory
Development, El IP Vol. 2, Chapter I, May 2001
How to Incorporate Effects of Air Pollution Control Device
Efficiencies and Malfunctions into Emission Inventory
Estimates, El IP Vol. 2, Chapter 12, July 2000

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 5 - Point Source Inventory
Development


-------
Preparation of Fine Particulate
Emissions Inventories

Chapter 6 - Nonpoint Sources

* w

How Do I Identify and Estimate Nonpoint
Sources of PM Fine or NH3 Emissions?

The nonpoint source inventory includes any
stationary source that is not included in the
point source inventory

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

How Do I Identify and Estimate Nonpoint
Sources of PM Fine or NH3 Emissions? (cont.)

El IP Area Source Guidance (Volume III)

¦	Lists PM fine categories for which El IP guidance is
available

AP-42

Existing inventories

¦	National Emission Inventory (NEI)

¦	Toxics Release Inventory (TRI)

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 6 - Nonpoint Sources


-------
How Do I Identify and Estimate Nonpoint
Sources ofPM Fine or NH3 Emissions? (cont.)

El IP Area Source Guidance (Volume III) for
Sources of PM Emissions

¦	Chapter 2: Residential Wood Combustion,

Revised Final, Jan. 2001

¦	Chapter 16: Open Burning, Revised Final, Jan.

2001

¦	Chapter 18: Structure Fires, Revised Final, Jan.
2001

¦	Chapter 24: Conducting Surveys for Area Source
Categories, Dec. 2000

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

How Do I Identify and Estimate Nonpoint
Sources ofPM Fine or NH3 Emissions? (cont.)

Area Source Category Method Abstracts for
Sources of PM Emissions

¦	Charbroiling, Dec. 2000

¦	Vehicle Fires, May 2000

¦	Residential and Commercial/Institutional Coal
Combustion, April 1999

¦	Fuel Oil and Kerosene Combustion, April 1999

¦	Natural Gas and Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
Combustion, July 1999

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

PM 1-Pagers: Nonpoint Sources

PM 1-Pagers: Overview

¦	Location: PM Resource Center

¦	Web site:

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/eiip/pm25inventory/areasour
ce.html

¦	Purpose:

¦	Summarize nonpoint source NEI methods for specific
categories of PM10, PM2 5, and NH3

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

6 - Nonpoint Sources


-------
PM 1-Pagers: Nonpoint Sources (cont.)

¦ Contents:

¦	Source Category Name, SCC

¦	Pollutants of Most Concern

¦	Current NEI Methodology

¦	How can States, Locals, and Tribes improve
upon methodology?

¦	Uncertainties/Shortcomings of Current Methods

¦	Activity Variables Used to Calculate Emissions:

¦	Current Variables/Assumptions Used

¦	Suggestions for Improved Variables

¦	Where can I find Additional Information and
Guidance?

¦	References

PM 1-Pagers: Nonpoint Sources (cont.)
Open Burning

¦	Residential Yard Waste (Leaves) and Household
Waste

¦	Residential, Nonresidential, and Road
Construction Land Clearing Waste

¦	Structure Fires

¦	Wldfires & Prescribed Burning

¦	Managed Burning - Slash

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

PM 1-Pagers: Nonpoint Sources (cont.)

Fugitive Dust

¦	Paved and Unpaved Roads

¦	Residential Construction

¦	Mining and Quarrying

Residential Combustion - Fireplaces and
Woodstoves

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

6 - Nonpoint Sources


-------
Typical Source Categories of Filterable
PM Emissions

Fugitive Dust Sources (Crustal PM Fine)

¦	Construction

¦	Mining and quarrying

¦	Paved/unpaved roads

¦	Agricultural tilling

¦	Beef cattle feedlots

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Typical Categories of Filterable and
Condensible PM Emissions

Open Burning Sources (Carbonaceous PM
Fine)

¦	Open burning

Residential municipal solid waste burning

Yard waste burning

Land clearing debris burning

¦	Structure fires

¦	Prescribed fires

¦	Wildfires

¦	Agricultural field burning

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Typical Categories of Filterable and
Condensable PM Emissions (cont.)

External/Internal Fuel Combustion
(Carbonaceous PM Fine):

¦	Residential wood combustion

¦	Other residential fuel combustion

¦	Industrial fuel combustion

¦	Commercial/institutional fuel combustion

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

6 - Nonpoint Sources


-------
Typical Source Categories of
NH3 Emissions

Typical source categories of NH3 emissions
include:

¦	Animal husbandry

¦	Agricultural fertilizer application

¦	Agricultural fertilizer manufacturing

¦	Wastewater treatment

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

How Do I Estimate Emissions?

Emissions data prepared and reported by
Source Classification Code (SCC)

¦	10-digit SCC defines an nonpoint emission source

¦	EPA SCCs located at:
http://www.epa.g0v/ttn/chief/codes/index.html#scc

Report actual emissions; not allowable or
potential emissions

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

How Do I Estimate Emissions? (cont.)

Calculate emissions using:

¦	Activity data

¦	Emission factors

¦	Control efficiency data

¦	Rule effectiveness/rule penetration
Follow EIIP methods when available

¦	Provides preferred and alternative methods for
collecting activity data and use of emission factors

¦	Improve on existing inventory methods

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

6 - Nonpoint Sources


-------
How Do I Estimate Emissions? (cont.)

Emission estimation equation:

CAEa= (EFa)(Q) [(1- (CE)(RP)(RE)]

CAEa = Controlled nonpoint source emissions of
pollutant A

EFa = Uncontrolled emission factor for pollutant A
Q = Category activity
CE = % Control efficiency/100
RE = % Rule effectiveness/100
RP =% Rule penetration/100

How Do I Estimate Emissions? (cont.)

Obtain activity data from:

¦	Published sources of data

¦ National, regional, or state-level activity data often
require allocation to counties using county-level
surrogate indicator data

¦	Survey performed to obtain local estimate of
activity

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

How Do I Estimate Emissions? (cont.)

Sources of PM and NH3 emission factors

¦	Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) System
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/software/fire/index.html

¦	AP-42

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/index.html

¦	Emission factor ratios

PM2 5 emissions calculated from PM10 emissions using
ratio of PM25-to-PM10 emission factors

¦	State or local emission factors are preferred

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

6 - Nonpoint Sources


-------
How Do I Estimate Emissions? (cont.)

Control efficiency (CE)

¦	Percentage value representing the amount of a
source category's emissions that are controlled by
a control device, process change, reformulation, or
management practice

¦	Typically represented as the weighted average
control for an nonpoint source category

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

How Do I Estimate Emissions? (cont.)

Rule effectiveness (RE)

¦	Adjustment to CE to account for failures and
uncertainties that affect the actual performance of
the control

Rule penetration (RP)

¦	Percentage of the nonpoint source category that is
covered by the applicable regulation or is
expected to be complying with the regulation

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Spatial and Temporal Allocation

Available national, regional, or state-level
activity data often require allocation to
counties or subcounties using surrogate
indicators

S/L/T agencies should review estimates
developed in this manner (e.g., NEI) for
representativeness

Available temporal profiles to estimate
seasonal, monthly, or daily emissions for
specific categories may be limited
States are encouraged to reflect local patterns
of activity in their emission inventories

6 - Nonpoint Sources


-------
El Development Approaches

Approaches Available to State, Local, and
Tribal (S/L/T) Agencies:

¦S/L/T Agency develops its own inventory following
EIIP procedures

¦Compare S/L/T activity data and assumptions to
NEI Defaults - Use S/L/T data to replace NEI
defaults if data will improve estimates

¦Use NEI default estimates

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Triage Approach to Improving the El

¦ Consider each NEI Category - Is it important ?

¦	What's its potential impact on AQ, considering
emissions, receptor modeling & other available info

¦	May give some weight to emission reductions
potential

If yes, focus improvement efforts on the

important categories

Review the available guidance (Course

materials, one pagers, EIIP guidance)

Decide what is feasible in the near and long

term

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Crustal Materials (Mainly Fugitive Dust)

Main Sources:

¦	Un paved roads

¦	Agricultural tilling

¦	Construction

¦	Windblown dust, Fly ash

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 6 - Nonpoint Sources


-------
Crustal Materials (Mainly Fugitive Dust)

(cont.)	

Huge Disparity Between El & Ambient Data

¦	Ambient Data

< 1 ug/m3 in most of US

Exception: > 1 ug/m3 in much of Southwest, California

¦	Emissions: 2.5M TPY (comparable to Carbon
Emissions)

Fugitive Dust has low "Transportable Fraction"

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Fugitive Dust Emissions in VISTAS
States







s Inventories



TN

SC
NC
MS

GA
FL
AL

Primary PM2.5 from Fugitive Dust

0





1 w, |

—141.6

S.6





' 1 Xh *

M? A





	1	

	





—'—

8.7





124.2

0 10.0 20.0 30.0

% of PM2.5 Primary Emissions from

0 5C
ugitive Dust

.0 6C

6-26

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissio

Urban (EPA STN) Annual Averages
Sep 2001-Aug 2002



£

^ • -





-v.. W?

TCM = Total Carbonaceous Matter

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 6 - Nonpoint Sources


-------
Role of Surface Cover (Vegetation &
Structures) in Fugitive Dust Removal

Early work by AQ Modelers

¦	Stilling Zone - Lower 3/4 of canopy
Windbreaks - wind erosion "staple"

¦	Traditionally to slow wind on leeward side

¦	Research by Raupach

¦	Entrapment effects

¦	Dust transmittance through a windbreak is close to the
optical transmittance

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Role of Surface Cover (Vegetation &
Structures) in Fugitive Dust Removal (cont.)
Capture Fraction (CF)

¦	Portion of Fugitive Dust Emissions (FD) removed by
nearby surface cover

Transport Fraction (TF)

¦	Portion that is transported from the source area

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Capture Fraction ~ Conceptual Model
and Field Measurement Results

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 6 - Nonpoint Sources

6-10


-------
Estimates of CF for Specific Surface
Conditions

Surface Cover Type

CF (Estimated)

Smooth, Barren or Water

0.03-0.1

Agricultural

0.1 - 0.2

Grasses

0.2 - 0.3

Scrub and Sparsely Wooded

0.3 - 0.5

Urban

o

<£>
O

Forested

0.9-1.0

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Example CF's for Counties in NV & GA

CF (County) = £ CF (Land Use Types) *
County Fractional Land Use
¦Types

¦TF = 1 - CF

bind

Uso
Type

Barren
&

Wat er

Agri-
culture

Grass

Urban

Scrub
& Sparse
Vegetation

Forest

CF

TF

CF

.03

.15

.2

G

.3

.95





Fractional
Land Uat in
Churchill
Co NV

.33

.03

.2

0

,36

.05

0.23

0.77

Fractional
Land Uf« in
©oltthorp*
Co GA

0

.1

.14

0

0

.76

0.7S

0.24

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Fugitive Dust Modeling Issues

Gaussian Models

¦	Have many CF removal mechanisms built-in

¦	rarely utilized

¦	Application requires empirical coefficients ~

¦	limited data & guidance

Grid Models

¦	Remix particles w/in lowest layer at each time step
(underestimates removal by gravitational settling)

¦	Ignore removal processes in initial grid

¦	Very significant omission (unless grid is VERY small)

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 6 - Nonpoint Sources

6-11


-------
Cautions on Use of the TF in Emissions
Inventory & Modeling Applications

Do NOT use to reduce the emissions

inventory

Do NOT use with Gaussian Models

¦	Instead, use features of model properly

Use with Grid Models (with proper caveats)

¦	There ARE other issues with the inventory - the
TF concept should NOT be expected to fully
account for overestimation of crustal fraction of
ambient measurements

TF concept is evolving

¦	Grid Model modifications could (over time)
eliminate need for TF concept

Crustal Materials ~ Conclusions

Crustal materials are a relatively small part of
PM2.5 in the ambient air
Fugitive dust is released near the ground and
surface features often capture the dust near
its source

The Capture / Transport Fraction concept
does provide a useful way to account for near
source removal when used with Grid Models

¦	This area of research offers many opportunities to
improve model performance

¦	There is much work to do to refine the concept

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 6 - Nonpoint Sources

6-12


-------
Preparation of Fine Particulate
Emissions Inventories

Chapter 7 - Fugitive Dust Area Sources

AGRICULTURAL TILLING
Overview

see

¦	2801000003
Pollutants

¦	Filterable PM10, PM25

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

AGRICULTURAL TILLING

NEI Method	

Activity Data (no. of acres of land tilled)
¦ 1998 County-Level Activity Data

Acres of crops tilled in each county by crop type and by
tilling method obtained from CTIC
Five tilling methods include:

¦	no till

¦	mulch till

¦	ridge till

¦	0 to 15 percent residue

¦	15 to 30 percent residue

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 7 - Fugitive Dust Area Sources


-------
AGRICULTURAL TILLING

NEI Method (cont.)	

Emission Factor (mass of TSP per acre tilled)
¦ Emission factor comprises:

¦	Constant of 4.8 lbs/acre pass

¦	Silt content of the surface soil

¦	Number of tillings per year (conservation and
conventional use)

¦	Particle size multiplier for PM10 and PM2 5

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

AGRICULTURAL TILLING
NEI Method (cont.)

Emission Factor (cont.)

¦ Silt content

Soil Tvoe

Silt Content (%)

Silt Loam



52

Sandy Loam

33



Sand

12



Loamy Sand

12



Clay

29



Clay Loam

29



Organic Material



10-82

Loam

40



¦ Soil types assigned to counties by comparing
USDA surface soil and county maps

AGRICULTURAL TILLING
NEI Method (cont.)

Emission Factor (cont.)
¦ Number of Tillings

Crop

C onse rvat ion Use

Conventional Use

Corn

Spring Wheat
Rice

Fall-Seeded Small Grain

Soybeans

Cotton

S orghum

F orage

P ermanent P as ture
Other Crops
F allow

2
1

1
1
1
1

6

5

5

6
8
6
3

3



Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

7 - Fugitive Dust Area Sources


-------
AGRICULTURAL TILLING
NEI Method (cont.)

¦ Emission Calculation



E = c * k * s0-6 * p * a

where: E
c
k

s

P
a

PM emissions, lbs per year
constant 4.8 Ibs/acre-pass
dimensionless particle size multiplier (PM10= 0.21;
PM25= 0.042)

silt content of surface soil, defined as the mass
fraction of particles smaller than 75 |jm diameter
found in soil to a depth of 10 cm (%)
number of passes or tillings in a year
acres of land tilled

7-7

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

AGRICULTURAL TILLING

NEI Method (cont.)	

Emission equation used for years prior to 1999
For 1999/2002, number of acres tilled for each
of the five tillage types was estimated based on
linear interpolation of national-level data
available for 1998 and 1999/2002
Developed national growth factors by tillage
type for 1999/2002, using 1998 as basis
Growth factors applied to county level
emissions for 1998 to estimate county level
emissions for 1999/2002
Assumed no controls

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

AGRICULTURAL TILLING

Improving the NEI

Use crop-specific acreage and tilling
practice data from state/local agencies
Use state/local emission factors
Perform field study to determine local silt
content percentage of surface soil
Crop Calendars: Develop using state/local
data to determine time and frequency of
activities (e.g., land prep., planting, and
tilling)

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 7 - Fugitive Dust Area Sources


-------
California Air Resources Board (CARB)
Study

Reference

¦	Computing Agricultural PM10 Fugitive Dust Emissions
Using Process Specific Emission Rates and GIS,
Patrick Gaffney and Hong Yu, CARB

¦	Presented at 12th International Emission Inventory
Conference, San Diego, CA, April 29 May 1, 2003

¦	Paper and slides available in PDF files:
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/conference/ei12/index.html

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

CARB Study (cont.)

Statewide PM10 El for:

¦	Land preparation activities

¦	Harvest activities

Goals:

¦	Obtain current, crop-specific acreage data

¦	Develop crop-specific temporal profiles (crop
calendars)

¦	Develop emission factors for all crops

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

CARB Study (cont.)

Crop-specific Acreage Data

¦	County-level data from CA Dept. of Food and
Agriculture

¦	Data generated annually by crop and by county

¦	Includes over 200 crops and 30 million acres

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

7 - Fugitive Dust Area Sources


-------
CARB Study (cont.)

Crop Calendars

¦	Developed for 20 most important crop types

Importance based on acreage and potential emissions

¦	Define temporal periods of farming operation
activities by crop type

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Example Crop Calendar for Corn



Crop Passes Fraction of
Farminq Operations Cycles Per Crop Acreage Passes Durinq Month

Per Year Cycle Per Cvcle Jan I Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Auq Sen Oct Nov Dec

Stubble Disc 1 1 1D
Finish Disc 1 1 1.0 1 1

i i is \ ¦





Plantinq I 1 I 1 I 1 n I I 	

Harvestinq I 1 I 1 I 1.0		 I

(Reference: Computing Agricultural PMI0 Eu&tive Dust Emissions Using Process fyecific Emission Bates and GIS,
prepared by Patrick Gaffney and Hong Yu from California Air Resources Board for U.S. EPA 2003 Annual Emission
Inventory Conference.)



7-14 Preparati on of Fin e Particul ate Emissi on s I nventori es

CARB Study (cont.)

Emission Factors (EFs)

¦	Previous Els:

¦	Land Preparation: AP-42 Tilling factor (4.0 (lbs
PM10/acre-pass) applied to all operations

¦	Harvesting: Estimated for only 3 crop types for which
EFs were available

¦	Improvements:

¦	Conducted field testing to develop EFs for more
operations

¦	Crop & operation specific (for crop calendars)

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

7 - Fugitive Dust Area Sources


-------
CARB Study (cont.)

Land Preparation Emission Factors

fibs PM^n/acre-pass)

Root Cutting	0.3

Discing, Tilling, Chiseling	1.2

Ripping, Subsoiling	4.6

Land Planning & Floating	12.5

Weeding	0.8

EFs used as surrogates for other land prep, operations

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

CARB Study (cont.)

Harvest Emission Factors

(lbs PM^/acre-pass)

Cotton Harvest	3.4

Almond Harvest	40.8

Wheat Harvest	5

Assigned to over 200 crop types and adjusted using a "division
factor" based on consultation with agricultural industry

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

PAVED ROADS
Overview

SCC: 2294000000
Pollutants
¦ PM10, PMZ5

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 7 - Fugitive Dust Area Sources


-------
PAVED ROADS
NEI Method

Activity Data [vehicle miles traveled (VMT) on
paved roads]

¦ State-Level Activity Data

State/road type level VMT from paved roads =

Total State/road type-level VMT - State/road type-level unpaved
road VMT

¦	Because of differences in methodology between the
calculation of total and unpaved VMT, there may be
cases where unpaved VMT is higher than total VMT

¦	In these cases, unpaved VMT is reduced to total
VMT, and paved road VMT is assigned a value of
zero

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

PAVED ROADS

NEI Method (cont.)	

Activity Data [vehicle miles traveled (VMT) on
paved roads] (cont.)

¦ Paved road VMT temporally allocated by month
using NAPAP temporal allocation factors for total
VMT.

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

PAVED ROADS
NEI Method (cont.)

Emission Factor

¦ Empirical emission factor equation from AP-42

PAVED = PSDPVD * (PVSILT/2)0-65 * (WEIGHT/3)1-5 - C

where:

PAVED

PSDPVD

PVSILT
WEIGHT

paved road dust emission factor for all
vehicle classes combined (grams per
mile)

constant for particles of less than 10
microns in diameter (7.3 g/mi for PM10)
road surface silt loading (g/m2)
average weight of all vehicle types
combined (tons)

emission factor for 1980's vehicle fleet
exhaust, brake wear, and tire wear

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

7 - Fugitive Dust Area Sources


-------
PAVED ROADS

NEI Method (cont.)	

Emission Factor (cont.)

¦	Paved road silt loadings assigned to each of the
twelve functional roadway classifications

¦	Road types with average daily traffic volume (ADTV) <
5,000 vehicles per day = 0.20 g/m2

¦	Freeways = 0.015 g/m2

¦	See AP-42, Section 13.2.1 for more information

¦	AP-42 emission factors for paved roads only
apply to reentrained dust

¦	Use MOBILE model for estimating PM from
tailpipe exhaust, brake wear, and tire wear.

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

PAVED ROADS

NEI Method (cont.)	

¦ Emission Factor (cont.)

¦	Adjustments for precipitation

Emission factor multiplied by a rain correction
factor, calculated as follows:

(365 -p* 12*0.5) / 365

where: p = the number of days in a given month with greater
than 0.01 inches of precipitation

¦	Precipitation data used in the paved road emission factor
calculations were taken from stations representative of
urban areas in each state

¦	Final emission factors developed by month at the State
and road type level for the average vehicle fleet

7"23	Preparati on of Fin e Particul ate Emissi on s I nventori es

PAVED ROADS
NEI Method (cont.)

¦ Emission Calculation



EMsrm =VMTsrm*EFsrm

where: EM

= PM10 emissions, tons per month

VMT

= VMT, miles per month

EF

= tons per mile

M

= month

S

= State

R

= road type class

7-24

i'ivi2 c — i'ivi-]q emissions x u.«^o ;

7 - Fugitive Dust Area Sources


-------
PAVED ROADS

NEI Method (cont.)	

¦ Allocation of State Emissions to County Level

¦ Paved road emissions are allocated to the county level
according to the fraction of total State VMT in each county
for the specific road type

PVDEMISx y = PVDEMISST Y * VMT^yA/MTsty

where: PVDEMISXY = paved road PM emissions (tons) for county x
and road type y
PVDEMISst Y= paved road PM emissions (tons) for the entire

State for road type y
VMTxy = total VMT (million miles) in county x and road
type y

VMTsty = total VMT (million miles) in entire State for
road type y

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

PAVED ROADS

NEI Method (cont.)	

Controls

¦	Control efficiency of 79 percent applied to:

¦	Urban and rural roads in serious PM NAAs; and

¦	Urban roads in moderate PM NAAs

¦ Corresponds to vacuum sweeping on paved roads
twice per month

¦	Rule penetration varies by road type and NAA
classification (serious or moderate)

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

PAVED ROADS
Improvements to NEI Method

VMT on paved roads for local area

(Source: State Dept. of Transportation, Mobile Source
Section of Environmental Dept)

Local registration data representing the
average weight of vehicles (since fnis variable
is weighted most heavily)

(Source: State Dept. of Motor Vehicles, Mobile Source
Section of Environmental Dept)

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

7 - Fugitive Dust Area Sources


-------
PAVED ROADS

Improvements to NEI Method (cont.)

Perform sampling to refine value used for silt
content

¦ Only consider if you can collect enough samples
to give a good representation of roads in your
area

Obtain and use local precipitation values

(Source: National Weather Bureau)

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

UN PAVED ROADS
Overview

SCC 2296000000
PM10-PRI/FIL and PM2.5-PRI/FIL
No condensible material, so:

PM-PRI = PM-FIL

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

UN PAVED ROADS

NEI Method	

Activity

¦	State level VMT from U.S. DOT, Federal Highway
Administration allocated to counties by population

¦	Activity Data (VMT on unpaved roads)

¦	State-level activity for urban and rural local
functional classes

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 7 - Fugitive Dust Area Sources

7-10


-------
UN PAVED ROADS

NEI Method (cont.)

Unpaved VMTRoadtype = MileageRoadtype * ADTV * DPY

Where:



Unpaved VMT

= road type specific unpaved VMT



(miles/year)

Mileage

= total number of miles of unpaved



roads by functional class (miles)

ADTV

= Average daily traffic volume



(vehicle/day)

DPY

= number of days per year

7-31

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

UN PAVED ROADS

NEI Method (cont.)	

Non-local functional classes including:

¦	Rural minor collector, rural major collector, rural
minor arterial, rural other principal arterial, urban
collector, urban minor arterial, and urban other
principal arterial

¦	ADTV not available for non-local roads, estimated
from local urban and rural VMT and mileage

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

UNPAVED ROADS

NEI Method (cont.)



ADTV = VMT/Mileage

Where:



ADTV

= average daily traffic volume for State



and federally maintained roadways

VMT

= urban/rural VMT on county-maintained



roadways (miles/year)

MILEAGE

= urban/rural state-level roadway mileage



of county-maintained roadways (miles)

7-33

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 7 - Fugitive Dust Area Sources

7-11


-------
UN PAVED ROADS

NEI Method (cont.)	

Add Non-local functional class VMT to local
functional class VMT to determine State total
unpaved VMT by road type
Unpaved road VMT temporally allocated by
month using NAPAP temporal allocation
factors for total VMT

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

UNPAVED ROADS
NEI Method (cont.)

Emission Factor
¦ AP-42 emission factor equation

EF = [k*(s/12)*(S/30) 0 5]/[(M/0.5)0 2] - C

Where:

EF = size specific emission factor (pounds per VMT)
k = empirical constant (1.8 Ib/VMT for PM10-PRI, 0.27

for PM2.5-PRI)
s = surface material silt content (%)

M = surface material moisture content (%)

S = mean vehicle speed (mph)

C = emission factor for 1980's vehicle fleet exhaust,
brake wear, and tire wear

^"35	Preparati on of Fin e Particul ate Emissi on s I nventori es

UNPAVED ROADS

NEI Method (cont.)	

NEI Default Emission Factor Input Values

¦	Surface material silt content(s)

¦	Average state-level values developed available at

ftp://ftp.epa.aov/Emislnventorv/finalnei99ver2/criteria/do
cumentation/xtra sources/

¦	Mean vehicle weight (W)

¦	National average value of 2.2 tons (based on typical
vehicle mix)

¦	Surface material moisture content (Mdry)

¦	1 percent

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 7 - Fugitive Dust Area Sources

7-12


-------
UN PAVED ROADS

NEI Method (cont.)	

NEI Default Emission Factor Input Values
(cont.)

¦ Number of days exceeding 0.01 inches of
precipitation (p)

¦	Precipitation data from one meteorological station in
state used to represent all rural areas of the state

¦	Local climatological data available from National
Climatic Data Center at

http://www. ncdc. noaa.aov/oa/ncdc. html

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

UN PAVED ROADS
Improvements to NEI

Summary

¦	Review NEI defaults for representativeness

¦	Use local data when possible for activity and
emission factor inputs

¦	If resources are limited, focus on collecting data
for:

Local precipitation data
Local VMT estimates

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

UN PAVED ROADS
Case Study - Overview

Case Study: County level emissions
inventory for unpaved roads

¦ See Case Study Number 7-1

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 7 - Fugitive Dust Area Sources

7-13


-------
UN PAVED ROADS
Case Study - Solution

Case Study: County level emissions
inventory for unpaved roads

¦ See Handout 7-1

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

CONSTRUCTION
Overview

¦	SCCs:

¦	Residential-2311010000

¦	Commercial - 2311020000

¦	Road-2311030000

¦	PM10-PRI/FIL and PM2.5-PRI/FIL

¦	No condensibles, so PM-PRI = PM-FiL

¦	1999 PM2.5-PRI NEI

¦	Res - 5%

¦	Comm - 40%

¦	Road - 55%

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION
NEI Method	

Activity Data: Number of acres disturbed per
year

Estimated using housing start data

¦	Total no. of regional monthly housing unit starts
(HS)

¦	National monthly housing unit starts available for:

¦	1-unit housing

¦	2-unit housing

¦	3-4 unit housing

¦	5+ unit housing

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 7 - Fugitive Dust Area Sources


-------
RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION
NEI Method (cont.)	

¦ Regional housing unit starts by housing category
estimated as follows:

Reg. HS by Category = Total Reg. HS x National HS bv Category

Total National HS

(Reference: Housing Starts Report, 1999, U.S. Department
of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Manufacturing and
Construction Division, Residential Construction Branch.)

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION
NEI Method (cont.)	

¦	Monthly regional housing starts by housing
category summed to obtain an annual total

County Activity

¦	Annual no. of building permits in each county for:

¦	Housing structures with 1 -unit

¦	Housing structures with 2-units

¦	Housing structures with 3-4 housing units

¦	Housing structures with 5+ units

(Reference: Building Permits Survey, 1999, U.S. Department of
Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Manufacturing and Construction
Division, Residential Construction Branch.)

RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION
NEI Method (cont.)	

Regional no. of residential structure starts

based on the reported no. of housing unit

starts:

¦	No. of 1 -unit housing units = no. of 1 -unit housing
structures

¦	No. of 2 unit housing units divided by 2 units per
structure

¦	No. of 3-4 unit housing units divided by 3.5 units
per structure

¦	No. of 5+ unit housing units divided by region-
specific units per structure as calculated from
building permits data

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 7 - Fugitive Dust Area Sources

7-15


-------
RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION
NEI Method (cont.)	

Estimate county no. of residential structure
starts by housing category as follows:

County Structure Starts = Regional Structure Starts x
County Bldg Permits
Regional Bldg Permits

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION
NEI Method (cont.)	

Estimated acres disturbed from county no. of
structures:

¦	1-unit structures: 1/4 acre per building

¦	2-unit structures: 1/3 acre per building

¦	Apartments:	1/2 acre per building
Estimated duration of construction:

¦	1-unit structures: 6 months

¦	2-unit structures: 6 months
¦Apartments:	12 months

RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION
NEI Method (cont.)	

Estimate no. of apartment structures by
adding the no. of 3-4 unit buildings and of 5+
unit buildings

Estimate no. of 1 -unit houses with and without
basements

¦ Multiply regional no. of 1 -unit structures by
regional percentage of one-family houses with
basements and subtract product from total no. of
1 -unit houses to estimate 1 -unit houses w/out
basements

(Reference: Characteristics of New Houses - Table 9. Type of
Foundation by Category of House and Location, 1998, U.S.
Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.)	

Chapter 7 - Fugitive Dust Area Sources

7-16


-------
RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION
NEI Method (cont.)	

For 1 -Unit Housing with Basements
¦ Estimate cubic yards of dirt moved per house

¦	Multiply assumed 2,000 square feet per structure by
assumed average basement depth of 8 feet

¦	Add-in 10 percent of above cubic yard estimate to
account for footings and other backfilled areas adjacent
to basement

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION
NEI Method (cont.)	

1-Unit Housing with Basements

¦	PM10-PRI: 0.011 tons/acre/month plus 0.059
tons/1000 cubic yards of on-site cut/fill

1-Unit Housing without Basements and all 2-
Unit Housing

¦	PM10-PRI: 0.032 tons/acre/month
Apartments

¦	PM10-PRI: 0.11 tons/acre/month
PM2.5-PRI = 0.2 * PM10-PRI

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION
NEI Method (cont.)	

1-Unit Structures with Basements

Emissions = (0.011 tons PM1(/acre/month) x B x f x m) +
0.059 tons PM10/1000 yards3 of cut/fill)

where: 6 = no. of housing starts with
basements;
f = buildings-to-acres conversion
factor (1/4 acre per building);
m = duration of construction activity in
months.

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 7 - Fugitive Dust Area Sources

7-17


-------
RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION
NEI Method (cont.)	

1-Unit Structures without Basements, All 2
Structures, and Apartments

Emissions = (0.032 tons PM1(/acre/month) x B x fx m)

where: B = no. of housing starts without
basements;
f = buildings-to-acres conversion factor;
and

m = duration of construction activity in
months

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION
NEI Method (cont.)	

Apply a control efficiency of 50 percent for
both PM10-PRI and PM25-PRI emissions for
PM-10 NAAs; all other areas 0 percent

Control efficiency represents Best Available
Control Method (BACM) controls on fugitive
dust construction activities in these counties

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION
NEI Correction Parameters

Applied to final emissions for all 3 construction
categories

Soil Moisture Level

Moisture Level Corrected Emissions = Base Emissions x (24/PE)

where: PE = Precipitation-Evaporation value for
county

¦ Compiled statewide average Precipitation-Evaporation (PE)
values according to Thornthwaite's PE Index

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 7 - Fugitive Dust Area Sources


-------
RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION
NEI Correction Parameters

Silt Content

Silt Content Corrected Emissions = Base Emissions x (s/9%)

where: s = % dry silt content in soil for area being
inventoried

¦ County-specific dry silt values are applied to
PM10-PRI emissions for each county

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION
Improvements to NEI

Obtain local data for new construction
housing starts, permits for
additions/modifications to existing homes

Source: State Housing Agency or Real Estate Association

Develop a building to acres conversion factor
for acres disturbed per construction unit

Obtain information on seasonality of
residential construction practices

Obtain local information on soil moisture
content, silt content, and control efficiency

RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION
Case Study - Overview

Case Study: County level emissions
inventory for residential construction

¦ See Case Study Number 7-2

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 7 - Fugitive Dust Area Sources


-------
RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION
Case Study - Solution

Case Study: County level emissions
inventory for residential construction

¦ See Handout 7-2

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

COMMERCIAL CONSTRUCTION
NEI Method	

Activity data: No. of acres disturbed per year
National-Level Activity

¦	Dollar Value of Construction Put in Place, 1999

¦	National data allocated to Counties

(Reference: Table 1. Annual Value of Construction Put in Place in the
United States for Nonresidential buildings: 1996 - 2000, Millions of
constant dollars, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the
Census.)

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

COMMERCIAL CONSTRUCTION
NEI Method (cont.)	

Allocation of National Data to Counties

¦	National level activity allocated to counties using 2
data sources:

¦	Annual Average Employment for SIC 154, Data Series
ES202, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1999

¦	Annual Average Employment for SIC 154, Marketplace
3.0, Dun & Bradstreet, 1999

¦	Applied Dun & Bradstreet county proportion of the
State total to the BLS State total to estimate
employment for counties where data were
withheld

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 7 - Fugitive Dust Area Sources

7-20


-------
COMMERCIAL CONSTRUCTION
NEI Method (cont.)	

Activity Data Conversion
¦ Converted dollar value to acres disturbed using a
conversion factor of 1.6 acres/106 dollars applied
to the estimated county-level construction
valuation data

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

COMMERCIAL CONSTRUCTION
NEI Emission Calculations

PM10-PRI Emission Factor = 0.19
tons/acre/month

PM2.5-PRI = 0.2 * PM10-PRI

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

COMMERCIAL CONSTRUCTION
NEI Emission Calculations (cont.)

Emission formula for calculating the emissions
is:

Emissions = (0.19 tons/acre/month) x $ x fx m

where: $ = dollars spent on nonresidential
construction in millions
f = dollars-to-acres conversion factor
m = duration of construction activity in
months (assumed 11 months)

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 7 - Fugitive Dust Area Sources

7-21


-------
COMMERCIAL CONSTRUCTION
Improvements to NEI

Obtain local information on number of acres
disturbed per construction event or per
construction dollars spent

Source: Construction I ndustry Association

Obtain information on location, average
duration, and seasonality of commercial
construction practices

Obtain local information on soil moisture
content, silt content, and control efficiency

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

ROAD CONSTRUCTION

NEI Method	

Activity data: Number of acres disturbed
State-Level Activity

¦ Obtained State expenditure data for capital outlay
for six classifications

¦	Interstate, urban

¦	Interstate, rural

¦	Other arterial, urban

¦	Other arterial, rural

¦	Collectors, urban

¦	Collectors, rural

(Reference: Highway Statistics, Section IV - Finance, Table SF-12A,
"State Highway Agency Capital Outlay - 1999." Federal Highway
Administration.)	

Preparati on of Fin e Particul ate Emissi on s I nventori es

ROAD CONSTRUCTION

NEI Method (cont.)	

State-Level Activity (Continued)
¦ Expenditures include all improvement types
except for:

¦	Minor widening

¦	Resurfacing

¦	Bridge rehabilitation

¦	Safety

¦	Traffic operation and control

¦	Environmental enhancement and other

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 7 - Fugitive Dust Area Sources

7-22


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ROAD CONSTRUCTION
NEI Method (cont.)

Estimate miles of new road constructed

¦	$4 million/mile for interstate roads

¦	$1.9 million/mile for other arterial and collector
roads

(Reference: Personal Communication with North Carolina Department of
Transportation)

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

ROAD CONSTRUCTION
NEI Method (cont.)

Estimate acres for each road type using
estimates of acres disturbed per mile:

¦	Interstate, urban and rural; Other arterial, urban -
15.2 acres/mile

¦	Other arterial, rural -12.7 acres/mile

¦	Collectors, urban - 9.8 acres/mile

¦	Collectors, rural - 7.9 acres/mile

(Reference: Estimating Particulate Matter Emissions from Construction
Operations, prepared by Midwest Research Institute for U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, 1999.)

Preparati on of Fin e Particul ate Emissi on s I nventori es

ROAD CONSTRUCTION
NEI Method (cont.)

Sum across road types to yield state total of
acres disturbed

Activity Data Allocation to Counties
¦ Distributed state-level estimates of acres
disturbed to counties according to housing starts

¦ see residential construction for description of
development of county-level housing start data

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 7 - Fugitive Dust Area Sources

7-23


-------
ROAD CONSTRUCTION
NEI Emission Calculations

PM10-PRI Emission Factor =
0.42 tons/acre/month

PM2.5-PRI = 0.2 * PM10-PRI

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

ROAD CONSTRUCTION
NEI Emission Calculations (cont.)

The formula for calculating emissions is:

Emissions = (0.42 tons PM10/acre/month) x $x f1 xf2 xd

where: $ = State expenditures for capital outlay on road
construction
f1 = $-to-miles conversion factor
f2 = miles-to-acres conversion factor
d = duration of roadway construction activity in
months (assumed 12 months)

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

ROAD CONSTRUCTION
Improvements to NEI

Obtain information on location and timing of
road construction practices in area

(Source: State Department of Transportation)

Obtain local data on the number of miles
constructed and the number of acres
disturbed per project or per mile of road
constructed

Obtain local estimate for duration of projects

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 7 - Fugitive Dust Area Sources

7-24


-------
ROAD CONSTRUCTION
Improvements to NEI (cont.)

Obtain information on private road
construction activity

(Source: Construction Industry Association)

Obtain local information on soil moisture
content, silt content, and control efficiency

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

ROAD CONSTRUCTION
Case Study - Overview

Case Study: County level emissions
inventory for road construction activities

¦ See Case Study Number 7-3

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

ROAD CONSTRUCTION
Case Study -Solution

Case Study: County level emissions
inventory for road construction activities

¦ See Handout 7-3

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 7 - Fugitive Dust Area Sources


-------
Preparation of Fine Particulate
Emissions Inventories

Chapter 8 - Ammonia Emissions from
Animal Husbandry

NH3 - Precursor to Ammonium Sulfate &
Nitrate (National Emissions - 4.8 M TPY)

Animal Husbandry
Fertilizer Application
Highway Vehicles
Industrial Processes
Waste Disposal
Other

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Update to Ammonia from Animal
Husbandry is Timely

Inverse modeling suggests overestimation of

ammonia.

Shortcomings of old NEI

¦	Probable errors in emission factor selections, especially for
beef.

¦	Does not use information on variability of emissions due to
different manure handling practices within a given animal
industry.

¦	Does not make total use of information of available National
Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) data on different
animal populations, by average live weight.

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 8 - Ammonia Emissions from
Animal Husbandry


-------
Update to Ammonia from Animal
Husbandry is Timely (Cont'd)

Effluent Guidelines project provided
information on production & waste handling
practices (new).

National Academy of Science (NAS)
committee recommended a long data
gathering effort.

¦ Old NEI estimates are not the best we can do in
the interim (while this data gathering is
undertaken).

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Improved Basis for Interim NEI Update

Provides improved data on populations,

practices, and emissions.

Allows a switchover to a process-based

framework that is common, transparent and that

allows partial updating as more data becomes

available.

Motivates and provide structure for relevant
data collection.

Opportunity to educate users about data
limitations, proper use.

Goal: Higher animal production States will begin
to adopt / offer improvements to new method.

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Overview of New Estimation

Methodology	

Step 1: Estimate average annual animal
populations by animal group, state, and
county.

Step 2: Identify Manure Management Trains
(MMT) used by each animal group and then
estimate the distribution of the animal
population using each MMT.

Step 3: Estimate the amount of nitrogen
excreted from the animals using each type of
MMT, using general manure characteristics.

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 8 - Ammonia Emissions from
Animal Husbandry


-------
Overview of New Estimation
Methodology (Cont'd)	

Step 4: Identify or develop emission factors
for each component of each MMT.

Step 5: Estimate ammonia emissions from
each animal group by MMT and county for
2002.

Step 6: Estimate future ammonia emissions
for years 2010, 2015, 2020, and 2030.

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Step 1: Population Estimates

Animals: Dairy, beef, swine, and poultry.

¦	Keep weight groups & animal types distinct.
State-level population: 2002 NASS.

County apportionment: using 1997 Census of
Agriculture.

¦	Privacy Issue - Where state and/or county is not
disclosed, divide equally.

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Step 2: Manure Management Trains

15 MMT's plus permutations (similar to

"model farms" used in past approaches).

¦	e.g., Housing, waste storage, land application
type.

¦	Non-feedlot outdoor confinement (e.g. pasture)
is one of the trains for swine, dairy, and beef.

¦	MMT's represent different pathways for escape
of ammonia to the air.

¦	MMT "mix" varies by state, not within a State.

Another "opportunity" for improvement

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 8 - Ammonia Emissions from
Animal Husbandry


-------
Step 2: Manure Management Trains
(Cont'd)	

Animal population, etc. is allocated among

the applicable trains.

Note: Final stage in each train is land

application.

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Advanced Example of Manure
Management Train

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Step 3: Nitrogen Excreted

Typical animal weights (within a type and
weight range)

Nitrogen per 1000 kg of live weight from
NRCS Agricultural Waste Management Field
Handbook

Local agriculture experts could help improve
this

¦ Land Grant University Researchers / Extension
Agents

Chapter 8 - Ammonia Emissions from
Animal Husbandry


-------
Step 4: Emission Factors

Select the emission factor for each stage of
each manure management train.

¦	Some are lb/animal, some are percent air release
of input ammonia.

¦	Both kinds also determine ammonia transferred to
next stage.

Air emissions can never be higher than original
manure content.

Using stage-specific emission factors sets the
stage for applying temporal profiles and
process-related variability later.

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Step 5: Apply for 2002

Track ammonia release through each
manure management train for each animal
type, calculating air releases and transfers
to next stage.

Assumes no air emission controls at this
time.

¦ But can add control assumptions later, and see
downstream consequences.

Emissions are summed up to animal type
and county

Database is preserved with full detail for
transparency and later revisions.

Step 6: Future Years Projections

2010, 2013, 2020, and 2030.

USDA and Food and Agricultural Policy

Research Institute.

Accounts for past observed cyclical

populations.

State-by-state population pattern.

¦	Changes with time for dairy.

¦	Fixed for others.

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 8 - Ammonia Emissions from
Animal Husbandry


-------
Comparison of 1999 and 2002
Ammonia NEIs

Animal
GroupO

1999 NEI

2002 NEI

Population

Emission
Factor
lb/head
/yr

Emissions
Tons/year

Population

Emission
Factor
lb/head /yr

Emissions
Tons/year

Cattle and

Calves
Composite

100,126,106

50.5

2,476,333

100,939,728

23.90

1,205,493

Hogs and

Pigs
Composite

63,095,955

20.3

640,100

59,978,850

14.32

429,468

Poultry and
Chickens
Composite

1,754,482,225

0.394

345,325

2,201,945,253

0.60

664,238

Total

1,917,704,286

N/A

3,461,758

2,362,863,831

N/A

2,299,199

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Ongoing Additional Improvements

Plan to incorporate emission estimates for
sheep, ducks, goats, and horses.

Looking at more recent manure production
and excretion rates by animal types and
weight (may provide lower overall estimates
than currently indicated in draft report).
Looking into ways to better address spatial,
seasonal, and regional differences in
emissions.

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

CMU Model and the NEI

Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) has prepared
a model for estimating ammonia emissions from
agricultural activities, humans, wastewater
treatment, wildfires, domestic and wild animals,
transportation sources, industrial activities, and
soils.

Includes an improved methodology for fertilizer
application when compared to the methodology
used in previous versions of the NEI.

EPA is evaluating the methodologies used for
other source categories in the CMU model.

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 8 - Ammonia Emissions from
Animal Husbandry


-------
Preparation of Fine Particulate
Emissions Inventories

Chapter 9 - Combustion Area Sources

MANE-VU 2002 RWC Emission
Inventory

Objective

¦	Prepare 2002 El based on survey of household
equipment usage and wood consumption patterns

Survey Method - stratified, random-sampling

Data Collected for Each Household

¦	Wood consumption at equipment level (both real
wood and artificial logs)

¦	Wood type for real wood

¦	Temporal activity to calculate monthly, weekly,
and daily emissions

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Sample Frame Construction

Sampling designed to address major sources
of variability in activity (i.e., wood
consumption)

Sources of variability include:

¦	Location and type of housing

¦	Heating demand (expressed as heating degree
days (HDDs))

¦	Availability of wood

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

9 - Combustion Area Sources


-------
Sample Frame Construction (cont.)

Sample Stratification

¦	Housing Data - 2000 Census tract data used to
stratify sample by:

¦	Urban, suburban, and rural single-family and "other"
homes (other homes = multi-family units such as
apartments, condos, mobile homes)

¦	Rural category stratified by forested and non-forested
areas using USGS GIS data (i.e., Forest Fragmentation
Index Map of North America)

¦	Heating Demand - Total annual HDDs used to
stratify sample into 3 zones

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Sample Frame



Rural-Forested

Rural-
Non-Forested

Suburban

Urban

Geographic
Zone

Single-
Family

Other

Single-
Family

Other

Single-
Family

Other

Single-
Family

Other

High HDD

Cell 1

61

(173)

Cell 2

61
(64)

Cell 3

61
(87)

Cell 4

61
(66)

Cell 5

61
(61)

Cell 6

61
(72)

Cell 7

61
(69)

CellS

61
(69)

Low HDD

Cell 9

61

(150)

Cell 10

61
(62)

Cell 11

61

(118)

Cell 12

61
(69)

Cell 13

61
(76)

Cell 14

61
(67)

Cell 15

61
(75)

Cell 16

61
(62)

Med HDD

Cell 17

61
(87)

Cell 18

61
(60)

Cell 19

61
(91)

Cell 20

61
(64)

Cell 21

61
(71)

Cell 22

61
(03)

Cell 23

61
(63)

Cell 24

61
(68)

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Survey Instrument

Questionnaire developed to gather activity
data for:

¦	Indoor equipment (fireplaces, woodstoves, pellet
stoves, furnaces, and boilers)

¦	Outdoor equipment (fire pits, barbeques,
fireplaces, and chimineas)

Pilot survey performed to test the instrument
Survey conducted using computer-assisted
telephone interviewing

¦	Completed 1,904 surveys across all 24 cells

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

9 - Combustion Area Sources


-------
Survey Data Reduction/Analysis

¦ QA reviewed each survey
Calculated/summarized for each cell:

¦	User fraction (fraction of total household
population that burns wood in indoor and
outdoor equipment)

¦	Annual activity (cords of wood by equipment
and wood types)

¦	Temporal data

Conducted statistical analyses to identify
significant differences between cells for:

¦	User fraction

¦	Annual Activity

indoor Wood-Burning Equipment
Preliminary Survey Results (% Burners)







Geographic Zone

Sngle-
Family

Glher

Single-
Family

Other

Single-

Other

Single-

Other

High HDD

Cell 1
FP=34

FVB= 21
PS= 4

Cell 2

F>B=0
PS=0

Cell 3

F/B=7
PS=0

cell 4

FP=33

F/B=0
PS=0

Cell 5

f;b= «
PS=0

cells

f;b=o
ps=o

Cell 7

FP=80
WS=30

f;b=o
ps=o

cells

FP= 100

ws=o
f;b= 50
PS=0

Loin HDD

cell 9

FP=60

F/B=5
PS=2

Cell 10

F>B=0
PS=0

Cell 11

FIB=4
PS=4

cell 12

FP=50

F/B=0
PS=0

Cell 13

f;b=o

PS=5

cell 14

F/B=0
PS=33

Cell 15

FP=90

f;b=o
ps=o

Cell 16
FP= 100

ws=o
f;b=o

PS=2fl

Med HDD

cell 17

FP=55
WS=66
F/B=7
PS=7

Cell 1$

WS=60
F>B=0
PS=0

Cell 19

WS=45
F/B=0
PS=9

cell 20

FP= 100

ws=o

F/B=0
PS=?S

Cell 21

WS=27
FIB=S
PS=4

cell 22

WS=50

f;b=o
ps=o

Cell 23

FP= 100

ws=o
f;b=o
ps=o

cell 24

FP=0

ws=o
f;b=o
ps=o



FP = fireplace; WS = woodstove; F/B = furnace/boiler; PS = pellet stove; Totals do not always add to 100 since some
respondents use more than one type of equipment. Values in bold italics are derived from responses that were identified
as wood consumption outliers (equipment could be miss-categorized by the respondent).



Preparati on of Fin e Particul ate Emissi on s 1 nventori es

Preliminary Results/Observations

Indoor Equipment

¦	Geographic distribution of equipment

¦	Rural Areas:

¦	Higher diversity of equipment types than in urban areas

¦	Higher percentage of stoves and furnaces than in urban
areas

¦	Urban/Suburban Areas:

¦	Lower diversity of equipment types than in rural areas

¦	Higher percentage of fireplaces than in rural areas

¦	Heating Demand

¦	High HDD Zone:

¦	Rural Areas - higher percentage of stoves and furnaces

¦	Low HDD Zone:

¦	Rural Areas - higher percentage of fireplaces

9 - Combustion Area Sources


-------
Preliminary Results/Observations
(cont.)

¦ Indoor Equipment

¦	For urban areas, it was difficult to find households
that burned wood for the sample size taken

¦	The urban sample size was not increased
because of budget constraints and priorities for
obtaining a representative sample for three
instead of two HDD zones

¦	The equipment- and fuel-based survey results
were used to estimate emissions (e.g., lb

PM2 5/household-yr) for each household surveyed

¦	A household-based statistical model is being
developed to estimate emissions for each cell

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Preliminary Results/Observations
(cont.)

Outdoor Equipment

¦ Equipment-based emissions will be estimated
using survey results

Annual Emissions = Fraction of outdoor equipment
users per cell x annual activity x emission factor

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Emission Inventory Development

Emissions were:

¦	Estimated for all criteria pollutants/precursors and
several dozen toxic air pollutants

¦	Estimated at the census tract level (summed to
county, State, region)

¦	Temporally allocated to support modeling using
profiles developed from the survey

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

9 - Combustion Area Sources


-------
Lessons Learned

Survey Instrument: for regional surveys, tailor
it to suit the usage patterns in rural, suburban,
urban areas

Difficult to find wood burners in urban areas -
minimum sample sizes need to reflect this

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Lessons Learned (cont.)

For indoor equipment, to keep resources
manageable:

¦	Consider the use of a statistically-derived
emissions-based model (household level) instead
of an equipment-specific method

¦	Concern: Approach aggregates emissions for
different types of wood burning equipment needed
to support control measure analysis

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Documentation for MANE-VU El

Technical memoranda and Work Plan for a
Survey to Determine Residential Wood
Combustion and Open Burning Activity
(July 31, 2001)

(MANE-VU Web Site:
http://www.manevu.org/pubs/index.asp)

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

9 - Combustion Area Sources


-------
How are RWC Emissions Estimated in
the '02 NEI?

SCCs

¦	FIREPLACES

¦	2104008001 Without Inserts

¦	2104008002 With Inserts; Non-EPA Certified

¦	2104008003 With Inserts; Non-Catalytic, EPA Certified

¦	2104008004With Inserts; Catalytic, EPA Certified

¦	WOODSTOVES

¦	2104008010 Non-EPA Certified

¦	2104008030 Catalytic, EPA Certified

¦	2104008050 Non-Catalytic, EPA Certified

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

How are RWC Emissions Estimated in
the '02 NEI? (cont.)	

Pollutants

¦	PM10-PRI, PM25-PRI, NOx, CO, VOC, SOx

¦	HAPs (number of pollutants)

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Emission Factors for Fireplaces Without
Inserts (lbs pollutant/ton of dry wood)

NOx, SOx, VOC, & HAPs

¦	AP-42, Chapter 1.9, Table 1.9-1
PM10-PRI, PM25-PRI, &CO

¦	Houck, J.E., et al, "Review of Wood
Heater and Fireplace Emission
Factors," NEI Conference, May 1-3,
2001

¦	Based on test data more current
than AP-42	

9-18	Preparation qf Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

	p D ft/ITS PPI nrriimnrl tn hn mmn nr	

9 - Combustion Area Sources


-------
Emission Factors for Woodstoves & Fireplaces
With Inserts (lbs pollutant/ton of dry wood)

1 Criteria Pollutants: AP-42, Chapter 1.10,

Table 1.10-1

¦	PM10-PRI, PM25-PRI, & CO EFs are average
for all woodstoves

¦	PM25-PRI assumed to be same as PM10-PRI
HAPs: AP-42, Chapter 1.10, Tables 1.10-
2, -3, & -4

¦	AP-42 EFs for Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons (PAH) reduced by 62% based
on recent test data (Houck, et al, 2001)

Conversion Factor: One cord of wood
equals 1.163 tons

Activity Data

Develop separate national wood consumption
estimates for fireplaces with inserts, fireplaces
without inserts, & woodstoves to account for:

¦	Different emission factors

¦	Different usage patterns (climate zones; urban vs.
rural)

National wood consumption estimated using:

¦	Number of combustion units

¦	Average wood consumption rates

Spatial allocation of wood consumption to
county level performed to reflect usage
patterns

Estimating Emissions from Fireplaces
Without Inserts

Step 1: Determine national number homes
with usable fireplaces (with and without
inserts)

¦	Reference: Table 2-25 of 2001 American
Housing Survey (AHS) for the United States
(U.S. Census Bureau)

Step 2: Adjust to account for homes with
more than one fireplace (multiply Step 1 by
1.17)

¦	Reference: 1989 U.S. Consumer Product
Safety Commission report

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 9 - Combustion Area Sources


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Estimating Emissions from Fireplaces
Without Inserts (cont.)

Step 3: Adjust for fireplaces that burn wood
(74% wood, 26% gas)

¦ References: Industry trade associations/experts,
market surveys (Houck, et al, 2001)

Step 4: Subtract out fireplaces not being
used (42% not used)

¦ References: Local surveys, industry market
surveys, government publications (Houck, et al,
2001)

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Estimating Emissions from Fireplaces
Without Inserts (cont.)

¦ Step 5: Determine number of homes with
usable fireplaces with inserts used for heating

¦	Used to determine the number of homes with
usable fireplaces without inserts

¦	Reference: Table 2-4 of 2001 AHS

Step 6: Adjust to account for homes with
more than one fireplace (multiply Step 5 by
1.10)

¦	Reference: 1989 U.S. Consumer Product Safety
Commission report

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Estimating Emissions from Fireplaces
Without Inserts (cont.)

¦ Step 7: Determine number of fireplaces
without inserts used for heating and aesthetic
purposes

The amount of wood burned in each device is
determined by assuming wood consumption
rates

¦	0.656 cords burned /unit/year for fireplaces used
for heating

¦	0.069 cords/unit/year for fireplaces used for
aesthetics

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 9 - Combustion Area Sources


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Estimating Emissions from Fireplaces

Without Inserts (cont.)

¦ In 1997, EPA estimated that 2.94 million
cords of wood were burned in the former and
0.483 million cords of wood were burned in
the latter

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Spatial Allocation of National Residential
Wood Consumption to Counties

National activity is allocated to counties
using:

¦	Climate zone (i.e., temperature)

¦	Demographics/population (i.e., number of single-
family homes)

¦	Usage patterns for each device (i.e., urban
versus rural)

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Spatial Allocation of National Residential
Wood Consumption to Counties (cont.)

Climate Zone	Percent of Wood

ConsumecT

1	(>7000 HDD)	36

2	(5500-7000 HDD)	19

3	(4000-5499 HDD)	21

4	(<4000 HDD and <2000 CDD)	15

5	(<4000 HDD and >2000 CDD)	9

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

9 - Combustion Area Sources


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Spatial Allocation of National Residential
Wood Consumption to Counties (cont.)

Urban/Rural Apportionment
¦ Designate each county as either urban or rural,
sum activity for climate zone, and adjust county
activity so climate zone total matches the following
proportions :

Rural Urban
Woodstoves	65%	35%

Fireplaces with inserts 43%	57%

Fireplaces without inserts 27%	73%

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Estimating Emissions from Fireplaces
With Inserts and Woodstoves

Determine the number of woodstoves and
fireplaces with inserts

¦	Data obtained from the Department of Census
Adjust for homes with more than one stove
Obtain total cords of wood consumed by
residential section

¦	Energy Information Administration (EIA)

Adjust for use - heating or aesthetics

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Estimating Emissions from Fireplaces
With Inserts and Woodstoves (cont.)

Allocate to climate zones
Allocate to individual counties
Sum wood consumption and compare to
urban/rural split

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 9 - Combustion Area Sources

9-10


-------
Estimating Emissions from Fireplaces
With Inserts and Woodstoves (cont.)

¦ Wood consumption for woodstoves and

fireplaces with inserts were apportioned as

follows:





Percent of Total

Tvoe of Device

Wood Consumption

Non-certified

92

Certified non-catalytic

5.7

Certified catalytic

2.3

9-31

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Temporal Allocation of Residential
Wood Consumption Emissions

Default temporal allocation profiles by climate
zone

¦ S/L/T agencies should adjust allocations to better
fit seasonal usage patterns

Seasonal throughput percentages assigned to
each climate zone are:

Climate

Zone	Winter	Spring	Summer	Fall

5	100	0	0	0

4	70	15	0	15

3	50	25	0	25

2	40	30	0	30

1	33.33	33.33	0	33.33

How Can You Improve the NEI for Your
Area?

Preferred Method: Residential Wood Survey

¦	Obtain locally representative information on the
amount of wood fuel use specifically for
woodstoves & fireplaces (with and without
inserts)

¦	This will require a local survey, or activity data
generated by State & local governments

¦	Reduces uncertainties in estimates associated
with allocating national activity to counties

Alternative Method: Census Bureau and EIA Data

Method

¦	Use if resources are limited or emphasis is on
preparing summer season inventory

9-33	Preparati on of Fin e Particul ate Emissi on s I nventori es

Chapter 9 - Combustion Area Sources

9-11


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How Can You Improve the NEI for Your
Area? (cont.)

Rule Effectiveness/Rule Penetration

¦	Incorporate effects of S/L/T rules and level of
compliance

¦	NEI methodology does not account for S/L/T rules

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Comparison of MANE-VU Approach to
NEI Method	

MANU-VU El is a bottom-up methodology

NEI is a top-down methodology

MANE-VU El provides for:

¦	Better estimates by geographic area (rural,
suburban, urban) and census tract (sub-county)
level

¦	Accounts for differences in housing type (single- and
multi-family homes)

¦	Better estimates of usage patterns based on HDDs

¦	Includes outdoor equipment not included in NEI
estimates

¦	Provides temporal data	

Residential Wood Combustion
Case Study - Overview

Case Study: County level emissions
inventory for residential wood combustion

¦ See Case Study Number 9-1

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 9 - Combustion Area Sources

9-12


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Residential Wood Combustion
Case Study - Solution

Case Study: County level emissions
inventory for residential wood combustion

¦ See Handout 9-1

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Residential Open Burning
What Sources are Included?

SCCs:

2610030000 - Residential Municipal Solid Waste
(MSW) Burning
Pollutants: PM10, PM2.5, CO, NOx, VOC, S02,
32 HAPs

2610000100 - Residential Leaf Burning
2610000400 - Residential Brush Burning

Pollutants: PM10, PM 2.5, CO, VOC, 6 HAPs

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Residential Open Burning

NEI Methods for Residential MSW

Activity Data (tons of waste burned)

Step 1 - Estimate 2002 rural population by
county

¦ County-level rural population estimated by
applying rural/urban percentages from 2000
Census data to 2002 population
Step 2 - Multiply per capita waste factor by
rural population

¦ Used national average per capita waste
generation factor of 3.37 Ibs/person/day
(noncombustibles and yard waste subtracted
out).

Chapter 9 - Combustion Area Sources

9-13


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Residential Open Burning

NEI Methods for Residential MSW (cont.)

Step 3- Estimate amount of waste burned

¦	Assume 28% of total waste generated is burned
Step 4 - Account for burning bans

¦	For counties where urban population exceeds
80 percent of the total population, the amount of
waste burned was assumed to be zero, therefore
zero open burning assigned to these counties

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Residential Open Burning

NEI Methods for Residential Yard Waste

Activity Data (tons of waste burned)

Step 1 - Estimate 2002 rural population by
county

¦	County-level rural population estimated by
applying rural/urban percentages from 2000
Census data to 2002 population

Step 2 - Multiply per capita waste factor by
rural population

¦	Used national average per capita yard waste
generation factor of 0.54 Ibs/person/day.

Residential Open Burning

NEI Methods for Residential Yard Waste (cont.)

Step 3 - Estimate amount of leaf, brush
and grass yard waste

¦	Multiply total yard waste mass by 25% to
estimate leaf waste, 25% for brush waste,
and 50% for grass waste

Step 4 - Estimate amount of waste burned

¦	Assume 28% of total leaf and brush waste
generated is burned; assume 0% of grass is
burned

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 9 - Combustion Area Sources

9-14


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Residential Open Burning

NEi Methods for Residential Yard Waste (cont.)

Step 5 - Adjust for variations in vegetation
¦ Used the following ranges to make adjustments
to the amount of yard waste generated per
county:

Percent forested acres per county	Adjustment for yard waste generated

<10%	Zero out

>= 10%, and <50%	Multiply by 50%

>=50%	Assume 100%

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Residential Open Burning

NEI Methods for Residential Yard Waste (cont.)

Step 6 - Account for burning bans

¦ For counties where urban population exceeds
80 percent of the total population, the amount
of waste burned was assumed to be zero,
therefore zero open burning assigned to these
counties.

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Residential Open Burning

NEI Methods for Residential MSW and Yard Waste

E = A * EF * (1 - CE * RP * RE)

where: E =	Controlled Emissions, lbs pollutant per year

A =	Activity, tons of MSW or leaves/brush burned
per year

EF =	Emission Factor, lbs per ton burned

CE =	% Control Efficiency/100

RP =	% Rule Penetration/100

RE =	% Rule Effectiveness/100

¦	100% CE assumed for counties where urban population
exceeds 80% of the total population

¦	Assumed 100% RE and RP

¦	All other counties, assumed 0% CE, RE, and RP

Chapter 9 - Combustion Area Sources

9-15


-------
Residential Open Burning
EIIP Alternative for Yard Waste

Identify records of burning permits or
violations, coupled with data (or assumptions)
on typical volumes and material composition

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Residential Open Burning

Improvements to NEI Methods

¦ Review EIIP Volume III, Ch. 16 Open
Burning

Obtain State/local estimates of per-capita
waste generation

Use State/local estimates for amount or
percentage of waste burned

Obtain State/local estimates of months
when yard wastes are burned

Residential Open Burning
Improvements to NEI Methods (cont.)
¦ Sources

¦	Solid Waste Agency

¦	Air Agency

¦	Health Department

¦	Solid Waste Management Organization

¦	Local Survey

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 9 - Combustion Area Sources


-------
Residential Open Burning

Improvements to NEI Methods (cont.)

Identify rules prohibiting or limiting open
burning, and the organization that enforces
those rules

For areas that have burning prohibitions,
consider performing rule effectiveness (RE)
surveys

Level of enforcement/compliance can be a
significant variable in calculating controlled
emissions

Rule penetration (RP) to reflect duration of
seasonal bans relative to annual activity
profile, exempt activities

Residential Open Burning
MANE-VU Example	

Development of 2002 residential open burning
inventory for MANE-VU States

Multi-state RPO developed inventory following
El IP procedures

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Residential Open Burning
MANE-VU Example (cont.)	

Developed survey instrument to collect:

¦	Number/percentage of households that burn
waste

¦	Burn frequency

¦	Amount per burn

¦	Seasonal Activity

3 separate surveys for:

¦	Residential MSW

¦	Brush

¦	Leaf

Chapter 9 - Combustion Area Sources


-------
Residential Open Burning
MANE-VU Example (cont.)	

Survey results were used to estimate
emissions for each survey jurisdiction

For non-surveyed areas, default activity data
derived from survey responses were applied

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Residential Open Burning
MANE-VU Example (cont.)	

To estimate the mass of waste burned for
residential MSW and yard waste, the following
equation was used:

Wt = HH * Bt * M

where: Wt = Mass of waste burned per time period
HH = Number of households that burn
Bt = Number of burns per time period
M = Mass of waste per burn

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Residential Open Burning
MANE-VU Example (cont.)	

Developed control database to establish area-
specific control efficiency (CE), rule
effectiveness (RE), and rule penetration (RP)
Performed rule effectiveness (RE) survey to
determine level of compliance with state or
local open burning prohibitions
To estimate default RE values, the survey
data was statistically analyzed resulting in one
value for all non-surveyed areas

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 9 - Combustion Area Sources


-------
Residential Open Burning
MANE-VU Example (cont.)	

Emissions estimated for all criteria
pollutants/precursors and several toxic air
pollutants

Emissions estimated at the census tract level
(summed to county, State, region)

Emissions temporally allocated to support
modeling using profiles developed from the
survey

Lessons Learned

If leaf burning is significant, perform separate
surveys in targeted areas for leaf waste and
brush waste burning

Perform MSW surveys separate from yard
waste surveys, instead of combined to reduce
survey length

A larger sample may have allowed for greater
geographic distinction

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Lessons Learned (cont.)

Sub-county emissions estimates serve as the
basis for a more spatially refined inventory
Regional survey provides greater consistency
Better accounting of controls results in
decreased emissions relative to NEI

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 9 - Combustion Area Sources


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Land Clearing Debris Burning
What Sources are Included?

SCCs:

2610000500 - Land Clearing Debris Burning
Pollutants: PM10, PM 2.5, CO, VOC, 6 HAPs

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Land Clearing Debris Burning

NEI Method	

Activity Data

Estimate the county-level total number of
acres disturbed by residential, non-residential
and roadway construction
¦ Used number of acres disturbed from fugitive
dust construction emissions activity calculations

Apply loading factor to number of acres to
estimate the amount of material or fuel
subject to burning

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Land Clearing Debris Burning

NEI Method (cont.)	

Weighted, county-specific loading factors
developed based on acres of hardwoods,
softwoods, and grasses (BELD2 data base in
BEIS)

Multiplied average loading factors by percent
contribution of each type of vegetation class
to the total county land area

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 9 - Combustion Area Sources


-------
Land Clearing Debris Burning
NEI Method (cont.)	

Average loading factors for hardwood and
softwood further adjusted by 1.5 to account
for mass of tree below the surface

Fuel Type

Fuel Loading
(tons/acre)

Hardwood

99

Softwood

57

Grass

4.5

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Land Clearing Debris Burning

NEI Method (cont.)	

Fuel Loading Factor Equation

u = Fh*Lh + FS*LS + Fg*Lg

where: Lw	= County-specific weighted loading factor

Fh	= Fraction of county acres classified as hardwoods

Lh	= Average loading factor for hardwoods

Fs	= Fraction of county acres classified as softwoods

Ls	= Average loading factor for softwoods

Fg	= Fraction of county acres classified as grasses

Lg	= Average loading factor for grasses

Preparati on of Fin e Particul ate Emissi on s I nventori es

Land Clearing Debris Burning
NEI Method (cont.)	

Emission Calculation

E = A * LF * EF

where: E = Emissions, lbs pollutant per year

A = No. of acres of land cleared per county

(residential + commercial + road construction)
LF = County-specific loading factor, tons per acre
EF = Emission factor, lbs pollutant per ton

¦	Represents an upper-bound emissions estimate

¦	Assume all fuel loading on land cleared is
burned; no controls or bans

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 9 - Combustion Area Sources

9-21


-------
Land Clearing Debris Burning
Improvements to NEI Method

Review El IP section on Open Burning

¦	EIIP Volume III, Ch. 16

¦	Preferred methods rely on direct measure of mass
of waste or debris burned

¦	Mass amounts may be available from permits
issued

Improve estimates of the acres cleared
Develop improved estimate of the "average
loading factor"

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Land Clearing Debris Burning
Improvements to NEI Method (cont.)

Identify specific counties with burning bans,
and specification of counties where wastes
are burned

State or local estimates of the percentage or
amount of waste burned per construction
event

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Land Clearing Debris Burning
Northern Virginia Example

Performed RE survey to determine the level
of compliance with rules for:

¦	Land clearing debris burning

¦	Residential waste burning

Developed RE to apply to ozone season open
burning emission estimates for the Virginia
portion of the Washington DC-MD-VA Ozone
Nonattainment Area

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 9 - Combustion Area Sources


-------
Land Clearing Debris Burning
Northern Virginia Example (cont.)

Reviewed conditions of existing open burning
rules

¦	Time period of ban

¦	Exemptions and special provisions

Surveyed local open burning officials
responsible for tracking and enforcing open
burning rules

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Land Clearing Debris Burning
Northern Virginia Example (cont.)

Started with EPA questionnaire from RE
guidance, modified for open burning

Responses to questions are assigned specific
point values that add up to a maximum of 100
points, considered equivalent to a RE
percentage value

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Land Clearing Debris Burning
Northern Virginia Example (cont.)

RE values analyzed by county and for 5-
county region
¦ Estimated regional RE of 93 percent

If area comprised of counties and jurisdictions
with significantly different population densities,
analyze responses by urban and rural areas

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 9 - Combustion Area Sources


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Lessons Learned

Local officials may defer to higher officials
(e.g., county or state-level) for enforcing open
burning rules

RE may be high for time period that ban is in
effect, but need to account for duration of ban
(RP) if less than annual or seasonal
It is important to account for when the ban is
taking place

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Agricultural Burning - Overview

SCC 2801500000

PM10-PRI and PM2.5-PRI

Both condensibles and filterables

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Agricultural Burning - General Method

Activity

¦	Acres of crop burned

Loading Factor (tons of biomass or vegetation
per acre burned)

Emission Factor

¦	Pounds PM 25 per ton of vegetation burned (crop-
specific)

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 9 - Combustion Area Sources


-------
Wheat Stubble Burning Example

Method - Develop inventory using county-
specific data when available

¦ Activity

¦	Acres of wheat burned by month obtained from burn
permits issued by county fire department

¦	Fuel loading for wheat stubble from county agricultural
extension office

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Wheat Stubble Burning Example (cont.)

Emission Factors

¦	PM10: 8.82 pounds per ton of wheat stubble
burned

¦	PM2.5: 8.34 pounds per ton of wheat stubble
burned

Resolution

¦	Spatial - county

¦	Temporal - monthly

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Wheat Stubble Burning Example (cont.)

Sample Calculation
¦ PM2.5-PRI Emissions

= Acres Burned per month * Loading Factor * Emission Factor

Annual PM2.5-PRI Emissions = 2. Monthly Emissions

Chapter 9 - Combustion Area Sources

9-25


-------
Agricultural Burning - Improvements

Preferable to inventory larger fires (> 100
acres) as events with a start and stop date
and time; lump smaller fires into monthly
acreages

Requires coordination with burners and permit
authorities

Start building a system and relationships with
the burners/ permitting authorities to enable
such an inventory in the future

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Agricultural Burning - Improvements
(cont.)

Obtain local acres of crops burned data
from:

¦	Burn permits

¦	Survey of county agricultural extension offices
Verify that burns actually occurred

Obtain fuel loading data

¦	Local data preferred from county agricultural
extension offices, local Natural Resources
Conservation Service Center

¦	National defaults available from Chapter 2.5
in AP-42

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Agricultural Burning
Case Study - Overview

Case Study: County level emissions
inventory for burning of wheat stubble

¦ See Case Study Number 9-2

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 9 - Combustion Area Sources


-------
Agricultural Burning
Case Study - Solution

Case Study: County level emissions
inventory for burning of wheat stubble

¦ See Handout 9-2

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Overview of Wildland Fire Inventory
Wildland Burning

¦	Types: Wildfires, Managed (Prescribed) Burns

¦	Burners:

NPS, USFS, BLM, USFWS, State & Tribal Forests,
Private burners

Prescribed Burning

¦	Habitat improvement

¦	Managing undergrowth and understoring of the
forest

¦	Reducing risk of wildfires

How were Wildfire Emissions Estimated

in the '99 - '02V1 NEI?	

Pollutants

¦	PM10, PM2 5, NOx, CO, VOC, S02, 30 HAPS
Emission Factors (AP-42)

State-specific fuel consumed per acre burned
Annual Activity Data ~ State (or regional) level

¦	USFS, BIA, BLM, NPS, FWS

¦	Some States provide private / State burn data

¦	Spatial allocation to counties using forested area
Emissions Processor - Allocates Diurnal &
Monthly

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 9 - Combustion Area Sources

9-27


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What are the RPO's Doing?

The Regional Planning Organizations (RPOs)
are working on:

¦	Treating most fires as point sources

¦	Using fire-specific fuel consumption

¦	Providing a much improved emission estimate

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

What are Future Plans for Improving the
Approach to Estimating Fire Emissions?
Future plans include the following:

¦	Incorporate satellite observations

¦	Improve locational data

¦	Improve fuel characterization

¦	Use actual fire weather conditions that effect
emissions

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

What Needs to Happen Nationally / Regionally
to Improve Wildland Fire Emissions?	

Improve Regional / National Databases &

Models

¦	Fire Event: area burned, when, where

¦	Develop, refine national & regional models &
databases to estimate pre-burn fuel loading

¦	Refine, expand use of fuel consumption models

¦	Provide guidance on estimating impact of
mitigation measures on emissions

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 9 - Combustion Area Sources

9-28


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What Needs to Happen Nationally / Regionally
to Improve Wildland Fire Emissions? (cont.)

Fire Events Database Development
Federal MOU

¦	Includes: EPA, DOI, USDA

¦	Broad Scope: Fire Management Activities

¦	Status: In Progress
Investigation of the role of national
databases

¦	USDA/DOI efforts

¦	NEISGEI http://capita.wustl.edu/NEISGEI/

¦	B-RAINS (Pacific NW Database)

¦	Much more work is needed to move toward real
time data collection, QA & sharing

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

What Needs to Happen Nationally / Regionally
to Improve Wildland Fire Emissions? (cont.)

Investigating the Potential Use of Satellites

¦	EPA

¦	El IP-funded Overview of Using Satellites in AQ

¦ http://vwwv.epa.gov/ttn/chief/eiip/pm25inventory/
remsens.pdf

¦	Collaboration w/ NASA

¦	Interagency

¦	NIFC

¦	Work at Missoula Fire Research Center & Salt Lake City

¦	Collaboration w/ NASA

¦	Others

¦	CAMFER

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

What Needs to Happen Nationally / Regionally
to Improve Wildland Fire Emissions? (cont.)

Emission Estimation Tools & Inventories

¦	EPA

¦	Recent Report: Fire Emission Estimation Methods

¦	USFS

¦	Work at the Fire Sciences Lab (Missoula)

¦	Work at Pacific NW Research Station (Corvallis)

¦	Collaboration

¦	WRAP - Fire Emissions Joint Forum

¦	RPO-led 2002 Wildland Fire El development

¦	Nat'l Fire Emissions Workshop

¦	Nat'l FCC coverage @ 1 km2 resolution

¦	Emissions model to interface with grid models

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 9 - Combustion Area Sources

9-29


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Wildland Fire Emissions Module
(under development)

Modular input to Emission Models (e.g.,
SMOKE, OpEM) to interface with the CMAQ
modeling system

User Inputs: Fire locations, duration, size
Model Components (Modules from the
BlueSky system)

¦	Fuel loading default: NFDRS / FCC map

¦	Fuel Moisture: Calculates using MM5 met data

¦	Fuel Consumption: CONSUME / FOFEM

¦	Emissions, Heat Release & Plume Rise: EPM &
Briggs (modified)

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Wildland Fire Emissions Module
(under development) (cont.)

Outputs: Gridded hourly emissions, plume
characteristics

Integrate, Test & Release Module (late 2004)

Preparation of Fine Particulate Emissions Inventories

Chapter 9 - Combustion Area Sources


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