Civic Groups
27
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Key Messages: Civic/Adult Presentation
¦ Breathing polluted air is unhealthy, but you can't always tell if the air is
polluted by how it looks. The Air Quality Index, or AQI, can help.
A^l
AIR QUALITY INDEX
Two main air pollutants are ozone pollution and particle pollution. Ozone pollution is invisible
and is formed when certain chemicals react in the presence of heat and sunlight. Ozone pollu-
tion may aggravate asthma and bronchitis, and cause premature aging of the lungs. Particle
pollution (microscopic particles of dust, dirt, smoke, and liquid droplets) can aggravate asthma
and cause bronchitis or even premature death due to heart or lung disease. Symptoms from
breathing polluted air can include coughing, breathing difficulties, and asthma attacks.
There are two types of ozone. The ozone we breathe at ground level is bad. But very high in the
atmosphere is a natural layer of ozone that is good because it protects us from the sun's harm-
ful ultraviolet rays.
Some people are at greater risk from breathing ozone pollution or particle pollution. Sensitive
groups for ozone pollution include active children and adults, and people with lung disease.
Sensitive groups for particle pollution include people with heart or lung disease, older adults,
and children.
¦ You can protect your health in three ways when the air is polluted:
1. Find out the air quality each day and the forecast for the next day by checking the AQI
(Air Quality Index), like you would the weather report. The AQI uses color-coding to rep-
resent air quality ranging from good (green) to very unhealthy (purple). You can find the
AQI and related health messages on the Internet at: www.airnow.gov . Some newspa-
pers and TV or radio weather reports also include the AQI.
2. If you're outside when you /enow the air is polluted, protect your health by taking it eas-
ier. For example, walk instead of run, exercise for half your normal time, or exercise at
another time or on another day when the air is cleaner. Exercise away from busy road-
ways.
3. If you notice symptoms when you're outside, such as coughing, pain when taking a deep
breath, chest tightness, or wheezing, stop what you're doing and switch to a less stren-
uous activity. This is especially important if you are a member of a sensitive group—for
example, if you have asthma or lung disease. Check with your doctor if you have these
symptoms. People with heart disease should check with their doctor before engaging in
vigorous outdoor exertion when particle levels are high.
¦ People's activities (such as transportation, energy use, and materials production) and nature
(such as forest fires or volcanic eruptions) can cause air pollution.
¦ You can help reduce pollution: Drive less—walk, bicycle, carpool, or use public transportation
when possible. Turn off lights and appliances when you don't need them. Cut back on heating
and cooling when you can. Insulate your home. Only run full loads in your washing machine
and dishwasher. Purchase energy-efficient products (look for the "Energy Star" label).
AQI Toolkit for Weathercasters
29
Key Messages: Civic Groups
-------
Long version:
Civic Groups
31
-------
Notes Pages: Civic Groups
Long version
33
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1
1
Your forecast
to breathe by
—
1 Alfl QUALITY INDEX
5ER& |
I'd like to talk about how weather relates to air pollution, and how air
pollution affects health.
Air pollution can have a number of health effects, some of which can be
quite serious.
The good news is that there now are several things you can do to protect
your health when the air is polluted. The best way to protect your health is
to find out when pollutant levels are high in your area, using the Air
Quality Index, or AQI, and take simple precautions to minimize your
exposure.
I'm going to start by making some statements about weather and air
pollution and ask whether you think they are fact or fiction. First I will ask
everyone who thought the statement was true to yell out "fact." Then I'll
ask everyone who thought it wasn't true to yell "fiction."
[Note: Depending on the "'personality" of the group you are talking to,
you can also get their votes by asking them to raise their hands rather
than using a voice vote if this feels more comfortable.]
Notes Pages: Civic - Long
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Fact or Fiction?
¦ First fact or fiction statement: "When weathercasters give
the weather forecast live on the evening news, they point to
a blank screen, not a map, to show you what the weather is
going to be."
¦ If you think this statement is true, on the count of three, yell
out "fact." If you think this is false, yell out "fiction."
¦ /Elicit the "fact" and ''fiction " responses from the
audience.]
¦ The statement is true. We weathercasters are always
pointing to a blank screen when we give you the weather
forecast. The maps you see are put into the image
electronically. You get to see them, but we don't.
Notes Pages: Civic - Long
2
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Fact or Fiction?
A.r Oual«ty OutlooK
Nov 2-3, 200Q
Cft: («H> W
www jimowflftv
¦ Here's another statement. Fact or fiction?
¦ [Elicit the "fact" and '[fiction " responses from the
audience.]
Notes Pages: Civic - Long
3
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Fact' r Fiction?
True. Weather can affect air pollution in a number of ways
For example, the wind can move air pollution around, blowing it away
from its source, and into areas hundreds of miles away - into other
states and even other regions entirely, where it can have a significant
impact on air pollution levels.
One example of this is air pollution from power plants in Ohio, which
often is transported to the New England and Mid-Atlantic states. This
makes it a challenge for some New England and Mid-Atlantic cities to
comply with air pollution regulations, because they can't control
pollution from sources in other states.
Weather can also affect air pollution in other ways. Sunlight and warm
temperatures can contribute to the formation of certain types of air
pollution.
Also, during thunderstorms, the fast-moving air disperses pollutants,
and the rain cleanses the air.
High pressure and stagnant conditions can also affect air pollution. In
a high pressure system, the air is stagnant, which keeps pollutants
where they are.
Notes Pages: Civic - Long
4
-------
Air pollution sources Include:
¦ Air pollution comes from a number of different sources.
¦ Vehicles, power plants, and chemical plants are some of the
biggest pollution sources.
Notes Pages: Civic - Long
5
-------
or Fiction?
air.
T-" V I -
-%• > Sis »
¦ Here's another statement - fact or fiction?
¦ [Elicit the "fact" and '[fiction " responses from the
audience.]
Notes Pages: Civic - Long
6
-------
Fact oiCKction?
¦ Fiction.
¦ There are several natural sources of air pollution, including
forest fires and volcanoes.
Notes Pages: Civic - Long
7
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Ozone Pollution
Particle Pollution
AIR
i TM
*pp.Fg1>,*r»»|»p ¦!»! nutrwi M
¦ I'm going to talk about two types of pollutants today: ozone
pollution and particle pollution.
¦ The Air Quality Index, or AQI, provides daily, color-coded maps
and health information about these pollutants.
¦ The AQI can be found 011 EPA's AIRNow website, which looks
like this.
¦ The AQI can also often be found in newspapers in the weather
section, and also 011 TV and radio news reports.
Notes Pages: Civic - Long
8
-------
Ozone pollution basics:
Formed by the reaction of pollutants
in heat and sunlight
NQx + VOC + Heat & Sunlight = Ozone
[ .
i
¦ Ozone pollution is formed when pollutants called nitrogen oxides
and volatile organic compounds, or VOCs, react in the presence of
heat and sunlight.
¦ Vehicle exhaust, industrial emissions, gasoline vapors, and
chemical solvents are some of the major sources of NOx and VOCs
Notes Pages: Civic - Long
9
-------
Fact or Fiction?
"Sometimes ozone in the air is a good thing."
¦ Here's another fact or fiction statement for you.
¦ /Elicit the "fact" and "fiction " responses from the audience.]
Notes Pages: Civic - Long
10
-------
Fact >r Fiction?
"Sometimes ozone in the air is a good thing."
¦ Fact. Ozone in the air we breathe here at ground level is bad.
¦ But very high up in the atmosphere, there's a natural layer of ozone
that protects us from getting too much of the sun's harmful
ultraviolet radiation.
Notes Pages: Civic - Long
11
-------
Ozone pollution basics:
Occurs in warmer months
Found iri urban and rural areas
Can cause health effects
A key ingredient of smog
¦ Because heat and sunlight are needed to form ground-level ozone,
ozone levels are a concern in warmer months.
¦ This is another way in which weather influences air pollution.
¦ In fact, the length of the ozone season varies depending on the
weather. Southern and southwestern states may have an ozone
season that lasts nearly the entire year. For more northern states,
the ozone season generally is limited to summertime.
¦ Wind can transport ozone hundreds of miles from where it formed,
so it can be found in both urban and rural environments.
Notes Pages: Civic - Long
12
-------
Ozone can cause-
Coughing
Pain when taking
a deep breath
Breathing difficulties
during outdoor activities
Aggravated asthma
Increased susceptibility
Permanent lung damage
¦ Ozone can trigger a variety of health problems, including
aggravated asthma and increased susceptibility to respirator}/
illnesses like pneumonia and bronchitis.
¦ Symptoms to watch for when ozone is at unhealthy levels in the air
include: coughing, pain when taking a deep breath, and breathing
difficulties, especially when you are active or exercising outdoors.
¦ But health damage from ozone can also occur without any
noticeable signs. Repeated exposures to ozone can change the
structure of the lungs, leading to premature aging of the lungs.
Notes Pages: Civic - Long
13
-------
Sensitive groups for ozone:
People with asthma or other
respiratory problems
People who are active outdoors,
including children
. fflLvTI
¦ Some people are more sensitive to ozone than others.
¦ Scientists estimate that about one in three people in the United
States is at higher risk for experiencing ozone-related health
effects.
Notes Pages: Civic - Long
14
-------
¦ Ground-level ozone also is not good for the environment. It
damages plants and trees and reduces crop and forest yields.
¦ So, ozone pollution often is not good for people and not good for
our environment.
Notes Pages: Civic - Long
15
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Basic facts about particle pollution:
Caused by human and natural sources
/'May be bad near busy roads and factories
May occur at any time of year
May be especially bad in winter
May be elevated outdoors and indoors
¦ Another key air pollutant that can affect people's health is
called particle pollution.
¦ Particle pollution is caused by many human activities and by
some natural sources.
¦ It's formed directly from sources such as vehicles, factories,
power plants, and smoke from forest fires.
¦ Particle pollution can be higher near busy roads and
factories.
¦ Particle pollution is also formed indirectly by weather-
related conditions or events.
¦ Particle pollution can occur at any time of year, but it can be
especially bad during winter, when the weather is calm,
allowing particle pollution to build up.
¦ This phenomenon is called a temperature inversion.
Notes Pages: Civic - Long
16
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¦ In a temperature inversion, cold air is trapped under warmer air
above it.
¦ This is a reverse of normal conditions, in which temperature
decreases as you go higher in the atmosphere.
¦ During an inversion, air pollution is also trapped under the warmer
air.
¦ The photo on the left shows an inversion over the city of Boston.
¦ The photo on the right shows an inversion in a rural area.
¦ When particle pollution levels are high outside, as in these pictures,
they are often high indoors as well.
Notes Pages: Civic - Long
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Particle pollution:
Consists of microscopic particles of
dust, dirt, smoke, liquid droplets
May penetrate deep into the lungs
Can cause serious health effects
¦ Particle pollution consists of tiny, microscopic particles of dust,
dirt, smoke, and liquid droplets containing any number of
chemicals.
¦ This photo shows particle pollution from Montana forest fires in
the year 2000 in the Bitterroot Valley. This was actually a day of
light smoke during the fires.
¦ The smaller particles are the greatest health concern because they
can penetrate deep into your lungs and may even get into your
bloodstream.
Notes Pages: Civic - Long
18
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Particle pollution can:
...Cause:
Coughing
Difficult or painful breathing
...Aggravate:
• Asthma
• Heart disease
¦ You can see that particle pollution causes quite a range of health
effects, from coughing and chronic bronchitis to aggravated asthma
and heart disease, and even premature death in people with heart or
lung disease.
¦ Many studies link particle pollution levels with increased hospital
admissions and emergency room visits.
Notes Pages: Civic - Long 19
-------
¦ As with ozone pollution, some people are considered to be at
greater risk from particles than others.
¦ People with heart or lung disease are at risk because particle
pollution can aggravate these diseases.
¦ Many studies show that when particle levels are high, older adults
are more likely to be hospitalized, and some may die of aggravated
heart or lung disease.
¦ Children are at risk because their lungs are still developing, they
breathe more air per pound of body weight, and they are usually
very active.
People with
lung diseases
Older adults
Children
Notes Pages: Civic - Long
20
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¦ Particles also affect the environment. They are a big part of haze,
which reduces visibility.
¦ You may have noticed haze when visiting national parks. We often
don't get the views we expect at our treasured natural areas due to
haze.
¦ The left side of this slide shows the Great Smoky Mountains
National Park on a hazy day; the right slide shows the same area on
a clear day.
¦ Particles also make rain and other forms of precipitation more
acidic, which harms the environment in a number of ways.
¦ So, as with ozone pollution, high levels of particle pollution often
are not good for people and not good for our environment.
Notes Pages: Civic - Long
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Fact or Fiction?
"You can always tell when the air
is polluted by how it looks,"
¦ Here's another fact or fiction statement for you.
¦ /Elicit the "fact" and "fiction " responses from the audience.]
Notes Pages: Civic - Long
22
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Fact o. JFietion?
¦ Fiction. Polluted air often does look dirty. But sometimes air that
looks clean may be polluted.
¦ On EPA's AIRNow Web site, you can check whether the air is
polluted and can get air quality forecasts for your area.
Notes Pages: Civic - Long
23
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Midwest Ozone Maps for June 29, 2003
AO I Loop • Ozone
WnHfM
Unhpamy- for
Stflriftirt Group*
UflhwWly
Vary Unhsjtfihy
Dt<> n« f «*iW»
www.airnow.gov
Here is an example of the type of maps and health messages you can
get from the Air Quality Index on the AirNow Web site.
Let's take a look at one of these maps and see what it tells us about
ozone levels.
This map shows the air quality in the Midwest at at 8:00 a.m. on June
25, 2003.
The color scale to the right of the map is the Air Quality Index, or
AQI, which is an index for reporting daily air quality.
It tells us how clean or polluted the air is and whether there are any
health concerns.
What is this map telling us about the air quality in the Midwest on this
day at 8:00 a.m.? [Waitfor response ]
The map is mostly green, so it's telling us that the air quality is mostly
"good" all over this area of the Midwest.
Let's go forward in time on that same day and see whether the air
quality changed.
Notes Pages: Civic - Long
-------
Midwest Ozone Maps for June 29, 2003
AO I Loop • Ozone
WnHfM
Unhpamy- for
Stflriftirt Group*
UflhwWly
Vary Unhsjtfihy
Dt<> n« f «*iW»
www.airnow.gov
¦ On this map, it's now 10:20 a.m. on the same day in the
Midwest. What's happening to the air quality in this area?
[Point to yellow area] [Wait for a response]
¦ It's getting worse. The color is yellow, so the AQI is telling
lis that the air quality is "moderate," which means just a
little polluted—a level that only unusually sensitive people
need to be concerned about.
¦ Let's look at the air quality a few hours later.
Notes Pages: Civic - Long
25
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Midwest Ozone Maps for June 29, 2003
AO I Loop • Ozone
WnHfM
Unhpamy- for
StArriiirt Group*
UflhwWly
Vary Unhsjtfihy
0i!» n« f «*iW»
www.airnow.gov
¦ Now it's 4:40 p.m. on the same day. What is the air quality
in these parts of the Midwest? [Point to an orange area,
then a red area.] [Wait for responses]
¦ For orange, it's "unhealthy for sensitive groups" which, for
ozone, are people with lung disease, and active adults and
children. For red, it's "unhealthy" - everyone should limit
prolonged or heavy outdoor exertion.
¦ Now let's look at the map the next morning.
Notes Pages: Civic - Long
-------
Midwest Ozone Maps for July 26, 2003
AO I Loop • Ozone
WnHfM
Unhpamy- for
StArriiirt Group*
UflhwWly
Vary Unhsjtfihy
0i!» n« f «*iW»
www.airnow.gov
¦ The map is green again, showing us that the air quality is
much better.
¦ Let's review what we saw about ozone levels on the
Midwest maps: The air quality was good in the morning, it
got worse in the afternoon and evening, and then it got better
during the night.
¦ This is very typical for ozone pollution. Ozone is worse in
warmer temperatures and often worse in the afternoon and
early evening.
¦ This is because ozone needs warmth and sunlight to form.
¦ Also, increased traffic during the late afternoons and
evenings can contribute to more ozone formation.
Notes Pages: Civic - Long
-------
¦ If you have access to the Internet, you can visit the AIR Now
website whenever you want to check the air quality and get
air quality forecasts for your area, just like checking the
weather.
¦ Or check your newspaper or listen to your local TV or radio
station, which may include the AQI in their weather report.
¦ The AIRNow site also gives you specific health messages
about how to protect your health when the air is polluted at
the different AQI levels.
¦ [Add local station information here, if applicable]
Notes Pages: Civic - Long
28
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ThinngYnnf^anDn
1. Check the Air Quality Index.
2, Take it easier when you are active outside
and the air is polluted.
¦ If you find out that the air is polluted, here are some things
you can do to protect your health.
¦ Exercise is important to staying healthy, so it's important
not to use air pollution as an excuse to avoid exercise!
¦ But when the air is polluted, it's a good idea to take it
easier when you're active outside.
¦ That might mean, for example, walking instead of jogging,
or exercising for half your normal time.
¦ That's because when we're taking it easier, we don't
breathe in as much polluted air.
Notes Pages: Civic - Long
29
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1. Check the Air Quality Index.
2. Take it easier when you are active outside
and the air is polluted.
3. Reduce your exposure to polluted air by
changing when or where you exercise.
¦ Here's another thing you can do.
¦ You can reduce your exposure to polluted air by changing
when or where you exercise.
¦ For example, when ozone is at unhealthy levels in the air,
you can plan outdoor activities when ozone levels are lower,
usually in the morning or evening.
¦ When particle pollution is in the air, you can plan outdoor
activities when particle levels are lower. This can vary from
place to place, so check AIRNow.
¦ To reduce your exposure to particle pollution, try to exercise
away from busy roadways.
Notes Pages: Civic - Long
30
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Thi nqsYni ilianDn
—
J /
1. Check the Air Quality Index.
2. Take it easier when you are active outside
and the air is polluted.
3. Reduce your exposure to polluted air by
rtU'i.nii i rtrt mln on Ar nifknKn (ii*ki ¦ 0X£rCIS^
¦ Here's a fourth thing: Pay attention to your body.
¦ If the air is polluted and you notice any symptoms like
unusual coughing, pain when you take a deep breath, chest
tightness, or wheezing, stop your activity and instead choose
a less strenuous activity.
¦ This is especially important if you are a member of a
sensitive group—for example, if you have asthma or lung
disease.
¦ If you have lung disease and notice these symptoms when
the air is polluted, check with your doctor about what to do.
¦ If you have heart disease, check with your doctor before
engaging in vigorous outdoor activities when particle
pollution levels are high.
¦ If you have heart disease and notice symptoms, follow your
doctor's advice.
Notes Pages: Civic - Long
31
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Help reduce pollution:
Drive less
Turn off lights and appliances
Insulate your home
Reduce heating and cooling
Run full loads
Purchase energy-efficient products
¦ In addition to protecting yourself from pollution, you can also take
steps to help prevent pollution.
¦ These steps include:
< When possible, reduce how much you drive by walking,
biking, carpooling, or taking public transportation.
< Turn off lights and other appliances when you don't need
them.
< Cut back on heating and cooling when you can.
< Insulate your home and run full loads in your appliances
(washing machine, dishwasher, etc.) so you're only using
the energy you really need.
< And, when purchasing a product that uses energy, whether
a vehicle or an appliance, look for one that uses energy
efficiently. For instance, look for the Energy STAR label.
Notes Pages: Civic - Long
32
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1
1
Your forecast
to breathe by
—
1 Alfl QUALITY INDEX
oER& |
Thank you. I hope you found this information useful.
Here is a handout with more information about the AQI, and about air
quality and your health.
[Pass out handout]
Notes Pages: Civic - Long
-------
fihort version:
Civic Groups
35
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Short Version: Civic Groups Presentation
This presentation is an abbreviated version of the longer presentation for Civic Groups provided ear-
lier in this toolkit. A longer and more detailed presentation than those for school-aged children is
appropriate for civic/adult groups; however if time is limited, you can use this shorter version. The
long version contains 33 slides; this short version includes 15 slides. The Key Messages, Handout,
and Optional Activity provided for Civic Groups are relevant for both the short and long versions.
AQI Toolkit for Weathercasters
37
Presentations: Civic Groups
-------
Notes Pages: Civic Groups
fihort version
39
-------
¦ I'd like to talk about air pollution and your health, and how
weather can affect air pollution. Breathing polluted air is unhealthy,
but you can't always tell the air is polluted by how it looks, like
you can in these pictures.
¦ Air pollution can have a number of health effects, some of which
can be quite serious.
Notes Pages: Civic - Short
-------
Av3l
Your fore
to breathe
pwwwjlmow.gov
SB*
¦ The Air Quality Index, or AQI, can help you find out when
pollution levels are high and could contribute to health
problems. The AQI also provides related health messages.
¦ The AQI uses color-coding to represent air quality ranging from
good (green) to purple (very unhealthy).
¦ You can find the AQI on the Internet at EPA's AIRNow
website at: www.airnow.gov. Also, many local newspapers and
TV and radio stations include the AQI as part of the weather
report.
Notes Pages: Civic - Short
2
-------
Air pollution sources include:
gn ¦ *
*
T** "
. ' ^
nhU
¦ Air pollution comes from a number of different sources.
¦ Vehicles, power plants, and chemical plants are some of the
biggest pollution sources. Some things in nature, like forest
fires or volcanoes, also can cause air pollution.
Notes Pages: Civic - Short
-------
Ozone pollution basics:
Formed by the reaction of pollutants
in heat and sunlight
>x + VOC + Neat & Sunlight = Ozone -
¦ I'm going to talk about two types of air pollutants today: ozone
pollution and particle pollution.
¦ Ozone pollution is formed when pollutants called nitrogen oxides
and volatile organic compounds, or VOCs, react in the presence of
heat and sunlight. This is one way that weather affects air pollution.
¦ Vehicle exhaust, industrial emissions, gasoline vapors, and
chemical solvents are some of the major sources of NOx and
VOCs.
¦ Weather can also affect air pollution in other ways. For example,
the wind can move air pollution around, blowing it away from its
source, into areas hundreds of miles away, where it can have a
significant impact on air pollution levels.
Notes Pages: Civic - Short
4
-------
"Sometimes ozone in the air is a good thing."
¦ Ozone in the air we breathe here at ground level is bad.
¦ But very high up in the atmosphere, there's a natural layer of ozone
that protects us from getting too much of the sun's harmful
ultraviolet radiation.
Notes Pages: Civic - Short
-------
Ozone pollution basics:
Occurs in warmer months
Found in urban and rural areas
Can cause health effects
A key ingredient of smog
¦ Because heat and sunlight are needed to form ground-level ozone,
ozone levels are a concern in warmer months.
¦ This is another way in which weather influences air pollution,
¦ In fact, the length of the ozone season varies depending on the
weather. Southern and southwestern states may have an ozone
season that lasts nearly the entire year. For more northern states,
the ozone season generally is limited to summertime.
Notes Pages: Civic - Short
6
-------
Ozone can cause:
Coughing
Pain when taking
a deep breath
Breathing difficulties
during outdoor activities
Aggravated asthma
Increased susceptibility
Permanent lung damage
¦ Ozone can trigger a variety of health problems, including
aggravated asthma and increased susceptibility to respiratory
illnesses like pneumonia and bronchitis.
¦ Symptoms to watch for when ozone is at unhealthy levels in the air
include: coughing, pain when taking a deep breath, and breathing
difficulties, especially when you are active or exercising outdoors.
¦ But health damage from ozone can also occur without any
noticeable signs. Repeated exposures to ozone can change the
structure of the lungs, leading to premature aging of the lungs.
Notes Pages: Civic - Short
-------
Sensitive groups for ozone:
Pfeople with asthma or other
respiratory problems
People who are active outdoors,
including children
¦ Some people are more sensitive to ozone than others.
¦ Scientists estimate that about one in three people in the United
States is at higher risk for experiencing ozone-related health
effects.
Notes Pages: Civic - Short
8
-------
Basic facts about particle pollution:
Caused by human and natural sources
May be bad near busy roads and factories
May occur at any time of year
May be especially bad in winter
May be elevated outdoors and indoors
¦ Another key air pollutant that can affect people's health is
called particle pollution.
¦ Particle pollution is formed directly from sources such as
vehicles, factories, power plants, and smoke from forest
fires.
¦ Particle pollution can be higher near busy roads and
factories.
¦ Particle pollution is also formed indirectly, for example, by
weather-related conditions or events. Particle pollution can
occur at any time of year, but it can be especially bad during
winter, when the weather is calm, allowing particle pollution
to build up often due to high pressure systems and stagnant
conditions. In a high pressure system, the air is stagnant,
which keeps pollutants where they are.
¦ Also during thunderstorms, the fast-moving air disperses
particle pollution, and the rain cleanses the air.
Notes Pages: Civic - Short
9
-------
Particle pollution:
Consists of microscopic particles of
dust, dirt, smoke, liquid droplets
May penetrate deep into the lungs
Can cause serious health effects
¦ Particle pollution consists of tiny, microscopic particles of dust,
dirt, smoke, and liquid droplets containing any number of
chemicals.
¦ This photo shows particle pollution from Montana forest fires in
the year 2000 in the Bitterroot Valley. This was actually a day of
light smoke during the fires.
¦ The smaller particles are the greatest health concern because they
can penetrate deep into your lungs and may even get into your
bloodstream.
Notes Pages: Civic - Short
10
-------
Particle pollution can:
...Cause:
...Aggravate:
Coughing
• Asthma
Difficult or painful breathing
Heart disease
Chronic bronchitis
Premature death in people
A
with heart or lung disease
¦ You can see that particle pollution causes quite a range of health
effects, from coughing and chronic bronchitis to aggravated asthma
and heart disease, and even premature death in people with heart or
lung disease.
¦ Many studies link particle pollution levels with increased hospital
admissions and emergency room visits.
Notes Pages: Civic - Short
11
-------
Sensitive groups for particle pollution
People with
lung diseases
Older adults
Children
¦ As with ground-level ozone, some people are considered to be at
greater risk from particles than others.
¦ People with heart or lung disease are at risk because particle
pollution can aggravate these diseases.
¦ Many studies show that when particle levels are high, older adults
are more likely to be hospitalized, and some may die of aggravated
heart or lung disease.
¦ Children are at risk because their lungs are still developing, they
breathe more air per pound of body weight, and they are usually
very active.
Notes Pages: Civic - Short
12
-------
1. Check the Air Quality Index.
2. Take it easier when you are active outside
and the air is polluted.
3. Reduce your exposure to polluted air by
rhanninn whpn nr where you exercise.
Visit the AIRNow website to check the air quality and get air quality forecasts for your area, just like checking
the weather. Or check your newspaper or listen to your local TV or radio weather report, which may include
the AQI. [Add local station information here, if applicable.]
Exercise is important to staying healthy, so it's important not to use air pollution as an excuse to avoid
exercise! But when the air is polluted, it's a good idea to take it easier when you're active outside. That might
mean, for example, walking instead of jogging, or exercising for half your normal time.
You can reduce your exposure to polluted air by changing when or where you exercise. For example, when
ozone is at unhealthy levels in the air, plan outdoor activities for times when ozone levels are lower, usually in
the morning or evening.
When particle pollution is at high levels in the air, plan outdoor activities for times when particle levels are
lower. This can vary from place to place, so check the Air Quality Index. To reduce your exposure to particle
pollution, try to exercise away from busy roadways.
Pay attention to your body. If the air is polluted and you notice symptoms like coughing, pain when you take a
deep breath, chest tightness, or wheezing, stop what you're doing and find another, less intense activity. This is
especially important if you are a member of a sensitive group—for example, if you have asthma or lung
disease.
If you have lung disease and notice these symptoms when the air is polluted, check with your doctor about
what to do.
If you have heart disease, check with your doctor before engaging in vigorous outdoor activities when particle
pollution levels are high. If you have heart disease and notice symptoms, follow your doctor's advice.
Notes Pages: Civic - Short
13
-------
Help reduce pollution:
Drive less
Turn off lights and appliances
Insulate your home
Reduce heating and cooling
Run full loads
Purchase energy-efficient products
¦ In addition to protecting yourself from pollution, you can also take
steps to help prevent pollution.
¦ These steps include:
< When possible, reduce how much you drive by walking,
biking, carpooling, or taking public transportation.
< Turn off lights and other appliances when you don't need
them.
< Cut back on heating and cooling when you can.
< Insulate your home and ran full loads in your appliances
(washing machine, dishwasher, etc.) so you're only using
the energy you really need.
< And, when purchasing a product that uses energy, whether
a vehicle or an appliance, look for one that uses energy
efficiently. For instance, look for the Energy STAR label.
Notes Pages: Civic - Short
14
-------
Av$
1 Your forecast
| to breathe by
1
| Win yi.JHL III INI il .¦
¦ cvEPA
¦ Thank you. I hope you found this information useful.
¦ Here is a handout with more information about the AQI, and
about air quality and your health.
¦ [Pass out handout]
Notes Pages: Civic - Short
-------
Handout for
Civic Groups/Adults
41
-------
The AQI:
Your Forecast to Breathe By
You probably check your local weather forecast every day
but there's another forecast out there you should be check-
ing, too. This forecast, known as the Air Quality Index, or AQI, can
help you plan your activities to protect your health. Injust minutes, this
important tool lets you know:
• What today's and tomorrow's air pollution levels are forecast to be in your community.
• Who's at risk from air pollution.
• Simple steps you can take to protect your health.
How can air pollution affect my health?
• About 160 million Americans—over half the U.S. population—are exposed to unhealthy levels of ground-
level ozone or particle pollution every year.
• Breathing ground-level ozone and particle pollution can cause serious health effects. Ozone pollution can
cause respiratory symptoms and premature aging of the lungs. Particle pollution can cause bronchitis, heart
problems, and even premature death due to heart or lung disease. Both ozone and particle pollution can
aggravate asthma.
• Some people are at greater risk from breathing ozone pollution or particle pollution. Sensitive groups for
ozone pollution include active children and adults, and people with lung disease. Sensitive groups for parti-
cle pollution include people with heart or lung disease, older adults, and children.
What can I do to protect my health?
• You can reduce your exposure to air pollution by using AQI forecasts to plan your day. When the AQI pre-
dicts unhealthy air pollution levels, take it easier. By doing so, you will take less polluted air into your
lungs. Choose a less vigorous activity (walk instead of jog, for example) or spend less time doing it. Or,
reschedule your activities for times when air quality is expected to be better.
A^l
AIR QUALITY INDEX
? #% \
-------
Where can I find air quality information for my community?
• You can find daily air quality information and forecasts for ozone and particle pollution on the Internet at
the AIRNow web site (www.airnow.gov). This site also provides links to state and local air pollution agency
web sites and air quality e-alerts.
In many communities, you can also get air quality information on the television and radio, in your local
newspaper, and on state and local telephone hotlines.
How does the Air Quality Index (AQI) work?
The AQI is a simple, color-coded scale that tells you how clean or polluted your air is and how you can protect
your health. Air quality forecasts use these color codes to help you quickly identify how polluted the air is.
When the AQI is . . .
... air quality conditions are:
Green
Good
Yellow
Moderate
Orange
Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups
Red
Unhealthy
Purple
Very Unhealthy
Where can I get more information?
Visit AIRNow (www.airnow.gov) for air quality information and forecasts for more than 300 cities across the
U.S., links to state and local air quality web sites, and real-time air quality maps and visibility via webcams.
Visit www.airnow.gov (click on "Publications" on the left side of the web page) for free U.S. EPA publications:
• Air Quality Index—A Guide to Air Quality and Your Health
• Air Quality Guide for Ozone
• Air Quality Guide for Particle Pollution
• Particle Pollution and Your Health
Ozone and Your Health
• Smog—Who Does it Hurt?
• Summertime Safety: Keeping Kids Safe from Sun and Smog
-------
Optional Additional Activity for
Civic Groups: Je Game
45
-------
Jeopardy Game
(followup to slide presentation if time allows)
Now let's play "Jeopardy" for a couple of minutes to review some of the key points about
air quality. Following the typical Jeopardy format, I will give you the "answers." Raise
your hand if you have a question that corresponds to that answer. The only rule is that the
question has to have something to do with air quality or air pollution.
[Note: Examples of questions are given below. The actual wording of the responses from
audience members will vary. If someone gives a wrong response, ask for another response until
you have a correct response from an audience member. J
Here's the first answer: "AIRNow." Who's got a question for it?
• [Take response(s). Example response: What is the name of EPA 's web site that provides
daily air quality information andforecasts?]
Here's the second answer: "Sensitive groups." Who's got a question for it?
• [Take response(s). Example responses: What are people with asthma, heart disease, or
lung disease; children; and/or older adults called with respect to air pollution? What is
the term for people who are more sensitive to air pollution?]
Here's the third answer: "Take it easier when you're active outside." Who's got a
question for it?
• [Take response(s). Example response: What is a good thing to do when air pollution
levels are elevated?]
Here's the fourth answer: "Ozone." Let's see if we can come up with several questions for
this one.
• [Take several responses if possible. Example responses: What pollutant can 7 be seen in
air? What pollutant can harm health even at low levels and even after exposure has
ended? What pollutant is formed by the reaction ofVOCs and nitrogen oxides in sunlight
and heat? What pollutant is worse in warm months?]
And the final answer is" "Green."
[Take response(s). Example response: What AQI color means the air is healthy?]
-------
Transparencies: Civic Groups
Long version
49
-------
AIR QUALITY INDEX
www.airnow.gov
Your forecast
to breathe
-------
Fact or Fiction?
-------
Fact or Fiction?
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Air pollution sources include:
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Fact or Fiction?
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Ozone Pollution
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Ozone pollution basics:
-------
Fact or Fiction?
"Sometimes ozone in the air is a good thing."
-------
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"Sometimes ozone in
-------
Ozone pollution basics:
Occurs in warmer months
Found in urban and rural areas
¦I I | 1
Can cause health effects
A key ingredient of smog
wb-^ ii J
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-------
Ozone can cause:
•j Coughing
Pain when taking
a deep breath
Breathing difficulties
during outdoor activities
Aggravated asthma
Increased susceptibility
Permanent lung damage
-------
Sensitive groups for ozone:
People with asthma or other
respiratory problems
People who are active outdoors,
including children
-------
-------
Basic facts about particle pollution:
Caused by human and natural sources
May be bad near busy roads and factories
1/ May occur at any time of year
v^May be especially bad in winter
May be elevated outdoors and indoors
-------
-------
Particle pollution
Consists of microscopic particles of
dust, dirt, smoke, liquid droplets
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May penetrate deep into the lungs
r&Can cause serious health effects
-------
Particle pollution can:
...Cause:
Coughing
Difficult or painful breathing
Chronic bronchitis
Premature death in people
with heart or lung disease
...Aggravate:
Asthma
Heart disease
-------
Sensitive groups for particle pollution
People with
lung diseases
Older adults
Children
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-------
-------
Fact or Fiction?
"You can always tell when the air
is polluted by how it looks."
-------
Fact o. fiction'/
-------
Midwest Ozone Maps for June 25, 2003
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-------
Midwest Ozone Maps for June 25, 2003
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-------
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www.airnow.gov
-------
Midwest Ozone Maps for July 26, 2003
AQt Loop - Ozone
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Data not available
www.airnow.gov
-------
-------
1. v_riecK inc Mir uuainy muex.
2. Take it easier when you are active outside
and the air is polluted.
-------
1 I U ViAi
2. Take it easier when you are active outside
and the air is polluted.
3. Reduce your exposure to polluted air by
changing when or where you exercise.
-------
1 I U ViAi
2. Take it easier when you are active outside
and the air is polluted.
3. Reduce your exposure to polluted air by
changing when or where you exercise.
-------
Help reduce pollution:
Drive less
Turn off lights and appliances
Insulate your home
Reduce heating and cooling
Run full loads
Purchase energy-efficient
-------
AIR QUALITY INDEX
www.airnow.gov
Your forecast
to breathe
-------
Transparencies: Civic Groups
fihort version
51
-------
-------
AIR QUALITY INDEX
www.airnow.gov
Your forecast
to breathe by
-------
Air pollution sources include:
-------
Ozone pollution basics:
-------
1
"Sometimes ozone in the air is a good thing."
-------
Ozone pollution basics:
Occurs in warmer months
Found in urban and rural areas
¦I I | 1
Can cause health effects
A key ingredient of smog
wb-^ ii J
! Bill* * IT ..
-------
Ozone can cause:
•j Coughing
Pain when taking
a deep breath
Breathing difficulties
during outdoor activities
Aggravated asthma
Increased susceptibility
Permanent lung damage
-------
Sensitive groups for ozone:
People with asthma or other
respiratory problems
People who are active outdoors,
including children
-------
Basic facts about particle pollution:
Caused by human and natural sources
May be bad near busy roads and factories
1/ May occur at any time of year
v^May be especially bad in winter
May be elevated outdoors and indoors
-------
Particle pollution
Consists of microscopic particles of
dust, dirt, smoke, liquid droplets
At s jsm^i .JNhfMM
May penetrate deep into the lungs
r&Can cause serious health effects
-------
Particle pollution can:
...Cause:
Coughing
Difficult or painful breathing
Chronic bronchitis
Premature death in people
with heart or lung disease
...Aggravate:
Asthma
Heart disease
-------
Sensitive groups for particle pollution
People with
lung diseases
Older adults
Children
ai J
*¦%
-------
1 I U ViAi
2. Take it easier when you are active outside
and the air is polluted.
3. Reduce your exposure to polluted air by
changing when or where you exercise.
-------
Help reduce pollution:
Drive less
Turn off lights and appliances
Insulate your home
Reduce heating and cooling
Run full loads
Purchase energy-efficient
-------
AIR QUALITY INDEX
www.airnow.gov
Your forecast
to breathe
-------
Additional Resources
for Weathercasters
GOOD
MODERATE
UNHEALTHY FOR SENSITIVE GROUPS
UNHEALTHY
VERY UNHEALTHY
A^l
AIR QUALITY INDEX
-------
Air Pollution and Health:
Key Facts for Weathercasters
Like the weather, local air quality can affect people's daily lives. Millions of people live in areas
where air pollution can cause serious health problems. Ground-level ozone and particle pollution
are the two key air pollutants that pose health concerns in the United States.
Health effects of ozone. Ground-level ozone, a component of smog, can aggravate asthma and
bronchitis and cause coughing, throat irritation, chest tightness, wheezing, shortness of breath,
painful or difficult breathing, and premature aging of the lungs.
Health effects of particle pollution. Particle pollution, also a component of smog, can irritate the
eyes, nose, and throat; cause chronic bronchitis, coughing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and
painful or difficult breathing; aggravate asthma; and even result in premature death in people with
heart or lung disease. Particle pollution may be worse near busy roads or factories, and unhealthy
levels may occur outdoors or indoors.
Some people are particularly at risk for health problems from air pollution. People with lung diseases,
and children and adults who are active outdoors, are at greater risk from ground-level ozone.
People with heart or lung disease, older adults, and children are at greater risk from particle pollu-
tion.
How people can protect their health from the effects of air pollution. To help protect their health
from ozone and particle pollution, people can check the Air Quality Index daily, and take it easier
when the air is polluted and they are active outside. They can also choose to exercise outdoors
when ozone or particle pollution levels are lower, and exercise away from busy roadways to avoid
particle pollution. If someone is having difficulty breathing or chest pain, he or she should stop
strenuous activity and do something less active instead. People with asthma or lung disease should
check with their doctors if they have any symptoms. People with heart disease should check with
their doctor before engaging in vigorous outdoor exertion when particle levels are high.
Weather, air pollution, and health. Particle pollution may occur at any time of year, but may be
worse in the winter. Ozone is of most concern in warmer months, since sunlight and warm temper-
atures increase ozone formation. Wind can move air pollution away from its source, making the air
cleaner in that area, and blow the pollution hundreds of miles away. High pressure systems and
temperature inversions can keep air pollution in one location.
Sources of ground-level ozone. Ozone is formed when certain pollutants (nitrogen oxides [NOx] and
volatile organic compounds [VOC]) react in the presence of heat and sunlight. Sources of NOx and
VOC include vehicle exhaust, industrial emissions, gasoline vapors, and chemical solvents.
Sources of particle pollution. Particle pollution consists of microscopic particles of dust, dirt, smoke,
and liquid droplets. Particle pollution may be caused by human activities (such as emissions from
vehicles, factories, or power plants) or natural sources (such as forest fires or volcanic eruptions).
Studies on the health effects of air pollution. Results of many scientific studies over several decades
provide compelling and consistent evidence about how air pollution can affect people's health. For
example:
¦ In a study on children's health, the California Air Resources Board tracked air pollution exposure
and the health of approximately 5,500 children from twelve different communities in southern
California for 10 years (1993 to 2003). The findings suggest that air pollution harms children's
AQI Toolkit for Weathercasters
53 Additional Resources for Weathercasters
-------
lungs for life, and that air pollution may actually cause, not only aggravate, asthma (Peters,
2004).
¦ A study of 500,000 adults in over 100 American cities found that prolonged exposure to fine
particle pollution significantly increases the risk of dying from lung cancer and cardiopulmonary
causes (Pope et al., 2002).
¦ Policies to reduce car traffic during the Olympics also reduced peak ozone concentrations by 28
percent and hospitalizations for asthma by almost 20 percent (Friedman et al., 2001).
¦ A study of 5,000 people in the Netherlands from 1986 to 1994 found that people living near a
main road and exposed to traffic-related particle pollution were almost twice as likely to die
from heart or lung disease compared to people living further from traffic (Hoek et al., 2002).
¦ Increases in particle pollution have been associated with a rise in the incidence of asthma
attacks among adults with asthma (Desqueroux et al., 2002).
¦ A study in Erie County, New York (excluding the city of Buffalo) found that children living in
neighborhoods with heavy truck or trailer traffic within 200 meters of their homes had
increased risks of asthma hospitalization (Lin et al., 2002).
¦ During the year that a steel mill in Utah Valley was temporarily closed, particle pollution
dropped by half, and children's hospital admissions for respiratory problems were two to three
times lower than usual (Pope, 1989).
Reference information for the above studies and additional health studies is included in Supplementary Air Quality Resources in this
Toolkit.
Additional Resources for Weathereasters
54
AQI Toolkit for Weathercasters
-------
Tips for Weathercasters:
How to Introduce AQI Forecasts to Your Viewers
¦ Include AQI information in your forecast every day. You can refer to air quality or you can men-
tion the pollutants—ozone and particles—to draw a distinction between the two.
¦ Use key messages along with a supporting health message (what actions people should take) in
your on-air script.
Sample Script (Ozone forecast is code orange):
• "Tomorrow's forecast is code orange—that means air quality is unhealthy for sensitive
groups. The primary pollutant of concern is ozone.
If you are in a sensitive group, including people with lung disease (such as asthma), or
active adults and children, cut back your strenuous outside activities or reschedule them
when air quality is better. You might want to go for a walk instead of a jog."
Sample Script (Particle pollution forecast is code orange):
• "The air quality forecast for tomorrow is unhealthy (or code orange) for particle pollution,
which means air quality is unhealthy for people with heart or lung disease (such as asthma),
older adults, and children.
If you are in a sensitive group, including people with heart or lung disease (such as asthma),
older adults, and children, cut back your strenuous activities or reschedule them when air
quality is better. Coaches, it's a good idea to rotate your players, especially if any have asth-
ma."
¦ Offer a link to the AIRNow web site on your station's web site and mention it in your on-air
script for people who would like more information on air quality issues.
For Example:
• For more real-time information on air quality, go to our web site at [Insert site] or EPA's
web site at: www.airnow.gov
¦ Use graphics to help relay your on-air message. Graphics that you can adapt or use "as is" can
be downloaded from EPA's web site at: www.airnow.gov (then search on "graphics")
AQI Toolkit for Weathercasters
55
Additional Resources for Weathercasters
-------
Air Quality Index: Fact Sheet for Weathercasters
Developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Air Quality Index, or AQI, pro-
vides a standard, uniform index for reporting daily air quality. The AQI helps make daily air quality
information as easy to understand as weather forecasts. It is now used in local air quality reports
and forecasts nationwide to tell the public how clean or polluted the air is, and how they can pro-
tect their health at different levels of pollution.
How the AQI Works
The AQI is essentially a yardstick that runs from 0 to 500. The higher the AQI value, the greater the
level of air pollution and the greater the health concern. For example, an AQI value of 50 represents
good air quality with little potential to affect public health, while an AQI value over 300 represents
hazardous air quality.
An AQI value of 100 generally corresponds to the national air quality standard for the pollutant,
which is the level EPA has set to protect public health. AQI values below 100 are generally thought
of as satisfactory. When AQI values are above 100, air quality is considered to be unhealthy—at first
for certain sensitive groups of people, then for everyone as AQI values get higher.
Understanding the AQI
To make it easier to understand, the AQI is divided into six categories:
Air Quality Index Values
Levels of Health Concern
Colors
When the AQI is in this range:
...air quality conditions are:
...as symbolized by this color:
0 to 50
Good
Green
51 to 100
Moderate
Yellow
101 to 150
Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups
Orange
151 to 200
Unhealthy
Red
201 to 300
Very Unhealthy
Purple
301 to 500
Flazardous
Maroon
Each category corresponds to a different level of health concern:
¦ "Good" - The AQI value for a particular community is between 0 and 50. Air quality is consid-
ered satisfactory, and air pollution poses little or no risk.
¦ "Moderate" - The AQI for a community is between 51 and 100. Air quality is acceptable; how-
ever, for some pollutants there may be a moderate health concern for a very small number of
people. For example, some people who are unusually sensitive to ozone may experience respira-
tory symptoms.
¦ "Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups" - When AQI values are between 101 and 150, members of sen-
sitive groups may experience health effects. This means they are likely to be affected at lower
levels than the general public. For example, people with lung disease are at greater risk from
exposure to ozone, while people with either lung disease or heart disease are at greater risk
from exposure to particle pollution. The general public is not likely to be affected when the AQI
is in this range.
AQI Toolkit for Weathercasters
57 Additional Resources for Weathercasters
-------
¦ "Unhealthy" - Everyone may begin to experience health effects when AQI values are between
151 and 200. Members of sensitive groups may experience more serious health effects.
¦ "Very Unhealthy" - AQI values between 201 and 300 trigger a health alert, meaning everyone
may experience more serious health effects.
¦ "Hazardous" AQI values over 300 trigger health warnings of emergency conditions. The entire
population is more likely to be affected.
AQI Colors
EPA has assigned a specific color to each AQI category to make it easier for people to quickly
understand whether air pollution is reaching unhealthy levels in their communities. For example,
the color orange communicates that conditions are "unhealthy for sensitive groups," while red
means that conditions may be "unhealthy for everyone," and so on. Over time, as local air quality
reports become more available, the public is becoming increasingly familiar with the meaning of
the AQI colors.
How a Community's AQI is Calculated
Air quality is measured by monitors that record the concentrations of the major pollutants each day
at more than a thousand locations across the country. These raw measurements are then converted
into AQI values using standard formulas developed by EPA. An AQI value is calculated for each pol-
lutant in an area (ground-level ozone, particle pollution, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and
nitrogen dioxide). The highest AQI value for the individual pollutants is the AQI value for that day.
For example, if on July 12 a certain area had AQI values of 90 for ozone and 88 for sulfur dioxide,
the AQI value would be 90 for the pollutant ozone on that day in that area.
When and How the AQI is Reported to the Public
In large cities (more than 350,000 people), state and local agencies are required to report the AQI
to the public daily. When the AQI is above 100, agencies must also report which groups, such as
children or people with asthma or heart disease, may be sensitive to those pollutants. Many smaller
communities also report the AQI as a public health service.
Many cities also provide forecasts for the next day's AQI. These forecasts help local residents pro-
tect their health by alerting them when warranted to plan their vigorous activities for a time when
air quality is better.
The AQI is a national index, so the value and colors used to show local air quality and the levels of
health concern are the same everywhere in the United States. AQI reports for areas across the U.S.
are always available on the Internet at EPA's AIRNow web site: www.airnow.gov . The AQI is also
frequently reported in local newspapers, on local television and radio stations, via e-alert systems,
and on many state and local telephone hotlines.
Typical AQI Values in Most Communities
In many U.S. communities, AQI values are usually below 100, with values greater than 100 occur-
ring just several times a year. Typically, larger cities have more severe air pollution problems, and
the AQI in these areas may exceed 100 more often than in smaller cities. AQI values higher than
200 are infrequent, and AQI values above 300 are extremely rare.
AQI values can vary from one season to another. In winter, for example, carbon monoxide may be
high in some areas because the cold weather makes it difficult for car emission control systems to
Additional Resources for Weathereasters
58
AQI Toolkit for Weathercasters
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operate effectively. In summer, ozone may be a significant air pollutant because it forms in the
presence of heat and sunlight. Particle pollution can be elevated at any time of the year.
AQI values also can vary depending on the time of day. For example, ozone levels often peak in the
afternoon, while carbon monoxide is usually a problem during morning or evening rush hours.
Particle pollution can be high at any time of day.
Introducing AQI Forecasts to Your Viewers
Increasingly, weathercasters are providing local air quality information and forecasts as part of their
daily TV and radio weather reports. Because of the connection between air quality and weather,
weathercasts provide a natural venue for communicating air quality information to the public. The
AQI provides an important tool to help you do this efficiently and effectively. Including air quality
information in a weather report takesjust a few seconds and provides an important public health
service.
You can find daily information on local air quality and forecasts to use in your weather reports on
EPA's AIRNow web site at www.airnow.gov
Standard advisory statements for each AQI level are also available at: www.airnow.gov . Search for
Air Quality Guide for Particle Pollution - click on the (usually first) entry entitled "AIRNow - TV
Weather - Air Quality Guide for Particle Pollution - Air Quality Index (AQI) At-A-Glance Messages".
This version of the Guide includes statements for particle pollution, ozone, and combined particle
pollution and ozone.
Note that these advisory statements have been carefully crafted based on data from health studies
and should not be altered. Also, note that the statements for ozone and particle pollution advise
people to take it easier outside when the air is polluted, but do not advise them to remain indoors
(with one exception: the advisory statement to sensitive groups when particle pollution is at haz-
ardous levels, which are rarely reached in the U.S.).
Including daily AQI information in your forecast will allow the public to become familiar with the
AQI and know that your forecast is a reliable source for local air quality information.
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Additional Resources for Weathercasters
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AIRNow Air Quality Mapping and Forecasting
Introduction
EPA's AIRNow program collects air quality data and smog observations and forecasts for over 300
metropolitan areas across the country. Gridded data maps are available free to weather service
providers. These data provide four types of information:
¦ Air quality forecasts. Similar to maximum temperature forecasts, these air quality forecasts rep-
resent the maximum smog levels expected for the current day next day and beyond. The fore-
casts are issued by meteorologists in each state, collected by the AIRNow program, and distrib-
uted free of charge to weather providers.
¦ Current air quality conditions. Like current temperature, the current air quality values provide
the highest Air Quality Index (AQI) reading observed in each city.
¦ Previous day's AQI maximum. This data value provides the peak AQI reached at any monitor in
each city.
¦ Educational resources for broadcasters. The AIRNow web site includes air quality information
specifically for radio/television broadcasters at: www.airnow.gov (click on "Weathercasters" on
the left side of the web page; also from the main AIRNow web page, search on "media").
Forecast Frequency and Data Files
Air quality agencies throughout the United States typically issue their forecasts once or twice a day.
Agencies usually submit the forecasts in the late morning to early afternoon (local time), with all
forecasts completed by 1700 ET (2100 UTC) each day. Current observations are updated hourly. Data
are stored in an ASCII file that contains the latest forecasts and observations for all cities.
The AIRNow Data Management Center's FTP Internet site includes two sets of data. One data set —
"outgoing\forecasts" — typically contains forecasts for the current and next day; for some cities, the
file contains forecasts for two to five days. Current observations for each city and the previous day's
maximum AQI readings are also provided. The second data set — "outgoing\grids" — contains one
hour's worth of gridded observations (or previous day's peak). Both of these data sets can be
accessed through the Data Management Center's FTP Internet site at: ftp.airnowdata.org . Additional
information on file format specifications and forecast issuance is provided at: www.airnow.gov (click
on "Weathercasters" on the left side of the web page and choose "AIRNow Fact Sheet").
Guidelines for Using AIRNow Data, Forecasts, and Advisories
¦ Air quality data, forecast values, and advisory statements should be disseminated as received
and not altered in any way.
¦ All end-users who receive air quality, forecast, and advisory information should be provided
with the most current data available when possible. Current updates are particularly important
when advisories are issued by state/local air quality agencies. The AIRNow program updates all
data hourly.
¦ State and local agencies are the authority for issuing air quality forecasts and advisories.
¦ Credit should be given to the appropriate source—either EPA AIRNow or the state/local air qual-
ity agency if known.
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61 Additional Resources for Weathercasters
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¦ AIRNow observational data are not fully verified or validated and should be considered prelimi-
nary. As such, they should not be used to formulate or support regulation, guidance, or any
other government or public decision.
¦ Observed air quality and forecast values should be disseminated in accordance with the Air
Quality Index and corresponding RGB colors as follows:
AQI Level
Color
R
G
B
Good
Green
0
228
0
Moderate
Yellow
255
255
0
Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups
Orange
255
126
0
Unhealthy
Red
255
0
0
Very Unhealthy
Purple
153
0
76
Hazardous
Maroon
76
0
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Questions regarding AIRNow data, forecasts, and advisories should be directed to:
AIRNowDMC@sonomatech.com and whitejohne@epa.gov
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Supplementary Air Quality Resources
The Air Quality Index
EPA's AIRNow Web site. The U.S. EPA's AIRNow web site provides the public with easy access to air
quality information. The web site offers real-time air quality conditions and daily air quality fore-
casts for more than 300 cities across the U.S. It also provides links to more detailed state and local
air quality web sites, and supplies real-time images of air quality and visibility via webcams in a
number of locations. Available at: www.airnow.gov
The AIRNow web site also provides a chart to easily link the AQI colors with air quality and health
risks. This chart and related information can be found by visiting the AIRNow web site homepage
(www.airnow.gov) then clicking on "Air Quality Index" on the menu bar on the left; the chart is on
the bottom of this page.
EPA's AIRNow web site also includes a children's section - see: www.airnow.gov (click on "Kids" on
the menu bar on the left). This web site explains the Air Quality Index (AQI) to children. It uses
games, targeted for K-1 and ages 7-10, to teach children about the AQI and how they can moder-
ate their activity to play safely outside when air pollution is elevated.
EPA AQI Publications. Available in pdf and html formats (print versions can be requested free of
charge) at: www.airnow.gov - click on "Publications" on the menu bar on the left for the following
publications, among others:
¦ Air Quality Index - A Guide to Air Quality and Your Health. Explains EPA's Air Quality Index (AQI)
and the health effects of major air pollutants.
¦ Air Quality Guide for Ozone. Provides information about ways to protect health when ozone lev-
els reach the unhealthy range, and ways to help reduce ozone air pollution.
¦ Air Quality Guide for Particle Pollution. Provides information about ways to protect health when
particle pollution levels reach the unhealthy range, and ways to help reduce particle air pollu-
tion.
Air Quality Mapping and Forecasting
EPA Publications. Available at www.airnow.gov - click on "Publications" on the menu bar on the left
for the following publications:
¦ Guidelines for Developing an Air Quality (Ozone and PM2.5) Forecasting Program. Provides tech
nical guidance to help air quality agencies develop, operate, and evaluate ozone and PM2.5
forecasting programs. Includes: 1) background information about ozone and PM2.5 and the
weather's effect on these pollutants; 2) a list of how air quality forecasts are currently used; 3)
a summary and evaluation of methods currently used to forecast ozone and PM2.5; 4) steps to
develop and operate an air quality forecasting program; and 5) information on the level of
effort needed to set up and operate a forecasting program.
¦ Ozone Monitoring, Mapping, and Public Outreach: Delivering Real-Time Ozone Information to
Your Community. Provides step-by-step instructions about creating an ozone monitoring, map-
ping, and public outreach program at the local community level.
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¦ Guideline for Reporting of Daily Air Quality-Air Quality Index (AQI). Provides guidance to aid
local agencies for reporting air quality using the AQI, as required in Part 58.50 of 40 CFR and
according to Part 58 of 40 CFR, Appendix G.
TV Weather Links and Reference Materials for Air Quality. Available at: www.airnow.gov click
"Weathercasters" on the menu bar on the left for the following materials, among others:
¦ Talking Points for Meteorologists. This document summarizes the health messages and recom-
mended actions for ozone and particle pollution at each AQI level.
¦ Myths and Facts for Meteorologists. This page contains basic information about ozone and par-
ticle pollution and their health impacts.
Air Pollution and Health
Scientific Publications and Related Reports. Key reports on air pollution and health include:
¦ The American Lung Association. All of the ALA reports listed below are available at:
www.Iungusa.org/site/pp.asp?c=dvLUK900E&b=36864
The American Lung Association State of the Air 2004
Selected Key Studies on Ozone and Health (1997-2001)
Selected Key Studies on Particulate Matter and Health (1997-2001)
Annotated Bibliography of Recent Studies on the Health Effects of Air Pollution (2001-2002)
¦ Balbus, J. and Y. Chee. 2004. Dangerous Days of Summer. Environmental Defense Fund. Ranks 50
major population centers in the U.S. where air pollution impacts the greatest number of chil-
dren. Available at: www.environmentaldefense.org/dangerousdays.cfm.
¦ Desquereux et al„ 2002. Short-Term Effects of Low-Level Air Pollution on Respiratory Health of
Adults Suffering from Moderate to Severe Asthma. Environmental Research Vol. 98: 29-37. This
study found that increases in particle pollution have been associated with a rise in the inci-
dence of asthma attacks among adults with asthma.
¦ Friedman, M.S., K.E. Powell, L. Hutwagner, L.M. Graham, W.G. Teague. 2001. Impact of Changes
in Transportation and Commuting Behaviors during the 1996 Summer Olympic Games in Atlanta
on Air Quality and Childhood Asthma. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 285(7) :897-905 (February). Policies to
reduce car traffic during the Olympics also reduced peak ozone concentrations by 28 percent
and hospitalizations for asthma by almost 20 percent.
¦ Gauderman, W.J. et al. 2004. The Effects of Air Pollution on Lung Development from 10 to 18
YearsofAge. New England Journal of Medicine 351:1057-1067.
¦ Hoek, G., B. Brunekreef, S. Goldbohm, P. Fischer, P.A. van den Brandt. 2002. Association Between
Mortality and Indicators of Traffic-Related Air Pollution in the Netherlands: A Cohort Study. The
Lancet 19:1203-1209. A study of 5,000 people in the Netherlands from 1986 to 1994 found
that people living near a main road and exposed to traffic-related particle pollution were
almost twice as likely to die from heart or lung disease compared to people living further from
traffic.
¦ Hricko, A., K. Preston, H. Witt, J. Peters. 1999. Air Pollution and Children's Health. Chapter
excerpt from the 1999 Health Atlas of Southern California. Available at:
http://hydra.usc.edu/scehsc/coep/coep_atlaschap.asp
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¦ Kleinman, M. 2000. The Health Effects of Air Pollution on Children. Department of Community
and Environmental Medicine University of California, Irvine. South Coast Air Quality
Management District. Available at: www.aqmd.gov/forstudents/health_effects_on_children.pdf
¦ Lin, S., J.P. Munsie, S.-A. Hwang, E. Fitzgerald, M.R. Cayo. 2002. Childhood Asthma
Hospitalization and Residential Exposure to State Route Traffic. Environmental Research Vol. 88:
73-81. A study in Erie County, New York (excluding the city of Buffalo) found that children liv-
ing in neighborhoods with heavy truck or trailer traffic within 200 meters of their homes had
increased risks of asthma hospitalization.
¦ Peters, J.M. 2004. Epidemiologic Investigation to Identify Chronic Effects of Ambient Air
Pollutants in Southern California. University of Southern California, Los Angeles; California Air
Resources Board. This prospective study of about 5,500 children living in Southern California
found serious adverse impacts to children's lung function from exposure to air pollution. Study
overview available at: www.arb.ca.gov/research/chs/over.htm . Abstract available at:
www.arb.ca.gov/research/abstracts/94-331 .htm
¦ Pope, C.A., R.T. Burnett, M.J. Thun, E.E. Calle, D. Krewski, K. Ito, G.D. Thurston. 2002. Lung Cancer,
Cardiopulmonary Mortality, and Long-term Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution. J. Am.
Med. Assoc. 287(9). A study of 500,000 adults in over 100 American cities found that prolonged
exposure to fine particle pollution significantly increases the risk of dying from lung cancer and
cardiopulmonary causes.
¦ Pope, C.A. 1989. Respiratory Disease Associated with Community Air Pollution and a Steel Mill,
Utah Valley. Am. J. Public Health 79(5):623-8. During the year that a steel mill in Utah Valley
was temporarily closed, particulate pollution dropped by half, and children's hospital admissions
for respiratory problems were two to three times lower than usual.
"Plain English" Publications
The following U.S. EPA publications are available in pdf and html formats at: www.airnow.gov -
click on "Publications" on the menu bar on the left (print versions can be requested free of charge):
¦ Particle Pollution and Your Health. Describes who is at risk from exposure to particle pollution,
what health effects may be caused by particles, and simple measures that can be taken to
reduce health risk.
¦ Ozone and Your Health. Describes who is at risk from exposure to ozone, what health effects are
caused by ozone, and simple measures to reduce health risk.
¦ Smog- Who Does it Hurt? This 8-page booklet provides more detailed information than "Ozone
and Your Health" about ozone health effects and how to avoid them.
¦ Summertime Safety: Keeping Kids Safe from Sun and Smog. Discusses summer health hazards
that pertain particularly to children and includes information about EPA's Air Quality Index and
UV Index tools.
¦ Ozone: Good Up High, Bad Nearby. Provides basic information about ground-level and high-alti-
tude ozone.
The following publication on smoke and air pollution was produced by the state of California:
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65 Additional Resources for Weathercasters
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¦ Wildfire Smoke: A Guide for Public Health Officials. This publication describes the health effects
of smoke and provides detailed guidance on how to protect public health from wildfire smoke.
Contact: www.arb.ca.gov
Links
¦ Southern California Environmental Health Sciences Center. Contains I inks to press releases,
notices, and summaries of studies related to air pollution and health, as well as other environ-
mental health research areas. Available at: http://hydra.usc.edu/scehsc/press.asp
¦ Air.Jngthe Truth About Indoor and Outdoor Air Pollution. American Lung Association web page
providing basic facts about the numbers of people affected by air pollution. Available at:
www. lungusa.org/site/pp.asp?c=dvl_UK900E&b=107829
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