National Water Reuse
Action Plan
Improving the Security, Sustainabffity, and Resilience of
Our Nation's Water Resources
February 2020
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Disclaimer
This National Water Reuse Action Plan: Collaborative Implementation (Version 1) describes 37 actions—
with over 200 implementation milestones—to be taken by various water partners to support consideration
of water reuse., which can improve the portfolio of available fresh water. All of these actions are at the
will and discretion of the action leaders and partners and implemented in the spirit of collaboration and
partnership.
This is not a budget document and does not imply approval for any specific action under Executive Order
12866 or the Paperwork Reduction Act. All federal government activities included herein are subject
to budgetary constraints, interagency processes, stakeholder input, and other approvals, including the
weighing of priorities and available resources by the Administration in formulating its annual budget and
by Congress in legislating appropriations.
This document is not intended, nor can it be relied upon, to create any rights enforceable by any party in
litigation with the United States. This document does not impose legally binding requirements. Mention
of public, private, or nonprofit entities, trade names, or commercial products or services in this document
does not and should not be construed to constitute an endorsement or recommendation of any such
product or service for use in any manner.
While the EPA will maintain and update an online platform of the actions and provide transparent, routine
progress updates, the Agency is not responsible for the conduct of other action leaders/partners or any
implications of their actions.
On the Cover
Clockwise from top left:
The Gates Foundation's 2 million gallon stormwater reuse system in Seattle, Washington collects and treats water from its
central plaza and non-vegetative roof for flushing toilets, irrigation, and replenishing central plaza ponds.
Irrigated using recycled water, artichokes are a common crop grown in the Castroville Seawater Intrusion Project area—12,000
acres of fertile farmland located in the "Salad Bowl of the World."
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) condensate captured from Rice University's Bioscience Research
Collaborative building is discharged into the cooling tower of the University's South Power Plant via the HVAC condensate
harvesting system.
Eastern Municipal Water District delivers recycled water to more than 575 customers for use in agriculture, irrigation, and
industrial processes.
Denver Water's Russ Plakke and Austa Parker give a toast to water that was purified for drinking through the PureWater
Colorado Demonstration Project in 2018.
At the Bertschi School in Seattle, Washington, wall-mounted micron filters and UV disinfection treat reused water to a potable
standard. The school also treats its graywater using a green wall that is shown in the background.
EPA-820-R-20-001
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Foreword: Advancing Water Reuse to Support Water Security,
Sustainability, and Resilience
Our economy, environment, and way of life depend on reliable supplies of
clean and affordable water. With aging infrastructure, a growing population,
and new challenges that stress our water supply there is a growing urgency
to secure our nation's water future. That is why I am excited to be issuing the
National Water Reuse Action Plan: Collaborative Implementation (Version
1) on behalf of and with our federal, state, tribal, local and water sector
partners. The Action Plan adopts a proactive approach to enhance and
grow our partnerships with organizations across the country to improve the
security, sustainability, and resilience of our nation's water resources.
The Action Plan builds on more than four decades of water reuse experience
and practice in the United States. It frames the business case that water
reuse is a viable and growing means of supporting our economy and improving the freshwater
portfolio of farmers, industry, communities, and ecosystems. The Action Plan identifies 37 specific
actions across 11 strategic themes to be led by a spectrum of federal, state, local, and private
sector interests. It reflects new partnerships, generates action through more than 200 initial
implementation milestones, and provides accountability through transparency and routine progress
updates.
Over the past year, the EPA has focused its efforts on catalyzing action related to water reuse,
promoting strong collaboration across the water user community, and continuing an intentional
dialogue surrounding water reuse. Twenty-eight different organizations have volunteered to lead
and facilitate critical actions to advance the viability of water reuse, often with an array of partners.
As we move forward to address the challenges of this and future generations, the EPA and our
federal partners pledge to continue to lead and facilitate implementation of the Action Plan with
state, tribal, and local partners, recognizing that long-term implementation will continue to adapt
and evolve through robust collaboration.
We thank all the action leaders, partners, and collaborators and encourage others to join the effort.
This document release is not an end but rather another important step toward securing our water
future. Together, we can make considerable progress as we move into a new era of collaborative
action and accountability and ensure the security, sustainability, and resilience of our nation's
water resources.
Andrew R. Wheeler
Administrator
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Water Reuse Action Plan
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Acknowledgements
The journey of developing and implementing a National This Action Plan promotes a growing
Water Reuse Action Plan (WRAP) has been, and collaboration among federal, state, local
continues to be, unique. This print product and the and private sector reuse efforts. It seeks to
complementary online platform represents the first identify and address the critical technology,
version of an integrated and collaborative workplan that policy, and programmatic issues we face as a
has catalyzed partnerships and action across the entire nation to enhance the security, sustainability,
water user community. This effort builds on the draft and resilience of our water resources through
Action Plan released on September 10, 2019, with an enhanced consideration of reuse,
emphasis on action implementation, partnerships, and
collaboration. It continues the call for collaborative and
coordinated engagement around water reuse to help
ensure safe and reliable water supplies critical to our nation's communities and economy.
David Ross, Assistant Administrator for Water,
U.S. EPA
Many people, organizations, and historical experiences have contributed to the WRAP. We extend special
thanks to:
The water reuse pioneers who, over the last 50 years, have built the foundation of science, technology,
policy, and experience for water reuse.
Agencies, organizations, and individuals that answered the call to action and have contributed time, ideas,
and energy to foster and enhance this collaborative effort.
Action leaders and partners who have demonstrated their willingness to lead and facilitate actions across
the 11 strategic themes.
Federal agency partners who have taken leadership on specific actions and helped champion this
collaboration.
State and tribal partners across the country who have the lead role in implementing water resource
management programs. Special acknowledgement to the following partners for their cooperation:
Association of Clean Water Administrators (ACWA), Association of State Drinking Water Administrators
(ASDWA), Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (ASTHO), Environmental Council of the States
(ECOS), Ground Water Protection Council (GWPC), National Tribal Caucus (NTC), and National Tribal Water
Council (NTWC).
Water utility sector and associations for their coordination, leadership, and support of many actions,
including the Association of Metropolitan Water Agencies (AMWA), American Water Works Association
(AWWA), National Association of Clean Water Agencies (NACWA), U.S. Water Alliance, Water Environment
Federation (WEF), WateReuse Association (WateReuse), and Water Research Foundation (WRF).
Israel and the U.S. Department of State for their actions, which led to the creation of the eleventh strategic
theme: International Collaboration.
Partners and stakeholders who submitted thoughtful written comments to the public docket. We have
incorporated your feedback and suggestions throughout this document and acknowledged the examples of
the relevant comments in the implementation plans for individual actions.
PG Environmental and Eastern Research Group, Inc. (which provided support under EPA Contract No.
EP-C-17-041) and ICF International, Inc. (which provided support under EPA Contract No. EP-C-16-011).
k
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Table of Contents
Disclaimer i
Foreword ii
Acknowledgements iii
Section 1. Building the National Water Reuse Action Plan.. 2
1.1 Brief Review: How We Got Here 3
1.1.1 Developing the Draft Action Plan 4
1.1.2 Developing Action Plan (Version 1): Collaborative Action Implementation 5
1.2 Water Reuse: Opportunities and Key Terms 7
1.3 WRAP Guiding Principles 8
1.4 WRAP Strategic Themes and Organizing Framework 9
Section 2. Water Reuse Collaborative Action Implementation 10
Anatomy of an Action: Leadership, Collaboration, Implementation, and Accountability 12
Developed Actions: implementation Plan Highlights 13
2.1 Integrated Watershed Action 14
2.2 Policy Coordination 16
2.3 Science and Specifications 22
2.4 Technology Development and Validation 24
2.5 Water Information Availability 26
2.6 Finance Support 28
2.7 Integrated Research 30
2.8 Outreach and Communications 32
2.9 Workforce Development 33
2.10 Metrics for Success 34
2.11 International Collaboration 35
Section 3. Communicating Progress and Managing Forward 36
3.1 Launch of the WRAP Online Platform 36
3.2 Identification of New Ideas for Actions 37
3.3 Adaptive and Iterative Management- Imagining Version 2 38
3.4 Building an Enduring Legacy of Watershed-Based Action 39
Section 4. Notes and References 40
Appendices
Appendix A: Index of Action Leaders, Partners, and Development Status A-1
Appendix B: Highlights of Public Comments B-1
Appendix C: Errata to the September 2019 Draft Action Plan C-1
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Water is critical to our nation's health, strength, security, and
resilience, yet the solutions available to manage water and its
availability and quality are often complex. Water reuse can be
a valuable tool to enhance the sustainability and effective use
of water resources. Water reuse is a well-established practice
in some areas of the United States and internationally, yet
substantial opportunities exist to expand its consideration and
application for many different purposes and benefits.
The process of developing the National Water Reuse Action
Plan (WRAP) required substantial stakeholder involvement,
including communication of an early vision for the plan's
development, public engagement, review of existing relevant
literature, and release of a draft Action Plan with 46 proposed
actions and a "call to action" for involvement across the
water user community. To transition proposed actions into
developed actions, the EPA worked with action leaders and
partners to create action implementation plans that identify
implementation milestones with target completion dates
to ensure progress. This effort has engendered a broad
collaboration, which currently includes 28 action leaders,
more than 80 partners, and more than 200 implementation
milestones across 37 developed actions.
Appendix A provides a list of action leaders and partners,
as well as an index identifying the development status of all
actions: the 46 in the draft Action Plan and new actions with
developed implementation plans. Inset 1 defines the key terms
used for the WRAP as a whole, and in this document.
Inset 1. WRAP Terms
¦
SOB
National Water Reuse Action Plan (WRAP): The
coordinated and collaborative effort to advance
consideration of water reuse to ensure the security,
sustainabiiity, and resilience of our nation's water
resources.
Draft Action Plan: A draft document, released in
September 2019, that outlines the business case for
water reuse and proposed key actions that support
consideration and implementation of water reuse across
the nation.
Action Plan (Version 1): This February 2020 release
describes the fuli array of collaborative action by various
water partners to support consideration of water reuse as
an important water resource management strategy.
WRAP Online Platform: A web-based domain that
houses ali of the developed and undeveloped action
implementation plans, communicates progress, and
facilitates communication and collaboration.
Water User Community: The full spectrum of those who
depend on water (e.g., communities, agriculture, industry,
utilities) and serve as stewards of public health and the
environment, including healthy ecosystems.
b
" Successfully implementing and expanding on the identified
actions will serve to accelerate implementation of innovative
water management and infrastructure. „
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1.1 Brief Review: How We Got Here
The year-long journey to develop the WRAP has been marked by collaboration, accountability, and focus—elements that will
help drive a safe, sustainable, and resilient water future. Figure 1 shows the key milestones and accomplishments of the last 365
days. A more detailed summary follows.
NATIONAL WATER REUSE
ACTION PLAN
Sep 10, 2019-Dec16, 2019
90-day public comment period
Feb 27, 2020
Release of Action
Plan (Version 1)
(Washington, DC)
Sep 10, 2019
Release of draft Action Plan
(WateReuse Symposium; San Diego, CA)
Expert convening session
(Hosted by WateReuse in San Diego, CM
Apr 18, 2019-July 1,2019
60-day public comment period
Sep 23, 2019
Example outreach event
(WE FT EC 2019; Chicago, IL)
Ongoing stakeholder outreach
and communication
Weekly progress updates
Regular federal partner meetings
Adaptive management
Collaborative development and
implementation
Apr 18, 2019
Expert convening session
(Hosted by WateReuse in Washington, DC)
Apr 18, 2019
Release of Discussion Framework
to describe plan development
Feb 27, 2019
EPA announces development of a National Water Reuse Action Plan
(San Francisco, CA)
Figure 1. WRAP development key milestones: February 27,2019, to February 27,2020.
1
" As an island state, Hawaii is particularly aware of the need to diversify our water sources in
order to meet the increasing demands of a growing population while maintaining adequate
natural flows to sustain environmental and cultural water needs. Coupled with the concerns
over the negative environmental impacts related to the disposal of treated wastewater and
polluted runoff, water reuse is an obvious yet underutilized and undervalued resource. M
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1.1.1 Developing the Draft Action Plan
On February 27, 2019, David Ross, Assistant Administrator of
Water at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),
announced that EPA and federal partners would facilitate
development of a national plan in close collaboration with
water stakeholders. The EPA and federal partners developed
a "Discussion Framework" and launched the first of two
public comment periods to help inform the conversation
about scope and content. Over 150 literature sources were
considered and extensive outreach, including two national
expert convenings, took place. On September 10, 2019, the
federal partners released the draft Action Plan before an
audience of approximately 1,000 at the 34th Annual WateReuse
Symposium.
U
Our goal is to issue a[n]...Action Plan that includes
clear commitments and accountability for actions
that will further water reuse and help [ensure]
the sustainability, security, and resilience of the
nation's water resources. Water quantity, supply,
and quality decision-makers have historically
worked through independent management
regimes. Addressing future water resource
challenges will require more holistic thinking that
embraces the 'convergence of water' through more
integrated action.1
-David Ross, Assistant Administrator for Water,
U.S. EPA
The draft Action Plan enveloped nearly four decades of water
reuse experience and practice and identified 46 potential
actions across 10 thematic areas (e.g., policy coordination, technology development, outreach/communication, workforce) to
accelerate the consideration of water reuse as a tool to help ensure the security, sustainability, and resilience of the nation's
water resources. The draft Action Plan made the business case for water reuse and recognized five major sources of water for
potential reuse (agriculture, industry, municipal wastewater, stormwater, and oil and gas produced water) that could be treated
to meet "fit-for-purpose specifications" for a variety of end uses (e.g., potable water supplies, non-potable uses, agriculture and
irrigation, industrial processes).
rATEREUSE
Federal representatives from Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. EPA, White House Council on Environmental Quality, U.S. Department of
Agriculture, U.S. Department of Energy, and U.S. Department of the Interior with WateReuse Association representatives after the draft Action
Plan launch at the WateReuse Symposium held in San Diego, California, on September TO, 2019.
k
" Water reuse should be a critical part of the water supply strategy for
the United States going forward, as demand for this vital resource
continues to expand, while communities and water agencies grapple
with increasing restrictions on limited available supplies. »
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1.1,2 Developing Action Plan (Version 1): Collaborative Action Implementation
Following release of the draft Action Plan in September 2019, a second public docket was opened for 90 days seeking Interest
from the entire water user community to help lead, partner, and collaborate on actions,?;The public input and comments served
several critical purposes:
Identification of the actions with the greatest interest.
Identification of the specific implementation milestones to implement actions.
Identification of willing leaders and partners.
Identification of potential new actions.
• Contribution of rich perspective and commentary to inform specific actions.
Table 1, below, presents the predominant themes from the public comments. Appendix B summarizes the comments. Example
comments are incorporated throughout this document and in the relevant action-specific implementation plans. Several
commenters noted clarifications and corrections to the draft Action Plan, which are identified in Appendix C. The public
comments also identified several new literature references. For example, Florida and California have taken recent steps (see
Insets 2 and 3) to improve water sustainability with key considerations of water reuse.
Nearly every commenter expressed support for federal leadership of the WRAP development as well as the value of water
reuse as a tool—ideally when considered in the context of integrated water resources management at the local, watershed, or
basin-wide scale. Further, stakeholders responded to the "call to action" by indicating willingness to lead or collaborate on many
proposed actions and also offering ideas for additional new actions, identified in Section 3.
= WATER RESILIENCE
§ PORTFOLIO
** California is
projected to add
another 10 million
residents by 2050.
This growth could
increase water demand
in communities in
that period by one to
six million acre-feet,
according to state
estimates,
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Inset 2. California's Water Resilience Portfolio
State aaencies in California released a draft2020 Water
Resilience Portfolio in Januarv 2020. The Portfolio
includes more than 100 recommended actions to help
the state cope with more extreme droughts and floods,
rising temperatures, declining fish populations, aging
infrastructure, and other challenges.
Framework for the Implementation
of Potable Reuse in Florida
" By 2035, Florida
will need an additional
1.1 billion gallons of
fresh water per day to
meet projected needs.
The development of
alternative sustainable
water sources is critical
to meet projected
water needs as well as
to support Florida's
economic success and
status as a world-class
travel destination.
Inset 3. Florida's Potable Reuse Report
In January 2020, the Florida Potable Reuse Commission
published its Framework for the implementation
of Potable Reuse in Florida to provide lawmakers,
policymakers, and regulators with strategies to overcome
obstacles and address challenges to potable reuse.
" We believe it is important that the next steps in the plan
promote multi-benefit projects and approaches to
enhance stakeholder cooperation. »
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Table 1, Thematic Highlights of the Public Docket Comments
Widespread Support for the WRAP and Water Reuse as a Tool for Water Security, Sustainability, and Resilience
Nearly every commenter expressed support for federal leadership in the development of the WRAP and noted the
value of water reuse as a tool, considered in the context of integrated water resource management at the local or
watershed scale.
Affirmation That Water Reuse Is One Tool in the Water Resource Toolbox
Many commenters reinforced a common theme and principle in the draft Action Plan: water reuse is one tool, out of
many, for managing water resources, and that reuse is not appropriate in all circumstances.
Acknowledgement of Incorporating Prior Public Comments
Several commenters acknowledged that the draft Action Plan effectively addressed their prior comments.
Defining and Reconciling Key Terms
Some commenters insisted it is important to harmonize and reconcile differing definitions of key terms such as "water
reuse." However, the breadth of public comments demonstrate that distinctions of terms vary based on region, state
and locality. In acknowledgment of regional differences, trying to reconcile all the definitions, or impose single common
ones, would be inappropriate at this time.
Emphasis on and Identification of Priority Actions
Many commenters expressed the need for WRAP implementation to focus on a smaller set of high-priority actions.
Table 2 lists the actions that were most often mentioned in a positive context.
Spectrum of Perspectives on the Potential for Reuse of Oil and Gas Produced Wastewater
The single most divergent and conflicting views pertained to the potential reuse of oil and gas produced wastewater.
Comments fell into three broad perspectives:
• Oil and gas produced wastewater can never be suitable for (offsite) reuse and should not be part of the WRAP.
• Substantial unknowns exist on the types and concentrations of various chemical constituents. More research must
be done before offsite reuse can be considered.
Produced water can be treated to meet fit-for-purpose specifications for certain uses.
(In Inset 9, page 10, the draft Action Plan included specific reference to and summary of the GWPC report describing
the uncertainties associated with oil and gas produced wastewater.)
Recognition of Barriers/Challenges to Water Reuse
Many commenters acknowledged the case-by-case considerations that can present challenges to water reuse
implementation, including regulatory barriers, uncertain water availability, and a changing climate.
Public Commitments to Lead or Support Actions
Many commenters expressed a desire to lead or support particular actions. The action implementation plans in the
WRAP Online Platform identify potentially interested collaborators on specific actions, based on their comments in the
public docket.
Identification of New Proposed Actions
One question posed for public comment was to identify other potential WRAP actions that would facilitate or improve
consideration of water reuse. In some cases, leaders and partners have come together to transform ideas for new
actions into fully developed action implementation plans. In most cases, however, there was insufficient time to consider
many of the new ideas suggested in the public docket comments. Table 3 lists the new proposed actions organized by
strategic theme. These will be considered and potentially developed in subsequent versions of the WRAP.
Setting Goals for Water Reuse
Several commenters urged that the WRAP should not set goals for water reuse, nationally or for specific end uses,
as this would be inconsistent with the need to carefully consider the appropriateness of water reuse based on many
factors. This is an example of a case in which an action has not been pursued at this time based on specific public input.
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' [The] Plan offers a long overdue statement and appropriate actions that the federal
government's many agencies and departments can take to better coordinate and
advance our shared goal of improved water supply and water quality. „
tSs§®TI 1®'
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1.2 Water Reuse: Opportunities and Key Terms
A comprehensive approach to water resources management is
Critical to ensuring long-term sustainability of the water supply
in the face of concern about the United States' vulnerability
to increasing water challenges. Water reuse can be a valuable,
perhaps necessary component of integrated water resources
planning to ensure safe and reliable sources of water at the
federal, state, and local levels well into the future.
In the United States, various sources discharge nearly
340 billion gallonsof water per day,s including municipal
wastewater, industry process water and cooling water,
agriculture runoff and return flows, oil and gas produced
wastewater, and stormwater (including rainwater capture).
Available information indicates that a very small percentage
of that water is reclaimed for further use. Similarly, current
estimates4 suggest that less than 1 percent of U.S. water
demand is met through water reuse. The U.S. Geological
Survey (USGS) approximates Americans withdraw about 322
billion gallons per day5 from surface water and groundwater
sources. While reclaimed water cannot be used to meet
all needs, there is great opportunity to increase water
reuse to enhance the availability and effective use of water
resources. Examples of reuse applications include agriculture
and irrigation, potable and non-potable water supplies,
groundwater storage and recharge, industrial processes,
onsite non-potable use, saltwater intrusion barriers, and
environmental restoration.
A central tenet of water reuse is that the source of water for
potential reuse must be appropriately treated and verified to
meet applicable fit-for-purpose specifications to protect public
health, the environment, and any other particular end user
needs or quality endpoint.
Insets 4, 5, and 6, which follow, capture relevant key
terms, slightly revised from the draft Action Plan based on
suggestions from the public docket.
It is a critical time for federal agencies, states,
tribes, local governments, non-governmental
organizations, academic institutions and the
private sector to tackle water reuse opportunities
with new energy, targeted solutions and dedicated
resources.
-New Mexico Environment Department
West Basin Municipal Water District's Edward C. Little Water
Recycling Facility in El Segundo, California, produces and delivers
five different types of customer-specific recycled waters.
I
Inset 4. Water Reuse Objectives
Water security: The capacity of a population to safeguard sustainable access to adequate quantities of acceptable quality
water for sustaining livelihoods, human weli-being, and socioeconomic development,6
Water sustainability: Ensuring an adequate, reliable, and continual supply of clean water for human uses and ecosystems.
Water resilience: The ability of a water supply (e.g., a community water system or an asset of a community water system)
to adapt to or withstand the effects of rapid hydrologic change or a natural disaster.7'
" This important document will help integrate policy across key federal
agencies, enhance communications among state and local governments,
stimulate private industry technology, and inform financial institutions »
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Inset 5. Water Reuse—Broadly Framed
i
Discussions of water reuse commonly include terms such as "recycled water," "reclaimed water," "purified water,"
"alternative water supplies," "improved water reliability," and "water resource recovery."
Sources of water for potential reuse can include municipal wastewater, industry process and cooling water, stormwater
(including captured rainwater), agriculture runoff and return flows, and oil and gas produced wastewater.
These sources are considered "reused" after they are assessed for a new use and treated and verified to meet the
appropriate and applicable fit-for-purpose specifications (e.g., protection of public health) for the end use application.
These fit-for-purpose specifications may be established by a regulatory or management entity (e.g., a state) or by the
end user.
Examples of reuse applications include agriculture and irrigation, potable water supplies, groundwater storage and
recharge, industrial process and cooling, onsite non-potable use, saltwater intrusion barriers, and environmental restoration.
Note: While Action Plan (Version 1) considers treatment and use of brackish groundwater and other sources, seawater/ocean
desalination and atmospheric water generation technologies are outside its scope.
Inset 6. Fit-for-Purpose Treatment Specifications
Fit-for-purpose treatment specifications describe and quantify the water quality characteristics necessary to meet end
use needs, including public health protection and environment/ecosystem protection. Appropriate monitoring (e.g., using
applicable methods, happening at the right frequency) will verify whether fit-for-purpose specifications are being met.
1.3 WRAP Guiding Principles
The draft Action Plan articulated eight "guiding principles" The US EPA is to be commended for collaborating
for development of the WRAP. These foundational tenets effectively with water utility sector experts to
are worthy of restatement, as they were broadly affirmed develop a truly comprehensive and visionary
through public comments, with three additions and some document that will undoubtedly benefit water
improvements included in this Action Plan (Version 1). recycling and reuse nationwide.
1. Protect public health. The paramount need is to . , 1T- ,. /r, rc . s
... r Lii hi f, f -Inland trnpire Utilities Agency (California)
ensure protection of public health, given the array of
contaminants (e.g., chemicals, pathogens) that may exist in sources of water for potential reuse. Protection of public health
is central to all potential end uses.
Protect the environment and ecosystem health. Protect the environment and recognize water reuse can have both
positive (e.g., ecosystem restoration) and negative (e.g., diminished in~stream flows) impacts on aquatic ecosystems.
Promote action based on leadership, partnership, and collaboration. Rely on the expertise and leadership at all ievels of
a diverse range of water partners to lead and support actions.
Build on past experiences. Rely and build upon the decades of existing research, policy, technology, practice, and
experience as the foundation of the WRAP.
Identify the most impactful actions. Implement actions that will have the greatest value and impact on consideration of
water reuse.
Recognize distinct challenges posed by water reuse. Recognize that water reuse has limitations and can create
Challenges, which often demand new levels of technology, monitoring, and workforce expertise given the characteristic?
and variability of sources of water for potential reuse.
b
" Water reuse is emerging as one of several key strategies for creating
greater resilience for our systems by augmenting existing water supplies
and helping reduce flooding and combined sewer overflows in capacity
constrained areas of our drainage and wastewater systems. »
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Consider water reuse in an integrated water resources management framework. Water reuse must not be considered
in isolation or as a unique outcome; rather, it should be considered as one potential tool in the integrated water resources
management framework "toolbox," and it is perhaps best accomplished at the watershed scale.
Defer to state (cooperative federalism) and local issues and considerations. Recognize there are important factors
which are beyond the scope of a national plan, that may need to be addressed at the state, local, or watershed level.
Among these are state and/or tribal prerogative and policy, equity, affordability, water rights, and environmental justice
considerations.
Commit to implementation through transparency and shared accountability. Shared commitment to action,
transparency, and accountability will foster collaborations and partnerships, which in turn will build capacity, complement
and leverage expertise and resources, and institutionalize water reuse into our water resource portfolio.
Communicate effectively. Commit to providing regular updates on action progress, potential new actions, changes to
actions or collaborators, and other developments related to WRAP implementation.
Apply adaptive management and governance. Apply sound principles of integrated and adaptive management which
facilitate the effective evolution of WRAP implementation, including ongoing consideration of governance models that
enhance the contributions of many collaborators.
1.4 WRAP Strategic Themes and Organizing Framework
The WRAP is organized around 11 strategic themes, which are based on the framework from the draft Action Plan. One theme
has been added (International Collaboration) to reflect the opportunity to share experiences with and learn from international
leaders in water reuse. The draft Action Plan provided context and a basis for these strategic themes, which this document will
not repeat. For brevity, Action Plan (Version 1) also uses the relevant short titles of the strategic themes, noted in bold:
Integrated Watershed Action: Enable consideration of
water reuse with integrated and collaborative action at
the watershed scale.
Policy Coordination: Coordinate and integrate federal,
state, tribal, and local water reuse programs and policies.
Science and Specifications: Compile and refine fit-for-
purpose specifications.
Technology Development and Validation: Promote
technology development, deployment, and validation.
Water Information Availability: Improve availability of
water (quality and quantity) information.
Finance Support: Facilitate financial support for
water reuse.
Integrated Research: Integrate and coordinate research
on water reuse.
Outreach and Communications: improve outreach and
communication on water reuse.
Workforce Development: Support a talented and
dynamic workforce.
Metrics for Success: Consider water reuse metrics that
support goals and measure progress.
International Collaboration: Build on the experiences of Public landscapes throughout Northern California's City of Roseville
international partners. are irrigated, with recycled water.
We agree that a thorough understanding of the nature and quality of sources of
water for potential reuse and end user needs can help inform the decision-making
process for a reuse strategy that considers public and environmental health.»
^Efatorafe Department of Publiafrtalth arid Environment
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The WRAP seeks to promote the consideration of water
reuse by implementing actions that will help communities,
policymakers, water resource planners and practitioners, and
other stakeholders match potential sources of water that can
be provided at a quantity and quality needed for identified
applications. The WRAP'S unique features include creating
action implementation plans, fostering new partnerships,
collaborating within and across actions, maintaining
transparency, and ensuring routine updates on implementation
progress. Action Plan (Version 1) aims to leverage the talent
and expertise of the water user community and immediately
take actions across the spectrum of strategic themes to
consider how water reuse can support secure, sustainable, and
resilient water resources.
At the time of this release, there are 37 actions with
developed implementation plans, with at least one action
in each of the 11 WRAP strategic theme areas. As shown in
Figure 2, these actions will be led by 28 entities, involve more
than 80 partnering organizations, and represent over 200
distinct implementation milestones with target completion
dates. Table 2 shows the proposed actions from the draft
Action Plan that received the greatest support in the
public docket. Currently, more than three-quarters of these
have action implementation plans, each with an action
leader, partners, implementation milestones, and target
completion dates.
4 ii
037
Strategic Themes
Developed Actions
28 Unique Action Leaders
r-
Collaborating Partners
J? £
Cb
200+ Implementation Milestones
..Supporting water security, sustalnablllty, and resilience
Figure 2. Action Plan (Version 1) by the numbers.
Three highly mentioned actions are not being developed at this time for varied reasons:
Action 2.3.2 (Develop Frameworks for Public and Environmental Health Risk-Based Targets) was the most frequently
mentioned action In the public docket. It is not yet developed in this Action Plan (Version 1) as it will benefit from progress
on Action 2.2.1 (Compile State Policies and Approaches to Implement Water Reuse Programs) and Action 2.3.1 (Compile
Existing Fit-for-Purpose Specifications).
Action 2.1.3 (Incorporate Water Reuse and Capture Concepts into Integrated Planning Efforts at the Local Level) lacks
substantial experience and applications at the local level to develop this action at this time.
Action 2.4.1 (Integrate, Coordinate, and Enhance Technology Demonstration and Validation Programs to Provide Reliable
Performance Information to Support Water Reuse) lacks an action leader with the capacity to build on initial steps
and milestones.
" Water reuse efforts present the opportunity for regional, state,
international and tribal collaboration. »
—AfeWHi Ltriifi "(Si it loir,
h
'4
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The current action commitments represent significant positive momentum and have already prompted some important
partnerships and collaborations. As primary facilitator of the WRAP, the EPA will maintain the full set of actions and track them
over time on the WRAP Online Platform. A list of the actions, their development status, and corresponding leaders and partners
is presented in Appendix A.
Table 2. Most Frequently Mentioned (Supported) Actions Identified in the Public Docket
Action
Supportive
Commenters
Developed
Action? (Yes/No)
Action 2.3.2: Develop frameworks for public and environmental health
risk-based targets
19
No
Action 2.1.3: Incorporate water reuse and capture concepts into integrated
planning efforts at the local level
17
No
Action 2.4.1: Integrate,coordinate, and enhance technology demonstration
and validation programs to provide reliable performance information to support
water reuse
16
No
Action 2.6.2: Promote eligibility of existing State Revolving Fund (SRF)
and Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act (WIFIA) funding for
water reuse
16
Yes
Action 2.2.1: Compile state policies and approaches to implement water reuse
programs
16
Yes
Action 2.1.2: Prepare case studies of successful applications of water reuse
within an integrated water resources management framework
15
Yes
Action 2.8.1: Compile and develop water reuse program outreach and
communication materials
15
Yes
Action 2.3.3: Convene experts to address challenges related to stormwater
capture and reuse
14
Yes
Action 2.8.3: Pursue a national branding campaign for water reuse
13
Yes
Action 2.2.4: Enhance wastewater source control through local pretreatment
programs to support water reuse opportunities for municipal wastewater
13
Yes
Action 2.2.2: Enhance state collaboration on water reuse
12
Yes
Action 2.2.6: Develop informational materials to better enable water reuse
in Clean Water Act (ONA) National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES) permits
12
Yes
Action 2.6.1: Compile existing federal funding sources for water reuse
11
Yes
Action 2.3.1: Compile existing fit-for-purpose specifications
11
Yes
" Over the course of many months working with partners and members, it
is clear that federal leadership will be critical in helping to leverage non
federal resources to realize the full potential envisioned by the WRAP. a
'• **> • An
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Anatomy of an Action: Leadership, Collaboration, Implementation, and Accountability
This Action Plan (Version 1) fostered the development of action implementation plans to;
Demonstrate leadership for action.
Promote partnerships and collaborative actions that leverage the resources and expertise of many stakeholders.
Implement a means of demonstrating progress and accountability for the integrated actions.
Begin to create an enduring, dynamic, and iterative approach that will lead to subsequent versions of
the WRAP.
For the purposes of Action Plan (Version 1), actions fall into two categories:
Developed Actions. Actions with developed action implementation plans that have identified action leaders, partners,
implementation milestones, and target completion dates. These actions represent initial momentum and serve as a catalyst
for additional partnerships and subsequent actions.
Undeveloped Actions. Actions that do not yet have developed action implementation plans and currently
lack clear leaders, partners, implementation milestones, and target completion dates. In the WRAP Online Platform,
undeveloped actions have limited information provided, including the action title, strategic theme area, brief description,
interested collaborators, and relevant public docket comments. Action titles and descriptions are unchanged from the
draft Action Plan.
For several undeveloped actions, collaborative efforts to form teams, brainstorm implementation milestones, and draft action
implementation plans are underway. The process for assessing the development of actions and leadership for implementation to
meet the WRAP objectives will remain dynamic and iterative.
While summarized in this print version, full information on the developed actions and their corresponding action implementation
plans will reside and be updated on an accessible online platform (the WRAP Online Platform, further described in Section 3).
This platform will be the means of achieving transparency; providing routine updates on progress; and ensuring commitment,
accountability, and access to action outputs.
The Bullitt Center h Seattle, Washington, is the first commercial
living building. It collects and treats rooftop water for potable reuse
and treats greywater in a constructed wetland planter on the side
of the building.
El Paso's Advanced Water Purification Facility, Which is under design,
Will be the first pipe-to-pipe direct potable reuse facility of its scale in
the United States.
b
" Though the drivers for adoption of water reuse techniques in our region may
vary from those in other areas of the country, our states have valuable
experience and information to contribute and we consider geographic
representation an important aspect of a national plan.
—NIB EisJlS'nS PilluK# CftHTol£08$ttW5lifV
National Water Reuse Action Plan
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The key elements of a fully developed action are listed below,
ACTION ATTRIBUTES:
Action title: Brief descriptive title of the action.
Action origin and number: Indication of whether the action is among the original 46 proposed actions from the draft
Action Plan, has been modified (i.e., has undergone substantive change) from the representation in the draft, or is new.
Strategic theme area: The strategic theme to which the action most closely aligns.
Brief description of the action: A summary of what will be done.
Background: Brief context for the action.
Opportunities to be gained; The impact, results, and/or outcomes desired.
ROLES AND CONTACTS:
Action leader(s): The entity and person with the critical role of facilitating/convening/organizing to ensure implementation
of the action and routine reporting of progress.
Partner(s): The name of the organization^:) collaborating with the action leader(s) to complete this action.
Interested collaborators: The names of organizations that expressed specific interest in the action through the public
docket and/or communication with action leader(s) or partner(s). These are provided to help the action leader(s) and
partners) seek other perspectives and participation, as warranted.
IMPLEMENTATION INFORMATION:
Implementation milestones: The explicit steps to be taken to initiate, convene, and support the action.
Lead(s): The organization and person who will lead and facilitate completion of the particular implementation milestone.
Partner(s): The organizations that will work with the lead to help complete the action.
Target completion dates: The date by which the lead for the implementation milestone expects to complete the milestone.
This is a target to be updated as needed. Generally, implementation milestones and target completion dates reflect near-
term efforts (up to about a year).
Status and updates: Routine updates on progress as well as actual completion dates of implementation milestones. The
EPA will add these updates to the WRAP Online Platform based on feedback from the action and milestone leads.
OUTPUTS AND REFERENCES:
Outputs: Attachments or links to relevant products (e.g., whitepapers, presentations, case studies) resulting from the
completion of implementation milestones.
References: Relevant information or citations for the action, where applicable.
Developed Actions: Implementation Plan Highlights
This release of Action Plan (Version 1) includes 37 developed
actions with implementation plans across the spectrum of the
11 strategic theme areas. The creation of a new strategic theme
international Collaboration) builds on the draft Action Plan,
which recognized international partners and their experience,
the potential for international collaboration, and opportunities
for global awareness and applications,® This entire suite
of actions will be led by 28 action leaders at all levels of
government and across the water user community, who
will be critical to the success of the WRAP. These action
leaders have agreed to a series of important tasks and
responsibilities to ensure the success of this national
collaborative undertaking (Inset 7).
Inset 7. Action Leader Roles
Coordinating among the action team.
Facilitating implementation of the milestones.
Seeking and including new partners to collaborate
with, where appropriate.
Providing updates on progress and outputs.
Validating action leader responsibilities with
subsequent versions of the WRAP.
' As the silos of water management converge, states appreciate coordinated
federal leadership as a means of supporting state and local governments'
water-related activities and tools, which align with or are moving towards
integrated water management paradigms.
—ASB-WA ai 11 fcCVA
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1
i Integrated Watershed Action i
Water reuse, as a water management tool, is most successful when viewed as part
of the entire water portfolio at the watershed scale.
Develop a Federal Policy Statement to Support and Encourage Consideration of Water Reuse
in a Watershed-Scale Planning Context (Action 2.1.1)
DESCRIPTION:
This action articulates the federal government's
support of water reuse as a tool, when considered
as part of integrated water resources management
at the state, basin, or watershed scale to enhance
water resilience, security, and sustainability through
a diverse water portfolio.
ACTION LEADER(S):
EPA—Roger Gorke
PARTNER(S):
Federal Agencies
Water reuse projects often
span multiple jurisdictions,
watersheds, and/or sewer-shed
boundaries. Federal policies
should recognize this complexity
and support integrated regional
water management planning.
-San Diego County Water Authority
Incorporate a statement of Federal Policy
into the National Water Reuse Action
Plan in support of water reuse.
2019
2020
2022
Building on the language in the draft Action Plan, the partnering federal agencies are issuing a statement of policy supporting
the consideration of water reuse (Inset 8).
Inset 8. Federal Policy Statement on Water Reuse
Water is critical to our nation's health, strength, security, and resilience, but the solutions available to manage water and its
availability are often complex. When incorporated into an integrated water management plan, water reuse can be a valuable
tool to enhance the availability and effective use of water resources. The federal government recognizes, acknowledges, and
respects the primacy of states in the management of water resources within their borders.
The federal government supports the consideration of water reuse to increase water security, sustainability, and resilience,
especially when considered through integrated and collaborative water resource planning approaches, typically at the
watershed or basin-scale.
This policy statement is intended to guide federal agencies to:
Encourage consideration of water reuse and integrated watershed-scale planning approaches;
• Communicate the value and benefits of water reuse; and
Leverage existing programmatic, funding, and technical resources.
b
We support this plan because it integrates water reuse opportunities
across multiple sectors including drinking water, agriculture,
industry, recreation, and environmental protection. »
—stats snsrtsftaftis, owidtct t$n sssBS®y it En-few i EjwttaftfWfsr
"i
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2.1 Integrated Watershed Action _J 1
Prepare Case Studies of Successful Water Reuse Applications Within an Integrated Water
Resources Management (IWRM) Framework (Action 2.1.2)
DESCRIPTION:
Efforts will initially focus on compilation and
dissemination of pertinent projects, taking advantage
of existing information. This may be followed by
development of new case studies to fill gaps in
geography, reuse application, and/or source water.
ACTION LEADER(S):
WateReuse—Greg Fogel
PARTNER(S):
NGWA, ACWA, AWWA
Clearly documented case study
examples can play a critical role
in furthering integrated water
management,
-National Wildlife Federation
Convene representatives of
collaborating organizations to
participate in initial planning
conversations.
Facilitate amongst collaborating
organizations to identify
roles, responsibilities, funding
sources, and processes.
2019
2020
2021
Hold workshop(s) in collaboration
with existing meeting(s) to
highlight IWRM and relevant
case studies in depth.
Identify an approach for identifying, collating, and hosting
information. This process could involve filtering case
studies against a set of criteria to determine inclusion.
I
Develop a list of case studies based
on a review of literature and outreach
to willing collaborators.
2022
Seel more milestone in ftie'
Wf&kPQaiim Platform
Leverage EPA's Water Partnership Programs to Consider Water
Reuse in the Context of Integrated Water Resources Management
at the Watershed Scale (Action 2.1.4)
DESCRIPTION:
The utility and value of water reuse projects will be
considered and implemented locally in the Urban
Waters Program (UW) and the National Estuary
Program (NEP) partnership locations (all watershed
based) in collaboration with the broad network of
public and private sector stakeholders maintained by
each partnership program.
ACTION LEADER(S):
EPA—Bob Benson
PARTNER(S):
ACWA, AMWA, NEP, Urban Waters Partnership
locations, EPA, UWFP, RN, Groundwork USA,
WateReuse, Water utilities in UW and/or NEP
locations, RAE, CSO
Rainwater catchment project near Pennington
Creek; California, installed in partnership with
the Morro Bay National Estuary Program, stores
up to 296,000 gallons of rainwater for cattle
troughs in the dry season.
Present Water Reuse Action Plan
at EPA-NEP National Workshop.
2020
September 2020—distribution ongoing
Develop the Urban Waters Utilities and
Infrastructure Project (that will identify
water reuse needs and opportunities
in UW partnership locations).
Develop information materials on best practices,
lessons learned, and available resources for water
reuse, and distribute widely through the Urban Waters
Learning Network and NEP communications platforms.
2021 2022
Identify partners for all implementation
milestones for this Action.
Create inventory of existing water reuse
and integrated water resource management
activities within UW and NEP,
See 3 mors milestones in ifie
! [2
The District believes that recycled water is a key component of both California's
and the nation's water supply portfolio and, especially in times of drought, can
be the most readily available "new" supply of water. „
-rlrwni AmA Wsist c#rM
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February 2020
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2.2
Policy Coordination
Federal, state, tribal, and local programs and policies can be aligned and
coordinated to encourage consideration of water reuse.
Compile Existing State Policies and Approaches to Water Reuse (Action 2.2.1)
DESCRIPTION:
This compilation will build on
prior efforts by Western Resource
Advocates, Western States Water
Council, EPA, WateReuse Association,
and others.
ACTION LEADER(S):
• EPA—Jeff Lape
• WateReuse—Greg Fogel
• ACWA—Jake Adler
• ASDWA-Wendi Wilkes
PARTNER(S):
AST HO. ECOS, WSWC, GWPC
«
Exploring why resources, policies, and
approaches vary (for example, across states
or between federal programs), or how
differences in seemingly-similar scenarios
came to be (for example, what are the
scientific bases of different fit for purpose
specifications among similar types of reuse?),
provide important contexts for end-users. »
-ASDWA and ACWA
Secure contractor support for facilitating/
convening the primary collaborators and
to determine the parameters and basic
design of the ideal compilation.
2019
2020
Facilitate meeting of collaborating
organizations to determine roles,
responsibilities, and logistics for
developing the compilation.
Using the established design, compile information
about existing state water reuse statutes,
regulations, policies, programs, frameworks,
contacts, and terminology with a contractor.
Plan meeting with representatives
of collaborating organizations to
participate in initial scoping and
design conversations.
1 2021
111
2022
1
See 1 more milestone is Sie
Develop a meeting summary report
WM&P'OMMe PhlfQim
memorializing the development
approach and attributes of the
state compilation.
Enhance State Collaboration on Water Reuse (Action 2.2.2)
DESCRIPTION:
Provide forums and opportunities for
states to discuss and share information
and experiences on programs and
approaches for the management of
water reuse.
ACTION LEADER(S):
• EPA—Jeff Lape
• ACWA—Jake Adler
• ASDWA-Wendi Wilkes
PARTNER(S):
ASTHO, ECOS, GWPC, WateReuse
Water reuse is an emerging topic in the
Northeast and our member states will
benefit from the information generated
and collected and from the relationships
developed among our regional partners and
with states across the country that result
from implementation. »
-New England Interstate Water
Pollution Control Commission
Convene the 1st state summit on
water reuse at the 34th Annual
WateReuse Symposium in San
Diego, CA.
2019
£
Conduct water reuse-
focused discussions at
a session at the ACWA
Midyear Meeting.
Initiate planning for next
annual state summit on water
reuse.
2020
»z«
2021 2022
Secure meeting facilitation
and notetaking support
for the 2nd state summit
on water reuse.
Conduct water reuse-focused
discussions at a session
at the ASDWA Member
Meeting.
MS iffTtff&fnilestmS in the
BHfey4 Online Pfytfarw
San Diego believes in the power of water reuse to provide local, sustainable
water supplies for American communities as we move into the future. »
—Thtafs Dj$$q PMtattc UWfctiiilEsttsitmst it
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2.2 Policy Coordination
Complete the EPA Study of Oil and Gas Extraction
Wastewater Management (Action 2.2.3)
DESCRIPTION:
The final study will inform the EPA's consideration
of potential regulatory and nonregulatory
approaches for management of produced water
under the CWA, including the potential for
greater reuse opportunities.
ACTION LEADER(S):
EPA—Jesse Pritts
PARTNER(S):
None identified at this time
Finalize EPA's Study of Oil and Gas Extraction
Wastewater Management Under the Clean Water Act.
2019
2020
I
Industrial use/ Commercial Sain
Oubidc the Oil and Natural Go»
Industry
Produced water can be treated for a variety of end uses, including
onsite reuse, agricultural and municipal uses, and discharges for
groundwater management.
See 7 more milestone in the
WRAP Online Platform
Enhance Wastewater Source Control through Local Pretreatment
Programs to Support Water Reuse Opportunities for Municipal
Wastewater (Action 2.2.4)
DESCRIPTION:
Develop case studies of examples of how local
pretreatment programs can mitigate and reduce
problematic pollutants discharged into publicly
owned treatment works and enhance reuse
opportunities for reclaimed wastewater.
ACTION LEADER(S):
• NACWA—Cynthia Finley
• WEF—Claudio Ternieden
PARTNER(S):
ACWA, AMWA, AWWA. NWRI, WateReuse, EPA
0 " .'3 t-iSr
Engage NACWA Pretreatment
Committee to identify and
develop project strategies.
2019
2020
J
Flost a session on
Pretreatment and Water Reuse
at the National Pretreatment
meeting and workshop.
T
Engage WEF Industrial
Wastewater Committee.
See t more milestone in the
WMAP'OMne platform
" [We urge] States arid their respective public agencies to seek
alignment with the Draft National Water Reuse Action Plan targets,
and our members stand ready to support this effort. s>
—Thi MKTCSft Uleittp ffifEM'i EfSiritsiiS'
J
Jj
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2.2 Policy Coordination
Develop Informational Materials to Address How CWA NPDES Permits Can Facilitate Water
Reuse/Capture (Action 2.2.6)
DESCRIPTION:
Develop guidance for National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES) permit writers to help
inform them of water reuse. Enable consideration
and implementation of water reuse practices within
the appropriate authority of NPDES permits.
ACTION LEADER(S):
• EPA—David Smith and Kevin Weiss
• ACWA—Sean Rolland
PARTNER(S):
NACWA, NMSA, WateReuse, WEF
«
A significant benefit of the Reuse Action
Pian wouid be to identify the flexibilities
that could be utilized within the context of
the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination
System (NPDES) permitting framework
to provide true incentives for stormwater
capture and use projects.
-California Stormwater Quality Association
Draft initial list of permitting
issues/concerns related to
water reuse.
Hold first workgroup call
to identify key questions
and case examples.
Workgroup develops
draft guidance.
2019
1 2020
X
Identify two to three EPA, state,
permittee, and other stakeholder
workgroup representatives.
I
2021 2022
Workgroup prepares first draft
of key questions and initial
answers.
it the'
WMPQagm PUfym
Utilize Existing Multi-Agency Federal Working Groups to Serve as Forums for Coordinated
Federal Engagement on Water Reuse (Action 2.2.7)
DESCRIPTION:
Optimize existing federal working groups
to serve as forums for discussion and
work to aid in the integration of water
reuse (where appropriate), including in
federal installations and buildings.
ACTION LEADER(S):
EPA—Jeff Lape
PARTNER(S):
WRAP Federal Partner Working Group,
IWWG, GSA, ISWG, NDRP
«
[This action] is an important building block to provide
for sustained federal leadership on water reuse. We
recommend this action item be expanded to include
formation of a federal water reuse technical support
team to directly assist states, tribes and municipalities
in development and implementation of reuse plans,
policies and projects,
-New Mexico Environment Department
2019
March 2020, then quarterly
Continue to convene the WRAP
Federal Partners work group
to review federal progress on
water reuse actions.
2020
i
Continue to engage with the Interagency
Sustainability Working Group (ISWG)
and include water reuse agenda topics
with a focus on federal buildings.
March 2020, then quarterly
March 2020, then quarterly
Continue to engage with the Interagency Water Working Group
(IWWG) to discuss and coordinate interagency efforts for water
reuse globally. Include water reuse agenda topics and identify
opportunities to further water reuse work and capacity building.
2021
2022
I
Continue to engage the National Drought
Resilience Partnership (NDRP) to communicate
and advocate water reuse as an effective
means to build long term drought resilience.
March 2020, then quarterly
We are heartened to see the recognition in the draft document of the critical need
to consider the implications of water reuse on environmental water needs, both for
riverine flows and for estuarine inflows, and for aquatic systems overall. »
—SfSSfta! Wily.li.f8 PstiliKiOfl
18
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/ ' \
2.2 Policy Coordination
1
Align Policies and Communication Tools to Promote Best
Management of Unused and Expired Pharmaceuticals to Support
Water Reuse and Recycling (Action 2.2.9)
DESCRIPTION:
Recommend consistent messaging used by federal agencies and key
stakeholders regarding the safe and proper disposal of unwanted
pharmaceuticals by household consumers. Updated communication
tools will be created with the dual goals of preventing diversion of
leftover medications, while protecting the quality of recycled water by
preventing pollution of surface and groundwater.
ACTION LEADER(S):
Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles
County (LACSD)—Sharon Green
PARTNER(S):
AWWA, NACWA, NSAC, EPA,
FDA, WateReuse
A -1 of the 'Du ir Aisti 'n FW can?; my %
pstasffeefa##) if step oov
Its
SSS^SBrfSfSfrisiSB
Update the Flush 3Ps website to be used as a
communication tool to provide information:
1) on drug-take back programs and
2) problems with pharmaceutical flushing.
Identify workgroup of entities
(local utilities, states, NGOs,
Agency Representatives) to fully
scope action.
Engage states and local
agencies on this action at
the NACWA Pretreatment
workshop in May 2020.
Engage the existing Federal Interagency Workgroup to begin
developing a plain language communications document
(i.e., Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP)
Workgroup or Pharmaceutical in Water Workgroup).
Leverage Existing U.S. Department of Agriculture Programs to
Encourage Consideration and Integration of Agricultural Water
Reuse (Action 2.2.12)
DESCRIPTION:
Identifying U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) programs that could
lend themselves to water reuse to enhance the integration of agricultural
reuse. USDA commits to leveraging these programs to achieve water reuse
advances and improvements by providing financing and grants, technical
assistance, and conservation initiatives.
ACTION LEADER(S):
USDA—Clarence Prestwich
PARTNER(S):
None identified at this time
•A SMmmf'&saumas
SB to an Ur>(f6><3rot,Kl o oe
Consider inclusion of water
reuse strategies in the USDA/
NRCS Conservation Innovation
Grants (CIG) Program.
2019
2020
Consider inclusion of water
reuse strategies in the
USDA/NRCS Conservation
Stewardship Program (CSP).
T
Consider expanding water
reuse strategies in the USDA/
NRCS Environmental Quality
Incentives Program (EQIP).
T
Consider inclusion of water
reuse strategies in the USDA/
NRCS Regional Conservation
Partnership Program (RCPP).
I
2021
Consider inclusion of water reuse
strategies in the USDA/NRCS
Watershed and Flood Prevention
Operations Program (WFPO).
2022
See loiore milestone in the
WfiMPorilmi iPimfam
Recent droughts in California have highlighted the value of water and the need
for a diverse portfolio of water sources and strategies to provide sufficient water
resources for beneficial uses into the future. »
StalitYAssesstMTi
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~*
2.2 Policy Coordination 11 !
Conduct Outreach and Training with Tribes to Build Water Reuse Capacity (Action 2.2.15)
DESCRIPTION:
Following initial outreach to tribes to identify reuse
opportunities and needs to advance reuse in Indian
country, we will develop and deliver initial training
tailored for tribes that discusses technical, managerial,
and financial capabilities necessary to successfully
pursue different types of water reuse and capture.
ACTION LEADER(S):
EPA—David Smith
PARTNER(S):
NTC, NDRP, NTWC, RTOCs
Prepare a 1-page outreach
document regarding water reuse
to distribute to tribal organizations.
2019
i 2020
>m
a
New Mexico is home to 23 federally recognized
tribes, puebios and nations. When drought
hits non-tribal lands, it also hits tribal lands.
Aquifers and surface water features do not stop
at jurisdictional boundaries. It is imperative
that solutions for water reuse support tribal
communities, many of which are located in some of
the most drought-prone regions of New Mexico. »
-New Mexico Environment Department
Conduct initial outreach presentations to NTWC, NTC, Regional Indian
Coordinators, and RTOCs in Regions 5, 6, 8, 9, and 10. As resources
allow, conduct outreach with additional organizations.
1
2021
Assemble existing tribal reuse examples and expressions of interest/needs
identified through initial outreach engagements with tribal organizations.
2022
See 4 more milestones in ftie'
WR&POnlme FMffoem
Identify a "working group" of 4 to 5 interested tribal representatives to work with EPA to assess tribal
interests and needs. These representatives may be from individual tribes and national/regional associations.
Support Local and Regional Reuse Projects by Identifying Challenges, Opportunities, and
Models for Interagency Collaboration (Action 2.2.16)
DESCRIPTION:
Identify institutional challenges to water reuse,
assess opportunities for interagency collaboration,
and publicize agreements and other legal models
that support implementation of water reuse and
other integrated water management projects
among "water cycle" utilities.
July 2020
ACTION LEADER(S):
• Eric Rosenblum
• WateReuse—Greg Fogel
• EPA—David Smith
PARTNER(S):
Bahman Sheikh, Robert S. Raucher, Felicia Marcus,
Regional and State Sections of WateReuse
January 2021
u
The Action Plan cannot overlook
the opportunity to support
collaboration on a regional and
local level between water and
wastewater utilities.
-E. Rosenblum, R. Raucher, B. Sheikh
Develop the project implementation approach,
consisting of: 1) technical approach to be used for
assessing interagency governance issues/models and
developing the project report; and 2) post-report
outreach and education plan, including WateReuse
Symposium session, webinar, and other platforms.
Prepare and
submit a proposal
for a session
at the 2021
WateReuse
Symposium.
Prepare a report to be submitted to EPA and posted on the WateReuse
Association website and the EPA Water Reuse Action Plan website
summarizing institutional challenges, innovative governance structures
and models, and critical factors to consider in selecting among available
interagency collaboration models. Draft report vviil be reviewed by
external reviewers identified by the action leads prior to submittal.
2019
2020
Perform a literature review of institutional challenges to
water reuse projects, innovative governance structures
that support or incentivize enhanced cooperation; and
agreement models that allow agencies to work together
as "virtual utilities" acting in a coordinated manner.
T
2021
»!«•]
2022
See 4 more milestones in the WRAP Online PMfarm-
With the active support of the WateReuse Association regional and state sections
and EPA, identify examples of water reuse governance models and interagency
agreements used successfully by water agencies and communities. Select at least
four case studies of different kinds of interagency agreements. Analyze their
advantages, constraints, similarities, differences, and adaptability to different settings.
August 2020
November 2020
b
It challenges each of us in the water policy and management sector to reimagine
the way we tackle 20th century water quantity and water quality challenges,
relying on integrated water resources management principles to steer our
collective and individual efforts towards a more sustainable future. »
—SftSVCKiraJ RMit Dtfi®StritfS
-i
National Water Reuse Action Plan
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2.2 Policy Coordination
A
Propose U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Nationwide Permit
Addressing Reuse (Action 2.2.17)
DESCRIPTION:
Propose a new nationwide permit to clarify the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers general permitting of certain activities associated with water
reuse projects. If such a nationwide permit were finalized, certain
activities associated with construction of facilities and infrastructure
related to water reuse projects could be approved at a more rapid rate,
pending adherence to standard criteria for being minimally impactful to
the environment.
ACTION LEADER(S):
USACE—Jennifer Moyer
PARTNER(S):
None identified at this time
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers employees evaluate
vegetation and record data in a riparian area.
Mil
Identify reference criteria or
standards by which water
reuse facilities and water reuse
infrastructure projects must comply
in order to be considered minimally
impactful to the environment.
Post draft nationwide
permit for public review.
Publish final
nationwide permit.
Conduct a national scale cumulative impact
assessment in accordance with the National
Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) definition
of "cumulative impact" at 40 CFR part 1508.7
Review public comments
and make any necessary
modifications.
Ses J worSWiJsstprt^ in the'
WRAP Online Pkitform
the tutu k PrB uPrinq* HSfefSB * I'S-m*1 V?m? lriwiash~ j ft&T'Ts
" While water reuse is primarily a local issue driven by the local demand compared
to the locally available supply, GCA believes that need for improvement in the
underlying science and technology associated with reuse of water is necessary
and more effectively addressed on the federal level. »
—aJicsass MWoftEg
4
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2.3
Science and Specifications
A compilation of existing fit-for-purpose treatment specifications and a focused effort to
develop new specifications for all potential end uses of reclaimed water would facilitate a better
understanding and consideration of potential sources and use applications.
t
Compile Existing Fit-for-Purpose Specifications (Action 2.3.1)
DESCRIPTION:
Compile existing fit-for-purpose specifications (e.g., chemical
and microbial) for different sources of water for potential reuse
and end-use applications. The compilation will rely on federal,
state, and international sources to inform water reuse best
practices and facilitate broader implementation of reuse projects.
ACTION LEADER(S):
EPA—Sharon Nappier
PARTNER(S):
ACWA, AMWA, ASDWA, WRF,
WateReuse
«
States agree that any water
reuse aspiration or action must
be evaluated with risks to public
health, which states and EPA are
charged to protect, as the central
consideration... M
-ASDWA and ACWA
Coordinate with Action 2.2.1 (compilation
of state policies) to ensure the state
compilation methodology identifies and
extracts fit-for-purpose specifications.
2019
2020
1
Assemble/convene representatives to collaborate
on the design approach for the compilation,
including combining the state compilation with
identified federal and international specifications.
Prepare interim product for peer
review to ensure all sources have
been considered in the compilation.
Secure contractor support
to facilitate the compilation
design and execution.
2021
2022
1
Sm:l to ffte-
Identify all documents needed
WSAP Online Platform
and define/organize how
information will be displayed.
Convene Experts to Address Opportunities and Challenges Related
to Urban Stormwater Capture and Use (Action 2.3.3)
DESCRIPTION:
Convene a small group of approximately 25 national
experts to review potential for urban stormwater
capture for use; assess institutional, legal, financial,
and technical barriers to advancing stormwater
capture for use; and recommend key actions to
address these challenges. The convening will involve
representatives from states, local stormwater
programs, NGOs, and other expert organizations.
ACTION LEADER(S):
• EPA—David Smith and Chris Kloss
• JFW—Danielle Johnson
• NMSA—Seth Brown
• ReNUWIt—Dr. Richard Luthy
• WateReuse—Greg Fogel
• WEF—Claudio Ternieden
PARTNER(S):
ACWA, AMWA
Landscape view of the Johnson Foundation's
conference center, Wingspread, which will host
the stormwater capture and use convening;
f_"~ V M
2021 2022
Secure third-party facilitation
support for meeting planning,
implementation, and report writing.
Identify and invite
participants
(25 max.).
Develop meeting
agenda and roles of
the participants.
1
2019 2020
1
Frame meeting
concept and approach.
I
Query meeting participants to identify
stormwater capture opportunities
and challenges and summarize
information for use at the meeting.
See 7 fwt fttttest&XMn tli&
online Pbfforiti
National Water Reuse Action Plan
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' [The] federal support is particularly relevant as communities look
to better include water reuse options in developing integrated
planning and one water frameworks. »
—history! siflsc [otiso if ViSit- -r
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2.3 Science and Specifications
Develop Research and Tools to Support the Implementation of
Onsite Non-Potable Water Reuse Systems (ONWS) (Action 2.3.4)
DESCRIPTION:
Conduct research and develop training programs, planning
approaches, and decision support tools to support the
implementation of onsite non-potable water systems that
are protective of public health. The National Blue Ribbon
Commission for Onsite Non-potable Water Systems will lead
this action and is committed to developing research to refine
and expand risk-based water quality standards for use in
onsite non-potable water systems.
ACTION LEADER(S):
National Blue Ribbon Commission (NBRC)
for ONWS—Paula Kehoe
PARTNER(S):
California State Water Resources Control
Board, USACE, EPA, U.S. Water Alliance,
WRF, WateReuse
T&eMtn Framlsmj PulMeffiMtm Ss»Ub
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Publish training manual on how to
design and permit onsite non-potable
water systems (ONWS).
Develop and release decision support calculator
tool to quantify the availability of alternative
water sources for building scale reuse.
2019 2020
2021
i 2022
2025
SM WMXKttmMMifgx-if)' We
WtMP-Onjhe Platfa/m-
Hold annual meetings for
commissioners.
Refine and expand fit-for-purpose specifications
for alternative onsite sources of water and
non-potable end uses.
Assess Specifications for Potential Reuse of Wastewater in Food
Animal Protein Processing Facilities (Action 2.3.5)
DESCRIPTION:
Establish a process for potential reuse of onsite animal protein processing
wastewater for all food processing applications (including food contact)
that maintains protection of food quality and consumer health. Specific
objectives are to characterize the quality of animal protein processing
wastewater, determine the treatment requirements necessary to
achieve public health benchmarks, and identify potential treatment train
configurations to meet treatment targets.
ACTION LEADER(S):
EPA—Jay Garland
PARTNER(S):
National Tyson Foods Inc.
(Tyson), USDA, AMWA
Establish Cooperative Research
and Development Agreement
(CRADA) to enable collaboration
between EPA and Tyson Foods.
2019
I
2020
2021
Characterize the quality of animal protein
processing wastewater with a focus on
the occurrence and density of zoonotic
pathogens and relevant chemicals of concern.
Determine the fit-for-purpose
specifications for this source
of water and potential use
applications.
1
The Tyson Fresh Meats beef plant in Hoi comb,
Kansas, represents a high risk area for water
stress. With water usage at 15 billion gallons per
year,: this location represents a prime potential
candidate for water reuse.
2022
Identify potential treatment train
configurations to meet treatment
targets to be made available via
reports and journal articles.
' The Metro Water District recognizes that water reuse has a critical role in developing a
resilient region and has developed region-specific policies and plans that focus on reuse
applications that are most appropriate to our watersheds, our water supply needs, and
the role the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' reservoirs play in our reuse systems »
]« Wsfei F' I a n n i n '^[Qfstrtct
4
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2.4
Technology Development and Validation
Advances in treatment technologies and corresponding information on technology performance
can accelerate water reuse opportunities.
Implement New Mexico Produced Water Research Consortium to Identify and Fill Science and
Technology Gaps for Off-Field Use of Treated Produced Water (Action 2.4.2)
DESCRIPTION:
Based on a Memorandum of Understanding between the New Mexico Environment Department (NMED) and New
Mexico State University (NMSU), NMSU will lead and manage the New Mexico Produced Water Research Consortium
(Consortium) with participation from dozens of research, regulatory agency, oil and gas, NGO, and midstream
experts. The Consortium will build on existing and emerging science and technology research, development, and
demonstration to address current science and technology gaps to better inform regulations and policies for the use
of treated produced water outside the oil and gas industry. Such regulations and policies will protect the environment
and public health and safety while reducing fresh water use.
ACTION LEADER(S):
NMED—Rebecca Roose
PARTNER(S):
NMSU, NM-PWRC
October 2019 Consortium Kickoff Event and ongoing
Open call for Consortium sponsorship funding from industry
and NGOs and government funding opportunities.
Sign NMED-NMSU Memorandum
of Understanding to establish and
manage a public-private Produced
Water Research Consortium.
2019
October - December 2019
Solicit members for the Technical Steering Committee (TSC) of the Consortium
to represent five primary sectors: academia, oil and gas industry, water
midstream, NGOs and trade associations, and state and federal agencies.
Kick-off Event at NMSU to announce
the formation of the New Mexico
Produced Water Research Consortium.
State-wide public engagement on produced
water management in New Mexico, including
information about the Consortium.
Five meetings completed by December 2019
See 10 wore milestones in ® $
MSMP Qnbm$tt®iform
Support Water Reuse Through the U.S. Department of Energy's Water
Security Grand Challenge (Action 2.4.3)
DESCRIPTION:
The Water Security Grand Challenge is a White House initiated, U.S. Department of Energy
(DOE) led framework to advance transformational technology and innovation to meet
the global need for safe, secure, and affordable water. Using a coordinated suite of prizes,
competitions, early-stage research and development, and other programs, the Grand
Challenge has set five goals for the United States to reach by 2030. DOE is supporting several
prize competitions related to water reuse.
ACTION LEADER(S):
DOE—Diana Bauer
PARTNER(S):
EPA, DO I, USDA,
DoD, EPRI
6
WATER SECURITY
GRAND CHALLENGE
DOE's Water Security Grand
Challenge consists of five
challenges that aim to advance
technology and innovation to meet
the global need for safe, secure,
and affordable water
Launch the
Waves to Water
Prize. Stage 2.
2019
Issue the
Thermoelectric
Power Cooling
Prize Request for
Information.
Launch the
American-Made
Challenge: Solar
Desalination.
2020
zuzu
2021
2022
Launch the Water Resource Recovery Prize. Issue the 'last call' for Waves to Water Prize, Stage 2.
January 2020
.See 4 fnOPeMii&ton^in tiie
WfiAPQnihe Platform
b
' Governments at all levels and non-governmental organizations should draw on the
sound science and long history of water reuse in different parts of the country that
can provide the basis for greater acceptance of this water management approach. »
¦—Atafeorral Assspatron
-i
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2.4 Technology Development and Validation _ *
Promote Air-Cooling Condensate Water Reuse Standards, Methods, Tools and Technologies for
Implementing Systems in Large Buildings (Action 2.4.5)
DESCRIPTION:
To promote the water efficiency of large commercial and institutional buildings
via onsite reuse of air-cooling (A/C) condensate (a significant alternative water
resource safe for irrigation, cooling towers, and other non-potable purposes),
experts will engage in professional events, teaching, and cooperative activities
to interest colleagues, students, and stakeholders in implementing condensate
reuse systems. Outcomes will include integrating condensate reuse technical
standards and safety guidance, as well as promoting use of new tools and
technologies (e.g., smart meters and data analytics digital cloud/broadband
platforms) as best management practices (BMPs).
ACTION LEADER(S):
• ASHRAE—Thomas Lawrence and Fred Betz
• IAPMO—Pete DeMarco
• EPA—Greg Eades and Jay Garland
• WW—John Wammes
• WTA—Gaby Schubert
PARTNER(S):
AWU. USGBC, ASLA, AHA and ASHE Sustainability Program, ICC, GCCI,
LADWP, PHASC, ISPE, MWD, NBRC for ONWS, NSU, NeoTech Aqua, IU, Rice
University, SAWS, SWAN, GCE, GlaxoSmithKiine, JCI, UC Merced, Wahaso,
WEF, Xylem (Sensus), WateReuse
BStBrndad seta;
Hold an Initial meeting to discuss
collaborative opportunities to
promote standards, methods, tools
and technologies for implementing
condensate reuse systems in
large commercial and institutional
buildings (>200,000+ square feet).
ASHRAE & ICC Winter Conference leaders of
committees relevant to onsite non-potable reuse
of condensate, will plan 2020 informational
exchanges to compare condensate reuse
plumbing standards/codes; and engage partners
to discuss condensate reuse infrastructure
policies, BMPs and tech.
2021
2022
Engage in regular
conference calls to
facilitate collaborative
discussions of onsite
condensate reuse and
relevant ASHRAE and
IAPMO codes and
information sharing.
Provide condensate
reuse experts' talks
at universities and
tours of on-campus/
nearby condensate
reuse systems
for engineering/
architecture students
and facilities/
sustainability
employees.
Promote public awareness
of condensate as a pure
water for reuse, via the
WEF Pure Water Brewing
Alliance Innovation Booth
at Craft Brewers Expo
2020 in San Antonio, TX.
JIB 4 rriOfe MraSSSSlt? the'
)MZAPQnMm Mat form
April - May 2020
" Without recycled water, these lands, located in northern Monterey County-
known to many as the salad bowl of the world, would have become unusable
rather than valuable, world-wide distributors of delicious produce. »
•—Mwtewir Of® Mfef
4
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_ Water Information Availability
Data and information on the quality and quantity of available water can improve opportunities
for water reuse.
Foster U.S. Department of Agriculture Watershed-Scale Pilot
Projects to Share Water Information to Support Water Reuse Actions
(Action 2.5.1)
DESCRIPTION:
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) will foster watershed-scale
projects to share water information to support water reuse actions.
The Natural Resources Conservation Service's (NRCS) Conservation
Innovation Grants (CIG) program is a competitive grants program that
drives public and private sector innovation in resource conservation.
CIG projects inspire creative problem-solving that boosts production on
farms, ranches, and private forests—ultimately improving water quality,
soil health, and wildlife habitat.
ACTION LEADER(S):
USDA—Clarence Prestwich
PARTNER(S):
None identified at this time
Terraces, buffers, and conservation tillage are
among the practices being used by Shelby
County, Iowa, farmers in a water quality
improvement project to benefit a nearby lake.
Consider inclusion of water
reuse strategies in the USDA/
NRCS Conservation Innovation
Grants Program.
Develop National Integrated Water Availability Assessments (Action 2.5.4)
DESCRIPTION:
The USGS, through integrated Water Availability Assessments
(IWAAs), is developing the capacity to understand current and
future water availability in terms of quantity, quality, and use. By
the end of calendar year 2023, a phased development plan will
provide operational reporting of integrated water availability and
potential suitable uses for all eight categories of use currently
reported by USGS.
ACTION LEADER(S):
USGS—Mindi Dalton
PARTNER(S):
None identified at this time
Using data to target watersheds
with reuse potential could
provide for more efficient use of
state resources. »
-New Mexico Environment
Department
2019
Produce an implementation plan for
development of a suitable use mapper
that incorporates supply and demand.
Operationally deliver National IWAAs
that include quantity, quality, and use.
2020
2021
2022
2023
Incorporate water quality and use as factors in
National IWAAs and develop a framework for
evaluating suitable uses for available water based
on eight categories of use reported by USGS.
Operationally deliver National IWAAs
that evaluate potential suitable
uses of available water for the eight
categories of use USGS reports.
b
" The Chamber recommends that EPA continue to cooperate with leading
organizations and countries (e.g., Israel) to ensure implementation of the
most effective reuse solutions and associated funding options. »
UiS Ghfsii iterBfCOTi m iefijgi
i
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At the BertschiSchool in Seattle, Washington, waihmounted micron filters and
UV disinfection treat reused water to a potable standard. The school also treats its
graywater using a green wall that is shown in the background.
-------
- Finance Support
Improved understanding of water reuse finance options can enable water reuse projects.
Compile Existing Federal Funding Sources for Water Reuse and Develop an Interagency
Decision Support Tool (Action 2.6.1)
DESCRIPTION:
Federal agencies' sources of funding will be compiled and analyzed
to inform the development of an interagency decision support tool to
assist organizations with navigating funding options and application
processes. Showcased on the EPA Water Finance Clearinghouse website,
the tool will include resources or funding sources to scale up impact and
availability of assistance for water reuse efforts.
ACTION LEADER(S):
EPA—Sonia Brubaker, Stephanie
Santell, and David Smith
PARTNER(S):
USDA, FEMA, Reclamation,
DOE, USACE, HUD, DOT
Identify federal funding agency leads for
project, define decision support criteria,
and initially review federal funding
sources for water reuse projects.
Define and prioritize requirements to develop
the functionality of the tool. Conduct user
engagement exercises to inform and calibrate
tool specifications based on user needs.
2019
2020
Host a workshop with EPA and federal partners
to identify the highest priority funding or
financing programs to include in the tool.
Develop a decision support tree that will form
the foundation of the tool, based on information
gathered during both the review and workshop.
Ensuring states and local
governments have access to
federal water infrastructure
funding to support water reuse
projects will help spur innovative
water supply solutions at the
local, state, or regional levels. »
-National Association of
Home Builders
2021 2022
'Se&Stno'K (nbshxmsm Ute
WRAP Online Platform
Clarify and Communicate the Eligibility of Water Reuse Under the Clean Water and Drinking
Water State Revolving Fund Programs (Action 2.6.2a)
DESCRIPTION:
Work with states to clarify the extent of reuse projects' eligibility by
evaluating how EPA and individual states' Clean Water and Drinking Water
State Revolving Fund (SRF) materials currently consider eligibility of reuse
projects for funding. This will clarify eligibility for the full range of potential
sources of water for reuse and different end use applications.
ACTION LEADER(S):
EPA—Kelly Tucker, Kiri
Anderer, and Mark Mylin
PARTNER(S):
CI FA, ACWA, ASDWA
1
Prepare a simple matrix
of the five major sources
of water for potential
reuse and their potential
end uses to identify
those that are eligible
for SRF funding.
Present the WRAP
and the progress
on this action at
the CI FA Water
Infrastructure and
Investment Summit,
April 15-16, 2020 in
Washington D.C.
Compile and maintain
a cumulative tally of
SRF funding for water
reuse, summarizing
the number and dollar
value of funded reuse
projects.
Communities are seeking funding
for projects that address the
impacts of climate change and
diversify their water portfolios
to include sustainable sources
of water, such as recycled
water. These are often complex
projects that require significant
investment.
-Santa Clara Valley Water District
Provide water reuse project
highlights in CIFA newsletters.
Compile list of water reuse projects funded through CWSRF and
update the CWSRF Benefits Reporting (CBR) database. Update
the CBR sorting criteria to identify reuse projects more easily.
See' Stnore rntfest&tjes Is the
WRAP (Mne Platform
b
" Technology validation processes can be complicated and variable between
individual states; this issue presents an opportunity for EPA to assist in
streamlining and standardizing technology validation processes to enable
faster adoption of new technologies. „
—GtliSlfWSfiii
National Water Reuse Action Plan
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Compile and maintain information of
WiFiA funding awards for water reuse,
summarizing the number and dollar
value of funded reuse projects.
Identify/scan all existing WIFIA
materials to understand where water
reuse eligibility is described.
Integrate examples of water reuse
projects financed by WIFIA into
presentations at conferences, WIFIA
Information sessions, and webinars.
Revise WIFIA materials to clarify
the eligibility of reuse and capture
projects, as needed. Dependent on the
assessment findings in milestone #3.
i.' •*" j" j ¦. USSiiSWp38-
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Continue to Actively Support and Communicate the Eligibility of
Water Infrastructure and Financing Innovation Act Funding for
Water Reuse (Action 2.6.2b)
DESCRIPTION: ACTION LEADER(S):
Promote the eligibility of Water Infrastructure and Financing Innovation EPA—Jorianne Jernberg
Act (WIFIA) financing for water reuse projects. EPA will review existing
WIFIA outreach materials to assess the extent water reuse is mentioned . . ' . . ,
. ... , . . .. ... t None identified at this time
in the materials and work to clarify and communicate the eligibility of
WIFIA funding for water reuse projects.
Compile and Promote Existing U.S. Department of Agriculture Funding and Resources for Rural
Communities (Action 2.6.4)
DESCRIPTION:
Identify, compile, and promote U.S. Department of Agriculture
(USDA) funding opportunities for water and wastewater infrastructure
projects that can advance reuse and conservation, such as the Rural
Development's Water and Waste Disposal Loan and Grant Program
and NRCS' Conservation Innovation Grant. Provide information and
technical assistance to both rural communities and farmers on assessing
opportunities for water reuse.
ACTION LEADER(S):
USDA—Edna Primrose
PARTNER(S):
EPA, NRWA, RCAP
Key agencies at USDA, such as
NRCS and Rural Development, are
uniquely positioned to promote
the consideration and integration
of agricultural reuse through
financing and grants, technical
assistance, and conservation
initiatives. »
-American Rainwater Catchment
Systems Association
Consider inclusion of water reuse strategies
in the USDA/RD Water and Waste Disposal
Loan and Grant Programs.
2021
2022
Consider inclusion of water reuse strategies in the
USDA/RD Water and Waste Disposal Technical
Assistance and Training Grant Programs.
... stakeholders across Kansas have identified water reuse as a
priority both from a water conservation planning standpoint as
well as a potential additional source of water supply.»
j
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2.7
Integrated Research
Enhanced coordination of past and future water reuse research can optimize its value, better
identify critical gaps, and speed delivery to users.
Develop a Coordinated National Research Strategy on Water Reuse (Action 2.7.2)
DESCRIPTION:
In order to best leverage water reuse research efforts,
a coordinated national water reuse research strategy
should be developed. The strategy should include a
prioritized list of research needs across various water
reuse applications and sources of water for potential
reuse, including those specific through public input.
ACTION LEADER(S):
WRF—Julie Minton
PARTNER(S):
EPA, WateReuse, WEF
«
Developing a coordinated research strategy on water
use and reuse could provide a starting point from
which future efforts to expand water reuse could be
compared. A common research strategy could also
help to inform potential water reuse approaches at
the state and municipal levels. »
-National Association of Home Builders
Facilitate session at the 35th Annual
WateReuse Symposium to discuss
framing of research strategy (including
major research gaps and theme areas).
2019 2020
I
Conduct a literature review for
the state of the science report.
2021
z
Publish research roadmap
report based on outcomes of
workshop and meetings with
the advisory committee.
2022
Develop scope and identify a
contractor to lead the development
of a research strategy on the state
of science and research.
1
I
2023
Plan and implement a series
of workshops to identify a
list of research needs and
develop a research strategy.
Increase Understanding of Current Aquifer Storage and Recovery Practices (Action 2.7.4)
«
ACTION LEADER(S):
GWPC—Mike Paque
EPA—Jeff Lape and Kara
Goodwin
DESCRIPTION:
Aquifer recharge is a growing practice in response to water
scarcity concerns, yet there are apparent differences in
how it is described, implemented and managed. This action
seeks to better understand the range of aquifer storage and
recovery practices and corresponding efforts to ensure the
protection and sustainability of ground water resources.
PARTNER(S):
USDA, NGWA
To fully utilize [aquifer storage and recovery/
managed aquifer recharge systems],
collaboration is needed between all interested
parties (e.g., local, state, tribal, and federal) to
conduct research that will provide additional
information for planners to consider. H
-Ground Water Protection Council
Secure contractor support for developing a white
paper on the current state of practice and research
associated with enhanced aquifer recovery (EAR)
and aquifer storage and recovery (ASR).
2019
2020
I
Secure contractor support for developing a report on current state of the
AR and ASR practices regulated by the UIC program and methodology; any
regulatory, operational, or public health challenges encountered during AR and
ASR injection; and an inventory of AR and ASR wells that includes locations.
Facilitate meetings of the GWPC's ASR-MAR
Work Group to study and find solutions to
the challenges currently limiting the use of
EAR and ASR.
b
The GWPC agrees that water reuse represents a major opportunity to
supplement existing water supplies and can be obtained from many
potential sources such as industrial process water, agricultural return flows,
municipal wastewater, oil and gas produced water, and stormwater, »
"WBURI WSEBf'PKst'fcOfli'n Cafifiti I
i
National Water Reuse Action Plan j|
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Collaborative Implementation (Version 1)
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2.7 Integrated Research
Coordinate and Promote Water Reuse Technology in Federal Small
Business Innovation Research Programs (Action 2.7.5)
DESCRIPTION:
This action will seek opportunities to optimize water reuse technology
development through Federal Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR)
solicitations. This action will also evaluate past and current water reuse projects
funded through SBIR to evaluate technology gaps and help inform development
of common language for reuse technology priority areas for SBIR solicitations.
ACTION LEADER(S):
EPA—April Richards
PARTNER(S):
Federal Small Business
Innovation Research
(SBIR) Programs
Compile list of past and currently funded
SBIR water reuse projects from across
the relevant federal SBIR programs.
Develop materials from steps 1-3
and model language to share with
Federal partners identified in step 4.
2019
I
2020
r
EPA SBIR
&
AMERICA'S SEED FUND
FOR ENVIRONMENTAL
INNOVATION
EF-rrr • >.
Convene meeting with six
federal SBIR partners to share
information on reuse.
2021
K
Evaluate and list agency SBIR
programs including topics,
trends, and available funding for
water reuse technology projects.
Identify SBIR program contacts
in the six federal agencies that
have funded reuse projects.
2022
¦Kse 6 m'QreMikstones ip the
WBAP&nlihe. Platform
Develop U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Advanced Water Treatment
Research Roadmap (Action 2.7.6)
DESCRIPTION:
Through development of an Advanced Water Treatment Research Roadmap,
the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation will identify research needs in the area of
advanced water treatment. Opportunities should be of importance to the
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, other federal agencies, and the non-federal
water treatment experts in order to increase collaboration and partnership
opportunities and leverage research across agencies. This new Roadmap will
update the decade old Reclamation Desalination Roadmap and capture the
research needs where other federal and non-federal experts have similar needs.
ACTION LEADER(S):
Reclamation-Yuliana
Porras-Mendoza
PARTNER(S):
WaTr
t^hQ^ip0issifqf ih0^^$lM0pg.t^[k0ekisk
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Complete first draft of
roadmap document for
internal Reclamation review.
Review by the Federal
Water Treatment Working
Group (federal agencies).
Review by non-federal
entities.
1
1
fee $ rpore rpSfeStw^S to the
Internal Reclamation
Convene non-federal
WSAPQalins platform
review and submittal
entities with interests.
of comments.
We applaud the development of this document as the actions align with
our goal to pursue technology innovation in water reuse. »
-Cttf ifl§ii8fl]]#
National Water Reuse Action Plan
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February 2020
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Outreach and Communications
A critical aspect of implementing a successful water reuse program across applications is
public acceptance and user confidence.
Compile and Develop Water Reuse Program Outreach and
Communication Materials (Action 2.8.1)
DESCRIPTION:
Develop a water reuse communications strategy and develop
new outreach and communications materials based on the
needs articulated by stakeholders. Materials could address
programmatic themes with the overarching goal to educate
key audiences, such as the public, decision makers, and key
message carriers.
ACTION LEADER(S):
WateReuse—Pat Sinicropi and Greg Fogell
PARTNER(S):
WEF
JwHHfe HiO tente<* tfoSB
ye'M-. m'm-s
k) lypr aft) tfK*
Begin assessment of existing
communications assets.
2019 2020
2021
Issue a request for proposals to develop
a communications plan to advance water
reuse around the country.
Review existing research on
effective messaging and develop
a communications plan.
z
Identify key gaps in outreach
and communications resources.
2022
Review existing reuse communication
and education documents and add to
digital library.
2023
See 1. more-milestone In ffie>
WRAP On fine Plattbrm
Establish a Water Reuse Champion Award Program for Private Sector Companies
(Action 2.8.4)
DESCRIPTION: ACTION LEADER(S):
GreenBiz and the WateReuse Association will partner to develop and present an awards • GreenBiz Group—Pete May
program at VERGE 20, a conference and expo dedicated to advancing the clean economy. • WateReuse—Greg Fogel
The Water Reuse Champion award will be provided by peers to peers among American PARTNER(S)-
corporations to showcase that water recycling is helping companies achieve their stewardship Mone identified at this time
values and water management goals.
Convene selection committee
and determine selection criteria.
2019
2020
J
Selection committee selects
awardee.
I
Distribute call for nominations.
Produce awards, program,
and associated materials.
3^3
2021
Finalize dinner details and
logistics.
2022
###} more milestone la the
WRAP Online-Plaifmn
b
" With proper implementation, it will also help promote infrastructure
investment, regulatory certainty; and climate resilience through
more effective use of the nation's water resources, without
compromising public health or environmental protection. »
HHSylaiSS OfegsiSHMt! St tSsEnWirfthfiBt
National Water Reuse Action Plan
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32
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2.9
Workforce Development
Water reuse is driving a new generation of treatment technologies, monitoring, and operations
and maintenance needs that, in general, exceed existing workforce capabilities.
Support and Promote Opportunities for Creating a Skilled Workforce for Water Reuse
Applications (Action 2.9.2)
DESCRIPTION:
This action will explore early steps to help prepare
the water workforce for the increasingly complex and
expansive role that water reuse will play in the coming
years. For example, enhanced operator training and
other workforce education may be needed to address
the design, operation, and regulatory requirements
related to various reuse applications and technologies.
ACTION LEADER(S):
• EPA—Jim Home
• WateReuse—Greg Fogel
• AWWA—Barb Martin
• WEF—Claudio Ternieden
PARTNER(S):
None identified at this time
EPA looks forward to capturing innovative
ideas and collaborative actions through
our Water Workforce Initiative so that we
can take meaningful steps to ensure we
have a strong water sector workforce for
generations to come.
-David Ross, Assistant Administrator for Water,
U.S. EPA
2019
Issue draft America's Water Sector
Workforce Initiative and ensure that
water reuse goals and priorities are
considered/incorporated.
2020
I
Organize and coordinate
a workforce development
session at the 35th WateReuse
Symposium in Denver, CO.
J
Issue final America's Water
Sector Workforce Initiative
following public comment
Support statelevel efforts underway related
to developing training programs for advanced
water treatment operations and water reuse
applications (notably potable water reuse).
2021
T
2022
Develop a strategy to expand
operator training to support water
reuse and other advanced water
treatment operations nationwide.
JSSSBT P® SSSfiS ifefeif "*K->k3 v:<£££rV,7
As a key component of a water resilience portfolio, reuse is beneficial
from an economic, environmental, and quality of life standpoint. »
—lrwr*ypWt«$rtSWSf DHfiMt
National Water Reuse Action Plan
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33
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2.10
Metrics for Success
Setting goals and accountability for implementation of the actions in the WRAP can help
ensure progress and results.
Facilitate Implementation of the National Water Reuse Action Plan (Action 2.10.3)
DESCRIPTION:
Provide the leadership, management systems, expertise, and capacity necessary to institutionalize water reuse
and ensure effective long-term implementation of the National Water Reuse Action Plan (WRAP). This includes
assuring the managing framework for the WRAP supports the principles of transparency, accountability, and
collaboration. An online WRAP platform will serve as a main element, providing visual reporting of progress,
and access to information. In the longer term, the WRAP Online Platform could become a dynamic space for
interaction and collaboration among the water reuse community. Longer term governance will be considered.
ACTION LEADER(S):
EPA-Jeff Lape
PARTNER(S):
All WRAP Action Leaders
Publish WRAP: Collaborative
Implementation (Version 1)
print product ana iaunch the
WRAP Online Platform.
2019
2020
Establish EPA POCs for each active action
and connect them with the action teams
to help facilitate communication and
updates to the WRAP Oniine Piatform.
r
Establish water reuse
points of contact (POCs)
in each EPA Region and
post list to EPA's website.
I
Issue a request for
proposals for a
Cooperative Agreement
to provide support to
EPA's National Water
Program for Innovation,
Water Infrastructure, and
Water Reuse.
2021
[«•]
2022
Update the WRAP
Oniine Platform to
reflect the progress
of actions and
implementation
milestones.
See 7 more milestbnes in Itie
Wf&P - Platform
Nation's water resources are the lifeblood of our communities, and the federal.
risibility to ensure all Americans have access to reliable sources of dean and safe wo!
PA's Assistant Administrator for Water. "There is innovative work happening ocros
ice water reuse, and the EPA wants to accelerate that work through coordinated fe
the plan is scheduled for release and public review in September 2019 at the An
m in San Diego. This Discussion Framework is intended to frame the context for.
lent of, a Water Reuse Action Plan.
ise can be a valuable means to enhance the availability and effective use of our Nat
d be considered as part of an integrated water resources management approach tc
NATIONAL WATER REUSE
ACTION PLAN
DRAFT
ACTION PLAN
Discussion Framework for Development of a Draft Water Reuse
A Collaborative Call for Action: Development of a Water Reuse Action
pry 27,2019, at a water reuse summit in San Francisco, the U.S. Environmental Pro1
d the development of a Water Reuse Action Plan that will better integrate federal i
of both industry and government to ensure the effective use of the Nation's water
ogether experts across the water sector to identify a path forward that will provide
iecting human health and the ei
This release of the WRAP: Collaborative Implementation (Version 1) is catalyzing partnerships and collaboration and launching specific actions (e.g. milestones, leads, partners and
target dates) in a transparent and collaborative online platform. These actions and subsequent versions of WRAP implementation will be the basis for continued engagement and
progress over time to meet the overall WRAP objectives.
National Water Reuse Action Plan
Collaborative Implementation (Version 1)
February 2020
¦L
Working together, we have more opportunities than ever before to
leverage ground-breaking science and technological advancements. »
-l'#w IsfefepEnflrnment merit
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2.11
International Collaboration
Many international partners have substantial experience and demonstrated success with water
reuse practices while other countries may benefit from the work begun under the WRAP.
i
Facilitate U.S.-lsrael Collaboration on Technology, Science, and
Policy of Water Reuse (Action 2.11.1)
DESCRIPTION:
Continue to engage in international activities (e.g., water technology
transfers) that build capacity and strengthen bilateral, intergovernmental,
and water stakeholder cooperation on water reuse and innovation.
Because Israel is a global leader in water reuse, it is well-positioned to
share lessons learned on developing expertise (engineers, scientists, and
policy experts), technology, and infrastructure.
ACTION LEADER(S):
• EPA—Jeff Lape
• MoEP—Adam Schalimtzek
PARTNER(S):
DOS, Embassy of Israel, IWA,
U.S. Embassy, WateReuse
i I ' II ' ^
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itasfeSliS® PfilClf'tPh * hisi-3" I -019
mm
Hold an initial Israel-U.S. government-
to-government meeting to explore
opportunities to collaborate on reuse
policy, technology, and science.
2019 2020
Develop draft itinerary for U.S.
Delegation mission to Israel.
Identify spectrum of U.S. interests/
delegates representative of municipal,
industrial, and agricultural sectors to
comprise the U.S. delegation.
2021
2022
Convene stakeholders to
coordinate an initial plan for a
U.S. Delegation mission to Israel.
Conduct conference calls to
facilitate discussions on reuse and
obtain continuous feedback from
Israel on action development.
See 4 feSSSffiwfieStoiies-in We
WRAP Online Pkiform
Raise Global Awareness and Preparedness for Water Reuse and the
Water Reuse Action Plan (Action 2.11,2)
DESCRIPTION:
Seek opportunities to raise global awareness of water reuse and the Water
Reuse Action Plan (WRAP) through our embassies and consulates using
existing public diplomacy tools and resources. Identify new opportunities
to message water reuse and the WRAP as an example of a whole-of-
government effort to increase water reuse and promote water security.
ACTION LEADER(S):
DOS—Allie Davis
PARTNER(S):
DOI, USAID, US DA, EPA,
USGS, Reclamation, DOE,
USWR WEF, WateReuse
Organize a side event at
Stockholm World Water Week
2020 to highlight WRAP and
U.S. efforts for water reuse.
Host a global water reuse live
webchats for World Water
Day with watch parties at
embassies and consulates.
B
February 2020
February 2020
i
Incorporate water reuse into
Department of State Environment,
Science, Technology, and Health
(ESTH) officer quarterly calls and
annual trainings, if appropriate.
Identify a list of
priority countries to
focus initial water
reuse capacity
building efforts.
At the Interagency Water Working Group
(IWWG), discuss and coordinate interagency
efforts for water reuse globally and identify
opportunities to further water reuse work
and capacity building.
I
2019 2020
The 2019 water management project in
Kyrgyzstan is part of the Ambassador's Water
Experts Program, which supports the U.S.
Government's Global Water Strategy priorities.
2021 2022
Seel! moremifestoffesin the
WRA P Online Ptetform
" While New York City does not share the same water scarcity concerns as
many of our colleagues in other US cities, DEP regards water reuse, especially
non-potable onsite water reuse, as an integral part of our emerging efforts to
promote integrated and sustainable water resources management and to help
address water quality issues in our coastal waters. »
—<©rteCi|lfe#'artrf®ftt ifflh iHWfWii&l Frtrtedn J.
m
National Water Reuse Action Plan
Collaborative Implementation (Version 1) 35
February 2020
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SECTION
Communicating Progress and
Managing Forward
Inset 9. Maintaining a Pipeline for Future
Actions
3.1 Launch of the WRAP Online Platform
This release of the Action Plan (Version 1) includes the launch
of an online platform, which provides a repository to house
and gain access to the full spectrum of actions—developed and
undeveloped (Inset 9). It is intended to foster partnerships and
collaboration across the water user community. The WRAP
Online Platform is also intended to communicate the progress
toward the implementation of actions that enhance water reuse
consideration within the scope of the WRAP. It also aims to
help interested parties identify opportunities to join in collective
action and contribute their expertise to the effort.
The primary aspirations for the WRAP Online Platform are to:
Identify actions, action leaders, implementation milestones,
and target completion dates.
Provide routine updates on progress for each of the actions.
• Create accountability for action progress,
illustrate and communicate ongoing activity.
Provide a forum to highlight collaboration and partnership.
• Celebrate successes.
The WRAP Online Platform maintains information on
all actions from the draft Action Plan, including those
that are not developed at this time (i.e., do not have
confirmed action leaders, partners, and implementation
milestones). Some of these actions have undergone
additional scoping and team building but are not yet
moving forward. The online platform identifies the
original action title and brief description of each of the
undeveloped actions from the draft Action Plan. It also
includes relevant quotes and interested collaborators
identified in the public docket for each of these actions
to help engender future collaboration. These actions
(plus new ideas) will help form the pipeline of potential
actions to be taken as part of subsequent WRAP
versions and help ensure continued progress,
Develop connections among diverse groups of stakeholders.
The WRAP Online Platform allows the water user community to see information about actions and their status, Through
communication with action leaders, the information it presents will be updated routinely (e.g., quarterly) to maintain a
relatively current reflection of each action's implementation. These routine action-specific updates will convey progress,
including progress on implementation milestones, In addition, as established and communicated by action leaders, updates will
incorporate:
New implementation milestones for developed actions.
New entities collaborating on implementation of actions.
Links to relevant action outputs.
• Other expanded information for existing action implementation plans.
Action implementation plans for newly developed actions.
" ...the EPA's extensive and ongoing outreach to a wide range of stakeholders will be
critical to ensuring the final WRAP is comprehensive and implementable. »
—H&4B! f» MHi fee Adiftflits
I
National Water Reuse Action Plan
36 I Collaborative Implementation (Version 1)
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The EPA expects to play a substantial role in facilitating communication with and among action leaders, organizing information
on action progress, and updating the WRAP Online Platform. As indicated in the action implementation plan for Action 2.10.3
("Facilitate Implementation of the National Water Reuse Action Plan"), the EPA will assign a point of contact to help facilitate
updates to the WRAP Online Platform,
Future iterations of the WRAP Online Platform may have more advanced features that increasingly serve the water user
community in achieving the objectives of the WRAP.
3.2 Identification of New Ideas for Actions
The formal public comment period sought to identify other possible actions that are consistent with the objectives of the WRAP
and will facilitate or improve consideration and implementation of water reuse. More than 25 new ideas for additional actions'
across nine strategic themes were identified through review of public docket comments and continued engagement with
stakeholders. Table 3, below, lists suggested actions, organized by the relevant strategic theme. These suggested actions have
not yet been developed and can be considered in subsequent versions of the WRAP.
Table 3. New Proposed Actions
Integrated Watershed Action
Develop a water availability hierarchy to assist water users in assessing alternative water supplies
Research and develop tools to estimate watershed flow changes associated with reuse projects
Policy Coordination
Incentivize collaboration between water, wastewater, and/or stormwater agencies to encourage integrated water
reuse projects
Investigate institutional barriers to interagency recycled water projects and recommend solutions to facilitate their
implementation
Research existing water laws, policy, and related practices to evaluate their flexibility in addressing long-term water
demands, including reuse
Establish guidance, tools, and/or regulations for water reuse and treatment standards, including consistent
terminology
Develop white paper outlining minimum requirements for implementing a water reuse project
Encourage water reuse considerations in all federally funded construction projects
• Conduct a liability analysis for reuse projects to support subsequent regulatory and market activities
• Support reuse projects with infrastructure to transport water to areas with high Water demand
Leverage plumbing codes and standards to promote water reuse
Science and Specifications
Develop a list of constituents of concern and acceptable levels (or ranges) in potable water reuse
Develop guidelines for reviewing and permitting fit-for-purpose reuse applications
Research fit-for-purpose specifications and data gaps for oil and gas produced wastewater
Develop a plan to manage and regulate high salt loads and disposal options from reuse water
Technology Development
Develop consistent approval processes and standards for new treatment technologies
Research science and technology gaps for onsite urban and stormwater reuse
Research management and use for brine from reuse projects
Water Information Availability
• Create an online monitoring tool and evaluate use of surrogates to evaluate treatment technology performance
Develop tools to help local water managers evaluate requirements, resources, and benefits associated with
implementing reuse projects
Over the course of many months working with our members, it is clear that
leadership by the federal family will be critical in helping to leverage and inspire
action by non-federal actors. »
-WaBMSiUSa WsHSA mw&,. WEF, ftfWft, aiWWRF
4
r
fa National Water Reuse Action Plan
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37
February 2020
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Finance Support
Document financial requirements to fully implement potable water projects to ensure long-term protection of
public health
Encourage financial incentives, including mitigation credits, for facilities using reuse water
Document and provide resources to encourage reuse projects, including regulatory support
Develop a risk-based framework to determine return on investment and feasibility of reuse projects
Outreach and Communications
Incorporate water reuse provisions into private sector product certification and labeling programs
Workforce Development
• Credit military experience toward water reuse certification programs on a national basis
Metrics for Success
Launch an industry challenge for Water Reuse
Ideas listed in this table have been compiled, consolidated, and revised based on suggestions received through the public
docket and continued engagement with stakeholders.
Imagining Version 2
3.3 Adaptive and Iterative Management-
Going forward, federal partners and the EPA will continue
to facilitate action implementation among the broad group
of leaders and partners, recognizing that this endeavor
represents a new level of integrated action across the
spectrum of water interests. Together, we will learn,
experiment, adapt, and manage this important collaborative.
We anticipate that it will be appropriate to perform an annual
cycle of review and updates to the WRAP with subsequent
releases. A working schedule for development of Version 2
might entail:
The WRAP presents a unique opportunity for
the water sector, policy-makers, and the broader
public to collaborate on a set of specific activities
that collectively can result in significant progress
toward advancing the adoption of water recycling
practices across the [United States].
-WateReuse, NACWA, AWWA, WEF,
AMWA, and WRF
February 2020 to September 2020: Implement Action Plan (Version 1) actions and provide routine updates.
September 2020: Issue a Federal Register notice seeking specific input on development of Action Plan (Version 2).
September 2020: Optimize opportunities at the 38th Annual WateReuse Symposium (Denver, Colorado) to report on action
implementation progress, gain input on the adaptive and iterative management of the WRAP, and initiate development of
Action Plan (Version 2).
April 2021: Release Version 2 during Water Week.
Discussion questions at the 3§th Annual WateReuse Symposium and in the Federal Register notice might include:
How do we create an adaptive management structure to ensure that short-term progress is routinely updated, and that
longer strategic analysis of actions, progress, and results are effectively incorporated?
• What does the ideal governance structure for long-term implementation of the WRAP look like? How is this endeavor
managed in the long term to optimize progress and results?
• While there is relatively robust action around water reuse in municipal water resource recovery, how do we better extend
the potential application of water reuse to agriculture, industry, and other areas of opportunity?
• Is the WRAP effort a potential model for collaborative and integrated action in other contexts? How might this be applied to
other ventures involving many partners and stakeholders with both common and diverse interests but a broadly common
goal (e.g., security, sustainability, and resilience of the nation's water resources)?
b
Water security and sustainability are tied integrally to other
essential environmental elements such as air quality and the water-energy nexus »
- Affterieift SHfflWeuSB IMtiflSle, i&jMt i«w Sssislfiftti'ss i tion Berts 11 Dwa&f i«
Al fen® i'Mfepifffiferit f itfofeuffutesscsdei
'4
National Water Reuse Action Plan
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38
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As the WRAP continues to evolve, collaboration across the water user community will be essential to achieving the WRAP'S
objectives. Current action leaders and partners will be critical not only in implementing actions but also being ambassadors who
communicate with others about the collective effort. Ongoing dialogues and iterative management of the overall WRAP will
enable additional organizations to lead and/or collaborate on future actions.
3.4 Building an Enduring Legacy of Watershed-Based Action
Qur hope is to enhance and stimulate watershed-based The time to fully utilize recycled water is now, and
collaborations where business, finance and policy leaders, this plan wil| facj|jtate that advancement,
communities, nonprofits, and others come together to
solve local water resource (quantity and quality) challenges. -Eastern Municipal Water District
Reuse applications provide an opportunity for this level of
collaboration and foster holistic thinking through more integrated action.
Thank you for contributing to the security, sustainability, and resilience of our most precious resource: water.
a
With several reuse options available, utilities can regionally optimize a
combination of water reuse strategies for local conditions, to produce an
effective "fit-for-community" reuse strategy.»
—ini ses&i p 1 n!-J11111 to Aaww
National Water Reuse Action Plan
Collaborative Implementation (Version 1) 39
February 2020
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1 See draft Action Plan's Cali to Action (page iil; https://www.epa.aov/sites/production/files/2019-09/documents/water-reuse-
action-plan-draft-2019.pdf).
A Ross, D. (2019). Testimony of David Ross, Assistant Administrator, Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
before the House Committee on Transportation & Infrastructure, Subcommittee on Water Resources & Environment.
September 18,2019. https://www.epa.aov/sites/production/files/2019-09/documents/epa final test.sept 18 hti hearing on
water proarams.pdf
35ee draft Action Plan, Figure 2 (page 6; https://www.epa.qov/sites/production/files/2019-09/documents/water-reuse-action-
plan-draft-2019.pdf).
4 National Research Council. (2012). Water reuse: Potential for expanding the nation's water supply through reuse of municipal
wastewater. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, https://www.nap.edu/catalog/13303/water-reuse-potential-for-
expandinqthe-nations-water-supplv-throuah
5 Dieter, CA; Maupin, MA; Caldwell, RR; Harris, MA; Ivahnenko, Tl; Lovelace, JK; Barber, NL; Linsey, KS. (2018). Estimated use of
water in the United States in 2015. U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1441. https://doi.orq/10.3133/cir1441
®UN-Water. (2013). Water security and the global water agenda, https://www.unwater.org/publications/water-securitv-global-
water-aqenda/
7:U.S. Congress. (2018). America's Water Infrastructure Act of 2018. (S. 2800). https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/115/s2800
®See draft Action Plan's Acknowledgements and Appendix G (pages li and G-1); Inset 3 (page 3); and Inset 18 (page 20)
(https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2019-09/documents/water-reuse-action-plan-draft-2019.pdf).
Photo Credits
Cover: Gates Foundation, Monterey One Water, Rice University, Eastern Municipal Water District, Denver Water, Tom Marks Photography;
Pg. ii: U.S. EPA: Pg, 2: San Francisco Public Utilities-Commission: Pg. 3: Suez Water Technology & Solutions, U.S. EPA: Pg. 4 U.S. EPA:
Pg. 7: West Basin Municipal Water District: Pg. 9: City of Roseville, Environmental Utilities; Pg. 10: Eastern Municipal Water District:
Pg. 12; Nic Lehoux for the Bullitt Center, El Paso Water; Pg. 15: Morro Bay National Estuary Program; Pg. 17: U.S. EPA, Denver Water:
Pg. 19: California Product Stewardship Council, Bob Nichols; Pg. 21: www.usace.armv.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/Requlatorv-Proqram-and-
Permits/. Washington Ecology; Pg. 22: The Johnson Foundation at Wingspread: Pg. 23: San Francisco Public Utilities Commission.
Google earth imagery (coordinates 37-59-55,101-01-55); Pg. 24: U.S. Department of Energy Pg. 25: Nick Crist, GSK Global Lead,
Energy & Sustainability; Pg. 26: Tim McCabe; Pg. 27: Tom Marks Photography; Pg, 29: U.S. EPA; Pg. 31: U.S. EPA, https://wWw.usbr.qoy/
research/bqndrf/: Pg. 32: Ei Paso Water: Pg. 33: Denver Water; Pg. 34: Suez Water Technology & Solutions, Environmental Protection
Agency; Pg. 35: U.S. Embassy, Stephen Kolk: Pg. 36: Tom Marks Photography; Pg. 39: Eastern Research Group/Sargon De Jesus;
Pg. 40: Denver Water: Pg, 41: City of Phoenix, Arizona: Pg. A-1: Jim G. Maloney: Pg. B-T Idaho Department of Environmental Quality;
Pg. C-'l: Eastern Municipal Water District.
" No one water reuse strategy will work for every community across the nation. »
—U'ifefti Caalttjcff
*
National Water Reuse Action Plan
40 I Collaborative Implementation (Version 1)
February 2020
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Leaders
atus
The September 2019 draft Action Plan proposed 46 actions to support consideration and implementation of water reuse. Since
release of the draft, more actions have been identified through stakeholder engagement. In some cases, these newly identified
actions were accompanied by substantial interest from an action leader, along with implementation milestones and target dates.
For Action Plan (Version 1), actions fall into two categories:
Developed Actions. Actions with developed action implementation plans that have identified action leaders, partners,
implementation milestones, and target completion dates. These actions represent initial momentum and serve as a catalyst
for additional partnerships and subsequent actions.
Undeveloped Actions. Actions that do not yet have developed action implementation plans and currently lack clear leaders,
partners, implementation milestones, and target completion dates. In the WRAP Online Platform, undeveloped actions have
limited information provided, including the action title, strategic theme area, brief description, interested collaborators, and
relevant public docket comments. Action titles and descriptions are unchanged from the draft Action Plan.
The process for assessing the development of actions and leadership for implementation to meet the WRAP objectives will
remain dynamic and iterative.
Table A-l below lists the action leaders and partners who have pledged their willingness to support the actions with developed
action implementation plans. Table A-2 below lists all the actions, along with each one's category of implementation. It provides
an index of all of the 46 actions in the draft Action Plan as well as new actions with developed action implementation plans.
Table A-l. Action Leaders and Partners
Organization Name
Acronym/Short Version,
Where Applicable
American Hospital Association
AHA
American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Engineers
ASHRAE
American Society of Hospital Engineers
ASHE
American Society of Landscape Architects
AS LA
American Water Works Association
AWWA
Association of Clean Water Administrators
ACWA
Association of Metropolitan Water Agencies
AMWA
Association of State and Territorial Health Officials
ASTHO
Association of State Drinking Water Administrators
ASDWA
Austin Water Utilities
AWU
California State Water Resources Control Board
CA State Water Board
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Organization Name
Acronym/Short Version,
Where Applicable
Coastal States Organization
cso
Council of Infrastructure Financing Authorities
CI FA
Ecolab
-
Electric Power Research Institute
EPRI
Embassy of Israel
-
Environmental Council of the States
ECOS
Federal Emergency Management Agency
FEMA
Federal Water Treatment Working Group
Federal WaTr
Galaxy Consulting Engineers
GCE
GlaxoSmithKline
-
Global Center for Cleantech Innovation
GCCI
GreenBiz Group
GreenBiz
Ground Water Protection Council
GWPC
Groundwork USA
-
International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials
IAPMO
International Code Council
ICC
international Society of Pharmaceutical Engineers
ISPE
Isle Utilities
IU
Israel Water Authority
IWA
Israeli Ministry for Environmental Protection
MoEP
Johnson Controls International
JCI
Johnson Foundation at Wingspread
JFW
Los Angeles Department of Water and Power
LADWP
Metropolitan Water District
MWD
National Association of Clean Water Agencies
NACWA
National Blue Ribbon Commission for Onsite Non-potable Water Systems
NBRCfor ONWS
National Drought Resilience Partnership
NDRP
National Estuaries Program Executive Directors
NEP
National Ground Water Association
NGWA
National Municipal Stormwater Alliance
NMSA
National Rural Water Association
IN SWA
National Stewardship Action Council
NSAC
National Tribal Caucus
NTC
National Tribal Water Council
NTWC
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Organization Name
Acronym/Short Version,
Where Applicable
National Water Research Institute
NWRi
National Tyson Foods Inc.
Tyson
Natural Systems Utilities
NSU
NeoTech Aqua
NeoTech
New Mexico Environment Department
NMED
New Mexico State University
NMSU
New Mexico Produced Water Research Consortium
NM-PWRC
Public Health Alliance of Southern California
PHASC
Regional Tribal Operations Committees
RTOCs
Renewing our Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure
ReNUWIt
Restore America's Estuaries
RAE
Rice University
-
River Network
RN
Rural Community Assistance Partnership
RCAP
San Antonio Water Systems
SAWS
Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County
LACSD
Smart Water Networks Forum
SWAN
University of California, Davis
UC Davis
University of California, Merced
UC Merced
Urban Waters Federal Partnership
UWFP
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
USACE
U.S. Department of Agriculture
USDA
U.S. Department of Commerce
DOC
U.S. Department of Defense
DOD
U.S. Department of Energy
DOE
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
HUD
U.S. Department of the Interior
DOI
U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation
Reclamation
U.S. Department of State
DOS
U.S. Department of Transportation
DOT
U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs;
VA
U.S. Embassy in Israel
U.S. Embassy
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
EPA
U.S. Food and Drug Administration
FDA
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Organization Name
Acronym/Short Version,
Where Applicable
U.S. Forest Service
USFS
U.S. General Services Administration
GSA
U.S. General Services Administration and U.S. Department of Energy - Federal Energy
Management Program - Interagency Sustainability Working Group
GSA and DOE-FEMP-ISWG
U.S. Geological Service
USGS
U.S. Green Building Council
USGBC
U.S. Water Alliance
-
U.S. Water Partnership
USWP
Wahaso
-
Water Environment Federation
WEF
Water Research Foundation
WRF
Water Tech Alliance
WTA
Water Works, Inc.
WW
WateReuse Association
WateReuse
Western State Water Council
WSWC
Xylem
-
Table A-2, Identified Actions and Development Status
Strategic Theme & Action Title
Action
Number
Developed
Action?
(Yes/No)
Action Leader(s)
Partner(s)
Integrated Watershed Action
Develop a federal policy statement to
support and encourage consideration of
water reuse in a watershed-scale planning
context
2.1.1
Yes
EPA
Partnering federal
agencies
Prepare case studies of successful water
reuse applications within an integrated
water resources management framework
2.1.2
Yes
WateReuse
NGWA; ACWA;
AWWA
Incorporate water reuse and capture
concepts into integrated planning efforts at
the local level
2.1.3
No
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Strategic Theme & Action Title
Action
Number
Developed
Action?
(Yes/No)
Action Leader(s)
Partner(s)
Leverage EPA's water partnership
programs to consider water reuse in the
context of integrated water resources
management at the watershed scale
2.1.4 (New)
Yes
EPA
ACWA; AMWA;
NEP; UWFP; EPA;
Member agencies
of the UWFP; RN;
Groundwork USA;
Water utilities in
UW and/or NEP
locations; RAE: CSO;
WateReuse
Policy Coordination
Compile existing state policies and
approaches to water reuse
2.2.1
Yes
EPA; WateReuse;
ACWA; ASDWA
AST HO; ECGS;
WSWC; GWPC
Enhance state collaboration on water reuse
2.2.2
Yes
EPA; ACWA; ASDWA
ASTHO; ECOS;
GWPC; WateReuse
Complete the EPA study of oil and gas
extraction wastewater management
2.2.3
Yes
EPA
—
Enhance wastewater source control
through local pretreatment programs to
support water reuse opportunities for
municipal wastewater
2.2.4
Yes
NACWA; WEF
ACWA; AMWA;
AWWA; NWRI;
WateReuse; EPA
Compile and develop protection strategies
for different sources of waters for potential
reuse
2.2.5
No
Develop informational materials to address
how CWA NPDES permits can facilitate
water reuse/capture
2.2.6
Yes
EPA; ACWA
NACWA; NMSA;
WateReuse; WEF
Utilize existing multi-agency federal
working groups to serve as forums for
coordinated federal engagement on water
reuse
2.2.7
Yes
EPA
WRAP Federal
Partner Working
Group; DOS-IWWG;
GSA and DOE-FEMP-
ISWG; NDRP
Advance alternative water use in federal
operations through the Federal Energy
Management Program
2.2.8
No
~
Align policies and communication tools to
promote best management of unused and
expired pharmaceuticals to support water
reuse and recycling
2.2.9
Yes
LACSD
NACWA; NSAC; EPA;
FDA; WateReuse;
AWWA
Incorporate water reuse considerations in
the development of civil works projects
through the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Civil Works Program
2.2.10
No
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Strategic Theme & Action Title
Action
Number
Developed
Action?
(Yes/No)
Action Leader(s)
Partner(s)
Incorporate stormwater capture
considerations in assessment of
stormwater finance needs and
opportunities
2.2.11
No
Leverage existing U.S. Department of
Agriculture programs to encourage
consideration and integration of
agricultural water reuse
2.2.12
Yes
US DA
Enhance combined sewer overflow/
sanitary sewer overflow abatement
strategies
2.2.13
No
"
~
Promote water reuse through the Federal
Emergency Management Agency's Hazard
Mitigation Programs
2.2.14
No
"
~
Conduct outreach and training with tribes
to build water reuse capacity
2.2.15
Yes
EPA
NDRP; NTC; NTWC;
RTOCs
Support local and regional reuse projects
by identifying challenges, opportunities,
and models for interagency collaboration
2.2.16
(New)
Yes
Eric Rosenblum;
WateReuse; EPA
Bahman Sheikh;
Robert S, Raucher;
Felicia Marcus;
Regional and
State Sections of
WateReuse
Propose U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Nationwide Permit Addressing Reuse
2.2.17 (New)
Yes
USACE
—
Science and Specifications
Compile existing fit-for-purpose
specifications
2.3.1
Yes
EPA
ACWA; AMWA;
ASDWA; WRF;
WateReuse
Develop frameworks for public and
environmental health risk-based targets
2.3.2
No
—
-
Convene experts to address opportunities
and challenges related to urban
stormwater capture and use
2.3.3
Yes
EPA; NMSA;
JFW; ReNUWIt;
WateReuse; WEF
ACWA; AMWA
Develop research and tools to support the
implementation of ONWS
2.3.4
(Previously
2.6.5)
Yes
NBRC for ONWS
CA State Water
Board; USACE; EPA;
U.S. Water Alliance;
WRF; WateReuse
Assess specifications for potential reuse
of wastewater in food animal protein
processing facilities
2.3.5 (New)
Yes
EPA
Tyson, USDA; AMWA
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Strategic Theme & Action Title
Action
Number
Developed
Action?
(Yes/No)
Action Leader(s)
Partner(s)
Technology Development and Validation
integrate, coordinate, and enhance
technology demonstration and validation
programs to provide reliable performance
information to support water reuse
2.4.1
No
Implement New Mexico Produced Water
Research Consortium to identify and fill
science and technology gaps for off-field
use of treated produced water
2.4.2
Yes
NMED
NMED; NMSU
Department of
Engineering; NM-
PWRC
Support water reuse through the U.S.
Department of Energy's. Water Security
Grand Challenge
2.4.3
Yes
DOE
EPA; DOI; USDA;
DOD; EPRI
Provide case examples and identify
candidates for water reuse system
implementation in federally owned facilities
2.4.4
No
"
"
Promote air-cooling condensate water
reuse standards, methods, tools, and
technologies for implementing systems in
large buildings
2.4.5 (New)
Yes
ASHRAE; IAPMO;
EPA; WW; WTA
AWU; USGBC;
AS LA; AHA and
ASHE Sustainability
Program; ICC; Ecolab;
S3CC1; LADWP;
PHASC; ISPE; MWD;
NSU; NeoTech; IU;
Rice University;
SAWS; SWAN; GCE;
GlaxoSmithKline; JCI;
UC Davis; UC Merced;
Wahaso; WEF; Xylem;
WateReuse
Water Information Availability
Foster U.S. Department of Agriculture
watershed-scale pilot projects to share
water information to support water reuse
actions
2.5.1
Yes
USDA
Identify monitoring best practices for
various sources of water and reuse
applications
2.5.2
No
~
Use National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration/U.S. Geological Survey
water forecast and prediction network to
target watersheds with reuse potential
2.5.3
No
Develop national integrated water
availability assessments
2.5.4 (New)
Yes
USGS
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Strategic Theme & Action Title
Action
Number
Developed
Action?
(Yes/No)
Action Leader(s)
Partner(s)
Finance Support
Compile existing federal funding sources
for water reuse and develop an interagency
decision support tool
2.6.1
Yes
EPA
USDA; FEMA;
Reclamation; DOE;
USACE; HUD; DOT
Clarify and communicate the eligibility of
water reuse under the Clean Water and
Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (SRF)
Programs
2.6.2A
Yes
EPA
CI FA; ACWA; ASDWA
Continue to actively support and
communicate the eligibility of Water
Infrastructure and Financing Innovation Act
(WIFIA) funding for water reuse
2.6.2B
Yes
EPA
Compile resources concerning non-
traditional funding mechanisms
2.6.3
No
—
—
Compile and promote existing USDA
funding and resources for rural
communities
2.6.4
Yes
USDA
EPA; NRWA; RCAP
Integrated Research
Develop and maintain a comprehensive,
accessible, and searchable inventory of
water reuse research
2.7.1
No
Develop a coordinated national research
strategy on water reuse
2.7.2
Yes
WRF
EPA; WateReuse;
WEF
Coordinate federal water reuse research to
address Action Plan priorities
2.7.3
No
-
-
Increase understanding of current aquifer
storage and recovery practices
2.7,4
Yes
GWPC; EPA
USDA; NGWA
Coordinate and promote water reuse
technology in federal Small Business
innovation Research programs
2.7.5 (New)
Yes.
EPA
Develop U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
Advanced Water Treatment Research
Roadmap
2.7.6 (New)
Yes
Reclamation
Federal WaTr
Outreach and Communications
Compile and develop water reuse program
outreach and communication materials
2.8.1
Yes
WateReuse
WEF
Develop a community of practice around
water reuse
2.8.2
No
-
-
Pursue a national branding campaign for
water reuse
2.8.3
No
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Strategic Theme & Action Title
Action
Number
Developed
Action?
(Yes/No)
Action Leader(s)
Partner(s)
Establish a water reuse champion award
program for private sector companies
2.8.4 (New)
Yes
GreenBiz; WateReuse
—
Workforce Development
Support state(s) development of a pilot
operator certification program for water
reuse applications
2.9.1
No
"
"
Support and promote opportunities for
creating a skilled workforce for water reuse
applications
2.9.2
Yes
EPA; WateReuse;
AWWA; WEF
|
Support water reuse training networks
2.9.3
No
-
-
Metrics for Success
Compile national estimates of available
water and water needs
2.10.1
No
-
-
Establish goals for extent and types of
water reuse in the United States
2.10.2
No
—
—
Facilitate implementation of the National
Water Reuse Action Plan
2.10.3
Yes
EPA
All WRAP action
leaders
International Collaboration
Facilitate U.S.-lsrael collaboration on
technology, science, and policy of water
reuse
2.11.1 (New)
Yes
EPA; MoEP
DOS; Embassy of
Israel; IWA; U.S.
Embassy; WateReuse
Raise global awareness and preparedness
for water reuse and the Water Reuse
Action Plan
2.11.2 (New)
Yes
DOS
DOI; USAID;
USDA; EPA; USGS;
Reclamation;
DOE; USWP; WEF;
WateReuse
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Highlights of Public Comments
B.1 Request for Public Comments and Commitments
With release of the draft Action Plan on September 10, 2019, a Federal Register notice was issued, opening a 90-day public
comment period that ended on December 16, 2019. A public docket was opened (EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174) to collect input
and ideas to inform continued development of the National Water Reuse Action Plan (WRAP). The EPA also posted the draft
Action Plan on its website to provide context and details for reference during the comment period. The public docket and the
comments submitted will remain accessible and viewable by external parties.
During the comment period, potential commenters were encouraged to provide specific feedback on a variety of topics,
such as:
The proposed actions identified and other suggested actions that can enhance implementation of water reuse.
The key attributes, implementation steps, and milestones to successfully implement the proposed actions.
Potential action leaders to champion the proposed actions.
Potential contributing organizations to serve as partners/collaborators in implementing the proposed actions.
Additional information or recommendations to inform these or other proposed actions.
The EPA received 101 distinct comments from a variety of entities. The organizations that submitted comments through the
public docket are listed below. Asterisks (*) mark comments that multiple organizations submitted jointly.
Water Utilities/Districts/Local Government
City of Nampa Public Works Department
City of Roseville, California
City of Santa Monica, Office of Sustainability and the Environment, Watershed Section
Denver Water
Department of Water, County of Kaua'i
Eastern Municipal Water District
Gulf Coast Authority
Harris County Engineering Department
Inland Empire Utilities Agency
Irvine Ranch Water District
LA Sanitation and Environment
Metropolitan North Georgia Water Planning District
Metropolitan Water District of Southern California
Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago
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New York City Department of Environmental Protection
• San Diego County Water Authority
• Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County
• Santa Clara Valley Water District
• Seattle Public Utilities
• City of San Diego Public Utilities Department
• Water Replenishment District of Southern California
Water Associations
American Rainwater Catchment Systems Association
American Water Works Association
Association of Metropolitan Water Agencies, American Water Works Association, National Association of Clean Water
Agencies, WateReuse Association, Water Environment Federation, and Water Research Foundation*'
Association of Metropolitan Water Agencies
• California Association of Sanitation Agencies and Bay Area Clean Water Agencies*
• California Stormwater Quality Association
National Ground Water Association
National Municipal Stormwater Alliance
• Water Environment Association of Texas, WateReuse Texas, and Texas Association of Clean Water Agencies*
• Water Environment Federation
• WateReuse Association
• Western Urban Water Coalition
States
• Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Water Quality Control Division
• Kansas Water Office
Maryland Department of the Environment
Minnesota Department of Health
New Mexico Environment Department
Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, Commission on Water Resource Management
• Oklahoma Office of the Secretary of Energy and Environment
Utah's Governor's Office: Public Lands Policy Coordinating Office
• Washington Department of Ecology
State Associations
Association of State Drinking Water Administrators and Association of Clean Water Administrators*
• Ground Water Protection Council
National Association of Clean Water Agencies
New England Interstate Water Pollution Control Commission
• Western Coalition of Arid States
• Western States Water Council
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Non-governmental Organizations
• Common Ground Community Trust
• Common Ground Community Trust and not specified
Environmental Defense Fund
Hawaii Community Foundation
Hawaii Fresh Water Initiative
National Wildlife Federation
• Sierra Club Wastewater Residuals Team
• WaterNow Alliance and National League of Cities
• Western Resource Advocates
• Wild Earth Guardians
Industry and Other Associations
American Chemistry Council
American Petroleum Institute, American Exploration and Production Council, Domestic Energy Producers Alliance, and
Independent Petroleum Association of America*
Association of Public Health Laboratories
Hilmar Cheese Company, Inc.
• IDEXX
International Code Council
National Association of Home Builders
NSF International
ProChemTech International, Inc.
• Sloan Valve Company
The American Society of Civil Engineers
Trojan Technologies
U.S. Chamber of Commerce Business Task Force on Water Policy
• Xylem
Consulting Firms
• One World One Water
• Sustainable Water
• Water Management, Inc.
Individuals
Darlene Schanfald
David Dow
David J. Rigby (Century Engineering, Inc.; Electro-Chemistry, LLC; Electro-Chemistry Texas, Inc.; George Washington
University)
Eric Rosenblum, Bahman Sheikh, and Robert S. Raucher
R. Rubin (North Carolina State University, Biological and Agricultural Engineering)
Anonymous (19 submittals)
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In several notable cases, multiple organizations collaborated and submitted integrated comments. Table B-1 provides examples
of jointly submitted comments.
Table B-1. Examples of Jointly Submitted Public Comments
Com menter/Af f i 1 iat ion
Docket ID Number
WaterNow Alliance and National League of Cities
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0092
American Petroleum Institute, American Exploration and Production Council,
Domestic Energy Producers Alliance, and Independent Petroleum Association of
America
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0112
Association of State Drinking Water Administrators and Association of Clean Water
Administrators
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0114
Association of Metropolitan Water Agencies, American Water Works Association,
National Association of Clean Water Agencies, WateReuse Association, Water
Environment Federation, and Water Research Foundation
EPA-HQ-0W-2019-0174-0115
California Association of Sanitation Agencies and Bay Area Clean Water Agencies
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0120
Water Environment Association of Texas, WateReuse Texas, and Texas Association of
Clean Water Agencies
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0125
B.2 Thematic Highlights of the Public Comments
Several predominant and notable themes emerged from the public comments, which are highlighted below. The public
comments also identified several new literature references.
Widespread support for the WRAP and water reuse as a tool for water sustainability, resilience, and security. Nearly
every commenter expressed support for federal leadership of the WRAP'S development and expressed the value of water
reuse as a tool in the context of integrated water resource management at the local or watershed scale. This version of the
WRAP contains example statements from the public comments.
Affirmation that water reuse is one tool In the water resource toolbox. Many commenters reinforced a common theme
and principle in the draft Action Plan: water reuse is one tool, out of many, for managing water resources, and that reuse is
not appropriate in all circumstances.
Acknowledgement that prior public comments were incorporated. Many prior commenters on development of the draft
Action Plan acknowledged that the federal partners had adequately addressed their prior comments.
Recognition of variations when defining and reconciling key terms. Some commenters advocated for the need to
harmonize and reconcile differing definitions of key terms. However, the breadth of public comments demonstrated that
distinctions of terms varied based on region, state, and locality and that any attempt to reconcile and impose single or
common definitions would be difficult.
Emphasis on and identification of priority actions. Many commenters expressed the need for WRAP implementation
to focus on a smaller set of high-priority actions. Many commenters also expressed their view and rationale of the
highest-priority actions.
Recognition of the spectrum of perspectives on the potential for reuse of oil and gas produced water. The single most
divergent and conflicting views pertained to oil and gas produced water. Comments fell into three broad perspectives: 1) oil
and gas produced water is not suitable for (offsite) reuse and should not be part of the WRAP; 2) unknowns exist and more
research should be completed before offsite reuse can be considered; and 3) produced water can be treated to meet fit-for-
purpose specifications for certain uses.
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Acknowledgement of public commitments to lead or support actions. Many commenters expressed a desire to lead or
support particular actions. We are grateful to those entities who will lead actions. Within each of the action implementation
plans in the WRAP Online Platform, potential collaborators on specific actions are identified.
Recognition of barriers/challenges to water reuse. Many commenters acknowledged case-by-case considerations that can
present challenges to water reuse implementation, including regulatory barriers, uncertain water availability, and a changing
climate.
Identification of new potential actions. One question posed for public comment was to identify other potential WRAP
actions that would facilitate or improve consideration of water reuse. More than 25 suggested actions were identified. These
will be considered in subsequent versions of the WRAP.
Setting Goals for Water Reuse. Several commenters urged that the WRAP should not set goals for water reuse, nationally
or for specific end uses, as this would be inconsistent with the need to carefully consider the appropriateness of water reuse
based on many factors. This is an example of a case in which an action has not been pursued at this time based on specific
public input.
B.3 Index of Comments from the Public Docket
The public docket, which was open from September 16 to December 16, 2019, received 101 unique submissions, many of which
were very thoughtful and detailed. On aggregate, 513 pages of material were shared, averaging slightly over five pages per
submission.
This appendix provides an index to navigate public comments. To gain a full appreciation for the depth of thinking behind each
input, readers are encouraged to review the relevant comment in the docket. The full comment submittals are available for
review online at the following location: https://www.reaulations.aov/docket?D=EPA-HQ-QW-2019-0174.
The comments and other information included below are not listed in order of significance. The commenters and other
information provided below are included for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to be exhaustive.
Table B-2, below, presents public comments in order by docket ID number and includes the comment category for a sampling
of comments. The comment category was parsed out from the actual comment. The docket ID numbers begin at EPA-HQ-
OW-2019-0174-0060 because they continue from the comments received prior to release of the draft Action Plan. Each full
comment can be accessed by clicking the docket ID number.
Table B-2. Public Comments by Docket Number
Organization Name
Date Posted
Commenter/Affiliation
Organization Type
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0060
10/4/2019
Anonymous/Not Specified
Individuals or Not Specified
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0061
10/4/2019
Anonymous/Not Specified
individuals or Not Specified
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0062
10/4/2019
Anonymous/Not Specified
Individuals or Not Specified
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0063
10/4/2019
Anonymous/Not Specified
Individuals or Not Specified
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0064
10/4/2019
Anonymous/Not Specified
Individuals or Not Specified
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0065
10/4/2019
Anonymous/Not Specified
Individuals or Not Specified
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0066
10/15/2019
T. Keister/ProChemTech
International, Inc.
Industry and Other Association
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0067
11/7/2019
Anonymous/Not Specified
Individuals or Not Specified
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0068
11/7/2019
Shivaji Deshmukh/lnland Empire
Utilities Agency
Water Utilities/Districts/Local
Government
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0069
11/21/2019
Natalie Mamerow/The American
Society of Civil Engineers
Industry and Other Association
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Organization Name
Date Posted
Commenter/Affiliation
Organization Type 1
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0070
11/29/2019
Brian A. Perkovich/Metropolitan
Water Reclamation District of
Greater Chicago
Water Utilities/Districts/Local
Government
EPA-HQ-0W-2019-0174-0071
11/29/2019
Anonymous/Not Specified
Individuals or Not Specified
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0072
12/05/2019
John Blount/Harris County
Engineering Department
Water Utilitles/Districts/Local
Government
EPA-HQ-0W-2019-0174-0073
12/05/2019
Sharon Green/Sanitation
Districts of Los Angeles County
Water Utilities/Districts/Local
Government
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0074
12/05/2019
Susan Sullivan/New England
Interstate Water Pollution
Control Commission
State Associations
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0075
12/12/2019
Hawaii Department of Land and
Natural Resources Commission
on Water Resource Management
States
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0076
12/12/2019
Anonymous/Not specified
Individuals or Not Specified
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0077
12/12/2019
Anonymous/Not specified
Individuals or Not Specified
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0078
12/12/2019
Anonymous/Not specified
Individuals or Not Specified
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0079
12/12/2019
A. R. Rubin/North Carolina
State University-Biological and
Agricultural Engineering
individuals or Not Specified
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0080
12/17/2019
Thomas Canute/Department of
Water, County of Kaua'i
Water Utilities/Districts/Local
Government
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0081
12/17/2019
Gabe Maser/lnternational Code
Council
Industry and Other Association
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0082
12/17/2019
Anonymous/Not specified
Individuals or Not Specified
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0083
12/17/2019
Christin Reynolds/One World
One Water
Consulting Firm
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0084
12/17/2019
Anonymous/Not specified
Individuals or Not Specified
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0085
12/17/2019
Eric Rosenblum, Bahman Sheikh,
and Robert S. Raucher/Not
specified
Individuals or Not Specified
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0086
12/18/2019
Anonymous/Not specified
Individuals or Not Specified
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0087
12/18/2019
Darlene Schanfald/Not specified
Individuals or Not Specified
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0088
12/18/2019
Anonymous/Not specified
Individuals or Not Specified
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0089
12/19/2019
Brandi Honeycutt/Colorado
Department of Public Health
and Environment-Water Quality
Control Division
States
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0090
12/19/2019
Bob Salvatelli/Sustainable Water
Consulting Firm
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0091
12/19/2019
Russell Horner/Water
Management, Inc.
Consulting Firm
I
National Water Reuse Action Plan
m
B-6
Collaborative Implementation (Version 1)
February 2020
-------
Organization Name
Date Posted
Commenter/Affiliation
Organization Type 1
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0092
12/19/2019
Cynthia Koehler and Clarence
Anthony/WaterNow Alliance and
National League of Cities
NGOs
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0093
12/19/2019
Sandeep Burman and James
Kelly/Minnesota Department of
Health
States
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0094
12/19/2019
Joseph Vesey/Xylem
Industry and Other Association
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0095
12/19/2019
Elaine Cimino/Common Ground
Community Trust
NGOs
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0096
12/19/2019
Elaine Cimino and Patricia Reda/
Common Ground Community
Trust and Not Specified
NGOs
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0097
12/19/2019
Ben Grumbles/Maryland
Department of the Environment
States
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0098
12/19/2019
Michael Wood/Hilmar Cheese
Company, Inc.
Industry and Other Association
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0099
12/19/2019
James Lochhead/Denver Water
Water Utilities/Districts/Local
Government
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0100
12/19/2019
Sierra Club Wastewater
Residuals Team
NGOs
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0101
12/19/2019
Scott Becker and Kathryn
Wangsness/Association of Public
Health Laboratories
Industry and Other Association
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0102
12/19/2019
Scott Bindner/Trojan
Technologies
Industry and Other Association
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0103
12/19/2019
Emily Remmel/NACWA
State Associations
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0104
12/19/2019
Enrique Zaldivar/LA Sanitation
and Environment
Water Utilities/Districts/Local
Government
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0105
12/19/2019
Nichole Saunders/Environmental
Defense Fund
NGOs
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0106
12/19/2019
Kenneth Wagner/Oklahoma,
Office of the Secretary of Energy
& Environment
States
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0107
12/19/2019
Mami Hara/Seattle Public
Utilities
Water Utilities/Districts/Local
Government
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0108
12/19/2019
Tony Willardson/Western States
Water Council
State Associations
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0109
12/19/2019
Diane VanDe Hei/Association of
Metropolitan Water Agencies
Water Associations
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0110
12/19/2019
Mike J. Paque/Ground Water
Protection Council
State Associations
ft*.
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National Water Reuse Action Plan
Collaborative Implementation (Version 1)
B-7
February 2020
4
-------
Organization Name
Date Posted
Commenter/Affiliation
Organization Type 1
EPA-HQ-0W-2019-0174-0111
12/19/2019
Stan Hazan/NSF International
Industry and Other Association
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0112
12/19/2019
Amy Emmert, Anne Bradbury,
J. Roger Kelley, Lee Fuller/API,
AXPC, DEPA, and IPAA
Industry and Other Association
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0113
12/19/2019
Patricia Sinicropi/WateReuse
Association
Water Associations
EPA-HQ-0W-2019-0174-0114
12/19/2019
J. Alan Roberson and Julia
Anastasio/Association of State
Drinking Water Administrators
and Association of Clean Water
Administrators
State Associations
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0115
12/19/2019
Pat Sinicropi, Adam Krantz,
G. Tracy Mehan, Tim Williams,
Diane VanDe Hei, and John
Albert/AMWA, AWWA, NACWA,
WateReuse, WEF, and WRF
Water Associations
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0116
12/19/2019
J. Russell Horner/Water
Management, Inc.
Consulting Firm
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0117
12/19/2019
G. Tracy Mehan/American Water
Works Association
Water Associations.
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0118
12/19/2019
Pinar Balci/New York City
Department of Environmental
Protection
Water Utilitles/Districts/Local
Government
EPA-HQ-0W-2019-0174-0119
12/19/2019
Daniel Timmons/WildEarth
Guardians
NGOs
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0120
12/19/2019
Roberta Larson and David
Williams/California Association
of Sanitation Agencies and Bay
Area Clean Water Agencies
Water Associations
EPA-HQ-0W-2019-0174-0121
12/19/2019
Tom Points/City of Nampa
Public Works Department
Water Utilities/Districts/Local
Government
EPA-HQ-0W-2019-0174-0122
12/19/2019
Laura Belanger/Western
Resource Advocates
NGOs
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0123
12/19/2019
Gregory Walch/Western Urban
Water Coalition
Water Associations
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0124
12/19/2019
David J. Rigby/Century
Engineering, Inc.; Electro-
chemistry, LLC; Electro-
chemistry Texas, Inc.; George
Washington University
Individuals or Not Specified
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0125
12/19/2019
Julie Nahrgang/WEAT, WRT, and
TACWA
Water Associations
fc
National Water Reuse Action Plan
m
B-8
Collaborative Implementation (Version 1)
February 2020
-------
Organization Name
Date Posted
Com menter/Affi 1 iat ion
Organization Type
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0126
12/19/2019
Paul Cook/Irvine Ranch Water
District
Water Utilities/Districts/Local
Government
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0127
12/19/2019
Shauna Lorance/The City of
San Diego Public Utilities
Department
Water Utilities/Districts/Local
Government
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0128
12/19/2019
Melanie Richardson/Santa Clara
Valley Water District
Water Utilities/Districts/Local
Government
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0129
12/19/2019
Susan Asmus/National
Association of Home Builders
Industry and Other Association
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0130
12/19/2019
Diane Gatza/Water
Replenishment District of
Southern California
Water Utilities/Districts/Local
Government
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0131
12/19/2019
Earl Lewis/Kansas Water Office
States
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0132
12/19/2019
Daniel Apt/CASQA
Water Associations
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0133
12/19/2019
Paul D. Jones/Eastern Municipal
Water District
Water Utilities/Districts/Local
Government
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0134
12/19/2019
Kelley Gage/San Diego County
Water Authority
Water Utilities/Districts/Local
Government
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0135
12/19/2019
Claudio Ternieden/Water
Environment Federation
Water Associations
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0136
12/19/2019
Patrick Boyle/Sloan Valve
Company
Industry and Other Association
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0137
12/19/2019
Emily Scheller/American
Chemistry Council
Industry and Other Association
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0138
12/19/2019
Charles Job/National Ground
Water Association
Water Associations
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0139
12/20/2019
Dana Okano/Hawaii Community
Foundation
NGOs
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0140
12/20/2019
David Dow
Individuals or Not Specified
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0141
12/20/2019
Anonymous/Not specified
Individuals or Not Specified
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0142
12/20/2019
Anonymous/Not specified
Individuals or Not Specified
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0143
12/20/2019
Jody Frymire/IDXX
Industry and Other Association
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0144
12/20/2019
Anonymous/Not specified
Individuals or Not Specified
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0145
12/20/2019
Neal Shapiro/City of Santa
Monica, Office of Sustainability,
& The Environment, Watershed
Section
Water Utilities/Districts/Local
Government
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0146
12/20/2019
David Crawford/ARCSA
Water Associations
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0147
12/20/2019
Anonymous/Not specified
Individuals or Not Specified
pT
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National Water Reuse Action Plan
Collaborative Implementation (Version 1)
B-9
February 2020
4
-------
Organization Name
Date Posted
Commenter/Affiliation
Organization Type I
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0148
12/20/2019
Chuck Chaitovitz/U.S. Chamber
of Commerce
Industry and Other Association
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0149
12/20/2019
Lori Traweek/Gulf Coast
Authority
Water Utilities/Districts/Local
Government
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0150
12/20/2019
Kaeo Duarte and Yvonne Izu/
Hawaii Fresh Water Initiative
NGOs
EPA-HQ-0W-2019-0174-0151
12/26/2019
Seth P. Brown/ Executive
Director, National Municipal
Stormwater Alliance
Water Associations
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0152
12/26/2019
Rebecca Roose/New Mexico
Environment Department
States
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0153
12/26/2019
Susan Kaderka/National Wildlife
Federation
NGOs
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0154
12/26/2019
Marisa Tricas/City of Roseville,
California
Water Utilities/Districts/Local
Government
EPA-HQ-0W-2019-0174-0155
12/26/2019
Kathleen Clarke/Utah's
Governor's Office: Public Lands
Policy Coordinating Office
States
EPA-HQ-0W-2019-0174-0156
12/26/2019
Heather Bartlett/Washington
Department of Ecology
States
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0157
12/26/2019
Steve Bigley/Western Coalition
of Arid States
State Associations
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0158
12/26/2019
Brad Coffey/Metropolitan Water
District of Southern California
Water Ut 11 i t tes/D ist r i cts/Loca I
Government
EPA-HQ-0W-2019-0174-0159
12/27/2019
Katherine Zitsch/North Georgia
Water Planning District
Water Utilities/Districts/Loeai
Government
EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0160
1/16/20
Paul A. Scuito/Monterey One
Water
Water Utilities/Districts/Local
Government
~
National Water Reuse Action Plan
m
B-10
Collaborative Implementation (Version 1)
February 2020
-------
The draft Action Plan was released on September 10, 2019. Every effort was made to communicate accurate information in the
draft; however, some corrections have since been identified. The corrections and factual clarifications below are organized by
page number in the draft Action Plan.
Page
Number
-
Correction
i
Caption for the last photograph should read: The Prairie Waters system in Aurora, Colorado, supplements
surface water supplies by capturing wastewater return flows in the South Platte River, which are pre-
treated using riverbank filtration and aquifer recharge and recovery. The water is then treated at a 50 MGD
purification facility for potable use, (Source: Greg Baker, City of Aurora)
15
Caption for the photograph should read: The Pomona Water Reclamation Plant in California recycles
approximately 6 MGD of water for groundwater recharge, landscape irrigation, dust control, and industrial
use. (Source: Sharon Green, Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County)
16
Caption in the footer should read: Microsoft is teamina with the Citv of Quincv (WA) to build additional
industrial water treatment facilities to provide reuse water for cooling at data centers and possible injection
into the localaauifer. (Source: Washinaton Department of Ecoloav. EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0156)
17
Information in Inset 13 for California's Recycled Water Policv should be undated to reflect its 2018 uodates.
The policy establishes three goals, including increasing the use of recycled water from 714,000 acre-
feet per year (afy) in 2015 to 1.5 million afy by 2020 and to 2.5 million afy by 2030. (Source: Jake Adler,
Association of Clean Water Administrators)
23
The link to California's "12/10/10 Rule" in Inset 21 should be undated to www.waterboards.ca.aov/drinkina
water/certlic/drinkinawater/documents/lawbook/RWreaulations 20181001.odf. (Source: Jake Adler.
Association of Clean Water Administrators)
28
Inset 23 should read: Data to Confirm Customer-Tailored Water Quality from West Basin Water District.
The West Basin Municipal Water District's Edward C. Little (ECL) Water Recycling Facility in El Segundo,
California, was built in 1995 and is the only water recycling facility in the world that produces five different
types of customer-specific recycled waters tailored for irrigation, commercial and industrial applications,
and potable groundwater augmentation. The ECL facility, which recently celebrated 200 billion gallons
of recycled water produced, treats approximately 40,000 acre-feet of water annually and conducts more
than 2,000 tests per month using near-real-time monitoring to deliver accurate data. West Basin's water
recycling efforts are the cornerstone of its "Water for Tomorrow" program. (Source: Matthew Veeh, West
Basin Municipal Water District)
-------
Page
Number
Correction
28
Caption in the footer should read: The West Basin Municinal Water District (CA) suonlies recvcled water,
which is treated using reverse osmosis, for low- and high-pressure boiler feed water for three major
refineries. (Source: Matthew Veeh, West Basin Municipal Water District)
29
Caotion in the footer should read: The Lona Island Nitroaen Action Plan. Water Reuse Initiative (NY)
created an interactive permitting roadmap displaying reuse opportunities for golf courses. (Source: New
Enaland interstate Water Poiiution Control Commission. EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0074)
38
Caption in the footer should read: The Eohrata WRF (WA) treats municioal wastewater to oroduce water
for groundwater recharge, onsite irrigation, holding in a seasonal fish pond, and equipment cleaning.
(Source: Washinaton Department of Ecoloav. EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0156)
43
Reference number 31 has been published. It should read: Sherman, L; Cantor, A; Milman, A; Kiparsky,
M. (2020), Examining the complex relationship between innovation and regulation through a survey
of wastewater utility manaaers. Journal of Environmental Manaaement 260:110025. httos://www.
sciencedirect.com/science/article/Dii/S0301479719317438
Appendix
B
The second bullet in the Science and Research section of the EPA profile (page 2) should indicate that
the Mav 2019 version of the Studv of Oil and Gas Extraction Wastewater Manaaement was a draft report.
(Source: American Petroleum Institute, American Exploration & Production Council, Domestic Energy
Producers Alliance, and Independent Petroleum Association of America. EPA-HQ-OW-2019-0174-0112)
National Water Reuse Action Plan
Collaborative Implementation (Version 1)
February 2020
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National Water Reuse Action Plan
Collaborative Implementation (Version 1)
February 2020
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