United States Environmental Protection ImI Agency ^vSmartWay U.S. Environmental protection agency 2024 SmartWay Barge Carrier Partner Tool: Technical Documentation U.S. Version 1.0 (Data Year 2023) EPA-42-B-24-0121 February 2024 I SmartWay Transport Partnership I epa.gov/smartway ------- ^CPA EnvlronmemaI Protection ^^\XSmartWay * mAgency U.S. Environmental Protection Agency^ 2024 SmartWay Barge Carrier Partner Tool: Technical Documentation U.S. Version 1.0 (Data Year 2023) Transportation and Climate Division Office of Transportation and Air Quality U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA-420-B-24-012 February 2024 ------- "^vSmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency» Table of Contents 1.0 EMISSION FACTORS AND ASSOCIATED ACTIVITY INPUTS 5 1.1 AvaiLabLe Emission Factors 5 1.2 Activity Data Inputs 7 2.0 EMISSION ESTIMATION 9 2.1 C02 Calculation 9 2.2 NOx, PMio and BLack Carbon CaLcuLations 9 2.3 Retrofit Effectiveness 10 3.0 PERFORMANCE METRICS 12 3.1 Grams per Barge-MiLe 12 3.2 Grams per Loaded Barge-MiLe 12 3.3 Grams per Ton-MiLe 12 3.4 FLeet Average CaLcuLations 13 3.5 PubLic DiscLosure Reports 13 4.0 DATA VALIDATION 14 5.0 FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS 16 REFERENCES 17 APPENDIX A: MARINE ENGINE EMISSION FACTORS (G/KWHR) A-l SmartWay Technical Documentation | Table of Contents 3 ------- ^\NSmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency * List of Tables Table 1. C02 Factors by Fuel Type* 5 Table 2. Marine Vessel Engine Load Factors (%) 10 Table 3. Diesel Propulsion Engine Retrofit Reduction Factors 11 Table 4. Barge Capacity by Type/Length Combination (1,000 cubic feet) 14 Table 5. Articulated/Integrate Barge Capacity by Volume Category (barrels) 15 Table A-i. Auxiliary Engine Emission Factors (g/kWhr) A-i Table A-2. Propulsion Engine Emission Factors (g/kWhr) A-6 SmartWay Technical Documentation | Table of Contents 4 ------- ^\xSmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency » Emission Factors and Associated Activity Inputs Emission factors form the basis for the emission calculations in the Barge Tool. The Tool uses the latest and most comprehensive emission factors available for marine propulsion and auxiliary engines. The following discusses the data sources used to compile the emission factors used in the Tool, and the fleet characteristic and activity data inputs needed to generate fleet performance metrics. l.l AVAILABLE EMISSION FACTORS Propulsion Engines C02 emissions are calculated using fuel-based factors, expressed in grams per gallon of fuel. Available fuel options include marine distillate (diesel - both low and ultra-low sulfur), biodiesel, and liquefied natural gas (LNG). The Barge Tool uses the same gram/gallon fuel factors for C02 that are used in the other carrier tools (Truck, Rail, and Multi-modal), as shown in Table l. These factors are combined directly with the annual fuel consumption values input into the Tool to estimate mass emissions for propulsion and auxiliary engines. (The fuel consumption inputs are summed across both engine types). The factors for biodiesel are a weighted average of the diesel and Bioo factors shown in the table, weighted by the biodiesel blend percentage. Table l. COz Factors by Fuel Type* g/gai Source1 Diesel 10,180 (i) Biodiesel (Bioo) 9,460 (ii) LNG 4.394 (iii) * 100% combustion (oxidation) assumed The Barge Tool uses emission factors expressed in g/kW-hr to estimate NOx, PM and black carbon emissions. For marine distillate fuel, the Tool uses emission factors presented in EPA's 2020 Port Emissions Inventory Guidance. The emission factors for main propulsion engines using ultra-low (15 ppm) sulfur distillate fuel are a function of year of manufacture (or rebuild) and rated engine power (in kW). These factors, presented in Appendix A, are combined with estimated engine activity in kW-hrs to estimate mass emissions, as described in Section 2. The PM10 factors are multiplied by 0.97 to obtain PM25 estimates, consistent with the conversion factors in the Port Emissions Inventory Guidance. 1 i) Fuel economy calculations in 40 C.F.R 600.113 available at https://www.aovinfo.aov/content/pka/CFR-2004-title40-vol28/pdf/CFR-2004-title40- vol28-sec600-113-Q3.pdf. Accessed 1-16-24. ii) Tables IV.A.3-2 and 3-3 in A Comprehensive Analysis of Biodiesel Impacts on Exhaust Emissions, available at https://nepis.epa.aov/Exe/ZvPDF.cai9Dockev-PiooiZAo.pdf. Accessed 1-16-24. iii) Assuming 21,240 Btu/lb. lower heating value (http://www.afdc.enerav.aov/afdc/fuels/properties.html - Accessed 1-16-24.), 3.518 lbs/gal and 0.059 g/Btu. SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 1 5 ------- ^\xSmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency » NOx and PM emission factors for biodiesel were based on the findings from an EPA study, A Comprehensive Analysis of BiodieseL Impacts on Exhaust Emissions (EPA420-P-02-001, October 2002). This study developed regression equations to predict the percentage change in NOx and PM emission rates relative to conventional diesel fuel, as a function of biodiesel blend percentage, expressed in the following form: Equation 1 % change in emissions = (exp[a x (vol% biodiesel)] -1} x 100% Where: a = 0.0009794 for NOx, and a = -0.006384 for PM and Black Carbon2 For example, the NOx reduction associated with B20 is calculated as follows [Expto.0009747 x 20)-l] x 100 = 1.9% To obtain the final NOx emissions the unadjusted NOx is multiplied by (1-0.019) = 0.981, Using Equation 1, adjustment factors were developed for biodiesel blends based on the percentage of the biofuel component, and then these adjustment factors were applied to the appropriate conventional diesel emission factors in Appendix A. Ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel (15 ppm sulfur) is assumed as the basis for adjustments. Emission factors were also developed for LNG derived from a variety of data sources including EPA, U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), Swedish EPA, and the California Energy Commission. The following emission factors were assumed, corresponding to slow-speed engines operating on natural gas. 5.084 g NOx/kW-hr % 0.075 g PM10/kW-hr For LNG, NOx and PM emission factors are assumed to be independent of model year and engine size. In addition, as LNG PM emissions are primarily the result of lube oil combustion, the Barge Tool assumes PM25 emissions equal 97% of PM10 emissions, consistent with the conversion used for diesel fuel. Black carbon emission factors for LNG engines are based on emission rates for heavy-duty onroad trucks. The MOVES3 model was run for the 2021 calendar year at the national level to estimate the ratio of black carbon to PM25 grams per mile rates for class 8b LNG trucks. Ratios vary by engine model year group: % Pre-2002: BC = 0.082 x PM25 2 The study's biodiesel emissions testing did not characterize black carbon. Black carbon reductions are assumed to scale one to one with PM reductions. SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 1 6 ------- SmartWay mental Protection Agency* U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2002+: BC = 0.035 X PM25 Auxiliary Engines NOx, PM, and black carbon emissions associated with diesel auxiliary engine operation depend on kW and engine model year (see Table A-i in Appendix A).3 Alternative fuels and retrofits are not allowed for auxiliary engines at this time. APU emissions are calculated by multiplying the appropriate factors by the kW-hr inputs from the tool, and the default engine load factors for harbor craft APUs.4 The Barge Tool requires Partners to input vessel and barge characterization and activity data. The input data required to calculate emissions and associated performance metrics include: Total number of barges and tugs ^ Vessel-specific information - ¦ Propulsion engine model/rebuild year ¦ EPA Engine Class (1 or 2) ¦ Fuel type (diesel - 15 or 500 ppm, biodiesel, and LNG) ¦ Retrofit information (technology and/or % NOx and/or PM reduction, if applicable) ¦ Annual fuel use (gallons or tons) - Total for propulsion and auxiliary engines ¦ Vessel towing capacity (tons)6 - optional input ¦ Propulsion engine operation o # engines (1, 2 or 3) o Total rated power (HP or kW - sum if two engines) o Hours of operation per year (underway and maneuvering)6 ¦ Auxiliary engine operation (for each engine)7 o Engine age 3 See https://nepis.epa.aov/Exe/ZvPDF.cai9Dockev-PioiQ2Uo.pdf. Accessed 1-16-24. 4 Load factor - 0.43 for auxiliary engines. From U.S. EPA 2020, Port Emissions Inventory Guidance, Table 4.4. 5 Used to establish upper bound validation limit for total payload ton-mile entries. Not expressed in Bollard Pull since that unit does not uniquely correspond to payload. 6 Hours of operation estimates are for engines used for propulsion, not auxiliary engines. Underway operations are defined as when the power unit is towing a barge configuration, e.g., a 15 barge collection, whereas Maneuvering is defined as movement around ports for fueling or maintenance or moving individual barges into place to hook up for a haul. Users should provide their best estimate for allocating hours between the two, but this will not currently impact your emission estimates. However, it is important for the sum of these two estimates to equal your total hours of propulsion engine operation. 7 Note - the Barge Tool assumes all auxiliary engines are diesel powered. 1.2 ACTIVITY DATA INPUTS SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 1 7 ------- ^\xSmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency » o Rated power (HP or kW) o Hours of operation per year Barge operation information ¦ Barge type (hopper, covered cargo, tank, deck, container, other) ¦ Barge size, by type (150,175,195-200 and 250-300 feet in Length) ¦ For each type/size combination: o Number o Average cargo volume utilization (%) - for each size/type combination o Average annual loaded miles per barge (nautical) o Average annual empty miles per barge (nautical) o Average loaded payload per barge (short tons) Total annual fleet activity (used for validation - must match totals calculated from barge operation information to within 5%) ¦ Ton-miles ¦ Loaded barge-miles ¦ Unloaded barge-miles Vessel and barge characterization and activity data are needed for three reasons: 1. To convert the hours of engine operation to kilowatt-hours, it is necessary to know the kilowatt or horsepower rating of the vessel's propulsion and auxiliary engines. Given hours of operation, the Tool can then calculate kilowatt-hours — which is compatible with the available emission factors for both engine types. 2. To classify which regulations the vessel is subject to. EPA engine class is required to identify the correct NOx and PM emission factors for propulsion engines. Rated power is used to determine the appropriate emission category for auxiliary engines. 3. To combine mass emission estimates with barge-mile and ton-mile activity to develop fleet and company-level performance metrics. (Note, total emissions are also calculated and reported at the vessel-specific level.) The following section describes how the activity data inputs and the emission factors are combined to generate mass emission estimates and associated performance metrics. SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 1 8 ------- ^vSmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency » Emission Estimation The following sections discuss how emissions are calculated, beginning with selection of emission factors. 2.1 C02 CALCULATION Annual vessel-specific fuel consumption values may be input in the Barge Tool in gallons or tons. Entries in tons are converted to gallons using the following factors: Diesel - 284 gallons/ton8 Biodiesel (B100) - 274 gallons/ton9 ^ LNG - 573 gallons/ton10 Once all fuel consumption values have been converted to gallons, C02 mass emission estimates are calculated for each vessel using the factors shown in Table 1, converted to short tons (1.1023 x io~6 short tons/gram), and summed across vessels to obtain tons of C02 per year for the entire vessel fleet. 2.2 NOx, PM10 AND BLACK CARBON CALCULATIONS NOx, PM10 and black carbon are calculated based on kW-hr activity estimates. This approach allows emission calculations to account for the size of the vessel's propulsion and auxiliary engines and the amount of time a vessel operates. Equation 2 presents the general equation for calculating NOx, PM10 and black carbon emissions for each engine using diesel fuel.11 The equation is used for each unique combination of engine type (propulsion or auxiliary), vessel type (linehaul, locking, canal, etc.), engine power rating group, and engine model year. Equation 2 EMP = Pw x 0.7457 x Hr x LF/100 x EF/ 1,102,300 Where: EMP = Marine vessel emissions for pollutant (p) (tons/year) Pw = Sum of the power ratings for each of the vessel's engines (hp or kW)12 a 8 Iowa State Extension Outreach Ag Decision Maker. Last accessed 2-14-20. 9 Converted from 7.3 Lbs/gallon. See https://www.nreL.gov/docs/fy170sti/66521.pdf, Table 2, Accessed 1-16-24. 10 Midwest Energy Solutions. Energy Volume & Weight. Last accessed 1-31-21. 11 Note: the PM emission factors used in the Barge Tool estimate direct or "primary" PM produced as a result of incomplete combustion. Estimates do not include indirect PM emissions associated with sulfur gas compounds aerosolizing in the atmosphere. 12 This approach assumes that multiple propulsion engines entered in a single row of the Tool are of the same type, power, and age, and operate in tandem. SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 2 9 ------- SmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency » 0.7457 = Conversion factor from horsepower to kilowatts, if needed (kW/hp - Perry's Chemical Engineer's Handbook) Hre = Total annual hours of operation for each engine (hr) LF = Load factor - see Table 3 (percentage) EF = Emission factor for pollutant p (grams/kW-hr) - see Appendix A 1,102,300 = Conversion factor from grams to short tons If the vessel's power is provided in terms of kilowatts, then the conversion from horsepower to kilowatts is not needed. The load factors used in the above equation are provided in EPA's Port Emissions Inventory Guidance (Table 4.4) and are shown in Table 3 below. Table 2. Marine Vessel Engine Load Factors (% Engine Type Vessel Type13 Load Factor Propulsion Linehaul (towboat) 68% Propulsion Locking (tugboat) 50% Propulsion Canal (tugboat) 50% Propulsion Harbor (tugboat) 50% Propulsion Coastwise (towboat) 68% Propulsion Articulated barge (towboat) 68% Propulsion Other (Miscellaneous C1/C2) 52% Auxiliary All types 43% If biodiesel is used, NOx and PM emissions are calculated assuming ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel as the basis, with the emission factors adjusted according to the fuel blend percentage as described in Section 1.1. If LNG is used, NOx and PM emissions are calculated by simply multiplying the g/kW-hr factors presented in Section 1.1 by the effective kW-hrs of operation (hours of use x load factor), summed across operation type (underway and maneuvering). 2.3 RETROFIT EFFECTIVENESS The Barge Tool allows the user to select from a variety of propulsion engine retrofit options. Options were only identified for diesel marine engines and were based on emission adjustment factors developed for EPA's MARKAL model.14 The reduction factors assumed for each of these control options are presented in 13 The vessel categories incLuded in the Barge Tool are associated with specific ship types presented in EPA's Port Emissions Inventory Guidance to assign default Load factors. EPA ship category assignments are shown in parentheses. 14 Eastern Research Group, "MARKAL Marine Methodology", prepared for Dr. Cynthia Gage, US EPA, December 30, 2010. SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 2 10 ------- ^SmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency * Table 4. The Barge Tool only allows the user to specify one retrofit for a given propulsion engine - combinations are not permitted at this time. Table 3. Diesel Propulsion Engine Retrofit Reduction Factors Reduction Factor Control NOx PM Fuel Injection Engine Improvements 0.12 0.12 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) 0.8 0 Common rail 0.1 0.1 Diesel Electric 0.2 0.2 Humid Air Motor (HAM) 0.7 0 Hybrid Engines 0.35 0.35 Diesel Oxidation Catalyst 0 0.2 Lean NOx Catalyst 0.35 0 Barge Tool users may also specify details and assumed emission reductions for other control measures not listed in the table above, although detailed text descriptions should be provided justifying the use of any alternative factors. If retrofit Information has been entered for a vessel, the NOx and PM emissions calculated above are adjusted by the factors shown in Table 4.16 For example, a 20% reduction in PM emissions associated with a diesel oxidation catalyst would require an adjustment factor of 1 - 0.2 (0.8) to be applied to the calculated PM values. Finally, NOx and PM emissions are summed across all vessels and source types (propulsion and auxiliary) to obtain fleet and company-level mass emission estimates. 15 The Barge T00L assumes that retrofits are only applied to main propulsion engines, not auxiliary engines. SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 2 11 ------- SmartWay mental Protection Agency* U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ^ Performance Metrics The Barge Tool is designed to apply the calculated emissions to a variety of operational parameters. This provides performance metrics that are used as a reference point to evaluate a Partner's environmental performance relative to other SmartWay Partners across different transportation modes. In this way the metrics presented here are made comparable to the metrics used in the other carrier tools. For these comparisons to be most precise, it may be necessary to group the data into comparable operating characteristic bins to ensure that similar operations are being compared. For example, open-water barge operations may need to be considered separately from river barge operations because these vessels and their activities are very different. For this reason, the Barge Tool collects a variety of vessel and barge characteristic information that may be used to differentiate barge operations in the future. The following summarizes how the Barge Tool performance metrics are calculated for a given pollutant. Note: all distances are reported in nautical miles.16 3-1 GRAMS PER BARGE-MILE Equation 3 grams / (loaded + unloaded barge-miles - from Total Fleet Activity entry) 3 2 GRAMS PER LOADED BARGE-MILE Equation 4 grams / (loaded barge-miles - from Total Fleet Activity entry) 3 3 GRAMS PER TON-MILE Equation 5 grams / (total ton-miles - from Total Fleet Activity entry) 161 nautical miLe -1.15 statute miles. SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3 12 ------- ^SmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency * 3-4 FLEET AVERAGE CALCULATIONS The Barge Tool calculates fleet-level average payloads for use in the SmartWay Carrier Data File. In order to calculate average payload the Tool first calculates total ton-miles for each row on the Barge Operations screen as follows: Row-Level ton-miles = Average Payload Value * Avg Loaded Miles * Number of Barges Next, the Tool sums the row-level ton-miles as well as the total barge miles (Avg Loaded Miles * Number of Barges) across all rows. The tool then divides the summed ton-miles by the summed total miles to obtain the fleet average payload. 3 5 PUBLIC DISCLOSURE REPORTS The Barge Tool provides a report summarizing Scope 1 emissions for public disclosure purposes. Mass emissions are presented in metric tonnes for C02 (biogenic and non-biogenic), NOx, and PM17 for all fleets. Biogenic C02 emissions estimates are assumed to equal 2 percent of total C02 emissions, as per U.S. requirements for biomass-based diesel from the EPA Renewable Fuel Standard program final volume requirements.18 C02 equivalent (C02e) emissions are also provided in the tool's Public Disclosure report and are calculated by multiplying C02 values by a scaling factor of 1.1056. The scaling factor was based on data from Table 2-13 in the most recent EPA Emissions and Sinks Report. The factor was derived by dividing the Ships and Boats emissions for each greenhouse gas excluding C02 (CH4, N20, and HFCs) by the total emissions including C02, and then summing the ratios to obtain the total scaling factor. 17 Emissions from CH4, N20, HFC's, PFC's, SF6 and NF3 have been deemed immaterial comprising Less than 5% of overall GHG emissions and are therefore excluded for reporting purposes. IS As stated in the Final Rule (Table I.B.7-1 - see https://www.aovinfo.aov/content/pka/FR-2020-02-06/pdf/2020-0Q4':ii.bdf, Accessed https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy170sti/66521.pdf), the volume requirements for biomass-based diesel in 2020 is 2.10%, rounded to equal 2% for calculation purposes. The percentage will be updated annually in the Tool. SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 3 13 ------- ^vSmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency » Data Validation The Barge Tool employs Limited validation to ensure the consistency of Partner data inputs. Cross-validation of barge and ton-mile inputs are conducted on the Barge Operations screen. These checks ensure that the values entered in the Fleet Totals section of the screen for total ton-miles, loaded and unloaded barge-miles are consistent with the data entered at the row level for the different barge type/size combinations. These three values must be within 5% of the totals calculated as follows: Equation 6 Total Ton-miles = [£b (number of barges x Annual Loaded Miles per Barge x Average Loaded Payload per Barge)] Equation 7 Loaded Barge-Miles = [£b (number of barges x Annual Loaded Miles per Barge)] Equation 8 Unloaded Barge-Miles = [£b (number of barges x Annual Empty Miles per Barge)] The Barge Tool also conducts a validation check to confirm product densities are within a reasonable range, with payloads flagged if the calculated cargo density is greater than 0.6 tons per cubic foot or less than 0.003 tons per cubic foot.19 Barge volumes were estimated for each barge type/size combination using standardized assumptions regarding depth and width. Volumes are summarized below in Table 5 and Table 6. Table 4. Barge Capacity by Type/Length Combination (1,000 cubic feet) Barge Volume (1,000 cubic feet) Barge Type* 250-300' 195-200' 175' 150' Hopper Barge 182 90 81 69 Covered cargo barge20 165 82 74 63 Tank Barges 160 56 48 41 Deck Barges 182 90 81 69 Container Barges 218 82 65 49 * "Other" barge types require volumes input by the user 19 High end approximately equal to that of gold, low end to density of potato chips. See http://www.aaua-calc.com/paae/densitv- table/substance/Snacks-coma-and-blank-potato-blank-chiPS-coma-and-blank-white-coma-and-blank-restructured-coma-and-blank-baked. Accessed 1-16-24. 20 Assumed maximum volume for covered cargo barge for 250-300 was 265 ft long 52 ft wide and 12 feet deep -165,360; 195-200 was 195 long 35 ft wide and 12 ft deep; 175 and 150 had the same width and depth of the 195 ft barge. SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 4 14 ------- ^\xSmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency » Volumes for articulated/integrated barges were derived from a Listing of 134 bluewater units protected by US cabotage Law, 114 of which included volume estimates.21 Four barge size groupings were defined as shown in Table 5. Table 5. Articulated/Integrate Barge Capacity by Volume Category (barrels) Size Category Average Volume < 100,000 373,591 100,000 < 150,000 683,827 150,000 < 200,000 944,121 200,000 + 1,583,898 The Barge Tool performs one other validation check, ensuring that the fleet's total payload, as determined from the Barge Operations screen, does not exceed the maximum possible payload based on the reported towing capacities reported on the Vessel Operations screen. 21 US Maritime Administration data compiled by Tradeswindsnews.com; provided by Terrence Houston, American Waterway Operators, December 15, 2016. SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 4 15 ------- ^\xSmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency » Future Enhancements The following enhancements are being considered for future versions of the Barge Tool: Develop validation ranges for barge-mile, ton-mile, payload, towing capacity, rated power, and other inputs based on Partner data submissions and/or other sources. Compile list of common data sources for vessel and barge data, based on Partner data submissions. ^ Add option for dual-fuel propulsion engines. ^ Allow user-specified propulsion engine load factors. Develop default average volume utilization and payloads based on commodity type and other Partner data. I SmartWay Technical Documentation | Section 5 16 ------- SmartWay mental Protection Agency* U.S. Environmental Protection Agency References American Waterway Operators website Jobs and Economy: Industry Factors, http://www.americanwaterwavs.com/initiatives/iobs- economv/industrv-facts. Accessed 1-16-24. Coosa-Alabama River Improvement Association (CARIA) Barges and Towboats. Dunn and Bradstreet Hoovers, Inland Barge Transport, Last accessed 1-31-21. East Dubuque (ED) Local Area History Project Barges and Tows, April 2000. Hines Furlong Line Tank Barges, http://www.hinesfurLonaline.com/tank-baraes. Accessed 1-16-24. Ingram Barge Company Barge Register, 2010. International Maritime Organization (IMO) Updated Study on Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ships, April 2009. McDonough, Deck Barge Fleet, 2013 https://www.mcdonouahmarine.com/deck-baraes.htmL Accessed 1-16-24. Texas Transportation Institute (TTI) and the Center for Ports and Waterways, Modal Comparison of Domestic Freight Transportation Effects on The General Public, Houston, Texas, March 2009. https://statictti.taimu.edu/tti.taimu.edu/documents/TTI- 2012-fj.pdf. Accessed 1-16-24. U.S. Army Corp of Engineers Waterborne Commerce Statistics Center, https://www.iwr.usace.armv.mil/about/technical-centers/wcsc- waterborne-commerce-statistics-center/. Accessed 1-16-24. U.S. Department of Transportation Bureau of Transportation Statistics, North American Freight Transportation, Washington D.C., June 2006. U.S. Department of Energy Energy Information Administration's National Energy Modeling System. Annual Energy Outlook 2009 Early Release: Report #:DOE/EIA-0383. December 2008. https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/archive/aeoOQ/. Accessed 1-16-24. U.S. EPA Category 2 Vessel Census, Activity and Spatial Allocation Assessment and Category 1 and Category 2 In- Port/At-Sea Splits, February 16, 2007. SmartWay Technical Documentation | References 17 ------- ^SmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency * U.S. EPA Port Emissions Inventory Guidance, September 2020. Accessed 2-15-23. U.S. EPA Regulatory Impact Analysis: Control of Emissions of Air Pollution from Locomotive Engines and Marine Compression Ignition Engines Less than 30 Liters Per Cylinder, May 2008. Wright International Barge Brokerage. Last accessed 2-11-19. SmartWay Technical Documentation | References 18 ------- ^\xSmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency » Appendix A: Marine Engine Emission Factors (g/kWhr)22 Table A-i. Auxiliary Engine Emission Factors (g/kWhr) Model Year Engine Size z O X PM10 BC Pre-1999 0 < kW < 8 13410 1.213 o.go6 Pre-1999 8 < kW < 19 11.399 i.07g 0.806 Pre-1999 lg < kW < 37 9.253 o.g45 0.706 Pre-1999 37 < kW < 600 10.081 0.2g2 0.218 Pre-1999 600 < kW < 1000 10.406 0.212 0.158 Pre-1999 1000 < kW < 1400 10.947 o.igi 0.143 Pre-1999 1400 < kW < 2000 11.000 o.igo 0.142 1999 0 < kW < 8 13410 1.213 o.go6 1999 8 < kW < lg 11.399 i.07g 0.806 1999 lg < kW < 37 6.343 0.328 0.245 1999 37 < kW < 600 10.081 0.2g2 0.218 1999 600 < kW < 1000 10.406 0.212 0.158 1999 1000 < kW < 1400 10.947 o.igi 0.143 1999 1400 < kW < 2000 11.000 o.igo 0.142 2000 0 < kW < 8 7.014 0.475 0.355 2000 8 < kW < lg 5.954 0.234 0.175 2000 lg < kW < 37 6.343 0.328 0.245 2000 37 < kW < 600 10.081 0.2g2 0.218 2000 600 < kW < 1000 10.406 0.212 0.158 2000 1000 < kW < 1400 10.947 o.igi 0.143 2000 1400 < kW < 2000 11.000 o.igo 0.142 2001 0 < kW < 8 7.014 0.475 0.355 2001 8 < kW < lg 5.954 0.234 0.175 2001 lg < kW < 37 6.343 0.328 0.245 2001 37 < kW < 600 10.081 0.2g2 0.218 2001 600 < kW < 1000 10.406 0.212 0.158 2001 1000 < kW < 1400 10.947 o.igi 0.143 22 Emission factors are from EPA's 2020 Port Emissions Inventory Guidance - https://nepis.epa.aov/Exe/ZvPDF.cai9Dockev-Pioi02Uo.pdf - Accessed 1-16- 24. SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-i ------- ^vSmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency » Model Year Engine Size z O X PM10 BC 2001 1400 < kW < 2000 11.000 o.igo 0.142 2002 0 < kW < 8 7.014 0.475 0.355 2002 8 < kW < 19 5.954 0.234 0.175 2002 lg < kW < 37 6.343 0.328 0.245 2002 37 < kW < 600 10.081 0.2g2 0.218 2002 600 < kW < 1000 10.406 0.212 0.158 2002 1000 < kW < 1400 io.g47 o.igi 0.143 2002 1400 < kW < 2000 11.000 o.igo 0.142 2003 0 < kW < 8 7.014 0.475 0.355 2003 8 < kW < lg 5-954 0.234 0.175 2003 lg < kW < 37 6.343 0.328 0.245 2003 37 < kW < 600 10.081 0.2g2 0.218 2003 600 < kW < 1000 10.406 0.212 0.158 2003 1000 < kW < 1400 io.g47 o.igi 0.143 2003 1400 < kW < 2000 11.000 o.igo 0.142 2004 0 < kW < 8 7.014 0.475 0.355 2004 8 < kW < lg 5-954 0.234 0.175 2004 lg < kW < 37 4-975 o.2g5 0.221 2004 37 < kW < 600 6.373 o.igo 0.142 2004 600 < kW < 1000 7.621 0.166 0.124 2004 1000 < kW < 1400 9.195 o.igi 0.143 2004 1400 < kW < 2000 g.200 o.igo 0.142 2005 0 < kW < 8 5.887 o.4g7 0.371 2005 8 < kW < lg 4.868 0.242 0.181 2005 lg < kW < 37 4-g75 o.2g5 0.221 2005 37 < kW < 600 6.105 0.157 0.117 2005 600 < kW < 1000 7.621 0.166 0.124 2005 1000 < kW < 1400 9.195 o.igi 0.143 2005 1400 < kW < 2000 g.200 o.igo 0.142 2006 0 < kW < 8 5.887 o.4g7 0.371 2006 8 < kW < lg 4.868 0.242 0.181 2006 lg < kW < 37 4-g75 o.2g5 0.221 2006 37 < kW < 600 6.105 0.157 0.117 2006 600 < kW < 1000 7.621 0.166 0.124 2006 1000 < kW < 1400 9.195 o.igi 0.143 2006 1400 < kW < 2000 g.200 o.igo 0.142 SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-2 ------- ^vSmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency » Model Year Engine Size z O X PM10 BC 2007 0 < kW < 8 5.887 0.497 0.371 2007 8 < kW < 19 4.868 0.242 0.181 2007 lg < kW < 37 4.g75 o.2g5 0.221 2007 37 < kW < 600 5.962 0.154 0.115 2007 600 < kW < 1000 6.100 o.i3g 0.104 2007 1000 < kW < 1400 6.100 o.i3g 0.104 2007 1400 < kW < 2000 6.100 o.i3g 0.104 2008 0 < kW < 8 5.887 o.4g7 0.371 2008 8 < kW < lg 4.868 0.242 0.181 2008 lg < kW < 37 4-975 o.2g5 0.221 2008 37 < kW < 600 5.962 0.154 0.115 2008 600 < kW < 1000 6.100 o.i3g 0.104 2008 1000 < kW < 1400 6.100 o.i3g 0.104 2008 1400 < kW < 2000 6.100 o.i3g 0.104 2009 0 < kW < 8 4.390 0.240 o.i7g 2009 8 < kW < lg 3.630 o.igo 0.142 2009 lg < kW < 37 3.710 0.180 0.134 2009 37 < kW < 600 5.962 0.151 0.113 2009 600 < kW < 1000 6.100 o.i3g 0.104 2009 1000 < kW < 1400 6.100 o.i3g 0.104 2009 1400 < kW < 2000 6.100 o.i3g 0.104 2010 0 < kW < 8 4.390 0.240 o.i7g 2010 8 < kW < lg 3.630 o.igo 0.142 2010 lg < kW < 37 3.710 0.180 0.134 2010 37 < kW < 600 5.962 0.151 0.113 2010 600 < kW < 1000 6.100 o.i3g 0.104 2010 1000 < kW < 1400 6.100 o.i3g 0.104 2010 1400 < kW < 2000 6.100 o.i3g 0.104 2011 0 < kW < 8 4.390 0.240 o.i7g 2011 8 < kW < lg 3.630 o.igo 0.142 2011 lg < kW < 37 3.710 0.180 0.134 2011 37 < kW < 600 5.962 0.151 0.113 2011 600 < kW < 1000 6.100 o.i3g 0.104 2011 1000 < kW < 1400 6.100 o.i3g 0.104 2011 1400 < kW < 2000 6.100 o.i3g 0.104 2012 0 < kW < 8 4.390 0.240 o.i7g SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-3 ------- ^vSmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency » Model Year Engine Size z 0 X PM10 BC 2012 8 < kW < lg 3.630 o.igo 0.142 2012 lg < kW < 37 3.710 0.180 0.134 2012 37 < kW < 6oo 5.924 0.148 0.111 2012 6oo < kW < iooo 5.608 0.115 0.086 2012 iooo < kW < 1400 4.954 0.083 0.062 2012 1400 < kW < 2000 4-8go 0.080 0.060 2013 0 < kW < 8 4.390 0.240 o.i7g 2013 8 < kW < lg 3.630 o.igo 0.142 2013 lg < kW < 37 3.710 0.180 0.134 2013 37 < kW < 600 5.661 0.128 o.ogs 2013 600 < kW < 1000 5.492 0.110 0.082 2013 1000 < kW < 1400 4.884 0.080 0.060 2013 1400 < kW < 2000 4-8go 0.080 0.060 2014 0 < kW < 8 4.390 0.240 o.i7g 2014 8 < kW < lg 2.320 o.igo 0.142 2014 lg < kW < 37 2.320 0.180 0.134 2014 37 < kW < 600 4.580 0.085 0.063 2014 600 < kW < 1000 4.819 0.080 0.060 2014 1000 < kW < 1400 4.884 0.080 0.060 2014 1400 < kW < 2000 4-8go 0.080 0.060 2015 0 < kW < 8 4.390 0.240 o.i7g 2015 8 < kW < lg 2.320 o.igo 0.142 2015 lg < kW < 37 2.320 0.180 0.134 2015 37 < kW < 600 4.580 0.085 0.063 2015 600 < kW < 1000 4.819 0.080 0.060 2015 1000 < kW < 1400 4.884 0.080 0.060 2015 1400 < kW < 2000 4-8go 0.080 0.060 2016 0 < kW < 8 4.390 0.240 o.i7g 2016 8 < kW < lg 2.320 o.igo 0.142 2016 lg < kW < 37 2.320 0.180 0.134 2016 37 < kW < 600 4.580 0.085 0.063 2016 600 < kW < 1000 4.819 0.080 0.060 2016 1000 < kW < 1400 4.884 0.080 0.060 2016 1400 < kW < 2000 1.300 0.030 0.022 2017 0 < kW < 8 4.390 0.240 o.i7g 2017 8 < kW < lg 2.320 o.igo 0.142 SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-4 ------- ^vSmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency » Model Year Engine Size z O X PM10 BC 2017 lg < kW < 37 2.320 0.180 0.134 2017 37 < kW < 600 4.580 0.085 0.063 2017 600 < kW < 1000 4-8ig 0.080 0.060 2017 1000 < kW < 1400 1.300 0.030 0.022 2017 1400 < kW < 2000 1.300 0.030 0.022 2018+ 0 < kW < 8 4.390 0.240 0.179 2018+ 8 < kW < 19 2.320 o.igo 0.142 2018+ lg < kW < 37 2.320 0.180 0.134 2018+ 37 < kW < 600 4.580 0.077 O.O58 2018+ 600 < kW < 1000 1.300 0.030 0.022 2018+ 1000 < kW < 1400 1.300 0.030 0.022 2018+ 1400 < kW < 2000 1.300 0.030 0.022 SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-5 ------- SmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency » Table A-2. Propulsion Engine Emission Factors (g/kWhr) Model Year Engine Size Pre-1999 37 < kW < 600 10.076 0.242 0.181 Pre-1999 600 < kW < 1000 10.247 0.208 0.155 Pre-1999 1000 < kW < 1400 10.454 0.217 0.162 Pre-1999 1400 < kW < 2000 11.799 0.197 0.147 Pre-1999 2000 < kW < 3700 13-360 0.210 0.157 Pre-1999 3700+ kW 13.360 0.210 0.157 1999 37 < kW < 600 10.076 0.242 0.181 1999 600 < kW < 1000 10.247 0.208 0.155 1999 1000 < kW < 1400 10.454 0.217 0.162 1999 1400 < kW < 2000 11.799 0.197 0.147 1999 2000 < kW < 3700 13.360 0.210 0.157 1999 3700+ kW 13.360 0.210 0.157 2000 37 < kW < 600 10.076 0.242 0.181 2000 600 < kW < 1000 10.247 0.208 0.155 2000 1000 < kW < 1400 10.454 0.217 0.162 2000 1400 < kW < 2000 11.799 0.197 0.147 2000 2000 < kW < 3700 13.360 0.210 0.157 2000 3700+ kW 13.360 0.210 0.157 2001 37 < kW < 600 10.076 0.242 0.181 2001 600 < kW < 1000 10.247 0.208 0.155 2001 1000 < kW < 1400 10.454 0.217 0.162 2001 1400 < kW < 2000 11.799 0.197 0.147 2001 2000 < kW < 3700 13.360 0.210 0.157 2001 3700+ kW 13.360 0.210 0.157 2002 37 < kW < 600 10.076 0.242 0.181 2002 600 < kW < 1000 10.247 0.208 0.155 2002 1000 < kW < 1400 10.454 0.217 0.162 2002 1400 < kW < 2000 11.799 0.197 0.147 2002 2000 < kW < 3700 13.360 0.210 0.157 2002 3700+ kW 13.360 0.210 0.157 2003 37 < kW < 600 10.076 0.242 0.181 2003 600 < kW < 1000 10.247 0.208 0.155 2003 1000 < kW < 1400 10.454 0.217 0.162 2003 1400 < kW < 2000 11.799 0.197 0.147 SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-6 ------- ^vSmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency » Model Year Engine Size z O X PM10 BC 2003 2000 < kW < 3700 13.360 0.210 0.157 2003 3700+ kW 13.360 0.210 0.157 2004 37 < kW < 600 6.502 0.131 0.098 2004 600 < kW < 1000 7.828 0.160 0.120 2004 1000 < kW < 1400 7.278 0.147 0.110 2004 1400 < kW < 2000 9.657 0.197 0.147 2004 2000 < kW < 3700 10.550 0.210 0.157 2004 3700+ kW 10.550 0.210 0.157 2005 37 < kW < 600 6.456 0.129 0.096 2005 600 < kW < 1000 7.828 0.160 0.120 2005 1000 < kW < 1400 7.278 0.147 0.110 2005 1400 < kW < 2000 9.657 0.197 0.147 2005 2000 < kW < 3700 10.550 0.210 0.157 2005 3700+ kW 10.550 0.210 0.157 2006 37 < kW < 600 6.456 0.129 0.096 2006 600 < kW < 1000 7.828 0.160 0.120 2006 1000 < kW < 1400 7.278 0.147 0.110 2006 1400 < kW < 2000 9.657 0.197 0.147 2006 2000 < kW < 3700 10.550 0.210 0.157 2006 3700+ kW 10.550 0.210 0.157 2007 37 < kW < 600 6.058 0.123 0.092 2007 600 < kW < 1000 6.061 0.124 0.092 2007 1000 < kW < 1400 6.218 0.137 0.102 2007 1400 < kW < 2000 6.789 0.183 0.137 2007 2000 < kW < 3700 8.330 0.309 0.231 2007 3700+ kW 8.330 0.309 0.231 2008 37 < kW < 600 6.058 0.123 0.092 2008 600 < kW < 1000 6.061 0.124 0.092 2008 1000 < kW < 1400 6.218 0.137 0.102 2008 1400 < kW < 2000 6.789 0.183 0.137 2008 2000 < kW < 3700 8.330 0.309 0.231 2008 3700+ kW 8.330 0.309 0.231 2009 37 < kW < 600 6.058 0.123 0.092 2009 600 < kW < 1000 6.061 0.124 0.092 2009 1000 < kW < 1400 6.218 0.137 0.102 2009 1400 < kW < 2000 6.789 0.183 0.137 SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-7 ------- ^vSmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency » Model Year Engine Size NOx PM10 BC 2009 2000 < kW < 3700 8.330 0.309 0.231 2009 3700+ kW 8.330 0.309 0.231 2010 37 < kW < 6oo 6.058 0.123 o.og2 2010 6oo < kW < iooo 6.061 0.124 o.og2 2010 iooo < kW < 1400 6.218 0.137 0.102 2010 1400 < kW < 2000 6.789 0.183 0.137 2010 2000 < kW < 3700 8.330 0.309 0.231 2010 3700+ kW 8.330 0.309 0.231 2011 37 < kW < 600 6.058 0.123 o.og2 2011 600 < kW < 1000 6.061 0.124 o.og2 2011 1000 < kW < 1400 6.218 0.137 0.102 2011 1400 < kW < 2000 6.789 0.183 0.137 2011 2000 < kW < 3700 8.330 0.309 0.231 2011 3700+ kW 8.330 0.309 0.231 2012 37 < kW < 600 6.041 0.121 o.ogi 2012 600 < kW < 1000 5.872 0.116 0.087 2012 1000 < kW < 1400 6.051 0.130 o.og7 2012 1400 < kW < 2000 6.002 0.151 0.113 2012 2000 < kW < 3700 8.330 0.309 0.231 2012 3700+ kW 8.330 0.309 0.231 2013 37 < kW < 600 5.668 0.105 o.o7g 2013 600 < kW < 1000 5.303 0.092 o.o6g 2013 1000 < kW < 1400 5.659 0.105 0.078 2013 1400 < kW < 2000 5.398 0.100 0.075 2013 2000 < kW < 3700 8.330 0.185 0.138 2013 3700+ kW 8.330 0.309 0.231 2014 37 < kW < 600 4.692 0.069 0.052 2014 600 < kW < 1000 4.743 0.071 0.053 2014 1000 < kW < 1400 4.826 0.074 0.055 2014 1400 < kW < 2000 5.269 o.ogg 0.074 2014 2000 < kW < 3700 1.300 0.182 0.136 2014 3700+ kW 1.300 0.180 0.134 2015 37 < kW < 600 4.692 0.069 0.052 2015 600 < kW < 1000 4.743 0.071 0.053 2015 1000 < kW < 1400 4.826 0.074 0.055 2015 1400 < kW < 2000 5.269 o.ogg 0.074 SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-8 ------- ^vSmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency » Model Year Engine Size NOx PM10 BC 2015 2000 < kW < 3700 1.300 0.182 0.136 2015 3700+ kW 1.300 0.180 0.134 2016 37 < kW < 600 4.692 0.069 0.052 2016 600 < kW < 1000 4-743 0.071 0.053 2016 1000 < kW < 1400 4.826 0.074 0.055 2016 1400 < kW < 2000 1.300 0.031 0.023 2016 2000 < kW < 3700 1.300 0.034 0.025 2016 3700+ kW 1.300 0.180 0.134 2017 37 < kW < 600 4.692 0.069 0.052 2017 600 < kW < 1000 4-743 0.071 0.053 2017 1000 < kW < 1400 1.300 0.030 0.022 2017 1400 < kW < 2000 1.300 0.031 0.023 2017 2000 < kW < 3700 1.300 0.034 0.025 2017 3700+ kW 1.300 0.046 0.034 2018+ 37 < kW < 600 4.692 0.061 O.O46 2018+ 600 < kW < 1000 1.300 0.030 0.022 2018+ 1000 < kW < 1400 1.300 0.030 0.022 2018+ 1400 < kW < 2000 1.300 0.031 0.023 2018+ 2000 < kW < 3700 1.300 0.034 0.025 2018+ 3700+ kW 1.300 0.046 0.034 SmartWay Technical Documentation | Appendix A A-g ------- SmartWay U.S. Environmental Protection Agency » U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Transportation and Air Quality 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW Washington, DC 20460 (734)214-4333 https://www.epa.gov/ U. S. Environmental Protection Agency National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory 2565 Plymouth Rd. Ann Arbor, Ml 48105 (734) 214-4200 https://www.epa.gov/transportation-air- pollution-and-climate-change EPA-420-B-24-012 | February 2024 | SmartWay Transport Partnership | epa.gov/smartway ------- |