FY 2025
EPA Budget in Brief
United States Environmental Protection Agency
www.epa.gov
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United States Environmental Protection Agency
Office of the Chief Financial Officer (271 OA)
Publication Number: EPA-190-R-24-001
March 2024
www.epa.gov
Cover Photo Submission: Gabrielle Schluter - Glacier National Park, Montana
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FY 2025 EPA Budget in Brief
Table of Contents
Forward 1
Budget Overview 3
Summary Resource Charts
EPA's Budget by Appropriation 27
EPA's Resource History 29
EPA's Resources by Major Category 31
Cross Agency Strategies (CAS)
CAS 1: Ensure Scientific Integrity and Science-Based Decision Making 33
CAS 2: Consider the Health of Children at All Life Stages and Other Vulnerable Populations 35
CAS 3: Advance EPA's Organizational Excellence and Workforce Equity 37
CAS 4: Strengthen Tribal, State, and Local Partnerships and Enhance Engagement 41
Goal and Objective Overviews
Goal 1: Tackle the Climate Crisis 43
Goal 2: Take Decisive Action to Advance Environmental Justice and Civil Rights 49
Goal 3: Enforce Environmental Laws and Ensure Compliance 57
Goal 4: Ensure Clean and Healthy Air for All Communities 65
Goal 5: Ensure Clean and Safe Water for All Communities 71
Goal 6: Safeguard and Revitalize Communities 77
Goal 7: Ensure Safety of Chemicals for People and the Environment 85
Appendices
Program Projects by Program Area 95
EPA's Resources by Appropriation 107
Categorical Program Grants 109
Categorical Grants Overview Ill
Estimated SRF Obligations by State (FY 2023 - FY 2025) 119
Infrastructure Financing 125
Trust Funds 131
Programs Proposed for Elimination 135
Highlights of Major Program Changes 137
List of Acronyms 149
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Forward
Usage and Terminology
The FY 2025 EPA Budget in Brief displays funding in columns marked as FY 2023 Actuals, FY
2024 Annualized Continuing Resolution (ACR), FY 2025 President's Budget, and the FY 2025
President's Budget versus the FY 2024 ACR. At the time of budget development, no full-year FY
2024 enacted budget was in place, so the Agency developed the FY 2024 ACR for comparison
and display purposes. Note that the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA) and Inflation
Reduction Act (IRA) levels are excluded from all figures unless otherwise noted. Amounts in the
FY 2023 Actuals column reflect direct financial obligations as reported by the Governmentwide
Treasury Account Symbol system. Fixed costs refer primarily to costs that are largely unavoidable
in the short term (e.g., pay increases, General Services Administration set rent costs, utilities and
security costs, unemployment compensation, and government-wide changes in health benefits).
Please note that amounts presented reflect budget authority unless otherwise specified. Numbers
in tables and graphs may not add to totals because of rounding.
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Budget Overview
United States Environmental Protection Agency
FY 2025 Budget Overview
EPA's Mission
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has a clear and vital mission: to protect
human health and the environment. While the Agency, along with tribal, state, and local partners,
has made great progress in advancing this mission, much work remains to guarantee that all people
living in the United States share more fully in the benefits of clean air, clean water, clean land, and
chemical safety. Persistent challenges like climate change and environmental injustice have made
it clear that protecting our communities has never been more urgent. The FY 2025 President's
Budget puts forth the Agency's plans to confront these challenges and advance the priorities
described in the FY 2022 2026 EPA. Sir ate sic Plan. deepening EPA's commitment to protecting
human health and the environment for all people, with an emphasis on historically overburdened
and underserved communities.
The FY 2025 President's Budget for the EPA totals $10,994 billion, representing a $858 million
or eight and a half percent increase from the FY 2024 Annualized Continuing Resolution (ACR)
level. Note that at the time of budget development the Agency was operating under a continuing
resolution and so funding requests are compared against the ACR. The Budget supports 17,145
full-time equivalents (FTE), an increase of 2,023 FTE above the 2024 ACR level, to continue
rebuilding the Agency's core capacity to carry out its vital mission. These resources will advance
EPA's efforts to clean up air, land, and water pollution, tackle the climate crisis, advance
environmental justice, return contaminated land to productive use, regulate chemicals in
commerce, and position the Agency with the workforce required to address emerging and ongoing
challenges. The Budget includes robust funding to address the climate crisis by reducing
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, building resilience in the face of climate impacts, and engaging
with the global community, and tribal, state, and local partners to respond to this shared challenge.
The Agency will continue to prioritize environmental justice in its activities by investing across
all programs in support of environmental justice and ensuring compliance with civil rights laws
that prohibit discrimination in programs or activities that receive federal financial assistance from
EPA.
The FY 2025 Budget for the EPA will continue to build on the historic progress and investments
made by this Administration, including the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA),1 also
known as the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (BIL), and the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA).2 The
Budget will fund the Agency's core operating accounts and balance annual appropriations with the
significant supplemental resources to ensure that EPA, tribes, and states have the support needed
to effectively implement these new or significantly expanded programs.
The FY 2025 Budget is rooted in the four foundational principles of the FY 2022 - 2026 EPA
Strategic Plan: Follow the Science, Follow the Law, Be Transparent, and Advance Justice and
1 For more information, please visit: https://www.epa.gov/infrastmctnre.
2 For more information, please visit: https://www.epa.gov/inflation-rediiction-act.
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Budget Overview
Equity. These principles form the basis of the Agency's mission and will guide its operations and
decision making now and into the future. The Strategic Plan focuses on achieving the Agency's
and Administration's environmental priorities to instill scientific integrity in decision making,
tackle the climate crisis, and embed environmental justice across agency programs.
FY 2025 Funding Priorities
Tackle the Climate Crisis
The FY 2025 Budget prioritizes tackling climate change with the urgency that science demands.
EPA's Climate Change Indicators website presents compelling and clear evidence of changes to
our climate reflected in rising temperatures, ocean acidity, sea level rise, river flooding, droughts,
heat waves, and wildfires.3 Recent natural disasters, like the devastating wildfire in Maui, Hawaii,
the hazardous smoke and air pollution stemming from summer wildfires, and the catastrophic
flooding in the West, reinforce the significance of EPA's role in addressing and mitigating effects
of climate change nationally and in our local communities. Resources in the Budget support efforts
to mitigate and adapt to the impacts of the climate crisis while spurring economic progress and
creating good-paying jobs. Both climate change mitigation and adaptation are essential
components of the Agency's strategy to reduce threats and impacts of climate change. The Budget
empowers EPA to work with partners to address the climate crisis by reducing GHG emissions,
building resilience in the face of climate impacts, and engaging with the global community to
respond to this shared challenge.
In FY 2025, EPA will drive reductions in emissions that significantly contribute to climate change
through regulation of GHGs, climate partnership programs, and support to tribal, state, and local
governments. The Agency will accomplish this through the transformative investments in the IRA,
IIJA, and our annual appropriation. In FY 2025 and beyond, EPA will ensure its programs,
policies, regulations, enforcement and compliance assurance activities, and internal business
operations consider current and future impacts of climate change.
The Budget includes an increase of $77.5 million and 40.6 FTE above the FY 2024 ACR, for a
total of $187.3 million and 256.7 FTE, for the Climate Protection Program to tackle the climate
crisis at home and abroad through an integrated approach of regulations, partnerships, and
technical assistance. The increase would enable EPA to take strong action on CO2 and methane,
as well as high-global warming potential climate pollutants, such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs),
restore the capacity of EPA's climate partnership programs, and strengthen EPA's capacity to
apply its modeling tools and expertise across a wide range of high priority work areas including
supporting U.S. participation in the Paris Agreement and the Climate-Macro Interagency
Technical Working Group. Resources also are requested for EPA to continue to implement
regulations in FY 2025 to enhance reporting of GHG emissions from U.S. industrial sectors,
including methane emissions from the oil and natural gas sector.
Also included in this increase is $5 million for EPA to provide administrative support to implement
a historic $27 billion Greenhouse Gas Reduction Fund, enacted through the IRA. EPA recently
3 For more information, please visit: https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators.
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Budget Overview
released funding opportunities for three grant competitions: the $14 billion National Clean
Investment Fund, the $6 billion Clean Communities Investment Accelerator, and the $7 billion
Solar for All competition.4 With enhanced administrative support provided by the additional
funding request, EPA will be able to more effectively and efficiently administer competitive grants
to mobilize financing and leverage private capital for clean energy and climate projects that reduce
GHG emissions with an emphasis on projects that benefit low-income and disadvantaged
communities.
The Agency is requesting an additional $68.5 million and 46.8 FTE for a total of $185.9 million
and 370.3 FTE for the Federal Vehicle and Fuels Standards and Certification Program. This
includes the development of analytical methods, regulations, and analyses, to support climate
protection by controlling GHG emissions from light-, medium-, and heavy-duty vehicles. In FY
2025, EPA will begin implementing a final rulemaking under the Clean Air Act to establish new
GHG emissions standards for heavy-duty engines and vehicles beginning with Model Year (MY)
2027. EPA will invest significant resources to address a myriad of new technical challenges to
support two sets of long-term rulemakings, which will include added light-duty vehicle and heavy-
duty vehicle testing and modeling capabilities at the National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions
Laboratory (NVFEL). EPA also will begin implementing the multi-pollutant emissions standards,
including for GHG emissions, for light- and medium-duty vehicles beginning with MY 2027 and
extending through and including at least MY 2030.
In support of Executive Order 14037: Strengthening American Leadership in Clean Cars and
Trucks,5 EPA's longer-term rulemaking to set emission standards will save consumers money, cut
pollution, boost public health, advance environmental justice, and tackle the climate crisis. The FY
2025 Budget requests $100 million for the Diesel Emission Reduction Act (DERA) grant program,
which complements the significant IIJA resources to fund the replacement of existing school buses
with low- and zero-emission buses. More than 25 million children ride a school bus to school each
day, some breathing polluted air from diesel school buses. By deploying electric and lower emission
school buses, fewer children will face increased asthma risks and other associated health problems
linked to diesel air pollution. As of January 15, 2024, EPA awarded nearly $1.84 billion in grants to
642 school districts spanning 50 states, Washington, DC, and several tribes and U.S. territories.6 The
grants will help school districts to replace over 5,100 existing school buses with low- and zero-
emission vehicles that will improve air quality for children and their families in and around schools
and communities.
Acting domestically to reduce GHG emissions is an important step to tackle the climate crisis;
however, environmental protection is a shared responsibility that crosses international borders, and
climate change poses a threat that no one government can solve alone. The Budget includes an
additional $18.1 million and 16 FTE to support tackling the climate crisis abroad. Through a
collaborative approach with international counterparts, EPA will enhance capacity building
programs for priority countries with increasing GHG footprints, to enable stronger legislative,
4 For more information, please visit: https://www.epa.gov/greenhouse~gas~rediiction~rund/aboiit~greenhoiise~gas~
reduction-fund.
5 Executive Order 14037: https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/08/Q5/executive-
o rde r~o n-stre ngtheni ng~a me rican-leade rshi p~i n~c lean-cars-and-trucks/.
6 For total Clean School Bus Program awards, go to https://www.epa. gov/cteansefaootbus/clean-school~bus~prograin-
awards.
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Budget Overview
regulatory, and legal enforcement. To this end, President Biden has ambitiously laid out a path, by
2030, for the United States to cut GHG emissions by at least half from 2005 levels showing our
international partners that America is doing its part to reduce global emissions. In FY 2023, EPA
implemented 10 international climate engagements resulting in individual partner commitments or
actions to reduce GHG emissions, adapt to climate change, or improve resilience in a manner that
promotes equity, building on the work of eight engagements in FY 2022. The Agency will continue
to engage both bilaterally and through multilateral institutions to improve international cooperation
on climate change. These efforts help fulfill EPA's commitment to Executive Order 14008:
Tackling the Climate Crisis at Home and Abroad.
Tackling the climate crisis depends not only on the Agency's ability to mitigate GHG emissions
but also the capacity to adapt and deliver targeted assistance to increase the Nation's resilience to
climate change impacts. As part of a whole-of-government approach, EPA will directly support
federal partners, tribes and indigenous communities, states, territories, local governments,
environmental justice organizations, community groups, and businesses as they anticipate, prepare
for, and adapt to the impacts of climate change. In FY 2022, EPA assisted 110 federally recognized
tribes and 242 states, territories, local governments, and communities in taking such actions. The
FY 2025 Budget includes an additional $19.3 million and 14.5 FTE for climate adaptation efforts
to increase resilience of EPA programs and strengthen the adaptive capacity of tribes, states,
territories, local governments, communities, and businesses. In FY 2025, EPA will continue to
implement the updated version of its Climate Adaptation Action Plan as well as 20 Climate
Adaptation Implementation Plans developed by the EPA program and regional offices. These plans
focus on five priority actions the Agency will take by FY 2026 to increase human and ecosystem
resilience as the climate changes and disruptive impacts increase. To support the economic
revitalization of coal, oil, gas, and power plant communities (Energy Communities), the Budget
requests an additional $5 million and 3 FTE for stakeholder engagement and cross-agency
coordination, including resources to increase the number of Rapid Response Teams (RRTs) from
three in FY 2023 to at least 10 by the end of FY 2025.
To advance work on climate change modeling, an additional $3 million is requested across
multiple programs to support the Agency's participation in the Climate-Macro Interagency
Technical Working Group and the Assessments of Federal Financial Climate Risk Interagency
Working Group. Further, the Agency will continue development of open-source data and
economic models, including sector-specific cost models, that assess the macroeconomic and fiscal
impacts of climate change and the risk of extreme weather events.
Advance Environmental Justice and Civil Rights
The communities hardest hit by pollution and climate change are most often communities of color,
indigenous, rural, and economically disadvantaged. For generations, many of these communities,
which also are among the most vulnerable, have been overburdened with higher instances of
polluted air, water, and land. The inequity of environmental protection is not just an environmental
justice issue but also a civil rights concern. All people in the United States should realize the full
protection of our environmental laws. And yet, the development, implementation, and enforcement
of environmental laws, regulations, and policies has not always ensured the fair treatment and
meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income.
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Budget Overview
EPA will continue to take bold steps in FY 2025 and prioritize efforts to deliver environmental
justice in communities across the United States, including implementing the President's Justice40
Initiative and keeping up the momentum of the historic IIJA and IRA environmental justice
investments. Since the establishment of pilot programs, EPA expanded the number of Justice40
covered programs to include programs funded by the IIJA that match the criteria for Justice40
originally set in July 2022. EPA is focusing on these pilot and IIJA-funded programs as the first
phase of full Justice40 implementation at EPA. In November 2023, EPA updated the current list
of agency programs covered under Justice40 to include many programs funded by the IRA.7 EPA
announced 79 programs that will be covered under the Justice40 initiative, including the Clean
Water and Drinking Water State Revolving Funds, Brownfields Projects Program, Superfund
Remedial Program, and the Clean School Bus Program.8 EPA is currently exploring ways to ensure
the delivery of benefits to disadvantaged and underserved communities to achieve the 40 percent
goal within existing legal authorizations. EPA also is developing and refining methodologies to
track and report the benefits going toward these communities. Advancing the Administration's
environmental justice priorities is a foundational component of the Agency's FY 2025 Budget.
EPA's Budget recognizes the importance of embedding environmental justice principles in all
agency programs and implementing Executive Order 14008: Tackling the Climate Crisis at Home
and Abroad, and Executive Order 13985: Advancing Racial Equity and Support for Underserved
Communities Through the Federal Government.
In FY 2025, the Office of Environmental Justice and External Civil Rights will continue to lead
the agencywide effort to maximize the benefits of Agency' s programs and activities to underserved
communities. By September 30, 2025, EPA intends to apply cumulative impacts analysis and
practice across agency programs, finalize and deploy external civil rights guidance, and apply at
least 10 indicators to drive disparity reductions in environmental and public health conditions, to
meet the FY 2024-2025 Agency Priority Goal to Implement guidance, tools, and metrics for EPA
and its tribal, state, local, and community partners to advance environmental justice and external
civil rights compliance.
In order to make investments that benefit historically underserved communities, EPA has worked
to broaden the reach of its funding opportunities to nontraditional stakeholders. In partnership with
the U.S. Department of Energy, EPA has opened 17 Thriving Communities Technical Assistance
Centers (TCTACs) at universities and environmental justice organizations to help small, minority-
owned businesses and not-for-profit and nongovernmental organizations be competitive in
applying for federal dollars and successful in implementing projects and reporting results.9 Three
of the 17 TCTACs are dedicated to assist tribes, with the goal of strengthening EPA's partnership
with tribal nations to deliver much-needed infrastructure investments to tribal communities.
The FY 2025 Budget will continue to enhance the Agency's ability to develop, manage, and award
new competitive grants to reduce the historically disproportionate health impacts of pollution in
communities with environmental justice concerns. EPA requests $323.6 million and 264.6 FTE,
7 For more information, please visit: https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/ll/Justice40-Initiative-
Covered-Programs-List_v2.0 .1.1.23 FINAL.pdf.
8 For more information, please visit: https://www.epa.gov/enviromnentaliustice/iustice40-epa.
9 For more information, please visithttps://www.epa.gov/environmentaliustice/environmental-iustice-thriving-
cotiiniuiiities-techiiical-assistance-ce titers.
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Budget Overview
an increase of over $216 million and 41 FTE above the FY 2024 ACR level, for the Environmental
Justice Program to expand support for community-based organizations, indigenous organizations,
tribes, states, local governments, and territorial governments in pursuit of identifying and
addressing environmental justice issues through multi-partner collaborations. Included in this
funding is a $36.5 million increase to scale up capacity-building grants to more communities,
governmental partners, and academic institutions and an additional $69.7 million and 39.3 FTE to
continue building out the TCTACs to provide coverage across the United States.
The Budget also proposes a new $25 million categorical grant program to develop Direct
Implementation Tribal Cooperative Agreements (DITCA), with the goal of $13 million of this
funding being used to assist tribes in becoming more resilient to climate impacts. This unique
funding vehicle would fund tribes to carry out agreed upon federal implementation activities to
assist EPA in implementing federal environmental programs in Indian Country. Once established,
this Program is expected to at least double the number of tribes receiving EPA assistance for direct
implementation activities while providing needed multi-media environmental protections. Further,
with a total FY 2025 investment of $35.1 million and 166.9 FTE, which more than doubles the
amount in the FY 2024 ACR, EPA will strengthen efforts to support nationwide core work in the
Tribal Capacity Building Program. This investment expects to reduce disparities in compliance
rates between Indian Country and the national average, disseminate best practices for community
engagement by tribal governments, reduce the ratio of grants per project officer for tribal grants,
strengthen partnerships with tribes with "more time per tribe" for technical assistance, and improve
efficiency and use of the EPA grant performance management system. In addition, EPA will fully
implement the revised EPA Tribal Consultation Policy and Implementation Guidance to improve
consultation practices in conformance with the executive order on tribal consultation and train
EPA staff.
To fully implement its external civil rights mission for the most overburdened and vulnerable
communities where protection of civil rights may be at risk, EPA must embed civil rights
obligations into its programmatic actions. All applicants for and recipients of EPA financial
assistance, including state and local governments as well as private entities, have an affirmative
obligation to comply with federal civil rights laws, both as a prerequisite to obtaining EPA
financial assistance and in administering their programs and activities. EPA has set the goal that
all state recipients of EPA financial assistance have foundational civil rights programs in place by
the end of FY 2026. In FY 2023, 58 percent of required civil rights procedural safeguard elements
had been implemented by state permitting agencies that are recipients of EPA financial assistance,
up from 33 percent in FY 2022. EPA enforcement of these anti-discrimination provisions is a vital
part of the Agency's goal to advance equity and environmental justice. Consistent enforcement of
federal civil rights laws for recipients of federal funds will prevent decisions that can create or
exacerbate significant inequities in human health protection and environmental pollution for
overburdened and underserved communities. In FY 2025, the Budget includes a total of $32.2
million and 145.6 FTE, an increase of $19.4 million and 79.2 FTE above the FY 2024 ACR level,
to build civil rights capacity across the Agency and to reduce the backlog of civil rights cases such
as claims of discrimination in communities and pre-award and post-award compliance activities.
In the long term, the vigorous enforcement of civil rights laws will address historical and systemic
barriers that contribute to the environmental injustice affecting vulnerable communities.
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Budget Overview
Enforce Environmental Laws and Ensure Compliance
Ensuring compliance and enforcement of the Nation's environmental laws is foundational to
achieving EPA's mission. The Agency regulates more than 1.2 million facilities subj ect to a variety
of environmental statutes, as well as a wide range of products, from automobiles to pesticides. In
FY 2025, EPA's Budget proposes nearly $769 million and 3,429 FTE to strengthen compliance
with the Nation's environmental laws and hold violators accountable to ensure protection of human
health and the environment. These levels represent an increase of over 200 FTE over the FY 2024
ACR for the Office of Enforcement and Compliance.
In FY 2025 the Agency will invest $67.3 million and 128.3 FTE to address the most serious
environmental violations through the development and implementation of National Enforcement
and Compliance Initiatives (NECIs), including to mitigate climate change, address exposure to
per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contamination, protect communities from coal
combustion residuals, address hazardous air pollution, provide for clean and safe drinking water,
and reduce the risk of deadly chemical accidents.10 In FY 2023, the Agency issued 203 drinking
water orders to public water systems, of which eight were emergency orders. EPA also will
leverage funding from the IRA that is targeted for improving enforcement technology and
inspection software (such as the Integrated Compliance Information System, ICIS) and technical
assistance to the regulated community. The Agency will increase the percentage of inspections
impacting overburdened communities and provide greater public access to compliance data to help
a community better understand and manage risks. In addition, EPA will advance its efforts to
address climate change mitigation and adaptation issues through targeted inspections, compliance
monitoring, and technical assistance directed to sources with the most potential for noncompliant
emissions of GHGs that contribute to climate change.
The Budget includes $171.7 million and 544.6 FTE for the Compliance Monitoring Program, an
increase of $57.3 million and 65.7 FTE above the FY 2024 ACR level, to support enforcement and
compliance assurance efforts with a focus on incorporating environmental justice considerations
into programmatic work. To complement the resources from IRA that are targeted for improving
enforcement technology, inspection software, and other related purposes, EPA will invest
additional resources to expand software solutions for field inspectors to improve the effectiveness
and efficiency of compliance inspections conducted by EPA and authorized states. Smart Tools
software allows EPA to use its compliance monitoring resources more efficiently and to make
inspection reports more quickly available to regulated entities and to the public in affected
communities. In FY 2025, EPA will provide robust targeted oversight and support to tribal, state,
and local programs, including an increase of $2 million to support the Agency's Compliance
Advisor Program, which reduces noncompliance at small public water systems (PWSs) and small
wastewater treatment facilities (WWTFs) by providing hands-on technical assistance. As a result,
the percentage of Clean Water Act National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
permittees in significant noncompliance with their permit limits decreased to 9.3 percent in FY
2023, down from more than 20 percent in FY 2018. In 2023, Compliance Advisors assisted and
trained 195 small PWSs and 61 small WWTFs nationwide, with 84 percent in communities with
potential environmental justice concerns. The Agency will prioritize work with states to develop
10 For more information, please visit: https://www.epa.gov/enforcement/national-enforcement-and-compliance-
ini tiatives.
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Budget Overview
methods that successfully leverage advances in both monitoring and information technology to
increase the availability of information about environmental conditions in disadvantaged
communities.
EPA's Civil Enforcement Program is designed to protect human health and the environment by
ensuring compliance with the Nation's environmental laws. The Budget requests nearly $260
million and 1,096.7 FTE for civil enforcement efforts, an increase of $50.5 million and 98.6 FTE
above the FY 2024 ACR level. These resources will allow the Agency to focus its enforcement
efforts on the most serious environmental violations through the NECIs that seek to improve air
quality, provide for clean and safe water, and ensure chemical safety. The increase also will allow
the Interagency HFC Task Force to expand its work on ensuring compliance with the American
Innovation and Manufacturing (AIM) Act. Together, these resources will enable EPA to
incorporate environmental justice and climate change considerations into all phases of case
development without displacing other important enforcement and compliance assurance work. To
protect public health and ensure that private, public, and federal facilities are held to the same
standard, EPA will rebuild and train headquarters and regional inspectors. EPA will pursue
enforcement actions at public, private, and federal facilities where significant violations are
discovered to protect the health of surrounding communities. In FY 2023, EPA reduced, treated,
or eliminated 1.21 billion pounds of pollutants and waste through concluded enforcement actions.
Finally, this increase in resources will help EPA build capacity to address multiple water
emergencies and provide regional staffing of field support and oversight during drinking water
emergencies.
Overburdened and underserved communities are more often victims of environmental crime. In
FY 2025, EPA, in partnership with the Department of Justice, will continue to prioritize criminal
enforcement resources for investigations which involve vulnerable communities or those that have
historically been overburdened by pollution. The Criminal Enforcement Program Initiative focuses
on the prioritization of investigative resources to overburdened communities and vulnerable
populations, while maintaining case initiation standards and reducing the impact of pollution. The
Budget includes $76.7 million and 299.4 FTE, an increase of $6 million and 30.1 FTE, to support
the Criminal Enforcement Program by targeting investigations on the most egregious
environmental cases.
In FY 2025, EPA will continue to advance efforts to protect fenceline communities at risk to
environmental health hazards from nearby oil and chemical facilities and underground storage tank
releases. Fenceline communities are often low-income and/or communities of color facing
disproportionate risks from environmental health hazards, particularly in light of severe weather
events caused by a changing climate. The Agency set a goal of conducting 55 percent of annual
EPA inspections at facilities that affect communities with potential environmental justice concerns
by FY 2026. EPA exceeded that goal in FY 2023 with 61 percent of inspections conducted at those
facilities and will continue to prioritize this in FY 2025. The Budget invests additional resources
to advance protection of these communities by increasing inspections and compliance assistance
to ensure nearby facilities are adhering to regulations designed to protect vulnerable populations.
This investment also will be used to create and expand programs to improve environmental
protections and increase monitoring capability in fenceline communities.
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Budget Overview
Ensure Clean and Healthy Air for All Communities
Providing clean and healthy air for all communities is a central tenet of EPA's mission. Long-term
exposure to elevated levels of certain air pollutants has been associated with increased risk of
cancer, premature death, and damage to the immune, neurological, reproductive, cardiovascular,
and respiratory systems. Short-term exposure can exacerbate asthma and lead to other adverse
health effects and economic costs.11 Relying on the latest science, EPA will continue work to
reduce emissions of the six National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) pollutants—
particulate matter (PM), ozone, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, and lead. In
FY 2025, EPA will leverage approaches including regulatory tools, innovative market-based
techniques, public and private-sector partnerships, community-based approaches, voluntary
programs that promote environmental stewardship, and programs that encourage adoption of cost-
effective technologies and practices. The Budget includes nearly $1,312 billion and 2,231 FTE to
advance EPA efforts in protecting human health and the environment from the harmful effects of
air pollution.
In FY 2025, EPA will make critical resource investments in air regulatory development and
implementation work, particularly to support NAAQS review and implementation activities, as the
President directed EPA to review the 2020 PM and ozone NAAQS in accordance with Executive
Order 13990: Protecting Public Health and the Environment and Restoring Science to Tackle the
Climate Crisis.12 An increase of $110.4 million and 200.4 FTE over the FY 2024 ACR level is
requested to develop and implement climate and clean air regulations and programs, including
supporting NAAQS review and implementation work. Critical to successful NAAQS
implementation are activities such as timely issuance of rules and guidance documents, ongoing
outreach to states and other entities, development of NAAQS implementation and permitting-
related tools, and taking timely action on State Implementation Plans (SIPs) and reducing the SIP
backlog. In the FY 2023 ozone season, NOx emissions from electric power generation sources
were 293,519 tons, down by 25 percent from 389,170 tons in FY 2019.
Further, the Budget includes $47.9 million and 165.3 FTE for the Federal Stationary Source
Regulations Program, an increase of $17.5 million and 40.8 FTE from the FY 2024 ACR level, to
finalize the review of standards for power plants, as well as rules to limit GHG emissions from
new and existing sources in the power sector and new and existing facilities in the oil and gas
sector. The Budget requests nearly $47.8 million and 71.4 FTE for the Reducing Risks from Indoor
Air Program to expand technical assistance to community-based asthma programs, reducing
asthma disparities, particularly in vulnerable communities, and provide technical support to high-
risk, low-income communities to reduce lung cancer risk.
The Agency also will seek to address the air quality challenges presented by wildfires. Climate
change has led to a marked increase in wildfire season length, wildfire frequency, and burned
area.13 The Budget includes $7 million for Wildfire Smoke Preparedness, and EPA will continue
11 For more information, please visit https://www.epa.gov/air-researcIi/research-health-effects-air-poHntion.
12 Executive Order 13990: https://www.whitehonse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/01/20/execntive-
order-proteeting-pnbtie-heatth~and~environ.ment~and~restoring~seienee~to~taekte~eti mate-crisis/.
13 For more information on climate impacts, risk and adaptation in the United States visit:
https ://nca20.1.8. globalchange. gov/.
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Budget Overview
to work with the U.S. Forest Service and other federal, state, and community agencies and
organizations to identify ways to improve public notification and reduce the public health risk from
air pollution resulting from wildfires.
The Agency is also committed to protect both the climate system and the stratospheric ozone layer,
which shields all life on Earth from harmful solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The Budget includes
an increase of $65.3 million and 24 FTE, for the Stratospheric Ozone: Domestic Programs to
continue implementing the American Innovation in Manufacturing (AIM) Act to continue phasing
out the production and import of HFCs, building on the successful work with manufacturers and
phase-out methodologies that have led to progress restoring the ozone layer.14 By September 30,
2025, EPA expects that annual U.S. consumption of HFCs will be 40 percent below the baseline
of 302.5 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MMTCCtee), consistent with the HFC
phasedown schedule implemented in the AIM Act and codified in the implementing regulations
and meeting the FY 2024-2025 Agency Priority Goal to Phase down the production and
consumption of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).
In addition, the Agency requests $423.3 million in financial support through Categorical Grant
Programs to EPA's tribal, state, and local partners, an increase of $157.9 million over the FY 2024
ACR level, to further their efforts in implementing air quality management programs. These
programs are critical to provide sustained financial support for the Agency's state and tribal
partners to support implementation of environmental laws across the country and assure tangible
progress for historically overburdened and underserved communities. Funding for state and tribal
support has been largely flat since 2018, while the need and expectations from EPA partners has
only increased. In FY 2025, EPA's request includes $400.2 million for the State and Local Air
Quality Management Program to provide grants to states that will support on-the-ground efforts to
address GHG emissions and continuing core work (e.g., state, and local air quality monitoring
networks, air permitting programs, emission inventories, air quality forecasts, air quality training,
visibility improvements, and air toxic monitoring efforts). EPA also includes $23.1 million for the
Categorical Grant: Tribal Air Quality Management Program. Funding will assist tribes in
developing and implementing air pollution control programs for Indian Country to prevent and
address air quality concerns, including mitigating and adapting to the effects of climate change.
EPA will work with tribes to assess environmental and public health conditions in Indian Country
by developing emission inventories and, where appropriate, expanding the siting and operating of
air quality monitors.
Ensure Clean and Safe Water for All Communities
The United States has made great progress over the past 50 years protecting and restoring water
resources through legislation such as the Clean Water Act (CWA) and the Safe Drinking Water
Act (SDWA). In FY 2023, approximately 93 percent of the population served by community water
systems (CWSs) (including 84 percent of the population in Indian Country served by CWSs)
received drinking water that met all applicable health-based drinking water standards. While
progress is being made to ensure clean and safe water for all, it is clear that the Nation still faces
14 For more information, please visit: : https://www.epa.gov/climate~hfcs~rediiction/hfc~
aHowances#:~:text=Hie%20AIM%20Act%20directs%20the.aHowance%20aHocation%2()and%20trading%20progra
II-
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Budget Overview
significant barriers and challenges achieving this goal, including access to safe and clean water,
aging infrastructure, replacement of lead pipes, cybersecurity threats to water systems, climate
change, and management of public health risks of emerging contaminants.
In FY 2023, EPA finalized the seventh Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and
Assessment (DWINSA). This survey identifies a 20-year capital investment need of $625 billion
for public water systems that are eligible to receive funding from state Drinking Water State
Revolving Fund (DWSRF) Programs and estimates there is a total of 9.2 million lead service lines
across the country.15 The survey also informs the DWSRF allocation formula as required under the
SDWA. Beginning in FY 2024, early framework activities for the eighth DWINSA will begin.
Today, up to 10 million homes in America and more than 400,000 schools and childcare centers
rely on drinking water distribution lines that contain lead—a clear and present danger to the health
of children. Replacing these lead pipes and adapting America's water infrastructure to be more
resilient to climate change is critical to keeping communities healthy and safe, consistent with the
Biden-Harris Lead Pipe and Paint Action Plan.16 In FY 2023, EPA awarded over $50 million in
Small Underserved Disadvantaged Communities Grants to aid compliance with drinking water
rules, $30 million for the Reducing Lead in Drinking Water Grants in disadvantaged communities
and schools, and $58 million for the Lead Testing and Remediation in Schools and Childcare
Program.
As the climate warms, more extreme rainfall and flooding events could damage or overwhelm
water systems, leaving entire communities without safe water supplies for days or weeks. EPA's
water infrastructure financing programs will advance the Agency's ongoing commitment to
infrastructure repair and replacement and also build climate resilience into the water sector. At the
same time, these investments will create hundreds of thousands of good-paying jobs across the
country and leverage non-federal resources to grow the effect of EPA investments. In FY 2023,
the Agency's water infrastructure finance programs leveraged $11.4 billion in non-federal
dollars.17 The Budget builds on the $9.23 billion in IIJA funding available to State Revolving Funds
(SRFs) in FY 2025. The Budget includes $2,366 billion for EPA's Drinking Water and Clean
Water State Revolving Funds (SRF) and $334 million for a range of grant programs authorized or
modified in the American's Water Infrastructure Act (AWIA), the Water Infrastructure
Improvement for the Nation (WIIN), and the Drinking Water and Wastewater Infrastructure Act
(DWWIA). Included in these resources is nearly $ 101 million for two grants dedicated to Reducing
Lead in Drinking Water and Lead Testing in Schools. This investment, along with other programs
at EPA that can be used for lead projects, builds on the historic $15 billion in direct funding for
lead pipe replacement through the IIJA and underscores the President's commitment to ensuring
access to safe drinking water and creating good-paying jobs in the process. This funding also
represents a $111.8 million increase for DWWIA programs over the FY 2024 ACR level and
focuses on programs that support priorities for the Administration, including lead reduction in
drinking water, environmental justice, and drought resilience.
15 For more information, please visit https://www.epa.gov/dwsrf/epas~7th~drinking~water~iiifrastaictiire~needs~
survey-and-assessment.
16 For more information, please visit https://www.whitehoiise.gov/briefing-room/statements~
releases/2021712/]/)/faet~sfaeet~the~biden~faarris~tead~pipe~and~paint~aetion~ptan.
17 Jobs created estimates are based on the U.S. Water Alliance: The Value of Water Campaign: The Economic
Benefits of Investing in Water Infrastructure.
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Budget Overview
In FY 2025, EPA will continue implementing the WIIN, AWIA, and DWWIA programs to address
water infrastructure challenges throughout the Nation. AWIA strengthened many existing
programs within EPA, including programs authorized by the WIIN Act, while creating new
programs to tackle significant public health and environmental concerns. DWWIA, as authorized
under IIJA, builds on the foundation of AWIA and WIIN to strengthen the federal government's
ability to upgrade the Nation's drinking water and wastewater infrastructure. These investments
will enable the Agency to increase water infrastructure resilience and sustainability, provide
assistance for underserved communities, and reduce lead in drinking water. By September 30,
2025, EPA will increase the number of lead service line replacements funded to 500,000, to meet
the FY 2024-2025 Agency Priority Goal to Reduce harmful lead exposure in drinking water
through the replacement of lead service lines in communities.
In FY 2025, the Budget requests $151 million and 554.5 FTE, an increase of $24.2 million and
15.1 FTE, to support Drinking Water Programs to better protect communities, especially
overburdened and underserved communities. This includes efforts to finalize and implement the
Lead and Copper Rule Improvements (LCRI) regulation, which aims to strengthen the Lead and
Copper Rule Revisions (LCRR) issued in 2021 to replace lead service lines more proactively and
more equitably protect public health.18 In June 2023, EPA released the Developing and
Maintaining a Service Line Inventory: Small Entity Compliance Guide19 that complements the
Guidance for Developing and Maintaining a Service Line Inventory20 released in August 2022.
These guidances will help water systems comply with the LCRR requirement to submit an initial
inventory of service line materials to their state or primacy agency by October 16, 2024.
Resources will support the Agency's efforts to reduce public health and environmental threats
from PFAS by finalizing the new drinking water standards in FY 2024. An additional $42.8 million
and 22 FTE above the FY 2024 ACR level is requested to advance EPA's PFAS Strategic
Roadmap,21 which will allow EPA to accelerate its efforts to develop various methods and tools to
support tribes, states, and localities in managing PFAS risks, particularly in small and underserved
communities. EPA will continue its efforts in FY 2025 to develop analytical methods, drinking
water health advisories, toxicity values, effluent limitation guidelines, as well as risk
communication and other tools to support tribes, states, and localities in managing PFAS risks in
their communities.
In FY 2025, the Agency requests an additional $30 million and 30 FTE to respond to the increasing
number of water incidents across the Nation. These resources will enable EPA to expand its
capacity to respond to drinking water and wastewater emergencies where water quality poses a
risk to public health, and to ensure the community has access to safe and clean water in a timely
or effective manner. Additionally, these resources are necessary for EPA to develop capabilities
in the event the President designates EPA as the Lead Federal Agency (LFA) for a water
18 For more information, please visit: https://www.epa.gov/ground-water-and~drinking-water/proposed-lead-and-
copper-rule-improvements.
19 For more information, please visit: https://www.epa.gov/svstem/files/documents/2023-
06/Final%20Small%20System%20Entity%20Inventory%20Guide 508.pdf.
20 https://www.epa.gov/svstem/files/doeuments/2022~
08/lnventory%20Giiida mst%202022_508%20eompliant.pdf.
21 The PFAS Strategic Roadmap may be found at: https://www.epa.gov/pfcis/pfcis-strategic-roadmap-epas-
commitments-action-2021-2024.
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Budget Overview
emergency. As the LFA, the Agency may be expected to perform multiple complex and time
critical duties to provide safe and clean water in the event of an emergency.
The Budget includes $270.6 million and 1,056.4 FTE for the Surface Water Protection Program,
an increase of $46.1 million and 46.1 FTE over the FY 2024 ACR level, to carry out work to
protect, improve, and restore the quality of our Nation's coastal waters, rivers, lakes, wetlands,
and streams. Another critical aspect of ensuring clean water is ongoing support for the
capitalization of state programs to build and repair water infrastructure, including through EPA's
two state revolving funds.
Clean Water and Drinking Water State Revolving Loan Programs The Budget includes $1,239
billion for the Clean Water State Revolving Fund (CWSRF) Program to capitalize state revolving
loan funds in all 50 states and Puerto Rico to finance infrastructure improvements for public
wastewater systems and projects to improve water quality. It represents the largest source of
federal funds for states to provide loans and other forms of assistance for water quality projects
including construction of wastewater treatment facilities, water and energy efficiency projects, and
green infrastructure projects. In addition to capitalizing the CWSRF Program, a portion of the
Budget will provide direct grants to communities in tribal nations and territories. The sanitation
infrastructure in these communities often trails the rest of the country causing significant public
health concerns. The Agency has helped reduce the number of community water systems in Indian
Country still in noncompliance with health-based standards from 110 in March of 2021, to 54 at
the end of FY 2023.
EPA's DWSRF is designed to assist public water systems in financing the costs of drinking water
infrastructure improvements needed to comply with SDWA requirements, protect public health,
and support tribal, state, and local efforts to protect drinking water. The Budget includes $1,126
billion for the DWSRF to help finance critical infrastructure improvements to public water
systems. States have considerable flexibility to tailor their DWSRF Programs to their unique
circumstances and needs and to consider how best to achieve the maximum public health
protection and infrastructure development that benefits all people living in the United States.
Infrastructure within the water sector goes beyond repair and replacement to include the safety and
reliability of the information technology systems used to monitor clean and safe water. In FY 2025,
EPA requests $25 million for a grant program to advance cybersecurity infrastructure capacity and
protections within the water sector against cyberattacks and cyberthreats. Cybersecurity represents
a substantial concern for the water sector, given the prevalence of state-sponsored and other
malevolent attacks on the sector as well as the sector's inherent vulnerability and limited technical
capacity to address cyber issues.
Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act (WIFIA) The WIFIA Program, created in
2014, is a critical tool to increase water infrastructure investments by leveraging public and private
sources of funds to maximize the reach of federal funds. As of December 2023, EPA had issued
120 WIFIA loans to communities across the country totaling over $19 billion in credit assistance
to help finance more than $43 billion for water infrastructure projects. In FY 2025, EPA will
continue to use the SRF and WIFIA investments to improve the reliability, accessibility, and
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Budget Overview
resilience of the Nation's water infrastructure. The Budget supports WIFIA with a total funding of
$80 million.
Geographic Programs Beyond water infrastructure, the Agency recognizes the important role
federal assistance provides to protect water bodies of special ecological and economic importance
to our Nation. Through EPA's Geographic Water Programs, the Agency assists tribes, state, and
multi-state partners to accelerate and manage the restoration of the ecological health of these water
bodies. In total, the Budget includes $681.8 million for EPA's Geographic Water Programs,
slightly above the FY 2024 ACR level, to advance work on projects that target the most significant
environmental problems in these important water bodies and watersheds. Since FY 2022, 27,632
square miles of watershed with surface water met standards that previously did not meet standards.
In FY 2025, EPA will continue to provide resources to accelerate ecological restoration and
sustainable management for the Chesapeake Bay, Columbia River, Gulf of Mexico, the Great
Lakes, Lake Champlain, Lake Pontchartrain, Long Island Sound, Northwest Forest Watershed,
Puget Sound, San Francisco Bay, South Florida, and Southeast New England. Funding will help
monitor and restore these ecological treasures and enable sustainable use for years to come. These
important geographic efforts also will benefit from the $343 million provided by the IIJA to create
synergies for EPA's Geographic Programs in FY 2025.
Categorical Grants The Agency requests $509.5 million, an increase of $65.2 million above the
FY 2024 ACR level, in financial support through Categorical Grant Programs to EPA's tribal,
state, and local partners to support their efforts in implementing key provisions of the Clean Water
Act. Within this amount, $288.7 million is provided to the Section 106 Grants Program, an increase
of $51.7 million from the FY 2024 level, which funds state, interstate, and tribal water pollution
control programs to support actions to identify and take actions to assess and mitigate PFAS in the
environment, and is a critical funding source to establish, expand, and implement water quality
programs to protect and restore water resources (e.g., rivers, streams, lakes, wetlands, and
groundwater). Also included is $189 million for the Section 319 Grants Program, an increase of
$7 million, which will continue to focus on implementing watershed projects and maintaining
current Nonpoint Source Management Programs to restore impaired waterbodies to meet water
quality standards and protect unimpaired waters. This includes a $7.3 million increase for the
Wetlands Program Development Categorical Grant for a total of $22 million which will be targeted
towards helping states implement programs to protect wetlands that have lost federal protection
following the Sackett Supreme Court decision.
In addition, EPA requests $132.6 million for the Public Water System Supervision (PWSS)
Program, an increase of $11.1 million, which helps support state drinking water programs and
technical assistance providers in achieving and maintaining compliance at drinking water systems,
amplifying best practices, strengthening state capacity, and certifying drinking water operators.
EPA's efforts under this program will help deliver clean drinking water, improve public health,
and support environmental justice for overburdened and underserved communities, including rural
and tribal communities.
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Budget Overview
Safeguard and Revitalize Communities
Preventing and cleaning up environmental damage that harms communities and poses a risk to
public health and safety continues to be a top priority for the Administration. Cleaning up
contaminated lands so that they can be redeveloped and returned to productive use is a challenge
faced by many communities. Cleaning up America's most contaminated land and reducing
exposure to toxic substances are critical components of the Agency's strategy to address human
health impacts, particularly in underserved communities where many of these sites are located.
Approximately 22 percent of Americans live within three miles of a Superfund site. Recent
research shows Superfund cleanup actions lowered the risk of elevated blood lead levels by
roughly 13 to 26 percent for children living within 1.2 miles of a Superfund National Priorities
List (NPL) site where lead is a contaminant of concern.22 In FY 2023, the Agency completed 49
Superfund cleanup projects that addressed lead as a contaminant. Remediating contaminated land
and restoring it to productive use is not only an environmental imperative but presents an economic
opportunity as well. A peer reviewed study found that residential property values within three
miles of Superfund sites increased between 18.7 and 24.4 percent when sites were cleaned up and
removed from the NPL.23
The FY 2025 Budget enables the Agency to continue efforts to clean up hazardous waste sites in
communities across the Nation, including those where vulnerable populations, such as children,
the elderly, and economically disadvantaged individuals, reside. These hazardous sites also are
vulnerable to the effects of climate change, making remediation even more urgent. Federal data in
a recent Government Accountability Office (GAO) report suggests that approximately 60 percent
of Superfund sites overseen by EPA are in areas that are vulnerable to wildfires and different types
of flooding—natural hazards that climate change will exacerbate.24 The Agency is working to clean
up these sites considering climate change implications to protect at-risk populations.
The Budget includes approximately $661 million for the Superfund Program to continue cleaning
up some of the Nation's most contaminated land and respond to environmental emergencies and
natural disasters, in addition to the Superfund tax receipts available to EPA in 2025. The Superfund
tax receipts will allow the Agency to continue critical Superfund pre-construction work such as
site characterization, construction design, and community outreach/engagement, as well as critical
remedial actions to clean up sites as described above, which supports the Administration's
Justice40 Initiative. Additionally, this funding will allow the Superfund Emergency Response and
Removal Program to address situations that require emergency response and removal actions such
as chemical releases, fires or explosions, natural disasters, and other threats to people from
exposure to hazardous substances including from abandoned and uncontrolled hazardous waste
sites. In August 2023, EPA issued approximately $159.8 million in realized tax collections from
the prior year to advance priority work across the Agency's Superfund programs. Some of the
major program investments include $30 million for emergency work in East Palestine, $42.7
million to focus on additional lead soil removal and ensure protection at established levels, and
22 Details can be found at https://www.epa.gov/environ.mental-economics/research-environinental-econoniics-ncee-
working-paper-series.
23 Shanti Gamper-Rabindran and Christopher Timmons. 2013. "Does cleanup of hazardous waste sites raise housing
values? Evidence of spatially localized benefits," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 65(3):
345-360, http://dx.doi.org/10.1.01.6/i.jeem.201.2. .1.2.00.1..
24 For more information, please visit https://www.gao.gov/prodncts/gao-20-73.
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Budget Overview
more than $20.6 million to expand capacity to complete additional Superfund removals arising
from State referrals and lead. In addition, more than $26.1 million has been invested in the
Superfund Enforcement and Superfund Federal Facilities Enforcement programs to continue the
Agency's "enforcement first" approach at private sites before turning to a Fund-lead cleanup, and
to address current needs and emerging challenges regarding Superfund enforcement work at
federal facilities, such as PFAS contamination at and near many federal facility National Priorities
List (NPL) sites.
Investing in brownfields cleanup and redevelopment can revitalize main streets, neighborhoods,
and rural communities, increase residential property values, and create good-paying jobs. The
Budget provides $207.5 million for EPA's Brownfields programs, an increase of $34.1 million
from the FY 2024 ACR level, to provide technical assistance and grants to communities so they
can safely clean up and reuse contaminated properties, as well as $20 million for the Alaska
Contaminated Lands Program. Approximately 143 million people live within three miles of a
brownfields site that receives EPA funding.25 In FY 2023, grants from the Program helped clean
up 169 brownfields, complete 1,894 site assessments, make 736 sites ready for anticipated use,
and leverage 17,441 jobs and $3.76 billion.
In FY 2025, the Agency will continue to invest in domestic recycling and solid waste infrastructure
further contributing to a circular economy, one where reuse and recycling is the norm. According
to the 2020 EPA Recycling Economic Information Report, the U.S. recycling industry supports
680,000 jobs and provides $5.5 billion annually in tax revenues. In addition to these human
resources and financial returns, the materials themselves hold great value, as recent data indicate
that materials worth $9 billion are thrown away each year. The FY 2025 Budget includes $15.8
million and 68.4 FTE in the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Waste
Minimization and Recyling Program to better support the sustainable management of resources.
This funding will advance efforts to strengthen the U.S. recycling system, address the global issue
of plastic waste, engage communities, and prevent and reduce food loss and waste.
The Agency has a statutory role to ensure that contamination is quickly and effectively cleaned up
resulting in the protection of human health and the environment from releases of hazardous
substances. Additional resources are provided to help increase protection of fenceline communities
from hazardous substance releases from facilities and underground storage tanks. In FY 2025, the
Budget includes $37.7 million in the Federal Facilities Program to enable EPA to address critical
gaps in its ability to oversee federal agencies/facilities cleanup, including Department of Defense
PFAS cleanup under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability
Act (CERCLA). In FY 2025, EPA requests an additional $22.1 million and 1.8 FTE to modernize
the Chemical Incident and Radiological Reconnaissance on Unmanned Systems (CIRRUS)
program and to overhaul the aging Portable High-Throughput Integrated Identification System
(PHILIS) capability, EPA's mobile laboratory asset for on-site analysis of chemical warfare agent
and contaminated environmental samples. This funding also supports the development of
rapid, mobile analytical capabilities for biological agents. EPA will participate in the development
25 EPA, Office of Land and Emergency Management 2020. Data collected includes: (1) Superfund, Brownfield, and
RCRA Corrective Action site information as of the end of FY 2019; (2) UST/LUST information as of late-2018 to
mid-2019 depending on the state; and (3) 2015-2018 American Community Survey (ACS) Census data.
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Budget Overview
of limited, scenario-specific exercises and regional drills designed to assess national emergency
response management capabilities, including response to biological incidents.
Ensure the Safety of Chemicals for People and the Environment
The FY 2025 Budget provides additional resources to build agency capacity to successfully carry
out the significant responsibilities under amendments to the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)
to ensure the safety of chemicals in or entering commerce and addressing unreasonable risks to
human health or the environment. Chemicals and toxic substances are ubiquitous in our everyday
lives and are often released into the environment from their manufacture, processing, use, or
disposal. EPA's work in managing chemical safety and toxic substances is particularly important
to vulnerable populations, including low-income, minority, and indigenous populations, as well as
children, who may be disproportionately affected by, and particularly at risk from, exposure to
chemicals.
The FY 2025 Budget includes $131.9 million and 534.8 FTE for the TSCA Program, an increase
of $49 million and 174 FTE above the FY 2024 ACR level. The increase in funding will advance
implementation of the law's requirements, address ongoing staff shortages as noted in a recent
GAO report,26 and continue making progress in the manner envisioned by Congress. In FY 2025,
EPA expects to conduct risk assessments and make affirmative determinations on risks for more
than 500 new chemical notice and exemption submissions. The Agency will continue to emphasize
quality of work, adherence to statutory intent and timelines applicable to pre-market review of new
chemicals, chemical risk evaluation and management, data development and information
collection, and review of Confidential Business Information (CBI) claims.
The Agency also has significant responsibility under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and
Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) to screen new pesticides before they reach the market and ensure that
pesticides already in commerce are safe. In addition, EPA is responsible for complying with the
Endangered Species Act (ESA) and ensuring that federally endangered and threatened species are
not harmed as a result of the use of pesticides. Endangered species risk assessments involve
consideration of risks for approximately 1,200 active ingredients in more than 17,000 pesticide
products to the more than 1,700 listed endangered species and 800 designated critical habitats in
the United States. Given the complexity of evaluating potential effects to diverse listed species
under ESA, EPA has been subject to numerous litigation challenges for registration and
registration review actions. To continue making progress toward meeting ESA mandates in FY
2025, the Budget includes an additional $29.2 million and 22.5 FTE for a total of $80.2 million
and 282.1 FTE for the Pesticides: Protect the Environment Program. The Agency's Budget also
includes $29.2 million and 69.2 FTE for the Pollution Prevention Program to support businesses,
tribes, states, and other partners to promote and facilitate the adoption of approaches to improve
multimedia environmental conditions and address climate impacts through reductions in pollutants
and other hazardous materials. These practices focus on reducing the amount of any hazardous
substance, pollutant, or contaminant entering a waste stream or released into the environment prior
to recycling of discarded material, treatment, or disposal, as well as conserving the use of natural
26For more information, please visit: EPA Chemical Reviews: Workforce Planning Gaps Contributed to Missed
Deadlines I U.S. GAO.
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Budget Overview
resources. The FY 2025 Budget requests $7.8 million and 9 FTE for a new grant program to help
small businesses transitioning to TSCA compliant practices to mitigate economic impacts.
As part of the President's commitment to tackling PF AS pollution across various agency programs,
the Budget includes approximately $170 million, an increase of nearly $66 million above the FY
2024 level, for EPA to continue working toward commitments made in the 2021 PFAS Strategic
Roadmap, including: increasing our knowledge of PFAS impacts to human health and ecological
effects; restricting use to prevent PFAS from entering the air, land, and water; and remediating
PFAS that have been released into the environment.
Support for State and Tribal Partners
The FY 2025 Budget advances EPA's commitment to working alongside our tribal, state, and local
partners to ensure a safe and healthy environment across the entire Nation. In FY 2025 EPA
proposes more than $4,528 billion in State and Tribal Assistance Grant (STAG) funding to support
partners in tackling multi-faceted environmental issues, such as cleaning up land, air, and water,
providing technical assistance, and infrastructure investments. Included in the STAG funding is
$2,366 billion for EPA's State Revolving Funds (SRF), which enable the states to provide low-
cost loans and grants to municipalities for infrastructure construction.
The FY 2025 Budget continues to request the resources needed to increase federal support for our
tribal, state, and local partners. The Budget includes $1,465 billion for categorical grants, to
directly support tribal, state, and local partners. This represents an increase of $304.5 million above
the FY 2024 ACR level to support our co-implementing partners in managing rising costs and
advancing progress across core environmental programs. Of the total request, over $400 million
will support the State and Local Air Quality Management Grants, an increase of $151.2 million
above the FY 2024 ACR level. These grants assist air pollution control agencies in developing and
implementing programs for the prevention and control of air pollution and for the implementation
of NAAQS set to protect public health and the environment. Additionally, a total of $653.5 million,
an increase of $74.5 million above the FY 2024 ACR level, is requested for categorical grants that
support tribal and state implementation of CWA and SDWA.
The categorical grants also provide resources to directly support tribes, tribal governments, and
those living in Indian Country. In FY 2025, over $85 million in the Tribal General Assistance
Program provides tribes with a foundation to build capacity to address environmental issues on
Indian lands assess environmental conditions, utilize available federal and other information, and
build and administer environmental programs tailored to their unique needs. Over $23 million will
support the Tribal Air Quality Management Program to develop and implement tribal air quality
management programs and to build tribal air quality management capacity. As mentioned above,
the Budget also requests $25 million to establish a new DITCA Categorical Grant. This new
program will provide funding to tribes to carry out agreed upon federal implementation activities
that will assist EPA in implementing federal environmental programs in Indian Country.
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Budget Overview
Ensure Scientific Integrity and Science-Based Decision Making
Delivering rigorous scientific research and analyses to inform evidence-based decision making is
one of EPA's cross-agency strategies. Scientific and technological information, data, and
evidence-based decision making are central to the development and iterative improvement of
sound policies and to the delivery of effective and equitable programs. Environmental challenges
in the 21st century are increasingly complex. For example, the interplay between air quality,
climate change, and emerging energy options requires new approaches and solutions. These
solutions require research that transcends disciplinary lines and involve EPA regions and programs
working together with tribal, state, and local partners, stakeholders, and communities.
The FY 2025 Budget includes nearly $676 million and 1,902 FTE for EPA's Office of Research
and Development (ORD), an increase of $46.5 million and 164.4 FTE above the FY 2024 ACR
level. This includes an increase of $39.9 million and 36.7 FTE to the Air, Climate, and Energy
Research Program, which will substantially advance research to assess the impacts of climate
change on human health and ecosystems. EPA also requests an increase of $13.7 million and 38.7
FTE to the Chemical Safety for Sustainability Research Program, which will be focused on
modernizing the chemical toxicity and assessment process and incorporating scientific advances
in new chemical evaluations under TSCA. This funding will lead to the development and
translation of science to inform regulatory and policy decisions by the Agency and external
partners that increase access to clean and safe air, land, and water for all communities across the
Nation. The FY 2025 Budget also includes an additional $18.3 million to fund the replacement of
the 60-year-old Lake Explorer II Great Lakes research vessel, which is at the end of its life,
securing the future of Great Lakes water quality and biological monitoring and research.
Continue to Restore EPA's Core Capacity
Ensuring the Agency has the work force it needs to carry out its mission to protect clean air and
water, tackle the climate crisis, and promote environmental justice is essential. The Budget adds
2,023 Full Time Equivalents (FTEs) relative to the estimated 2024 level, for a total of more than
17,145 FTEs, to help rebuild the Agency's core capacity. This FTE level remains below EPA's
workforce for much of the 1990s and early 2000s, while today the Agency faces a growing
workload and set of statutory responsibilities. Restoring staffing capacity across the Agency would
enable EPA to better protect our Nation's health by helping cut air, water, and climate pollution
and advancing environmental justice. EPA strives to provide modern and efficient workforce
services and serve as a model for diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility. In FY 2025, the
Agency will continue to support this goal by providing funding to enhance diverse hiring practices,
expand EPA's paid internship program, and strengthen agencywide capacity to increase staff levels
in key offices and programs. Effective workforce management is critical to EPA's ability to
accomplish its mission. EPA's efforts in human resource functions are focused on strengthening
the workforce, retaining critical expertise, and capturing institutional knowledge. EPA continues
developing mechanisms to ensure that employees have the right skills to successfully achieve the
Agency's core mission today and in the future.
The FY 2025 Budget provides the funding needed for critical agency infrastructure that all
programs require to maintain operations and meet various mandates. In FY 2025, EPA funds new
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Budget Overview
and rising costs for mission support functions across EPA programs and regional offices, including
Diversity, Equity, Inclusion and Accessibility (DEIA), data management, and agencywide
implementation of OMB and DHS cybersecurity mandates. In FY 2025, EPA will continue to
implement the actions identified in the Agency's DEIA Strategic Plan and Work Environment
Plan. This includes working to ensure that agency recruitment, hiring, promotion, retention,
professional development, performance evaluations, pay and compensation policies, reasonable
accommodations access, and training policies and practices are equitable. In addition, the Budget
includes resources to support and facilitate meaningful, in-person work across agency offices.
The Agency will commit an additional $3.8 million to expand on existing paid internship program
across the Agency to strengthen talent and workforce acquisition. The paid internship program
focuses on expanding federal work experience opportunities for underrepresented and underserved
populations which may have experienced barriers to applying or fully participating in existing
opportunities. EPA's program will provide a total of approximately 180 four-month paid internship
opportunities across EPA programs and regional offices. Additionally, EPA will implement a plan
to convert eligible interns to permanent federal service based on performance and completing
program requirements.
The FY 2025 Budget also provides robust support for implementation of the Foundations for
Evidence-Based Policymaking Act of 2018. EPA has embarked on a multi-year effort to strengthen
how the Agency identifies, prioritizes, and undertakes evidence-building activities and develops
evidence-building capacity to inform its policies and decisions, consistent with the Evidence Act.
An additional $6.4 million and 7.2 FTE above the FY 2024 ACR is included to support
implementation of the Evidence Act. The FY 2025 Budget will continue to promote program
evaluation as an essential component of federal evidence building. Advancing an evaluation
culture through a bottom-up approach and increasing agencywide engagement in program
evaluation is a key strategy.
In FY 2025, the Agency will continue to reconfigure its workplaces with the goals of facilitating
meaningful in-person work, reducing long-term rent costs, increasing EPA facility sustainability
to combat the effects of climate change, and ensuring a space footprint that accommodates a
growing workforce. Space reconfiguration enables EPA to reduce its footprint to create a more
efficient, collaborative, and technologically sophisticated workplace. Each move requires initial
funding to achieve long-term cost avoidance and sustainability goals. The FY 2025 Budget
includes additional resources in the Buildings and Facilities account to pursue critical and
backlogged repairs and improvements across EPA, initiate and complete climate resiliency and
sustainability projects across EPA-owned facilities, and invest in cutting edge EPA lab facilities,
including to support PFAS research.
The Budget requests an additional 4 FTE to implement Executive Order 14110, Safe, Secure, and
Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence 21 EPA will encourage the use of AI
in the federal space, and do so with transparency, responsibility, safety, and ethical standards. The
Agency will maintain EPA's current AI Inventory and develop a compliance plan, strategy, and
27 For more information, please visit: https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidentia1-
actions/2023/10/30/executive-order-on-the-safe-secure-and-trustworthy-development-and-use-of-artificial -intelligence/.
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Budget Overview
AI governance committee. EPA forecasts that workforce demand for AI tools and training will
increase and is addressing this need through the development of training and pilot programs.
Support for the Cancer Moonshot
Reducing exposure to environmental contaminants that are known or suspected to cause cancer is
embedded in much of EPA's programmatic work. EPA uses cancer incidence as one of the
indicators in its Report on the Environment28 to help answer questions relating to trends in the
condition of the Nation's air, water, and land. To support the Administration's Cancer Moonshot
initiative, EPA will continue its scientific research and regulatory work in FY 2025 to prevent and
mitigate cancer-related exposure. The Agency will accomplish this work with a focus on
addressing environmental injustice, disparity, and inequities in prevention of and exposure to
environmental hazards that can cause cancer. Below are some examples of EPA's work in FY
2025 to prevent and reduce cancer-related exposure:
• Research to Understand and Address Environmental and Toxic Exposures. EPA conducts
extensive assessments on chemical hazards related to cancer outcomes and has developed
a variety of tools for evaluating health hazards posed by chemicals.29'30 31 These programs
provide toxicity information and toxicity values for contaminants of concern and have
formed the scientific foundation for many of EPA's air and water quality standards and the
Superfund Program.
• Risk Evaluations of Toxic Substances and Pesticides. In FY 2025, EPA will continue to
conduct TSCA risk evaluations on new and existing chemicals to determine if they present
an unreasonable risk to human health and the environment. The Agency has authority to
order manufacturers to provide information on a chemical's carcinogenicity. In addition,
the Pesticide Programs generates an annual list of cancer classifications for all pesticides.
• Air Toxics and Radon. EPA implements programs to improve air toxics data, characterize
potential cancer risk, and issue regulations to lower emissions and reduce health risk for
people across America. The FY 2025 Budget will continue to support work for air toxics
and address emerging issues and likely carcinogens such as PFAS. EPA also will continue
its efforts to prioritize strategies to reduce radon risk in underserved communities.
• Drinking Water Regulations Aimed at Reducing Cancer Risks. The National Primary
Drinking Water Regulations include primary standards and treatment techniques for
drinking water that remove carcinogens and prevent cancer cases. The PFAS drinking
water regulation may prevent additional cancer cases since PFAS exposure is associated
with increased risk of prostate, kidney, and testicular cancers. The FY 2025 Budget will
continue to support efforts to finalize the PFAS Rule.
28 For more information, please visit: https://www.epa.gov/report-environ.ment/learn-abont-roe-prograin.
29 For more information, please visit: https://www.epa.gov/iris.
30 For more information, please visit: https://www.epa.gov/pprtv/basic-information~aboiit-provisional-peer-
reviewed-toxicitv-values-pprtvs#basicinfo.
31 For more information, please visit: https://www.epa.gov/isa.
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Budget Overview
• Remediation at Superfund Sites to Reduce Exposure to Harmful Contaminants. EPA's
Superfund Program32 cleans up contaminated land to reduce human exposures to harmful
contaminants that lead to greater risk for cancer and other health complications. In FY
2025, EPA will continue to oversee federal agencies and facilities cleanup, including
Department of Defense PFAS cleanup under CERCLA.
• Childhood Cancer Prevention. In FY 2025, EPA will continue to help prevent childhood
cancer by expanding the education provided to health care providers, parents, and
communities about how to identify cancer clusters, key exposures to carcinogens, and the
relationship between environmental exposures and childhood cancer or cancer due to
exposures in childhood.
Supplemental Funding
Resources in the FY 2025 Budget are complemented by the supplemental funding provided under
the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA) and the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA). It's
important to note that these supplemental sources do not fund the everyday operations of the
Agency and are targeted for specific purposes.
Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA) The bipartisan IIJA makes historic investments in
tackling climate change, protecting public health, creating jobs in communities across the country,
and delivering a more equitable future. The IIJA appropriated to EPA approximately $60 billion
over a five-year period from FY 2022 through FY 2026. In FY 2025, $12 billion of IIJA funding
will be available to EPA for upgrading drinking water and wastewater infrastructure, replacing
lead pipes, addressing emerging contaminants such as PFAS, protecting critical water bodies,
cleaning up longstanding pollution at Superfund and brownfields sites, making improvements to
waste management and recycling systems, decarbonizing the Nation's school bus fleet, and
advancing the Pollution Prevention Program. The IIJA also invests in strengthening the work of
our tribal and state partners, helping create good-paying jobs, and increasing climate resilience
throughout the country.
Since the IDA was enacted, great strides in achieving these goals have been made.33 EPA has so
far provided over $11 billion to support water infrastructure. Every state and Puerto Rico has
received SRF grants, $7.7 billion in drinking water grants, funding 350 projects, and $3.4 billion
in clean water grants, funding 155 projects. More than $6.5 billion has been made available to find
and replace lead pipes in communities across the nation. The Clean School Bus Program has
awarded nearly $2 billion, funding approximately 5,100 electric and low-emission school buses to
replace dirty diesel buses, reducing greenhouse gas pollution and positioning America as a leader
in developing and deploying clean vehicles. Funding also has contributed to cleaning up legacy
pollution for 152 Superfund sites, while clearing the backlog of sites on the National Priority List.
In FY 2023, 76 percent of Superfund funding was obligated for sites with environmental justice
concerns, emphasizing the Agency's commitment to protect the most vulnerable communities.
32 For more information, please visit: https://www.epa.gov/superfund.
33 For more information, please visit: https://www.epa.gov/svstem/files/documents/2023-
ll/bit_seeo ndanniversaryreport_nov2023_v-5.pdf.
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Budget Overview
Through implementation of IIJA, EPA will continue to invest in infrastructure improvements
across the country that reach all communities and ensure benefits for decades to come.
Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) The IRA appropriated $41.5 billion for EPA over the next decade
to reduce harmful air pollution in places where people live, work, play, and go to school. Since the
legislation was signed into law, EPA has moved swiftly to put these historic resources to work to
reduce emissions, build a clean economy, lower energy costs for American households and
businesses, create good-paying union jobs, and advance environmental justice across the country.
In FY 2025 the Agency will continue to build on year one achievements, including $30 million to
expand community air monitoring in 37 states, $25 million in clean air grants to improve air quality
across the country, and three grant competitions under the $27 billion Greenhouse Gas Reduction
Fund. As of December 15, 2023, EPA has completed the review panel and initial evaluation stage
for all eligible applications as part of the review and selection process for the National Clean
Investment Fund and Clean Communities Investment Accelerator competitions. EPA will continue
to launch numerous additional cutting-edge IRA programs to curb harmful methane emissions,
reduce air pollution at ports and in surrounding communities, promote low-carbon construction
materials, improve air quality at schools, and put more clean vehicles on America's roads.
Allocating Resources to Strategic Goals and Objectives
In accordance with the Government Performance and Results Act of 1993 (GPRA) and the GPRA
Modernization Act of 2010, the FY 2025 Budget identifies resources aligned with the strategic
goals and objectives of the Agency's FY 2022 - 2026 EPA Strategic Plan. The Budget also
allocates agencywide mission and science support resources and FTE across the goals and
objectives. These resources provide support for multiple goals to achieve their objectives. This
support involves the provision of foundational agencywide and cross-agency research and
development, science, and essential mission assistance services by the EPA Offices of the
Administrator (OA), Chief Financial Officer (OCFO), General Counsel (OGC), Inspector General
(OIG), Mission Support (OMS), and Research and Development (ORD). The resource summaries
by Strategic Goal and Objective within this Submission provide the total of both direct and
allocated resources.
25
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26
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Summary Resource Charts
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's
FY 2025 Budget by Appropriation
Total Agency: $10,994 M
(Dollars in Millions)
WIFIA
¦ Science & Technology (S&T)
E Environmental Programs & Management (EPM)
¦ Inspector General (IG)
B Buildings & Facilities (B&F)
~ Inland Oil Spill Programs (OIL)
~ Hazardous Substance Superfund (SF)
~ Leaking Underground Storage Tanks (LUST)
~ State & Tribal Assistance Grants (STAG)
~ Water Infrastructure Finance & Innovation Program (WIFIA)
1. Excludes supplemental funding.
2. In addition to annual appropriated resources, the agency expects to receive an estimated $2.17 billion in Superfund tax receipts in FY
2025 not reflected here. These additional government revenues will support continued Superfund cleanup and enforcement.
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28
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Summary Resource Charts
EPA's Budget FY 2016 to 2025
¦ Enacted Budget Annualized Continuing Resolution ~ President's Budget
$12.0
$10.0
1 $8.0
m
.3 $6.0
c/
in
o $4.0
Q
$2.0
$0.0
Fiscal Year
Notes:
1. All agency totals include applicable rescissions.
2. FY 2020 Enacted excludes funding from the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act.
3. FY 2021 Enacted excludes funding from the American Rescue Plan Act.
4. FY 2022 and FY 2023 Enacted and FY 2024 ACR exclude funding from the Infrastructure Investment and the Jobs
Act and the Inflation Reduction Act.
5. Resources reflect the level in each year's Enacted Operating Plan, except for FY 2024, which is the annualized
continuing resolution level, and FY 2025, which is the requested level.
$11.0
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
EPA fs FTE Ceiling FY 2016 to 2025
18,000
16,000
14,000
12,000
W 10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
¦ Enacted Budget
15,376 15,416
Annualized Continuing Resolution
14 376 Izl 17T Izl 17T 14 9Q7
~ President's Budget
17,145
14,581
15,116 15,123
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Fiscal Year
2022
2023
2024
2025
Notes:
1
FTE (Full Time Equivalent) = one employee working full time for a full year (52 weeks x 40 hours = 2,080 hours),
or the equivalent number of hours worked by several part-time or temporary employees.
2. Reimbursable FTE is included.
3. FY 2022 and FY 2023 Enacted and FY 2024 ACR exclude funding from the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act
and the Inflation Reduction Act.
4. FTE reflects the level in each year's Enacted Operating Plan, except for FY 2024, which is the annualized continuing
resolution level, and FY 2025, which is the requested level.
29
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30
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Summary Resource Charts
EPA's Resources by Major Category
(Dollars in Billions)
~ Infrastructure Financing ¦ Trust Funds ~ Operating Budget ~Categorical Grants
$12.0
$10.0
s
o
ffl
a $8.0
&
$6.0
o
Q
0J
"C
a
©
a $4.0
$2.0
$0.0
$1.1
$1.2
$2.4
2016
EN
$1.1
$1.2
$2.6
2017
EN
$1.1
$1.2
$3.1
$1.1
$1.2
$3.1
$1.1
$1.3
$3.1
$1.1
$3.2
$1.1
$1.3
:¦ $3.2 ¦
$1.2
$1.4
$3.4 -
$1.2
$1.4
$3.4
$1.5
$5.6
$0.8
$3.1
2018
EN
2019
EN
2020
EN
2021
EN
2022
EN
2023 2024 ACR 2025 PB
EN
EN - Enacted,
PB - President's Budget
ACR- Annualized Continuing Resolution
Notes:
1. Totals may not add due to rounding.
2. Infrastructure Financing includes Clean and Drinking Water SRF, Congressionally Directed Spending, WIFIA, and
STAG Special Programs such as DWWIA programs, Brownfields Projects, Diesel Emissions Reduction Grant
Program, and Targeted Airshed Grant Program.
3. FY 2025 Infrastructure Financing does not include $1,472 billion in funding for congressionally directed community
projects. It represents an increase of $1,074 billion to the base State Revolving Funds to restore funding for non-
earmarked projects.
4. FY 2016 Enacted reflects a $40 million rescission.
5. FY 2017 Enacted reflects a $90 million rescission.
6. FY 2018 Enacted reflects a $149 million rescission.
7. FY 2019 Enacted reflects a $211 million rescission.
8. FY 2020 Enacted excludes the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act.
9. FY 2021 Enacted reflects a $28 million rescission and excludes the American Rescue Plan.
10. FY 2022 and FY 2023 Enacted and FY 2024 ACR exclude funding from the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act
and the Inflation Reduction Act.
11. FY 2023 Enacted and FY 2024 ACR reflect a $13 million rescission.
12. The agency expects to receive an estimated $2.17 billion in Superfund tax receipts in FY 2025 not reflected here. These
additional government revenues will support continued Superfund cleanup and enforcement.
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32
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Cross-Agency Strategies
Cross-Agency Strategy 1: Ensure Scientific Integrity and Science-Based Decision Making
Deliver rigorous scientific research and analyses to inform evidence-based decision making.
EPA's ability to protect human health and the environment depends on the integrity and quality of
the information, data, and evidence that secure the scientific foundation for agency decision
making. Identifying and implementing effective strategies, including strategies to adapt to the
changing climate, advance environmental justice and equity, and protect children at all life stages,
require that decisions be grounded in the best available science and evidence. EPA's Cross-Agency
Strategy 1 in the FY 2022 - 2026 EPA Strategic Plan is strengthening scientific integrity,
advancing the delivery of rigorous and independent scientific evaluation and analyses, and
grounding EPA's actions in the best available science.
Cross-Agency Strategy 1, Ensure Scientific Integrity and Science-Based Decision Making is
directly supported by the following long-term performance goals in the FY 2022 - 2026 EPA
Strategic Plan:
• By September 30, 2026, increase the annual percentage of Office of Research and
Development (ORD) research products meeting partner needs to 95 percent from a baseline
of 93 percent in FY 2021.1
• By September 30, 2026, implement 131 actions for scientific integrity objectives that are
certified by Deputy Scientific Integrity Officials in each EPA program and region.
Science touches all parts of EPA and plays an integral role in informing a range of environmental
decisions. EPA program and regional offices support this strategy through a commitment to
science as foundational to decision making, scientific integrity, rigorous quality assurance,
appropriate peer review, the timely release of scientific information, and transparency in decision
making.
As part of this commitment, the Agency is ensuring an effective scientific integrity program.
Scientific integrity results from adherence to professional values and practices when conducting,
communicating, supervising, developing, and implementing science. It ensures objectivity, clarity,
reproducibility, and utility, and it safeguards against bias, fabrication, falsification, plagiarism,
outside interference, censorship, and inadequate procedures and information security. EPA will
advance and strengthen a culture of scientific integrity across the Agency by ensuring adherence
to the scientific and ethical standards outlined in EPA's Scientific Integrity Policy.2 In FY 2023
the Agency continued work on the final updated Scientific Integrity Policy planned for release in
mid-2024, using a White House Office of Science and Technology Policy framework report
published in January 2023. The draft policy has undergone formal consultation with tribes,
engagement with and comment by EPA employee unions, and significant legal review. The
Agency completed a training video on scientific integrity at EPA that will be distributed
throughout the Agency with the updated Scientific Integrity Policy. Employees, contractors, and
officials have access to the Scientific Integrity Official and staff and a network of Deputy Scientific
Integrity Officials on whom they can rely for advice or to report allegations of a loss of scientific
1 ORD is tracking environmental justice and climate products as annual performance goals. Please see the annual
performance plan table in the President's Budget (https://www.epa.gov/planandbndget/ci') for more information.
2 EPA's Scientific Integrity Policy (https://www.epa.gov/scienti:fic-integritv/epas-scientific-integritĄ-policv')
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Cross-Agency Strategies
integrity.3
Along with the Agency's ongoing efforts to ensure scientific integrity is part of the culture, EPA's
research and science programs support this Cross-Agency Strategy through the delivery of
rigorous scientific research and analyses. The primary mission of the Agency's Office of Research
and Development and Regional Lab Enterprise is to provide leading-edge research to meet near-
term and long-term science needs of the Agency and inform EPA decisions. This research portfolio
also supports the needs of tribal, state, and community partners. In FY 2023, 96 percent of research
products met partner needs, exceeding the FY 2023 annual target of 94 percent and improving on
the FY 2022 result of 94 percent (partner satisfaction is evaluated through an annual survey that
engages key users of ORD products to assess scientific rigor, relevance, and timeliness of product
delivery). Scientific research and development will support: 1) tackling the climate crisis by
addressing the causes and consequences of climate change and developing more resilient
communities; 2) addressing current, emerging, and long-term water resource challenges; 3)
developing scientific and technical approaches to enhance the Agency's ability to evaluate
chemicals and their risks; 4) accelerating the pace of cleanups at contaminated sites so they can be
returned to beneficial use; 5) revitalizing and protecting the most vulnerable communities and
groups; and 6) conducting environmental risk assessments to better inform policies for protecting
human health, particularly for children at all life stages. The Agency's regional laboratories
provide essential expertise and scientific data for a wide array of statutory areas needed to make
local decisions. In FY 2025, regional laboratories will analyze scientific data to inform immediate
and near-term decisions on environmental conditions, emergency response, compliance, and
enforcement.
In FY 2025, the Agency will continue critical research on the highest priority issues. EPA will
focus on addressing lead issues associated with Superfund sites and childhood lead exposure. The
Agency also will continue to emphasize per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) research to
increase understanding of PFAS exposures, human health and ecological effects, and technologies
for reducing PFAS in the environment. In addition, the Agency will continue to advance the
Administration's science-based approach to improve wildfire readiness by enhancing wildfire data
and communications related to air quality and helping communities become "smoke ready."
3 The Foundations for Evidence-Based Policymaking Act of 2018 promotes a culture of evaluation and continuous
learning that ensures agency decisions are made on the best available evidence including developing an Evaluations
and Other Evidence-Building Activities Policy (Evaluation Policy). EPA's Evaluation Policy includes many
elements that are related to EPA's Scientific Integrity Policy including principles of independence, objectivity,
transparency, and rigor. Please see (https://www.epa.gov/svstem/files/docnments/2022-05/epa-evalnation-evidence-
building-policy .pdf) for more information.
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Cross-Agency Strategies
Cross-Agency Strategy 2: Consider the Health of Children at All Life Stages and Other
Vulnerable Populations
Focus on protecting and improving the health of children at all life stages and other vulnerable
populations in implementing our programs.
EPA's programs will apply and promote the use of science, policy, partnerships, communications,
and action to protect children at all life stages and other vulnerable populations from adverse health
effects resulting from exposure to pollution and the impacts of climate change. EPA also will take
actions to protect children and other vulnerable populations in underserved communities where
socioeconomic determinants of health exacerbate the harm caused by these environmental
stressors.
Children's environmental health recognizes the effect of the environment on children's growth,
wellness, development, and risk of disease. EPA actions will be informed by two important
considerations: first, the scientific understanding of childhood as a sequence of life stages, and
second, the recognition that protecting children's health is necessary to protect human health,
because every adult was once a child. The effects of early life exposures may become apparent
during childhood or may not arise until adulthood or in later generations.
Cross-Agency Strategy 2, Consider the Health of Children at All Life Stages and Other
Vulnerable Populations is directly supported by the following long-term performance goal in the
FY 2022 - 2026 EPA Strategic Plan:
• By September 30, 2026, assess and consider environmental health information and data for
children at all life stages for EPA actions that concern human health.
To best protect children's environmental health at all life stages and vulnerable populations, EPA
will identify, assess, develop, and promote the use of science to support its policies, decisions, and
actions, including regulations and voluntary programs. EPA also will ensure that agency toxicity,
exposure, and risk assessments consider all relevant and available science to address the unique
vulnerabilities of children and vulnerable populations, including disproportionate impacts related
to race, ethnicity, income, existing health problems, or other social determinants of health.
In FY 2025, EPA's Children's Health Program will continue its core work to:
• Coordinate and advance the protection of children's environmental health across EPA by
assisting with development of regulations, improving risk assessment and science policy,
implementing community-level outreach and education programs, and tracking indicators
of progress on children's health.
• Coordinate two plenary meetings of the Children's Health Protection Advisory
Committee,1 including delivery of expert responses to additional charge questions related
to high priority children's environmental health issues.
• Follow up on recommendations from the National Academy of Sciences, which
highlighted the latest scientific advancements and challenges to protecting children's
1 For additional information, please visit: https://www.epa.gov/children/chpac.
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Cross-Agency Strategies
health from social, economic, cultural, and environmental factors.2
• Continue to implement the EPA Policy on Children's Health to ensure that EPA
consistently and explicitly considers early life exposures and lifelong health in all human
health decisions.3
• Support health care professionals via the Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Units
to better address risks from childhood exposures, particularly in communities with
environmental justice concerns.
• Improve EPA's ability to monetize the economic benefits to children's health of
environmental rules. Through a cooperative agreement between EPA and the Organization
for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), OECD will develop willingness to
pay values and assist EPA in developing non-cancer dose response curves to quantify
children related health endpoints that are not currently included in EPA benefit-cost
analyses. As a result, EPA will improve substantially its ability to communicate to the
public the impact of its regulations.
To continue to implement Executive Order (EO) 13045: Protection of Children from
Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks in FY 2025 EPA also will:
• Partner with the Department of Health and Human Services to lead the cross-federal
President's Task Force on Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks to Children. The
focus of this work will be on protecting children from adverse consequences of climate
change and disasters, addressing disparities in asthma among children, and reducing
childhood lead poisoning.4
• Take actions to protect children in underserved communities who suffer disproportionately
from the effects of pollution exposures exacerbated by socio-economic determinants of
health. For example, the Children's Health Program will continue to identify and
communicate indicators to better reflect social determinants of health and account for
disparities as part of efforts to enhance America's Children and the Environment (ACE), a
set of national indicators on the environment and children's health. The Children's Health
Program will also work to consider cumulative impacts in agency decision making, bridge
the discussion to cumulative risk, and work to incorporate susceptibility and vulnerability
at each stage of the risk assessment process.
2 For additional information, please visit: https://nap.nationalacademies.org/cataIog/25466/vibrant-aiKt-heaIthv-kids-
atigning~seienee~praetiee~and~poticv-to.
3 For additional information, please visit: https://www.epa.gov/chiIdren/chiIdrens~heaUh~poIicv-and~pIan.
4 For additional information, please visit: https://ptfcehs.niehs.nih.gov/.
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Cross-Agency Strategies
Cross-Agency Strategy 3: Advance EPA's Organizational Excellence and
Workforce Equity
Foster a diverse, equitable, and inclusive workforce within an effective and mission-driven
workplace.
To support its mission to protect human health and the environment, EPA will make significant
progress in FY 2025 to advance organizational excellence and workforce equity. The Agency will
strengthen workforce planning of mission-critical positions and support succession management
for the next generation of the EPA staff and managers while emphasizing diversity, equity,
inclusion, and accessibility (DEIA). EPA will modernize information technology (IT) systems,
support employee-friendly work policies, and transition to a paperless work environment. EPA
will continue to focus on implementing efficient and effective processes across the full range of
agency efforts, using proven continuous improvement techniques and training to equip staff to
solve problems and enhance our ability to accomplish our mission. Additionally, EPA will
continue to safeguard against cybersecurity risks to protect agency assets and infrastructure from
potentially malicious attacks. Further, EPA will be a leader in the federal government in advancing
the sustainability of facilities and operations while developing resiliency to respond to the risks of
climate change. EPA will continue to eliminate barriers to its procurement processes through
greater diversification of the Agency's vendor base, increasing engagement and technical
assistance, and enhancing the Agency's contracts with new vendors, including with small and
underserved businesses, and targeting businesses located in Historically Underutilized Business
Zones (HUBZones).1 EPA will continue to provide resource stewardship to ensure that all agency
programs operate with fiscal responsibility and management integrity, financial services are
efficiently and consistently delivered nationwide, and programs demonstrate results.
Cross-Agency Strategy 3, Advance EPA 's Organizational Excellence and Workforce Equity is
directly supported by the following long-term performance goals in the FY 2022 - 2026 EPA
Strategic Plan:
• By September 30, 2026, EPA will be in full compliance with the five high-priority
directives in Executive Order 14028, Improving the Nation's Cybersecurity.
• By September 30, 2026, award 4 percent of EPA contract spending to small businesses
located in Historically Underutilized Business Zones (HUBZones) compared to the FY
2018-2020 average annual baseline of 2.2 percent.
• By September 30, 2026, initiate all priority climate resiliency projects for EPA-owned
facilities within 24 months of a completed facility climate assessment and project
prioritization.
• By September 30, 2026, EPA will achieve the highest Diversity, Equity, Inclusion and
Accessibility (DEIA) Maturity Level of "Leading and Sustaining" as defined by the
November 2021 Government-wide Strategic Plan to Advance DEIA in the Federal
Workforce and achieve all EPA goals identified in the Agency's Gender Equity and
Equality Action Plan.
1 For additional information, please consult the Small Business Administration's HUBZone Program webpage:
https://www.sba.gov/federal-contracting/contracting-assistance-programs/hnbzone-prograin.
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Cross-Agency Strategies
• By September 30, 2026, automate all priority internal administrative processes.
• By September 30, 2026, automate the major EPA permitting programs.
• By September 30, 2026, improve 1,000 operational processes.
In FY 2025, EPA will continue to implement the Agency's DEIA Strategic Plan to advance
progress towards ensuring equitable recruiting, hiring, promotion, retention, professional
development, performance evaluations, pay and compensation policies, reasonable
accommodations access, training policies and practices, and maintaining a workforce
representative of the American public that promotes a culture of inclusion and accessibility within
the Agency. This will be executed by undertaking an evidence-based and data-driven approach to
determine whether, and to what extent, agency practices result in inequitable employment
outcomes, and whether agency actions may help to overcome systemic societal and organizational
barriers. By the end of FY 2026, EPA will achieve the highest maturity level as defined by the
November 2021 Government-wide Strategic Plan to Advance DEIA in the Federal Workforce.2
In FY 2025, EPA will continue to make progress towards equity goals by eliminating barriers in
its procurement processes and increasing the amount of spending on small and disadvantaged
businesses. EPA will continue to provide technical assistance to small business vendors on
navigating federal contracting requirements and to ensure that new EPA procurements are
accessible in scope and requirements for small businesses to successfully compete. This work will
yield an increase in contract spending awarded to small and disadvantaged businesses, including
those located in HUBZones.
In FY 2025, in line with OMB Memoranda M-23-15 - Measuring, Monitoring, and Improving
Organizational Health and Organizational Performance in the Context of Evolving Agency Work
Environments, EPA will continue to implement, and update as necessary, its Work Environment
Plan in a manner that emphasizes meaningful in-person work and advances organizational health
and performance. EPA will continue to assess and implement any necessary investments in
information technology and real property necessary to implement its Work Environment Plan.
EPA also will continue to support front-line supervisor training for managing individuals and
teams working in hybrid environments and effectively delivering results to customers and
stakeholders. EPA will continue to support a data-driven culture which routinely uses performance
measures for measuring, monitoring, and improving organizational health and organizational
performance.
In FY 2025, EPA will continue to pursue IT systems and infrastructure modernization, innovation,
and automation of internal administrative forms and processes to achieve a paperless work
environment. To support the Agency's Cybersecurity posture, EPA will continue to accelerate
cloud adoption. In addition, EPA will continue to increase adoption of Multifactor Authentication,
encryption for agency systems and data, and adoption of a Zero Trust Architecture, and will meet
advanced logging requirements to accomplish Executive Order (EO) 14028: Improving the
Nation's Cybersecurity.
2 For more information, please refer to: https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp~content/uploads/2021/l l/Strategic~Plan~to~
Advance-Diversity-Eqnity-Inchision-and-Accessibility-in-the-Federal-Workforce-11.23.21.pdf.
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Cross-Agency Strategies
In FY 2025, in support of EO 14008: Tackling the Climate Crisis at Home and Abroad, EPA will
complete climate resiliency assessments at three EPA-owned facilities. These assessments will
include identifying potential projects the Agency can implement to increase facility resiliency
against the impacts of climate change, such as roofing stability, building envelope, and emergency
power projects. Following completion of a climate assessment, EPA will initiate four high-priority
projects within 24 months. Further, EPA will continue progress towards achieving carbon-
pollution free energy use and net-zero emissions in line with Administration sustainability goals.
In FY 2025, the Agency will continue to modernize its financial systems to gain greater efficiencies
by improving accounting systems and retiring legacy systems. OCFO is reducing duplicative and
manual work by automating and modifying business processes and enhancing the ability to
generate automated reports. Robotics Process Automation will be a part of the overall strategy to
reduce manual work, decrease error, and improve efficiency. In FY 2025, EPA will continue to
expand and enhance easy-to-use dashboards to manage resources and track performance.
Additionally, the Agency will leverage senior staff engagement in continuous improvement
through nearly 100 executive-sponsored improvement projects annually. EPA also is applying
continuous improvement tools and initiatives to support Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act
implementation with an emphasis on improving processes related to hiring and grants.
In FY 2025, EPA will continue to automate the Agency's major permitting programs.3 Automation
of permit processes will reduce processing time on issuing permits, decrease the time between
receiving monitoring data and engaging in enforcement actions, and foster transparency by
allowing communities to search, track, and access permitting actions easily. Further, permit
automation will enable the integration of climate change and environmental justice considerations
into permit processes and ensure that they are addressed within the terms and conditions of the
permit. For the regulated community, permit automation will allow for a simplified, streamlined,
and transparent permitting process that will result in time and costs savings. For communities and
stakeholders, permit automation can empower communities, especially communities with
environmental justice concerns, to actively participate in the permit decision-making process and
post-permit related compliance.
3 EPA identified a universe of 13 eligible processes. Broad statutory frameworks for the permitting programs are
found in Sections 165, 173, and 502 of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. §§ 7475, 7503, and 7661a); Section 402 of the
Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C. § 1342); Section 3006 of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (42 U.S.C. §
6926), and Section 1422 and Section 1425 of the Safe Drinking Water Act (42 U.S.C. §§ 300h and 300h-4).
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Cross-Agency Strategies
Cross-Agency Strategy 4: Strengthen Tribal, State, and Local Partnerships and Enhance
Engagement
Collaborate and engage effectively with Tribal Nations in keeping with the Federal
Government's trust responsibilities, state and local governments, regulated entities, and the
public to protect human health and the environment.
Protecting human health and the environment is a shared responsibility of EPA and its tribal, state,
and local government partners. EPA also has a historic and fundamental trust responsibility with
tribal governments. Environmental outcomes are best achieved through collaborative and effective
partnerships across all levels, successful oversight of federally delegated programs, and robust
engagement with non-governmental organizations, national and community groups, stakeholders,
and the public, built on a foundation of public trust and transparency. Through a renewed focus on
fostering intergovernmental relationships, improving on-the-ground community engagement,
delivering high-impact environmental education programs, and increasing public trust and
transparency, EPA will forge stronger partnerships. As a result, EPA will be better positioned to
advance durable solutions to its most pressing challenges and ensure the equitable protection of all
communities, including those who have historically been underserved and overburdened.
Cross-Agency Strategy 4, Strengthen Tribal, State, and Local Partnerships and Enhance
Engagement is directly supported by the following long-term performance goals in the FY 2022
- 2026 EPA Strategic Plan:
• By September 30, 2026, consider tribal treaty rights as part of all EPA tribal consultations
that may affect tribal treaty rights.
• By September 30, 2026, eliminate the backlog of overdue Freedom of Information Act
(FOIA) responses, compared to the FY 2021 baseline of 1,056.
Since disproportionate impacts of environmental pollution occur in tribal communities, EPA is
committed to strengthening its relationship with tribes. EPA will strive to meet its federal trust
responsibility and work to integrate consideration of tribal treaty and reserved rights early into
decision making and regulatory processes. As of June 2023, 100 percent of tribal consultations
occurring from FY 2022 onward that may have affected tribal treaty rights had considered those
rights, as outlined in the long-term performance goal stated above.
The early, meaningful, and substantial involvement of EPA's co-regulator partners is critical to
the development, implementation, and enforcement of the environmental programs in Indian
country. With a renewed focus on climate, environmental justice, and children's health, EPA will
emphasize frequent and early communication as a keystone of its partnership with tribal and state
co-regulators. EPA must thoughtfully consider co-regulator concerns and existing regulatory
programs to develop effective and lasting solutions to our most pressing environmental challenges.
In FY 2025, EPA will continue to support the Agency's web-based Tribal Consultation
Opportunities Tracking System, a publicly accessible database used to communicate upcoming
and current EPA consultation opportunities to tribal governments. The system provides a
management, oversight, and reporting structure that helps ensure accountability and transparency.
In addition, EPA will implement the revised EPA Consultation Policy and new Implementation
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Cross-Agency Strategies
Guidance to improve consultation practices to ensure early and meaningful engagement in
conformance with Executive Order 13175, Consultation and Coordination with Indian Tribal
Governments.
In FY 2025, EPA will continue to enhance transparency, build public trust in agency actions, and
support public participation by strengthening its implementation of the Freedom of Information
Act (FOIA). In FY 2023 the Agency reduced the backlog of overdue FOIA requests by nearly 26
percent. EPA received more than 6,600 FOIA requests but closed more than 6,800 requests. The
Agency will work to increase processing speed and to apply appropriate technologies to ensure it
supports the timely searching and collection of information for purposes of responding to FOIA
requests and other information needs in a cost-effective and sustainable manner. In addition, EPA
procured and launched a new FOIA recordkeeping and processing software solution that replaced
FOIA online at the beginning of FY 2024.
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Goal and Objective Overviews
Goal 1: Tackle the Climate Crisis
Cut pollution that causes climate change and increase the adaptive capacity of Tribes, states,
territories, and communities.
Introduction
Climate change is a global issue that has far-reaching human health, social, economic,
environmental, and biodiversity impacts on our planet. It directly and adversely affects the United
States. Climate change is accelerating the frequency and severity of wildfires and extreme weather
events, such as hurricanes, floods, heat waves, and drought, and is altering sea temperature, ocean
acidity, sea-level, and other global systems that support human life and biodiversity. Climate
change impacts include famine, property loss, mass migrations, human conflict, species
extinctions, and ecosystem failures, with significant humanitarian, economic and national security
implications. Certain communities and individuals are particularly vulnerable to these impacts,
including low-income communities, communities of color, children, the elderly, tribes, and
indigenous people.
The impacts of climate change challenge EPA's ability to accomplish its mission of protecting
human health and the environment because climate change can exacerbate existing pollution
problems and environmental stressors. EPA is working with states, tribes, territories, local
governments, and other federal agencies to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and increase
the climate resilience of the Nation, with a particular focus on protecting and helping
disadvantaged communities. Climate change is a global issue, and domestic action must go hand
in hand with international leadership. EPA will continue to extend its expertise internationally,
while learning from the expertise of others, to help shape and advance international agreements
and solutions.
In FY 2025, EPA will continue to drive reductions in emissions that significantly contribute to
climate change through regulations on GHGs, climate partnership programs, and support to tribal,
state, and local governments. The Agency will accomplish this through the significant investments
represented by the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA), the bipartisan Infrastructure Investment and
Jobs Act (IIJA), and its base appropriation, which funds the core operating accounts and ongoing
environmental programs of the Agency. In FY 2025 and beyond, EPA will ensure its programs,
policies, rulemaking processes, enforcement and compliance assurance activities, and internal
business operations consider current and future impacts of climate change. EPA will consult and
partner with tribes, states, territories, local governments and communities, businesses, and other
federal agencies to strengthen adaptive capacity. By engaging with organizations representing
overburdened and underserved communities, EPA will ensure its GHG mitigation and adaptation
activities address environmental justice and equity concerns for all communities. Furthermore,
EPA will continue to engage both bilaterally and through multilateral institutions to improve
international cooperation on climate change. The FY 2025 Budget includes $844.6 million and
1,457.9 FTE for Goal 1: Tackle the Climate Crisis.
Objective 1.1: Reduce Emissions that Cause Climate Change - Aggressively reduce the
emissions of greenhouse gases from all sectors while increasing energy and resource efficiency
and the use of renewable energy.
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Goal and Objective Overviews
The FY 2025 Budget includes $646.5 million and 969.6 FTE for Objective 1.1, which is $176.2
million and 132.7 FTE above the FY 2024 Annualized continuing resolution (ACR). This objective
is directly supported by the following long-term performance goals in the FY 2022 - 2026 EPA
Strategic Plan:
• By September 30, 2026, promulgate final rules to reduce GHG emissions from light duty,
medium-duty, and heavy-duty vehicles; electric utility generating units; and the oil and gas
industry.
• By September 30, 2026, EPA's climate partnership programs will reduce expected annual
GHG emissions by 545 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MMTCChe).
EPA's climate partnership programs reduced 518.6 MMTCChe of annual GHG emissions
in 2019.
Objective 1.1 is also directly supported by the following FY 2024-2025 Agency Priority Goal:
Phase down the production and consumption of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). By September 30,
2025, annual U.S. consumption of HFCs will be 40 percent below the baseline of 302.5 MMTC02e
consistent with the HFC phasedown schedule in the American Innovation and Manufacturing
(AIM) Act and codified in the implementing regulations.
In FY 2025, EPA will drive significant reductions in the emissions that cause climate change
through regulation of GHGs; climate partnership programs such as ENERGY STAR; support for
tribal, state, and local governments; and expansion of the GHG Emissions Reporting Program and
Sinks Inventory. EPA regulations will cut GHG pollutants, including carbon dioxide (CO2),
methane, and HFCs. Furthermore, in FY 2022, EPA finalized federal GHG emissions standards
for passenger cars and light trucks for Model Years (MY) 2023 through 2026. EPA will collaborate
closely with stakeholders to promote energy efficiency, renewable energy, and decarbonization of
the Nation's electric grid. By continuing the transition away from reliance on high-emitting fossil
fuels, EPA programs will cut GHG emissions from cars, trucks, homes, and businesses.
In FY 2025, EPA plans to implement new source performance standards and emission guidelines
applicable to power plants and to new and existing facilities in the oil and gas sector that EPA will
have finalized under Section 111. As part of this effort, EPA also will provide support for
implementation of the final new source performance standards and support to states in the
development of state plans to meet requirements of oil and natural gas emission guidelines and
power plant emission guidelines. The Agency also will implement regulations in FY 2025 to
require enhanced reporting of emissions from U.S. industrial sectors, including methane emissions
from the oil and natural gas sector.
Under the AIM Act, EPA will continue to work with industry to phase down the production and
import of HFCs, which are commonly used in refrigerators, air conditioners, and in many other
applications. The AIM Act directs EPA to take steps to sharply reduce production and consumption
of these harmful GHG pollutants by using an allowance allocation and trading program. This
phasedown will decrease the production and import of HFCs in the United States by 85 percent
over the next 15 years. A global HFC phasedown is expected to avoid up to 0.5°C of global
warming by 2100. The FY 2025 Budget includes $65.3 million and 24 FTE to implement
provisions in the AIM Act to phase down the use of HFCs, to support U.S. entry to the Kigali
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Goal and Objective Overviews
amendment to the Montreal Protocol, and to restore staff capacity around efforts to tackle the
climate crisis. This investment includes resources to implement innovative IT solutions, such as
database integration across EPA and Customs and Border Patrol to help ensure that the phasedown
is not undermined by illegal imports.1
In FY 2025, EPA will begin implementing the multi-pollutant emissions standards, including for
GHG emissions, for light- and medium-duty vehicles beginning with Model Year (MY) 2027 and
extending through and including at least MY 2030. In FY 2025, EPA also will begin implementing
a final rulemaking under the Clean Air Act (CAA) to establish new GHG emissions standards for
heavy-duty engines and vehicles beginning with MY 2027. EPA will invest significant resources
to address a myriad of new technical challenges to support these two sets of long-term rulemakings,
which will include added light-duty vehicle and heavy-duty vehicle testing and modeling
capabilities at the National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory (NVFEL). Key to this technical
work is to understand the cost, feasibility, and infrastructure impacts of electrifying the broad range
of products in the light-duty vehicle and heavy-duty vehicle sectors. This will include vehicle
demonstration projects focused on zero-emission technologies whose use are rapidly growing in
the light- and heavy-duty sectors and will be important in meeting future multi-pollutant emissions
standards. Additional funding is also requested for the maintenance, repair and replacement of
aging test equipment and infrastructure at the NVFEL.
In FY 2025, EPA will continue to work with other federal agencies to promote more sustainable
and resilient communities. This includes identifying and pursuing opportunities to reduce barriers
to deploying EV charging infrastructure and working with tribes, states, and communities to ensure
the equitable distribution and thoughtful community integration of charging infrastructure,
including for electric buses and delivery and rideshare vehicles.
Through voluntary partnership programs, EPA will work to incentivize energy efficiency and
further decarbonize the transportation, power generation, industrial, and building sectors. Some
examples of these programs include ENERGY STAR, Green Power Partnership, Natural Gas
STAR, AgSTAR, GreenChill, and SmartWay. In FY 2025, EPA will continue to implement these
climate partnership programs to improve delivery of energy efficiency, clean energy, and heat
mitigation solutions to historically underserved and overburdened communities. EPA also will
continue domestic programs and international collaboration to reduce exposures to harmful
emissions from cookstoves.
EPA will continue to implement the U.S. GHG Reporting Program, which collects and publishes
data from more than 8,100 facilities across 41 large industrial source categories in the United
States. EPA will improve models of climate change impacts, including how risks and economic
impacts can be reduced under mitigation and adaptation scenarios. EPA also will continue to make
the Climate Change Indicators website more accessible through enhanced visualization.
In FY 2025, EPA will work to complete the annual Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Emissions and
Sinks,2 and to improve inventory methodologies in areas such as oil and gas, land-use, and waste,
consistent with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change guidelines. EPA also will meet
1 For more information on the AIM Act, please visit: https://www.epa.gov/climate-hfcs-rednction/aim-act.
2 https://www.epa.gov/ghgeniissions/inventore-ns-greetilionse-gas-emissions-and-sinks.
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Goal and Objective Overviews
upcoming Paris reporting requirements and create a new GHG emission calculator, linked to
Portfolio Manager, to develop building GHG inventories that fully comply with accounting
protocols and local mandates.
Objective 1.2: Accelerate Resilience and Adaptation to Climate Change Impacts - Deliver
targeted assistance to increase the resilience of tribes, states, territories, and communities to the
impacts of climate change.
The FY 2025 Budget includes $100.5 million and 242 FTE for Objective 1.2. This objective is
directly supported by the following long-term performance goals in the FY 2022 - 2026 EPA
Strategic Plan:
• By September 30, 2026, implement all priority actions in EPA's Climate Adaptation
Action Plan and the 20 National Program and Regional Climate Adaptation
Implementation Plans to account for the impacts of the changing climate on human health
and the environment.3
• By September 30, 2026, assist at least 400 federally recognized tribes to take action to
anticipate, prepare for, adapt to, or recover from the impacts of climate change.
• By September 30, 2026, assist at least 550 states, territories, local governments, and
communities, especially communities that are underserved and disproportionately at risk
from climate change, to take action to anticipate, prepare for, adapt to, or recover from the
impacts of climate change.
EPA will take necessary actions to anticipate, prepare for, and adapt to the impacts of climate
change to ensure EPA continues to fulfill its mission of protecting human health and the
environment even as the climate changes and disruptive impacts increase. The Agency also will
support the development and implementation of climate adaptation strategies at the local level to
advance the climate resilience of states, tribes, territories, local governments, and communities
across the Nation. EPA will actively engage organizations representing overburdened and
underserved communities that are more vulnerable to climate impacts to ensure the Agency's
adaptation plans reflect the principles of environmental justice and equity. EPA's commitments
are part of a whole-of-government approach to pursue actions at home and abroad to avoid the
most catastrophic impacts of climate change.
In FY 2025, EPA will continue to encourage climate-resilient investments across the Nation
through federal financial assistance agreements. EPA will lead by example and prioritize climate
resiliency investments across EPA-owned facilities. EPA will conduct climate resiliency
assessments at EPA-owned facilities, prioritize investments, and initiate work on priority projects.
As a result of FY 2022 assessments, EPA initiated two high priority projects in FY 2023: a
feasibility study to improve the resilience of the causeway in Gulf Breeze, FL, and a solar array
feasibility study at the research facility in Narragansett, RI. In FY 2025, EPA plans to conduct
climate assessments at the Andrew W. Breidenbach Environmental Research Center in Cincinnati,
OH, and the National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory in Ann Arbor, MI. In line with
3 These plans are available at: https://www.epa.gov/climate-adaptation/climate-adaptation-plan.
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Goal and Objective Overviews
federal sustainability goals, EPA will continue to pursue aggressive energy, water, and building
infrastructure improvements to advance the Agency's use of carbon-pollution free electricity.
The FY 2025 Budget includes an additional $19.3 million and 14.5 FTE above the FY 2024 ACR
level to advance the Climate Adaptation Program. In FY 2025, EPA will continue to implement
the updated version of its 2021 Climate Adaptation Action Plan as well as the 20 Climate
Adaptation Implementation Plans developed by the Program and Regional Offices in FY 2022 and
most recently updated in FY 2023. Each program and regional office will implement the priority
actions identified in their Implementation Plans to address the five agency-wide priorities from the
2021 EPA Climate Adaptation Action Plan. These strategies are informed by the best available
science and deliver co-benefits for mitigation of GHG and other pollution, public health, economic
growth and job creation, national security, and environmental justice—all of which will be central
to building a more resilient future. These actions will integrate climate adaptation planning into
Agency programs, policies, rulemaking processes, enforcement and compliance assurance
activities, financial mechanisms, and operations to ensure they are effective even as the climate
changes. In FY 2022, EPA assisted 110 federally recognized tribes and 242 states, territories, local
governments, and communities to take action to anticipate, prepare for, adapt to, or recover from
the impacts of climate change. In FY 2023, EPA also completed 177 priority actions in its Climate
Adaptation Action Plan and Program and Regional Implementation Plans, exceeding the annual
target of 100. Also included in the FY 2025 Budget is an additional $5 million and 3 FTE to support
EPA's interagency work by increasing the number of Rapid Response Teams (RRTs) to help
energy communities facing economic challenges from the energy transition.
In FY 2025, as part of the Climate Adaptation Program, EPA will continue to provide targeted
assistance to tribes and indigenous peoples, states, territories, local governments, communities,
and businesses to bolster these groups' climate resilience efforts. The Agency will focus resources
on communities with environmental justice concerns to develop new strategies that strengthen
adaptive capacity and increase climate resilience across the Nation. The Agency will produce and
deliver training, tools, technical assistance, financial incentives, and information the Agency's
partners indicate they need to adapt and to increase resilience to climate change.
Objective 1.3: Advance International and Subnational Climate Efforts - Collaborate with
tribal, state, local, and international partners and provide leadership on the global stage to
address climate change.
The FY 2025 Budget includes $97.6 million and 246.3 FTE for Objective 1.3. This objective is
directly supported by the following long-term performance goal in the FY 2022 - 2026 EPA
Strategic Plan:
• By September 30, 2026, implement at least 40 international climate engagements that result
in an individual partner commitment or action to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions,
adapt to climate change, or improve resilience in a manner that promotes equity.
Moving forward in addressing the climate crisis calls for international as well as domestic efforts.
EPA has an important role in helping countries respond to the climate crisis. Progress will require
both significant short-term global reductions in GHG emissions and net-zero global emissions by
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Goal and Objective Overviews
mid-century alongside increased and equitable adaptation and resiliency to climate change
impacts. As of September 2023, EPA implemented 18 international climate engagements, resulting
in individual partner commitments or actions as outlined in the long-term performance goal stated
above. EPA's responsibilities for protection of human health and the environment require EPA to
have a critical role internationally in providing technical expertise, guidance, and capacity building
to help countries set and meet ambitious GHG reductions, improving adaptive capacity, and
strengthening climate governance. Specifically, EPA international work will further the
environmental governance of priority partner countries so that they can implement and enforce
effective climate mitigation activities and incorporate environmental justice climate principles.
Without basic governance infrastructure, it is difficult for many countries to make progress on
their Nationally Determined Contributions under the Paris Agreement, opening the Agreement to
criticism about lack of developing country action on climate. EPA will enhance capacity-building
governance programs for priority countries with increasing GHG footprints and increase their
capacity to implement partnerships as well as legislative, regulatory, and legal enforcement. These
programs will work to improve adaptive capacity and mitigation strategies of pollution burdened,
vulnerable and indigenous communities.
These efforts support Executive Order (EO) 14008: Tackling the Climate Crisis at Home and
Abroad,4 which directs federal agencies to develop plans for integrating climate considerations
into their international work, as appropriate and consistent with applicable law. Objective 1.3
fulfills EO 14008 by dedicating EPA expertise to help countries build capacity so they can set and
meet ambitious GHG reduction commitments under the Paris Agreement, while also building
resilience to current and future climate impacts. EPA's long-term aim is to implement at least 40
international climate engagements by 2026 that result in an individual partner commitment or
action to reduce GHG emissions, adapt to climate change, or improve resilience in a manner that
promotes equity.
4 Executive Order 14008: https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/01/27/executive-
order-on-tackling-the-climate-crisis-at-home-and-abroad/.
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Goal and Objective Overviews
Goal 2: Take Decisive Action to Advance Environmental Justice and Civil Rights
Achieve tangible progress for historically overburdened and underserved communities and
ensure the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color,
national origin, or income in developing and implementing environmental laws, regulations, and
policies.
Introduction
EPA places environmental justice (EJ), equity, and civil rights at the center of its mission and is
embedding them across the Nation's environmental protection enterprise. EPA has a responsibility
to protect all American communities, including those within the contiguous and non-contiguous
states and all territories and protectorates of the United States. By doing so, EP A will advance the
promise of clean air, clean water, and safe land to communities across the country that have not
fully benefitted from the Nation's progress. EPA is centering its work on justice, which is
especially important in an era when EPA must simultaneously break the cycle of historic
environmental injustices while maximizing protection for these same communities that are too
often hit worst and first from the impacts of a changing climate. In the FY 2022 - 2026 EPA
Strategic Plan, EPA added "justice and equity" to the Agency's fundamental principles,1 as
originally articulated by Administrator William Ruckelshaus.
This goal aims to achieve measurable environmental, public health, and quality of life
improvements in the most overburdened, vulnerable, and underserved communities while ensuring
that EPA's commitment to following the law includes the civil rights laws just as fully as the
environmental laws. Achieving this goal will require transformation and mindfulness in how EPA
understands and conducts its work, including how EPA prioritizes program resources, stewards its
relationships with regulatory partners and recipients of EPA funds, implements statutory
authorities, and engages the communities most affected by environmental and public health
threats, especially as the climate changes. To achieve this goal, it is critical for EPA to proactively
engage with tribes, states, and local governments to discuss and address disproportionate impacts
through their implementation of EPA authorities and engage in meaningful joint planning with
communities to advance community visions and priorities.
The vigorous enforcement of civil rights laws is key to addressing systemic barriers and ensuring
recipients of EPA funding make more responsible and equitable siting and permitting decisions.
EPA's work on environmental justice and civil rights enforcement will be a success if it leads to
reductions in longstanding racial and ethnic disparities such as in levels of air pollutants and
exposure to toxins; access to clean and reliable water infrastructure, free of lead and other toxins;
and management of solid waste.
EPA will continue to work to increase its capacity to tackle environmental justice and civil rights
issues and embed consideration of these issues in its programs, policies, and processes, all with
the goal of improving outcomes in environmental and health conditions for communities with
environmental justice concerns. The FY 2025 Budget includes $720.7 million and 1,168.2 FTE to
advance Goal 2, Take Decisive Action to Advance Environmental Justice and Civil Rights.
1 Follow the science, follow the law, and be transparent, and the additional fourth principle: advance justice and
equity.
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Goal and Objective Overviews
Objective 2.1: Promote Environmental Justice and Civil Rights at the Federal, Tribal, State,
and Local Levels - Empower and build capacity of underserved and overburdened communities
to protect human health and the environment.
The FY 2025 Budget includes $218.7 million and 354 FTE for Objective 2.1. This objective is
directly supported by the following long-term performance goals in the FY 2022 - 2026 EPA
Strategic Plan:
• By September 30, 2026, all EPA programs that seek feedback and comment from the public
will provide capacity-building resources to communities with environmental justice
concerns to support their ability to meaningfully engage and provide useful feedback to
those programs. By September 30, 2026, include commitments to address disproportionate
impacts in all written agreements between EPA and tribes and states (e.g., grant work
plans) implementing delegated authorities.
• By September 30, 2026, EPA programs with direct implementation authority will take at
least 100 significant actions that will result in measurable improvements in Indian Country.
• By September 30, 2026, all state recipients of EPA financial assistance will have
foundational civil rights programs in place.
• By September 30, 2026, increase by 40 percent the number of Office of Research and
Development (ORD) activities related to environmental justice that involve or are
applicable to tribes, states, territories, local governments, and communities.
EPA has the responsibility to make transformative progress on environmental justice and civil
rights at the tribal, state, and local levels through a whole-of-government approach that involves
communities as authentic partners. In FY 2025, EPA will continue support for community-led
action at new levels by providing unprecedented investments and benefits directly to communities
with environmental justice concerns as well as by integrating equity throughout all Agency support
programs. EPA will ensure that all relevant programs are actively supporting community efforts
to engage and influence program implementation and maximize the benefits from the investment
of resources to achieve meaningful change on the ground for the most impacted communities.
Supporting communities as they adapt to and mitigate the effects of climate change is also part of
this commitment.
In FY 2025, EPA will continue to proactively integrate environmental justice and civil rights into
policies and activities as a fundamental element of the Agency's relationships with federal, state,
and local partners to jointly achieve beneficial changes on the ground for communities. EPA will
invest in oversight, guidance, and assistance for states and local governments to embed
environmental justice into their programs and enhance civil rights enforcement. In FY 2023, 58
percent of the procedural safeguard elements across all of the state environmental permitting
agencies had been implemented, and EPA is working to increase this number.
With the public's engagement, and through partnerships and environmental education, EPA will
work to improve initiatives at the regional levels and across EPA, including increased engagement
with communities, Agency stakeholders, and across Justice40 programs, in support of Executive
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Goal and Objective Overviews
Order 14008, Tackling the Climate Crisis at Home and Abroad.2 The Budget provides an increase
of $6.2 million and 2.5 FTE above the FY 2024 ACR to expand and improve the Agency's public
engagement, partnership, and outreach initiatives; and support the newly established National
Environmental Youth Advisory Council and Historically Black Colleges and Universities and
Minority Serving Institutions Advisory Council.3
Federal environmental law requires that federal environmental programs are in place across the
U.S., including in Indian Country. Programs are implemented in two manners: by federally
recognized tribes through EPA delegations, authorizations, or approvals of EPA authorities; and
by EPA, which is known as EPA direct implementation. Approximately 95 percent of federal
environmental programs in Indian Country are directly implemented by EPA with the remaining
programs implemented by tribes. In FY 2025, EPA will continue to ensure that direct
implementation activities are fully protective of communities and will advance environmental
justice for federally recognized tribes in keeping with the federal trust responsibility. EPA also
will continue to strengthen efforts to improve human health by reducing disparities in compliance
rates between Indian Country and the national average through greater Agency support and
leadership to EPA programs and regions for planning, executing, assessing, and measuring EPA
direct implementation actions in Indian Country. In FY 2023, EPA programs with direct
implementation authority took 25 significant actions that will result in measurable improvements
in Indian Country. In addition, in FY 2025 EPA will implement the revised EPA Consultation
Policy and new Implementation Guidance to improve consultation practices in conformance with
Executive Order 13175, Consultation and Coordination with Indian Tribal Governments, and train
EPA staff on the same practices.
In FY 2025, EPA will continue its longstanding commitment to assist tribes in building the
capacity to receive delegated, authorized, or approved programs. In those instances when tribal
governments assume federal program authority, EPA supports tribal governments' inclusion of
environmental justice principles into their programs, community engagement, and decision-
making processes, and is committed to ensuring flexibilities in Indian Environmental General
Assistance Program (GAP) funding for implementing environmental justice principles in tribal
environmental programs. Integration of environmental justice principles into all EPA activities
with tribal governments and in Indian Country is designed to be flexible enough to accommodate
EPA tribal program activities and goals, while meeting EPA environmental justice goals.
EPA's goal is to ensure that environmental programs implemented inside Indian Country are as
robust and protective as those same programs implemented outside of Indian Country. To support
this work, the FY25 Budget includes a new $25 million grant program to focus on advancing
environmental justice through direct implementation in Indian Country. With these additional
resources, EPA will provide dedicated funding for a new tribal multi-disciplinary effort using
Direct Implementation Tribal Cooperative Agreements (DITCAs), an authority previously
established by Congress. DITCAs are a unique funding vehicle that allows EPA to fund tribes to
2 Executive Order 14008: Tackling the Climate Crisis at Home and Abroad (January 27, 2001), found at:
https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/01/27/execiitive-order-on-tackling-the-
climate-crisis-at-home-and-abroad/.
3 For more information, please visit: https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/09/26/2023-
20878/establishment-of-historicaHv-black-coHeges-and-universities-hbcus-and-mi no ritv-serving.
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Goal and Objective Overviews
assist EPA in implementing federal environmental programs in Indian Country. For the first time,
the FY 2025 Budget proposes a new program specifically dedicated to leverage EPA's authorities
to expand direct implementation work and reach more tribal communities in need.
Objective 2.2: Embed Environmental Justice and Civil Rights in EPA Programs, Policies,
and Activities - Integrate environmental justice and civil rights in all the Agency's work to
maximize benefits and minimize impacts to underserved and overburdened communities.
The FY 2025 Budget includes $423.5 million and 561.8 FTE for Objective 2.2. This objective is
directly supported by the following long-term performance goals in the FY 2022 - 2026 EPA
Strategic Plan:
• By September 30, 2026, reduce disparities in environmental and public health conditions
represented by the indicators identified through the FY 2022-2023 Agency Priority Goal.
• By September 30, 2026, 80 percent of significant EPA actions with environmental justice
implications will clearly demonstrate how the action is responsive to environmental justice
concerns and reduces or otherwise addresses disproportionate impacts.
• By September 30, 2026, all EPA programs that work in and with communities will do so
in ways that are community-driven, coordinated and collaborative, support equitable and
resilient community development, and provide for meaningful involvement and fair
treatment of communities with environmental justice concerns.
• By September 30, 2026, all EPA programs and regions will identify and implement areas
and opportunities to integrate environmental justice considerations and achieve civil rights
compliance in their planning, guidance, policy directives, monitoring, and review
activities.
• By September 30, 2026, all EPA programs and regions will implement program and region-
specific language assistance plans.
• By September 30, 2026, all EPA programs and regions will implement program and region-
specific disability access plans.
Objective 2.2 is directly supported by the following FY 2024 - 2025 Agency Priority Goal:
Implement guidance, tools, and metrics for EPA and its tribal, state, local, and community partners
to advance environmental justice and external civil rights compliance. By September 30, 2025,
advance cumulative impacts practice across agency programs, finalize and deploy external civil
rights guidance, and apply at least 10 indicators to drive disparity reductions in environmental and
public health conditions.
Meeting these commitments to achieving change on the ground and accountability for such change
will be the ultimate measure of the Agency's success at advancing environmental justice, civil
rights, and equity, including the implementation of EO 13985, Advancing Racial Equity and
Support for Underserved Communities Through the Federal Government,4 EO 14008, Tackling
4 Executive Order 13985: Advancing Racial Equity and Support for Underserved Communities Through the Federal
Government (January 20, 2021), found at: https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-
actions/2021/01/20/executive-order-advancing-racial-eauitv-and-support-for-underserved-communities-through-the-
federal-government/.
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Goal and Objective Overviews
the Climate Crisis at Home and Abroad, 5E0 14091, Further Advancing Racial Equity and Support
for Under served Communities Through the Federal Government,6 and EO 14096, Revitalizing Our
Nation's Commitment to Environmental Justice for All.1 These efforts include incorporating
feedback from communities with environmental justice concerns while analyzing and addressing
disproportionate impacts. The environmental laws that Congress passed are meant to apply to all
Americans. EPA must not only strive to better support community efforts to engage with the
Agency, but also advance the Agency's ability to engage in community-driven work through the
regions and across all programs. EPA must implement the civil rights laws as vigorously as it
implements the environmental statutes.
Most of the resources allocated for Objective 2.2 are devoted to the Environmental Justice Program
with more than $323.6 million and 264.6 FTE requested in FY 2025, an increase of $215.6 million
and 41 FTE above the FY 2024 ACR. The FY 2025 Budget proposes to invest $69.7 million and
39.3 FTE to continue to enhance its engagement with communities by building out community-
centered technical assistance hubs, the Thriving Community Technical Assistance Centers
(TCTACs) established in FY 2023 and ensuring that the network provides coverage across the
United States. The TCTACs will be instrumental in providing dedicated EPA staff, hands-on
facilitation of connecting underserved communities and their partners directly with fundamental
technical assistance and capacity building EPA program resources in addition to resources
available through other federal partners. EPA will ensure that all community support activities
provide a stream of tools, data, and methods back to the Agency to help other EPA programs
analyze the EJ implications of policy decisions and program implementation, such as through
National Environmental Policy Act processes or the consideration of costs and benefits in
economic analyses.
In FY 2025, EPA will set ambitious goals of achieving meaningful change on the ground for
communities with environmental justice concerns; identify data gaps; build tracking systems; and
put in place any needed policy, guidance, or regulatory changes to achieve the goals. EPA also
will ensure that Agency plans include responsibility and measurable accountability for advancing
environmental justice, including the annual performance plans of key political, senior executive,
and general schedule staff. EPA will utilize at least 10 indicators of disparity, as described in the
FY 2024-2025 Agency Priority Goal, to drive policy change and track meaningful reductions on
the ground for communities over time.
EPA will continue to establish and implement policies to ensure that actions with major
significance for environmental justice and civil rights are responsive to the needs of communities,
consider the results of environmental justice analyses, and reflect recommendations from the
National Environmental Justice Advisory Council. EPA also will continue to ensure that all EPA
5 Executive Order 14008: Tackling the Climate Crisis at Home and Abroad (January 27, 2021), found at:
https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/01/27/execiitive-order-on-tackling-the-
climate-crisis-at-home-and-abroad/.
6 Executive Order 14091: Further Advancing Racial Equity and Support for Underserved Communities Through the
Federal Government (February 22, 2023), found at: https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/02/22/2023-
03779/further-advancing-racial-eauitv-and-support-for-underserved-communities-through-the-federal.
7 Executive Order 14096: Revitalizing Our Nation's Commitment to Environmental Justice for All (April 26, 2023),
found at: https://www.federalregister.gov/dociiments/2023/04/26/2023-08955/revitalizing-onr-tiations-cotn.mitment-
to-environmental-iiistice-for-aiL
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Goal and Objective Overviews
programs develop guidance on the use of environmental justice tools such as EJScreen and the
Climate and Economic Justice Screening Tool8 to support screening and analysis of program
outcomes.
In FY 2025, EPA will continue to leverage and coordinate its investments in communities and
collaborate with partners and other external stakeholders to advance comprehensive and strategic
community-driven approaches. EPA will continue to implement its revised meaningful
involvement policy and will continue to build on the number of collaborative partnerships centered
on community priorities. Such partnerships will provide a solid foundation defined by the updated
policy to ensure that all EPA program implementation efforts, with a particular focus on program
deployment and policy development, will be rooted in a comprehensive approach to meaningfully
engaging impacted communities. EPA will continue its efforts to implement EPA-wide policies
and procedures to ensure EPA programs, activities and services are meaningfully accessible to
persons with limited English proficiency and to develop an EPA wide program to ensure access
for persons with disabilities to EPA programs activities and services.
EPA will continue to communicate requirements and expectations related to environmental justice
and civil rights to its employees through education, training, outreach, and technical assistance. In
particular, EPA will improve employees' awareness and understanding of civil rights enforcement
and strengthen intra-agency collaboration to identify whether recipient programs and activities are
abiding by civil rights laws or engaging in prohibited discrimination.
Objective 2.3: Strengthen Civil Rights Enforcement in Communities with Environmental
Justice Concerns - Strengthen enforcement of and compliance with civil rights laws to address
the legacy of pollution in overburdened communities.
The FY 2025 Budget includes $78.6 million and 252.4 FTE for Objective 2.3. This objective is
directly supported by the following long-term performance goals in the FY 2022 - 2026 EPA
Strategic Plan:
• By September 30, 2026, initiate 45 proactive post-award civil rights compliance reviews
to address discrimination issues in environmentally overburdened and underserved
communities.
• By September 30, 2026, complete 305 audits to ensure EPA financial assistance recipients
are complying with nondiscrimination program procedural requirements.
• By September 30, 2026, complete 84 information sharing sessions and outreach and
technical assistance events with overburdened and underserved communities and
environmental justice advocacy groups on civil rights and environmental justice issues.
To address the legacy of pollution in overburdened communities, EPA must use the full extent of
its authority and resources to enforce federal civil rights laws. EPA is required to enforce federal
civil rights laws that prohibit discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin (including
limited English proficiency), disability, gender, and age, in programs or activities that receive
Agency financial assistance. To ensure EPA's financial assistance is not being used in a manner
8 For more information, please visit, https://screen.ingtooLgeoplatform.gOv/en/#3/33.47/-97.5.
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Goal and Objective Overviews
that discriminates and subjects already overburdened communities to further harm, EPA must
support and promote a robust and mature external civil rights compliance program for execution
of EPA responsibilities and to provide a strong partner to its EJ program.
EPA is committed to enforcing compliance with federal civil rights laws to address historical and
systemic barriers that contribute to the environmental injustice, overburdening, and vulnerability
of communities. In FY 2025, EPA proposes to invest $32.2 million and 145.6 FTE in the external
civil rights program, an increase of $17.6 million and 76.5 FTE above the FY 2024 ACR, to
continue to build capacity to improve oversight and enforcement of civil rights compliance and
prioritize and advance EJ concerns. The additional FTE will support activities including
investigations into claims of discrimination in communities and pre-award and post-award
compliance activities. It is critical that, in addition to increasing the FTE for the external civil rights
work done in headquarters, there be a significant increase in FTE for the regional offices
specifically targeted to external civil rights work. The regional offices provide critical support to
external civil rights investigations and resolutions.
In FY 2025, EPA will take actions to address permitting decisions by EPA financial assistance
recipients found to be discriminatory. Through investigations and informal resolution agreements,
EPA will address discriminatory exposure to pollutants and toxins in order to advance access to
clean air, water and land, and health protection. To meet the Agency's goals, EPA will increase
the number of affirmative compliance reviews targeting discrimination in critical environmental
health and quality of life impacts in overburdened communities. The Agency will issue policy
guidance to clarify recipients' civil rights obligations and improve compliance through technical
assistance deliveries. In FY 2022 and FY 2023, EPA held 235 information sharing sessions and
outreach and technical assistance events with overburdened and underserved communities and
environmental justice advocacy groups on civil rights and environmental justice issues. In FY
2025, EPA will increase the number of meaningful engagements with overburdened communities
and EJ groups on civil rights and environmental justice issues.
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Goal and Objective Overviews
Goal 3: Enforce Environmental Laws and Ensure Compliance
Improve Compliance with the Nation's environmental laws and hold violators accountable.
Introduction
A robust compliance monitoring and enforcement program at EPA is essential to ensuring that
communities across the country realize the environmental and human health benefits intended by
environmental statutes and regulations. EPA regulates more than 1.2 million facilities subject to a
variety of environmental statutes. EPA also regulates a wide range of products, from automobiles
to pesticides, to protect the public. EPA strives to not only return violators to compliance but also
obtain timely relief needed to address the underlying causes of the violations, to prevent
reoccurrence, and, in appropriate cases, mitigate the harm to the communities impacted by
noncompliance. The FY 2025 Budget includes $768.8 million and 3428.9 FTE to strengthen
compliance with the Nation's environmental laws and hold violators accountable under Goal 3:
Enforce Environmental Laws and Ensure Compliance.
FY 2025 Overview
In FY 2025, EPA will collaborate with tribes, states, territories, and other federal agencies to focus
federal enforcement resources on environmental problems where noncompliance with
environmental statutes and regulations is a significant contributing factor and where federal
enforcement can have a significant impact on the Nation's air, water, and land. EPA will continue
to work cooperatively with tribes, states, territories, and other federal agencies to improve
compliance with environmental laws.
EPA will target increased resources on the most serious environmental violations by implementing
National Enforcement and Compliance Initiatives (NECIs) that seek to mitigate climate change,
address exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contamination, protect
communities from coal combustion residuals, address hazardous air pollution, provide for clean
and safe drinking water, and reduce the risk of deadly chemical accidents.1 EPA also will fully
incorporate Environmental Justice (EJ) considerations into every NECI as EPA strives to reduce
environmental harm in vulnerable and overburdened communities. The following initiatives will
be part of EPA's FY 2024 - 2027 NECIs:
• Mitigating Climate Change - focuses on reducing non-compliance with the American
Innovation and Manufacturing Act (AIM Act) and the Clean Air Act (CAA) to seek to
combat climate change, including the reduction of excess emissions from oil and natural
gas production facilities and municipal solid waste landfills.
• Addressing Exposure to PFAS - focuses on implementing the commitments to action
made in EPA's 2021 - 2024 per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) Strategic
Roadmap to address PFAS contamination that pose a threat to human health and the
environment.2 In 2022, EPA proposed listing PFOA and PFOS as hazardous substances
1 For additional information, please visit: https://www.epa.gov/enforcement/national-enforcement-and-compliance-
initiatives.
2 For additional information, please visit: https://www.epa.gov/pfas/pfas-strategic-roadmap-epas-cominitments-
action-2021-2024.
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Goal and Objective Overviews
under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
(CERCLA).3 If EPA designates PFOA and PFOS as hazardous substances under the
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA or
Superfund), this NECI would focus on implementing EPA's PFAS Strategic Roadmap and
holding responsible those who significantly contribute to the release of PFAS into the
environment, such as major manufacturers and users of manufactured PFAS, federal
facilities that are significant sources of PFAS, and other industrial parties. If PFOA and
PFOS are listed as hazardous substances, EPA does not intend to pursue entities where
equitable factors do not support CERCLA responsibility, such as farmers, water utilities,
airports, or local fire departments, much as EPA exercises CERCLA enforcement
discretion in other areas.
• Protecting Communities from Coal Ash Contamination - focuses on compliance and
enforcement at coal ash facilities that are in noncompliance with the applicable law,
particularly those facilities impacting vulnerable or overburdened communities.
• Reducing Air Toxics in Overburdened Communities - focuses air enforcement resources
on overburdened communities that are facing high levels of air pollution from Hazardous
Air Pollutants.
• Increasing Compliance with Drinking Water Standards - focuses on ensuring safe and
clean drinking water from regulated community drinking water systems.
• Chemical Accident Risk Reduction - focuses on decreasing the likelihood of chemical
accidents, thereby reducing risk to communities.
EPA's inspection programs have faced substantial resource challenges for over a decade, leading
to a loss of Agency expertise and number of inspectors, and a resulting decline in the numbers of
inspections. To meet EPA's EJ goals and its mission to protect human health and the environment,
EPA must continue to rebuild and strengthen its inspection program by hiring more and training
new and existing inspectors. This includes providing in-person basic inspector trainings and travel
funding for the following statutes: the CAA; the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA); the Clean
Water Act (CWA); the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA); the Federal Insecticide,
Fungicide, & Rodenticide Act; and the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). Additionally,
funding is needed to purchase health and safety equipment and inspection monitoring equipment.
In FY 2025, the Agency is requesting an increase of $67.3 million and 128.3 FTE above the FY
2024 Annualized Continuing Resolution (ACR) to implement the NECIs and to continue
rebuilding the inspector cadre.
EPA will focus on vulnerable communities and those facing substantial burdens from
environmental noncompliance. In these communities, EPA will increase inspections, prioritize
enforcement cases, identify remedies with tangible benefits, and increase engagement about
enforcement cases. Each of the six NECIs for the FY 2024 - 2027 cycle will target compliance
monitoring in overburdened, vulnerable, and underserved communities with EJ concerns. EPA
will continue to initiate enforcement actions to protect against children's health hazards, including
exposure to lead paint, the presence of lead and other contaminants in drinking water and soil, and
particulate air emissions with the potential to aggravate asthma.
3 For additional information, please visit: https://www.epa.gov/siiperfund/proposed~designation~perfluorooctanoic~
acid~pfoa~and~perfliiorooctanesiilfonic~acid~pfos.
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Goal and Objective Overviews
The Agency will address climate change by directing resources to ensure effective enforcement
responses for those sources with noncompliant emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), develop
remedies that are consistent with GHG mitigation and climate resilience goals, and pursue
violators of the Renewable Fuel Standard. EPA requests an additional $12.9 million and 27.5 FTE
above the FY 2024 ACR to take action against the illegal importation, distribution, and use within
the United States of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which are chemicals with potent global warming
potential, under the AIM Act.4
In FY 2025, an increase of $5.7 million and 6.5 FTE will support efforts to investigate and identify
releases of PFAS to air, land, and water. This will be accomplished by actively investigating under
the authorities of RCRA, TSCA, CWA, SDWA, CERCLA and CAA the yet-unknown number of
processing facilities, waste disposal facilities, and federal facilities where PFAS are suspected of
contaminating various environmental media. EPA will continue to investigate releases, address
imminent and substantial endangerment situations, and prevent exposure to PFAS under multiple
environmental statutes. EPA relies on Superfund (SF) and Environmental Programs and
Management (EPM) resources to (1) issue corporate-wide information requests and analyze
responses, (2) create site profiles and information databases on specific facilities, (3) obtain site-
specific data such as samples from private drinking water wells near military installations with
significant PFAS contamination, and (4) use administrative and judicial authorities to require
sampling and other response actions.
EPA also will continue implementing the Foundations for Evidence-Based Policymaking Act,5
coordinated by EPA's Evidence Act officials. The Agency will expand its evidence-based
compliance program through projects developed under EPA's compliance learning agenda, which
systematically identifies the most important evidence the Agency needs to gather and generate
advancement of compliance goals, and ensure the Agency uses high quality data and other
information to inform policy and decision making.
Objective 3.1: Hold Environmental Violators and Responsible Parties Accountable - Use
vigorous and targeted civil and criminal enforcement to ensure accountability for violations and
to clean up contamination.
The FY 2025 Budget includes $443.1 million and 2,490.9 FTE for Objective 3.1. This objective
is directly supported by the following long-term performance goal in the FY 2022 - 2026 EPA
Strategic Plan:
• By September 30, 2026, reduce to not more than 93 the number of open civil judicial cases
more than 2.5 years old without a complaint filed.6
4 For more information, please visit: https://www.epa.gov/climate-hfcs-rediiction/backgroniKl-hfcs-and-aim-act.
5 Full-text of the Foundations for Evidence-Based Policymaking Act of 2018 may be found at:
https://www.congress.gov/biH/115th-congress/house-biH/4174/text.
6 For comparison, there were 129 cases more than 2.5 years old without a complaint filed as of June 30, 2018. The
number of cases fluctuates and is therefore difficult to predict how many cases will "age in" in a given year. EPA
reduces the number of older cases through different approaches and strategies. For example, sometimes the United
States government files a complaint to make progress in resolving a case; other times, it eliminates a claim in its
settlement proposal or modifies its injunctive relief or penalty demand because of litigation risk or other relevant
factors such as an entities inability to pay the penalty.
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Goal and Objective Overviews
Civil Enforcement
The overall goal of EPA's Civil Enforcement Program is to maximize compliance with the
Nation's environmental laws and regulations to protect human health and the environment. In FY
2025, EPA requests $259.6 million and 1,096.7 FTE, an increase of $50.5 million and 98.6 FTE
above the FY 2024 ACR, to support civil enforcement efforts. EPA will encourage regulated
entities to correct violations rapidly, ensure that violators do not realize an economic benefit from
noncompliance, and pursue enforcement to deter future violations and mitigate past harm. In FY
2023, EPA reduced the number of open civil judicial cases more than 2.5 years old without a
complaint filed to 50, down from 129 cases in FY 2018. EPA also will continue to strengthen
environmental partnerships with tribes, states, and other federal agencies. The additional resources
will improve EPA's ability to incorporate EJ and climate change considerations into all phases of
case development. To protect public health and ensure that private, public, and federal facilities
are held to the same standard, EPA will rebuild the Civil Enforcement Program and train
headquarters and regional inspectors to inspect more facilities in the large public, private, and
federal facility universe. In addition, EPA will continue to improve its sampling capability to
identify violations. These resources are needed given the complexity of many facilities and the
inspections needed to identify the range of potential contamination. EPA will pursue enforcement
actions at public, private, and federal facilities where significant violations are discovered to
protect the health of surrounding communities. Lastly, EPA will provide technical and scientific
support to tribes, states, and territories with authorized programs.
Also included in this increase is $4.6 million and 20 FTE to expand EPA's role in water sector
emergency response, which can include inspections to ensure compliance, enforcement efforts to
compel corrective actions, or require entities (e.g., public water systems or private facilities) to
distribute bottled water, filters, or testing kits to communities being impacted. This can also include
EPA acting to directly distribute and/or provide bottled water, filters and testing kits on a short-
term basis. As water systems continue to be adversely impacted by climate change and aging
infrastructure, this investment will allow EPA to respond to the increasing number of water
incidents across the Nation, many of which affect EJ communities as evident from past incidents
in Flint, Michigan; Jackson, Mississippi; Benton Harbor, Michigan; and Coachella Valley,
California.
Criminal Enforcement
EPA's Criminal Enforcement Program enforces the Nation's environmental laws through targeted
investigation of criminal conduct committed by individual and corporate defendants who threaten
public health and the environment. EPA's Criminal Enforcement Program plays a critical role
across the country supporting tribes, states, and territories that may have limited capacity to
investigate and prosecute environmental crimes. In FY 2025, the Agency requests $76.7 million
and 299.4 FTE, an increase of $6 million and 30.1 FTE above the FY 2024 ACR, to support the
Criminal Enforcement Program in its efforts to target investigations on the most egregious
environmental cases.
Superfund Enforcement
EPA uses an "enforcement first" approach before turning to taxpayer dollars to fund cleanups, by
maximizing Potentially Responsible Party (PRP) involvement at Superfund sites. The Superfund
Enforcement Program works to ensure that viable and liable PRPs pay to clean up sites and seeks
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Goal and Objective Overviews
to recover costs if EPA expends Superfund dollars to clean up sites. This approach seeks to ensure
that the Superfund Trust Fund is used at those sites that have no funding source other than
government resources and have no other means of cleanup. EPA's Superfund enforcement efforts
ensure that sites are cleaned up in a timely manner and result in the cleanup of more sites than
would be possible using only government funds. Absent annual Superfund appropriations, EPA
plans to fund its Superfund Enforcement Program using Superfund tax receipts in FY 2025. These
resources will support traditional Superfund Enforcement efforts and place greater emphasis
towards implementing Agency initiatives like EJ, PFAS, and lead. In addition, EPA will continue
to provide expertise on key enforcement issues (e.g., financial assurance, cost recovery, insurance
recovery), complete negotiations in a timely manner, provide additional training to new and
experienced staff, provide greater support to regions for PRP searches and other counseling work,
and provide the Department of Justice with essential funding to support cleanup efforts.
Superfund Enforcement at Federal Facilities
In FY 2025, Superfund Enforcement at federal facilities will continue to support responding to
significant contamination from federal facilities. This includes an increase of approximately $2
million and 4.3 FTE to address PFAS releases. The program conducts PFAS sampling of private
drinking water wells in communities with EJ concerns near military installations with significant
PFAS contamination, both to identify drinking water with significant PFAS contamination and to
evaluate historic Department of Defense sampling results where no interim remedial actions to
address PFAS contamination have occurred. EPA will continue to focus its enforcement resources
on the highest priority sites, particularly those that may present an imminent and substantial
endangerment, have human exposure not yet under control, have an impact on overburdened or
vulnerable communities with EJ concerns, or have the potential for beneficial redevelopment.
EPA also will negotiate and amend, as appropriate, Federal Facility Agreements (FFAs) for federal
facility sites on the National Priorities List (NPL) and continue to monitor FFAs for compliance.
These actions will protect military families from harmful contamination and minimize risk to
communities located near military installations. EPA will expedite cleanup and redevelopment of
federal facility sites, particularly those located in communities with EJ concerns and will use
dispute resolution processes and other approaches to timely resolve formal and informal cleanup
disputes. EPA also will continue to seek ways to improve its engagement with other federal
agencies, tribal, state, local governments, and their partners, while emphasizing protective, timely
cleanups that address communities' needs. EPA will work with its federal partners to encourage
greater community outreach and transparency.
Objective 3.2: Detect Violations and Promote Compliance - Ensure high levels of compliance
with federal environmental laws and regulations through effective compliance tools - including
inspections, other monitoring activities, and technical assistance supported by evidence and
advanced technologies.
The FY 2025 Budget includes $325.7 million and 938.1 FTE for Objective 3.2. This objective is
directly supported by the following long-term performance goals in the FY 2022 - 2026 EPA
Strategic Plan:
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Goal and Objective Overviews
• By September 30, 2026, send 75 percent of EPA inspection reports to facilities within 70
days of inspection.7
• By September 30, 2026, conduct 55 percent of annual EPA inspections at facilities that
affect communities with potential environmental justice concerns.8
Compliance Monitoring
The Compliance Monitoring Program supports both compliance with federal environmental laws
as well as efforts to identify noncompliance. In FY 2025, EPA is requesting a total of $171.7
million and 544.6 FTE to detect violations and promote compliance with environmental laws, an
increase of $57.3 million and 65.7 FTE above the FY 2024 ACR. The program and its co-
regulators (federally recognized tribes, states, and territories) conduct inspections and
investigations, review self-reported compliance monitoring information and other forms of offsite
compliance monitoring to determine if regulated entities are complying with environmental
statutes, applicable regulations, and permit conditions. A robust inspection, compliance assistance,
and enforcement program is essential to advancing cleaner air, land, and water for communities
across the country, including those that are vulnerable and overburdened, and for implementing
Executive Order 14008 on Tackling the Climate Crisis at Home and Abroad.
Effectively focusing compliance monitoring, including inspections in overburdened and
vulnerable communities with EJ concerns, plays a critical role in achieving the goals EPA has set
forth for protecting human health and the environment. Achieving high rates of compliance with
environmental laws and regulations requires the use of a wide range of compliance tools, including
compliance monitoring. Through its ongoing process of selecting NECIs with input from tribes,
states, and territories, EPA will focus its work on critical areas of noncompliance. In FY 2025,
EPA will advance its efforts to address climate change mitigation and adaptation issues by
directing inspections, compliance monitoring, and technical assistance to sources with the most
potential for noncompliant emissions of greenhouse gases.
In FY 2025, EPA will continue to emphasize the importance of providing facilities with a
completed inspection report in a timely manner notifying the facility of any potential compliance
issues. In FY 2023, 77 percent of EPA inspection reports were sent to facilities within 70 days of
inspection, exceeding the target of 75 percent. In FY 2025, EPA is requesting an increase of $2
million to expand software solutions for field inspectors to improve the effectiveness and
efficiency of compliance inspections conducted by EPA and authorized states. This program
increase will allow EPA to advance work on the Smart Tools for Field Inspectors to develop the
tool for some of the smaller programs that have more of a direct impact for EJ communities such
as the TSCA lead-based paint programs. These Smart Tools allow EPA to use its compliance
monitoring resources more efficiently and to make inspection reports more quickly available to
regulated entities and to the public in affected communities.
In FY 2025, EPA is requesting an increase of $2 million to support the Agency's Compliance
Advisor Program (previously called the Circuit Riders Program), which reduces noncompliance at
small public water systems (PWSs) and small wastewater treatment facilities (WWTFs) by
providing hands-on technical assistance. In FY 2023, Compliance Advisors provided support to
7 For comparison, 46 percent of inspection reports were sent within 70 days of inspection at the end of FY 2018.
8 The baseline for this measure is 27 percent based on average of FY 2017-FY 2019.
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Goal and Objective Overviews
approximately 195 small PWSs and 61 WWTFs, approximately 84 percent of which are in
overburdened or vulnerable communities. Hundreds more small systems and facilities across the
Nation need technical support to help them achieve and stay in compliance and provide clean and
safe water to the communities they serve.
In FY 2025, EPA will continue its implementation of the Evidence Act by continuing its work on
the "Drinking Water Systems Out of Compliance" learning priority area of EPA's Learning
Agenda. EPA also will expand its ongoing work with tribes, states, and academic experts to
develop and implement EPA's compliance learning agenda: prioritizing the most pressing
programmatic questions; conducting evidence-based studies to address these questions; and
identifying effective and innovative approaches for improving compliance.
In FY 2025, EPA will continue the data system modernization effort to better support tribes, states,
local governments, federal partners, and the public's need for information related to compliance
with and enforcement of environmental regulations with modernized technology. The Agency will
implement EPA's enterprise-wide digital strategy that leverages shared Information Technology
(IT) services where appropriate. For example, EPA is requesting an increase of approximately $1
million and 5 FTE to modernize the Agency's enforcement and compliance assurance data
systems. The Agency will continue using funds provided under the IRA that are targeted for
improving enforcement information technology, inspection software, and other related purposes.
Modernization will facilitate EPA's efforts to better track and target noncompliance that impacts
overburdened and vulnerable communities and will increase the availability of information about
environmental conditions in those communities and elsewhere.
Through the State Review Framework, EPA periodically reviews authorized state compliance
monitoring and enforcement programs for CAA Stationary Sources, RCRA Hazardous Waste
facilities, and the Clean Water Act National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
dischargers. This review is conducted using criteria agreed upon by states to evaluate performance
against national compliance monitoring or enforcement program standards. When states do not
achieve standards, the Agency works with them to make progress. However, EPA may take a lead
implementation role when authorized states have a documented history of failure to make progress
toward meeting national standards.
Categorical Grants: Pesticides Enforcement
In FY 2025, EPA is requesting a total of $25.6 million funding cooperative agreements to support
tribal and state compliance and enforcement activities under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide,
and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). The resources will be used to rebuild programmatic capabilities
between EPA and partner agencies; provide vital training programs to EPA, tribal, state, and
territory partners; and help address EJ concerns in overburdened and vulnerable communities.
Categorical Grants: Toxic Substances Compliance
In FY 2025, EPA is requesting a total of $6.9 million, or $1.9 million above FY 2024 ACR levels,
to increase support for compliance monitoring programs to prevent or eliminate unreasonable risks
to health or the environment associated with chemical substances such as asbestos, lead-based
paint, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and to encourage states to establish their own
compliance and enforcement programs for lead-based paint and asbestos.
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Goal and Objective Overviews
Goal 4: Ensure Clean and Healthy Air for All Communities
Protect human health and the environment from the harmful effects of air pollution.
Introduction
All people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income deserve to breathe clean air.
Ensuring clean and healthy air is critical to protect vulnerable and sensitive populations, including
children and persons adversely affected by persistent poverty or inequality. Numerous scientific
studies have linked air pollution and specific pollutants to a variety of health problems and
environmental impacts. Long-term exposure to elevated levels of certain air pollutants is
associated with increased risk of cancer, premature mortality, and damage to the immune,
neurological, reproductive, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems. The United States has
successfully reduced air pollution while continuing strong economic growth. Between 1970 and
2022, the combined emissions of six key pollutants dropped by 78 percent, while the U. S. economy
remained strong - growing 304 percent over the same period.1 Yet poor air quality still affects
millions of people across the country, affecting near- and long-term health and quality of life. EPA
will continue to build on its historic progress and work to assure clean air for all Americans, with
a particular focus on those in underserved and overburdened communities.
In FY 2025, EPA will work to ensure clean and healthy air for all communities by reducing
emissions of ozone-forming pollutants, particulate matter, and air toxics. In the FY 2025 Budget,
EPA is requesting additional resources to modernize the Nation's air quality and radiation monitors
and to make their supporting information systems more reliable and resilient in emergencies, such
as wildfires and radiation events, and better able to produce near real-time data to assess and
communicate exposure risks to vulnerable populations. EPA also will work to address high-risk
indoor air quality pollutants in homes, schools, and workplaces. The Agency will rely on proven
approaches, including innovative market-based techniques, public and private-sector partnerships,
community-based approaches, and regulatory and technical assistance programs, that promote
environmental stewardship, public education, and programs that encourage adoption of cost-
effective technologies and practices. Recognizing that many sources of air pollutants also are
sources of greenhouse gases (GHG), the Agency will look to control strategies that can reduce
both air pollution and mitigate the impacts of climate change. In the FY 2025 Budget, $1,312
billion and 2,231 FTE are allocated to Goal 4 to advance EPA efforts in protecting human health
and the environment from the harmful effects of air pollution.
Objective 4.1: Improve Air Quality and Reduce Localized Pollution and Health Impacts -
Reduce air pollution on local, regional, and national scales to achieve healthy air quality for
people and the environment.
The FY 2025 Budget includes $1,151 billion and 1,856.1 FTE for Objective 4.1. This objective is
directly supported by the following long-term performance goals in the FY 2022 - 2026 EPA
Strategic Plan:
• By September 30, 2026, reduce ozone season emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) from
electric power generation sources by 21 percent from the 2019 baseline of 390,354 tons.
1 For additional information, please visit: https://gispiib.epa.gOv/air/trendsreport/2023/#home.
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Goal and Objective Overviews
• By September 30, 2026, improve measured air quality in counties not meeting the current
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) from the 2016 baseline by 10 percent.
• By September 30, 2026, strive to ensure all people with low socio-economic status (SES)
live in areas where the air quality meets the current fine particle pollution (PM2.5) NAAQS.
• By September 30, 2026, ensure U.S. consumption of hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)
is less than 76.2 tons per year of ozone depletion potential.2
In FY 2025, EPA will continue to work collaboratively with tribal and state air agencies to
maintain and improve the Nation's air quality. EPA will focus particularly on advancing
environmental justice by engaging with local communities that have been historically underserved
on key activities including technical assistance, regulation development, and financial assistance.
In FY 2025, $269.4 million and 1,079.7 FTE are allocated to the Federal Support for Air Quality
Management Program to implement climate and clean air regulations and programs, which is an
increase of $110.4 million and 200.4 FTE above the FY 2024 ACR. This includes resources for
activities such as supporting the NAAQS review and implementation work, taking timely action
on State Implementation Plans (SIPs) to reduce the SIP backlog, and environmental justice
activities.
EPA will continue to review the NAAQS and make revisions, as appropriate based on the most
current research findings on the health effects and changing conditions from a warming climate.
The President has directed EPA to review the 2020 Particulate Matter (PM) NAAQS and the 2020
Ozone NAAQS.3 EPA strengthened the PM2.5 annual standard on February 7, 2024.4 EPA is also
under a consent decree to issue a proposed rulemaking for the secondary NAAQS for sulfur oxides,
nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter by April 9, 2024, and to finalize the decision by December
10, 2024.
In FY 2025, EPA will advance the review of the 2020 Ozone NAAQS and will continue its review
of the lead NAAQS. EPA anticipates reviewing the primary nitrogen oxides NAAQS under a
consent decree schedule. Further, the Agency will continue its work to improve air quality in areas
not in attainment with the NAAQS, including assisting tribes and states in developing Clean Air
Act-compliant SIPs. EPA also will continue reviewing regional haze SIPs, working closely with
states to improve visibility in the country's national parks and wilderness areas.
EPA will reduce air pollution by focusing on the transportation sector's largest contributors to
criteria pollutant and GHG emissions: light-duty vehicles and heavy-duty vehicles. EPA will
continue to work to ensure that Clean Air Act requirements are met for new transportation projects
with heavy-duty diesel traffic, such that they do not worsen air quality near communities with
environmental justice concerns. The Agency will collaborate with a broad range of stakeholders
to develop targeted, sector-based, and place-based strategies for diesel fleets, including school
buses, ports, and other goods movement facilities.
2 The U.S. HCFC consumption baseline is 15,240 ODP-weighted metric tons effective as of January 1, 1996.
3 Executive Order 13990: Protecting Public Health and the Environment and Restoring Science to Tackle the
Climate Crisis (January 20, 2021): https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-
aetions/202.1./0.1./20/exeeutive~order~proteeting~pnbtie~faealth~and~environment~and~restoring~seienee~to~taekle~
climate-crisis/.
4 For more information, please visit: https://www.epa.gov/svstem/files/doeuments/2024-02/pm-naaas-final-frn~pre-
pnbtieation.pdf.
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Goal and Objective Overviews
In FY 2025, EPA will continue to operate nationwide and multi-state programs, such as the Acid
Rain Program and the Cross-State Air Pollution Rules, that address major global, national, and
regional air pollutants from the power sector and other large stationary sources. EPA also will
work on several regulatory actions related to criteria air pollutants, air toxics, and GHG pollution
from power plants. The Power Sector Programs Progress Report provides annual updates on
EPA's regulatory programs to reduce emissions in the power sector.5
As part of a forward-looking air toxics strategy, EPA will address regulatory and emerging issues
and improve access to air toxics data. The Agency will continue implementing an approach that
develops and shares air toxics data faster and more regularly to the public, allowing for increased
transparency and the ability to see trends and risks over time. In 2025, EPA will continue reporting
the most current air toxics data each year in the annual Air Trends Report and an online interactive
tool, instead of the previous three- to four-year cycle for reporting air toxics data, and providing
that data at an increased spatial resolution.
EPA will continue to protect and restore the stratospheric ozone layer by reducing the use,
emission, import, and production of ozone-depleting substances in the U.S. By 2026, U.S.
consumption of HCFCs, chemicals that deplete the Earth's protective ozone layer, is targeted to
be less than 76.2 tons per year of ozone depletion potential, down from the target from 2015-2019
of 1,520 tons per year. As a result of global action to phase out ozone-depleting substances, the
ozone layer is expected to recover to its pre-1980 levels by mid-century. Per the Montreal Protocol,
the U.S. must incrementally decrease HCFC consumption and production, culminating in a
complete HCFC phaseout in 2030. These reductions in consumption and production help protect
the stratospheric ozone layer, which shields all life on Earth from harmful solar ultraviolent (UV)
radiation. Scientific evidence demonstrates that ozone-depleting substances used around the world
destroy the stratospheric ozone layer, which raises the incidence of skin cancer, cataracts, and other
illnesses through overexposure to increased levels of UV radiation. EPA will continue to review
and list alternatives that are safer for the ozone layer, as well as facilitate the transition to next-
generation technologies.
EPA also will work to address the especially challenging air quality issues created by wildfires. In
FY 2025, EPA will continue to advance efforts to identify, predict, and communicate where smoke
events are occurring, especially for overburdened and underserved communities impacted by
wildfire issues. This includes a request of $7 million for the Wildfire Smoke Preparedness Grants
Program to fund competitive grants to tribes, states, public pre-schools, local educational agencies,
and non-profit organizations to better prepare buildings for wildfire smoke.
The Agency will continue to develop and make available the necessary technical data and tools to
support air quality planning and environmental justice analyses through systems, such as AirNow,
the Air Quality System, and the National Emissions Inventory. In keeping with the Agency's
renewed commitment to energy equity and environmental justice, EPA published the Power Plants
and Neighboring Communities web application6 where consumers and advocates can find
information about the demographics of communities located near power plants. EPA is developing
5 For additional information, please visit: https://www3.epa.gov/airmarkets/progress/reports/.
6 For more information, please visit: https://www.epa.gov/power-sector/power-plaiits-and-neighboring-
co mnnini t ie s#ma pp i ng.
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Goal and Objective Overviews
analytical tools to better understand and communicate the impact of electricity generation on low-
income communities and communities of color. EPA also will continue to test, evaluate, and refine
draft tools for incorporating environmental justice considerations into EPA-issued permits and
ensure opportunities for meaningful public involvement in the permit process. Early and
meaningful dialogue between a permit applicant and a community is especially important in
communities that have historically been underrepresented in the permitting process or that
potentially bear a disproportionate burden of an area's pollution. Providing specific information
about the pollution and related health impacts of a permit action may alleviate community's
concerns about the facility or educate the public about other sources of exposure.
Objective 4.2: Reduce Exposure to Radiation and Improve Indoor Air - Limit unnecessary
radiation exposure and achieve healthier indoor air quality, especially for vulnerable populations.
The FY 2025 Budget includes $160.9 million and 374.9 FTE for Objective 4.2. This objective is
directly supported by the following long-term performance goal in the FY 2022 - 2026 EPA
Strategic Plan:
• By September 30, 2026, prevent 2,250 lung cancer deaths annually through lower radon
exposure as compared to the FY 2020 baseline of 1,684 prevented lung cancer deaths.
To improve indoor air and reduce exposure to radiation, EPA leads programs that educate the
public about radiation and indoor air quality concerns, including radon, asthma triggers, and poor
ventilation. These programs promote public action to reduce potential risks in homes, schools, and
workplaces. Because Americans spend most of their time indoors, where pollutant levels are often
significantly higher than outdoors, poor indoor air quality is a major health concern. For example,
radon is a leading cause of lung cancer, responsible for 21,000 lung cancer deaths annually.
Millions of Americans have asthma, and low-income, communities of color suffer
disproportionately. Indoor allergens and irritants play a significant role in making asthma worse
and triggering asthma attacks. These concerns were heightened during the COVID pandemic,
when people had to spend more time indoors, elevating the importance of effective ventilation.
To better address these human health risks from indoor air and radiation, the FY 2025 Budget
includes $5.3 million and 12.4 FTE for the Indoor Air Radon Program and $47.8 million and 71.4
FTE for the Reduce Risks from Indoor Air Program. EPA will continue programs to reduce
exposures to radon through home testing and mitigation, promote in-home asthma management,
improve air quality in homes and schools, and build capacity for tribes and communities across
the country to comprehensively address indoor air risks. In FY 2023, the estimated number of lung
cancer deaths prevented annually by reducing radon exposure was 1,970.
In-home asthma management is a critical component of asthma care, particularly in low-income
populations. EPA, in partnership with the Centers for Disease Control and the U.S. Department of
Housing and Urban Development (HUD) through the Federal Asthma Disparities Action Plan, will
support state Medicaid Programs and private health plans to pay for in-home asthma interventions
through reimbursement mechanisms.7 In addition, EPA will reduce asthma disparities for low-
7 For more information, please visit: https://www.epa.gov/asthiiM/coordinated-federal-action-plan-reduce-racial-and-
ethnic-asthma-disparities.
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Goal and Objective Overviews
income people and communities of color by supporting public health and housing organizations to
train community health workers to deliver in-home asthma interventions and care. In FY 2025,
EPA will measure delivery of technical assistance, tools, and grants to equip community-based
programs and the organizations that support them to deliver evidence-based, comprehensive
asthma care.
In FY 2025, EPA will collaborate with public and private sector organizations to provide clear and
verifiable protocols and specifications for promoting good indoor air quality and support adoption
of these protocols and specifications into existing healthy, energy efficiency, and green building
programs and initiatives to promote healthy buildings for a changing climate. EPA also will equip
the housing sector with guidance to promote the adoption of these best practices with the aim of
creating healthier, more energy efficient homes, including for low-income families. EPA also will
equip school leaders to make science-based decisions and implement sustainable ventilation,
filtration, and other indoor air quality improvements for healthy school environments. To reduce
the high public health risks from exposure to indoor radon, EPA will co-lead the National Radon
Action Plan, a multisector public-private coalition committed to eliminating avoidable radon-
induced lung cancer in the U.S. and addressing radon as a health equity challenge. EPA will
continue to provide State Indoor Radon Grant funding and technical assistance to tribes and states,
with a focus on increasing access to testing and mitigation in underserved communities. This work
supports the Administration's Cancer Moonshot Initiative.
EPA plays a critical role in responding to radiological emergencies, conducts essential national
and regional radiological response planning and training, and develops response plans for
radiological incidents or accidents. In FY 2025, EPA will continue to fill gaps in the expertise that
is critical for essential preparedness work, restoring critical capacity to meet EPA's core mission.
EPA requests $535 thousand and 3.1 FTE above the FY 2024 ACR, to maintain personnel
expertise, capabilities, and equipment readiness of the radiological emergency response program
under the National Response Framework and the National Contingency Plan, including the
Agency's Radiological Emergency Response Team. EPA also is requesting additional funding of
$1.8 million and 3.4 FTE in the FY 2025 Budget to support efforts to restore EPA's staff expertise,
analysis, and capacity in the Indoor Air Radon Program in order to better lead the federal
government's response to radon and to implement the Agency's own multi-pronged radon
program. EPA will provide oversight of the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, including review of the
U.S. Department of Energy's plans for additional waste panels and surplus plutonium disposal, to
ensure safe long-term disposal of radioactive waste and the continued cleanup of nuclear weapons
program legacy sites.
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Goal and Objective Overviews
Goal 5: Ensure Clean and Safe Water for All Communities
Provide clean and safe water for all communities and protect our Nation's waterbodies from
degradation.
Introduction
Clean and safe water is an essential resource for the protection of human health and is a foundation
for supporting healthy communities and a thriving economy. EPA and its partners have made great
progress over the past 50 years protecting and restoring water resources through the Clean Water
Act (CWA), Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), and Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries
Act. As of September 2023, approximately 87 percent of the public water systems (i.e., 3,042 out
of 3,508) with health-based violations as of the end of FY 2017 have returned to compliance. While
progress is being made to bring systems into compliance, the United States still faces significant
barriers and challenges to ensuring access to clean and safe water for communities, including aging
infrastructure, legacy lead pipes, cybersecurity threats, climate change, and emerging
contaminants of concern. These challenges are distributed unequally, and tens of thousands of
homes, primarily in tribal communities and the territories, currently lack access to basic sanitation
and drinking water and experience higher pollution levels.
In FY 2025, EPA will continue to work with its federal, tribal, state, and nongovernmental partners
to advance science, to provide clean and safe water for all communities, and to protect our Nation's
waterbodies from degradation. The FY 2025 Budget includes $5,136 billion and 3,254.8 FTE for
Goal 5, Ensure Clean and Safe Water for All Communities. This investment will complement
resources provided in the bipartisan Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act of 2021 (IIJA) and
expand the Agency's capacity to protect human health and the environment across the Nation.
Goal 5, Ensure Clean and Safe Water for All Communities is directly supported by the following
FY 2024-2025 Agency Priority Goal:
• Reduce harmful lead exposure in drinking water through the replacement of lead service
lines in communities. By September 30, 2025, increase the number of lead service line
replacements funded to 500,000^
Objective 5.1: Ensure Safe Drinking Water and Reliable Water Infrastructure - Protect
public health from the risk of exposure to regulated and emerging contaminants in drinking and
source waters by improving the reliability, accessibility, and resilience of the Nation's water
infrastructure to reduce the impacts of climate change, structural deterioration, and cyber threats.
The FY 2025 Budget includes $3,436 billion and 1,351 FTE for Objective 5.1. This objective is
directly supported by the following long-term performance goals in the FY 2022 - 2026 EPA
Strategic Plan:
1 Based on available data, EPA estimates that on average 73,000 lead service lines have been funded annually. The
number of lead service line replacements funded is tracked quarterly, but the two-year goal is to increase that
number to 300 percent.
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Goal and Objective Overviews
• By September 30, 2026, reduce the number of community water systems still in
noncompliance with health-based standards since March 31, 2021, from 752 to 500.2
• By September 30, 2026, reduce the number of community water systems in Indian Country
still in noncompliance with health-based standards since March 31, 2021, from 110 to 70.
• By September 30, 2026, leverage an additional $45 billion in non-federal dollars through
EPA's water infrastructure finance programs (CWSRF, DWSRF, and WIFIA).3
• By September 30,2026, in coordination with other federal agencies, provide access to basic
sanitation for an additional 36,500 American Indian and Alaska Native homes.4
• By September 30, 2026, provide 2,203 tribal, small, rural, or underserved communities
with technical, managerial, or financial assistance to improve operations of their drinking
water or wastewater systems.
Safe and Reliable Water
Providing safe and reliable drinking water and wastewater treatment for all communities is a top
priority for EPA. Aging infrastructure, climate change, cyber threats, and contaminants such as
lead and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are creating new stresses on the Nation's
water systems. In FY 2025, EPA will work to address these challenges through approximately
$2.78 billion in water infrastructure spending. This includes $1.24 billion for the Clean Water State
Revolving Fund (CWSRF) Program, $1,126 billion for the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund
(DWSRF) Program, and $80 million for the Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act
(WIFIA) Program. Also included is $334 million for grant programs authorized or modified in the
America's Water Infrastructure Act (AWIA), the Water Infrastructure Improvements for the
Nation (WIIN) Act, and the Drinking Water and Wastewater Infrastructure Act (DWWIA).
Among these resources, $101 million is dedicated to two grant programs for reducing lead in
drinking water and lead testing in schools. As of September 2023, EPA reduced the overall number
of community water systems still in noncompliance with health-based standards since March 2021,
to 466, while the number of systems still in noncompliance in Indian Country was similarly
reduced to 54. Both measures have exceeded their long-term performance goals of 500 and 70
respectively, by 2026.
As of December 2023, EPA has issued 120 WIFIA loans to communities across the country
totaling over $19 billion in credit assistance to help finance more than $43 billion for water
infrastructure projects. In FY 2025, EPA will continue to use the SRF and WIFIA investments to
improve the reliability, accessibility, and resilience of the Nation's water infrastructure. These
programs are critical tools for EPA to accelerate water infrastructure investments by leveraging
public and private sources of funds, which will maximize the reach of federal funds. In FY 2023,
these programs leveraged over $11.4 billion of non-federal funds. EPA's goal is to leverage an
additional $9.5 billion in FY 2025. To increase access to these funds, EPA will provide training
and technical assistance to help disadvantaged communities identify needs, develop projects, apply
2 This baseline is a subset of the 3,508 systems, including systems in Indian Country, that have been in long-term
noncompliance since September 30, 2017. Technical assistance provided will focus on non-compliant water systems
in underserved communities.
3 EPA will ensure a focus on climate resiliency and equity by revising loan guidelines, program guidance, and
providing technical assistance.
4 In 2022, the Indian Health Service (IHS) started tracking this data in a different way, and EPA will no longer be
able to report on this-measure. EPA is exploring an alternative measure which would also use IHS data.
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Goal and Objective Overviews
for funding, design and implement projects, build capacity, and create training and career
pathways. In FY 2023, the Agency provided technical, managerial, or financial assistance to over
2,100 tribal, small, rural, or underserved communities, resulting in EPA exceeding the long-term
performance goal of providing assistance to 2,203 communities by 2026. In addition, working
collaboratively with the tribal and state partners, EPA's SRF programs will continue to make
progress toward the Justice40 initiative, which aims to ensure that federal agencies deliver at least
40 percent of overall benefits of relevant federal investments to overburdened and underserved
communities. To aid in that effort, the EPA is providing water technical assistance to help
communities build their capacity and address compliance challenges.
In FY 2025, EPA requests $150.9 million and 554.5 FTE to support Drinking Water Programs to
better protect communities, especially overburdened and underserved communities. This includes
efforts to finalize and implement the Lead and Copper Rule Improvements (LCRI)5 regulation,
which aims to strengthen the Lead and Copper Rule Revisions (LCRR) issued in 2021 to replace
lead service lines more proactively and more equitably protect public health. In addition to
publishing Guidance for Developing and Maintaining a Service Line Inventory6 in FY 2022, EPA
also released Developing and Maintaining a Service Line Inventory: Small Entity Compliance
Guide7 in June 2023. These guidance documents provide essential information to help water
systems comply with the LCRR requirement to prepare and maintain an inventory of service line
materials by October 16, 2024.
EPA also will continue to coordinate and support protection of the Nation's critical water
infrastructure from terrorist threats and all-hazard events, including cyberattacks. Cyberattacks can
compromise the ability of water and wastewater utilities to provide clean and safe water to
customers, erode customer confidence, and result in financial and legal liabilities. In FY 2025,
EPA will leverage its role as the lead federal agency for cybersecurity in the water sector and work
with government partners to close vulnerabilities and mitigate risks to cyberthreats. EPA requests
$25 million for a grant program to help water systems establish and build the necessary
cybersecurity infrastructure to address rising threats. EPA will continue to provide practical tools,
training, and technical assistance to increase resilience to extreme weather events (e.g., drought,
flooding, wildfires, hurricanes), malevolent acts (e.g., cyberattacks), and climate change. In FY
2023, nearly 4,000 drinking water and wastewater systems and water sector partners received
training and technical assistance.
EPA also is requesting $30 million and 30 FTE to prepare for water emergencies in a new program
project proposed in the Budget. These resources will enable EPA to respond to water emergencies
where water quality poses a risk to public health, and the water system and/or primacy agency may
not be able to ensure the community has access to safe drinking water in a timely or effective
manner. EPA may be expected to serve as the lead federal agency (LFA) when communities lack
safe and clean water due to unpredictable events such as extreme weather, lead contamination, and
cyber-attacks. Additionally, these resources will set up a fund that EPA will use to assist drinking
5 For additional information, please visit: https://www.epa.gov/ground~water~and~drinking~water/proposed~Iead~and~
copper-rule-improvements.
6 For additional information, please visit: https://www.epa.gov/svstem/files/doeiiments/2022~
08/1nventorv%20Guidanee August%202022 508%20compliant.pdf.
7 For additional information, please visit: https://www.epa.gov/svstem/files/doeiiments/2023~
06/Final%20SmaU%20System%20Entity%20Inventory%20Guide 508.pdf.
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Goal and Objective Overviews
water or wastewater system in an emergency that poses a risk to public health. This new program
and proposed appropriations language provides the program with important expanded authorities
to close gaps and protect communities experiencing water crises.
Objective 5.2: Protect and Restore Waterbodies and Watersheds - Address sources of water
pollution and ensure water quality standards are protective of the health and needs of all people
and ecosystems.
The FY 2025 Budget includes $1.7 billion and 1,903.9 FTE for Objective 5.2. This objective is
directly supported by the following long-term performance goal in the FY 2022 - 2026 EPA
Strategic Plan:
• By September 30, 2026, increase by 41,000 square miles the area of watersheds with
surface water meeting standards that previously did not meet standards.8
Since FY 2022, a total of 27,632 square miles of watershed with surface water has met standards
that previously did not meet standards.
Clean Waterbodies and Watersheds
Pollution and degradation of lakes, rivers, streams, and wetlands endanger aquatic ecosystems,
threaten the safety of drinking water, compromise water quality planning and flood protections,
impact commercial and recreational opportunities, and reduce the natural benefits these resources
provide to communities. Climate change is often the root cause of emerging threats such as
drought, sea level rise, and invasive species proliferation. To address these challenges, in FY 2025,
EPA will use a suite of CWA core programs to protect and improve water quality and ecosystem
health, including the development and implementation of Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs),
alternative restoration plans, or other protection approaches for impaired waterbodies;
development of national recommended water quality criteria; development of technology-based
and water-quality based standards; and implementation of effluent and stormwater discharge
permit programs. In FY 2025, funding will support the Agency's work assisting local
communities, particularly underserved communities, in their efforts to restore and protect the
quality of their waters.
In addition to strengthening its programs, EPA plans to promulgate and update several rules to
support clean and safe water. In FY 2025, EPA plans to finalize a rulemaking to establish more
protective nutrient limits on wastewater discharges from meat and poultry product facilities. The
Agency also plans to propose and take comment on effluent limitation guideline rulemakings to
establish PFAS limits for organic chemical manufacturing, metal finishing/electroplating, and
landfills industrial point source categories. An additional $42.8 million and 22 FTE above FY 2024
ACR levels is requested to advance EPA's PFAS Strategic Roadmap,9 which will allow EPA to
accelerate its efforts to develop various methods and tools to support tribes, states, and localities
8 The FY 2022-2026 Strategic Plan included a draft July 2021 baseline: 425,198 square miles of watersheds with
surface water meeting standards and 652,609 square miles of watersheds with surface water not meeting standards.
As of July 2022, the final baseline is 504,605 square miles of watersheds with surface water not meeting standards.
9 The PFAS Strategic Roadmap may be found at: https://www.epa.gov/pfas/pfas-strategic-roadmap-epas-
commitments-action-2021-2024.
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Goal and Objective Overviews
in managing PFAS risks, particularly in small and underserved communities. The Agency will
continue implementing rules related to improving CWA protections on tribal reservations and
considering tribal treaty rights when acting on state Water Quality Standards that impact those
rights.
Ensuring Clean Water Through Partnerships, Including with Tribes and States
EPA will work with partners and local communities to better safeguard human health and maintain,
restore, and improve water quality. In FY 2025, EPA requests $509.5 million for ongoing
categorical grants that support tribal and state implementation of the CWA. This request includes
an increase of $51.7 million above the FY 2024 ACR budget for the Section 106 Grants Program,
which includes funding to identify, assess and mitigate PFAS in the environment and supports
programs for the prevention and control of surface and groundwater pollution from point and
nonpoint sources as well as increases the amount available for tribes. This also includes a $7.3
million increase for the Wetlands Program Development Categorical Grant for a total of $22
million which will be targeted towards helping states implement programs to protect wetlands that
have lost federal protection following the Sackett Supreme Court decision.
EPA plays a critical role as a convener and facilitator with federal, tribal, state, territorial and local
partners to align resources and authorities within regional, watershed, and basin-scaled
collaborative networks. In FY 2025, EPA will invest $682 million and 175.4 FTE in Geographic
Programs, slightly above the FY 2024 ACR levels, to maintain, restore, and improve water quality
for communities to enjoy and to bolster important regional economies. In FY 2025, EPA's
Geographic Programs will deliver technical and financial assistance to solve problems and support
healthy climate resilient ecosystems that address water quality, water infrastructure, nutrient
pollution, habitat loss, treaty rights, equity, and environmental justice.
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Goal and Objective Overviews
Goal 6: Safeguard and Revitalize Communities
Restore land to safe and productive uses to improve communities and protect public health.
Introduction
EPA collaborates with tribal, state, and local partners to benefit all communities across the United
States by cleaning up, addressing health and environmental risks and then returning contaminated
sites to productive use, through the Superfund, brownfields, underground storage tanks, and RCRA
programs. Cleaning up contaminated land contributes toward the Administration's Justice40 goal,
an initiative initially announced in Executive Order 14008, Tackling the Climate Crisis at Home
and Abroad,1 and amplified through Equity Plans under E.O. 13985 that outline specific actions to
ensure fair program implementation.
Communities reuse previously contaminated sites in many beneficial ways, including for new
parks, shopping centers, sports fields, wildlife habitat, manufacturing facilities, homes and
infrastructure. These reuse outcomes can provide significant benefits for underserved and
overburdened communities. EPA and its partners also work to prevent releases of contaminants,
reduce waste by increasing materials recovery and recycling, and support sustainable materials
management practices. Through prevention activities, EPA protects groundwater from releases
from underground storage tanks. Through reduction and recycling activities, EPA not only
prevents future contamination but supports a less wasteful circular economy.
EPA prepares for and responds to environmental emergencies as a mission essential function. A
recent example is responding to the Norfolk Southern train derailment in East Palestine, Ohio.
EPA On-Scene Coordinators and other personnel were boots-on-the ground since the onset of the
incident, conducting air, water, and soil monitoring at the site and working alongside federal, state,
and local partners with response efforts to ensure the health and safety of the residents. In FY 2025,
EPA requests a total of $1,617 billion and 3,631.2 FTEto support Goal 6, Safeguard and Revitalize
Communities. Discretionary appropriated funding is not included for certain Comprehensive
Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) programs that are funded
entirely through Superfund tax receipts. Superfund results remain critical to achieving
environmental and human health protections for the Nation.
Objective 6.1: Clean Up and Restore Land for Productive Uses and Healthy Communities -
Clean up and restore contaminated sites to protect human health and the environment and build
vibrant communities, especially in underserved and overburdened areas.
The FY 2025 Budget includes $927.3 million and 2,175 FTE for Objective 6.1.2 This objective
directly supports the following long-term performance goals in the FY 2022 - 2026 EPA Strategic
Plan:
1 For more information, please visit: https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-
aetions/2021/01/27/exeeutive~order~on~taekling~tfae~etimate~erisis~at~faome~and~abroad/.
2 Included in Objective 6.1 are the Superfund Remedial and Emergency Response and Removal programs for which
appropriated funding is not requested. EPA will transition to funding from Superfund tax receipts for these programs
in FY 2024.
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Goal and Objective Overviews
• By September 30, 2026, bring human exposures under control at an additional 60
Superfund sites.
• By September 30, 2026, complete 225 Superfund cleanup projects that address lead as a
contaminant.
• By September 30, 2026, clean up an additional 650 brownfields properties.
• By September 30, 2026, make an additional 425 RCRA corrective action cleanups Ready
for Anticipated Use.
• By September 30, 2026, conduct an additional 35,000 cleanups at Leaking Underground
Storage Tank facilities.
Nationally, there are thousands of contaminated sites with challenging and complex environmental
problems, including soil, sediment, and groundwater contaminated by chemicals such as per- and
polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Superfund cleanups address these problems and also
contribute to reducing lead exposure, a particular health risk for children. Research shows
Superfund cleanup actions lowered the risk of elevated blood lead levels by roughly 13 to 26
percent for children living within 1.2 miles of a Superfund National Priorities List (NPL) site where
lead is a contaminant of concern.3 While there is no single way to characterize communities located
near contaminated sites, the legacy of pollution disproportionally affects communities of color,
low-income communities, linguistically isolated populations, and populations with lower rates of
high school education. For these reasons, the Superfund remedial program is an important part of
the Administration's Justice40 Initiative. By cleaning up and returning contaminated land to
productive use, EPA and its partners will reduce the environmental and health effects of exposure
to contamination in communities, especially for underserved and overburdened communities.
In FY 2025, the Budget proposes to transition funding to a combination of appropriations and
Superfund tax receipts for a number of core Superfund programs including critical Superfund pre-
construction work such as site characterization, remedial design, community
outreach/engagement, and construction work at sites on the NPL, through the implementation of
remedial efforts to clean up the sites. EPA expects to fully allocate Superfund remedial funds
available for site work received through the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IDA), also
known as Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (BIL), to implement CERCLA by no later than the end of
FY 2024. Appropriated funds and Superfund tax receipts will be used to help eliminate lags in
investigation and cleanup as well as foster climate change adaptations to protect at-risk
populations. Federal data in a recent Government Accountability Office (GAO) report suggests
that approximately 60 percent of Superfund sites overseen by EPA are in areas that are vulnerable
to wildfires and different types of flooding - natural hazards that climate change will exacerbate.
In FY 2023, the Agency added 13 Superfund sites with human exposures under control but
retracted 16 sites, resulting in a net three sites retracted. Nationwide, EPA will aim to control
human exposures at 12 additional Superfund sites in FY 2025 in support of the 2022 - 2026 long-
term performance goal. To reduce exposure to lead and associated health impacts, EPA will
complete at least 45 Superfund lead cleanup projects supporting the 2022 - 2026 long-term
performance goal of 225 projects. In FY 2023, EPA completed 49 Superfund cleanup projects that
addressed lead as a contaminant.
3 Heather Klemick, Henry Mason, and Karen Sullivan. 2020. "Superfund Cleanups and Children's Lead Exposure,"
Journal of Environmental Management, 100. doi: 1.0.1.01.6/j. jeem.201.9.1.02289.
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Goal and Objective Overviews
In FY 2025, the Superfund Emergency Response and Removal Program also will transition to
Superfund tax receipts. Situations requiring emergency response and removal actions vary greatly
in size, nature, and location, and include chemical releases, fires or explosions, natural disasters,
and other threats to people from exposure to hazardous substances including from abandoned and
uncontrolled hazardous waste sites. EPA's 24-hour-a-day response capability is a cornerstone
element of the National Contingency Plan.4 These resources also will help EPA and Navajo Nation
to accelerate response actions laid out in the 2020 Ten-Year Plan: Federal Actions to Address
Impacts of Uranium Contamination on the Navajo Nation,5
Additionally, in FY 2025, EPA requests an increase of $11.5 million above the FY 2024 ACR
level to the Superfund Federal Facilities Program to help address critical gaps in its ability to
oversee Department of Defense PFAS cleanup under CERCLA and to adjust core program
capacity, including keeping pace with the Agency's oversight role at federal facility NPL sites.
EPA anticipates additional engagement on non-NPL federal facilities in the Federal Agency
Hazardous Waste Compliance Docket to address new information on PFAS at these sites and
ensure appropriate assessment and referral of these sites to appropriate cleanup programs.
Currently operating facilities or businesses also may have contamination requiring cleanup,
performed under the RCRA Corrective Action program. Cleaning up these contaminated sites also
serves as a catalyst for economic growth and community revitalization and can help to preserve
existing business operations. The 2021 RCRA economic benefits analyses of 79 RCRA cleanups
found that these cleaned up facilities support 1,028 on-site businesses, which provide economic
benefits including: $39 billion in annual sales revenue; over 82,000 jobs; and $7.9 billion in
estimated annual employment income.6 The FY 2025 Budget includes $42.1 million and 174.4
FTE to continue efforts to clean up 3,983 priority contaminated hazardous waste facilities under
RCRA, which include highly contaminated and technically challenging sites, and assess others to
determine whether cleanups are necessary. In FY 2023, EPA approved 117 RCRA corrective
action facilities as ready for anticipated use (RAU), bringing the total number of RCRA RAU
facilities to 2,043. In FY 2025, EPA will make an additional 70 sites ready for anticipated use,
supporting the FY 2022 - 2026 long-term performance goal of making 425 sites RAU.
Under the Leaking Underground Storage Tank (LUST) program, the Budget includes $79.8
million and 46.8 FTE for states and tribes to assess and clean up petroleum contamination,
including in groundwater.7 EPA collaborates with states to develop and implement flexible, state-
driven strategies to reduce the number of remaining LUST sites that have not reached cleanup
completion. In FY 2023, the Agency completed 6,597 cleanups at LUST facilities that met risk-
based standards for human exposure and groundwater migration. Through the cooperative efforts
between EPA and states, the backlog was reduced by approximately 44 percent between fiscal
4 For more information, please refer to: https://www.epa.gov/emergenev~response/natlonal-oit-and-hazardoiis-
substances-pollution-contingencv-plan-ncp-overview.
5 The Ten-Year Plan may be found at: https://www.epa.gov/sites/defanlt/files/2021-02/docnments/nnanm-ten-vear-
plan-2021-01.pdf
6 For more information, please refer to: https://www.epa.gov/faw/redevetopment-eeonomies-rera-eorreetive-aetlon~
facilities.
7 Almost half of the Nation's overall population and 99 percent of the population in rural areas rely on groundwater
for drinking water. (See EPA 2000 Water Quality Inventory Report,
https://arch.ive.epa.gov/water/arch.ive/web/litml/20Q0repoit index.html).
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Goal and Objective Overviews
years 2008 and 2023 (from 102,798 to 57,437).8 Funding also will support tribal cleanup activities
in fenceline communities that are immediately adjacent to oil and chemical facilities and UST who
are vulnerable to environmental health hazards and climate risks at those facilities.
In FY 2025, funding for EPA's Brownfields program will build on current work to revitalize
communities, especially those that are historically overburdened and underserved, by providing
financial and technical assistance to assess, clean up, and plan reuse at brownfields sites. The FY
2025 Budget includes an additional $10.6 million and 58 FTE for community development
specialists to manage land revitalization projects, provide one-on-one financial planning support,
and educate tribal communities, rural communities and communities with environmental justice
concerns on how to address brownfields sites. The FTE request is designed to meet current
program demands and strengthen EPA's ability to engage directly with the communities who need
support the most. Prior to the IIJA funding, approximately 80 people managed more than 1,100
open cooperative agreements across the country. It is estimated that the program will have
approximately 2,700 open cooperative agreements to manage by FY 2027. The additional FTE
resources will enable EPA to sustain and responsibly manage the unprecedented infrastructure
investments in the Brownfields program. In FY 2023, EPA leveraged 17,441 jobs and $3.76 billion
in cleanup and redevelopment funds and made 736 additional brownfields sites RAU through the
Brownfields program. Activities undertaken in FY 2025 will leverage approximately 12,135 jobs
and $2.3 billion in other funding sources.9
In FY 2025, EPA continues to request the $20 million first provided in the FY 2023 enacted budget
to inventory and support the cleanup of contaminated lands in Alaska, many of which were
contaminated while not under Alaska Native ownership. Contaminants on some of these lands -
arsenic, asbestos, lead, mercury, pesticides, PCBs, and other petroleum products - pose health
concerns to Alaskan Native communities, negatively impact subsistence resources, and hamper
economic activity.
Objective 6.2: Reduce Waste and Prevent Environmental Contamination - Prevent
environmental pollution by preventing releases, reducing waste, increasing materials recovery
and recycling, and ensuring sustainable materials management practices.
The FY 2025 Budget includes $355.1 million and 728.6 FTE for Objective 6.2. This objective
directly supports the following long-term performance goal in the FY 2022 - 2026 EPA Strategic
Plan:
• By September 30, 2026, increase the percentage of updated permits at RCRA facilities to
80 percent from the FY 2021 baseline of 72.7 percent.
Nationwide, EPA and its state partners strive to reach all permitting-related decisions in a timely
manner for the approximately 6,700 hazardous waste units (e.g., incinerators, landfills, and tanks)
located at 1,300 permitted treatment, storage, and disposal facilities. The goal is to ensure that
permits are updated to reflect the latest technology and standards and remain protective under
8 For additional information, please see EPA website: http://www.epa.gov/iist/iist-performaiice-measiires.
9 U.S. EPA, Office of Land and Emergency Management Estimate. All estimates of outputs and outcomes are
supported by the data that is entered by cooperative agreement recipients via EPA's ACRES database.
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Goal and Objective Overviews
changing conditions, such as climate change, and that communities, including those that are
underserved and overburdened, have an equitable opportunity to engage in the permitting process
over time. To measure progress, EPA has set an FY 2025 target of 117 permit renewals at
hazardous waste facilities supporting the FY 2022 - 2026 long-term performance goal. Through
June 2023, EPA and its state partners had updated RCRA permits at 73.7 percent of facilities that
required renewals and are on track to achieve the FY 2026 goal of 80 percent, based on current
planning.
The FY 2025 Budget supports building capacity to implement various aspects of the Coal
Combustion Residuals (CCR) Program. The Agency has promulgated regulations specifying
improved management and disposal practices to protect people and ecosystems. The Agency will
continue to work with our stakeholders as we implement these regulations. EPA will take action
to ensure protective management of CCR through the implementation of existing regulations,
promulgation of additional regulations to address legacy surface impoundments, and implement
the federal permitting program. The FY 2025 Budget requests an additional $4.6 million and 20.5
FTE above FY 2024 to provide sufficient staffing levels to implement the federal CCR permitting
program. EPA will continue to work with states that wish to establish state CCR permit programs
that meet EPA's baseline requirements.
In FY 2025, EPA requests an additional $4.2 million and 25 FTE for the RCRA Waste
Minimization and Recycling Program to manage grants under the new Solid Waste Infrastructure
for Recycling grant program. This investment will focus on efforts to strengthen the U.S. recycling
system by investing in solid waste management infrastructure and consumer education and
outreach, address the global issue of plastic waste, engage communities, and prevent and reduce
food loss and waste. Through its National Recycling Strategy and efforts to advance a more
circular economy, EPA is working to develop a stronger, more resilient, and cost-effective U.S.
municipal solid waste recycling system.10 Recycling is an important part of a circular economy,
which refers to a system of activities that is restorative to the environment, enables resources to
maintain their highest values, designs out waste, and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. Recycling
helps alleviate burdens on populations that bear the brunt of poorly run waste management
facilities.
To protect groundwater from releases of petroleum from underground storage tanks (UST), EPA
works closely with its tribal and state partners on prevention. FY 2025 resources include $42.8
million and 61.8 FTE for inspecting UST facilities to meet the three-year inspection requirement
and assisting states in adopting prevention measures such as delivery prohibition, secondary
containment, and operator training. This request includes an additional $889,000 in grant funding
to support fenceline communities by increasing state inspections that will focus on ensuring UST
systems are compatible with El 5. Due to the increased emphasis on inspections and release
prevention requirements, the number of confirmed releases decreased from 6,847 in FY 2014 to
4,354 reported releases in FY 2023.
10 For additional information, please refer to: https://www.epa.gov/recvclingstrategv/what-circiilar-
eco no mv#:~:text=EP A's%20ciKnilai%20economy%2Qfor%20al 1. healthy %20communities%20are%20the%20goals.
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Goal and Objective Overviews
Objective 6.3: Prepare for and Respond to Environmental Emergencies - Prevent, prepare,
and respond to environmental emergencies and support other agencies on nationally significant
incidents, working with tribes, states, and local planning and response organizations.
The FY 2025 Budget includes $334.4 million and 727.6 FTE to support Objective 6.3. This
objective directly supports the following long-term performance goal in the FY2022 - 2026EPA
Strategic Plan:
• By September 30, 2026, ensure that 40 percent of annual emergency response and removal
exercises that EPA conducts or participates in incorporate environmental justice.
Environmental emergencies are growing in frequency, and the risks they pose are increasing. EPA
strives to prevent such emergencies and be ready to respond to those that occur through the
Agency's planning and preparedness efforts, in coordination with and through the support of
partner organizations. EPA develops regulations and policies that aim to prevent environmental
emergencies and enhance the ability of communities and facilities to prepare for and respond to
emergencies that occur. EPA also prepares for the possibility of significant incidents by
maintaining a trained corps of federal On-Scene Coordinators, Special Teams, and Response
Support Corps, and by providing guidance and technical assistance to tribal, state, and local
planning and response organizations to strengthen their preparedness. EPA carries out its
responsibility under multiple statutory authorities and the National Response Framework, which
provides the comprehensive federal structure for managing national emergencies.
EPA will continue to chair the U.S. National Response Team11 and co-chair the 13 Regional
Response Teams, which serve as multi-agency coordination groups supporting emergency
responders when convened as incident specific teams. In FY 2025, EPA requests an additional
$22.1 million and 1.8 FTE to modernize the Chemical Incident and Radiological Reconnaissance
on Unmanned Systems (CIRRUS) program and to overhaul the aging Portable High-Throughput
Integrated Identification System (PHILIS) capability. These resources also support the
development of rapid, mobile analytical capabilities for biological agents. EPA will participate in
the development of limited, scenario-specific exercises and regional drills designed to assess
national emergency response management capabilities, including response to biological incidents.
To bring broader opportunity to participate in these key planning and preparation activities, EPA
has set a long-term performance goal of ensuring that 40 percent of annual emergency response
and removal exercises that EPA conducts or participates in incorporate environmental justice
principles. Based upon higher-than-expected results, EPA exceeded this goal during FY 2022 and
FY 2023. Unless resources are reduced or diverted, for example toward responding to multiple
large-scale disasters, EPA expects to meet this goal each year through FY 2026.
In FY 2025, EPA will continue to inspect chemical facilities to prevent accidental releases. The
objective is to ensure compliance with accident prevention and preparedness regulations at Risk
Management Plan (RMP) and Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act -
regulated facilities and to work with chemical facilities to reduce chemical risks and improve safety
to populations, especially in fenceline communities. To this end, the FY 2025 Budget requests an
additional $7.5 million and 26 FTE above the FY 2024 ACR to support a multi-pronged approach
11 For additional information, please refer to: https://www.nrt.org/.
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Goal and Objective Overviews
to protect fenceline communities at risk from nearby chemical facilities, including providing
increased outreach and inspections at regulated facilities to ensure facilities have measures in place
to prevent chemical accidents. There are approximately 11,600 chemical facilities that are subject
to the RMP regulations. Of these, approximately 1,800 facilities have been designated as high-risk
based upon their accident history, quantity of on-site dangerous chemicals stored, and proximity
to large residential populations.12 EPA prioritizes inspections at high-risk facilities and will focus
on those facilities located in communities with environmental justice concerns and communities
with increased climate-related risks (e.g., extreme weather, flooding, wildfires). In addition, EPA
is developing a regulatory action to revise the RMP regulations to incorporate consideration of
communities with environmental justice concerns and those vulnerable to climate risks.
In FY 2025, EPA will continue to inspect oil facilities to ensure compliance with prevention and
preparedness requirements. Inspections involve reviewing the facility's prevention, preparedness,
and response plans and discussing key aspects of these plans with facility staff. EPA will increase
inspections, enforcement, and compliance assistance at regulated facilities, focusing on high-risk
facilities located in communities with environmental justice concerns and communities with
increased climate-related risks. EPA also will conduct unannounced exercises at facilities subject
to Facility Response Plan regulations, a subset of facilities identified as high risk due to their size
and location, to test the facility owner's ability to put preparedness and response plans into action.
12 Located in the EPA RMP database.
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Goal and Objective Overviews
Goal 7: Ensure Safety of Chemicals for People and the Environment
Increase the safety of chemicals and pesticides and prevent pollution at the source.
Introduction
EPA is responsible for ensuring the safety of chemicals and pesticides for the environment and
people at all life stages, improving access to chemical safety information, and preventing pollution
at the source before it occurs. The Agency focuses on assessing, preventing, and reducing releases
and exposures resulting from the manufacture, processing, use, and disposal of chemicals and
pesticides and advances the community's right-to-know about these releases and exposures. EPA
works to protect the most vulnerable populations from unsafe exposures, especially children, the
elderly, and those with environmental justice concerns (including low-income, minority and
indigenous populations) who may already be disproportionately harmed by and at risk from other
stressors. In addition, EPA works to ensure public access to chemical and pesticide data, analytical
tools, and other sources of information and expertise, and promotes source reduction, integrated
pest management, and other pollution prevention strategies by organizations and businesses. In
total, the FY 2025 Budget includes $594.6 million and 1,973.3 FTE for Goal 7: Ensure Safety of
Chemicals for People and the Environment.
In FY 2025, EPA's activities under this goal will focus on evaluating, assessing, and managing
risks from exposure to new and existing industrial chemicals; continuing to address lead-based
paint risks; reviewing and registering new pesticides and new uses for existing pesticides; reducing
occupational exposure to pesticides, particularly in disadvantaged communities; and addressing
potential risks to threatened and endangered species from pesticides. In addition, EPA will
continue working with tribes, state agencies, industry, and communities to implement voluntary
efforts to prevent pollution at the source and continue to publish Toxics Release Inventory (TRI)
data on chemical releases from industrial facilities for public review and use.
Objective 7.1: Ensure Chemical and Pesticide Safety - Protect the health of families,
communities, and ecosystems from the risks posed by chemicals and pesticides.
The FY 2025 Budget includes $482.7 million and 1,693.5 FTE for Objective 7.1. This objective
is directly supported by the following long-term performance goals in the FY 2022 - 2026 EPA
Strategic Plan:
• By September 30, 2026, complete at least eight High Priority Substance TSCA risk
evaluations annually within statutory timelines compared to the FY 2020 baseline of one.
• By September 30, 2026, initiate all TSCA risk management actions within 45 days of the
completion of a final existing chemical risk evaluation.
• By September 30, 2026, review 90 percent of risk management actions for past TSCA new
chemical substances reported to the 2020 Chemical Data Reporting Rule compared to the
FY 2021 baseline of none.
• By September 30, 2026, recertify before the expiration date 36 percent of lead-based paint
Renovation, Repair, and Painting (RRP) firms whose certifications are scheduled to expire
compared to the FY 2021 baseline of 32 percent.
• By September 30, 2026, complete pesticide registration review for 78 cases.
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Goal and Objective Overviews
• By September 30, 2026, consider the effects determinations or protections of federally
threatened and endangered species for new active ingredients in 90 percent of the risk
assessments supporting pesticide registration decisions compared to the FY 2020 baseline
of 50 percent.
• By September 30, 2026, consider the effects determinations or protections of federally
threatened and endangered species in 50 percent of the risk assessments supporting
pesticide registration review decisions compared to the FY 2020 baseline of 27 percent.
• By September 30, 2026, support Agricultural Worker Protection Standard (WPS) pesticide
safety training for 20,000 farmworkers annually compared to the FY 2018-2020 annual
average baseline of 11,000.
Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)
Under Section 5 of TSCA, EPA is responsible for reviewing all new chemical submissions before
they enter commerce to determine whether the chemicals may pose unreasonable risks to human
health or the environment.1 EPA's new chemicals program serves as a "gatekeeper" role to help
manage potential risk to human health and the environment from chemicals new to the
marketplace. Any chemical that is not on the TSCA Inventory is considered a "new" chemical
substance. TSCA Section 5 requires that any person planning to manufacture or import a new
chemical substance submit notice to EPA prior to commencing that activity. EPA is required to
assess the potential risks to human health and the environment of the chemical, make an affirmative
determination, and where potential risks are identified, EPA must take action to mitigate those
risks before the chemical can enter commerce. In FY 2025, EPA expects to conduct risk
assessments and make affirmative determinations on risks for more than 500 new chemical notice
and exemption submissions annually.
Under TSCA Section 6,2 EPA has responsibility for prioritizing and evaluating at least 20 existing
chemicals at a time, assessing additional chemicals at manufacturers' request, and managing
identified unreasonable risks to human health and the environment. In FY 2025, EPA continues
developing draft and final risk evaluations for High Priority Substances and expects to promulgate
risk management actions in response to unreasonable human health and environmental risks
identified in those risk evaluations. In FY 2024 - 2025, EPA anticipates issuing draft and final risk
evaluations for Asbestos Part 2, a flame retardant (TCEP), formaldehyde, and three chlorinated
solvents (1,1-DCA, 1,2-DCA, and TDCE). In addition, EPA anticipates finalizing the 1,4-Dioxane
Risk Evaluation Supplement. EPA will expeditiously move into the management of any
unreasonable risks identified in the evaluations and expects to initiate up to seven proposed risk
management actions for chemicals with risk evaluations anticipated to be proposed or finalized in
FY 2024.
Additionally, EPA expects to have finalized risk management actions for nine of EPA's first 10
existing chemical risk evaluations actions in FY 2025 and will engage in implementation activities
associated with these final actions, including development of compliance guides and outreach to
1 Actions under TSCA Section 5 may be found at: https://www.epa.gov/reviewing-new-ehemieals-iiiider-toxie-
snbstances-control-act-tsca/actions-under-tsca-section-5.
2 Information regarding the regulation of Chemicals under Section 6(a) of the Toxic Substances Control Act may be
found at: https://www.epa.gov/assessing-and-managing-chemicals-niider-tsca/regiilation-cheniicals-nnder-section-
6a-toxic-siibstances.
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impacted entities. The FY 2025 Budget includes $131.9 million and 451.8 FTEfor theEPM TSCA
Program, an increase of $49.1 million and 112.5 FTE above the FY 2024 ACR. Increased funding
for the TSCA Program is needed in FY 2025 to advance implementation of the law's requirements.
The 2016 amendments to TSCA brought about a dramatic increase in EPA's workload and
significantly changed the way EPA implemented the New Chemicals Program. Under the prior
law, EPA issued formal written unreasonable risk determinations for about 20 percent of new
chemical submissions. Under the amended law, EPA is required to issue determinations for 100
percent of new chemical submissions (a five-fold increase). Despite these significant new
responsibilities, the Program's budget stayed essentially flat for the first six years of the new law.
As noted in a recent report from the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO), since the
2016 amendments, EPA has missed most deadlines for reviewing new and existing chemicals
under TSCA due in part to workforce planning gaps, staff shortages and, and insufficient
resources.3 While the Program received additional funding in FY 2023, the full request of $131.9
million in FY 2025 will allow EPA to continue making progress toward implementing TSCA in
the manner envisioned by Congress.
Lead-Based Paint (LBP) Risk Reduction
Also under TSCA, EPA's EPM Lead-Based Paint Risk Reduction Program contributes to the goal
of reducing lead exposure and works toward addressing historic and persistent disproportionate
vulnerabilities of certain communities.4-5 With $14.6 million and 62.9 FTE included in the FY 2025
Budget, EPA will continue to reduce exposure to lead in paint and dust by establishing standards
governing lead hazard identification and abatement practices; establishing and maintaining a
national pool of certified firms and individuals; and providing information and outreach to housing
occupants and the public so they can make informed decisions and take actions on lead hazards in
their homes.
In July 2023, EP A announced a proposal to strengthen requirements for the removal of lead-based
paint hazards in pre-1978 buildings and childcare facilities, known as abatement activities, to better
protect children and communities from the harmful effects of exposure to dust generated from lead
paint, advancing President Bi den's whole-of-govemment approach to protecting families and
children from lead exposure.' If finalized, the proposed rule would strengthen EPA's regulations
under Section 402 of the TSCA by revising the dust-lead hazard standards, which identify
hazardous lead in dust on floors and window sills, and the dust-lead clearance levels, the amount
of lead that can remain in dust on floors, window sills and window troughs after lead removal
activities. If finalized, the rule is estimated to reduce the lead exposures of approximately 250,000
3 For more information, please visit: https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-23-105728.pdf.
4 Childhood blood lead levels (BLL) have declined substantially since the 1970s, due largely to the phasing out of
lead in gasoline and to the reduction in the number of homes with lead-based paint hazards. The median
concentration of lead in the blood of children aged 1 to 5 years dropped from 15 micrograms per deciliter in 1976-
1980 to 0.7 micrograms per deciliter in 2013-2014, a decrease of 95 percent. Sqq, America's Children and the
Environment (EPA. 2019), found at: https://www.epa.gov/americaschiIdrenenvironinent.
5 Among children ages 1 to 5 years in families with incomes below poverty level, the 95th percentile blood lead level
(BLL) was 3.0 ng/dL. and among those in families at or above the poverty level, it was 2.1 ng/dL. a difference that
was statistically significant. See, America's Children and the Environment (EPA, 2019), found at:
https://www.epa.gov/americaschildrenenvironiiient.
6 See https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/biden-harris-administration-proposes-strengthen-Iead-paint-standards-
protect-against.
87
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Goal and Objective Overviews
to 500,000 children under age six per year. Assuming the rule is finalized, EPA will be in the
process of implementing it in FY 2025.
Pesticide Programs
In FY 2025, consistent with statutory responsibilities,7'8 9 EPA will continue to review and register
new pesticides and new uses for existing pesticides, and other covered applications under the
Pesticide Registration Improvement Act and its reauthorizations. EPA also will act on other
registration requests in accordance with Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
(FIFRA) and Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act Standards. Many of these registration actions
will be for reduced-risk conventional pesticides and biopesticides, which, once registered and used
by consumers, will increase benefits to society and reduce ecological impacts. Additionally, in FY
2025, EPA will continue to reevaluate existing chemicals in the marketplace on a 15-year cycle to
ensure the FIFRA standard for registration continues to be met based on current science, including
registration review actions subject to the October 1, 2026, deadline for completion.
The Agricultural Worker Protection Standard (WPS)10 and the Certification of Pesticide
Applicators11 revised rules (finalized in FY 2015 and FY 2017, respectively) are key elements of
EPA's strategy for reducing occupational exposure to pesticides. In FY 2023 and FY 2024, the
Agency revised the WPS Application Exclusion Zone provisions. In FY 2025, EPA will continue
to support the implementation of the regulations through education and outreach, guidance
development, and grant programs, with a particular focus on environmental justice issues in rural
communities and the health of farmworkers and their families. For example, in FY 2023, 15,155
farmworkers received EPA-supported WPS pesticide safety training.
Under the Endangered Species Act (ESA),12 EPA is responsible for ensuring that pesticide
regulatory decisions will not destroy or adversely modify designated critical habitat or jeopardize
the continued existence of species listed as threatened or endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service or the National Marine Fisheries Service, referred to collectively as the Services. Meeting
this responsibility presents a great challenge given that there are approximately 1,200 active
ingredients in more than 17,000 pesticide products—many of which have multiple uses.
Endangered species risk assessments are extraordinarily complex, national in scope, and involve
comprehensive evaluations that consider risks to over 1,700 listed endangered species and 800
designated critical habitats in the U.S. with diverse biological attributes, habitat requirements, and
geographic ranges.
In April 2022, EPA released a workplan outlining priorities for coming into full compliance with
7 Summary of Federal Insecticide. Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act: https://www.epa.gov/laws-reenlations/summarv-
federal-insecticide-fungicide-and-rodenticide-act.
8 Summary of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act: https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/sunimarv-federal-
food-drug-and-cosmetic-act.
9 Pesticide Registration Improvement Extension Act of 2018: https://www.epa.gov/pria-fees.
10 Agricultural Worker Protection Standard: https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-worker-safetv/agricultural-worker-
protection-standard-wps.
11 Revised Certification Standards for Pesticide Applicators: https://www.epa.gov/pesticide~worker-safetv/revised-
certification-standards-pesticide-applicators.
12 For additional information on the Endangered Species Protection Program, see: https://www.epa.gov/endangered-
species/about-endangered-species-protection-prograni.
88
-------
Goal and Objective Overviews
the ESA across the numerous types of actions it completes annually as well as developing several
pilot projects to more efficiently comply with the ESA, given that the current process for each
pesticide active ingredient can span 4-12 years.13 EPA prioritized meeting its ESA obligations for
all conventional new active ingredient applications whereby all new active ingredient registrations
will only be registered under conditions that comply with ESA. EPA also prioritized ESA
determinations in response to litigation commitments and court decisions (the ESA workplan
includes a list of the FY 2022 litigation commitments regarding ESA determinations and
implementations of biologic opinions from the Services). The increase EPA received in the FY
2023 enacted budget serves as initial funding to help EPA meet these specific workplan
commitments. In November 2022, EPA released a workplan update that announced FIFRA interim
ecological mitigations for non-target and ESA listed species that EPA has begun to incorporate
into registration review. The update also announced other initiatives to make even faster progress
on some of our ESA goals.14
EPA also released two draft initiatives for public comment in 2023 to make further progress on
addressing ESA protections. In June 2023, EPA released a draft pilot that identified 27 listed
species that are particularly vulnerable to pesticide exposures and a proposed strategy to reduce
impacts to them. In July 2023, EPA released for public comment a draft strategy to more efficiently
address ESA obligations for herbicides, referred to as the herbicide strategy. EPA started with a
strategy for herbicides over other types of pesticides because of the large number of listed plant
species and the high importance of herbicides to agriculture. Addressing ESA for these pesticides
will increase certainty and predictability of their availability. Similar strategies are planned for
other classes of pesticides, such as insecticides, after EPA completes the herbicide strategy.
In FY 2025, EPA expects to implement the ESA strategies that it has finalized, including by
updating its IT systems needed to implement those strategies. EPA also expects to continue to
address its ESA obligations for the registration of all new conventional active ingredient pesticides
as well as meet its court deadlines under various settlement agreements. EPA also intends to
continue developing a strategy to further ESA protections for insecticides in FY 2025 and to issue
a strategy to further ESA protections for rodenticides in FY 2025.
The FY 2025 Budget requests $76 million and 221.6 FTE for the EPM Pesticide: Protect the
Environment from Pesticide Risk Program, which includes an increase of $26.8 million and 20
FTE to support ESA compliance work. In FY 2025, EPA will continue to develop and improve
existing processes to allow EPA to protect listed species earlier in the regulatory and consultation
processes and pursue other major improvements to its ESA compliance work in coordination with
the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service or the National Marine Fisheries Service and the U.S.
Department of Agriculture (USDA).
Objective 7.2: Promote Pollution Prevention - Encourage the adoption of pollution prevention
and other stewardship practices that conserve natural resources, mitigate climate change, and
promote environmental sustainability.
13 For additional information, see: https://www.epa.gov/svstem/fites/doeiiinents/2022~04/balaneing~witdtife~
protection-and-responsible-pesticide-nse finat.pdf.
14 For additional information, see: https://www.epa.gov/svstem/files/docnments/2022-ll/esa-workplan-npdate.pdf.
89
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Goal and Objective Overviews
The FY 2025 Budget includes $111.9 million and 279.9 FTE for Objective 7.2. This objective is
directly supported by the following long-term performance goals in the FY 2022 - 2026 EPA
Strategic Plan:
• By September 30, 2026, reduce a total of 6 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent
(MMTCChe) released attributed to EPA pollution prevention grants.
• By September 30, 2026, EPA's Safer Choice Program will certify a total of 2,300 products
compared to the FY 2021 baseline of 1,892 total certified products.
Pollution Prevention
EPA's implementation of the Pollution Prevention (P2) Program under the Pollution Prevention
Act of 199015 is one of EPA's primary tools for advancing environmental stewardship and
sustainability by federal, tribal, and state governments, businesses, communities, and individuals.
These practices focus on reducing the amount of any hazardous substance, pollutant, or
contaminant entering a waste stream or released into the environment prior to recycling of
discarded material, treatment, or disposal, as well as conserving the use of natural resources. P2
grants - a key element of the P2 Program - contributed to the elimination of 19.8 million metric
tons of greenhouse gases between 2011 and 2021.16 In FY 2025, EPA will continue its work to
prevent pollution at the source by awarding targeted P2 grants to tribes, states, and local
governments, encouraging the use of products certified by EPA as safer for the environment,
encouraging federal procurement of environmentally preferable products, and enhancing the use
of TRI data to help prevent pollution and support the Administration's environmental justice
priorities.
In FY 2025, EPA will continue to focus on carrying out sector-focused P2 National Emphasis
Areas17 and enabling the replication and leveraging of business successes supported by the $5
million P2 grants awarded annually. EPA also will deliver training and conduct outreach for
communities overburdened with pollution, as well as tribal, state, and local governments to help
with product and service procurement choices that are environmentally sound and promote human
and environmental health. The additional Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA) funding
for the Program for FY 2022 to 2026 will significantly increase results and the generation of
information on P2 approaches that other businesses can replicate, particularly in disadvantaged
communities.
In FY 2025, EPA plans to complete the process of updating and strengthening the standards of the
Safer Choice (SC) Program,18 which advances chemical safety by increasing the availability and
identification of products containing ingredients that meet stringent health and environmental
criteria, through a notice and comment process after consultation with stakeholders. The Agency
will conduct outreach with federal, tribal, state, and local government procurement officials and
institutional and industrial purchasers to communicate the benefits of SC and other
environmentally preferable products, and work to make SC-certified products more widely
available to disadvantaged communities. EPA will continue to partner with organizations serving
15 For additional information, see: https://www.epa.gov/laws-regiilations/snmmare-poHntion-prevention-act.
16 For additional information, see: https://www.epa.gov/svstem/files/docnments/2021-07/p2flier 202.1. O.pdf.
17 P2 National Emphasis Areas may be found at: hjjMlffww^
18 For additional information on Safer Choice, please visit: https://www.epa.gov/saferchoice.
90
-------
Goal and Objective Overviews
disadvantaged communities with environmental concerns to help custodial staff and house
cleaning companies fight occupational exposure-related conditions (e.g., asthma) and gain access
to certified products. EPA also will update the Safer Chemical Ingredients List (SCIL) to enhance
transparency and facilitate expansion of safer chemical choices and products, including increasing
the number and volume of SC-certified products.19 At the end of FY 2023, 1,788 products were
Safer Choice certified and about 1,000 ingredients were on the SCIL.
The FY 2025 Budget includes $29.2 million and 69.2 FTE to support the P2 Program in the EPM
appropriation, an increase of $16.2 million and 18 FTE above the FY 2024 ACR. This increase
will fund a new P2 grant program to support small businesses with transitioning to TSCA
compliant practices and mitigate economic impacts. EPA's P2 Program has supported work by P2
grantees, over several years, to work with businesses and industry to identify technically and
economically feasible alternatives to toxic chemicals, including some that are the focus of current
TSCA risk evaluation and management (e.g., halogenated solvents used in a variety of industries
such as degreasing in metal fabrication). Additionally, pollution prevention reporting under the
TRI Program collects information on facility-level P2 practices associated with reductions in use
and release of toxic chemicals. In FY 2025, EPA will evaluate and integrate P2 case studies and
best practices relevant to TSCA risk management by small businesses, clarify technical and
economic factors associated with such transitions, and develop and deploy pilot programs to
leverage training and ongoing support for small businesses expected to be making transitions in
response to TSCA risk management.
Toxics Release Inventory (TRI)
The TRI Program makes TRI data available to the public each year. EPA encourages communities,
industry, and other stakeholders to access the data through any one of the TRI Program's state-of-
the-art tools and analyze the data to: evaluate improvements in environmental performance,
leverage pollution prevention information, identify communities that may be disproportionately
exposed to toxics emissions, and identify opportunities for improvement.20 With the FY 2025
request of $14.1 million and 37 FTE for the TRI/Right to Know Program, EPA will continue
research on tools that can quickly and accurately identify disadvantaged communities near TRI
facilities, which would support prioritization of P2 initiatives. In addition, in FY 2025, EPA will
continue to publish the TRI and use analyses of toxic chemical releases from industrial facilities
located near disadvantaged communities with environmental concerns to identify and develop
sector specific P2 case studies, best practices, outreach, and training. This will help facilitate
adoption of P2 practices in the facilities and in the communities themselves.
19 The Safer Chemical Ingredients List (SCIL) may be found at: https://www.epa.gov/saferchoice/safer-ingredients.
20 For additional information, please visit the TRI for Communities webpage: https://www.epa.gov/toxics-release-
inventory-tri-program/tri-for-communities.
91
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92
-------
Appendix
-------
94
-------
Program Project by Program Area
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
FY 2025 Annual Performance Plan and Congressional Justification
PROGRAM PROJECTS BY PROGRAM AREA
(Dollars in Thousands)
n 2H2.? I imil
WIimK
n 21124
\llllll;ili/c(l ( U
Science & Technology
n 21125
liudgrl
n 21125
riv-iiinH'-
IJildurl
n 21124
\llllll;ili/ril ( U
Qean Air and Climate
Clean Air Allowance Trading Programs
Climate Protection
Federal Support for Air Quality Management
Federal Vehicle and Fuels Standards and
Certification
Subtotal, Clean Air and Climate
$6,578
$9,968
$8,950
$122,243
$147,738
$7,117
$8,750
$11,343
$117,341
$144,551
$19,987
$10,800
$10,754
$185,873
$227,414
$12,870
$2,050
-$589
$68,532
$82,863
Enforcement
Forensics Support
$14,152
$15,532
$19,337
$3,805
Homeland Security
Flomeland Security: Critical Infrastructure
Protection
Flomeland Security: Preparedness, Response, and
Recovery
Flomeland Security: Protection of EPA Personnel
and Infrastructure
Subtotal, Homeland Security
$12,249
$26,376
$625
$39,250
$10,852
$25,347
$625
$36,824
$34,351
$40,802
$501
$75,654
$23,499
$15,455
-$124
$38,830
Indoor Air and Radiation
Indoor Air: Radon Program
Radiation: Protection
Radiation: Response Preparedness
Reduce Risks from Indoor Air
Subtotal, Indoor Air and Radiation
$70
$2,321
$3,200
$27
$5,618
$199
$1,683
$3,596
$278
$5,756
$173
$2,416
$4,802
$185
$7,576
-$26
$733
$1,206
-$93
$1,820
IT / Data Management / Security
IT / Data Management
$3,489
$3,197
$3,346
$149
Operations and Administration
Facilities Infrastructure and Operations
$65,328
$67,500
$72,906
$5,406
Pesticides Licensing
Pesticides: Protect Human Health from Pesticide
Risk
$3,034
$2,894
$5,902
$3,008
95
-------
Program Project by Program Area
Pesticides: Protect the Environment from Pesticide
Risk
Pesticides: Realize the Value of Pesticide
Availability
Subtotal, Pesticides Licensing
Research: Air, Climate and Energy
Research: Air, Climate and Energy
Research: Chemical Safety for Sustainability
Health and Environmental Risk Assessment
Research: Chemical Safety for Sustainability
Endocrine Disruptors
Computational Toxicology
Research: Chemical Safety for
Sustainability (other activities)
Subtotal, Research: Chemical Safety for
Sustainability
Subtotal, Research: Chemical Safety for
Sustainability
Research: Sustainable Communities
Research: Sustainable and Healthy Communities
Research: Safe and Sustainable Water Resources
Research: Safe and Sustainable Water Resources
Ensure Safe Water
Drinking Water Programs
Congressional Priorities (previously named Clean and
Safe Water Technical Assistance Grants)
Congressional Priorities
Total, Science & Technology
n 2M2.; I inal n 2024
AcIiliK \iiiiii;ili/cd ( U
$2,468
$114,659
$40,119
$17,222
$23,500
$56,107
$96,828
$136,947
$147,279
$125,346
$5,474
$2,334
$963 $925
$6,466 $6,153
$100,448
$39,918
$16,353
$21,606
$54,591
$92,550
$132,468
$137,857
$116,141
$5,098
$23,283 $30,751
$835,028 $802,276
Environmental Programs & Management
Alaska Contaminated Lands
Alaska Contaminated Lands
Brownfields
Brownfields
dean Air and Climate
Clean Air Allowance Trading Programs
Climate Protection
$3,215
$22,582
$17,268
$99,292
$20,000
$26,189
$16,554
$101,000
n 2025
riv>iilrlH'
liudgcl
$4,239
$1,040
$11,181
$140,297
$45,746
$18,017
$23,646
$64,554
$106,217
$151,963
$149,498
$143,745
$7,043
$20,012
$39,084
$30,743
$176,485
n 2025
I'lr-idriH'-
liiidiicl \.
n 2024
\iiiiii;ili/cd ( U
$1,905
$115
$5,028
$39,849
$5,828
$1,664
$2,040
$9,963
$13,667
$19,495
$11,641
$27,604
$1,945
$0 -$30,751
$1,009,960 $207,684
$12
$12,895
$14,189
$75,485
96
-------
Program Project by Program Area
Federal Stationary Source Regulations
Federal Support for Air Quality Management
Stratospheric Ozone: Domestic Programs
Stratospheric Ozone: Multilateral Fund
Subtotal, Clean Air and Climate
n 2112.? I imil
Ai'IimK
$29,768
$134,931
$6,358
$8,326
$295,943
n 21124
\iiiiii;ili/cil ( U
$30,344
$147,704
$6,951
$9,244
$311,797
n 21125
I'lv-iili-m'-
liudgrl
$47,888
$258,663
$72,282
$18,000
$604,061
n 2025
I'lv-iilrin'-
liud^i l \.
n 2024
\llllll:ili/ril ( U
$17,544
$110,959
$65,331
$8,756
$292,264
Compliance
Compliance Monitoring
$104,593
$112,730
$168,474
$55,744
Environmental Justice
Environmental Justice
$109,345
$102,159
$317,712
$215,553
Enforcement
Civil Enforcement
Criminal Enforcement
NEPA Implementation
Subtotal, Enforcement
$177,875
$57,374
$15,171
$250,422
$205,942
$62,704
$20,611
$289,257
$256,252
$67,829
$26,049
$350,130
$50,310
$5,125
$5,438
$60,873
Geographic Programs
Geographic Program: Chesapeake Bay
Geographic Program: Gulf of Mexico
Geographic Program: Lake Champlain
Geographic Program: Long Island Sound
Geographic Program: Other
Lake Pontchartrain
S.New England Estuary (SNEE)
Geographic Program: Other (other activities)
$74,640
$22,550
$25,823
$36,429
$1,899
$6,546
$2,041
$92,000
$25,524
$25,000
$40,002
$2,200
$7,000
$5,000
$92,000
$25,600
$25,000
$40,000
$2,200
$7,000
$5,000
$0
$76
$0
-$2
$0
$0
$0
Subtotal, Geographic Program: Other
Great Lakes Restoration
Geographic Program: South Florida
Geographic Program: San Francisco Bay
Geographic Program: Puget Sound
Subtotal, Geographic Programs
$10,486
$361,607
$6,806
$45,061
$48,317
$631,720
$14,200
$368,000
$8,500
$54,500
$54,000
$681,726
$14,200
$368,000
$8,500
$54,500
$54,000
$681,800
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$74
Homeland Security
Homeland Security: Communication and
Information
Homeland Security: Critical Infrastructure
Protection
Homeland Security: Protection of EPA Personnel
and Infrastructure
Subtotal, Homeland Security
$4,592
$249
$4,692
$923
$6,059 $5,188
$10,899 $10,803
$6,119
$1,025
$1,427
$102
$5,158 -$30
$12,302 $1,499
97
-------
Program Project by Program Area
Indoor Air and Radiation
Indoor Air: Radon Program
Radiation: Protection
Radiation: Response Preparedness
Reduce Risks from Indoor Air
Subtotal, Indoor Air and Radiation
n 2112.? I imil
Ai'IimK
$2,844
$8,390
$2,111
$13,281
$26,627
n 21124
\miiijli/cd ( U
$3,364
$9,088
$2,650
$13,593
$28,695
n 21125
liudgrl
$5,147
$11,748
$3,185
$47,570
$67,650
n 21125
I'lv-idrin'-
liud^i l \.
n 21124
\llllll:ili/ril ( U
$1,783
$2,660
$535
$33,977
$38,955
Cross Agency Coordination, Outreach and Education
(previously named Information Exchange / Outreach)
State and Local Prevention and Preparedness
TRI / Right to Know
Tribal - Capacity Building
Executive Management and Operations
Environmental Education
Exchange Network
Small Minority Business Assistance
Small Business Ombudsman
Children and Other Sensitive Populations: Agency
Coordination
Subtotal, Cross Agency Coordination, Outreach and
Education
$14,124
$11,987
$12,619
$53,653
$8,752
$12,165
$2,225
$1,379
$6,526
$123,431
$15,446
$15,052
$14,715
$56,160
$9,500
$14,995
$2,056
$2,250
$6,362
$136,536
$24,106
$14,123
$35,088
$73,269
$8,759
$14,769
$2,018
$2,242
$7,749
$182,123
$8,660
-$929
$20,373
$17,109
-$741
-$226
-$38
$1,387
$45,587
International Programs
US Mexico Border
International Sources of Pollution
Trade and Governance
Subtotal, International Programs
$2,512
$7,214
$7,390
$17,116
$2,993
$7,323
$5,510
$15,826
$5,132
$26,183
$7,201
$38,516
$2,139
$18,860
$1,691
$22,690
IT / Data Management / Security
Information Security
IT / Data Management
Subtotal, IT / Data Management / Security
$8,188
$95,631
$103,819
$9,142
$91,821
$100,963
$23,937
$108,601
$132,538
$14,795
$16,780
$31,575
Legal / Science / Regulatory / Economic Review
Integrated Environmental Strategies
Administrative Law
Alternative Dispute Resolution
Civil Rights Program
Legal Advice: Environmental Program
Legal Advice: Support Program
Regional Science and Technology (proposed to i
moved to Operations and Administration)
$9,702
$5,223
$845
$10,146
$60,207
$15,922
$1,879
$11,297
$5,395
$972
$12,866
$60,061
$18,957
$1,554
$40,197
$6,195
$2,820
$32,227
$86,615
$20,584
$0
$28,900
$800
$1,848
$19,361
$26,554
$1,627
-$1,554
98
-------
Program Project by Program Area
Science Advisory Board
Regulatory/Economic-Management and Analysis
Subtotal, Legal / Science / Regulatory / Economic
Review
n 2112.? I imil
AcIiliK
$4,219
$16,032
$124,175
n 21124
\iiiiii;ili/cil ( U
$4,155
$17,475
$132,732
n 21125
riv-iiinH'-
lillilgrl
$4,671
$19,526
$212,835
n 21125
I'lv-idrin'-
lillilgcl \.
n 21124
\iiiiu:ili/ril ( U
$516
$2,051
$80,103
Underground Storage Tanks (LUST / UST)
LUST / UST
$11,034
$12,021
$14,604
$2,583
Operations and Administration
Central Planning, Budgeting, and Finance
Facilities Infrastructure and Operations
Acquisition Management
Fluman Resources Management
Financial Assistance Grants / IAG Management
Regional Science and Technology (proposed to be
moved from LSRE)
Subtotal, Operations and Administration
$85,840
$275,614
$33,034
$51,882
$28,225
$0
$281,517
$87,099
$283,330
$37,251
$51,261
$30,188
$0
$489,129
$100,595
$308,134
$42,085
$68,124
$34,745
$7,287
$560,970
$13,496
$24,804
$4,834
$16,863
$4,557
$7,287
$71,841
Pesticides Licensing
Science Policy and Biotechnology
Pesticides: Protect Fluman Flealth from Pesticide
Risk
Pesticides: Protect the Environment from Pesticide
Risk
Pesticides: Realize the Value of Pesticide
Availability
Subtotal, Pesticides Licensing
$1,628
$59,740
$45,217
$5,774
$112,359
$1,811
$62,125
$48,704
$7,637
$120,277
$1,642
$66,281
$75,963
$8,316
$152,202
-$169
$4,156
$27,259
$679
$31,925
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
RCRA: Corrective Action
RCRA: Waste Management
RCRA: Waste Minimization & Recycling
Subtotal, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
(RCRA)
$37,176
$70,129
$9,375
$116,681
$40,512
$75,958
$10,252
$126,722
$42,105
$91,500
$15,799
$149,404
$1,593
$15,542
$5,547
$22,682
Research: Chemical Safety for Sustainabillty
Research: Chemical Safety for Sustainability
$153
$0
$0
$0
Toxics Risk Review and Prevention
Endocrine F)isruptors
Pollution Prevention Program
Toxic Substances: Chemical Risk Review and
Reduction
Toxic Substances: Lead Risk Reduction Program
$6,010
$12,568
$91,214
$11,777
$7,614
$12,987
$82,822
$14,359
$7,701
$29,193
$131,900
$14,597
$87
$16,206
$49,078
$238
99
-------
Program Project by Program Area
Subtotal, Toxics Risk Review and Prevention
Protecting Estuaries and Wetlands
National Estuary Program / Coastal Waterways
Wetlands
Subtotal, Protecting Estuaries and Wetlands
Ensure Safe Water
Beach / Fish Programs
Drinking Water Programs
Subtotal, Ensure Safe Water
Ensure Clean Water
Preparation for Water Emergencies
Marine Pollution
Surface Water Protection
Subtotal, Ensure Clean Water
Congressional Priorities (previously named Clean and
Safe Water Technical Assistance Grants)
Congressional Priorities
Total, Environmental Programs & Management
Audits, Evaluations, and Investigations
Audits, Evaluations, and Investigations
Total, Inspector General
Homeland Security
Homeland Security: Protection of EPA Personnel
and Infrastructure
n 2112.? I imil
AcIiliK
$121,568
$38,790
$19,656
$58,446
$1,673
$109,958
$111,631
$0
$8,081
$213,320
$221,402
IA 21124
\miiijli/cd ( U
$117,782
$40,000
$21,754
$61,754
$2,246
$121,607
$123,853
$0
$10,187
$224,492
$234,679
$25,700 $30,700
$3,077,455 $3,286,330
Inspector General
$41,521 $44,030
$41,521 $44,030
Building and Facilities
$3,944 $6,676
Operations and Administration
Facilities Infrastructure and Operations
Total, Building and Facilities
Audits, Evaluations, and Investigations
Audits, Evaluations, and Investigations
$17,502 $42,076
$21,446 $48,752
Hazardous Substance Superfund
n 2025
I'lr-idriH'-
liudgcl
$183,391
$32,611
$26,995
$59,606
$2,391
$143,886
$146,277
$30,000
$12,724
$270,573
$313,297
$0
$65,257
$65,257
$6,676
$98,893
$105,569
n 2025
I'lr-idriH'-
liinlgcl \.
n 2024
\miiijli/cd ( U
$65,609
-$7,389
$5,241
-$2,148
$145
$22,279
$22,424
$30,000
$2,537
$46,081
$78,618
-$30,700
$4,406,988 $1,120,658
$21,227
$21,227
$0
$56,817
$56,817
$13,244
$11,800
$13,979
$2,179
100
-------
Program Project by Program Area
n 21125
n 2112.; I in;il n 2H24 I'lv-idi-m'-
AcIiliK \iniii:ili/ril ( U liudgrl
Compliance
Compliance Monitoring $1,377 $1,017 $1,036
Environmental Justice
Environmental Justice
Enforcement
Criminal Enforcement
Forensics Support
Superfiind: Enforcement
Superfiind: Federal Facilities Enforcement
Subtotal, Enforcement
Homeland Security
Flomeland Security: Preparedness, Response, and
Recovery
Flomeland Security: Protection of EPA Personnel
and Infrastructure
Subtotal, Homeland Security
Indoor Air and Radiation
Radiation: Protection
$890 $5,876 $5,901
$6,766 $7,999 $8,876
$1,597 $1,240 $1,720
$173,076 $171,347 $0
$7,725 $8,192 $10,481
$189,163 $188,778 $21,077
$36,249 $34,661 $57,358
$1,167 $1,029 $1,530
$37,415 $35,690 $58,888
$2,081 $2,472 $3,144
Information Exchange / Outreach
Exchange Network
IT / Data Management / Security
Information Security
IT / Data Management
Subtotal, IT / Data Management / Security
Legal / Science / Regulatory / Economic Review
Alternative E)ispute Resolution
Legal Advice: Environmental Program
Subtotal, Legal / Science / Regulatory / Economic
Review
Operations and Administration
Central Planning, Budgeting, and Finance
Facilities Infrastructure and Operations
Acquisition Management
Human Resources Management
Financial Assistance Grants / IAG Management
$1,018 $1,328 $1,328
$1,494 $1,062 $6,012
$22,040 $19,764 $19,645
$23,535 $20,826 $25,657
$758 $791 $1,841
$844 $599 $482
$1,602 $1,390 $2,323
$32,914 $31,338 $30,512
$74,115 $65,634 $72,349
$22,835 $27,247 $34,172
$7,382 $7,419 $9,303
$4,855 $4,002 $4,660
n 2025
I'lr-idriH'-
liiidiicl \.
n 2024
\miiijli/cd ( U
$19
$25
$877
$480
-$171,347
$2,289
-$167,701
$22,697
$501
$23,198
$672
$0
$4,950
-$119
$4,831
$1,050
-$117
$933
-$826
$6,715
$6,925
$1,884
$658
101
-------
Program Project by Program Area
Subtotal, Operations and Administration
Research: Chemical Safety for Sustainabillty
Health and Environmental Risk Assessment
Research: Chemical Safety for Sustainability
Subtotal, Research: Chemical Safety for
Sustainabillty
Research: Sustainable Communities
Research: Sustainable and Healthy Communities
Superfund Cleanup
Superfiind: Emergency Response and Removal
Superfund: EPA Emergency Preparedness
Superfund: Federal Facilities
Superfund: Remedial
Subtotal, Superfund Cleanup
Total, Hazardous Substance Superfund
n 2112.? linal
AcIiliK
$142,100
$9,225
$5,476
$14,701
$18,525
$256,354
$7,696
$26,167
$612,890
$903,107
$1,348,759
IA 2024
\iiiiii;ili/cd ( U
$135,640
$4,901
$8,060
$12,961
$16,937
$195,000
$8,056
$26,189
$618,740
$847,985
$1,282,700
Leaking Underground Storage Tanks
n 2025
I'lr-idriH'-
liudgrl
$150,996
$5,040
$8,060
$13,100
$17,517
$0
$8,541
$37,680
$300,000
$346,221
$661,167
IA 2025
I'lr-idriH'-
liiidiicl \.
IA 2024
\iiiiii;ili/cd ( U
$15,356
$139
$0
$139
$580
-$195,000
$485
$11,491
-$318,740
-$501,764
-$621,533
Enforcement
Civil Enforcement
$594
$661
$690
$29
Underground Storage Tanks (LUST / UST)
LUST / UST
LUST Cooperative Agreements
LUST Prevention
Subtotal, Underground Storage Tanks (LUST / UST)
Operations and Administration
Central Planning, Budgeting, and Finance
Facilities Infrastructure and Operations
Acquisition Management
Subtotal, Operations and Administration
$8,426
$59,328
$26,326
$94,081
$373
$803
$173
$1,350
$9,991
$55,040
$25,780
$90,811
$457
$754
$181
$1,392
$14,776
$65,040
$26,669
$106,485
$474
$729
$136
$1,339
$4,785
$10,000
$889
$15,674
$17
-$25
-$45
-$53
Research: Sustainable Communities
Research: Sustainable and Healthy Communities
Total, Leaking Underground Storage Tanks
$292 $341 $356 $15
$96,317 $93,205 $108,870 $15,665
Inland Oil Spill Programs
Compliance
102
-------
Program Project by Program Area
Compliance Monitoring
n 2112.? I imil
AcIiliK
-$5
n 21124
\llllll:ili/ril ( U
$649
n 21125
I'lv-iili-m'-
liudgrl
$2,154
n 21125
I'lv-iilrin'-
liud^i l \.
n 21124
\llllll;ili/cil ( U
$1,505
Enforcement
Civil Enforcement
$2,580
$2,565
$2,699
$134
Operations and Administration
Facilities Infrastructure and Operations
$692
$682
$643
-$39
Oil
Oil Spill: Prevention, Preparedness and Response
$17,111
$17,501
$21,624
$4,123
Research: Sustainable Communities
Research: Sustainable and Healthy Communities
$785
$675
Total, Inland Oil Spill Programs
$21,164 $22,072
State and Tribal Assistance Grants
State and Tribal Assistance Grants (STAG)
Infrastructure Assistance: Alaska Native Villages
Brownfields Projects
Infrastructure Assistance: Clean Water SRF
Infrastructure Assistance: Clean Water
Congressionally Directed Spending
Infrastructure Assistance: Drinking Water SRF
Infrastructure Assistance: Drinking Water
Congressionally Directed Spending
Infrastructure Assistance: Mexico Border
Diesel Emissions Reduction Grant Program
Targeted Airshed Grants
San Juan Watershed Monitoring (This program is
proposed for elimination in FY 2024 and FY 2025)
Safe Water for Small & Disadvantaged Communities
Reducing Lead in Drinking Water
Lead Testing in Schools
Drinking Water Infrastructure Resilience and
Sustainability
Technical Assistance for Wastewater Treatment
Works
Sewer Overflow and Stormwater Reuse Grants
Water Infrastructure Workforce Investment
Recycling Infrastructure
Wildfire Smoke Preparedness
Technical Assistance and Grants for Emergencies
(SDWA)
$41,810
$87,833
$735,951
$80,622
$504,799
$142,276
$33,698
$7,239
$34,669
$585
$22,887
$32,301
$5,417
$0
$40,617
$48,486
$0
$2,136
$330
$0
$39,686
$100,000
$775,752
$863,109
$516,845
$609,256
$36,386
$100,000
$69,927
$0
$30,158
$25,011
$30,500
$7,000
$27,000
$50,000
$6,000
$6,500
$7,000
$0
$683
$27,803
$41,000
$114,482
$1,239,895
$0
$1,126,105
$0
$36,386
$100,000
$69,927
$0
$30,173
$64,479
$36,500
$25,000
$18,000
$50,000
$6,000
$10,005
$7,000
$2,000
$5,731
$1,314
$14,482
$464,143
-$863,109
$609,260
-$609,256
$0
$0
$0
$0
$15
$39,468
$6,000
$18,000
-$9,000
$0
$0
$3,505
$0
$2,000
103
-------
Program Project by Program Area
n 21125
n 2112.? 1 imil
AcIiliK
n 21124
\iiiiii;ili/cil ( U
n 21125
I'lv-iili-m'-
lilltlllrl
I'lv-iilrin'-
lilllllll'l \.
n 2024
\iiiiii;ili/cil ( U
Midsize and Large Drinking Water System
Infrastructure Resilience and Sustainability
$0
$5,000
$5,000
$0
Indian Reservation Drinking Water Program
$0
$4,000
$5,000
$1,000
Clean Water Infrastructure Resiliency and
Sustainability Program
$0
$0
$25,000
$25,000
Small and Medium Publicly Owned Treatment
Works Circuit Rider Program
$0
$0
$5,000
$5,000
Grants for Low and Moderate Income Household
Decentralized Wastewater Systems
$0
$0
$5,000
$5,000
Connection to Publicly Owned Treatment Works
$0
$0
$3,000
$3,000
Storm water Infrastructure Technology
$0
$3,000
$5,000
$2,000
Alternative Water Sources Grants Pilot Program
$0
$0
$3,000
$3,000
Enhanced Aquifer Use and Recharge
$0
$4,000
$5,000
$1,000
Water Sector Cybersecurity
$0
$0
$25,000
$25,000
Subtotal, State and Tribal Assistance Grants (STAG)
$1,821,656
$3,316,130
$3,062,952
-$253,178
Categorical Grants
Categorical Grant: Nonpoint Source (Sec. 319)
$176,686
$182,000
$188,999
$6,999
Categorical Grant: Public Water System Supervision
(PWSS)
$123,137
$121,500
$132,566
$11,066
Categorical Grant: State and Local Air Quality
Management
$246,130
$249,038
$400,198
$151,160
Categorical Grant: Radon
$8,958
$10,995
$12,487
$1,492
Categorical Grant: Pollution Control (Sec. 106)
Monitoring Grants
$20,842
$18,512
$28,915
$10,403
Categorical Grant: Pollution Control (Sec.
106) (other activities)
$221,431
$218,488
$259,805
$41,317
Subtotal, Categorical Grant: Pollution Control (Sec.
106)
$242,272
$237,000
$288,720
$51,720
Categorical Grant: Wetlands Program Development
$6,122
$14,692
$22,000
$7,308
Categorical Grant: Underground Injection Control
(UIC)
$12,661
$13,164
$11,387
-$1,777
Categorical Grant: Pesticides Program
Implementation
$13,958
$14,027
$14,027
$0
Categorical Grant: Lead
$15,501
$16,326
$24,639
$8,313
Resource Recovery and Hazardous Waste Grants
$105,369
$105,000
$108,247
$3,247
Categorical Grant: Pesticides Enforcement
$24,703
$25,580
$25,580
$0
Categorical Grant: Pollution Prevention
$6,804
$4,973
$5,755
$782
Categorical Grant: Toxics Substances Compliance
$5,005
$5,010
$6,877
$1,867
Categorical Grant: Tribal General Assistance
Program
$82,649
$74,750
$85,009
$10,259
Categorical Grant: Underground Storage Tanks
$1,503
$1,505
$1,505
$0
Categorical Grant: Tribal Air Quality Management
$16,620
104
$16,415
$23,126
$6,711
-------
Program Project by Program Area
n 2112.? 1 imil
AiIimK
n 21124
\miiijli/cd ( U
n 2025
I'lr-idriH'-
liiidurl
n 2025
I'lr-idriH'-
liiidiicl \.
n 2024
\miiijli/cd ( U
Categorical Grants: Direct Implementation Tribal
Cooperative Agreements
$0
$0
$25,000
$25,000
Categorical Grant: Multipurpose Grants
$195
$0
$10,200
$10,200
Categorical Grant: Environmental Information
$7,400
$10,836
$15,000
$4,164
Categorical Grant: Beaches Protection
$9,583
$10,619
$9,811
-$808
Categorical Grant: Brownfields
$44,730
$47,195
$53,954
$6,759
Subtotal, Categorical Grants
$1,149,986
$1,160,625
$1,465,087
$304,462
Congressional Priorities (previously named Clean and
Safe Water Technical Assistance Grants)
Congressionally Mandated Projects
$17,309
$16,973
$0
-$16,973
Total, State and Tribal Assistance Grants
$2,988,952
$4,493,728
$4,528,039
34,311
Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Fund
Ensure Clean Water
Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation
$322,118
$75,640
$80,000
$4,360
Total, Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation
Fund
$322,118
$75,640
$80,000
$4,360
Subtotal, EPA
$8,752,759
$10,148,733
$10,993,653
$844,920
Cancellation of Funds
$0
-$13,300
$0
$13,300
TOTAL, EPA
$8,752,759
$10,135,433
$10,993,653
$858,220
*For ease of comparison, Superfund transfer resources for the audit and research functions are shown in the Superfund account.
**In addition to annual appropriated resources, the Superfund tax revenues the Agency expects to receive in FY 2024 and FY 2025 are not
reflected here. These additional government revenues will support continued Superfund cleanup and enforcement.
***Note that the Flazardous Waste Electronic Manifest Program is funded from fee collections.
****The FY 2023 annual appropriation for EPA included $13.3 million in rescissions. This value is maintained in the FY 2024 Annualized
CR column for display purposes. The actual rescission taken under the partial year FY 2024 CR at the time of publication was $1.5 million
based on available balances.
105
-------
106
-------
Agency Resources by Appropriation
Summary of Agency Resources by Appropriation
(Dollars in Thousands)
Appropriiilion
FY 2023
Actuals
IY 2024
Annu;ili/ed
Continuing
Resolution
IY 2025
President's
liud<>el
Del t:i
FY 2025 IMJ
- FY 2024 ACR
Science & Tcchnoliuj) (S&T)
Environmental Program & Management (EPM)
Inspector General (IG)
Building and Facilities (B&F)
Inland Oil Spill programs (Oil)
Hazardous Substance Superfund (SF) Total
-Superfund Program
-Inspector General Transfer
-Science & Technology Transfer
sx;o,t>:x
$3,077,440
$41,521
$21,446
$21,164
$1,348,774
$1,300,324
$13,244
$35,205
sxt>:,:7fi
$3,286,330
$44,030
$48,752
$22,072
$1,282,700
$1,239,293
$11,800
$31,607
S1,()(w.Wiii
$4,406,988
$65,257
$105,569
$27,803
$661,167
$615,068
$13,979
$32,120
S:t>7,fiX4
$1,120,658
$21,227
$56,817
$5,731
-$621,533
-$624,225
$2,179
$513
Leaking Underground Storage Tanks (LUST)
State and Tribal Assistance Grants (STAG)
Total
$96,317
$2,988,952
$93,205
$4,493,728
$108,870
$4,528,039
$15,665
$34,311
-Categorical Grants
-All other STAG
$1,149,986
$1,838,966
$1,160,625
$3,333,103
$1,465,087
$3,062,952
$304,462
-$270,151
Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation
Fund (WIFIA)
Cancellations
$322,118
$0
$75,640
-$13,300*
$80,000
$0
$4,360
$13,30(1
A»encv Tol:il
$8,752,759
SUM 35.433
SIO.W3.653
SS5S.220
*The FY 2023 annual appropriation for EPA included $13.3 million in rescissions. This value is maintained in the FY 2024
Annualized CR column for display purposes. The actual rescission taken under the partial year FY 2024 CR at the time of
publication was $1.5 million based on available balances.
107
-------
108
-------
Categorical Program Grants
Categorical Program Grants
By National Program and Media
(Dollars in Thousands)
NPM / Grant
FY 2023
Actuals
FY 2024
Annualized
Continuing
Resolution
FY 2025
President's
Budget
Delta
FY 2025 PB
- FY 2024
ACR
% Change
FY 2025 PB -
FY 2024 ACR
Air and Radiation
State and Local Air
Quality Management
Tribal Air Quality
Management
$246,130
$16,620
$249,038
$16,415
$400,198
$23,126
$151,160
$6,711
60.70%
40.88%
Radon
$8,958
$10,995
$12,487
$1,492
13.57%
$271,709
$276,448
$435,811
$159,363
57.65%
Water
Pollution Control (Sec.
106)
$242,272
$237,000
$288,720
$51,720
21.82%
Beaches Protection
$9,583
$10,619
$9,811
-$808
-7.61%
Nonpoint Source (Sec.
319)
$176,686
$182,000
$188,999
$6,999
3.85%
Wetlands Program
Development
$6,122
$14,692
$22,000
$7,308
49.74%
$434,663
$444,311
$509,530
$65,219
14.68%
Drinking Water
Public Water System
Supervision (PWSS)
Underground Injection
Control (UIC)
$123,137
$12,661
$121,500
$13,164
$132,566
$11,387
$11,066
-$1,777
9.11%
-13.50%
$135,798
$134,664
$143,953
$9,289
6.90%
Hazardous Waste
Resource Recovery and
Hazardous Waste Grants
(formerly Hazardous
$105,369
$105,000
$108,247
$3,247
3.09%
Waste Financial
Assistance)
Brownfields
$44,730
$47,195
$53,954
$6,759
14.32%
Underground Storage
Tanks
$1,503
$1,505
$1,505
$0
0.00%
$151,602
$153,700
$163,706
$10,006
6.51%
Pesticides and Toxics
Pesticides Program
Implementation
$13,958
$14,027
$14,027
$0
0.00%
Lead
$15,501
$16,326
$24,639
$8,313
50.92%
Toxics Substances
Compliance
$5,005
$5,010
$6,877
$1,867
37.27%
Pesticides Enforcement
$24,703
$25,580
$25,580
$0
0.00%
$59,167
$60,943
$71,123
$10,180
16.70%
109
-------
Categorical Program Grants
NPM / Grant
FY 2023
Actuals
FY 2024
Annualized
Continuing
Resolution
FY 2025
President's
Budget
Delta
FY 2025 PB
- FY 2024
ACR
% Change
FY 2025 PB -
FY 2024 ACR
Multimedia
Environmental
Information
$7,400
$10,836
$15,000
$4,164
38.43%
Multipurpose Grants
$195
$0
$10,200
$10,200
N/A
Pollution Prevention
$6,804
$4,973
$5,755
$782
15.72%
Tribal General
Assistance Program
Direct Implementation
Tribal Cooperative
Agreements (DITCA)
$82,649
$0
$74,750
$0
$85,009
$25,000
$10,259
$25,000
13.72%
$97,048
$90,559
$140,964
$50,405
55.66%
Total Categorical Grants
SI.I4«>.«>86
SI, 160,625
SI ,465,087
S304.462
26.23%
110
-------
Categorical Grants Overview
Categorical Grants
(Dollars in Millions)
$1,600
$1,400
$1,200
SI.
$800
$600
$400
$200
$0
Categorical Grants
In FY 2025, EPA requests a total of $1,465 billion for categorical program grants for tribal
governments, states, interstate organizations, non-profit organizations, and inter-tribal consortia.
This represents a $304 million, or 26 percent, increase above the FY 2024 ACR level in order to
directly support EPA's partners. As evidenced in the above chart, categorical grant funding at the
EPA has been relatively flat over the last decade, while costs for EPA's partners have increased.
The FY 2025 Budget requests additional categorical grant funding to support our co-implementing
partners to absorb these costs and advance progress across core environmental programs. The
Agency will continue to pursue its strategy of building and supporting tribal, state, and local
capacity to implement, operate, and enforce the Nation's environmental laws. Most environmental
laws were designed with a decentralized nationwide structure to protect public health and the
environment. In this way, environmental goals will ultimately be achieved through the collective
actions, programs, and commitments of tribal, state, and local governments, organizations, and
citizens.
In FY 2025, EPA will continue to offer flexibility to tribal and state governments to manage their
environmental programs as well as provide technical and financial assistance to achieve mutual
environmental goals. First, EPA and its tribal and state partners will continue implementing the
National Environmental Performance Partnership System (NEPPS). NEPPS is designed to provide
states with the flexibility to operate their programs, while continuing to emphasize measuring and
SI,465
$1. «81 $1,066 $1,076 $1,076 S1076 $1,099 $1 099 $1'161 $1'161
1
51>u^ $1,099
nil
LI
%
2016 EN 2017 EN 2018 EN 2019 EN 2020 EN 2021 EN 2022 EN 2023 EN 2024 2025 PB
ACR
Note: EN - Enacted, PB - President's Budget, ACR - Annualized Continuing Resolution
111
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Categorical Grants Overview
reporting of environmental results. Second, Performance Partnership Grants will continue to
provide tribes and states with the funding flexibility to combine categorical program grants to
address environmental priorities and, in some cases, to reduce administrative burden.
HIGHLIGHTS:
State and Local Air Quality Management & Tribal Air Quality Management
The FY 2025 President's Budget requests $423.3 million for grants to support State and Local and
Tribal Air Quality Management programs, an increase of $157.9 million above the FY 2024 ACR
level. Grant funds for State and Local Air Quality Management and Tribal Air Quality
Management are requested in the amounts of $400.2 million and $23.1 million, respectively. These
funds provide resources to multi-state, state, local, and tribal air pollution control agencies for the
development and implementation of programs for the prevention and control of air pollution and
for the implementation of National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) set to protect public
health and the environment.
In FY 2025, EPA will continue to work with state and local air pollution control agencies to
develop and implement State Implementation Plans (SIPs) for NAAQS, monitor industry
compliance with EPA stationary source regulations, develop plans for regional haze, and develop
and operate air quality monitoring networks. EPA also will continue to work with federally
recognized tribal governments, nationwide, to develop and implement tribal air quality
management programs and to build tribal air quality management capacity.
Increased funding requested in both grant programs will help expand the efforts of tribal, state,
and local air pollution control agencies to implement their programs and to accelerate immediate
on-the-ground efforts to reduce and prevent greenhouse gases, such as expanding state- and local-
level deployment of renewable energy sources and energy efficiency programs; ensuring safe and
effective oil and gas well pollution management and prevention to reduce volatile organic
compounds (VOC) and methane emissions in communities across the Nation; supporting state and
local government development of policies and programs to facilitate build-out of electric vehicle
charging station infrastructure; and supporting programs to improve transportation options and
reduce disproportionate exposure to traffic emissions in underserved communities. Through this
funding, EPA will support environmental justice by increasing air quality monitoring in minority,
low-income, and marginalized communities that are and have been overburdened with
disproportionate environmental or public health risks resulting from exposure to pollution.
State Indoor Air Radon Grants
The FY 2025 President's Budget request includes approximately $12.5 million for grants to
support State Indoor Air Radon Grant (SIRG) Programs, an increase of $1.5 million above the FY
2024 ACR level. EPA assists tribes and states, through the SIRG Program, which provides
categorical grants to develop, implement, and enhance programs that assess and mitigate radon
risk. EPA provides guidance to tribes and states to promote and spread effective strategies for
reducing indoor radon public health risks. EPA also works with tribes and states to support
targeting SIRG funding to reduce risks for low-income populations that lack resources to mitigate
radon risk on their own.
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Categorical Grants Overview
Wetlands Grants
In FY 2025, EPA requests $22 million for Wetlands Program Development Grants, which provide
technical and financial assistance to tribes, states, and local governments, an increase of $7.3
million above the FY 2024 ACR level. These grants support development of tribal and state
wetland programs that further the national goal of an overall increase in the acreage and condition
of wetlands. The Wetland Program Development Grants are EPA's primary resource for
supporting tribal and state wetland program development. Wetland grants are used to develop new,
or refine existing, tribal and state wetland programs in one or more of the following areas:
monitoring and assessment, voluntary restoration and protection, regulatory programs including
Section 401 certification and Section 404 assumption, and wetland water quality standards.
Public Water System Supervision Grants
In FY 2025, EPA requests $132.6 million for Public Water System Supervision (PWSS) grants,
an increase of $11.1 million above the FY 2024 ACR level. These grants assist tribes and states to
implement and enforce National Primary Drinking Water Regulations to ensure the safety of the
Nation's drinking water resources and to protect public health. Through this funding, EPA and
tribal, state, and local governments will build on current efforts to identify, prevent, and protect
drinking water from known and emerging contaminants that potentially endanger public health.
All these activities help address health-based violations, water supply shortages, and provide
operational efficiencies that protect the Nation's infrastructure investment.
Beaches Protection
In FY 2025, EPA requests $9.8 million for Beaches Protection grants. The beach grant program
awards grants to eligible tribes, coastal and Great Lakes states, and territories to improve water
quality monitoring at beaches and to notify the public of beach advisories and closings. The beach
grant program is a collaborative effort between EPA, tribes, states, territories, and local
governments to help ensure that coastal and Great Lakes recreational waters are safe for
swimming.
Nonpoint Source (Section 319)
In FY 2025, EPA requests approximately $189 million for Nonpoint Source Program grants to
states, territories, and tribes, an increase of $7 million above the FY 2024 ACR level. These grants
enable states to use a range of tools to implement their programs including both non-regulatory
and regulatory programs, technical assistance, financial assistance, education, training, technology
transfer, and demonstration projects. EPA and USD A will work collaboratively in high priority,
focused watersheds to address agricultural nonpoint source pollution. The goal of this
collaboration is to coordinate Agency efforts, thereby increasing conservation on the ground to
better protect water resources from nonpoint sources of pollution, including nitrogen and
phosphorus.
Pollution Control (Clean Water Act Section 106 Grants)
EPA's FY 2025 Budget requests $288.7 million for Water Pollution Control grants to tribal, state,
and interstate water quality programs, an increase of $51.7 million above the FY 2024 ACR level.
These water quality funds assist tribal and state efforts to restore and maintain the quality of the
Nation's waters through water quality standards, improved water quality monitoring and
assessment, implementation of Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) and other watershed-
113
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Categorical Grants Overview
related plans, and to operate the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit
program. In FY 2025, EPA requests $28.9 million of the Section 106 program funding be provided
to states and tribes that participate in national- and state-level statistical surveys of water resources
and enhancements to state monitoring programs.
Lead Grants
The FY 2025 Budget includes $24.6 million to provide support to authorized tribal and state
programs that administer training and certification programs for lead professionals and renovation
contractors engaged in lead-based paint abatement and renovation, repair, and painting activities,
as well as accreditation of training providers, an increase of $8.3 million above FY 2024 ACR
levels. These grants also will provide assistance, using a targeted approach, to tribes and states
interested in becoming authorized to run the Renovation, Repair, and Painting (RRP) Program.
Further, this assistance supports tribal, state, and local efforts to reduce the disparities in blood
lead levels between low-income children and non-low-income children. It also provides targeted
support to authorized programs focused on reducing exposure to lead-based paint across the
Nation, with an emphasis on better serving EJ communities and other disadvantaged sub-
populations. Activities conducted under the Program by EPA and its partners will be aligned with
the objectives of the Federal Action Plan to Reduce Childhood Lead Exposures and Associated
Health Impacts (Federal Lead Action Plan).
Pollution Prevention
In FY 2025, EPA requests $5.8 million for the Pollution Prevention (P2) grants program, an
increase of $800,000 above the FY 2024 ACR level. The P2 Program is one of the Agency's
primary tools for advancing national environmental stewardship, pollution reduction and
elimination, source reduction, and sustainability goals through targeted and coordinated
partnerships and initiatives with federal, tribal, and state government partners, businesses,
communities, and individuals. These partnerships and initiatives alleviate environmental problems
by achieving: significant reductions in the generation of hazardous releases to air, water, and land;
reductions in the use or inefficient use of hazardous materials in support of chemical safety;
reductions in the generation of greenhouse gases in support of the Administration's climate change
initiatives; and reductions in the use of water through system improvements in support of national
infrastructure. As a result of implementing these preventative approaches, the P2 Program helps
businesses and others reduce costs and access market opportunities while concurrently advancing
the Agency's priorities to take action on climate change, better support EJ communities, and
promote sustainability initiatives that support U.S. Government-wide goals and objectives.
Increased funding will provide additional technical assistance to businesses, particularly small-
and medium-sized firms in underserved communities, to help them: identify, develop, and
implement cost-effective approaches for reducing or eliminating pollution at the source; better
understand conformance with and access to EPA Recommended Standards and Ecolabels, and
have better understanding of and access to EPA's Green Chemistry and Sustainability
Programming.
Underground Storage Tanks (UST) Grants
In FY 2025, EPA requests $1.5 million for the Underground Storage Tanks (UST) grants program,
matching the FY 2024 ACR level. Grants are provided to states, under the Solid Waste Disposal
Act, to improve and enhance UST programs. STAG funds may be used for prevention activities
114
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Categorical Grants Overview
that are not specifically spelled out in the Energy Policy Act of 2005 such as: applying for state
program approval to operate the UST Program in lieu of the federal program, updating UST
regulations, and providing compliance assistance. EPA anticipates that all states with state
program approval will have program renewal by the end of FY 2025. In addition, EPA anticipates
several new states will apply and be approved for SPA for the first time by the end of FY 2025.
Underground Injection Control (UIC) Grants
In FY 2025, EPA requests $11.4 million for the Underground Injection Control (UIC) grants
program. Grants are provided to states that have primary enforcement authority (primacy) to
implement and maintain UIC programs. The funding allows for the implementation of the UIC
program, including for states and tribes to administer UIC permitting programs, provide program
oversight, implementation tools, and public outreach, and ensure that injection wells are safely
operated. In addition, EPA will continue to process primacy applications and permit applications
for Class VI geological sequestration wells.
Multipurpose Grants
In FY 2025, EPA requests $10.2 million for the Multipurpose Grants program. These flexible
grants support tribal nations, states, and territories in the implementation of environmental
programs, which are mandatory statutory duties delegated by EPA under pertinent environmental
laws. Recognizing that environmental challenges vary due to factors such as geography,
population density, and economic activities, this program provides EPA's partners with flexibility
to target funds to their highest priority efforts to protect human health and the environment.
Direct Implementation Tribal Cooperative Agreements (DITCAs)
In FY 2025, EPA requests $25 million to establish a new program to develop Direct
Implementation Tribal Cooperative Agreements (DITCAs), with $13 million of this funding
dedicated to making tribes more resilient to climate impacts. This unique funding authority allows
EPA to fund tribes to carry out agreed upon federal implementation activities to assist EPA with
implementation of federal environmental programs in Indian Country. It is the only EPA funding
authority that allows EPA to fund tribes to perform EPA direct implementation activities. DITCAs
provide a valuable tool for EPA to directly implement programs while simultaneously allowing
the tribe to participate and gain valuable experience in the program as it is being implemented in
their areas of Indian Country to advance environmental and human health protection. Once
established, it is expected to at least double the number of tribes receiving EPA assistance for EPA
direct implementation activities while providing needed multi-media environmental protections.
Tribal General Assistance Program Grants
In FY 2025, EPA requests $85 million in Tribal General Assistance Program (GAP) grants to
provide tribes with a foundation to build their capacity to address environmental issues on Indian
lands, an increase of approximately $10.3 million above the FY 2024 ACR level. This increase
will assist EPA's partnership and collaboration with tribes to address environmental program
responsibilities and challenges. Resources will support activities to help tribes transition from
capacity development to program implementation and support the development of EPA-Tribal
Environmental Plans to identify EPA and tribal responsibilities for ensuring environmental and
public health responsibilities in tribal communities. These grants will assist tribal governments in
building environmental capacity to assess environmental conditions, utilize available federal and
115
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Categorical Grants Overview
other information, and build and administer environmental programs tailored to their unique needs.
Pesticide Enforcement and Toxics Substances Compliance Grants
The FY 2025 Budget includes $32.5 million to build environmental partnerships with tribes and
states that strengthen their ability to address environmental and public health threats from
pesticides and toxic substances. This includes an increase of $1.9 million in Toxic Substances
Compliance above the FY 2024 ACR. The compliance monitoring and enforcement state grants
request consists of $25.6 million for Pesticides Enforcement and $6.9 million for Toxic Substances
Compliance grants and provides additional funding to states, tribes, and territories to prevent or
reduce risks from exposure to toxic substances such as lead-based paint, asbestos, and PCBs. Tribal
and state compliance and enforcement grants will be awarded to assist in the implementation of
compliance and enforcement provisions of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) and the
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA).
The Toxic Substances Compliance Monitoring grant program creates environmental partnerships
with states and tribes to strengthen their ability to address environmental and public health threats
from toxic substances. More specifically, the Program funds activities that protect the public and
the environment from hazards associated with exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs),
asbestos, and lead-based paint. These grants will support the increase of newly authorized state
programs, ensure current authorized states are fully funded to continue work, as well as help
address EJ concerns in overburdened and vulnerable communities. Activities conducted under the
Program by EPA and its partners associated with lead-based paint exposure protection will be
aligned with the objectives of the Federal Action Plan to Reduce Childhood Lead Exposures and
Associated Health Impacts (Federal Lead Action Plan).
Under the Pesticides Enforcement grant program, EPA provides resources to states and tribes to
conduct FIFRA compliance inspections, take appropriate enforcement actions, and implement
programs for farm worker protection. The Program also sponsors training for tribal and state
inspectors, through the Pesticide Inspector Residential Program, and for tribal and state managers
through the Pesticide Regulatory Education Program. These grants will help tribes and states
rebuild programmatic capabilities between EPA and its partners, provide vital laboratory capacity,
and protect the environment from harmful chemicals and pesticides.
Pesticides Program Implementation Grants
The FY 2025 Budget includes $14 million for Pesticides Program Implementation grants,
matching the FY 2024 ACR level. These resources translate pesticide regulatory decisions made
at the national level into results at the local level and help tribal, state, and other pesticide programs
stay current with changing requirements, science, and technology, while incorporating EJ
principles into their programs. These grants will assist tribes, states, and other partners, including
universities, non-profit organizations, other federal agencies, pesticide users, environmental
groups, and other entities to assist in strengthening and implementing EPA pesticide programs,
focusing on issues such as worker safety activities, including worker protection and certification
and training of pesticide applicators, protection of endangered species, protection of water
resources from pesticides, protection of pollinators, and promotion of environmental stewardship
and Integrated Pest Management related activities. Resources will be used to support state efforts
to focus on: worker safety activities, vulnerable and limited English-speaking communities, and
116
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Categorical Grants Overview
grant assistance to tribes and territories. Through this assistance, EPA and its partners better protect
human health and the environment from pesticide risk while helping stakeholders realize the value
of pesticide availability by considering the economic, social, and environmental costs and benefits
of the use of pesticides.
Environmental Information Grants
In FY 2025, EPA requests $ 15 million for the Environmental Information Exchange Network (EN)
grant program, an increase of $4.2 million above the FY 2024 ACR level. The EN grants provide
funding to federally recognized tribes, states, territories, and tribal consortia to support their
participation in the EN. These grants help EN partners acquire and develop the hardware and
software needed to connect to the EN; use the EN to collect, report, access, and analyze the data
they need with greater efficiency; and integrate environmental data across programs. In
collaboration with EPA, the tribes and states accept the EN as the standard approach for EPA and
state data sharing. The grant program provides the funding to make this approach a reality.
Specifically, grants will be used to develop publishing services, develop desktop and mobile
applications that can send and receive data via the network, expand the network to new priority
data systems, transition network services to an EPA-hosted cloud-based node, increase data
sharing among partners, bring electronic reporting into compliance with the Cross-Media
Electronic Reporting Rule using EPA hosted shared services, as well as other priorities.
In FY 2025, the Exchange Network Grant Program will prioritize increasing the Data and IT
management capacity of tribal and territorial partners to increase their participation in the network
and support capacity building for tribes and territories with the inclusion of mentoring resources
for first-time tribal and territorial applicants. EPA will provide a minimum of $6.5 million to tribal
and territorial grantees from within the overall EN Grant program. Additionally, EPA will continue
to work agencywide to improve the leveraging of grant resources that sustain tribal data and IT
management activities.
Resource Recovery and Hazardous Waste Grants
In FY 2025, EPA requests $108.2 million for Resource Recovery and Hazardous Waste (formerly
Hazardous Waste Financial Assistance) grants, an increase of $3.2 million above the FY 2024
ACR level. Resource Recovery and Hazardous Waste grants are used for the implementation of
the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) hazardous waste program, which includes
permitting, authorization, waste minimization, enforcement, and corrective action activities.
Brownfields Grants
In FY 2025, EPA requests approximately $54 million for the Brownfields grant program, an
increase of $6.8 million above the FY 2024 ACR level. The Program provides assistance to tribes
and states to establish core capabilities and enhance their tribal and state Brownfields response
programs. These response programs address contaminated brownfields sites that do not require
federal action but need assessment and/or cleanup before they can be ready for reuse. Tribes and
states may use grant funding under this program for a number of areas, including: to develop a
public record, create an inventory of brownfields sites, develop oversight and enforcement
authorities, conduct public education and opportunities for public participation, develop
mechanisms for approval of cleanup plans and certification that cleanup efforts are completed,
purchase environmental insurance, develop tracking and management systems for land use, and
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Categorical Grants Overview
conduct site specific activities such as assessments and cleanups at brownfields sites.
118
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SRF Obligations by State
Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF) Resources
Clean Water State Revolving Fund (CWSRF) Resources
State-by-State Distribution of Actual and Estimated Obligations
Fiscal Years 2023 - 2025 - Dollars in Thousands
The following tables show state-by-state distribution of resources for EPA's two largest State and
Tribal Grant Programs, the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund and the Clean Water State
Revolving Fund.
119
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SRF Obligations by State
Infrastructure Assistance:
Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (SRF)
(Dollars in Thousands)
si \11:<>u ii kkiiom
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Alabama
$8,939
$8,719
$19,255
Alaska
$0
$4,938
$10,905
American Samoa4
$0
$1,424
$4,417
Arizona
$12,446
$8,638
$19,077
Arkansas
$10,543
$5,912
$13,056
California
$54,056
$53,272
$117,648
Colorado
$8,851
$8,650
$19,103
Connecticut
$12,000
$4,938
$10,905
Delaware
$5,037
$4,938
$10,905
District of Columbia
$5,037
$4,938
$10,905
Florida
$18,225
$17,820
$39,353
Georgia
$13,630
$13,389
$29,568
Guam4
$2,000
$2,000
$4,820
Hawaii
$4,938
$4,938
$10,905
Idaho
$5,037
$4,938
$10,905
Illinois
$25,792
$14,985
$33,093
Indiana
$8,627
$8,473
$18,712
Iowa
$276
$7,424
$16,396
Kansas
$5,462
$5,507
$12,162
Kentucky
$17,726
$6,012
$13,276
Louisiana
$2,196
$6,741
$14,887
Maine
$5,274
$4,938
$10,905
Maryland
$10,446
$10,260
$22,658
Massachusetts
$21,992
$10,602
$23,413
Michigan
$13,168
$11,267
$24,882
Minnesota
$7,624
$7,470
$16,496
Mississippi
$456,544
$6,184
$13,657
Missouri
$494
$8,039
$17,754
Montana
$5,038
$4,938
$10,905
Nebraska
$99
$4,938
$10,905
Nevada
$5,229
$5,120
$11,306
New Hampshire
$4,938
$4,938
$10,905
New Jersey
$8,939
$8,766
$19,358
New Mexico
$7,177
$4,938
$10,905
New York
$23,486
$23,065
$50,937
North Carolina
$13,922
$13,607
$30,051
Northern Mariana Islands4
$2,291
$2,183
$3,975
North Dakota
$99
$4,938
$10,905
Ohio
$14,210
$11,151
$24,626
Oklahoma
$0
$7,177
$15,850
Oregon
$1,465
$7,428
$16,404
Pennsylvania
$16,606
$16,290
$35,976
Puerto Rico
$7,008
$4,938
$10,905
Rhode Island
$7,907
$4,938
$10,905
South Carolina
$14,172
$6,172
$13,630
South Dakota
$12,045
$4,938
$10,905
Tennessee
$0
$8,312
$18,357
Texas
$52,715
$39,369
$86,943
Utah
$99
$4,938
$10,905
Vermont
$5,597
$4,938
$10,905
Virgin Islands, U.S.4
$5,151
$1,800
$3,145
Virginia
$9,500
$6,973
$15,399
Washington
$14,291
$11,307
$24,972
West Virginia
$45,023
$4,938
$10,905
Wisconsin
$11,158
$8,455
$18,673
Wyoming
$7,008
$4,938
$10,905
Tribal Resources5
$7,281
$10,332
$22,520
Non-State Resources1,2,7"11
$57,406
3$621,984
$13,105
12TOTAL:
$1,096,220
$1,126,101
6$1,126,105
120
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SRF Obligations by State
Notes:
1 Section 424 P.L. 114-113, which amended the Clean Water Act, provides EPA the authority to retain up to 0.25% of CWSRF
and DWSRF appropriated funds for American Iron and Steel Management and Oversight.
2 These funds are a set-aside of the DWSRF program ($2 million annually) to pay for the cost of monitoring for unregulated
contaminants at systems serving fewer than 10,000 people. EPA uses the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring (UCM)
program to collect data for contaminants suspected to be present in drinking water, but that do not have health-based standards
set under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) and these funds are for the administration, management, and oversight
associated with the American Iron and Steel Requirement. 0.25% is set-aside from the DWSRF for this purpose.
3 Resources for Community Project Funding (CPF) / Congressionally Directed Spending (CDS) (aka earmarks) are included
in this line due to lack of information on the state distribution in the absence of the FY 2024 appropriation.
4 The FY 2023 appropriation and FY 2025 President's Budget allow EPA to reserve up to 1.5% of the funds appropriated less
any amounts reserved for the Indian tribal set-aside for direct grants to American Samoa, Guam, Northern Marianas, and the
Virgin Islands.
5 The FY 2023 appropriation and FY 2025 President's Budget allow EPA to reserve an annual amount equal to 2% of all funds
appropriated (i.e., IIJA and base) or $20 million for DWSRF, whichever is greater, for direct grants to Indian tribes.
6 The FY 2025 President's Budget does not include $609 million in DWSRF funding for Congressionally Directed Spending.
The request amount represents an increase of $609 million to the DWSRF to restore funding for non-Congressionally
Directed Projects.
7 Indian Health Services: This line refers to an Interagency Agreement with the Indian Health Service to provide services to
increase basic water access and sanitation by providing wastewater infrastructure to Indian Tribes.
8 Travel: EPA staff travel to the Pacific Island Territories to support Additional Supplemental Appropriation for Disaster Relief
Act (ASADRA) Drinking Water Infrastructure Program.
9 Personnel Payroll: Payroll to support Additional Supplemental Appropriation for Disaster Relief Act (ASADRA) Drinking
Water Infrastructure Program.
10 Contracts: Contracts included drinking water optimization support from Process Applications INC for Tuscarora Water
System and training by Tera Tech and DWPD IT Systems.
11 Department of Health and Human Services: Interagency Agreement with the Department of Health & Human Services (HHS)
to provide services to increase basic sanitation access by providing wastewater infrastructure.
12 Numbers in this table exclude supplemental appropriations under the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act.
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SRF Obligations by State
Infrastructure Assistance:
Clean Water State Revolving Fund (SRF)
(Dollars in Thousands)
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1.si. Olil |<;.
Alabama
$85
$8,473
$13,553
Alaska
$17,013
$4,535
$7,254
American Samoa4
$71
$4,119
$6,583
Arizona
$6,815
$5,118
$8,187
Arkansas
$7,626
$4,957
$7,929
California
$54,077
$54,191
$86,686
Colorado
$6,061
$6,061
$9,695
Connecticut
$11,962
$9,282
$14,849
Delaware
$3,720
$3,720
$5,950
District of Columbia
$3,720
$3,720
$5,950
Florida
$26,556
$25,576
$40,913
Georgia
$128
$12,811
$20,493
Guam4
$2,980
$2,980
$4,763
Hawaii
$5,892
$5,868
$9,387
Idaho
$94
$3,720
$5,950
Illinois
$40,699
$34,269
$54,818
Indiana
$18,261
$18,261
$29,211
Iowa
$103
$10,255
$16,404
Kansas
$6,839
$6,839
$10,941
Kentucky
$100
$9,644
$15,426
Louisiana
$8,329
$8,329
$13,324
Maine
$16,248
$5,865
$9,383
Maryland
$18,931
$18,326
$29,315
Massachusetts
$28,995
$25,726
$41,152
Michigan
$39,580
$32,580
$52,116
Minnesota
$18,327
$13,927
$22,278
Mississippi
$10,493
$6,827
$10,920
Missouri
$210
$21,005
$33,601
Montana
$3,740
$3,720
$5,950
Nebraska
$39
$3,876
$6,200
Nevada
$3,720
$3,720
$5,950
New Hampshire
$11,433
$7,572
$12,113
New Jersey
$30,963
$30,963
$49,530
New Mexico
$5,718
$3,720
$5,950
New York
$83,628
$83,628
$133,785
North Carolina
$2,242
$13,675
$21,875
North Dakota
$3,777
$3,720
$5,950
Northern Mariana Islands4
$2,414
$1,914
$3,059
Ohio
$68,965
$42,656
$68,234
Oklahoma
$6,122
$6,122
$9,792
Oregon
$10,545
$8,559
$13,692
Pennsylvania
$30,014
$30,014
$48,012
Puerto Rico
$15,092
$9,883
$15,809
Rhode Island
$6,588
$5,088
$8,139
South Carolina
$280
$7,762
$12,417
South Dakota
$9,401
$3,720
$5,950
Tennessee
$110
$11,007
$17,607
Texas
$53,231
$34,632
$55,399
Utah
$40
$3,992
$6,386
Vermont
$5,064
$3,720
$5,950
Virgin Islands, U.S.4
$6,195
$2,390
$3,821
Virginia
$21,907
$15,507
$24,805
Washington
$22,180
$13,177
$21,078
West Virginia
$13,752
$11,812
$18,895
Wisconsin
$20,484
$20,484
$32,768
Wyoming
$5,681
$3,720
$5,950
Tribal Resources5
$8,600
$15,515
$24,798
Non-State Resources1,2,7"10
$10,764
3$865,608
$3,000
"TOTAL:
$816,604
$1,638,860
6$1,239,895
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SRF Obligations by State
Notes:
1 Section 424 P.L. 114-113, which amended the Clean Water Act, provides EPA the authority to retain up to 0.25% of CWSRF
and DWSRF appropriated funds for American Iron and Steel Management and Oversight. CWA 608 authorizes EPA to
reserve up to 0.25% of funds appropriated for AIS oversight.
2 The FY 2023 appropriation and FY 2025 President's Budget allows EPA to reserve up to $1.5 million to conduct the Clean
Watersheds Needs Survey.
3 Resources for Community Project Funding (CPF) / Congressionally Directed Spending (CDS) (aka earmarks) are included
in this line due to lack of information on the state distribution in the absence of the FY 2024 appropriation.
4 The FY 2023 appropriation and FY 2025 President's Budget allow EPA to reserve up to 1.5% of the funds appropriated less
any amounts reserved for the Indian tribal set-aside for direct grants to American Samoa, Guam, Northern Marianas, and the
Virgin Islands.
5 The FY 2023 appropriation and FY 2025 President's Budget allow EPA to reserve an annual amount equal to 2% of all funds
appropriated (i.e., IIJA and base) or $30 million for CWSRF, whichever is greater, for direct grants to Indian tribes.
6 The FY 2025 President's Budget does not include $863 million in CWSRF funding for Congressionally Directed Spending.
The request amount represents an increase of $464 million to the CWSRF to restore funding for non-Congressionally
Directed Projects.
7 Department of Health and Human Services: Interagency Agreement with the Department of Health & Human Services (HHS)
to provide services to increase basic sanitation access by providing wastewater infrastructure.
8 Travel: EPA staff travel to the Pacific Island Territories to support Additional Supplemental Appropriation for Disaster Relief
Act (ASADRA) Drinking Water Infrastructure Program.
9 Personnel Payroll: Payroll to support Additional Supplemental Appropriation for Disaster Relief Act (ASADRA) Drinking
Water Infrastructure Program.
10 Contracts: Contracts included drinking water optimization support from Process Applications INC for Tuscarora Water
System and watershed plan trainings by Tera Tech.
11 Numbers in this table exclude supplemental appropriations under the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act.
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124
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Infrastructure Financing
Infrastructure/STAG Project Financing
Infrastructure and Special Projects Funds
The FY 2025 President's Budget requests a total of $3.1 billion for EPA's Infrastructure programs
in the State and Tribal Assistance Grant (STAG) and Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation
Act (WIFIA) accounts. Example Infrastructure programs include: the State Revolving Funds
(SRFs), WIFIA, Mexico Border, Drinking Water and Wastewater Infrastructure (DWWIA)
programs, Brownfields Projects, etc. In addition, in FY 2025, EPA will continue implementing the
Water Infrastructure Improvements for the Nation Act of 2016 (WIIN) and America's Water
Infrastructure Act of 2018 (AWIA) legislation in order to address water infrastructure challenges
throughout the Nation while promoting resiliency to climate change.
Infrastructure and targeted project funding, under the STAG appropriation, provides financial
assistance to states, municipalities, and tribal governments to fund a variety of drinking water,
wastewater, air, and brownfields environmental projects. These funds help fulfill the federal
government's commitment to help our state, tribal, and local partners comply with federal
environmental requirements to ensure public health and revitalize contaminated properties.
Capitalizing Drinking Water and Clean Water State Revolving Funds
The Drinking Water and Clean Water SRF programs demonstrate a true partnership between
states, localities, and the federal government. These programs provide federal financial assistance,
in the form of capitalization grants, to states to protect the Nation's water resources. These funds
are used for the construction of drinking water and wastewater infrastructure and treatment
facilities. The SRFs are two important elements of the Nation's substantial investment in sewage
treatment and drinking water systems, which provide Americans with significant benefits in the
form of reduced water pollution and safer drinking water.
This federal investment also will support the continued work of the SRFs in ensuring that small
and underserved communities have tools available to help address their pressing water
infrastructure and other water quality needs. Many small systems face significant investment needs
critical for the public health and environmental safety of the towns and cities they serve. EPA will
focus on issues such as: financial planning for future infrastructure investments (applications,
exploring financing options, planning and design); expanding current work with states to identify
additional financing opportunities for small communities; and enhancing collaboration with the
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) on training, technical assistance, and funding
opportunities for small communities. To maintain a focus on communities most in need, states are
required to provide a portion of their capitalization grant as additional subsidization to
disadvantaged communities in their state.
By providing STAG funds to capitalize the SRF programs, EPA enables states to provide low-cost
loans and grants to municipalities for infrastructure construction. All drinking water and
wastewater projects are funded based on state-developed priority lists. Through the SRF set-asides,
grants are available to Indian tribes and United States territories for infrastructure projects. The
resources included in this budget request will enable the Agency, in conjunction with EPA's state,
local, and tribal partners, to achieve important goals related to climate change, equity, and jobs.
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Infrastructure Financing
EPA will continue to provide financial assistance for wastewater and other water projects through
the Clean Water State Revolving Fund (CWSRF). CWSRF projects also include estuary, storm
water, and sewer overflow projects. The dramatic progress made in improving the quality of
wastewater treatment since the 1970s is a national success. In 1972, only 78.2 million people were
served by secondary or advanced wastewater treatment facilities. As of 2012 (from the most recent
Clean Watersheds Needs Survey; updated survey data collection is currently underway), over 99
percent of Publicly Owned Treatment Works, serving 234 million people, use secondary treatment
or better. Water infrastructure projects, supported by the program, contribute to direct ecosystem
improvements by lowering the amount of nutrients and toxic pollutants in all types of surface
waters.
The FY 2025 Budget request includes $1.24 billion in funding for the CWSRF. Total CWSRF
funding provided for projects over the life of the program exceeds $172 billion. This total includes
loan repayments, state match dollars, as well as other funding sources. EPA estimates that for
every federal dollar that has been contributed, over three dollars have been made available to
municipalities to fund infrastructure projects.
The FY 2025 Budget request includes $1,126 billion in funding for the Drinking Water State
Revolving Fund (DWSRF). Total DWSRF assistance, provided over the life of the program,
exceeds $52.9 billion. This total includes loan repayments, state match dollars, as well as other
funding sources. EPA estimates that for every federal dollar that has been contributed,
approximately two dollars have been made available to municipalities to fund infrastructure
projects. The DWSRF helps address the costs of ensuring safe drinking water supplies and assists
small communities in meeting their responsibilities.
Tribal communities are often in need of assistance given aging or inadequate sanitation and
drinking water infrastructure, which can cause significant public health concerns. To help address
this situation, EPA is requesting a tribal funding floor of two percent, or $30 million for the
CWSRF and $20 million for the DWSRF, whichever is greater, of the funds appropriated in FY
2025.
For FY 2025, EPA requests 10 percent of the CWSRF funds and 14 percent of the DWSRF funds
be made available to each state to be used to provide additional subsidy to eligible recipients in
the form of forgiveness of principle, negative interest loans, or grants (or a combination of these).
Under the DWSRF, EPA requests to allow states to exceed 14 percent if there is an emergency
declared for lead. For FY 2025, EPA will encourage states to utilize the subsidy to assist small
drinking water and wastewater systems with standards compliance.
For FY 2025, EPA also is continuing to request a $12 million set-aside, from the DWSRF, in order
to implement the expansion of the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR) program.
The 1996 Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) established the current UCMR program including
statutory provisions that require EPA to coordinate and pay the monitoring costs for a
representative selection of small water systems that serve fewer than 10,000 individuals. Section
2021 of the AWIA requires that, subject to availability of appropriations and adequate laboratory
capacity, all Public Water Systems (PWSs) serving 3,300 to 10,000 persons to monitor under
future UCMR cycles and ensure that a nationally representative sample of PWSs, serving fewer
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Infrastructure Financing
than 3,300 persons, monitor under future UCMR cycles. Traditionally, under this emerging
contaminant monitoring program, EPA would require sampling at 800 small water systems that
would be selected to represent the over 60,000 small water systems throughout the country. Based
on the AWIA revisions to the SDWA, EPA is now preparing to significantly expand the small
water system monitoring program. Starting with UCMR-5 (FY 2022 - FY 2026), the total number
of small systems monitored is expected to increase by 7.5 times, from 800 to approximately
6,000. This will include approximately 5,200 public water systems that serve between 3,300 and
10,000 individuals and a representative selection of 800 systems serving fewer than 3,300
individuals.
The FY 2025 President's Budget supports the authority of the existing small set-aside for the
American Iron and Steel (AIS) requirement from the CWSRF to fund future Clean Watershed
Needs Surveys (CWNS). The CWNS is a comprehensive assessment of the capital needs to meet
the water quality goals in response to Sections 205(a) and 516 of the Clean Water Act (CWA).
This assessment and documentation of future needs is critical in the effort to manage and fund our
Nation's wastewater infrastructure. A comprehensive CWNS is an important tool for identifying
critical water quality needs in communities across the Nation, including small and disadvantaged
communities, and opportunities to invest in climate resiliency. The current set-aside of up to $1.5
million will allow EPA to continue to fully fund the required Clean Water AIS management and
oversight activities and provide reliable and sufficient resources to conduct the CWNS.
For FY 2025, EPA also is requesting a seven percent set-aside of the total amount of funding
provided for Community Project Funding/Congressionally Directed Items in order to fund the
Agency's administration of the projects. This set-aside would provide a dedicated source of
administrative funding for any enacted community project funding/congressionally directed items
and will ensure timely awards and proper management over each project's multi-year life cycles.
Without dedicated funds, providing timely awards and meeting the workload associated with these
projects will be a major challenge.
Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act Program
In FY 2025, EPA requests to continue to fund the WIFIA program. The FY 2025 request of $80
million will support WIFIA credit assistance to finance drinking water and wastewater
infrastructure projects. The WIFIA program will accelerate investment in our Nation's water and
wastewater infrastructure by providing supplemental credit assistance to credit worthy nationally
and regionally significant water projects. With a request of $80 million in appropriations, including
$72 million in credit subsidy, EPA could potentially provide approximately $8 billion in credit
assistance and, when combined with other funding sources, help to spur over $16 billion in total
infrastructure investment.1
It is expected that entities with complex water and wastewater projects will be attracted to WIFIA
and EPA will work to provide assistance to a diverse set of projects. EPA also will work to assist
small and underserved communities with limited ability to repay loans. Through the Water
Infrastructure and Resiliency Finance Center, EPA will work to promote public/private
collaboration and maintain an ongoing dialogue with the financial community to encourage
investment in the water market as well as innovative financing.
1 This approximation is based on notional calculations. Subsidy cost is determined on a loan-by-loan basis.
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Infrastructure Financing
Water Infrastructure Grant Programs under Multiple Acts
In addition to the State Revolving Funds requested in FY 2025, EPA proposes a total of $334.2
million to implement 18 grant programs authorized in the America's Water Infrastructure Act of
2018 (AWIA), the Water Infrastructure Improvements for the Nation Act of 2016 (WIIN), and the
Drinking Water and Wastewater Infrastructure Act of2021 (DWWIA). DWWIA re-authorizes and
strengthens many existing programs under AWIA and WIIN while creating new programs to
upgrade aging infrastructure. Implementation of these programs will strengthen the federal
government's ability to invest in water infrastructure in communities in every state, so that all
Americans can continue to have access to safe drinking water and our Nation's waterways can
remain clean and free from pollution. Of the amount requested above, $316.2 million is dedicated
to supporting 10 newly authorized and seven re-authorized DWWIA programs. The re-authorized
DWWIA programs include three AWIA programs, three WIIN programs, and Alaska Native
Villages.
In FY 2025, EPA continues to propose funds to implement AWIA grant programs that will assist
in sewer overflow control, stormwater reuse, and water infrastructure workforce investment.
Among the resources proposed above for FY 2025, a combined $99 million is requested to
implement four AWIA programs, all but one re-authorized under DWWIA, including the Drinking
Water Infrastructure Resilience, Sewer Overflow and Stormwater Reuse Grants, Technical
Assistance for Wastewater Treatment Work,2 and Water Infrastructure and Workforce Investment.
Furthermore, to support the President's priority on addressing lead and other contaminants in
drinking water, especially in small and disadvantaged communities, a total of $131.2 million is
requested in three grant programs originally under WIIN and re-authorized under DWWIA,
including the Reducing Lead in Drinking Water, Safe Water for Small and Disadvantaged
Communities, and Lead Testing in Schools programs. Note there are significant overlaps between
AWIA/WIIN and DWWIA funding.
Also included in the DWWIA funding is $41 million for Alaska Native Villages for the
construction of wastewater and drinking water facilities to address sanitation problems unique to
this area of the country. EPA will continue to work with the Department of Health and Human
Services' Indian Health Service, the State of Alaska, the Alaska Native Tribal Health Council, and
local communities to provide needed financial and technical assistance.
Diesel Emissions Reduction Act Grants
The Diesel Emissions Reduction Act (DERA) program authorizes funding to provide immediate,
effective emission reductions from existing diesel engines through engine retrofits, rebuilds, and
replacements; switching to cleaner fuels; idling reduction strategies; and other clean diesel
strategies. DERA promotes strategies to reduce harmful emissions of NOx, PM2.5, HC, CO, and
CO2 and protect public health by working with manufacturers, fleet operators, air quality
professionals, environmental and community organizations, Tribes, and state and local officials.
The FY 2025 President's Budget requests $100 million in DERA funding to accelerate the
reduction of diesel emissions in communities, including targeting its discretionary funding to direct
DERA grants and rebates to reduce diesel emissions in priority areas of highly concentrated diesel
pollution to tackle the climate change crisis, such as ports and areas with environmental justice
concerns.
2 Note: This Program Project is not authorized under DWWIA.
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Infrastructure Financing
Brownfields Projects
The FY 2025 President's Budget requests $114.5 million for Brownfields Projects, with a
particular focus on those in disadvantaged communities. This investment includes $14.5 million
to advance EJ in tandem with climate work. With the FY 2025 request, EPA plans to fund
assessment cooperative agreements, Targeted Brownfields Assessments, supplemental Revolving
Loan Fund cooperative agreements, multipurpose cooperative agreements, and Environmental
Workforce Development & Job Training cooperative agreements, as well as provide technical
assistance to support states, tribes, and communities.
In FY 2025, the funding requested is expected to stimulate economic opportunity and
environmental revitalization in more than 400 historically overburdened communities.3 Using
EPA grant dollars, the brownfields grantees will leverage approximately 12,135 jobs and
approximately $2.3 billion in other funding sources. In FY 2025, EPA will continue to foster
federal, state, local, and public/private partnerships to return properties to productive economic
use in communities.
Mexico Border
The FY 2025 President's Budget requests a total of $36.4 million for water infrastructure projects
along the U.S.-Mexico Border. EPA works collaboratively with federal, state, and local partners
and the Mexican water agency - CONAGUA - through the U.S.-Mexico Border Water
Infrastructure Program to fund planning, design, and construction of high-priority water and
wastewater treatment facilities for underserved communities along the border. Investments in
wastewater and drinking water infrastructure in communities on both sides of the U.S.-Mexico
Border reduce disease and health care costs because exposure to raw sewage and drinking water
contaminants cause acute and chronic illnesses. U.S.-Mexico Border Water Infrastructure projects
stimulate local economies through public health-related economic gains, job creation, and
increased demand for goods and services.
Recycling Infrastructure
The FY 2025 President's Budget requests $10 million for the Solid Waste Infrastructure for
Recycling (SWIFR) grant program to further assist EPA's partners to achieve progress on the
ground in solid waste management infrastructure and post-consumer materials management. This
investment uses the authority provided in the Save our Seas 2.0 Act,4 which was passed by
Congress in December 2020. The SWIFR program will help reduce waste, reduce greenhouse
emissions, increase disadvantaged communities' access to recycling programs and services, and
create jobs.
In FY 2025, EPA will continue to distribute funds to states, territories, tribes, intertribal consortia,
and political subdivisions of states and tribes made available in IIJA and STAG annual
appropriations and continue working with recipients on the implementation of grants.
Additionally, the Agency will provide oversight and monitoring to ensure grant funds are spent
appropriately, announce availability of additional grant funds for eligible entities, and continue
working with other EPA program offices to scope, develop, and offer technical assistance through
3 Please see Brownfields Assessment Proposal Guidelines for evaluation criteria:
(https://www.epa.gov/brownfields/multipiirpose-assessment-rtf-and-cleanup-marc-grant-application-resoiirces').
4 For additional information, please visit: https://www.congress.gOv/l 16/plaws/publ224/PLAW-l 16publ224.pdf.
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Infrastructure Financing
grants funded through the annual appropriation.
130
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Trust Funds
Trust Funds
(Dollars in Millions)
Trust Funds Program
FY 2023
Actual Budget
FY 2024
Annualized
Continuing
Resolution
FY 2025
President's Budget
$
FTE
$
FTE
$
FTE
Superfund1'2
$1,300
2478.5
$1,239
2,572.4
$615
2,610.6
Inspector General
(Transfers)
$13
43.1
$12
42.5
$14
49.0
Research & Development
(Transfers)
$35
63.4
$32
63.1
$32
63.1
Superfund Total
$1,349
2,585
$1,283
2,678.0
$661
2,726.4
LUST
$96
41.5
$93
49.4
$109
54.6
Trust Funds Total
$1,445
2,626.5
$1,376
2,727.4
$770
2,777.3
Totals may not add due to rounding.
1 FTE numbers include all direct and reimbursable Superfimd employees, including FTE which are proposed to be transitioned to
the Superfimd tax receipts in FY 2025. FTE funded from expected tax revenue count against the agency's FTE ceiling.
2 In FY 2024 and FY 2025, the Superfimd tax receipt resources are not included in the totals.
Superfund
In FY 2025, the President's Budget requests a total of $661.2 million in budget authority and
2,726.4 FTE for EPA's Superfund program. This lower amount accounts for the proposal to
transition the Superfund Emergency Response and Removal and the Superfund Enforcement
programs solely to the Superfund tax receipts,12 3 while Superfund Remedial will be partially
transitioned to the tax receipts. The U.S. Treasury forecasts collecting approximately $2.17 billion
in FY 2024 which would be available for use in FY 2025. EPA will utilize resources to carry out
the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) of
1980, as amended.
In FY 2025, EPA will continue to address environmental and public health risks resulting from
releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances associated with any emergency site, as well
1 On November 15, 2021, the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act [(IIJA), P.L. 117-58] reinstated and modified
the excise taxes on certain listed chemicals and imported substances that are used as materials in their manufacture
or production one or more of those listed chemicals ("Superfund chemical taxes"). The Superfund chemical taxes
went into effect July 1, 2022, and expire on December 31, 2031.
2 On August 16, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act [(IRA), P.L. 117-169] reinstated and modified the taxes on oil
and petroleum products. The oil and petroleum taxes went into effect on January 1, 2023.
3 On December 29, 2022, the Consolidated Appropriations Act 2023 (P.L. 117-328) included legislative language
that allows all tax receipts collected in the Superfund Trust Fund from the prior fiscal year to be available to
implement Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) without further
congressional appropriation and designated as emergency funding.
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Trust Funds
as over 1,336 active Superfund National Priorities List (NPL) and non-NPL sites.4 It also provides
funding to pursue responsible parties for cleanup costs, preserving federal dollars for sites where
there are no viable contributing parties. As of September 2023, there were 1,792 sites on or deleted
from the NPL. Of these, 1,242 sites5 have construction completions and 150 partial deletions have
occurred at 113 NPL sites. In FY 2023, EPA made 14 Superfund sites ready for anticipated use,
but retracted 3 sites due to additional investigations (11 net). Reuse and restoration of Superfund
NPL sites directly support President Biden's Executive Order 14008, Tackling the Climate Crisis
at Home and Abroad (January 27, 2021).6 In FY 2025, EPA will continue to prioritize resources
to execute its non-delegable, federal responsibility to remediate sites and protect human health,
welfare, and the environment.
Of the total funding requested for Superfund, $346.2 million and 1,275.6 FTE7 are for Superfund
cleanup programs which include the Superfund Remedial, Emergency Response and Removal,
EPA Emergency Preparedness, and Federal Facilities programs. While the FY 2025 Budget
proposes to partially transition funding the Superfund Remedial and fully transition the Superfund
Emergency Response and Removal programs from annual appropriations to the Superfund tax
receipts, the FTE in these programs remain in the Agency's FTE ceiling and the pace of work is
not expected to be impacted. Other components of the program area, including Superfund EPA
Emergency Preparedness and Superfund Federal Facilities will continue to be funded from annual
appropriations. Based on an analysis of recent fiscal year data, more than 75 percent of Superfund
Remedial and Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA) site-specific funds were obligated to
Superfund NPL sites where there is a potential for environmental justice concerns. The Superfund
program protects the American public and its resources by cleaning up sites which pose an
imminent or long-term risk of exposure and harm to human health and the environment. While
conducting cleanup at NPL and non-NPL sites, Superfund remedial construction projects and
Superfund removals can enhance our national infrastructure while addressing these harmful
exposures.
In FY 2025, the Agency will continue to respond to emergency releases of hazardous substances
through the Superfund Emergency Response and Removal program, stabilizing sites, and
mitigating immediate threats to keep our communities safe and healthy. The Superfund Remedial
program will continue to maintain focus on completing projects at various stages in the response
process and endeavor to maximize the use of site-specific special accounts. Special account funds
may not be used for sites or uses not specified in the settlement agreement, and as a result special
account resources, annually appropriated resources, and Superfund tax receipts are critical to the
Superfund program.
4 Data provided from EPA's Superfund Enterprise Management System (SEMS) and as posted as of September 7,
2023 on: https://www.epa.gov/superfund/superfund-national-priorities-list-npl.
5 Starting in FY 2014, the universe of potential site-wide construction completion sites includes final and deleted
NPL sites as well as sites with Superfund Alternative Approach (SAA) agreements. Since FY 2014, construction
completion has been achieved at nine sites with SAA agreements. Prior to FY 2014, CCL was achieved at nine sites
with SAA agreements. For more information about SAA sites, see: http://www.epa.gov/enforcement/superfund-
alternative-approach.
6 For additional information, please refer to: https://www.whitehonse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-
aetions/2021/01/27/exeentive~order~on~taekling~tfae~etimate~erisis~at~faome~and~abroad/.
7 This includes the Superfund Remedial and Superfund Emergency Response and Removal FTE which are proposed
to be transitioned to the Superfund tax receipts.
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Trust Funds
Of the total funding requested, $21.1 million and 855.1 FTE8 are for Superfund enforcement-
related activities. While the FY 2025 Budget proposes to transition funding the Superfund
Enforcement program from annual appropriations to the Superfund tax receipts, the FTE in this
program remain in the Agency's FTE ceiling. Other components of the program area, including
Criminal Enforcement, Forensics Support, and Superfund Federal Facilities Enforcement will
continue to be funded from annual appropriations. One of the Superfund program's primary goals
is to have responsible parties pay for and conduct cleanups at abandoned or uncontrolled hazardous
waste sites. In FY 2023, the Superfund Enforcement program secured private party commitments
for cleanup and cost recovery and billed for oversight amounts totaling more than $1.2 billion.
CERCLA authorizes the Agency to retain and use funds received pursuant to an agreement with a
potentially responsible party (PRP) to carry out the purpose of that agreement. EPA retains such
funds in special accounts and uses them to finance site-specific CERCLA response actions in
accordance with the settlement agreement, including, but not limited to, investigations,
construction and implementation of the remedy, post-construction activities, and oversight of PRPs
conducting the cleanup. Through the use of special accounts, EPA ensures responsible parties pay
for cleanup so that the annually appropriated resources from the Superfund Trust Fund are
preserved for sites where no viable or liable PRPs have been identified. Through the end of FY
2023, EPA has collected approximately $8.3 billion from PRPs and earned approximately $895.9
million in interest. In addition, for those sites that had no additional work planned or costs to be
incurred by EPA, EPA has transferred over $65.8 million to the Superfund Trust Fund for future
appropriation by Congress. As of the end of FY 2023, approximately $5 billion has been disbursed
to finance site response actions and approximately $596.3 million has been obligated but not yet
disbursed. EPA has plans to spend approximately $981.2 million of currently available special
account funds over the next 5 years, but funds also are planned much further into the future to
continue activities, such as conducting five-year reviews or remedy optimization.
EPA's Homeland Security work is a component of the federal government's prevention,
protection, and response activities. The FY 2025 President's Budget requests approximately $55.9
million, within the Hazardous Substance Superfund Account, to: maintain the Agency's capacity
to respond to incidents that may involve harmful chemical, biological, radiological, and Nuclear
(CBRN) substances; develop and maintain Agency expertise and operational readiness for all
phases of consequence management following a CBRN incident; and conduct CBRN training for
the Agency's responders to improve CBRN preparedness. These resources also support conducting
various research. Some examples of research in this program are research to enhance response
capabilities by developing methods, tools, and information for site characterization,
decontamination, waste management, and clearance for priority chemical, biological, and
radiological threats all while reducing time and cost and ensuring safety. In addition, EPA will
conduct research to generate resources, tools, and training for risk communication outreach,
building relationships, and community engagement to empower under-resourced communities and
populations with environmental justice concerns.
The FY 2025 President's Budget also includes resources to support agencywide resource
management and control functions. This includes essential infrastructure, contract and grant
administration, financial accounting, and other fiscal operations. Appropriated resources support
8 This includes the Superfund Enforcement FTE which are proposed to be transitioned to the Superfund tax receipts.
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Trust Funds
both the activities accomplished with special accounts and those funded with annual
appropriations.
In addition, the Agency provides funds for Superfund program research and for auditing. The
President's Budget requests $32.1 million and 63.1 FTE to be transferred to Research and
Development. Research will enable EPA's Superfund program to accelerate scientifically
defensible and cost-effective decisions for cleanup at complex contaminated Superfund sites and
support the development of decontamination techniques for a wide-area CBRN event. The
Superfund research program is driven by program needs to reduce the cost of cleaning up
Superfund sites, improve the efficiency of characterizing and remediating sites, identify effective
remediation technologies, and reduce the scientific uncertainties for improved decision-making at
Superfund sites. The President's Budget also requests $14 million and 49 FTE to be transferred to
the Inspector General for program auditing.
Leaking Underground Storage Tanks
The FY 2025 President's Budget requests $108.9 million and 54.6 FTE for the Leaking
Underground Storage Tank (LUST) Trust Fund Program. The Agency, working with states and
tribes, addresses public health and environmental threats from releases through detection and
cleanup activities. As required by law (42 U.S.C. 6991c(f)), not less than 80 percent of LUST
funds appropriated to cleanup will be used for reasonable costs incurred under cooperative
agreements with any state to carry out related purposes.
While tank owners and operators are liable for the cost of cleanups at leaking underground storage
tank sites for which they have responsibility, EPA and state regulatory agencies are not always
able to identify responsible parties and sometimes responsible parties are no longer financially
viable or have a limited ability to pay. In those cases, the cost of the site cleanup is distributed
among fuel users through a targeted fuel tax, which is available for appropriation from Congress
to support leak prevention and the cleanup of sites addressed under the LUST Program. For FY
2023, the LUST Trust Fund received more than $205 million in gross tax receipts.
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Eliminated Programs
Eliminated Programs
Eliminated Program Projects1
Water Quality Research and Support Grants (also referred to as Congressional Priorities)
(FY 2025 President's Budget: $0.0, 0.0 FTE)
This program is proposed for elimination in the FY 2025 President's Budget. Work to advance
water quality protection can be accomplished within core statutory programs funded in the Budget
request. This program focuses on water quality and water availability research, the development
and application of water quality criteria, the implementation of watershed management
approaches, and the application of technological options to restore and protect water bodies. For
training and technical assistance aspects of the Program, states have the ability to develop technical
assistance plans for their water systems using Public Water System Supervision funds and set-
asides from the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF). For research and development
components of the Program, EPA was instructed by Congress to award grants on a competitive
basis, independent of the Science to Achieve Results program and give priority to not-for-profit
organizations that: conduct activities that are national in scope; can provide a twenty-five percent
match, including in-kind contributions; and often partner with the Agency. In addition, this
program was directed by Congress to work with the U.S. Department of Agriculture to invest in
agronomic research to better understand PFAS uptake into plants and animals to help reduce PFAS
exposure in our food supply farm viability. It also includes a number of Congressional Directed
Spending grants.
Infrastructure Assistance: Clean Water Congressionally Directed Spending
(FY 2025 President's Budget: $0.0, 0.0 FTE)
This program is proposed for elimination in the FY 2025 Budget. The purpose of this
Congressionally Directed Spending (CDS) is to provide grants to specific communities to work on
specific clean water infrastructure projects. Congress has set aside funding from the State
Revolving Funds (SRFs) to fund these CDS projects, which do not move through the SRFs, and
do not recycle to facilitate future projects. Grants and work provided by this program can be
accomplished with the restoration of funding for non-CDS projects within the Clean Water State
Revolving Fund (CWSRF).
Infrastructure Assistance: Drinking Water Congressionally Directed Spending
(FY 2025 President's Budget: $0.0, 0.0 FTE)
This program is proposed for elimination in the FY 2025 Budget. The purpose of this CDS is to
provide grants to specific communities to work on specific drinking water infrastructure projects.
Congress has set aside funding from the State Revolving Funds (SRFs) to fund these CDS projects,
which do not move through the SRFs, and do not recycle to facilitate future projects. Grants and
work provided by this program can be accomplished with the restoration of funding for non-CDS
projects within the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF).
1 Although not eliminated, funding for Superfund Enforcement, Remedial and Emergency Response and Removal
Programs is proposed to be transitioned from annual appropriations to Superfund Tax receipts in FY 2025. Work
will continue and FTE will be funded through the tax receipts as reimbursable FTE and included in the annual FTE
count.
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Highlights of Major Program Changes
Note that the numbers in text descriptions may be rounded.
Programs with Increases (in Descending Order)
Infrastructure Assistance: Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF)
(FY 2024 ACR: $516.8 M; FY 2025 PB: $1,126 B; Change: +$609.3 M)
EPA's Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF) Program is designed to assist public water
systems in financing the costs of drinking water infrastructure improvements needed to achieve or
maintain compliance with Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) requirements to protect public health
and support state and local efforts to protect and provide safe drinking water. This program
increase restores funding for non-Congressionally Directed Spending projects. The increase in
funding will accelerate infrastructure replacements and investments across the Nation, enhance
climate resilience, advance environmental justice, and create good-paying jobs.
Infrastructure Assistance: Clean Water State Revolving Fund (CWSRF)
(FY 2024 ACR: $775.8 M; FY 2025 PB: $1,239 B; Change: +$464.1 M)
The Clean Water State Revolving Fund (CWSRF) Program capitalizes state revolving loan funds
to finance infrastructure improvements for public wastewater systems and projects to improve
water quality. The CWSRF Program is the largest source of federal funds for states to provide low-
interest loans and other forms of assistance for water quality projects such as construction of
wastewater treatment facilities, water and energy efficiency projects, green infrastructure projects,
and agricultural Best Management Practices. This program increase restores funding for non-
Congressionally Directed Spending projects. This increase in funding will support the
advancement of infrastructure repair and replacement and allow states, municipalities, and other
eligible borrowers to continue to finance high-priority investments that improve water quality and
protect human health.
Environmental Justice (EPM and SF)
(FY 2024 ACR: $108 M/223.6 FTE; FY 2025 PB: $323.6 M/264.6 FTE; Change: +$215.6 M/41
FTE)
This program leads and coordinates the Agency's efforts to address the needs of vulnerable
communities by decreasing environmental burdens, increasing environmental benefits, and
building collaborative partnerships with all stakeholders to build healthy, sustainable communities.
This increase in resources and FTE will significantly expand base activity and agencywide
coordination required across the Environmental Justice (EJ) Program. This increase will also fully
build out the Thriving Community Technical Assistance Centers (TCTACs) to support basic
capacity building of communities and their partners to advance equity and justice in their
communities. Furthermore, additional resources are provided to: support for the three EJ grant
programs and training program; increase support for EJScreen, the Climate and Economic Justice
Screening tool and the EJ Clearinghouse; support for the interagency coordination, including the
National Environmental Justice Advisory Council, the White House Environmental Justice
Advisory Council, and other federal advisory council activities; and other related activities.
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Categorical Grant: State and Local Air Quality Management (STAG)
(FY 2024 ACR: $249 M; FY 2025 PB: $400.2 M; Change: +$151.2 M)
This increase in grant resources is to help expand the capacity of state and local air pollution
control agencies to implement their air quality monitoring and management programs and to
accelerate immediate on-the-ground efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The increase also
is to enhance the resiliency, capacity, and capability of air monitoring systems for National
Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and local-scale monitoring and will support additional
air quality monitoring in disadvantaged communities suffering from disproportionate impact of
traffic emissions.
Federal Support for Air Quality Management (EPM and S&T)
(FY 2024 ACR: $159 M/ 879.3 FTE; FY 2025 PB: $269.4 M/ 1,079.7FTE; Change: +$110.4 MI
200.4 FTE)
The increase in funding of resources and FTE is to support critical work to implement climate and
clean air regulations and programs, including activities such as reviewing and implementing state
plans required under forthcoming greenhouse gas (GHG) standards, priority NAAQS work, taking
timely action to reduce the State Implementation Plans (SIPs) backlog, air monitoring and analysis,
and environmental justice activities. Additional resources are to support actions to integrate
climate adaptation into EPA programs, policies, and processes, efforts to address climate
adaptation science and data needs, and efforts to consult and partner with outside stakeholders.
Drinking Water and Wastewater Infrastructure Act of 2021 (Multiple) (STAG)
(FY 2024 ACR: $231.4 M/ 2 FTE; FY 2025 PB: $334.2 M/ 2 FTE; Change: +$102.8 M)
The Drinking Water and Wastewater Infrastructure Act of 2021 (DWWIA) was enacted to help
address numerous drinking water and wastewater issues across the country. Implementation of the
Act will enhance the federal government's ability to invest in water infrastructure in communities
in every state so that all Americans can continue to have access to safe drinking water and our
Nation's waterways can remain clean and free from pollution. DWWIA strengthens many existing
programs within EPA while creating new programs to upgrade aging infrastructure, invest in new
technologies, and provide assistance to underserved communities. These existing programs were
originally authorized by the America's Water Infrastructure Act (AWIA) and the Water
Infrastructure Improvement for the Nation Act (WIIN) and later modified by the DWWIA. The
FY 2025 Budget proposes $334.2 million, an increase of $102.8 million above the FY 2024
Annualized Continuing Resolution (ACR) level, to support the DWWIA, AWIA, and WIIN
programs. These program level increases are highlighted below, this list only reflects the largest
increases and is not a comprehensive list of all DWWIA, AWWI and WIIN programs (in
descending order):
• Reducing Lead in Drinking Water
(FY 2024 ACR: $25 M/l FTE; FY 2025 PB: $64.5 M/ 1 FTE; Change: +$39.5M)
This program was originally established in the WIIN to reduce the concentration of lead in
drinking water. The increase of resources funds the number of lead reduction projects
across the country, especially in small and disadvantaged communities.
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Clean Water Infrastructure Resiliency and Sustainability
(FY 2024 ACR: $0; FY 2025 PB: $25 M; Change: +$25 M)
This new grant program will provide grants to municipalities and agencies for planning,
designing, or constructing projects that increase the resilience of publicly owned treatment
works (POTWs) to natural hazards or cybersecurity vulnerabilities.
Drinking Water Infrastructure Resiliency and Sustainability
(FY 2024 ACR: $7 M; FY 2025 PB: $25 M; Change: +$18 M)
This program supports water infrastructure in communities, ensuring access to safe
drinking water, and supports the President's priority of assisting eligible entities in the
planning, design, construction, implementation, operation, or maintenance of a program or
project that increases resilience to natural hazards.
Grants for Low and Moderate Income Household Decentralized Wastewater
Systems
(FY 2024 ACR: $0 M; FY 2025 PB: $5 M; Change: +$5 M)
This new grant program will provide grants for the construction, repair, or replacement of
individual household decentralized wastewater treatment systems; or the installation of
larger decentralized wastewater systems designed to provide treatment for two or more
households with low or moderate income.
Small and Medium Publicly Owned Treatment Works
(FY 2024 ACR: $ 0 M; FY 2025 PB: $5 M; Change: +$5 M)
This new grant program will provide grants to qualified nonprofits that assist owners and
operators of small and medium publicly owned treatment works (POTWs). Grants will
prioritize nonprofits that service overburdened or underserved communities.
Connection to Publicly Owned Treatment Works
(FY 2024 ACR: $0 M; FY 2025 PB: $3 M; Change: +$3 M)
This new grant program will provide grants to POTWs or nonprofits that assist individuals
with the costs of connecting their households to a publicly owned treatment work.
Alternative Water Sources Grants Pilot Program
(FY 2024 ACR: $0 M; FY 2025 PB: $3 M; Change: +$3 M)
This new program will provide grants to a water authority in the area of a state that is
experiencing critical water supply needs, and may be used for engineering, design,
construction, and final testing of alternative water source projects to meet critical water
supply needs.
Stormwater Infrastructure Technology
(FY 2024 ACR: $3 M; FY 2025 PB: $5 M; Change: +2 M)
This competitive grant program aims at creating between three and five centers of
excellence for new and emerging stormwater control infrastructure technologies. This
program increase is to fund municipalities and agencies to improve stormwater
infrastructure by investing in new technologies.
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• Technical Assistance and Grants for Emergencies (SDWA)
(FY 2024 ACR: $0 M; FY 2025 PB: $2 M; Change: +$2 M)
This new program will provide grants to states or publicly owned water systems to assist
in responding to and alleviating any emergency situation (including cybersecurity events
and heightened exposure to lead) when the Agency determines that there is a substantial
danger to the public health.
Climate Protection (EPM and S&T)
(FY 2024 ACR: $109.8 MI 216.1 FTE; FY 2025 PB: $187.3 MI 256.7 FTE; Change: +$77.5 M/
40.6 FTE)
The increase in funding and FTE is to help reduce GHG emissions while also addressing
environmental justice. This increase enables EPA to take strong action on CO2 and methane as
well as high-global warming potential climate pollutants, like hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), as
directed under the American Innovation and Manufacturing (AIM) Act. This funding also restores
the capacity of EPA's climate partnership programs and strengthens EPA's capacity to apply its
modeling tools and expertise across a wide range of high priority work areas (including supporting
U.S. participation in the Paris Agreement). Included in this funding is an additional $5 million to
support EPA working with NASA on prototyping capabilities for a GHG monitoring and
information system to make data more accessible to the public and other users. Additionally, the
increase provides an additional $5 million in administrative set-aside to support implementation
of the GHG Reduction Fund under the Inflation Reduction Act.
Federal Vehicle and Fuels Standards and Certifications (S&T)
(FY2024 ACR: $117.3 M/323.5 FTE; FY2025 PB: $185.9 M/370.3 FTE; Change: +$68.5 M/46.8
FTE)
The increase in funding and FTE will support program activities to address the climate crisis,
including implementing the multi-pollutant emissions standards, including for greenhouse gas
emissions (GHG), for light- and medium-duty vehicles and implementing a final rule to establish
new GHG emissions standards for heavy-duty engines and vehicles. A portion of the funding will
support EPA's National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory (NVFEL) to carry out its mission-
critical work of certifying vehicle compliance. The increased resources also are to help address
new technical challenges to support these two sets of long-term rulemakings, which will include
added light-duty vehicle and heavy-duty vehicle testing and modeling capabilities at NVFEL
which include vehicle demonstration projects focused on zero-emission technologies that are
strategically important in meeting future multi-pollutant emissions standards. The program
increase also provides funds to support the Ann Arbor Facility Energy Saving Performance
Contract (ESPC) for the maintenance, repair and replacement of aging test equipment.
Stratospheric Ozone: Domestic Programs (EPM)
(FY 2024 ACR: $7 M/28.2 FTE; FY 2025 PB: $72.3 M/52.2 FTE; Change: +$65.3 M/24 FTE)
This program implements actions to help protect both the climate system and the stratospheric
ozone layer, which shields all life on Earth from harmful solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation. This
increase in resources and FTE supports the implementation of provisions in the AIM Act to phase
down the use of hydrofluorocarbons, to facilitate U.S. entry to the Kigali Amendment to the
Montreal Protocol, and to re-build the Agency's capacity to tackle the climate crisis.
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Compliance Monitoring (EPM, OIL, and SF)
(FY 2024 ACR: $114.4 M/478.9 FTE; FY 2025 PB: $171.7 Ml 544.6 FTE; Change: +$57.3 MI
65.7 FTE)
This program supports both compliance with federal environmental laws and efforts to identify
noncompliance. The increase in resources and FTE is to focus on implementation of the National
Enforcement and Compliance Initiatives (NECIs) including its continued efforts to rebuild EPA's
inspector cadre. Additional funding will be used to build capacity for inspections and case
development, and to restore the National Enforcement Training Institute (NETI). This funding will
enhance EPA's efforts to address pollution in overburdened and vulnerable communities.
Additional resources are to invest in the Compliance Advisor program that provides technical
assistance to an additional 80-100 systems to achieve and maintain compliance; modernization of
Integrated Compliance Information System (ICIS); development of smart tools for field inspectors,
and investigation of polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) releases into the air, land, and water from
large manufacturers, processing facilities, federal facilities, and waste disposal facilities.
Civil Enforcement (EPM, LUST, and OIL)
(FY 2024 ACR: $209.2 M/998.1 FTE; FY 2025 PB: $259.6 Ml 1,096.7 FTE; Change: +$50.5 Ml
98.6 FTE)
The goal of EPA's Civil Enforcement Program is to protect human health and the environment by
ensuring compliance with the Nation's environmental laws and regulations. This increase in
resources and FTE will advance enforcement efforts on the most serious environmental violations
through the NECIs that seek to improve air quality, provide for clean and safe water, and ensure
chemical safety. Additional FTE and resources will support continued efforts to rebuild EPA's
civil enforcement inspector cadre for inspections, case development, training, and travel budget.
The increase is also to expand the Agency's role in water sector emergency response and the work
of the Interagency HFC Task Force to ensure compliance with the AIM Act.
Toxic Substances: Chemical Risk Review and Reduction (EPM)
(FY 2024 ACR: $82.8 Ml 360.8 FTE; FY 2025 PB: $131.9 Ml 534.8 FTE; Change: +$49.1 Ml
174 FTE)
The increase in resources and FTE is to provide critical support for EPA to implement the revised
and expanded Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), which gives EPA substantial new
responsibilities and workload to ensure chemical safety. This increase enables EPA to develop and
review data critical to existing chemical risk evaluation and risk management activities; update
and develop 21st century information technology and data tools to meet increasing demands; and
begin to transform new chemicals review into an efficient and sustainable process to complete
cases in keeping with the statutory requirements. This program change also will support an
agencywide multi-year collaborative research program for new chemicals that are focused on
modernizing the process and incorporating scientific advances in new chemical evaluations under
TSCA.
Homeland Security: Preparedness & Response (S&T and SF)
(FY 2024 ACR: $60 M/124.1 FTE; FY 2025 PB: $98 M/145.3 FTE; Change: +$38 M/21.2 FTE)
The increased resources will support efforts to upgrade the Chemical Incident and Radiological
Reconnaissance on Unmanned Systems (CIRRUS) to more effectively and efficiently support
emergency responses. This effort will assist in improving preparedness for communities with
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environmental justice concerns such as fenceline communities. This increase also supported the
development of bio-surveillance protocols for populations and surface waters as well as support
EPA's Water Emergencies Initiative, and expand EPA's capabilities and conduct research at its
BSL-3 facility in Fort Meade, MD. Additionally, increase funding is to support updating aging
equipment that monitors the Nation's air for radiation; to modernize IT infrastructure for the
Analytical Radiation Data System; and to support enhanced lab and field office facility operations
and maintenance, including replacing the outdated PHILIS equipment. A portion of the funding
will support research efforts to identify and address emerging threats to the water sector.
Reduce Risks from Indoor Air (EPM and S&T)
(FY 2024 ACR: $13.9 M/39.2 FTE; FY 2025 PB: $47.8 M/71.4 FTE; Change: +$33.8 M/32.2
FTE)
This increase in resources and FTE supports efforts to restore EPA's staff expertise, analysis, and
capacity in the indoor air program. Funds also support efforts to address indoor air quality during
wildfires, reduce asthma disparities, promote healthy school facilities in low-income communities
in the U.S., and address the international climate crisis by improving public health through the
adoption of clean cookstoves.
Preparation for Water Emergencies (EPM)
(FY 2024 ACR: $0; FY 2025 PB: $30 M/30 FTE; Change: +$30 M/30 FTE)
These resources and FTE will fund a new program to support the implementation and priorities
outlined in the Drinking Water Emergencies Handbook and to better prepare the federal
government, states, and communities for potential water emergency situations in direct support of
the EPA's mission to protect human health. This new program would expand the Agency's water
emergency response capabilities by providing trained personnel and resources at EPA
Headquarters and in the regions and by establishing a Water Emergency Fund that provides direct
assistance to affected communities which could be in the form of bottled water, filters trained
personnel to operate or manage drinking water and wastewater services, among other tasks.
Pesticides: Protect Environment from Pesticides Risk (EPM and S&T)
(FY 2024 ACR: $51 M/259.6 FTE; FY 2025 PB: $80.2 M/282.1 FTE; Change: +$29.2 M/22.5
FTE)
The increase in funding and FTE is to implement Endangered Species Act (ESA) considerations
into pesticide regulatory decisions and develop regulatory processes, strategies, and approaches
for EPA to come into fuller compliance with ESA. Additional resources are to support investment
in a Biosafety Level 3 Lab at Fort Meade, MD. These funds are needed to replace some aging
critical lab equipment and modernize the lab's capabilities to be responsive to homeland security
& other emerging issues such as pandemics.
Integrated Environmental Strategies (EPM)
(FY 2024 ACR: $11.3 M/55.5 FTE; FY 2025 PB: $40.2 M/79 FTE; Change: +$28.9 M/23.5 FTE)
The increase in resources and FTE will provide funding for the EPA's Climate Adaptation
Program to support increased resilience of EPA's programs and strengthen the adaptive capacity
of states, tribes, territories, local governments, communities, and businesses. Increased funding
also supports additional cross-government rapid response teams assisting energy communities
challenged by mine and power plant closures which includes EPA's interagency work as part of
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the Interagency Working Group on Coal & Power Plant Communities & Economic Revitalization
(IWG). Additionally, increase funding is to support the coordination, streamlining, oversight,
automation, and integration of EJ considerations and climate change within the scope of
environmental permitting decisions on all FAST-41 covered projects across the Agency's
decentralized permitting authorities.
Clean Air Allowance Trading Programs (EPM and S&T)
(FY 2024 ACR: $23.7 M/66.7 FTE; FY 2025 PB: $51 M/86.1 FTE; Change: +$27.1 M/19.4 FTE)
Increased resources are to support for emissions trading programs, including associated data
systems, that protect human health and the environment by delivering substantial emissions
reductions in the power sector of SO2, NOx, and hazardous air pollutants. This expands EPA's
ability to perform advanced power sector analyses to tackle the climate crisis, including developing
environmental justice tools to consider the distributional impacts of emissions on overburdened
communities. Additionally, increased funding supports the modernization of the existing network,
to maintain and provide additional monitoring sites and deployable monitors, including on tribal
lands, and expand site functionality (i.e., measuring additional air pollutants).
Categorical Grants: DI Tribal Cooperative Agreement (STAG)
(FY 2024 ACR: $0; FY 2025 PB: $25 M; Change: +$25 M)
This new program creates dedicated funding under the Direct Implementation Tribal Cooperative
Agreements (DITCAs) authority, which were initially established by Congress. This unique
funding authority allows EPA to fund tribes to perform EPA direct implementation activities; such
activities cannot be funded by grants. This increase establishes funding for a new grant program
dedicated to providing support to federally recognized tribes to assist EPA's direct implementation
efforts in Indian Country, absent a program delegation, authorization, or approval of EPA
authorities to a tribe. Of the amount requested, $13 million will be targeted towards making tribes
more resilient to climate impacts. Once established, it is expected to at least double the number of
tribes receiving EPA assistance for EPA direct implementation activities while providing needed
multi-media environmental protections.
Water Sector Cybersecurity (STAG)
(FY 2024 ACR: $0; FY 2025 PB: $25 M; Change: +$25 M)
Cybersecurity represents a substantial concern for the water sector, given the prevalence of state-
sponsored and other malevolent attacks on the sector as well as the sector's inherent vulnerability
and limited technical capacity to address cyber issues. The Nation's drinking water and wastewater
systems possess limited or no technical capacity to address cybersecurity risks. This program
increase will support a new competitive grant program to advance cybersecurity infrastructure
capacity and protections within the water sector.
Homeland Security: Critical Infrastructure Protection (EPM and S&T)
(FY2024 ACR: $11.8 M/26.6 FTE; FY 2025 PB: $35.4 M/57.6 FTE; Change: +$23.6 M/31 FTE)
Under the federal homeland security system, EPA is the Sector Risk Management Agency
responsible for implementing statutory and Presidential directives relating to homeland security
for the water sector. Through close partnership with the water sector, state emergency response
and water program officials, and other federal agencies, most notably the Department of Homeland
Security (DHS), this program provides essential resources to coordinate and support the protection
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of the Nation's critical water infrastructure from terrorist threats and all-hazard events. This
increase in resources and FTE will implement actions to mitigate risks of cyberattacks in the water
sector and enhance cyber incident preparation, response, recovery, information sharing, and
intelligence for water utilities to protect infrastructure.
Tribal - Capacity Building (EPM)
(FY 2024 ACR: $14.7 M/78.6 FTE; FY 2025 PB: $35.1 M/166.9 FTE; Change: +$20.4 M/88.3
FTE)
This Program works to enhance the consideration and integration of tribal treaty rights and
reserved rights into EPA decision-making and regulatory development. It also strives to fully
consider ways in which program funding can best be used to address climate change concerns to
build climate resiliency for federally recognized tribes. This increase in resources will allow the
Agency to work effectively with tribal governments and communities, administer tribal grants and
critical technical assistance, and fulfill the federal trust responsibilities that align with the
environmental statutes. Support will be provided to priority commitments made in EPA and Tribal
Climate Adaptation Implementation Plans and allow additional incorporation of Indigenous
Knowledge into climate change efforts. Additionally, it provides initial FTE and associated
resources to stand-up a national direct implementation program specifically to work with tribes,
tribal members, and others residing in Indian Country in carrying out EPA responsibilities for
environmental and human health programs under EPA statutes in Indian Country.
Information Security (EPM and SF)
(FY 2024 ACR: $10.2 M/14.1 FTE; FY 2025 PB: $29.9 M/17.1 FTE; Change: +$19.8 M/3 FTE)
The Information Security Program's mission is to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and
availability of EPA's information assets. The information protection strategy includes, but is not
limited to, risk management, oversight, and training, network management and protection, and
incident management. This increase supports enhancements to protect the Agency's information
technology infrastructure portfolio and advance the implementation of EO 14028: Improving the
Nation's Cybersecurity. This investment will increase EPA's information technology resiliency
and limit vulnerabilities in the event of a malicious attack.
Civil Rights Program (EPM)
(FY 2024 ACR: $12.9 M/66.4 FTE; FY 2025 PB: $32.2 MI 145.6 FTE; Change: +$19.4 M/79.2
FTE)
This program change increases staffing and capacity to enforce the Nation's external civil rights
laws and to work toward the goal of achieving measurable environmental, public health, and
quality of life improvements in the most overburdened, vulnerable, and underserved communities;
supports activities including investigations into claims of discrimination by underserved
communities and pre-award and post-award compliance activities.
International Sources of Pollution (EPM)
(FY 2024 ACR: $7.3 M/33.4 FTE; FY 2025 PB: $26.2 M/50.9 FTE; Change: +$18.9 M/17.5 FTE)
This increase in FTE and resources will support efforts for climate change work, including
greenhouse gas guidance, pilot programs, and indigenous engagements on climate change. This
increase will also enhance capacity building governance programs for priority countries with
increasing GHG footprints to increase their capacity to implement partnerships as well as support
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legislative, regulatory, and legal enforcement efforts.
Federal Stationary Source Regulations (EPM)
(FY 2024 ACR: $30.3 M/124.5 FTE; FY 2025 PB: $47.9 M/165.3 FTE; Change: +$17.5 M/40.8
FTE)
This increase will support the regulation of stationary sources of air pollution through developing
and implementing emissions standards, regulations, and guidelines. This includes resources to
implement rules to limit GHG emissions from new and existing sources in the power sector and
new and existing facilities in the oil and gas sector and to meet statutory and court-ordered legal
deadlines. This increase also is necessary to meet statutory deadlines for Risk and Technology
Reviews of Maximum Achievable Control Technology standards. It also includes resources to
support implementation of the Foundations for Evidence-Based Policymaking Act of 2018.
Pollution Prevention Program (EPM)
(FY 2024 ACR: $13 M/51.2 FTE; FY 2025 PB: $29.2 M/69.2 FTE; Change: +$16.2 M/18 FTE)
This increase supports small businesses with transitioning to TSCA compliant practices and with
mitigation of economic impacts, supports analyses, tool development, training, outreach, and
partnerships to provide the information and tools needed to bring awareness to industries of P2
approaches and benefits and to enable their widespread implementation to prevent or reduce
pollution, and supports the implementation of the EPA Climate Adaptation Action Plan.
Categorical Grant: Multipurpose Grants (STAG)
(FY 2024 ACR: $0 M; FY 2025 PB: $10.2 M; Change: +$10.2 M)
Recognizing that environmental challenges differ across tribes, states, and territories, including
climate change factors and environmental justice considerations, this program provides EPA's
partners with flexibility to target funds to their highest priority efforts to protect human health and
the environment. This program increase provides EPA's states, tribes, and territories with
additional resources to target funds to their highest priorities and to address key environmental
challenges in their communities.
Stratospheric Ozone: Multilateral Fund (EPM)
(FY 2024 ACR: $9.2 M; FY 2025 PB: $18 M; Change: +$8.8 M)
The Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol (Multilateral Fund) was
created by the Parties to the Montreal Protocol to provide funds to enable developing countries to
comply with their Montreal Protocol obligations to phase out ozone-depleting substances (ODS)
and phase down HFCs. The U.S. contribution to the Multilateral Fund is split between EPA and
the Department of State. This increase will help fund additional activities at EPA associated with
the adoption of the Kigali Amendment and developing country phase down of HFCs while
continuing to support ODS phaseout activities.
State and Local Prevention and Preparedness (EPM)
(FY 2024 ACR: $15.5 M/67.1 FTE; FY 2025 PB: $24.2 M/93.1 FTE; Change: +$8.7 M/26 FTE)
This program establishes a structure for federal, tribal, state, and local partners to work together
with industry to protect emergency responders, local communities, facility workers, the
environment, and property from chemical accident risks through accident prevention and
emergency response programs, community and facility engagement, and improved safety systems.
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Highlights of Major Program Changes
This increase in resources and FTE supports a multi-pronged approach to protect fenceline
communities at risk from nearby chemical facilities, including providing increased outreach and
inspections at regulated facilities to ensure facilities have measures in place to prevent chemical
accidents.
Categorical Grant: Lead (STAG)
(FY 2024 ACR: $16.3 M; FY 2025 PB: $24.6 M; Change: +$8.3 M)
This program provides funding to authorized tribal and state programs that administer training and
certification programs for lead professionals and renovation contractors engaged in lead-based
paint abatement and renovation, repair and painting activities, as well as accreditation of training
providers. This increase provides additional assistance to states, territories, the District of
Columbia, and tribes to develop and to implement authorized lead-based paint abatement programs
and authorized Renovation, Repair, and Painting (RRP) programs.
Categorical Grant: Wetlands Program Development (STAG)
(FY 2024 ACR: $14.7 M; FY 2025 PB: $22 M; Change: +$7.3 M)
The Wetlands Program Development Grants assist states, tribes, and local governments with
building or enhancing their wetland and other aquatic resources, protection and restoration
programs. Program grants are used to develop new, or refine existing, state and tribal
wetland/aquatic resource programs in one or more of the following areas, monitoring and
assessment, voluntary restoration and protection, regulatory programs, including Clean Water Act
(CWA) Section 401 certification and Section 404 assumption, and wetland water quality standards.
This increase of resources will go towards helping states develop programs to protect wetlands
that lost federal protection following the Sackett Supreme Court decision.
Regional Science and Technology (EPM)
(FY 2024 ACR: $1.6 M/1.7 FTE; FY 2025 PB: $7.3 M/16.7 FTE; Change: +$5.7 M/15 FTE)
EPA's Regional Science and Technology (RS&T) Program provides direct regional support to
multiple Agency programs including implementing the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
(RCRA); Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA); Clean Water Act (CWA); Safe Drinking Water
Act (SDWA); Clean Air Act (CAA); and Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation
and Liability Act (CERCLA). This program increase funds new investment that is to be used to
replace and upgrade aging analytical equipment, modernize associated critical IT infrastructure,
and provide additional staff necessary to meet increasing demands for immediate scientific
information needed to make short-term local decisions.
RCRA: Waste Minimization & Recycling (EPM)
(FY 2024 ACR: $10.3 M/43.4 FTE; FY 2025 PB: $15.8 M/68.4 FTE; Change: +$5.5 M/25 FTE)
The RCRA Waste Minimization and Recycling Program supports the sustainable management of
resources, including managing materials that sustainably promote economic growth, reducing
environmental impacts, and advancing a circular economy for all. This program change is an
increase to assist EPA with implementation of the National Recycling Strategy, oversight of the
Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act grants, and challenges on recycling and the circular
economy.
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Highlights of Major Program Changes
Recycling Infrastructure (STAG)
(FY 2024 ACR: $6.5 M/0.5 FTE; FY 2025 PB: $10 M/2 FTE; Change: +$3.5 M/1.5 FTE)
This program provides a critical opportunity to fund a range of high-impact projects to increase
recycling, reduce contamination, and promote a circular economy for sustainable materials
management by making much-needed investments in solid waste management infrastructure. This
program increase in resources and FTE support states, territories, tribes, intertribal consortia, and
political subdivisions of states for technical assistance in managing Solid Waste Infrastructure for
Recycling (SWIFR) grants and to make additional grant funds available to eligible entities. The
FTE will assist in the management of the technical assistance grant programs and oversight of
SWIFR grants. Additionally, EPA is including appropriations language to reflect the increase
needed to the administrative set-aside.
Alternative Dispute Resolution (EPM and SF)
(FY 2024 ACR: $1.8 M/5.9FTE; FY 2025 PB: $4.7 M/14 FTE; Change: +$2.9 M/8.1 FTE)
This program offers cost-effective processes for preventing and resolving conflicts on
environmental matters and some workplace conflicts as an alternative to litigation and to support
collaboration. The program also provides facilitation, mediation, public involvement, training, and
consensus building advice and support for the entire Agency. This increase in resources and FTE
provides support for the use of alternative dispute resolution processes, such as mediation and
facilitation, to promote equity by including underserved communities in negotiations.
U.S. Mexico Border (EPM)
(FY 2024 ACR: $2.9 M/12.4 FTE; FY 2025 PB: $5.1 M/17.4 FTE; Change: +$2.1 M/5 FTE)
This program protects and improves the health and environmental conditions along a border that
extends from the Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific Ocean. This program increase supports efforts
addressing pollution and climate change related activities along the United States and Mexico
Border. To address the priority needs in the region and in support of the Border 2025 Program
priorities, this effort continues to focus on smaller scale sustainability and core capacity building
projects designed to improve the environment and protect the health of people living along the
U.S.-Mexico border.
Programs with Decreases (in Ascending Order)
Infrastructure Assistance: Clean Water Congressionally Directed Spending
(FY 2024 ACR: $863.1 M; FY 2025 PB: $0 M; Change: -$863.1 M)
In recent years, Congress has set aside funding from the State Revolving Funds to fund
Congressionally Directed Spending projects. The purpose of this Congressionally Directed
Spending is to provide grants to specific communities to work on specific water infrastructure
projects. This program change eliminates funding for congressionally directed community projects
appropriated in FY 2023.
Infrastructure Assistance: Drinking Water Congressionally Directed Spending
(FY 2024 ACR: $609.3 M; FY 2025 PB: $0 M; Change: -$609.3 M)
In recent years, Congress has set aside funding from the State Revolving Funds to fund
Congressionally Directed Spending projects. The purpose of this Congressionally Directed
Spending is to provide grants to specific communities to work on specific water infrastructure
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Highlights of Major Program Changes
projects. This program change eliminates funding for congressionally directed community projects
appropriated in FY 2023.
Superfund: Remedial (SF and Superfund Tax)
(FY 2024 ACR: $618.7M/890.8 FTE; FY 2025 PB: $300 M/874.8 FTE; Change: -$318.7
M/16FTE)
This program works to clean up and remove National Priority List (NPL) sites through remedial
construction projects. Funds are prioritized for NPL sites that present the highest risk to human
health and the environment. This decrease reflects the Agency's proposal in FY 2025 to partially
transition from annual appropriated resources to Superfund tax receipts, including to fund the
874.8 Superfund Remedial FTE from the Superfund tax receipts as reimbursable FTE rather than
annual Superfund appropriated resources. In FY 2024, the U.S. Treasury forecasts collecting a
total of $2.17 billion in Superfund taxes which will be available for use in FY 2025 across EPA
Superfund programs. However, there is much uncertainty regarding the tax collections. The
Agency will continue its efforts to sustain cleanup work to prevent developing a backlog.
Superfund: Emergency Response Removal (SF and Superfund Tax)
(FY 2024 ACR: $195 M/ 247.7 FTE; FY 2025 PB: $0 M/250.7 FTE; Change: -$195 M/3 FTE)
This program is the primary institution of federal emergency responses to releases of hazardous
substances, pollutants, or contaminants. EPA's 24-hour-a-day response capability is a critical
component of the National Contingency Plan. Superfund Removal cleanups vary in complexity
and contain a wide variety of contaminants including lead, mercury, and asbestos. In FY 2025, the
Agency proposes to transition from the annual Superfund appropriation to Superfund tax receipts,
including to fund 250.7 Superfund Removal FTE from the Superfund tax receipts as reimbursable
FTE. In FY 2024, the U.S. Treasury forecasts collecting a total of $2.17 billion in Superfund taxes
which will be available for use in FY 2025 across EPA Superfund programs. However, there is
much uncertainty regarding the tax collections. The Agency anticipates maintaining the pace of
work with the Superfund tax receipts.
Superfund: Enforcement (SF and Superfund Tax)
(FY 2024 ACR: $171.3 M/771.3 FTE; FY 2025 PB: $0M/771.8 FTE; Change: -$171.3 M/0.5
FTE)
This program protects communities by ensuring prompt site cleanup by maximizing the
participation of potentially responsible parties in performing and paying for cleanups or using
program resources if there are no liable parties. In FY 2025, the Agency proposes to transition
from the annual Superfund appropriation to Superfund tax receipts, including to fund 771.3
Superfund Enforcement FTE from the Superfund tax receipts as reimbursable FTE. In FY 2024,
the U.S. Treasury forecasts collecting a total of $2.17 billion in Superfund taxes which will be
available for use in FY 2025 across EPA Superfund programs. However, there is much uncertainty
regarding the tax collections. The Agency anticipates maintaining the pace of Superfund
enforcement work with the Superfund tax receipts.
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List of Acronyms
U.S Environmental Protection Agency
List of Acronyms
ACR
Annualized Continuous Resolution
AIM
American Innovation and Manufacturing
ARP
American Rescue Plan
AWIA
America's Water Infrastructure Act
B&F
Building and Facilities
BIL
Bipartisan Infrastructure Law
CAA
Clean Air Act
CBI
Confidential Business Information
CBRN
Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear
CCR
Coal Combustion Residue
CERCLA
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and
Liability Act
CIRRUS
Chemical Incident and Radiological Reconnaissance on Unmanned
System
C02
Carbon Dioxide
CWA
Clean Water Act
CWNS
Clean Watershed Needs Surveys
cws
Community Water System
CWSRF
Clean Water State Revolving Fund
DEIA
Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Accessibility
DERA
Diesel Emissions Reduction Act
DHS
Department of Homeland Security
DITCAs
Direct Implementation Tribal Cooperative Agreements
DWINSA
Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment
DWSRF
Drinking Water State Revolving Fund
DWWIA
Drinking Water and Wastewater Infrastructure Act
EJ
Environmental Justice
EN
Environmental Information Exchange Network
EPA
Environmental Protection Agency
EPM
Environmental Programs and Management
ESA
Endangered Species Act
FFA
Federal Facility Agreements
FIFRA
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
FTE
Full-Time Equivalent
FOIA
Freedom of Information Act
FY
Fiscal Year
GAO
Government Accountability Office
GAP
General Assistance Program
GHG
Greenhouse Gas
GPRA
Government Performance and Results Act
HCFC
Hydrochlorofluorocarbon
HFC
Hydrofluorocarbon
HUBZones
Historically Underutilized Business Zones
149
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List of Acronyms
IAG
Interagency Agreements
ICIS
Integrated Compliance Information System
IIJ A
Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act
IRA
Inflation Reduction Act
IT
Information Technology
IWG
Interagency Working Group
LCRI
Lead and Copper Rule Improvements
LCRR
Lead and Copper Rule Revisions
LFA
Lead Federal Agency
LUST
Leaking Underground Storage Tanks
MMTC02e
Million Metrics Tons of Carbon Dioxide Equivalent
MY
Model Year
NAAQS
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
NEC I
National Enforcement and Compliance Initiative
NEPA
National Environmental Policy Act
NEPPS
National Environmental Performance Partnership System
NPDES
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
NPL
National Priorities List
NVFEL
National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory
OA
Office of the Administrator
OCFO
Office of the Chief Financial Officer
OECD
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
OGC
Office of General Counsel
OIG
Office of the Inspector General
OMB
Office of Management and Budget
OMS
Office of Mission Support
ORD
Office of Research and Development
P2
Pollution Prevention
PB
President's Budget
PCB
Polychlorinated Biphenyls
PFAS
Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances
PHILIS
Portable High-Throughout Integrated Laboratory Identification
System
PM
Particulate Matter
PRP
Potentially Responsible Party
PWSS
Public Water System Supervision
RAU
Ready for Anticipated Use
RCRA
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
RMP
Risk Management Plan
RRP
Rapid Response Teams
RRT
Renovation, Repair, and Painting
SC
Safer Choice
SCIL
Safer Chemical Ingredients List
SDWA
Safe Drinking Water Act
SF
Superfund
SNEE
Southern New England Estuary
150
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List of Acronyms
SIP
State Implementation Plans
SIRG
State Indoor Air Radon Grant
SRF
State Revolving Fund
STAG
State and Tribal Assistance Grants
SWIFR
Solid Waste Infrastructure for Recycling
TCTAC
Thriving Communities Technical Assistance Center
TMDL
Total Maximum Daily Load
TRI
Toxics Release Inventory
TSCA
Toxic Substances Control Act
UCMR
Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule
UIC
Underground Injection Control
USD A
U.S. Department of Agriculture
UST
Underground Storage Tanks
UV
Ultraviolet
VOC
Volatile Organic Compounds
WIFIA
Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act
WIIN
Water Infrastructure Improvements for the Nation Act
WPS
Worker Protection Standard
WWTF
Wastewater Treatment Facilities
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