Remediate and Renew A campus resource for water, food, and engagement Team Registration D30 Student Members Kobee Wade - Bachelor of Landscape Architecture Winnie VanLandingham - Bachelor of Landscape Architecture John Ivy - Bachelor of Landscape Architecture Aaron Schlosser - Bachelor of Landscape Architecture Landyn Green - Bachelor of Landscape Architecture Hagen Rushing - Bachelor of Landscape Architecture Emily Booth - Bachelor of Landscape Architecture Jessica Shearman - Bachelor of Landscape Architecture Cada Fischer - Bachelor of Landscape Architecture Brett Paris - Bachelor of Landscape Architecture Charles Goodgame - Bachelor of Landscape Architecture Hunter Waters - Bachelor of Landscape Architecture Dawson Oakley - Bachelor of Science in Biological Engineering Noah Geels - Bachelor of Science in Biological Engineering Celestene Sebag - Bachelor of Science in Biological Engineering Advisors Dr. Ahmed Mahmoud - Teaching Assistant Professor, Biological Engineering Lee Porter - Ozark Greenroofs, Inc. Becky Roark - Executive Director, Beaver Watershed Alliance Angela Oxford - Executive Director, Center for Community Engagement Claire Allison - Assistant Executive Director, Center for Community Engagement John Scott - Urban Forester, City of Fayetteville Jay Hunnicutt - Director, University of Arkansas Facilities Mary Purvis - Fayjones School Development Director Scott Biehle - Teaching Assistant Professor, Landscape Architecture UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS FayJonesSchool of Architecture + Design ------- Abstract Stephen L. Anderson Design Center and Vol Walker Hall house the Fayjones School of Architecture and Design at the University of Arkansas. While an AIA award-winning building, it is clear that the site lacks measurable environmental benefits. With multiple underutilized areas on the green roof, as well as an undeveloped surrounding landscape, two solutions naturally arise: stormwater mitigation systems and food production and distribution opportunities. Team Renew proposes a design project that reduces stormwater runoff and provides ways to feed the community, campus, and city. Team Renew focuses on three localized projects within the site at-large: the west green roof, the east green roof, and the south lawn. The plan includes permeable pavers, native plantings, catchment areas, occupiable planters, and a food forest. Educational opportunities through signage and site activities are provided so that the user can become more empathetic to the everyday systems that go on around them. In order to ensure that this project is designed correctly as well as implemented in the future, Team Renew worked not only with other colleges on campus, but also with the City of Fayetteville, the campus food bank, and multiple professionals and experts within the Northwest Arkansas area. In order to create a more sustainable site that mitigates stormwater runoff and feeds the public, the university and the community must work together. Introduction Team Renew engages two opportunities that arise on this site: stormwater mitigation and food insecurity. On average, the University of Arkansas receives close to 49 inches of rainfall every year, with very few places on our site able to intercept any of that water. All of the surrounding paving is impervious and the plants that currently reside on the green roof are not maintained and are either dead or in a very bad condition. Additionally, the south lawn is all turf, providing virtually no opportunities for stormwater infiltration. The majority of this runoff is directed into out-of-site drainage systems, with its eventual destination being Beaver Lake north of here. In Northwest Arkansas alone, there are an estimated 2,951 homeless persons, with 56% of those people being under the age of 18. To further expound upon this, Arkansas ranks 50th in the country in terms of food insecurity, with 14% of Washington County being food insecure. College students as well are even more at risk due to generally small budgets and high expenses. Our design's three primary objectives are to (1) reduce stormwater runoff through mitigation efforts such as green roofs, rainwater collection, and infiltration, (2) provide opportunities for food production and distribution by designing a food forest on the south lawn and raised beds within the new green roof, and (3) alleviate urban heat island effect by introducing more extensive vegetation on the roof. Additionally, this green infrastructure will serve to educate and inform the public about environmental and social issues through both signage and interaction as well as provide opportunity for community outreach. The implementation of this project on campus is expected to both reduce food insecurity in the surrounding community and minimize stormwater runoff on the two buildings that house the Fayjones School of Architecture and Design. P a g e 2 ------- Local and Regional Context The University of Arkansas, and Fayetteville as a whole, reside in a level II ecoregion known as the "Ozark, Ouachita-Appalachian forests". A unique region in central North America, it is a place that is not only highly diverse in regards to wildlife, but also home to many old- growth forests. With peaks as high as 2,500 feet, this mountainous region is especially vulnerable to erosion. Excessive stormwater runoff, amplified by above average rainfall and the rapid metropolitan growth, with the usual impervious cover as a result, serves to exasperate this issue. As the metropolitan area grows, so wili impervious surfaces. Between 2010 and 2017, the US Census reported that the Northwest Arkansas region grew at a rate of 16%, ranking as 15th fastest in the United States. With projections showing a 2045 population of almost 1,00,000 residents — double the current population — stormwater remediation efforts are essential now. Runoff will only increase as growth and development continues, further eroding hillsides and polluting sources of water Furthermore, Northwest Arkansas gets all of their drinking water from Beaver Lake, which supplies over 20 municipalities and more than 350,000 residents in the outlying area. Erosion of the surrounding hillsides from stormwater runoff increases sedimentation in this reservoir leading to potentially costly fixes down the road. The university itself resides on one of the highest points in Fayetteville, which is bisected by two watersheds: the Beaver Lake Watershed and the Illinois River Watershed. In even minor stormwater events, this can lead to flooded areas and high velocity surface flows, which contribute to the above issues. However, there are also social issues at play within the local context. Washington County, where Fayetteville is located, has approximately 15% of its population in poverty, compared to the national average of 11%. A 2016 report conducted by the University of Arkansas found that as many as 42% of students experience either low or very low food security. In addition, minorities such as African Americans, Hispanics, and Asians are 6% more likely to be food insecure than white students. 21% of students surveyed reported that they do not have enough money to buy everyday necessities such as food. While there is a food pantry that resides on campus, only half of students know it exists, and only 2% reported having used it, perhaps due to its obscure and hard-to-find location. Figure 1: an image of Fayetteville during an intense storm event. Flooding is common. P a g e 3 ------- Site Analysis The site at-large, which is encompassed within the red dashing in figure 2, is approximately three acres. The Fayjones School of Architecture and Design, a largely impervious site, takes up about 0.6 acres or 25,557 square feet of the total area. As further explained under the "Design Proposal" section, we propose re-designing three areas in particular within those three acres. A critical part, and arguably the main part, of our site analysis is the examination of water runoff. To define this data, we found it best to collaborate with biological engineering students at the University of Arkansas, who provided us with critical information. Figure 2: an image of the site with corresponding area. The site at-large is delineated by the red dashed line, while the site specifically is represented by the white overlay. Our first step was to find the runoff with current site conditions. After delineating the watershed using contour data from the City of Fayetteville, our outlet point was identified. We then created a hyetograph for the 2-year 24 hr storm event in Fayetteville, AR using the SCS curve number method to use as the design storm in our models. CN values were obtained and matched to corresponding areas within the drainage area surrounding the architecture building. Figure 3: an image of the site with the roof subcatchment, and outlet point are defined. The site's watershed is delineated by the black hatching overlay. iuscatroenti P a g e 4 ------- The next step was to model the drainage area in SWMM. This was done first for the existing conditions using data from the City of Fayetteville collected previously. Any existing green infrastructure features were also modeled, which includes the green roof on the west end of the building at present. In order to model this green roof, a soil sample was taken from the roof and was tested in the lab to obtain valuable information such as porosity and field capacity. This data was used in the SWMM model, and the final runoff values for existing conditions were obtained as shown below: Total Total Total Total Imperv Perv Total Total Peak Precip Runon Evap Infil Runoff Runoff Runoff Runoff Runoff Runoff Subcatchment in in in in in in in 10A6 gal CFS Coeff Subcatment 3.89 0.00 0.00 0.94 0.50 2.36 2.87 0.19 2.19 0.738 Roof 3.88 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.73 0.07 3.85 0.06 0.57 0.991 Figure 4: a table showing existing conditions. Figure 5: a graph showing existing conditions. Based on current conditions given a 2-year 24 hr storm event, current total runoff equates to approximately 6.72 inches. Regarding the subcatchment, peak runoff was 2.19 cubic feet per second (cfs). Lastly, on the roof, peak runoff was approximately 0.57 cubic feet per second (cfs). This data, in relation to our proposed design and the overall co-benefits, will be expounded upon in the "Design Benefits" section. Design Proposal The design proposal is split into three different areas: the east green roof, the west green roof, and the south lawn. Each of these designs contribute to the proposal as a whole, and work towards accomplishing our earlier-stated goals: (1) to reduce stormwater runoff through mitigation efforts such as green roofs, rainwater collection, and infiltration, and (2) to provide opportunities for food production and distribution by designing a food forest on the south lawn and raised beds within the new green roofs. The east green roof itself is technically subdivided into two roofs: north and south. New green spaces and stormwater catchment basins will help to reduce runoff and increase infiltration. This captured stormwater will then be used to irrigate the new plantings as well as the raised beds that will be installed. These raised beds will serve to produce and distribute food in conjunction with the proposed design for the south lawn. Study and social spaces are provided as well, along with an enhanced visual connection between the Oculus Room and the surrounding exterior. This will help to foster investigation and, eventually, education. P a g e 5 ------- Figure 6: a diagram showing site programming. The design for the west green roof is a further development and refinement of a proposal from 2019. New areas for seating are provided, along with enhanced lighting and a new planting scheme altogether. Small trees will be planted not only to provide shade for the inhabitants, but also to allow for stormwater infiltration along with the newly planted sedums. Opportunities for rainwater catchment will be installed as well, with the collected water maintaining a constant feedback loop of "capture, irrigate, infiltrate". Lastly the south lawn will be re-designed into a functional, garden-esque landscape that serves a variety of purposes. A proposed plaza outfitted with permeable pavers and native trees will serve the many malleable needs of a design school: a study space, a classroom, an opportunity for relaxation or fabrication, or an exhibition space. A food forest on site will aide in the production and distribution of food to food insecure students on campus, and on a much larger scale than the east green roof. Stormwater collection containers are designed elements that will capture any water that falls on the Vol Walker Hall roof. This water will then be used to irrigate the accompanying food forest and newly-planted trees and vegetation. catchment area Phase I: design intent: occupia- ble; planters; trees; augment remediation catchment area Phase I: design intent: re-design ex. green roof; new planters with trees; planting re-design; augment remediation, storage Phase I: design intent: occupia- ble; planters; food; augment remediation, storage new landscape; plaza; remedia- tion/infiltration area; natives + trees + food forest inspiration; remediation, infiltration, & ~ storage Within the entire proposal are countless ways to engage the community. Signage will be provided where educational opportunities arise, and seating will be strategically placed close to ecological processes in order to foster investigation. Food production and distribution will connect the site to the larger campus community, and communal space on the south lawn will aide in interaction and relationships. P a g e 6 ------- Design Benefits Implementation of the design proposals have considerable impacts on the site. Given that few elements to remediate stormwater on the site exist currently, the following tables describe the increase in both runoff mitigation and storage capacity for use across the site. Fay Jones "West" Green Roof Area Green Roof Impervious Cover Storage Capacity Existinq 6950 sf 1000 sf 5950 sf Ocf Proposed 6950 sf 3800 sf 3150 sf 2400 cf Fay Jones "East" Green Roof Area Current Plantinqs Impervious Cover Storage Capacity Existinq 3900 sf 0 sf 3900 sf Ocf Proposed 3900 sf 2350 sf 1550 sf 870 cf Fay Jones South Lawn Area Current Pervious Cover (turf) Impervious Storage Capacity Existing 28850 sf 15900 sf 12950 Ocf Proposed 28850 sf 26750 2100 1900 CF Figures 7 and 8: data courtesy oftPA National Stormwater Calculator. Seen above in figures 7 and 8, there is a drastic increase in storage capacity and a drastic decrease in impervious cover. In the baseline scenario, close to half of all stormwater on site is classified as "runoff". With our design proposal, that will reduce to less than an fifth, with the majority of stormwater being infiltrated. Next, the biological engineering students modeled the design conditions using the information provided by the landscape architecture department. This included the new and improved green roof, rain garden, bioswale, storage, and permeable pavement features. Values that were not specified in the design were assumed based on EPA SWMM standards for each LID. The design results are shown below: Total Total Total Total Imperv Perv Total Total Peak Precip Runon Evap Infil Runoff Runoff Runoff Runoff Runoff Runoff Subcatchment in in in in in in in 10A6 gal CFS Coeff Subcatment 3.89 0.00 0.00 0.88 2.67 2.20 2.08 0.14 1.54 0.535 Roof 3.88 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.18 0.06 3.06 0.05 0.48 0.787 Figure 9: a table showing proposed conditions. Figure 10: a graph showing proposed conditions. P a g e 7 ------- Based on the values shown in each graph from SWMM, the total runoff from a 2-yr 24 hour storm was reduced from 6.72 inches to 5.14 inches (~ 23.5% decrease). The peak runoff on the ground sub catchment was reduced from 2.19 cfs to 1.54 cfs (~ 29.7% decrease) and the peak runoff on the roof was reduced from 0.57 cfs to 0.48 cfs (~ 15.8% decrease). ¦ Stormwater ¦ Air Quality ~ C02 ¦ Total Breakdown of tree benefits Figure 11: overall cost benefits of planted trees, provided by iTree. "Rem" stands for removal, which is your tree absorbing or intercepting pollutants. "Avd" stands for avoided, which is your tree lessening the need for creation of these pollutants in the first place by reducing energy production needs. Figure 12: overall air quality benefits of planted trees, provided by iTree. In figure 12, "Rem" stands for removal, which is the tree absorbing or intercepting pollutants. "Avd" stands for avoided, which is the tree lessening the need for creation of these pollutants in the first place by reducing energy production needs. Figure 13: overall C02 benefits of planted trees, provided by iTree. The three graphs provided above, meant to be considered collectively with the data previously listed, describe the different benefits of the proposed tree plantings. This can be broken down into three categories: cost, air quality, and CC>2. Those are listed below. 1. Figure 8: over the course of the next 50 years, the proposed trees will provide a total of $11,416 worth of overall benefits. 2. Figure 9: over the course of the next 50 years, the proposed trees will remove (Rem) an estimated 1,213 pounds of pollutants. 3. Figure 10: over the course of the next 50 years, the proposed trees will reudce atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) by a total amount of 306,649 pounds. Not expounded upon in a graph, but also provided by iTree, is the data that suggests that over the course of the next 50 years, the proposed trees will intercept a total of 2,214,946 gallons of rainfall and help avoid 181,765 gallons of stormwater runoff. P a g e 8 ------- Partnerships Recognizing that this is a collaborative process that requires input from multiple disciplines across the university and Northwest Arkansas, we identified strategic organizations to aide the team during the design process. The Beaver Watershed Alliance works to proactively protect, enhance, and sustain the high water quality of Beaver Lake and its tributaries through voluntary best management practice implementation, outreach and education, and scientific evaluation. Tributaries of Beaver Lake such as the West, Middle, and East Forks of the White River, Richland Creek, and War Eagle Creek offer a diverse and stunning variety of aesthetic beauty, wildlife, and cultural heritage as they flow along their course to Beaver Lake. From Harrison, Arkansas to Westville, Oklahoma, over 420,000 people rely on Beaver Lake for drinking water, industry, and recreational activities such as boating, skiing, birding, and swimming. BWA provides strategic, valued, and meaningful programing to provide watershed landowners and environmental stewards with the resources they need to help protect the water quality of Beaver Lake and its tributaries. Planting native trees, shrubs, grasses, and wildflowers at stream restoration sites and upland areas of the watershed helps teach participants about the issues affecting Beaver Lake and gets them involved in actively stewarding the precious resource. The Center for Community Engagement is a crucial collaborator on the Rainworks 2021 design proposal. Due to the fact that a large proponent of our proposed design is the alleviation of food insecurity at the University, it is of the utmost importance that we obtain direction from those most familiar with this issue. Not only does the CCE run the Jane B. Gearhart Full Circle Food Pantry on campus, they also provide students with opportunities for community service and public outreach. They were critical in helping us determine exactly how to get food distributed to those who need it most. The University's Cooperative Extension Service and Campus Planning department were also very important in the design process. The CES helped the design team to determine which best management practices were the most beneficial to implement regarding agriculture, and the Campus Planning department provided important contextual information that helped determine specific design moves. COMMUNITY RECOURSES INPUT OUTPUT FOOD PANTRY INPUT UNIVERSITY OUTPUT CAMPUS CAMPUS SATELLITE PANTRY SATELLITE PANTRY I I CAMPUS CAMPUS SATELLITE PANTRY SATELLITE PANTRY I I P a g e 9 ------- Professionals within the Northwest Arkansas area provided assistance as well. Lee Porter, owner of Ozark Greenroofs assisted in determining a plant palette and appropriate substrate for the west greenroof and John Scott, Fayetteville's urban forester, aided in providing a list of appropriate Arkansas native trees for the site. Public Outreach and Education A critical part of our design proposal is the involvement and education of the surrounding community. A pressing issue plaguing the general public is a lack of education regarding water processes. Most individuals simply do not know what stormwater runoff is or the strategies that can be implemented to help solve it. Our design will help to alleviate that issue. By implementing design features that combat stormwater runoff on a critical, critical, and highly visible site on campus, the mere proximity of the public will help to instill curiosity and intrigue. However, by also providing necessary literature that educates the community as to what exactly is taking place, they will begin to not only learn, but also be more empathetic and involved in the environment's future. Both the Beaver Watershed Alliance and the University's Center for Community Engagement will be important partners in these endeavors. Borrowing from the permacultural construct of food forests, the design implemented on the south lawn will also be a crux of public outreach. The outcome here tends to speak for itself, but the distribution of locally grown food will first and foremost foster intimate community outreach and crucial opportunities for relationship. Not only will this provide nutrition for those who are food insecure on campus, but it will also allow interaction between individuals of different races, ethnicities, and socioeconomic status. Secondly, this food forest will provide instruction to those who desire to learn how to grow their own food through classes held on site. Project Phasing The project lends itself easily to considering either two or three phases. The first option — two phases—simply splits the project with a first phase completing the rooftop work and the second phase completing the at grade work. Given that the rooftop project is, in essence, two discreet areas of the School roof, each section of the roof could be phased in individually, with the at-grade work in a third phase. Provided that the Fay Jones School of Architecture and Design is fully functioning nine months of the year, and partially occupied the other three months, preference and priority ------- are given to the phasing scheme the causes the least disruption to the life of the School. A two-phase scheme has been selected, with large portions of the installation occurring during the warmer months, disrupting the academic semester schedule the least. January-May June-August September-December CM CM f—•» Identify and assemble project Design phase CM team/stakeholders Site assessments conducted Funding partners and models identified (installation & mainte- nance) Team/stakeholder meet- ings ongoing Commence development of School support teams (student-oriented) Refined cost estimation Funding in progress (in- stallation & maintenance) Design/documentation Phase I installation (green roofs) Phase II preparation con- phase commences tinues 2023 Team/stakeholder meet- Site preparation, demolition Planting continued for ings ongoing mid-May later fall harvests ongoing, Commence development Fabrication of site elements with studentsupport and of School support teams completed connections to campus (student-oriented) Installation June-August food pantry established Plant and other materials Maintenance schedule begins Additional market days acquisition started Planting for first fall harvest held Final cost estimate completed, with student support Preparations for winter Commitments to funding and connections to campus food production in place in place (installation & pantry established maintenance) Potential first market days held Phase II preparation commences Phase II installation Phase II installation (south lawn) Phase II installation (south CN o (south lawn) commences ongoing lawn) completed CM (spring) Maintenance protocols and re- Maintenance regime for Maintenance protocols sources developed and in place Phase II South Lawn imple- and resources developed Rooftop food production enters mented and in place its third season Events in plaza commence Rooftop food production Event planning for new south Rooftop food production enters its second season lawn plaza continues and final- enters its fourth season Event planning for new ized for Academic Year 24-25 south lawn plaza com- mences Construction Estimate and Projected Maintenance Costs Cost estimations are provided by discreet site locations, as well as phase, and are based upon design development drawings, and reflect the precision allowed by estimating at this point of documentation. Standard industry conventions are used in calculating material quantities and estimating value-added costs such as fabrication or manufactured custom design elements. Page 10 ------- Phase I: West Green Roof Item/Description Unit Quantity Unit Cost/Multiplier Total Growing medium 21 yds $75.00 $1,575.00 Material: steel; benches and planters 2600 sf $3.00 sf $7800.00 Fabrication: steel; bench- es and planters 2600 sf 3 $23,400.00 Plumbing reconfigura- tion and install time/material allow $5,000.00 Moss Green Wall [need sf] time/material allow $10,000.00 Vegetated Green Wall [need sf] time/material allow $5,000.00 Green Wall; neon logo 1 allow $2,500.00 12' specimen trees, boxed or b&b 7 $350.00 $2,450.00 Herbaceous planting 1,650 sf $2.50 $4,125.00 Supplemental irrigation system (drip) 1,650 sf $1.75 $2,887.50 Mulch, if needed 1,650 sf $.50 $825.00 Lighting design, materi- als, installation 1 allow $5,000.00 10% contingency $7,191.25 Total: $79,103.75 Phase I: East Green Roof Item/Description Unit Quantity Unit Cost/Multiplier Total Growing medium 9 yds $75.00 $675.00 Material: steel; benches and planters 2640 sf $3.00 sf $7,920.00 Fabrication: steel; bench- es and planters 2640 sf 3 $23,760.00 Plumbing reconfigura- tion and install 1 time/material allow $5,000.00 Pervious paving system 1449 sf $20.00 sf $28,980.00 12' specimen trees, boxed or b&b 7 $350.00 $2,450.00 Herbaceous planting 657 sf $2.50 $1,642.50 Supplemental irrigation system (drip) 657 sf $1.75 $1,149.75 Mulch, if needed 657 sf $.50 $328.00 Lighting design, materi- als, installation 1 allow $5,000.00 Page 11 ------- Item/Description Unit Quantity Unit Cost/Multiplier Total 10% contingency $7,825.58 Total: $86,081.33 Phase I Total: $165,185.08 Phase II: South Lawn Plaza Item/Description Unit Quantity Unit Cost/Multiplier Total Demolition and reqradinq 15,500 sf $.50 $7,750.00 Pervious paving system 4700 sf $20,00 $90,000.00 Material: steel; cisterns 3000 sf $3.00 $9,000.00 Fabrication: steel; cisterns 3000 sf 3 $27,000.00 Material: steel; benches, planters 2700sf $3.00 $8,100.00 Fabrication: steel; bench- es, planters 2700sf 3 $24,300 Rain garden boardwalk 1 allow $10,000.00 Plumbing reconfiguration and installation 1 allow $5,000.00 12' specimen trees, boxed or b&b 20 $350.00 $7,000.00 Herbaceous planting 11,300 sf $2.50 $29,250.00 Replacement sod 900 sf $.60 $540.00 Mulch 12,800 sf $.50 $6,400.00 Lighting design, material, installation 1 allow $5,000.00 10% contingency $23,564.00 Total: $259,204.00 Phase I Total: $165,185.08 Phase II Total: $259,204.00 Project Total: $424,389.08 Page 12 ------- Funding Funding opportunities are identified and are closely related to and frequently flow through our projects partners (see "Partners" above). In addition, two opportunities exist within the Fayjones School of Architecture and Design itself: potential philanthropic funding to the school, dedicated to the project or portions thereof, and student-funded gifts or memorials, designating particular design elements as "class gifts." Major opportunities, however, exist with our primary partners, The Beaver Lake Watershed Alliance and the University of Arkansas's Center for Community Engagement. As a collaborative partner with the Beaver Watershed Alliance (BWA), avenues are opened to tap into federal Section 319 funding of the federal Water Pollution Control Act. This funding would not only provide means to construct low impact development elements of the design, but also meaningful work with the BWA in areas of stormwater education. BWA frequently works with the Arkansas Department of Environmental Quality, Water Quality Division, allowing access to resources at the state level. Conversation with the Executive Director of the BWA have suggested that the BWA and the Team could investigate opportunities under the American Recovery Act as well. The partnership with the Center for Community Engagement is equally as engaging. The Center, which is completely grant-funded supporting a robust set of programming (including the Jean B. Gearhart Full Circle Food Pantry), has an extensive donor base from which to draw. In addition, the Center works extensively with The Wal-Mart Foundation's NWA Gives program and Tyson Food foundations and corporate giving. While not a specific funding source, the Center also works with Americorps/Vista project. The project also provides opportunities for educational and living expense funding for students. Specific funds for student assistantships to provide care and upkeep for the project can be established. Through the School's network of alumni and identification of landscape professionals, practitioners, and suppliers, sponsored funding can be created to support a number of students. Page 13 ------- References Arkansas Community Foundation, (n.d.). Food Insecurity. Aspire Arkansas. Retrieved December 10, 2021, from https://www.aspirearkansas.org/families/food- insecurity. Beaver Watershed Alliance. (2021, November 12). Regulatory compliance. Beaver Water District. Retrieved December 10, 2021, from https://www.bwdh2o.org/regulatory- compliance/. City of Fayetteville. (2014). Drainage Criteria Manual. Fayetteville. Community and Family Institute, (n.d.). Fulbright College of Arts & Sciences. University of Arkansas. Retrieved December 10, 2021, from https://fulbright.uark. edu/departments/sociology/research-centers/community-family-institute/index. php. Division of Student Affairs Center for Community engagement, (n.d.). Retrieved December 10, 2021, from https://service.uark.edu/. Environmental Protection Agency, (n.d.). National Stormwater Calculator. EPA. Retrieved December 10, 2021, from https://www.epa.gov/water-research/national- stormwater-calculator. Ethridge, M. (2009). PDF. Columbia, MO; United States Geological Survey. i-Tree. (n.d.). Learn about l-tree. i-Tree. Retrieved December 10, 2021, from https://www. itreetools.org/. Lisnic, R. (2016). (rep.). Student Food Insecurity Survey Report (pp. 6-8). Fayetteville, AR: University of Arkansas. NOAA's National Weather Service. (2021, March 23). Washington County AR climate. National Weather Service. Retrieved December 10, 2021, from https://www. weather.gov/tsa/climo_washington. Page 14 ------- |