2022 Clean Watersheds
Needs Survey
Report to Congress
April 2024
EPA 832-R-24-002
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
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2022 CWNS Report to Congress
Acknowledgments
The success of the 2022 Clean Watersheds Needs Survey Report to Congress is the result of the hard work
and dedication of many people. Thank you to everyone listed below for their active support, perseverance,
and continuing effort. State coordinators are denoted by asterisks (*) next to their names below. This is not an
exhaustive list: the EPA would also like to thank all the non-governmental staff who contributed toward data
collection, including contractors, industry groups, and other interested parties.
Note that acknowledgement of the contributions of those listed below does not represent endorsement of the
results and analysis contained in this Report.
Region 1: Katie Marrese
Connecticut: Christopher Bellucci,* Karriem Kazu
Folger, Ivonne Hall,* Stacy Pappano, Nisha Patel,
Abigail Winter
Maine: Breanne Blaisdell, Camden Clark, Jeff Dennis,
Sarah Hansen, Robert Hartley,* Kathy Hoppe, Zoe
LeBlanc, Jonathan Rice
Massachusetts: Addis Abebe, Ashraf Gabour,*
Michael McGrath, Robin McNamara, Maria Pinaud,*
Judy Rondeau, Meghan Selby, Martha Walters, Ping
Yee
New Hampshire: Stephen Landry, Deborah Loiselle,
Lisa Loosigian,* Zachary Lorch, Eliza Morrison, Sharon
Nail,* Ethan Widrick, Katherine Zink
Rhode Island: Sean McCormick,* Thomas Saccoccio
Vermont: Lynnette Claudon,* Rodrigo Figueiredo
Gelio
Region 2: Mike Shaw
New Jersey: Kyle Carlson,* Paul Hauch, Charles
Jenkins, Christina Luchansky, Luba Parada, Ketan
Patel,* Mary Pearsall
New York: Jonathan Amos, Dwight Brown, Alexander
Brunelle, Maire Cunningham, Haley Gallo, Ian Goller,
Mark Howard, Natasha Motielal, Liz Ricci,* Edward
Sziklas
Puerto Rico: Javier Verardi Matos*
Virgin Islands: Mary Stiehler*
Region 3: Ken Pantuck
Delaware: Michael Fleming, Keith Kooker,* Reza
Moqtaderi, Davison Mwale, Greg Pope*
District of Columbia: Andrew Oetman*
Maryland: Yen-Der Cheng, Paul Emmart, Jeffrey
Fretwell,* Matt Rowe, Walid Saffouri, Greg Sandi
Pennsylvania: Robert Boos, Andrew Gaul,* Jay Patel,*
Jill Whitcomb, Richard Wright*
Virginia: Miranda Jaroneski, Matthew Link,* Lauren
Linville,* Sabine Vora
West Virginia: John Giroir*
Region 4: Amy Kuhs, Matthew Lagod
Alabama: Stanton Shirley*
Florida: Gregory Alfsen, Andrew Briscoe, Michael
Chase, Chelsea Chitty, Robert Holmden, Katie Lewis,
Eric Meyers, Thomas Montgomery,* Catherine Murray,
Peyton Piotrowski
Georgia: Amanda Carroll*
Kentucky: Lori Dials,* Brittany Ditmer, Jason Lambert,
Christopher Luffy, Russell Neal,* Mark Rasche,* Ryan
Reed, Nia Rivers, Darby Small, Robin Snider
Mississippi: Peter Daschbach, Greg Eiler*
North Carolina: James Baltzer,* Connie Brower,
Julia Byrd, Trupti Desai, Ishwar Devkota, Ken Pohlig,
Sushama Pradhan
Tennessee: Sara Hoang*
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2022 CWNS Report to Congress
Region 5: Steffanie Crossland
Illinois: Heidi Allen,* Chris Covert, Jeffrey Edstrom,
Bryan Smith, Kim Van Pelt
Indiana: Amy Henninger*
Michigan: Mark Conradi,* Luke Hurley, Peter Vincent
Minnesota: Bill Dunn,* Christopher Lundeen, Lisa
McCormick, Cara Omana, Cindy Osborn, Casey Scott,
Brandon Smith
Ohio: Jonathan Bernstein,* Kerri Cheng, Kathleen
Courtright, Peter Dittrich, Sean Driscoll, Sara Hise,
Ryan Laake,* Steve Malone, Tabitha Straub, Yun Yi
Thomas
Wisconsin: Sarah Bolitho, Sophie Hammond,
Elizabeth Higgins, Matthew Kaelin, Amy Minser, Casey
Sweeney*
Region 6: Miranda Penn
Arkansas: Debra Dickson*
Louisiana: William Barlett,* Mostafa Maghsoodi, Coty
Rabalais,* Scott Templet*
New Mexico: Rhonda Holderman,* Judi Kahl*
Oklahoma: Lori Johnson,* Myles Mungle*
Texas: Chris Clary,* Marvin Cole-Chaney,* Daphne
McCann
Region 7: Kelly Beard-Tittone
Iowa: George Antoniou, Satya Chennupati,* Henry
Croll, Steve Hopkins, Paul Miller, Say Kee Ong, James
Oppelt,* Tracy Scebold, Mike Sullivan, Benjamin Yen
Kit Lee
Kansas: Cara Hendricks,* Sydney Hohn
Missouri: Patrick Anderson, Stacia Bax,* Conrad (Joe)
Blume, Shane Graupman
Nebraska: Andrew Klescewski,* Jian Li*
Region 8: Jennifer (Jenn) Berig
Colorado: Mark Henderson,* Erick Worker*
Montana: Michele Marsh*
North Dakota: Ryan Allery, Shawn Martin, Elizabeth
Tokach Duran,* Evan Wahl
South Dakota: Kristopher Dozark,* Abbey Larson*
Utah: Harry Campbell,* Ken Hoffman,* Glen Lischeske,
George Meados
Wyoming: Brian Friel,* Matt Mullins*
Region 9: D. Isaiah Larsen
American Samoa: Kris Mcphee*
Arizona: Lindsey Jones,* Samantha Lemke,* Michael
Vidaure
California: Salem Alyafeai, Melky Calderon,* Sierra
Cheslick, Travis Comstock, Joshua Eldridge, Jovana
Grano-Sanchez, Jocelyn Salvador, Laura Wadsworth
Guam: Maricar Quezon, Joseph Tadeo*
Hawaii: Chane Hayashida,* Jonathan Nagato,*
Domciely Oda
Nevada: Jennie Johnson, Elizabeth Kingsland,*
Charles Wolf
Region 10: David Carcia
Alaska: Kevin De Michelis*
Idaho: Garrett Deegear, LaDonn Kaylor,* Bonnie
Ricord, Darcy Sharp
Oregon: Jennifer Maglinte-Timbrook, Julie Ulibarri*
Washington: Emma Hanson,* Kim Prisock
Cover photos, left to right: Photo from iStock by jonathanfilskov-photography; Photo by U.S. EPA; Photo by Eric Vance,
U.S. EPA
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2022 CWNS Report to Congress
Contents
1. Introduction 1
2. Scope and Methods 3
Policies 4
Documentation 4
Planning Documents 5
State-Specific Approaches 5
Cost Estimation Tools 5
Small Community Form 5
3. Data Quality Assurance 6
Technical Data Review 7
Needs Data Review 7
4. Results: National Needs 7
5. Changes Since 2012 14
6. 2022 Needs by CWNS Category 16
Secondary Wastewater Treatment (Category I) 16
Highlights 16
Discussion 17
Advanced Wastewater Treatment (Category II) 18
Highlights 18
Discussion 18
Conveyance System Repair (Category III) and New Conveyance Systems (Category IV) 19
Highlights 19
Discussion 20
Combined Sewer Overflow Correction (Category V) 20
Highlights 20
Discussion 21
Stormwater Management (Category VI) 21
Highlights 21
Discussion 22
Nonpoint Source Control (Category VII) 23
Highlights 23
Discussion 23
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2022 CWNS Report to Congress
Water Reuse (Category X) 25
Highlights 25
Discussion 25
Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems (Category XII) 26
Highlights 26
Discussion 27
Desalination (Category XIV) 27
Highlights 27
Discussion 28
7. Urban and Rural Area Needs 28
Small Community Wastewater Needs 29
Appendix A: 2022 CWNS Needs Categories Definitions A-1
Appendix B: 2022 CWNS Reported Needs by Category B-1
Appendix C: Total Needs by State for 2008, 2012, and 2022 C-1
Appendix D: 2012 CWNS Reported Needs by Category D-1
List of Figures
Figure 1. 2022 CWNS Total Reported Needs by Category (January 2022 Dollars in Billions) 8
Figure 2. Distribution of Total Reported Needs by State (January 2022 Dollars in Billions) 10
Figure 3. Distribution of Per Capita Reported Needs by State (January 2022 Dollars/Person) 11
Figure 4. Total Reported Needs Nationwide for the 2008-2022 CWNS by Category (January 2022 Dollars in
Billions) 16
Figure 5. Percent of Stormwater Needs by Subcategory in 2012 and 2022 22
Figure 6. Number of Reported Reuse Discharge Types in 2022 and 204217 26
Figure 7. Population Served by POTWs for Select Years Between 1940 and 2022 and Projected (If All Needs
Are Met) by Treatment Level 32
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2022 CWNS Report to Congress
List of Tables
Table 1. 2022 CWNS Total Reported Needs by Category (January 2022 Dollars in Billions) 9
Table 2: Total and Per Capita Reported Needs by State 12
Table 3. 2008-2022 CWNS Total Needs by Survey Year (January 2022 Dollars in Billions) 15
Table 4. NPS Control Needs by Subcategory 24
Table 5. 2022 CWNS Small Community Wastewater Needs by Category (January 2022 Dollars in Billions).... 29
Table 6. Changes over Time in POTW Discharge to Surface Water 33
Table A-1. 2022 CWNS Needs Categories Definitions A-1
Table B-1. 2022 CWNS Reported Needs by Category and State (January 2022 Dollars in Millions) B-1
Table B-2. 2022 CWNS Reported Needs for Wastewater Subcategories by Category and State (January
2022 Dollars in Millions) B-4
Table B-3. 2022 CWNS Reported Needs for Stormwater Management by Category and State (January
2022 Dollars in Millions) B-7
Table B-4. 2022 CWNS Reported Needs for NPS Control by Category and State (January 2022 Dollars in
Millions) B-9
Table C-1. 2008, 2012, and 2022 CWNS Reported Needs by State (January 2022 Dollars in Millions) C-1
Table D-1. 2012 CWNS Reported Needs by Category and State (January 2022 Dollars in Millions) D-1
List of Abbreviations
BMP best management practice
BODs 5-day biochemical oxygen demand
CET cost estimation tool
CIP capital improvement plan
CSO combined sewer overflow
CWA Clean Water Act
CWNS Clean Watersheds Needs Survey
CWSRF Clean Water State Revolving Fund
DEP data entry portal
EPA U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency
l/l inflow and infiltration
IIJA Infrastructure Investment and
Jobs Act
MS4 municipal separate storm sewer
system
NEP National Estuary Program
NPS nonpoint source
NR not reported
PL. Public Law
POTW publicly owned treatment works
SSO sanitary sewer overflow
U.S. United States
U.S.C. United States Code
WRRDA Water Resources Reform and
Development Act
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2022 CWNS Report to Congress
1. Introduction
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has prepared this 2022 Clean Watersheds Needs Survey
(CWNS) Report to Congress in compliance with Clean Water Act (CWA) section 516(b)(1)(B) as well as CWA
section 609, which was added by the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA), PL. 117-58, November 15,
2021.1 This Report summarizes the results of the EPA's 17th survey since the CWA was enacted in 1972.
As directed by Congress, the CWNS provides an
assessment of the capital investments necessary for
states, the District of Columbia, and U.S. territories
(herein referred to as "states") to meet the CWA water
quality goals over the subsequent 20 years. These
needs include projects and related infrastructure
costs for wastewater publicly owned treatment works
(POTWs), stormwater, nonpoint source (NPS) control,
and decentralized wastewater treatment.2 State
participation is instrumental in surveys because the
EPA relies on state programs to collect and submit
data. In addition to needs data, respondents are
encouraged to submit technical data for POTWs
even if they do not have needs so the EPA can
analyze national trends in wastewater treatment and
improve future data collection. For the 2022 survey
presented here, a detailed breakdown of the needs
and technical data for wastewater treatment plants is
available on the 2022 CWNS Data Dashboard.
Access 2022 CWNS Data Online
An online companion to this Report is available at www.epa.gov/cwns. It contains the following:
¦ The 2022 CWNS Data Dashboard, which features interactive maps and charts of both needs data and
wastewater technical data. The 2022 CWNS dataset can also be downloaded here, as a set of CSV
files or Access database.
¦ A copy of this Report.
¦ A detailed explanation of the scope and methods used for this survey.
¦ The 2012, 2008, 2004, and 2000 CWNS reports and data.
1 CWA section 516(b)(1)(B), 33 U.S.C.i 1375; CWA section 609, 33 U.S.C. § 1389.
2 The Water Resources Reform and Development Act (P.L. 113-121, June 10, 2014) expanded Clean Water State Revolving Fund eligibilities by adding
eight areas of eligibility, allowing states to fund a broader range of non-traditional projects nationwide. The IIJA (2021) amended the CWA by adding
section 609, which directs the EPA to align the CWNS data collection with the Fund eligibilities, including the ones added in 2014.
3 Classification in this report as a "need" does not suggest a lack of funding from local, state, or federal sources (including collected rates, bonds, loans,
or grants) for these projects, and should not be construed as a request for additional federal funding.
Needs and Technical Data
For this Report:
¦ A "need" is defined as a currently unfunded
project (or portion of a project) and the
associated capital cost that addresses a
water quality problem —or a public health
problem related to water quality—existing
as of January 1, 2022, or that is expected to
occur within the next 20 years.3
¦ "Technical data" refers to data collected
for each CWNS submission not related to
infrastructure needs. Such data include
wastewater or stormwater flow; population
served; and descriptive data on discharge,
effluent, unit processes, and utility
management.
Section 1: Introduction
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2022 CWNS Report to Congress
The nation's total reported needs for clean water infrastructure are $630.1 billion.4 This is a 73 percent increase
in total reported needs since the previous CWNS. Several factors contributed to the significant increase:
¦ The previous CWNS did not include the NPS Control and Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems
categories. These categories were added to the survey scope as directed by Congress in the IIJA. If
only the categories collected in both 2012 and 2022 are compared, the reported needs increased by 37
percent.
¦ Aging infrastructure and climate change pose ongoing challenges to clean water infrastructure nationwide.5
¦ More documentation was available online, and the 2022 data entry portal (DEP) supported more efficient
and accurate reporting.
¦ To help states document their needs, the EPA updated existing wastewater infrastructure cost estimation
tools (CETs) and developed new CETs for stormwater management and NPS control projects related to
agriculture cropland and silviculture.
More information can be found in Section 5, "Changes Since 2012."
Solar array providing power at the Town of Taos wastewater treatment plant. Photo credit to New Mexico Environment
Department.
4 All needs amounts in this Report are shown in January 2022 dollars. Costs were adjusted from the documented cost year basis using the U.S. Bureau
of Labor Statistics Consumer Price Index.
5 https://www.epa.ciov/arc-x/climate-adaplation-and-water-utility-operations.
Section 1: Introduction
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2022 CWNS Report to Congress
The overall needs presented in this Report are significant; however, the total likely underestimates the true
nationwide need for a variety of reasons:
¦ This Report does not include Tribal wastewater needs, which are documented by a separate survey
conducted by the Indian Health Service.6
¦ The CWNS encompasses a 20-year planning horizon, but most documentation submitted to the survey
describes projects that will be completed in the near term (within 5-10 years). For example, 44 percent
of 2022 CWNS needs were documented using municipal or utility capital improvement plans (CIPs) that
typically only document projects included in shorter-term plans.
¦ Several challenges affected data collection and survey reporting. Many states reported difficulties in
obtaining documentation with sufficient detail to substantiate project costs or had competing priorities and
limited resources that affected their ability to collect the required data. States also encountered difficulty
communicating with small communities and coordinating across a wide variety of agencies, public and
private institutions, and local governments. Finally, resources allocated to data collection varied across
states; some states had small data entry teams of one or more in-house staff while others had external
resources at their disposal.
Despite these limitations, the 2022 CWNS represents the most comprehensive and robust report on clean
water infrastructure needs in the United States. The CWNS is fundamental in helping the EPA and states
assess potential gaps between the need for and the availability of funding for clean water infrastructure from
all sources. No other national assessment exists on this scale. Unprecedented funding from the IIJA has
given states the resources to help communities accelerate these needed investments, and the results of this
Report show that substantial needs exist. Continuity and full participation in the survey is key to ensure that
opportunities for investment are not being overlooked in historically underserved communities. The EPA remains
committed to continually improving the CWNS and collaborating across the clean water sector to move toward a
more sustainable future.
2. Scope and Methods
The CWNS is a voluntary, non-statistical sample survey, completed by the states in collaboration with the EPA.
The survey described in this Report was designed to capture needs as of January 1, 2022, that are expected
to occur within the next 20 years. Each state designates representatives, referred to as state coordinators, to
complete the survey on the state's behalf. During the data entry period of March 1, 2022, to May 3, 2023, the
EPA hosted and maintained an online DEP that allowed state coordinators to enter technical and needs data for
more than 30,000 wastewater, stormwater, NPS control, and decentralized wastewater treatment submissions.
Each submission represented some form of infrastructure. For example, a wastewater submission could
represent a single collection system or a whole town's wastewater infrastructure, including the collection system,
pump stations, and treatment plant.
6 The needs for capital investment in wastewater infrastructure on Tribal reservations and in Alaskan Native Villages are based on the Sanitation
Deficiency System within the IHS Sanitation Tracking and Reporting System (http://wstars.ihs.gov).
Section 2: Scope and Methods
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2022 CWNS Report to Congress
Policies
Before the data entry period began, the EPA collaborated with three CWNS State Coordinating Committees to
establish survey policies and improve on the data collection methodologies used during prior surveys. Based on
committee input and review of past surveys, the EPA refined prior CWNS policies to improve clarity for the user,
data quality, and survey response rates.
To be included in the survey, a project must be eligible to receive funding from the Clean Water State Revolving
Fund (CWSRF) under section 1383(c) of the CWA, which defines projects and activities eligible for CWSRF
assistance. The needs included in this Report were based on federal eligibilities, but some state programs have
more restrictive requirements.
Examples of projects and costs that are not CWSRF-eligible are:
¦ Any project for a federally owned facility.
¦ Any project without a water quality benefit.
¦ Planning activities that are not reasonably expected to result in a capital project (e.g., water quality
monitoring plan).
¦ Non-capital costs (e.g., operation and maintenance, municipality payroll).
¦ Land acquisition that is not part of an eligible project.
Finally, to be included in the survey, a project must have been unfunded as of January 1, 2022. For the CWNS,
a project was considered funded if construction had started or external funds (e.g., a grant or loan) were
committed to it. Projects included in this report may already be part of a municipality's plans, even if funding has
not been committed and construction has not yet started. Inclusion in the CWNS does not necessarily mean that
funding from local, state, or federal sources will not be available for the reported projects.
The following projects and costs were not included in the CWNS:
¦ Any costs for a CWSRF-eligible project starting before January 1, 2022, or that is planned for after
December 31, 2041.
¦ Portions of costs based on escalation or inflation.
¦ Projects on Tribal lands and in Alaska Native Villages; these needs are reported separately by the Indian
Health Service.
Needs in this Report are summarized using the categories defined in Appendix A.
Documentation
The CWNS policies require documentation to support the existence of needs. This can be done with any of the
following:
¦ An approved planning document with the project description and cost.
¦ An approved state-specific approach.
¦ TheEPA'sCETs.
¦ A small community form.
Section 2: Scope and Methods
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2022 CWNS Report to Congress
Planning Documents
Most commonly, states documented needs with planning documents, such as a CIPs or long-term control plans.
States could use documents designated by the EPA as pre-approved to support projects and costs, or they
could request approval for documents not on the list.
State-Specific Approaches
As in past surveys, the EPA allowed states without planning documents to develop methodologies using state-
specific data to document and assess needed projects and/or estimate costs. The EPA evaluated all approaches
to ensure that the methods used were current and based on robust, relevant data; the EPA then approved each
method for use before a state submitted the resulting project(s) and cost(s) through the DEP.
Cost Estimation Tools
As in past surveys, the EPA developed CETs to estimate costs for certain types of documented projects
without cost estimates available in the supporting documentation. These DEP-based tools assign a dollar
value for projects based on documented inputs provided by the state, such as the project location and design
specifications. The CETs were developed using both external data sources (such as state loan data and
proprietary models) and project data from past surveys. Each CET has maximum sizes or capacities based on
the range of the data used to build the tool.
The EPA was unable to develop CETs for all project types due to lack of sufficient high-quality national datasets.
In 2022, the EPA developed or updated CETs for:
¦ Secondary and advanced wastewater treatment (Categories I and II).
¦ Wastewater conveyance (Categories III and IV).
¦ Combined sewer overflow (CSO) correction (Category V).
¦ Stormwater management (Category VI).
¦ NPS control (Subcategories Vll-A [Agriculture (Cropland)] and Vll-C [Silviculture]).
¦ Decentralized wastewater treatment systems (Category XII).
Small Community Form
The EPA developed an online survey form for communities with
populations of 10,000 or fewer. State coordinators could send this form
via email to officials (e.g., mayor, public works manager, operator) to
document needs when other documentation did not exist. The small
community form provided two options for documenting project costs:
¦ Through the EPA's CETs, using inputs provided by the local staff.
¦ By the local staff entering their own cost estimates and having a
state or local professional engineer certify the costs.
EPA Program Highlight
For more information on how
the EPA supports small and
rural communities, visit https://
www.epa.gov/small-and-rural-
wastewater-svstems.
Section 2: Scope and Methods
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2022 CWNS Report to Congress
3. Data Quality Assurance
The EPA conducted quality assurance and quality control reviews of the data presented in this Report to ensure
their precision and accuracy. Throughout these reviews, the EPA followed a quality assurance project plan,
which it developed in keeping with its Information Quality Guidelines and the EPA Requirements for Quality
Assurance Project Plans (EPA QA/R-5, EPA/240/B-01/003).
The DEP allows states to directly enter needs and technical data and upload the required supporting
documentation. The EPA developed the DEP to include automated checks of expected entries and value ranges
to minimize incorrect or incompatible data entry. In addition, the EPA followed specific, documented protocols
for reviewing technical and needs data submitted by states. These quality control checks were focused on
technical data for wastewater submissions in addition to needs data for all infrastructure types. Data were
reviewed throughout the data entry period as they were submitted and underwent additional checks at the
close of data entry.
Pumps part of the aquifer storage; and restoration project to remove'#®ess nitrogen. Photo credit to City of Hastings, -,NE.
Section 3: Data Quality Assurance
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2022 CWNS Report to Congress
Technical Data Review
The EPA reviewed each wastewater submission to identify inconsistencies such as miscategorized
infrastructure, unusual discharge locations, inconsistent effluent treatment levels, or incomplete sewersheds
(e.g., a collection system not discharging to a treatment plant). At the end of data entry, the EPA summed the
reported populations and compared them against the 2012 CWNS data and the 2020 Census data for each
state to check for potential double-counting or misreporting. The EPA also checked for duplicate submissions
and out-of-state locations for all infrastructure types (wastewater, stormwater, NPS control, and decentralized
wastewater treatment) and worked with the states to correct any errors.
Needs Data Review
The EPA created a tiered review plan for the over 15,000 submissions with needs. Submissions received
in-depth review if they either had high-value projects (i.e., projects totaling above $40 million) or were supported
by documentation that may not have included the required costs and detailed project descriptions. This
included verifying that the cost reported by the state coordinators in the DEP matched the cost reported in the
documentation, as well as confirming that the project type and needs category aligned. In situations where a
project could be reasonably assigned to multiple categories, state coordinators chose either a single category
or split the costs between categories. For all other submissions, the EPA performed quarterly audits of a random
selection of approximately 5 percent of submissions from each state to confirm that costs were properly
documented. The review results were used to make minor adjustments to a subset of the state's overall needs.
4. Results: National Needs
The total nationwide reported clean water infrastructure needs identified as of January 1, 2022 were $630.1
billion for the period between January 1, 2022, and December 31, 2041 (shown by category in Table 1 and
Figure 1). About 55 percent of these needs were for wastewater infrastructure—treatment plant improvements,
conveyance system repairs, new conveyance systems, CSO correction, recycled water distribution, and
desalination. Stormwater infrastructure had the next highest needs, at 18 percent of the overall total.
Classification in this report as a "need" does not suggest a lack of funding from local, state, or federal sources
(including collected rates, bonds, loans, or grants) for these projects, and should not be construed as a request
for additional federal funding.
Figure 2 displays the geographic distribution of the total reported needs by state. New York and California
each had needs exceeding $50 billion, and Florida, Virginia, Louisiana, and Georgia each had needs exceeding
$25 billion. Together, these six states reported 42 percent of the total nationwide needs. Twenty-eight states
each reported less than one percent of the total needs. Appendix B presents the total reported needs for all
categories by state.
Figure 3 displays reported needs per capita by state. Northern Mariana Islands ($7,203), West Virginia ($6,182),
New Mexico ($5,799), Louisiana ($5,776), and Virginia ($5,303) reported the highest needs per capita.
Section 4: Results: National Needs
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2022 CWNS Report to Congress
Category XII
Decentralized Wastewater
Treatment Systems
$74.7B, 11.9%
Category X
Water Reuse
$7.7B, 1.2% \
Category XIV
Desalination
$0.2B, 0.0%
Category VII
NPS Control
S94.4B, 15.0%
Category VI
Stormwater Management
$115.3B, 18.3%
Category V
CSO Correction
S36.5B, 5.8%
Category I
y Secondary Wastewater Treatment
/ S66.6B, 10.6%
Category II
Advanced
Wastewater
Treatment
S83.6B, 13.3%
Category III
Conveyance
System Repair
$110.1B, 17.5%
Category IV
New Conveyance Systems
$41.0B, 6.5%
Wastewater
Stormwater
Nonpoint Source
Decentralized
Figure 1. 2022 CWNS Total Reported Needs by Category (January 2022 Dollars in Billions)
Section 4: Results: National Needs
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2022 CWNS Report to Congress
Table 1. 2022 CWNS Total Reported Needs by Category (January 2022 Dollars in Billions)
Category
Number
Category Name
National Needs
$Billion Percent
I
Secondary Wastewater Treatment
$66.6
10.6%
II
Advanced Wastewater Treatment
$83.6
13.3%
III
Conveyance System Repair
$110.1
17.5%
IV
New Conveyance Systems
$41.0
6.5%
V
CSO Correction
$36.5
5.8%
VI
Stormwater Management
$115.3
18.3%
VII
NPS Control
$94.4
15.0%
X
Water Reuse
$7.7
1.2%
XII
Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems
$74.7
11.9%
XIV
Desalination
$0.2
G.0%a
Total
$630.1
100.0%
a Estimate is less than 0.1 percent.
Storm grate with leaves. Photo Credit: Flickr.
Section 4: Results: National Needs
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2022 CWNS Report to Congress
Figure 2. Distribution of Total Reported Needs by State (January 2022 Dollars in Billions)
Section 4: Results: National Needs
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2022 CWNS Report to Congress
District of
Columbia
Figure 3. Distribution of Per Capita Reported Needs by State (January 2022 Dollars/Person)
Section 4: Results: National Needs
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2022 CWNS Report to Congress
Table 2: Total and Per Capita Reported Needs by State
State
Total Reported Needs
(January 2022 Dollars Rounded
to the Nearest Million)
Per Capita Reported Needs
(January 2022 Dollars per Person)
Alabama
$4,026,000,000
$801
Alaska
$775,000,000
$1,057
American Samoa
$30,000,000
$604
Arizona
$4,784,000,000
$669
Arkansas
$5,453,000,000
$1,811
California
$65,533,000,000
$1,657
Colorado
$19,170,000,000
$3,320
Connecticut
$9,825,000,000
$2,725
Delaware
$1,265,000,000
$1,278
District of Columbia
$2,220,000,000
$3,220
Florida
$46,559,000,000
$2,162
Georgia
$25,569,000,000
$2,387
Guam
$479,000,000
$3,113
Hawaii
$3,336,000,000
$2,292
Idaho
$2,586,000,000
$1,406
Illinois
$11,375,000,000
$888
Indiana
$10,132,000,000
$1,493
Iowa
$12,299,000,000
$3,855
Kansas
$4,239,000,000
$1,443
Kentucky
$7,483,000,000
$1,661
Louisiana
$26,904,000,000
$5,776
Maine
$3,995,000,000
$2,932
Maryland
$10,657,000,000
$1,725
Massachusetts
$21,710,000,000
$3,088
Michigan
$15,072,000,000
$1,496
Minnesota
$6,716,000,000
$1,177
Mississippi
$1,933,000,000
$653
Missouri
$9,102,000,000
$1,479
Montana
$347,000,000
$320
Nebraska
$3,171,000,000
$1,617
Nevada
$531,000,000
$171
Section 4: Results: National Needs
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2022 CWNS Report to Congress
State
Total Reported Needs
(January 2022 Dollars Rounded
to the Nearest Million)
Per Capita Reported Needs
(January 2022 Dollars per Person)
New Hampshire
$4,287,000,000
$3,112
New Jersey
$19,352,000,000
$2,083
New Mexico
$12,280,000,000
$5,799
New York
$53,917,000,000
$2,669
North Carolina
$21,136,000,000
$2,025
North Dakota
$2,621,000,000
$3,364
N. Mariana Islands
$341,000,000
$7,203
Ohio
$20,555,000,000
$1,742
Oklahoma
$3,436,000,000
$868
Oregon
$5,541,000,000
$1,308
Pennsylvania
$12,765,000,000
$982
Puerto Rico
$2,711,000,000
$825
Rhode Island
$2,485,000,000
$2,264
South Carolina
$7,351,000,000
$1,436
South Dakota
$1,116,000,000
$1,258
Tennessee
$3,852,000,000
$557
Texas
$18,857,000,000
$647
Utah
$9,728,000,000
$2,973
Vermont
$2,104,000,000
$3,272
Virgin Islands
$157,000,000
$1,800
Virginia
$45,770,000,000
$5,303
Washington
$18,627,000,000
$2,417
West Virginia
$11,089,000,000
$6,182
Wisconsin
$12,013,000,000
$2,038
Wyoming
$699,000,000
$1,213
Section 4: Results: National Needs
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2022 CWNS Report to Congress
5. Changes Since 2012
Between the 2012 and 2022 surveys, reported needs rose
significantly from $336.0 billion7 to $630.1 billion. Many
factors contributed to this large change. Two infrastructure
categories were added in the 2022 total needs, the
number of planned water quality projects addressing aging
infrastructure and climate change adaptation increased, and
an improved online portal simplified data collection and led
to robust participation—all states participated in the 2022
CWNS.8 Additionally, costs based on escalation or inflation are not permitted in the survey, which may lead to an
underestimate of future project costs. A comparison of needs reported in the last three surveys can be found in
Appendix C.
Several legislative changes have affected the CWSRF program since the 2012 Report. The Water Resources
Reform and Development Act (WRRDA, P.L. 113-121, June 10, 2014) expanded CWSRF eligibilities by adding eight
areas of eligibility, allowing states to fund a broader range of non-traditional projects nationwide. The IIJA (P.L.
117-58, November 15, 2021) amended the CWA by adding section 609, which directs the EPA to align the CWNS
data collection with the CWSRF eligibilities, including the expanded eligibilities added in 2014. Due to these
changes, this Report includes reported needs in two categories that were not included in the 2012 total: $94.4
billion in NPS Control (Category VII) and $74.7 billion in Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems
(Category XII).
Some modifications for the 2022 CWNS that did not affect the total reported needs include adjustments to the
needs categories. The EPA condensed Stormwater Management (Category VI) from four subcategories in 2012
into three subcategories in 2022 (gray, green, and general stormwater management), renamed Recycled Water
Distribution (Category X) to Water Reuse, and added Desalination (Category XIV) as its own category. Categories
VIII (Confined Animal [Point Source]), IX (Mining [Point Source]), XI (Estuary Management), and XIII (Planning)
have been excluded from data collection since 2004.
The three categories with the largest changes in reported needs from 2012 to 2022 are as follows:
¦ Stormwater Management (Category VI) increased by $91.5 billion, a 385 percent increase from 2012.
Legislative changes since 2012 have increased the types of stormwater projects eligible for CWSRF
funding. In addition, stormwater management requirements have expanded in many urban areas
since 2012, which has likely triggered construction and planning for new stormwater facilities.9 Heavy
precipitation events can overwhelm previously adequate storm sewer infrastructure and, according to the
Fifth National Climate Assessment,10 the frequency and intensity of these events is projected to increase
over the 21st century. Additional impervious cover leads to increased runoff from storm events and
necessitates expansion of existing systems to protect human health and water quality.11
7 2012 reported needs totaled $336.0 billion in January 2022 dollars, converted from $271 billion in January 2012 dollars. Appendix D presents the total
2012 reported needs for all categories by state in January 2022 dollars.
8 The 2012 CWNS did not include needs from South Carolina, American Samoa, and the Northern Mariana Islands.
9 https://vwtfw.epa.aov/npdes/stormwater-discharges-municipal-sources-resources.
10 https://doi.org/10.7930/NCA5.2Q23.CH1.
11 https://www.epa.gov/sourcewaterprotection/urbanization-and-stormwater-runoff.
Reported Dollars
All needs amounts in this Report are
shown in January 2022 dollars. Costs
were adjusted using the U.S. Bureau of
Labor Statistics Consumer Price Index.
Section 5: Changes Since 2012
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2022 CWNS Report to Congress
¦ Advanced Wastewater Treatment (Category II) increased by $22.1 billion, a 36 percent increase from
2012. States have implemented more stringent discharge treatment standards to improve water quality in
receiving waters. For example, many states have adopted standards for nitrogen and phosphorus since
2012 that secondary treatment processes would not meet.12
¦ CSO Correction (Category V) decreased by $23.0 billion,
a 39 percent decrease from 2012. Many combined sewer
communities have made extensive investments in the last ten
years to reduce their CSO discharges.13 Strategies such as
integrated planning and smart sewer technology have also
helped communities more cost-efficiently manage, reduce, or
eliminate their CSOs.
Table 3 and Figure 4 present a comparison of needs by category for the 2008, 2012, and 2022 surveys in
billions of dollars (adjusted to January 2022 dollars). Note that there is no comparison for Desalination (Category
XIV) needs, as they were not reported in a separate category in previous surveys.
Table 3. 2008-2022 CWNS Total Needs by Survey Year (January 2022 Dollars in Billions)
Category
Survey Year
Change 2012 to 2022
Number
Category Name
2008
2012
2022
$Billion
Percent
Change
I
Secondary Wastewater Treatment
$79.7
$64.9
$66.6
$1.7
3%
II
Advanced Wastewater Treatment
$60.3
$61.5
$83.6
$22.1
36%
III—IV
Conveyance System Repair and
New Conveyance Systems
$109.9
$118.7
$151.1
$32.4
27%
V
CSO Correction
$84.5
$59.5
$36.5
$-23.0
-39%
VI
Stormwater Management
$56.2
$23.8
$115.3
$91.5
385%
VII
NPS Control
$30.3
NR
$94.4
$94.4
NA
X
Water Reuse
$5.9
$7.5
$7.7
$0.2
3%
XII
Decentralized Wastewater
Treatment Systems
$31.8
$27.4
$74.7
$47.3
172%
XIV
Desalination
NR
NR
$0.2
$0.2
NA
Total
Total Needs for Categories I to XIV
$458.6a
$363.4a
$630.1
$266.7
73%
l-ll
Wastewater Treatment Subtotal
$139.9
$126.4
$150.2
$23.8
19%
l-V
Wastewater Subtotal
$334.5
$304.7
$337.8
$33.1
11%
NA = not applicable; NR = not reported.
a Includes NPS Control (Category VII) and/or Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems (Category XII) needs that were not included in the total needs
since they were not specifically identified in CWA section 516(b)(1)(B). Since 2012, both the CWSRF eligibilities and CWNS data collection requirements
have been amended in the CWA.
12 https://www.epa.aov/svstem/files/documents/2022-04/compendium-of-npdes-nutrient-permitting-approaches.pdf.
13 https://www.epa.aov/npdes/combined-sewer-overflow-proaram-progress.
EPA Program Highlight
For more information on the EPA's
CSO program, visit https://www.
epa.gov/npdes/combined-sewer-
overflows-csos.
Section 5: Changes Since 2012
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140
120
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Discussion
This category encompasses three types of need (with reporting varying by state): needs for treatment plants that
meet secondary standards, some needs for primary and secondary unit processes at advanced treatment plants,
and needs for treatment plants that provide less-than-secondary-treated effluent (although this is relatively rare
in the United States, as discussed later in this Report). Category I needs increased by 3 percent compared to
2012 needs. As discussed in the Advanced Wastewater Treatment section, the more substantial increase for
wastewater treatment needs was associated with advanced treatment.
The vast majority of the costs were documented with planning documents, with less than one percent ($583
million) estimated using the EPA's CETs. Sixty-four percent of the needs under this category ($42 billion) were
supported by CIPs.
Interior of the biosolids reuse processing facility at the Village Creek Water Reclamation Plant in Fort Worth, IX. Photo Credit:
Texas Water Development Board.
Section 6: 2022 Needs by CWNS Category
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2022 CWNS Report to Congress
Advanced Wastewater Treatment (Category II)
Highlights
¦ Category definition: The capital costs for wastewater treatment plants to attain or maintain a level of
treatment that is more stringent than secondary treatment.
¦ Total needs: $83.6 billion.
¦ Change in total needs from 2012: Increase of 36 percent ($22.1 billion).
¦ Number of states reporting needs: 50.
¦ States with the highest reported needs: Florida ($13.9 billion), California ($10.8 billion), Georgia ($7.1 billion),
Colorado ($5.6 billion), and North Carolina ($4.1 billion).
¦ States with the largest per capita needs: Utah ($1,070), Colorado ($976), Iowa ($973), Georgia ($661), and
Florida ($644).
Discussion
Needs for Category II increased by 36
percent compared to 2012 needs. As
discussed in the Secondary Wastewater
Treatment section, some states reported
all needs for a treatment plant providing
advanced treatment under this category,
while other states reported only the needs
for the unit processes contributing to
advanced treatment.
Fifty out of 56 states reported needs in
this category; states that did not report
Category II needs were Alaska, American
Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Virgin Islands, and Wyoming. Although Alaska and Wyoming did report
having treatment plants with advanced effluent, there were no reported Category II needs for these plants.
Advanced treatment needs continued to be highest in Florida, California, and North Carolina, with Georgia and
Colorado also in the top five states reporting needs.
Advanced treatment needs constituted a higher percentage of wastewater treatment plant needs in 2022 (56
percent) as compared to 2012 (49 percent). Sixty-two percent of the needs under this category ($51.6 million)
were supported by CIPs. Three percent ($2.9 billion) were estimated using the EPA's CETs.
Of the 17,544 treatment plants reported as existing in 2022, 6,705 currently provide advanced treatment. By the
end of the survey period, 7,576 of the 17,679 total treatment plants are expected to provide advanced treatment.
Of those, 161 were reported as newly planned treatment facilities to be constructed within the survey period.
Needs of Note
The Milwaukee (Wisconsin) Metropolitan Sewerage District
reported Category II needs to increase the capacity of the
District's Jones Island Water Reclamation Facility to use landfill
gas, a natural byproduct of decomposition in the city's Metro
Landfill, in place of natural gas. The landfill gas will be used as
a source of energy to help power the treatment plant and will
also be used to produce biosolids-based commercial fertilizer
that is sold across the country. This Category II project will
build infrastructure to treat gas from the landfill and deliver it
to the district's landfill gas pipeline.
Section 6: 2022 Needs by CWNS Category
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2022 CWNS Report to Congress
Conveyance System Repair (Category III) and New Conveyance
Systems (Category IV)
Highlights
¦ Category definitions: The capital costs to rehabilitate and replace existing conveyance systems and install
new ones.
¦ Total needs: $151.1 biilion.
¦ Change in total needs from 2012: Increase of 27 percent ($32.4 billion).
¦ Number of states reporting needs: 55.
¦ States with the highest reported needs: New York ($18.9 billion), California ($15.0 billion), Florida
($10.6 billion), Ohio ($9.8 billion), and North Carolina ($7.3 billion).
¦ States with the largest per capita needs: Northern Mariana Islands ($5,147), District of Columbia ($1,932),
Virgin Islands ($1,681), Hawaii ($1,448), and West Virginia ($1,266).
Construction on the Christina River Force Main that conveys wastewater to the Wilmington Water Pollution Control Facility in
DE. Photo credit to Delaware Department of Natural Resource8 and Environment Control.
Section 6: 2022 Needs by CWNS Category
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2022 CWNS Report to Congress
Discussion
Needs for the nation's wastewater conveyance systems continued to increase. Categories III and IV include
the costs to: correct inflow and infiltration (l/l) problems; rehabilitate and replace structurally deteriorating
sanitary or combined sewers for existing pipe; and construct new collector and interceptor sewers, pump
stations, and appurtenances. The 27 percent increase from $118.7 billion in 2012 to $151.1 billion in 2022 is likely
due to a combination of factors, including the aging of the nation's conveyance systems, system expansion
to accommodate population growth, and installation of new conveyance systems in areas served by failing
decentralized wastewater treatment systems.
All states except for American Samoa reported needs in Categories III and/or IV. Reported needs continued
to be highest in New York, California, Florida, and Ohio, with North Carolina moving into the top five states
reporting needs. Sixty-six percent of the needs under this category ($99.8 billion) were documented in CIPs.
Sanitary Sewer Overflow Correction
Sanitary sewer overflows (SSOs) are untreated or partially treated releases of sewage from sanitary sewer
systems before it reaches the POTW treatment plant. Of the $26.6 billion reported needs to eliminate SSOs
(8 percent of the total wastewater need), the majority (81 percent) was reported under Categories III and
IV for corrections to collection systems (e.g., eliminating basement backups, repairing collection systems,
adding system capacity). The remaining $5.2 billion was for wastewater treatment, such as treatment plant
expansion, including $2.5 billion for needs in the Secondary Wastewater Treatment category (Category I)
and $2.6 billion for needs in the Advanced Wastewater Treatment category (Category II).14
Combined Sewer Overflow Correction (Category V)
Highlights
¦ Category definition: The capital costs to prevent or control the periodic discharges of mixed stormwater
and untreated wastewater that occur when the capacity of a sewer system is exceeded during a wet
weather event.
¦ Total needs: $36.5 billion.
¦ Change in total needs from 2012: Decrease of 39 percent ($23.0 billion).
¦ Number of states reporting needs: 35.
¦ States with the highest reported needs: New York ($6.0 billion), Pennsylvania ($4.4 billion), New Jersey
($3.6 billion), Connecticut ($2.9 billion), and Indiana ($2.9 billion).
¦ States with the largest per capita needs: West Virginia ($922), Connecticut ($817), District of Columbia
($575), Rhode Island ($534), and Indiana ($431).
14 State coordinators designated which needs in Categories I—IV were for SSO correction at the needs category level, not at the project level. Therefore,
some projects may not be included, if only a portion of the category needs were for correcting an SSO.
Section 6: 2022 Needs by CWNS Category
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2022 CWNS Report to Congress
Discussion
Category V needs continued to decline, with a 39 percent ($23.0
billion) decline since 2012, following the 33 percent decline from
2008 to 2012.15 Changes in CSO control best practices have likely
contributed to this continuing trend. Strategies such as integrated
planning and smart sewer technology have helped communities
more cost-efficiently manage, reduce, or eliminate their CSOs. The
majority (55 percent or $20.1 billion) of needs under this category
were supported by CIPs, which typically have a five-year planning
horizon. These short-term planning documents likely do not represent the full 20-year needs as compared
to longer-term planning documents, such as long-term control plans. These longer-term planning documents
only supported 13 percent ($4.9 billion) of Category V needs in 2022 but were used to document a higher
percentage of needs in previous surveys; this shift in use of longer-term plans may have also contributed to the
decline. Reported needs continued to be highest in New Jersey, New York, and Indiana, with Pennsylvania and
Connecticut moving into the top five states reporting needs.
EPA Program Highlight
The EPA's Sewer Overflow and Stormwater Reuse Municipal Grant Program, also referred to as the Overflow
Stormwater Grant Program, awards grants to the states to provide sub-awards to eligible municipalities or
municipal entities for the planning, design, and construction of eligible projects to address infrastructure
needs for CSOs, SSOs, and stormwater management. For more information, visit https://www.epa.gov/cwsrf/
sewer-overflow-and-stormwater-reuse-municipal-qrants-proqram.
Stormwater Management (Category VI)
Highlights
¦ Category definition: The capital costs to plan and implement structural and nonstructural measures to
control the runoff water resulting from precipitation (stormwater) in National Pollutant Discharge Elimination
System Phase I, Phase II, and nontraditional municipal separate storm sewer systems (MS4s), as well as
unregulated communities.
¦ Total needs: $115.3 billion.
¦ Change in total needs from 2012: Increase of 385 percent ($91.5 billion).
¦ Number of states reporting needs: 51.
¦ States with the highest reported needs: Virginia ($30.2 billion), California ($16.2 billion), Florida
($12.0 billion), Massachusetts ($7.7 billion), and Michigan ($6.0 billion).
¦ States with the largest per capita needs: Virginia ($3,495), Massachusetts ($1,096), Vermont ($982),
New Mexico ($877), and Colorado ($764).
15 Due to inconsistencies in how states categorize gray versus green CSO infrastructure projects, these projects' needs were entered together under a
single category in 2022 (in 2012, the needs were entered in separate subcategories).
EPA Program Highlight
For more information on integrated
planning, visit https://www.epa.gov/
npdes/inteqrated-planninq-municipal-
stormwater-and-wastewater.
Section 6: 2022 Needs by CWNS Category
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2022 CWNS Report to Congress
Discussion
Category VI needs increased by 385 percent ($91.5 billion) due to
many factors. Most importantly WRRDA expanded CWSRF eligibilities
for stormwater projects under CWA section 603(c). This broadened
the types of stormwater projects eligible for inclusion in this survey
compared to 2012. As discussed in section 5, other factors include
changing stormwater management requirements, an increase in
the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation events due to
climate change, and an increase in impervious surfaces; all of these
have contributed to the significant increase in reported needs. State
participation also increased from 35 states in 2012 to 51 states
in 2022.
EPA Program Highlight
The EPA estimates there are 855
Phase I MS4s and 6,695 Phase II
MS4s nationwide; however, 1,327
Phase I MS4s and 5,528 Phase II
MS4s reported needs in the survey.16
For more information, visit https://
www.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater-
discharqes-municipal-sources.
As shown in Figure 5, the growth in green infrastructure needs was a substantial portion of this category's
increase since 2012. Needs continued to be high in California, with Virginia, Florida, Massachusetts, and
Michigan moving into the top five states reporting needs.
43%
52%
Gray (Vl-A)
Green (Vl-B)
General (Vl-C)
2012 2022
Figure 5. Percent of Stormwater Needs by Subcategory in 2012 and 2022
Forty percent of the needs under this category
($45.8 billion) were supported by CIPs, and
29 percent ($33.0 billion) were supported by
watershed-based plans. The majority of the
$33.0 billion was for nutrient reductions in
the Chesapeake Bay watershed, with $30.2
billion reported in Virginia and $1.7 billion in
Pennsylvania.
Needs of Note
Virginia applied the Chesapeake Assessment Scenario
Tool (CAST) to estimate needed stormwater best
management practices (BMPs) and associated costs to
reach the objectives of Virginia's Total Maximum Daily
Load (TMDL) Phase III Watershed Implementation Plan.
16 The CWNS review process did not include verifying the existence of MS4s.
Section 6: 2022 Needs by CWNS Category 22
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2022 CWNS Report to Congress
Nonpoint Source Control (Category VII)
Highlights
¦ Category definition: The capital costs to manage and/or treat NPS pollution, which is any source of water
pollution that does not meet the legal definition of "point source," per CWA section 502(14). NPS pollution
generally results from land runoff, precipitation, atmospheric deposition, drainage, seepage, or hydrologic
modification.
¦ Total needs: $94.4 billion.
¦ Change in total needs from 2012: Not reported in 2012.
¦ Number of states reporting needs: 50.
¦ States with the highest reported needs: Louisiana ($22.0 billion), California ($9.2 billion), New Mexico ($7.1
billion), Colorado ($4.9 billion), and West Virginia ($4.8 billion).
Discussion
Category VII needs constituted 15 percent of the 2022
needs. While Category VII was not included in the 2012
Report, it was reported in prior surveys and has been
historically underrepresented. To more fully account for
these needs in the 2022 CWNS, the EPA investigated
methods for improving state reporting and developed
CETs for two of the Category VII subcategories (Vll-A
Agriculture [Cropland] and Vll-C Silviculture), which had
near national coverage. The EPA investigated creating
additional NPS CETs but could not implement them due
to the site-specificity of many NPS practices and the
lack of current, national-level datasets. Table 4 presents
the needs and the number of states reporting needs by
subcategory.
The five states with the highest needs in this category (see above) account for over 50 percent of the reported
NPS needs. Louisiana alone documented $22.0 billion of the Category VII needs using its Comprehensive
Master Plan for a Sustainable Coast, which outlines a plan to respond to the loss of coastal land due to climate
change and human impacts. Documentation for the remaining needs included $24.1 billion estimated using the
CETs and $31.0 billion reported through state-specific approaches.
The $94.4 billion in Category VII needs encompasses more larger-scale and longer-term needs than wastewater
and stormwater categories. Needs were primarily documented by state-specific approaches and statewide CETs
that cover a large geographic area. These documents also included longer-term planning needs compared to
what is typically included in municipal or utility budget documents (e.g., five-year CIPs). Although the EPA's CETs
estimated five-year needs for consistency with other planning documentation, state-specific approaches and
other documentation used to support these needs may align better with the 20-year survey period.
Needs of Note
Michigan reported needs in Category Vll-G
(Resource Extraction) to address the buildup
of "stamp sands" in Lake Superior and restore
water quality in the lake's Buffalo Reef, a
critical trout and whitefish spawning habitat.
The stamp sands are 23 million tons of copper
mining tailings that were dumped in the
watershed about a century ago and moved
by lake currents to the Buffalo Reef area. The
project would remove these deposits and place
them in a newly built landfill near the lake.
Section 6: 2022 Needs by CWNS Category
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2022 CWNS Report to Congress
Table 4. NPS Control Needs by Subcategory
Subcategory
Number
Category Name
2022 Needs ($Billion)
Number of States
Reporting Needs
VII-A
Agriculture (Cropland)
$27.6
43
VII- B
Agriculture (Animals)
$2.0
21
Vll-C
Silviculture
$15.8
29
Vll-E
Groundwater Protection (Unknown Source)
$0.5
10
Vll-F
Marinas
<$0.05
4
Vll-G
Resource Extraction
$3.1
7
Vll-H
Brownfields/Superfund
$0.8
8
Vll-I
Storage Tanks
$0.3
6
Vll-J
Sanitary Landfills
$0.8
17
Vll-K3
Hydromodification
$33.5
35
Vll-M
Other Estuary Management Activities
$9.9
10
a Due to the broad nature of Subcategory Vll-K, needs included projects to address conventional hydromodification (altering the hydrological
characteristics of coastal and non-coastal waters) as well as other NPS Control projects whose tie to hydromodification was not clear but that were
related to wetland or riparian area protection or restoration.
Identifying projects and assessing the cost to implement them continues to be a challenge across all NPS
Control subcategories. Some state coordinators decided to focus their limited resources on gathering needs
for wastewater and stormwater infrastructure because acceptable cost documentation was harder to obtain for
Category VII projects. Additionally, not all state CWSRF programs fund NPS control projects, so some states may
not have this information readily available.
Riparian restoration project to return Squalicum Creek to its natural conditions in WA. Photo credit: Washington Department of
Ecology.
Section 6: 2022 Needs by CWNS Category
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2022 CWNS Report to Congress
Water Reuse (Category X)
Highlights
¦ Category definition: The capital costs associated with conveyance of treated wastewater that is being
reused, including associated rehabilitation/replacement needs.
¦ Total needs: $7.7 billion.
¦ Change in total needs from 2012: Increase of 3 percent ($0.2 billion).
¦ Number of states reporting needs: 31.
¦ States with the highest reported needs: California ($3.8 billion), Florida ($951 million), Virginia ($710 million),
Texas ($659 million), and New Mexico ($340 million).
Discussion
Water Reuse (previously named "Recycled Water Distribution") needs increased slightly (3 percent) between
2012 and 2022, with the number of states reporting needs increasing from 25 to 31. Reported needs continued
to be highest in California and Florida, with Virginia, Texas, and New Mexico moving into the top five states
reporting needs. Note that this category only captures needs associated with conveying treated wastewater
intended for reuse. The needs associated with improving effluent water quality to a level sufficient for reuse are
reported under Category II.
Figure 6 shows the reuse discharge types that states reported for treatment plants in 2022 and expected in
2042. The most prevalent reuse discharge types reported are irrigation (landscape- and agriculture-related)
and environmental restoration/groundwater discharge. Other reuse discharge types such as impoundments,
industrial, potable, and other centralized non-potable reuse were reported less often but are expected to grow
over the next 20 years.
Needs of Note
The Sacramento Regional County Sanitation District in California reported $441.4 million in needs to develop
infrastructure to deliver recycled water to agricultural lands as part of the district's Harvest Water program.
The program, which aims to irrigate over 16,000 acres, would sustain prime agricultural areas while promoting
groundwater recharge. The hydrologic restoration would provide habitat for threatened species and support
a longer salmon migration window, among other ecological benefits.
Section 6: 2022 Needs by CWNS Category
25
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2022 CWNS Report to Congress
£ 1,400
¦% ^ 2022
'§ 1-200
a _
® 1,000
¦
D- 800
t 1 || II
2°: II II ¦¦
Environmental Irrigation Other Reuse
Restoration and
Groundwater Discharge
Figure 6. Number of Reported Reuse Discharge Types in 2022 and 204217
Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems (Category XII)
Highlights
¦ Category definition: The capital costs associated with the rehabilitation, replacement, or new installation of
on-site (individual) or clustered (community) systems.
¦ Total needs: $74.7 billion.
¦ Change in total needs from 2012: Increase of 172 percent ($47.3 billion).
¦ Number of states reporting needs: 43.
¦ States with the highest reported needs: Florida ($8.3 billion), Texas ($7.2 billion), New York ($6.7 billion),
Georgia ($6.0 billion), and North Carolina ($5.2 billion).
¦ States with the largest per capita needs: Maine ($1,254), New Hampshire ($909), Iowa ($743), Wisconsin
($603), and Georgia ($562).
17 These numbers represent the number of reuse discharge types; because some treatment plants may discharge to more than one type of reuse, the
number of treatment plants may be double counted.
Section 6: 2022 Needs by CWNS Category
26
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2022 CWNS Report to Congress
Discussion
Decentralized wastewater treatment
systems include both individual on-site
septic systems and clustered systems.
Examples of clustered systems include
small collection systems that feed into
a common septic tank and drainfield, as
well as small package treatment plants.
(The needs for these package treatment
plant systems may be included elsewhere
in this Report, since it was up to the state
coordinator to determine whether a project
constituted a Category XII decentralized
system or a Category I or II POTW.)
The needs for the rehabilitation, replacement, or new installation of decentralized wastewater treatment systems
increased by 172 percent ($47.3 billion) since 2012.18 One key factor in this increase was the number of states
reporting needs, which rose from 27 in 2012 to 43 in 2022. The EPA also developed a CET to assign costs for
documented decentralized projects without detailed cost estimates. About 80 percent ($60.0 billion) of the
costs for Category XII were generated using the EPA's CET.
The EPA also saw an increase in the use of state-specific approaches to document needs in this category.
Eighty-eight percent ($66.1 billion) of the needed projects were supported by these approaches, many of which
used septic system installation permit data in conjunction with the EPA's CETs to estimate a 20-year need.
Reported decentralized needs continued to be highest in Florida, with Texas, New York, Georgia, and North
Carolina moving into the top five states reporting needs. As with Category VII, many states did not have data on
the number of needed decentralized wastewater treatment systems and did not have statewide databases of
construction costs. Also, some state CWSRF programs do not fund decentralized projects and therefore may not
have reported these needs.
Desalination (Category XIV)
Highlights
¦ Category definition: The capital costs associated with the treatment and disposal of brine, desalination
of brackish water to augment water supply, aquifer recharge using desalinated sea water, and treatment/
reinjection of brackish groundwater.
¦ Total needs: $201 million.
¦ Change in total needs from 2012: Not reported in 2012.
¦ Number of states reporting needs: 2.
¦ States with reported needs: Texas ($201 million, representing 99 percent of the need) and New Jersey.
18 Category XII needs were reported in Appendix D of the 2012 Report rather than the main body since they were not specifically identified in CWA
section 516(b)(1)(B). Since that time, both the CWSRF eligibilities and CWNS data collection requirements have been amended in the CWA.
Needs of Note
Alabama used the Black Belt Region Wastewater Funding
Needs report, developed by the Universities of Alabama
and South Alabama, to document $1.4 billion in Category
XII needs. The report details decentralized wastewater
needs in 16 Alabama counties that are all characterized
by low population density, low economic development,
and impermeable clay soils in which conventional septic
systems do not work. The report identifies the locations
and cost estimates for both clustered and traditional
decentralized systems in each of the 16 counties.
Section 6: 2022 Needs by CWNS Category
27
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2022 CWNS Report to Congress
Discussion
Category XIV needs have not been
reported in a separate category in
previous surveys; they may have
been included in Categories I or II.
Investments in desalination were
relatively low compared to investments
in other categories; only Texas and New
Jersey reported Category XIV needs,
with the vast majority in Texas.
Texas' Brackish Carrizo-Wilcox Project plans to treat
brackish groundwater to augment drinking water supplies
in Guadalupe and Wilson counties. The project includes a
17.1 million gallon per day treatment plant with desalination,
along with new drinking water infrastructure and additional
wastewater infrastructure. The resulting brine wastes will
be injected into five approved injection wells for disposal of
desalination concentrate.
Needs of Note
7. Urban and Rural Area Needs
Data from the 2022 CWNS and the U.S. Census Bureau were used to classify reported needs in urban19 and
rural areas in the United States. NPS Control (Category VII) and Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems
(Category XII) needs presented in this Report are not included in this section because many were reported at
the state or county level. Therefore, the EPA could not reasonably determine the distribution of urban and rural
needs for Categories VII and XII.
The distribution of urban and rural total reported needs for wastewater and stormwater infrastructure is $404.0
billion (88 percent) urban and $57.0 billion (12 percent) rural. Total urban needs for wastewater treatment and
collection (Categories I through V) equal $300.0 billion (89 percent). Total rural needs for these categories equal
$37.8 billion (11 percent).
The majority of the needs in urban areas (67 percent) were in the following three categories: Conveyance
System Repair (Category III) at $98.1 billion, Stormwater Management (Category VI) at $97.6 billion, and
Advanced Wastewater Treatment (Category II) at $74.8 billion. For rural areas, most of the needs (68 percent)
were in the following three categories: Stormwater Management (Category VI) at $17.7 billion, Conveyance
System Repair (Category III) at $12.0 billion, and Secondary Wastewater Treatment (Category I) at $9.0 billion.
Notably, both the Stormwater Management and Conveyance System Repair needs categories were in the top
three for both urban and rural areas. Reported needs for Advanced Wastewater Treatment were proportionally
greater in urban areas than in rural areas, but needs for Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems made up
a greater proportion of the needs in rural areas.
19 The 2020 Census defines an "urban area" as "a densely settled core of census blocks that meet minimum housing unit density and/or population
density requirements. This includes adjacent territory containing non-residential urban land uses. To qualify as an urban area, the territory identified
according to criteria must encompass at least 2,000 housing units or have a population of at least 5,000." Previously, the minimum was 2,500 people.
All areas not classified as urban by the U.S. Census Bureau were considered rural for this Report.
Section 7: Urban and Rural Area Needs 28
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2022 CWNS Report to Congress
Small Community Wastewater Needs
The small percentage of total national needs that were reported in rural areas may be due in part to the lack of
responses from small communities. For the purposes of the CWNS, small communities are defined as those with
populations of 10,000 or fewer. (States designated submissions as serving small communities using a checkbox
during data entry. The EPA also included communities in the small-community analysis based on the reported
population served.2021)
Over 60 percent (14,457) of wastewater submissions (e.g., collection systems, treatment plants, pump stations)
were for communities identified as small. The needs captured by those submissions apply to only 12 percent
(32.8 million people) of the U.S. population and account for $47.1 billion in wastewater needs. This represents
14 percent of the $345.7 billion total reported wastewater needs. Table 5 presents small community wastewater
needs by category.
Table 5. 2022 CWNS Small Community Wastewater Needs by Category (January 2022 Dollars in Billions)
Category Number
Category Name
$Billion
I
Secondary Wastewater Treatment
$11.5
II
Advanced Wastewater Treatment
$12.1
III and IV
Conveyance System Repair and New Conveyance Systems
$21.9
V
CSO Correction
$1.2
X
Water Reuse
$0.4
Total
$47.1
The states with the highest reported needs for communities identified as small were Utah ($5.2 billion), West
Virginia ($2.6 billion), New York ($2.3 billion), Massachusetts ($2.1 billion), and Wisconsin ($1.9 billion). These
states accounted for about 30 percent of the small community wastewater needs.
As with previous surveys, the reported needs likely underestimate the actual need in small communities. Of
the 14,457 wastewater submissions meeting the survey's criteria for such communities, only 41 percent (5,976
submissions) reported needs. State coordinators indicated that eliciting small community responses to the
survey was difficult due to insufficient staff capacity in such communities, potential distrust of the EPA, and lack
of understanding of the survey's purpose. In anticipation of these challenges, and because many communities
lack the capacity for capital improvement planning, the EPA developed an online form specifically for small
communities that would serve as an alternative form of documentation. Despite this resource and additional
outreach, only 6 percent of the small community forms sent out by state coordinators were returned. Some state
coordinators also noted that they focused their limited resources on collecting data for larger communities with
readily available documentation and higher potential needs per project, to the detriment of small community
needs collection. Given that most small communities are in rural areas, this underestimation of wastewater
needs in small communities affects the proportion of rural needs.
20 While population served by centralized wastewater treatment can approximate a community's population, it does not account for any population
served by decentralized wastewater treatment such as individual septic systems.
21 Needs for wastewater submissions serving populations of 10,000 or fewer that were part of larger sewersheds were not included: the EPA presumed
that these treatment plants were serving parts of large communities.
Section 7: Urban and Rural Area Needs
29
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2022 CWNS Report to Congress
Construction of an ocean outfall pipe as part of upgrades to the local wastewater treatment plant to eliminate discharges to
the Lewes and Rehoboth Canal in DE. Photo Credit: Delaware SRF.
8. Trends in the Nation's Ability to Provide
Wastewater Treatment
As of January 1, 2022, submitted survey data
indicated that 17,544 POTWs served 270.4 million
Americans, or 82 percent of the population.22 Of
the total U.S. population, about 70 percent are
served by POTWs with secondary or advanced
treatment (233.6 million people). Table 6 presents
the level of centralized treatment provided based
on the data presented in both this Report and in past surveys. This table does not include populations served by
decentralized wastewater treatment, such as private septic systems, or the estimated population of 2.2 million
people without access to basic running water or indoor plumbing.
Since the passage of the CWA in 1972, the level of wastewater treatment provided to the public has vastly
improved. The number of people served by advanced wastewater treatment grew from 7.8 million in 1972 to an
estimated 139.3 million in 2022 (Figure 7). Furthermore, the population served by less-than-secondary treatment
has decreased from almost 60 million (28 percent of total population) in 1972 to an estimated 3.8 million in 2022
(one percent of the total population).
22 Total population from the 2020 U.S. Census: https:Miwvw2.cereus.qov/iiyoqrarre-survevs/decenntel/2020/dat8/appwttonmenVapportionment-2020-
table02.xlsx.
Centralized Wastewater Treatment in 2022
¦ 17,544 publicly owned treatment works
¦ 270.4 million Americans served
¦ 82 percent of the population
Section 8: Trends in the Nation's Ability to Provide Wastewater Treatment
30
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2022 CWNS Report to Congress
Based on current data trends, the nation
continues to make progress toward
eliminating raw and less-than-secondary-
treated effluent discharged to the nation's
surface water bodies. The number of
facilities that provide less-than-secondary
treatment is projected to decline from
65 to 58, although the populations
served by these facilities are projected
to increase slightly from 3.8 million to 4.0
million people over the next 20 years.
As mentioned in the introduction, most
of the reported needs (and associated
technical data) came from documents
with 5- to 10-year planning horizons. The
projected number of new treatment plants
may therefore be undercounted. Overall,
projections based on the survey data
suggest that a total of 17,679 operational
facilities will serve a future population of
287.4 million people in 2042.
EPA Program Highlight
The EPA and U.S. Department of Agriculture Rural
Development, in collaboration with states, are partnering on
the Closing America's Wastewater Access Gap Community
Initiative. They will jointly leverage technical assistance
resources to help historically underserved communities
identify, and pursue, federal funding opportunities to
address their wastewater needs. For more information, visit
https://www.epa.gov/water-infrastructure/closinq-americas-
wastewater-access-qap-communitv-initiative.
In addition to effluent treatment level,
the 2022 CWNS collected data on
discharge methods. Some facilities split
their effluent between surface water and
non-discharging, while other facilities
were 100 percent non-discharging.
("Non-discharging" refers to effluent
that is not discharged to surface waters
but instead is evaporated or reused for
beneficial purposes—e.g., spray irrigation,
groundwater recharge.) The population
served by facilities that are fully or
partially non-discharging increased from
16 million in 2012 to 33.0 million—or 10
percent of the U.S. population—in 2022. Repairs underway on the: Hampton Roads Sanitation District wastewater
Of the 2,543 facilities that are 100 percent system in VA. Photo Credit: Virginia Department of Environmental
non-discharging, one percent currently Quality.
provide less-than-secondary treatment, 78 percent provide secondary treatment, and 21 percent provide
advanced treatment. Survey results indicate that if the wastewater treatment needs (Categories I and II) reported
in the survey are met and water reuse becomes more widely adopted, the number of non-discharging facilities
is projected to increase from 2,543 to 2,710 and the population served by those facilities is projected to increase
by 21 percent (8.8 million people).
Section 8: Trends in the Nation's Ability to Provide Wastewater Treatment
31
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2022 CWNS Report to Congress
w
c
o
300
250
200
150
O
ro
3 100
Q.
O
Q.
50
ll
1940 1950 1962 1968 1972 1978 1982 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2022
2042
Raw
Less than Secondary
Secondary
Advanced
No Discharge
Figure 7. Population Served by POTWs for Select Years Between 1940 and 2022 and Projected (If All Needs
Are Met) by Treatment Level
Section 8: Trends in the Nation's Ability to Provide Wastewater Treatment
32
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2022 CWNS Report to Congress
Table 6. Changes over Time in POTW Discharge to Surface Water
Treatment Level and
Population Served in Millions
(Number of Facilities)
Population
Change
2012-2022
Projected
Population
Discharge Location8
2008
2012
2022
2042
Change
2022-2042
Less-than-secondary
discharge to
surface water
3.8
(30)
4.1
(34)
3.8
(65)
4.0
(58)
-7%
4%
Secondary discharge
to surface waterb
92.7
(7,417)
90.4
(7,397)
94.3
(8,769)
77.1
(8,058)
4%
-22%
Advanced discharge
to surface water
113.0
(5,072)
127.7
(5,036)
139.3
(6,167)
164.6
(6,853)
8%
15%
No discharge to
surface waterc
16.9
(2,251)
16.0
(2,281)
33.0
(2,543)
41.8
(2,710)
52%
21%
Total
226.4
(14,770)
238.2
(14,748)
270.4
(17,544)
287.4
(17,679)
12%
6%
a This table includes survey response data as well as best available information for states that did not have the resources to update the data for all
facilities. For the latter, information for this table was taken from previous surveys.
b Includes facilities reported as "Partial Treatment" in previous surveys. Data indicate that these were primarily facilities that discharged to other facilities.
c The number of "No Discharge" facilities represents only treatment plants that are 100 percent non-discharging. Facilities that partially discharge to
surface water and are partially non-discharging are included under the surface water discharge entries. However, the population served by these
partial discharge/partial non-discharge facilities is accounted for proportionally under each entry based on percent of flow. Therefore, neither the
number of facilities nor populations are double counted.
Section 8: Trends in the Nation's Ability to Provide Wastewater Treatment
33
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2022 CWNS Report to Congress
Appendix A: 2022 CWNS Needs Categories
Definitions
Table A-1. 2022 CWNS Needs Categories Definitions
2022
Category
Number
Category Name
Description
I
Secondary Wastewater
Treatment
This category includes needs for meeting secondary treatment criteria.
Secondary treatment typically requires a treatment level that produces
an effluent quality of 30 milligrams per liter of both 5-day biochemical
oxygen demand (BOD5) and total suspended solids. (Secondary
treatment levels required for some lagoon systems may be less
stringent.) In addition, the secondary treatment must remove 85 percent
of BOD5 and total suspended solids from the influent wastewater.
This category also includes facilities granted waivers of secondary
treatment for marine discharges under section 301(h) of the CWA
and "honey bucket lagoons," though they do not provide secondary
treatment.
II
Advanced Wastewater
Treatment
This category includes needs for attaining or maintaining a level of
treatment that is more stringent than secondary treatment or producing
a significant reduction in nonconventional or toxic pollutants in the
wastewater treated by a facility. A facility is considered to have
advanced wastewater treatment if it achieves one or more of the
following: BOD5 less than 20 milligrams per liter, nitrogen removal,
phosphorus removal, ammonia removal, metal removal, or synthetic
organic removal.
lll-A
l/l Correction
This category includes needs for correction of sewer system l/l
problems. For infiltration, this includes controlling the penetration
of water into a sanitary or combined sewer system from the ground
through defective pipes or manholes. For inflow, it includes controlling
the penetration of water into the system from drains, storm sewers,
and other improper entries. It also includes costs for preliminary sewer
system analysis and detailed sewer system evaluation surveys.
lll-B
Sewer Replacement/
Rehabilitation
This category includes needs for the maintenance (above and beyond
ongoing operations and maintenance), reinforcement, or reconstruction
of structurally deteriorating sanitary or combined sewers. The corrective
actions must be necessary to maintain the structural integrity of the
system.
Appendix A: 2022 CWNS Needs Categories Definitions
A-1
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2022 CWNS Report to Congress
2022
Category
Number
Category Name
Description
IV-A
New Collector Sewers
and Appurtenances
This category includes needs for new pipes used to collect wastewater
from a sanitary or industrial wastewater source and carry it to an
interceptor sewer that will convey it to a treatment facility
IV-B
New Interceptor
Sewers and
Appurtenances
This category includes needs for constructing new interceptor sewers
and pumping stations to convey wastewater from collection sewer
systems to a treatment facility or to another interceptor sewer. Needs for
relief sewers are included in this category
V
CSO Correction
This category includes needs to prevent or control the periodic
discharges of mixed stormwater and untreated wastewater (CSOs)
that occur when the capacity of a sewer system is exceeded during a
wet weather event. This category does not include needs for overflow
control allocated to flood control, drainage improvement, or the
treatment or control of stormwater in separate storm systems.
Vl-A
Gray Infrastructure
This category includes needs for stormwater management program
activities associated with the planning, design, and construction of
stormwater conveyance structures (e.g., pipes, inlets, roadside ditches,
and other similar mechanisms). This category also includes needs
associated with the planning, design, and construction of structural
BMPs that treat stormwater (e.g., wet ponds, dry ponds, manufactured
devices).
Vl-B
Green Infrastructure
This category includes needs for stormwater management program
activities associated with the planning, design, and construction of
low-impact development and green infrastructure (e.g., bioretention,
constructed wetlands, permeable pavement, rain gardens, green roofs,
cisterns, rain barrels, vegetated swales, restoration of riparian buffers
and flood plains).
Vl-C
General Stormwater
Management
This category includes needs for activities associated with implementing
a stormwater management program. These needs can include
geographic information systems and tracking systems, equipment (e.g.,
street sweepers, vacuum trucks), stormwater education program startup
costs (e.g., setting up a stormwater public education center, building a
traveling stormwater education display), and stormwater management
plan development.
Appendix A: 2022 CWNS Needs Categories Definitions
A-2
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2022 CWNS Report to Congress
2022
Category
Number
Category Name
Description
Vll-A
NPS Control:
Agriculture (Cropland)
This category includes costs to address NPS pollution control needs
associated with agricultural activities related to croplands. These
activities include plowing, pesticide spraying, irrigation, fertilizing,
planting, and harvesting. Examples of BMPs used to address these
needs are conservation tillage, nutrient management, and irrigation
water management.
Vll-B
NPS Control:
Agriculture (Animals)
This category includes all costs that address NPS pollution control
needs associated with agricultural activities related to animal production
(e.g., confined animal facilities and grazing). Some typical BMPs used to
address agriculture (animal) needs are animal waste storage facilities,
animal waste nutrient management, composting facilities, and planned
grazing. Any costs associated with facilities or measures that address
point source pollution discharges are not reported in this category.
Vll-C
NPS Control:
Silviculture
This category includes all costs that address NPS pollution control
needs associated with forestry activities, such as removal of streamside
vegetation, road construction and use, timber harvesting, and
mechanical preparation for tree planting. Some typical BMPs used to
address silviculture needs are pre-harvest planning, streamside buffers,
road management, revegetation of disturbed areas, structural practices
(e.g., sediment control structure), and equipment (e.g., timber harvesting
equipment).
Vll-E
NPS Control:
Groundwater
Protection (Unknown
Source)
This category includes all costs that address groundwater protection
NPS pollution control needs, such as wellhead and recharge area
protection activities. Any need that can be attributed to a specific
cause of groundwater pollution, such as leaking storage tanks, soil
contamination in a brownfield, or leachate from a sanitary landfill, is
reported in the appropriate specific category.
Vll-F
NPS Control: Marinas
This category includes all costs that address NPS pollution control
needs associated with boating and marinas, such as poorly flushed
waterways; boat maintenance activities; discharge of sewage from
boats; and the physical alteration of shoreline, wetlands, and aquatic
habitat during the construction and operation of marinas. Some typical
BMPs used to address needs at marinas are bulk heading, pump-out
systems, and oil containment booms.
Appendix A: 2022 CWNS Needs Categories Definitions
A-3
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2022 CWNS Report to Congress
2022
Category
Number
Category Name
Description
Vll-G
NPS Control: Resource
Extraction
This category includes all costs that address NPS pollution control
needs associated with mining and quarrying activities. Some typical
BMPs used to address resource extraction needs are detention berms,
adit (mine entrance) closures, and seeding or revegetation. Any
costs associated with facilities or measures that address point source
discharges are not reported in this category
Vll-H
NPS Control:
Brownfields/Superfund
This category includes all costs that address NPS pollution control
needs associated with 1) abandoned industrial sites that might
have residual contamination (brownfields) and 2) hazardous waste
sites covered under the Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability Act (Superfund sites). All costs for work
at brownfield or Superfund sites, regardless of the activity, should be
included in this category. Some typical BMPs used to address needs at
brownfield or Superfund sites are excavation, removal, and disposal of
contaminated sediment/soil; cleanup of contaminated groundwater or
surface water; and capping of wells to prevent stormwater infiltration.
VIII
NPS Control: Storage
Tanks
This category includes all costs that address NPS pollution control
needs associated with tanks designed to hold gasoline, other petroleum
products, or chemicals. The tanks may be above or below ground
level. Some typical BMPs used to address storage tank needs are
spill containment systems; in situ treatment of contaminated soils and
groundwater; and upgrade, rehabilitation, or removal of petroleum/
chemical storage tanks. If these facilities or measures are part of
addressing NPS needs at brownfields, the costs go in Category Vll-H,
"NPS Control: Brownfields/Superfund."
Vll-J
NPS Control: Sanitary
Landfills
This category includes all costs that address NPS pollution control
needs associated with sanitary landfills. Some typical BMPs used to
address needs at landfills are leachate collection, on-site treatment, gas
collection and control, capping, and closure.
Appendix A: 2022 CWNS Needs Categories Definitions
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2022 CWNS Report to Congress
2022
Category Category Name Description
Number
Vll-K
NPS Control:
Hydromodification
This category includes needs to address the degradation of water
resources as a result of altering the hydrological characteristics
of coastal and non-coastal waters. For a stream channel,
hydromodification is the process of the stream bank being eroded
by flowing water, typically resulting in the suspension of sediments
in the watercourse. Examples of such hydromodification activities
include channelization and channel modification, dams, and stream
bank and shoreline erosion. Some typical BMPs used to address
hydromodification needs are conservation easements, swales, filter
strips, shore erosion control, wetland development or restoration,
and bank or channel (grade) stabilization. This category includes any
work involving wetland or riparian area protection or restoration.
Vll-M
NPS Control: Other Estuary
Management Activities
This category is only used for management activities in the study
areas of the 28 National Estuary Programs (NEPs) designated
under section 320 of the CWA. It includes costs associated with
a limited number of estuary management activities that may
not be appropriately included in other need categories. Some
typical estuary BMPs are habitat protection for aquatic species;
fishery, oyster bed, and shellfish restocking and restoration; fish
ladders; rejuvenation of submerged aquatic vegetation; artificial
reef establishment; control of invasive vegetative and aquatic
species; and water control structures for flow regime and salinity.
Point source technologies included in the NEP's Comprehensive
Conservation and Management Plans should not be included in this
category.
X
Water Reuse
This category includes needs associated with conveyance of treated
wastewater that is being reused, including associated rehabilitation/
replacement needs. Examples are pipes to convey treated water
from the wastewater facility to the drinking water distribution system
or the drinking water treatment facility and equipment for application
of effluent on publicly owned land.
The needs associated with additional unit processes to increase the
level of treatment to potable—or less than potable but greater than
the level normally associated with surface discharge needs—are
reported in Category II.
Appendix A: 2022 CWNS Needs Categories Definitions
A-5
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2022
Category Category Name Description
Number
XII
Decentralized Wastewater
Treatment Systems
This category includes needs associated with the rehabilitation,
replacement, or new installation of on-site wastewater treatment
systems or clustered (community) systems. It also includes
the treatment portion of other decentralized sewage disposal
technologies. Costs related to the development and implementation
of on-site management districts are included (but not the costs of
ongoing operations of such districts). Costs could also include the
limited collection systems associated with the decentralized system.
Public ownership is not required for decentralized systems.
This category does not include the needs to change a service
area from decentralized wastewater treatment to a publicly owned
centralized treatment system. Needs to construct a publicly owned
centralized collection and treatment system should be reported in
Category 1 and/or Category II. Needs to install sewers to connect
the service area to an existing collection system are reported in
Category IV-A and Category IV-B.
XIV
Desalination
This category includes needs for treatment and disposal of brine,
desalination of brackish water to augment water supply, aquifer
recharge using desalinated sea water, and treatment/reinjection of
brackish groundwater.
Appendix A: 2022 CWNS Needs Categories Definitions
A-6
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2022 CWNS Report to Congress
Appendix B: 2022 CWNS Reported Needs by Category
Table B-1. 2022 CWNS Reported Needs by Category and State (January 2022 Dollars in Millions)
Needs Category
State
Total
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
X
XII
XIV
Alabama
$4,026
$782
$51
$1,127
$350
NR
$59
$277
NR
$1,380
NR
Alaska
$775
$287
NR
$233
$181
NR
$56
$19
<$0.5
<$0.5
NR
American Samoa
$30
$30
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Arizona
$4,784
$64
$1,584
$1,572
$553
NR
$757
NR
$227
$27
NR
Arkansas
$5,453
$545
$913
$1,310
$397
NR
$811
$942
$3
$533
NR
California
$65,533
$7,024
$10,776
$12,506
$2,528
$126
$16,219
$9,215
$3,757
$3,382
NR
Colorado
$19,170
$602
$5,633
$2,675
$804
$8
$4,410
$4,921
$117
NR
NR
Connecticut
$9,825
$76
$2,220
$1,415
$317
$2,947
$1,335
$46
$2
$1,468
NR
Delaware
$1,265
$160
$142
$650
$170
$9
$16
$110
$7
NR
NR
District of Columbia
$2,220
NR
$429
$1,332
NR
$397
$62
NR
NR
NR
NR
Florida
$46,559
NR
$13,863
$5,306
$5,266
NR
$12,039
$871
$951
$8,264
NR
Georgia
$25,569
$1,037
$7,081
$4,458
$2,308
$255
$3,985
$259
$167
$6,017
NR
Guam
$479
$287
NR
$192
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Hawaii
$3,336
$1,008
$33
$1,715
$392
$38
NR
$74
$76
NR
NR
Idaho
$2,586
$754
$871
$419
$117
NR
$33
$370
$22
NR
NR
Illinois
$11,375
$404
$4,070
$2,071
$392
$571
$640
$3,227
NR
NR
NR
Indiana
$10,132
$230
$1,279
$1,126
$846
$2,927
$531
$2,006
NR
$1,187
NR
Iowa
$12,299
$313
$3,105
$391
$311
$116
$1,966
$3,727
NR
$2,370
NR
Kansas
$4,239
$110
$1,279
$353
$225
$107
$183
$1,082
$8
$892
NR
Kentucky
$7,483
$2,897
$111
$1,503
$1,126
$891
$48
$886
$1
$21
NR
Louisiana
$26,904
$306
$446
$1,203
$449
NR
$1,344
$22,032
NR
$1,125
NR
Appendix B: 2022 CWNS Reported Needs by Category
B-1
-------
2022 CWNS Report to Congress
Needs Category
State
Total
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
X
XII
XIV
Maine
$3,995
$513
$274
$498
$93
$311
$275
$322
NR
$1,709
NR
Maryland
$10,657
$27
$2,711
$2,686
$916
$483
$1,384
$2,211
$2
$236
NR
Massachusetts
$21,710
$2,400
$1,215
$2,462
$3,633
$1,451
$7,702
$2,571
$1
$275
NR
Michigan
$15,072
$980
$181
$2,012
$32
$588
$5,953
$3,755
NR
$1,572
NR
Minnesota
$6,716
$1,230
$514
$1,353
$186
$2
$47
$254
NR
$3,131
NR
Mississippi
$1,933
$83
$642
$405
$163
$12
NR
$628
NR
NR
NR
Missouri
$9,102
$93
$2,847
$916
$916
$2,213
$840
$1,273
NR
$5
NR
Montana
$347
$45
$107
$62
$88
$3
$22
$18
NR
$1
NR
Nebraska
$3,171
$128
$838
$413
$236
$459
$107
$990
NR
NR
NR
Nevada
$531
$15
$120
$50
$59
NR
$4
$6
$273
$3
NR
New Hampshire
$4,287
$501
$349
$763
$251
$358
$768
$37
$9
$1,252
NR
New Jersey
$19,352
$4,615
$284
$2,039
$1,169
$3,605
$2,812
$1,875
$38
$2,916
<$0.5
New Mexico
$12,280
$267
$800
$603
$341
NR
$1,858
$7,134
$340
$938
NR
New York
$53,917
$16,045
$810
$15,046
$3,882
$5,988
$5,199
$252
$6
$6,689
NR
North Carolina
$21,136
$1,096
$4,142
$5,185
$2,125
NR
$2,142
$1,201
$86
$5,160
NR
North Dakota
$2,621
$213
$80
$462
$129
NR
$198
$1,256
$45
$239
NR
N. Mariana Islands
$341
$95
NR
$156
$87
NR
NR
NR
$2
NR
NR
Ohio
$20,555
$3,905
$637
$8,355
$1,428
$1,507
$911
$1,606
$7
$2,199
NR
Oklahoma
$3,436
$681
$47
$364
$562
$1
$181
$325
$1
$1,273
NR
Oregon
$5,541
$1,386
$590
$1,554
$177
$1
$417
$1,291
$94
$33
NR
Pennsylvania
$12,765
$2,230
$80
$1,065
$403
$4,433
$1,947
$2,561
NR
$46
NR
Puerto Rico
$2,711
$1,127
$109
$668
$548
NR
$18
$12
NR
$229
NR
Rhode Island
$2,485
$265
$4
$312
$369
$586
$442
$58
NR
$449
NR
South Carolina
$7,351
$343
$1,604
$2,574
$548
NR
$190
$338
$2
$1,753
NR
Appendix B: 2022 CWNS Reported Needs by Category
B-2
-------
2022 CWNS Report to Congress
State
Needs Category
Total
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
X
XII
XIV
South Dakota
$1,116
$292
$59
$136
$16
NR
$16
$597
NR
NR
NR
Tennessee
$3,852
$503
$611
$1,502
$381
NR
$258
$596
NR
$2
NR
Texas
$18,857
$4,032
$596
$2,518
$669
$12
$1,543
$1,407
$659
$7,222
$201
Utah
$9,728
$155
$3,501
$2,388
$869
NR
$1,431
$55
NR
$1,329
NR
Vermont
$2,104
$265
$39
$77
$32
$173
$631
$789
NR
$98
NR
Virgin Islands
$157
$5
NR
$111
$36
NR
$6
NR
NR
NR
NR
Virginia
$45,770
$351
$3,637
$4,244
$2,054
$653
$30,168
$902
$710
$3,052
NR
Washington
$18,627
$4,334
$156
$4,292
$619
$2,427
$2,205
$2,753
$110
$1,730
NR
West Virginia
$11,089
$931
$149
$1,697
$574
$1,654
$415
$4,758
NR
$912
NR
Wisconsin
$12,013
$327
$1,946
$1,316
$727
$1,191
$683
$2,270
NR
$3,553
NR
Wyoming
$699
$234
NR
$212
NR
NR
$35
$206
$12
$1
NR
Total U.S.
$630,067
$66,623
$83,567
$110,053
$41,048
$36,505
$115,297
$94,367
$7,735
$74,670
$201
Categories:
I Secondary Wastewater Treatment
II Advanced Wastewater Treatment
III Conveyance System Repair
IV New Conveyance Systems
V CSO Correction
VI Stormwater Management
VII NPS Control
X Water Reuse
XII Decentralized Wastewater Treatment
XIV Desalination
Notes:
NR = not reported.
Appendix B: 2022 CWNS Reported Needs by Category
B-3
-------
2022 CWNS Report to Congress
Table B-2. 2022 CWNS Reported Needs for Wastewater Subcategories by Category and State (January 2022 Dollars in Millions)
Needs Category
State
I II lll-A lll-B IV-A IV-B V Total l-V
Alabama
$782
$51
$118
$1,010
$262
$88
NR
$2,310
Alaska
$287
NR
$3
$230
$174
$6
NR
$700
American Samoa
$30
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
$30
Arizona
$64
$1,584
$1
$1,571
$435
$117
NR
$3,773
Arkansas
$545
$913
$494
$816
$270
$126
NR
$3,165
California
$7,024
$10,776
$46
$12,460
$576
$1,952
$126
$32,960
Colorado
$602
$5,633
$342
$2,333
$213
$591
$8
$9,722
Connecticut
$76
$2,220
$334
$1,080
$315
$3
$2,947
$6,975
Delaware
$160
$142
$13
$637
$136
$34
$9
$1,132
District of Columbia
NR
$429
NR
$1,332
NR
NR
$397
$2,158
Florida
NR
$13,863
$465
$4,841
$4,622
$644
NR
$24,434
Georgia
$1,037
$7,081
$306
$4,153
$1,483
$825
$255
$15,140
Guam
$287
NR
NR
$192
NR
NR
NR
$479
Hawaii
$1,008
$33
$291
$1,424
$107
$285
$38
$3,186
Idaho
$754
$871
$33
$386
$115
$2
NR
$2,161
Illinois
$404
$4,070
$657
$1,414
$245
$147
$571
$7,508
Indiana
$230
$1,279
$170
$956
$716
$130
$2,927
$6,409
Iowa
$313
$3,105
$64
$326
$172
$139
$116
$4,236
Kansas
$110
$1,279
$47
$306
$52
$173
$107
$2,075
Kentucky
$2,897
$111
$298
$1,205
$867
$258
$891
$6,528
Louisiana
$306
$446
$327
$876
$401
$48
NR
$2,404
Maine
$513
$274
$42
$456
$83
$10
$311
$1,689
Maryland
$27
$2,711
$625
$2,061
$866
$50
$483
$6,824
Appendix B: 2022 CWNS Reported Needs by Category
B-4
-------
2022 CWNS Report to Congress
State
Needs Category
1
II
lll-A
lll-B
IV-A
IV-B
V
Total l-V
Massachusetts
$2,400
$1,215
$628
$1,834
$2,599
$1,034
$1,451
$11,160
Michigan
$980
$181
$76
$1,936
$17
$14
$588
$3,792
Minnesota
$1,230
$514
$146
$1,207
$131
$55
$2
$3,285
Mississippi
$83
$642
$24
$381
$23
$141
$12
$1,305
Missouri
$93
$2,847
$300
$615
$530
$386
$2,213
$6,985
Montana
$45
$107
$5
$57
$49
$40
$3
$306
Nebraska
$128
$838
$36
$377
$80
$156
$459
$2,074
Nevada
$15
$120
$5
$46
$59
NR
NR
$245
New Hampshire
$501
$349
$36
$726
$147
$104
$358
$2,221
New Jersey
$4,615
$284
$315
$1,724
$885
$284
$3,605
$11,712
New Mexico
$267
$800
$4
$599
$329
$12
NR
$2,010
New York
$16,045
$810
$599
$4,447
$3,643
$239
$5,988
$41,771
North Carolina
$1,096
$4,142
$282
$4,904
$725
$1,400
NR
$12,548
North Dakota
$213
$80
$96
$366
$36
$92
NR
$884
N. Mariana Islands
$95
NR
$4
$153
$87
NR
NR
$339
Ohio
$3,905
$637
$3,315
$5,040
$550
$877
$1,507
$15,832
Oklahoma
$681
$47
$4
$360
$57
$505
$1
$1,656
Oregon
$1,386
$590
$113
$1,441
$176
<$0.5
$1
$3,707
Pennsylvania
$2,230
$80
$41
$1,023
$263
$140
$4,433
$8,210
Puerto Rico
$1,127
$109
$9
$660
$548
NR
NR
$2,452
Rhode Island
$265
$4
$17
$295
$311
$58
$586
$1,536
South Carolina
$343
$1,604
$6
$2,568
$448
$100
NR
$5,069
South Dakota
$292
$59
$18
$118
$5
$12
NR
$503
Tennessee
$503
$611
$294
$1,208
$50
$332
NR
$2,997
Appendix B: 2022 CWNS Reported Needs by Category
B-5
-------
2022 CWNS Report to Congress
State
Needs Category
1
II
lll-A
lll-B
IV-A
IV-B
V
Total l-V
Texas
$4,032
$596
$253
$2,265
$212
$458
$12
$7,827
Utah
$155
$3,501
$83
$2,305
$703
$166
NR
$6,913
Vermont
$265
$39
$3
$74
$32
NR
$173
$585
Virgin Islands
$5
NR
NR
$111
$36
NR
NR
$151
Virginia
$351
$3,637
$604
$3,640
$1,367
$687
$653
$10,939
Washington
$4,334
$156
$202
$4,091
$471
$148
$2,427
$11,828
West Virginia
$931
$149
$392
$1,305
$506
$67
$1,654
$5,005
Wisconsin
$327
$1,946
$50
$1,266
$248
$479
$1,191
$5,508
Wyoming
$234
NR
NR
$212
NR
NR
NR
$446
Total U.S.
$66,623
$83,567
$12,638
$97,416
$27,433
$13,616
$36,505
$337,796
Categories:
I Secondary Wastewater Treatment
II Advanced Wastewater Treatment
lll-A l/l Correction
III-B Sewer Replacement/Rehabilitation
IV-A New Collector Sewers and Appurtenances
IV-B New Interceptor Sewers and Appurtenances
V CSO Correction
Notes:
NR = not reported.
Appendix B: 2022 CWNS Reported Needs by Category
B-6
-------
2022 CWNS Report to Congress
Table B-3. 2022 CWNS Reported Needs for Stormwater Management by Category and State (January 2022
Dollars in Millions)
State
Needs Category
VI-A
Vl-B
Vl-C
Total VI
Alabama
$17
$1
$41
$59
Alaska
$51
$5
<$0.5
$56
American Samoa
NR
NR
NR
NR
Arizona
$697
$57
$3
$757
Arkansas
$745
$59
$7
$811
California
$9,042
$6,943
$233
$16,219
Colorado
$4,169
$133
$109
$4,410
Connecticut
$207
$1,073
$55
$1,335
Delaware
NR
NR
$16
$16
District of Columbia
$61
NR
$1
$62
Florida
$11,366
$118
$556
$12,039
Georgia
$2,679
$1,190
$116
$3,985
Guam
NR
NR
NR
NR
Hawaii
NR
NR
NR
NR
Idaho
NR
NR
$33
$33
Illinois
$437
$198
$5
$640
Indiana
$497
$34
NR
$531
Iowa
$303
$1,586
$76
$1,966
Kansas
$136
$14
$33
$183
Kentucky
NR
$16
$32
$48
Louisiana
$1,017
$192
$135
$1,344
Maine
$20
$239
$16
$275
Maryland
$605
$703
$76
$1,384
Massachusetts
$604
$3,371
$3,726
$7,702
Michigan
$5,856
$97
<$0.5
$5,953
Minnesota
$5
$39
$2
$47
Mississippi
NR
NR
NR
NR
Missouri
$745
$93
$2
$840
Montana
$22
NR
NR
$22
Nebraska
$57
<$0.5
$49
$107
Nevada
$4
NR
NR
$4
Appendix B: 2022 CWNS Reported Needs by Category
B-7
-------
2022 CWNS Report to Congress
State
Needs Category
Vl-A
Vl-B
Vl-C
Total VI
New Hampshire
$489
$206
$73
$768
New Jersey
$2,388
$172
$252
$2,812
New Mexico
$1,790
$18
$50
$1,858
New York
$4,950
$236
$12
$5,199
North Carolina
$1,790
$258
$93
$2,142
North Dakota
$194
$1
$3
$198
N. Mariana Islands
NR
NR
NR
NR
Ohio
$845
$62
$5
$911
Oklahoma
$152
NR
$29
$181
Oregon
$355
$54
$8
$417
Pennsylvania
$394
$1,504
$50
$1,947
Puerto Rico
NR
$4
$14
$18
Rhode Island
$92
$347
$3
$442
South Carolina
$89
$49
$52
$190
South Dakota
$16
NR
NR
$16
Tennessee
$159
$31
$67
$258
Texas
$1,460
$81
$2
$1,543
Utah
$1,400
$31
<$0.5
$1,431
Vermont
$631
NR
NR
$631
Virgin Islands
$6
NR
NR
$6
Virginia
$1,055
$29,108
$4
$30,168
Washington
$1,215
$902
$89
$2,205
West Virginia
$381
$27
$6
$415
Wisconsin
$547
$69
$66
$683
Wyoming
$28
$6
NR
$35
Total U.S.
$59,769
$49,329
$6,199
$115,297
Categories:
Vl-A Gray Infrastructure Vl-B Green Infrastructure Vl-C General Stormwater Management
Notes:
NR = not reported.
American Samoa, Guam, Hawaii, Mississippi, and Northern Mariana Islands did not submit stormwater needs.
Appendix B: 2022 CWNS Reported Needs by Category
B-8
-------
2022 CWNS Report to Congress
Table B-4. 2022 CWNS Reported Needs for NPS Control by Category and State (January 2022 Dollars in Millions)
State
Needs Category
Vll-A
Vll-B
Vll-C
Vll-E
Vll-F
Vll-G
Vll-H
Vll-I
Vll-J
Vll-K
Vll-M
Alabama
$269
NR
$8
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
$277
Alaska
NR
NR
NR
NR
$2
NR
NR
$4
$12
NR
NR
$19
American Samoa
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Arizona
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Arkansas
$657
$99
$6
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
$179
NR
$942
California
$406
$27
$6,625
$1
<$0.5
NR
NR
NR
NR
$1,013
$1,143
$9,215
Colorado
$141
$11
$4,444
$18
NR
$1
NR
$22
$5
$276
$3
$4,921
Connecticut
$2
$7
NR
NR
NR
NR
$5
NR
$9
NR
$23
$46
Delaware
$110
NR
<$0.5
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
$110
District of Columbia
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Florida
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
$854
$17
$871
Georgia
$10
$4
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
$14
$232
NR
$259
Guam
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Hawaii
NR
NR
NR
$52
NR
NR
NR
NR
$22
NR
NR
$74
Idaho
$370
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
$370
Illinois
$3,213
NR
$1
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
$12
NR
$3,227
Indiana
$1,977
NR
$3
NR
NR
NR
$19
NR
NR
$7
NR
$2,006
Iowa
$2,685
$86
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
$54
$902
NR
$3,727
Kansas
$1,081
NR
NR
$1
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
$1,082
Kentucky
$882
NR
$3
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
$886
Louisiana
$310
NR
$4
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
$13,324
$8,395
$22,032
Maine
$74
$226
$15
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
$7
NR
NR
$322
Maryland
$279
$26
$3
NR
NR
$14
NR
NR
NR
$1,888
NR
$2,211
Appendix B: 2022 CWNS Reported Needs by Category
B-9
-------
2022 CWNS Report to Congress
State
Needs Category
Vll-A
Vll-B
Vll-C
Vll-E
Vll-F
Vll-G
Vll-H
Vll-I
Vll-J
Vll-K
Vll-M
Total VII
Massachusetts
<$0.5
$63
<$0.5
NR
NR
NR
NR
$58
$7
$2,443
NR
$2,571
Michigan
$622
$102
$9
NR
NR
$1,476
NR
NR
NR
$1,546
NR
$3,755
Minnesota
$80
$16
$12
<$0.5
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
$146
NR
$254
Mississippi
$623
NR
$5
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
$628
Missouri
$1,146
<$0.5
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
$3
$123
NR
$1,273
Montana
$15
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
$1
$2
NR
$18
Nebraska
$941
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
$49
NR
NR
NR
$990
Nevada
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
$6
NR
$6
New Hampshire
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
$37
NR
$37
New Jersey
$113
NR
NR
$384
$23
NR
$656
$1
$432
$266
NR
$1,875
New Mexico
$763
$32
$4,254
NR
NR
$1,547
$4
$143
$13
$379
NR
$7,134
New York
$50
$94
NR
$22
NR
NR
NR
NR
$1
$78
$7
$252
North Carolina
$870
NR
$20
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
$311
NR
$1,201
North Dakota
$917
$38
NR
NR
NR
NR
$8
NR
$15
$279
NR
$1,256
N. Mariana Islands
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Ohio
$1,600
NR
$6
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
$1,606
Oklahoma
$268
NR
$1
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
$56
NR
$325
Oregon
$1,126
$1
$11
NR
NR
NR
$4
NR
NR
$148
<$0.5
$1,291
Pennsylvania
$858
$968
$1
NR
NR
$8
NR
NR
NR
$726
NR
$2,561
Puerto Rico
$1
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
$11
$12
Rhode Island
NR
NR
NR
$9
NR
NR
$3
NR
$32
$11
$2
$58
South Carolina
$338
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
$338
South Dakota
$593
NR
<$0.5
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
$3
NR
$597
Tennessee
$593
NR
$2
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
$596
Appendix B: 2022 CWNS Reported Needs by Category
B-10
-------
2022 CWNS Report to Congress
State
Needs Category
Vll-A
Vll-B
Vll-C
Vll-E
Vll-F
Vll-G
Vll-H
Vll-I
Vll-J
Vll-K
Vll-M
Total VII
Texas
$1,319
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
$87
NR
$1,407
Utah
$6
$4
$1
NR
NR
$8
NR
NR
NR
$37
NR
$55
Vermont
$293
NR
$220
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
$276
NR
$789
Virgin Islands
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Virginia
$185
$165
$68
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
$484
NR
$902
Washington
$72
$48
$59
$4
<$0.5
NR
NR
NR
NR
$2,264
$305
$2,753
West Virginia
NR
NR
$1
NR
NR
$58
NR
NR
NR
$4,700
NR
$4,758
Wisconsin
$1,748
$24
$7
NR
NR
NR
$108
NR
$6
$377
NR
$2,270
Wyoming
$31
NR
NR
$20
NR
NR
NR
NR
$137
$18
NR
$206
Total U.S.
$27,635
$2,042
$15,792
$513
$26
$3,111
$807
$275
$771
$33,490
$9,906
$94,367
Categories:
Vll-A Agriculture (Cropland)
Vll-B Agriculture (Animals)
Vll-C Silviculture
Vll-E Groundwater Protection (Unknown Source)
Vll-F Marinas
Vll-G Resource Extraction
Vll-H Brownfields/Superfund
Vll-I Storage Tanks
Vll-J Sanitary Landfills
Vll-K Hydromodification
Vll-M Other Estuary Management Activities
Notes:
NR = not reported.
NR = not reported.
American Samoa, Arizona, District of Columbia, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, and Virgin Islands did not submit Category VII needs.
Appendix B: 2022 CWNS Reported Needs by Category
B-11
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2022 CWNS Report to Congress
Appendix C: Total Needs by State for 2008, 2012,
and 2022
Table C-1. 2008, 2012, and 2022 CWNS Reported Needs by State (January 2022 Dollars in Millions)
State
2008 Reported Needs
2012 Reported Needs
2022 Reported Needs
Alabama
$5,885
$3,835
$4,026
Alaska
NR
$246
$775
American Samoa
NR
NR
$30
Arizona
$6,955
$8,403
$4,784
Arkansas
$625
$886
$5,453
California
$39,780
$32,535
$65,533
Colorado
$1,958
$5,821
$19,170
Connecticut
$4,751
$5,742
$9,825
Delaware
$295
$255
$1,265
District of Columbia
$3,385
$3,469
$2,220
Florida
$26,024
$22,844
$46,559
Georgia
$118
$3,372
$25,569
Guam
$484
$495
$479
Hawaii
$2,337
$2,687
$3,336
Idaho
$1,831
$1,710
$2,586
Illinois
$23,279
$8,106
$11,375
Indiana
$9,470
$8,880
$10,132
Iowa
$4,561
$3,023
$12,299
Kansas
$4,317
$4,671
$4,239
Kentucky
$2,816
$7,744
$7,483
Louisiana
$5,363
$5,533
$26,904
Maine
$1,371
$1,203
$3,995
Maryland
$11,265
$12,309
$10,657
Massachusetts
$10,575
$10,357
$21,710
Michigan
$4,941
$2,575
$15,072
Minnesota
$5,466
$2,963
$6,716
Mississippi
$1,885
$2,523
$1,933
Missouri
$7,648
$11,917
$9,102
Montana
$781
$450
$347
Appendix C: Total Needs by State for 2008, 2012, and 2022
C-1
-------
2022 CWNS Report to Congress
State
2008 Reported Needs
2012 Reported Needs
2022 Reported Needs
Nebraska
$4,285
$3,184
$3,171
Nevada
$ 3,874
$3,814
$531
New Hampshire
$1,661
$2,453
$4,287
New Jersey
$43,236
$21,677
$19,352
New Mexico
$137
$397
$12,280
New York
$39,521
$38,984
$53,917
North Carolina
$8,713
$6,567
$21,136
North Dakota
NR
$271
$2,621
N. Mariana Islands
$28
NR
$341
Ohio
$18,914
$18,088
$20,555
Oklahoma
$1,726
$2,989
$3,436
Oregon
$5,025
$4,821
$5,541
Pennsylvania
$23,859
$8,618
$12,765
Puerto Rico
$6,321
$3,746
$2,711
Rhode Island
NR
$2,383
$2,485
South Carolina
$753
NR
$7,351
South Dakota
$141
$206
$1,116
Tennessee
$1,814
$2,144
$3,852
Texas
$15,347
$14,668
$18,857
Utah
$3,909
$1,044
$9,728
Vermont
$290
$191
$2,104
Virgin Islands
NR
$47
$157
Virginia
$9,108
$8,095
$45,770
Washington
$6,998
$5,050
$18,627
West Virginia
$4,009
$4,040
$11,089
Wisconsin
$8,460
$7,848
$12,013
Wyoming
$207
$113
$699
Total U.S. (2022
Dollars)
$ 396,501
$335,996
$630,067
Total U.S. (Base
Year Dollars)
$ 298,121
$270,964
$630,067
Appendix C: Total Needs by State for 2008, 2012, and 2022
C-2
-------
2022 CWNS Report to Congress
Appendix D: 2012 CWNS Reported Needs by Category
Table D-1. 2012 CWNS Reported Needs by Category and State (January 2022 Dollars in Millions)
Needs Category
State Total
I
II
lll-A
lll-B
IV-A
IV-B
V
Total VI
X
Total l-V
Alabama
$3,835
$880
$634
$444
$1,076
$490
$310
NR
NR
$2
$3,834
Alaska
$246
$168
NR
$1
$72
$6
NR
NR
NR
NR
$246
American Samoa
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Arizona
$8,403
$334
$4,079
<$0.5
$807
$1,154
$763
NR
$52
$1,213
$7,137
Arkansas
$886
$153
$209
$145
$126
$113
$132
NR
$7
NR
$879
California
$32,535
$9,750
$3,180
$165
$7,884
$1,502
$2,047
$438
$4,866
$2,704
$24,965
Colorado
$5,821
$1,795
$1,560
$90
$1,136
$170
$311
NR
$715
$45
$5,061
Connecticut
$5,742
$230
$1,145
$298
$161
$102
$124
$3,682
NR
NR
$5,742
Delaware
$255
$96
$65
NR
$61
$32
$2
NR
NR
NR
$255
District of Columbia
$3,469
$182
$229
$74
$637
NR
$11
$2,337
NR
NR
$3,469
Florida
$22,844
NR
$14,047
$340
$1,758
$1,282
$2,193
NR
$619
$2,606
$19,619
Georgia
$3,372
$113
$2,390
$1
$348
$43
$468
NR
NR
$10
$3,362
Guam
$495
$206
NR
$11
$171
$101
$5
NR
NR
NR
$495
Hawaii
$2,687
$1,079
$20
$191
$785
$73
$444
NR
NR
$96
$2,591
Idaho
$1,710
$520
$759
$48
$131
$124
$99
NR
$27
$1
$1,682
Illinois
$8,106
$3,579
$277
$286
$1,104
$316
$412
$2,024
$109
NR
$7,998
Indiana
$8,880
$1,070
$802
$347
$527
$838
$1,069
$4,027
$200
NR
$8,681
Iowa
$3,023
$391
$781
$186
$809
$161
$168
$457
$68
$3
$2,952
Kansas
$4,671
$737
$1,241
$752
$476
$40
$684
$679
$62
<$0.5
$4,609
Kentucky
$7,744
$1,089
$518
$491
$1,745
$1,957
$670
$1,171
$104
NR
$7,640
Louisiana
$5,533
$2,054
$135
$161
$1,650
$1,074
$259
NR
$198
$2
$5,332
Appendix D: 2012 CWNS Reported Needs by Category
D-1
-------
2022 CWNS Report to Congress
Needs Category
State Total
I
II
lll-A
lll-B
IV-A
IV-B
V
Total VI
X
Total l-V
Maine
$1,203
$265
$14
$44
$184
$149
$83
$465
NR
NR
$1,203
Maryland
$12,309
$1,237
$1,594
$227
$2,863
$1,608
$395
$427
$3,935
$23
$8,351
Massachusetts
$10,357
$974
$2,466
$55
$1,754
$3,548
$72
$1,211
$250
$27
$10,080
Michigan
$2,575
$856
$3
$95
$776
$26
$34
$378
$407
NR
$2,168
Minnesota
$2,963
$938
$53
$142
$1,251
$135
$411
NR
$31
NR
$2,932
Mississippi
$2,523
$376
$535
$73
$540
$559
$440
NR
NR
NR
$2,523
Missouri
$11,917
$2,575
$368
$1,421
$431
$60
$2,816
$4,225
$20
NR
$11,897
Montana
$450
$161
$119
$29
$55
$55
$8
NR
$23
NR
$427
Nebraska
$3,184
$411
$157
$12
$93
$20
$332
$2,109
$51
NR
$3,134
Nevada
$3,814
$13
$2,130
NR
$356
$149
$281
NR
$815
$71
$2,928
New Hampshire
$2,453
$389
$455
$54
$173
$149
$143
$751
$337
NR
$2,116
New Jersey
$21,677
$2,023
$6,266
$365
$1,063
$718
$338
$9,922
$922
$60
$20,695
New Mexico
$397
$132
$85
<$0.5
$68
$77
$19
NR
NR
$16
$380
New York
$38,984
$13,824
$2,727
$334
$6,076
$5,960
$333
$6,364
$3,366
NR
$35,618
North Carolina
$6,567
$319
$2,646
$326
$599
$857
$1,551
$2
NR
$268
$6,300
North Dakota
$271
$124
$2
$14
$74
$21
NR
NR
$32
$3
$236
N. Mariana Islands
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Ohio
$18,088
$1,586
$457
$214
$3,880
$683
$896
$9,269
$1,103
NR
$1,6985
Oklahoma
$2,989
$410
$1,321
$144
$303
$595
$216
NR
NR
NR
$2,989
Oregon
$4,821
$1,683
$417
$145
$962
$431
$283
$166
$685
$49
$4,087
Pennsylvania
$8,618
$1,526
$951
$602
$898
$954
$183
$3,505
NR
$NR
$8,618
Puerto Rico
$3,746
$842
$150
$526
$138
$1,543
$519
$29
NR
NR
$3,746
Rhode Island
$2,383
$191
$221
$29
$106
$516
$235
$1,013
$72
NR
$2,311
South Carolina
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Appendix D: 2012 CWNS Reported Needs by Category
D-2
-------
2022 CWNS Report to Congress
State
Total
Needs Category
I
II
lll-A
lll-B
IV-A
IV-B
V
Total VI
X
Total l-V
South Dakota
$206
$39
$49
$8
$55
<$0.5
$18
NR
$36
NR
$170
Tennessee
$2,144
$276
$274
$360
$284
$52
$25
$648
$226
$1
$1,917
Texas
$14,668
$4,036
$1,075
$619
$3,091
$1,277
$1,285
NR
$3,206
$79
$11,383
Utah
$1,044
$262
$178
NR
$36
$277
$258
NR
NR
$32
$1,012
Vermont
$191
$84
$31
$1
$15
$43
$11
$6
NR
NR
$191
Virgin Islands
$47
<$0.5
NR
<$0.5
$47
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
$47
Virginia
$8,095
$1,269
$2,019
$960
$1,394
$822
$637
$862
$99
$32
$7,963
Washington
$5,050
$915
$656
$86
$838
$425
$77
$1,577
$274
$202
$4,574
West Virginia
$4,040
$444
$254
$34
$685
$410
$274
$1,771
$167
NR
$3,872
Wisconsin
$7,848
$2,298
$1,769
$412
$1,559
$328
$782
$7
$694
NR
$7,154
Wyoming
$113
$23
NR
NR
$62
$1
$15
NR
$12
<$0.5
$100
Total U.S.
(2022 Dollars)
$335,996
$64,923
$61,514
$11,364
$52,168
$32,026
$23,142
$59,523
$23,790
$7,546
$304,660
Total U.S.
(2012 Dollars)
$270,964
$52,357
$49,608
$9,165
$42,071
$25,828
$18,663
$48,002
$19,186
$6,085
$245,693
Categories:
I Secondary Wastewater Treatment
II Advanced Wastewater Treatment
lll-A l/l Correction
III-B Sewer Replacement/Rehabilitation V
IV-A New Collector Sewers and Appurtenances VI
IV-B New Interceptor Sewers and Appurtenances X
CSO Correction
Stormwater Management
Water Reuse
Notes:
NR = not reported.
South Carolina, American Samoa, and Northern Mariana Islands did not participate in the 2012 CWNS.
Category X, Water Reuse, was named "Recycled Water Distribution" in 2012.
Appendix D: 2012 CWNS Reported Needs by Category
D-3
------- |