Final Standards to Reduce
Greenhouse Gas Emissions from
Heavy-Duty Vehicles for Model Year
2027 and Beyond
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cu nr he U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is finalizing a
JL new and more protective set of greenhouse gas standards for he;
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For heavy-duty vocational vehicles such as delivery trucks, refuse haulers, and public utility trucks,
the Phase 3 standards vary according to vehicle type and range up to 60% stronger than the previous
Phase 2 standards for MY 203 2. For tractors such as day cabs and sleeper cabs on tractor-trailer
trucks, the Phase 3 standards vary according to vehicle type and range up to 40% stronger than the
previous Phase 2 standards for MY 203 2.
Percent Reduction from the Phase 2 C02 Emission Standards
Model Year:
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
Light-Heavy Vocational
17%
22%
27%
32%
46%
60%
Medium-Heavy Vocational
13%
16%
19%
22%
31%
40%
Heavy-Heavy Vocational
-
-
13%
15%
23%
30%
Day Cab Tractors
8%
12%
16%
28%
40%
Sleeper Cab Tractor
6%
12%
25%
Advancements in Clean VehicleTechnologies
The final standards align with and support the commitments and billions of dollars' worth of
investments from trucking fleets, vehicle manufacturers, and U.S. states as they plan to increase
the use of clean vehicle technologies in heavy-duty fleets. The increased use of these technologies
~ which include, but are not limited to, advanced internal combustion vehicle engine technologies,
hybrid technologies, battery-electric vehicles and fuel cell electric vehicles ~ have the potential to
significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the heavy-duty vehicles sector. These ongoing
technological innovations which are already being adopted by the heavy-duty industry allow for
significant strengthening of the greenhouse gas emission standards considering cost, lead time, and
other factors.
Climate and Air Quality Urgency
Greenhouse gas emissions have significant impacts on public health and welfare. Transportation
is the single largest U.S. source of greenhouse gas emissions, making up 29 percent of total green-
house gas emissions. Within the transportation sector, heavy-duty vehicles are the second largest
contributor, at 25 percent of all transportation sources.
The final standards for heavy-duty vehicles will avoid approximately 1 billion metric tons of green-
house gas emissions from 2027 through 2055, making an important contribution to efforts to
limit climate change and its impacts such as heat waves, drought, sea level rise, extreme climate and
weather events, coastal flooding, and wildfires. These greenhouse gas reductions will benefit all
U.S. residents, including populations such as people of color, low-income populations, indigenous
peoples, and/or children that may be especially vulnerable to various forms of damages associated
with climate change.
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Air pollution continues to be a public health problem in many communities across the U.S., with
exposure to ozone, particular matter, and other pollutants leading to premature death, asthma, and
other negative health and environmental effects. The final standards will reduce air pollution for
the 72 million people who live near major truck freight routes, who bear the burden of higher
levels of pollution and are more likely to be people of color or low-income. Reducing these
emissions also provides cleaner air for communities across the country, preventing health issues
like asthma, and ultimately saving money, lives, and trips to the hospital.
Benefits, Costs and Consumer Savings
This final rule will produce $13 billion in annualized net benefits through the year 2055. We
estimate approximately $ 10 billion in annualized climate benefits and up to $300 million in
annualized benefits from reduced emissions of fine particulate matter (PM7 ). PM7 is associated
with premature death and serious health effects such as hospital admissions due to respiratory and
cardiovascular illnesses. Under the Phase 3 program, the heavy-duty industry will see annualized
savings of $3.5 billion compared to annualized costs of about $1.1 billion. After accounting for the
vehicle purchase tax credits provided under the Inflation Reduction Act, the typical buyer of new
clean technology heavy-duty vehicles will recoup any costs in two to five years.
Related Actions and The Clean Trucks Plan
These heavy-duty greenhouse gas standards complete the EPA's Clean Trucks Plan for reducing
greenhouse gas emissions and other harmful air pollutants from heavy-duty trucks through a series
of rulemakings. These rules include 1) the EPA's recently finalized light- and medium-duty vehicles
final rule for MY 2027-2032 (which covers Class 2b and 3 trucks), 2) the 2023 heavy-duty NOx
final rule, and 3) the greenhouse gas standards set by today's rulemaking. The Clean Trucks Plan
represents the most protective set of EPA regulations ever for the on-road sector while considering
the significant emission reductions and cost savings that clean vehicle technology can provide.
Public Participation
EPA appreciates the significant public input received through the rulemaking process. This rule
was informed by input from the public, including stakeholders such as community groups, labor
groups, environmental justice groups, heavy-duty manufacturers, suppliers, environmental and
public health organizations, and state, local, and tribal governments.
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